FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Almendinger, JE Leete, JH AF Almendinger, JE Leete, JH TI Peat characteristics and groundwater geochemistry of calcareous fens in the Minnesota River Basin, USA SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE calcareous fens; carbonate precipitation; groundwater geochemistry; peat composition; peat initiation; wetland drainage ID NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; WATER CHEMISTRY; CULTIVATED LAND; EAST-ANGLIA; VEGETATION; SOIL; HYDROLOGY; WETLANDS; SEEPAGE; ENGLAND AB Calcareous fens in Minnesota are spring-seepage peatlands with a distinctive flora of rare calciphilic species. Feat characteristics and groundwater geochemistry were determined for six calcareous fens in the Minnesota River Basin to better understand the physical structure and chemical processes associated with stands of rare vegetation. Onset of peat accumulation in three of the fens ranged from about 4,700 to 11,000 C-14 yrs BP and probably resulted from a combination of climate change and local hydrogeologic conditions. Most peat cores had a carbonate-bearing surface zone with greater than 10% carbonates (average 27%, dry wt basis), an underlying carbonate-depleted zone with 10% or less carbonates (average 4%), and a carbonate-bearing lower zone again with greater than 10% carbonates (average 42%). This carbonate zonation was hypothesized to result from the effect of water-table level on carbonate equilibria: carbonate precipitation occurs when the water table is above a critical level, and carbonate dissolution occurs when the water table is lower. Other processes that changed the major ion concentrations in upwelling groundwater include dilution by rain water, sulfate reduction or sulfide oxidation, and ion adsorption or exchange. Geochemical modeling indicated that average shallow water in the calcareous fens during the study period was groundwater mixed with about 6 to 13% rain water. Carbonate precipitation in the surface zone of calcareous fens could be decreased by a number of human activities, especially those that lower the water table. Such changes in shallow water geochemistry could alter the growing conditions that apparently sustain rare fen vegetation. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Div Waters, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. RP Almendinger, JE (reprint author), Sci Museum Minnesota, St Croix Watershed Res Stn, 16910 152nd St N, St Croix, MN 55047 USA. EM dinger@sci.mus.mn.us NR 58 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD OCT PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 17 EP 41 DI 10.1023/A:1005905431071 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 126AR UT WOS:000076271000002 ER PT J AU Saccorotti, G Chouet, B Martini, M Scarpa, R AF Saccorotti, G Chouet, B Martini, M Scarpa, R TI Bayesian statistics applied to the location of the source of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ARRAY; TREMOR AB We present a method for determining the location and spatial extent of the source of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, based on a Bayesian inversion of the slowness vector derived from frequency-slowness analyses of array data. The method searches for source locations that minimize the error between the expected and observed slowness vectors. For a given set of model parameters, the conditional probability density function of slowness vectors is approximated by a Gaussian distribution of expected errors. The method is tested with synthetics using a five-layer velocity model derived for the north flank of Stromboli and a smoothed velocity model derived from a power-law approximation of the layered structure. Application to data from Stromboli allows for a detailed examination of uncertainties in source location due to experimental errors and incomplete knowledge of the Earth model. the solutions are not constrained in the radial direction, excellent resolution is achieved in both transverse and depth directions. Under the assumption that the horizontal extent of the source does not exceed the crater dimension, the 90% confidence region in the estimate of the explosive source location corresponds to a small volume extending from a depth of about 100 m to a maximum depth of about 300 beneath the active vents, with a maximum likelihood source region located in the 120- to 180-m-depth interval. C1 Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80138 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Osservatorio Vesuviano, I-80123 Naples, Italy. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Laquila, Italy. RP Saccorotti, G (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, Largo San Marcelino 10, I-80138 Naples, Italy. OI Saccorotti, Gilberto/0000-0003-2915-1446 NR 15 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1099 EP 1111 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 134BF UT WOS:000076722400001 ER PT J AU Parsons, T AF Parsons, T TI Seismic-reflection evidence that the Hayward fault extends into the lower crust of the San Francisco Bay area, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE CALCULATION; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; 1989 LOMA-PRIETA; ANDREAS FAULT; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PLATE BOUNDARY; PACIFIC PLATE; TRAVEL-TIMES AB This article presents deep seismic-reflection data from an experiment across San Francisco Peninsula in 1995 using large (125 to 500 kg) explosive sources. Shot gathers show a mostly nonreflective upper crust in both the Franciscan and Salinian terranes (juxtaposed across the San Andreas fault), an onset of weak lower-crustal reflectivity beginning at about 6-sec two-way travel time (TWTT) and bright southwest-dipping reflections between II and 13 sec TWTT. Previous studies have shown that the Moho in this area is no deeper than 25 km (similar to 8 to 9 sec TWTT). Three-dimensional reflection travel-time modeling of the II to 13 sec events from the shot gathers indicates that the bright events may be explained by reflectors 15 to 20 km into the upper mantle, northeast of the San Andreas fault. However, upper mantle reflections from these depths were not observed on marine-reflection profiles collected in San Francisco Bay, nor were they reported from a refraction profile on San Francisco Peninsula. The most consistent interpretation of these events from 2D raytracing and 3D travel-time modeling is that they are out-of-plane reflections from a high-angle (dipping similar to 70 degrees to the southwest) impedance contrast in the lower crust that corresponds with the surface trace of the Hayward fault. These results suggest that the Hayward fault truncates the horizontal detachment fault suggested to be active beneath San Francisco Bay. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 51 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1212 EP 1223 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 134BF UT WOS:000076722400010 ER PT J AU Thywissen, K Boatwright, J AF Thywissen, K Boatwright, J TI Using safety inspection data to estimate shaking intensity for the 1994 Northridge earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB We map the shaking intensity suffered in Los Angeles County during the 17 January 1994, Northridge earthquake using municipal safety inspection data. The intensity is estimated from the number of buildings given red, yellow, or green tags, aggregated by census tract. Census tracts contain from 200 to 4000 residential buildings and have an average area of 6 km(2) but are as small as 2 and 1 km(2) in the most densely populated areas of the San Fernando Valley and downtown Los Angeles, respectively. In comparison, the zip code areas on which standard MMI intensity estimates are based are six times larger, on average, than the census tracts. We group the buildings by age (before and after 1940 and 1976), by number of housing units (one, two to four, and five or more), and by construction type, and we normalize the tags by the total number of similar buildings in each census tract. We analyze the seven most abundant building categories. The fragilities (the fraction of buildings in each category tagged within each intensity level) for these seven building categories are adjusted so that the intensity estimates agree. We calibrate the shaking intensity to correspond with the modified Mercalli intensities (MMI) estimated and compiled by Dewey ef nl. (1995); the shapes of the resulting isoseismals are similar, although we underestimate the extent of the MMI = 6 and 7 areas. The fragility varies significantly between different building categories (by factors of 10 to 20) and building ages (by factors of 2 to 6). The post-1940 wood-frame multi-family (greater than or equal to 5 units) dwellings make up the most fragile building category, and the post-1940 wood-frame single-family dwellings make up the most resistant building category. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Thywissen, K (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1243 EP 1253 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 134BF UT WOS:000076722400012 ER PT J AU Gipson, PS Ballard, WB AF Gipson, PS Ballard, WB TI Accounts of famous North American Wolves, Canis lupus SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Gray Wolf; Canis lupus; damage; hybrids; livestock depredations; North America ID GRAY WOLF; ATTITUDES AB We examined historical accounts of 59 famous North American Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) reported during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Fifty of the 59 wolves were purportedly responsible for great losses to livestock, but for 29 reports, evidence suggested that greater than or equal to 2 wolves (e.g., packs) were responsible for the purported kills; in addition, seven wolves had traits that suggested they were hybrids with dogs, and one wolf was probably not from the area where the damage purportedly occurred. Reported livestock losses, especially to Longhorn cattle, from individual wolves appeared excessively high in relation to current literature. Most famous wolves were old and/or impaired from past injuries: 19 were reportedly greater than or equal to 10 years old, 18 had mutilated feet from past trap injuries, and one had a partially severed trachea from bring in a snare. Old age and physical impairments probably contributed to livestock depredations by some famous wolves. Several accounts appeared exaggerated, inaccurate, or fabricated. Historical accounts of famous wolves should be interpreted with great caution, especially when considering impacts of wolf reintroductions or when modeling predation rates. C1 Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Gipson, PS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 58 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 9 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 112 IS 4 BP 724 EP 739 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 186MF UT WOS:000079733000028 ER PT J AU Vreeland, JK Servello, FA Griffith, B AF Vreeland, JK Servello, FA Griffith, B TI Effects of conifer release with glyphosate on summer forage abundance for deer in Maine SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO; TREATED CLEARCUTS; NOVA-SCOTIA; HERBICIDE; VEGETATION; MOOSE AB Effects of conifer release with glyphosate on summer forage availability for large herbivores in northern forests have received relatively little study. We determined effects of glyphosate treatment of clearcuts on abundance of summer foods for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at 1 and 7-10 years posttreatment. We measured the abundance (percent cover in a 0- to 1.8-m height stratum) of five forage classes for deer (leaves of deciduous trees, leaves of deciduous shrubs, forbs, grasses, ferns) on 12 clearcuts (six treated, six untreated) to determine 1-year effects and on 10 clearcuts (five treated, five untreated) to determine 7- to 10-year effects. Abundance of leaves of deciduous trees was greater on untreated sites (38 versus 11%) at 1 year posttreatment, but the difference was less (18 versus 12%) at 7-10 years posttreatment (age x treatment interaction, P = 0.005). Leaves of deciduous shrubs exhibited a similar pattern. Abundance of forbs was similar (13-14%) at 1 year posttreatment but greater on treated sites (29 versus 15%) at 7-10 years posttreatment (P = 0.03). Grasses and ferns were less abundant than other forage classes. Overall, glyphosate application initially decreased the abundance of leaves of deciduous trees and shrubs used as food in summer, but the longer term positive effects on forb abundance may result in little net change in overall habitat value. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04460 USA. Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Servello, FA (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04460 USA. EM Servello@apollo.umenfa.maine.edu NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 10 BP 1574 EP 1578 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-10-1574 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 157JH UT WOS:000078057400016 ER PT J AU DiLauro, MN Kaboord, W Walsh, RA Krise, WF Hendrix, MA AF DiLauro, MN Kaboord, W Walsh, RA Krise, WF Hendrix, MA TI Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. I. The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SPERMATOZOON; FISHES; CRYOPRESERVATION; FULVESCENS; QUEBEC AB Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxrhynchus) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) sperm-cell morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Major differences were found in four of nine metrics, all in the head region of the cell. Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells were much shorter than those of lake sturgeon. Anterior head width exceeded posterior head width, in contrast to the arrangement in lake sturgeon sperm cells. Lake sturgeon sperm cells are nearer in size to those of other sturgeons than are Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells. Comparisons were made with sperm-cell structures known from other sturgeon species, including the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti colchicus), stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Variation in cell morphology may indicate evolutionary relationships. In addition, the fine structure of Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics ate described. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. A comparison is made with ultrastructural details of the sperm cells of stellate and white sturgeons. Similarities among these species include radial symmetry about the longitudinal axis, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals. Noteworthy differences include a smaller total length and width than stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The main sperm-cell body is approximately 4 mu m long and the flagellum about 37 mu m long, resulting;in a total cell length of about 41 mu m. Also, the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell possesses only mio membraned endonuclear canals, in contrast to the arrangement in white and stellate sturgeons, where three such organelles are found. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and proximal centriole is also present in the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell. Spermcell nuclei of white and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids, with the anterior end narrower, whereas in Atlantic sturgeon the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Structural similarities between species may indicate a commonality of ancestral and evolutionary relationships that may have taxonomic implications. Ultrastructure suggests a closer evolutionary relationship between the white and stellate sturgeon than between either of these species and the Atlantic sturgeon,. The present findings may be used by biologists studying the reproductive physiology, forensics, taxonomy, and genetics of sturgeons. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Penn State Univ, S Frear Lab 1, Electron Microscopy Facil, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, NE Fishery Ctr, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. RP DiLauro, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 45 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 76 IS 10 BP 1822 EP 1836 DI 10.1139/cjz-76-10-1822 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 189KH UT WOS:000079903300004 ER PT J AU Alonso, KR Peden-Adams, MM Liu, JY Charbonneau, C Henshel, D Dickerson, RL AF Alonso, KR Peden-Adams, MM Liu, JY Charbonneau, C Henshel, D Dickerson, RL TI Effects of in vivo exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD on F-1 generation adult chickens (Gallus gallus) SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds CY AUG 12-16, 1996 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; MECHANISM; ESTROGEN; TOXICITY AB White Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) were used as surrogate species for the resident wild turkeys found on the Times Beach, Missouri, Superfund site. Parental chickens were injected with concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD which modeled soil concentrations before (200 ppb) and after remediation (1 ppb)[1]. Offspring were followed through development to assess alterations in reproductive maturity through the use of a four-way breeding study. F-1 adult females exposed to a maternal dose of 8.6 ng/day began egg production approximately two weeks later than did F-1 control adult females. By week eight, however, egg production between groups was equivalent. No differences were observed in eggshell gland estrogen or progesterone receptor levels. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Alonso, KR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, POB 709, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT-NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 9-12 BP 1873 EP 1883 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00254-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 132FB UT WOS:000076618700024 PM 9828316 ER PT J AU Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO AF Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO TI Hydrology of prairie pothole wetlands during drought and deluge: A 17-year study of the cottonwood lake wetland complex in North Dakota in the perspective of longer term measured and proxy hydrological records SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article DE wetland hydrology; Palmer Drought Severity Index; Devils Lake; Pembina River ID AMERICAN GREAT-PLAINS; DEVILS LAKE; FOSSIL OSTRACODES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FLUCTUATIONS; WATER; USA; SALINITY; DYNAMICS AB From 1988 to 1992 the north-central plains of North America had a drought that was followed by a wet period that continues to the present (1997). Data on the hydrology of the Cottonwood Lake area (CWLA) collected for nearly 10 years before, and during, the recent dry and wet periods indicate that some prairie pothole wetlands served only a recharge function under all climate conditions. Transpiration from groundwater around the perimeter of groundwater discharge wetlands drew water from the wetlands by the end of summer, even during very wet years. Long-term records of a climate index (Palmer Drought Severity Index), stream discharge (Pembina River), and lake level (Devils Lake) were used to put the 17-year CWLA record into a longer term perspective. In addition, proxy records of climate determined from fossils in the sediments of Devils Lake were also used. These data indicate that the drought of 1988-92 may have been the second worst of the 20th century, but that droughts of that magnitude, and worse, were common during the past 500 years. In contrast, the present wet period may be the wettest it has been during the past 130 years, or possibly the past 500 years. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Winter, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 413,Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 20 TC 121 Z9 126 U1 4 U2 33 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD OCT PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 189 EP 209 DI 10.1023/A:1005448416571 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 132NW UT WOS:000076637300003 ER PT J AU Gilman, EL AF Gilman, EL TI Nationwide permit program: Unknown adverse impacts on the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands' wetlands SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; cumulative impacts; functions; Nationwide Permit; regional planning; values; wetlands ID REED-WARBLER AB Of the 39 Nationwide Permits (NWPs) that came into effect on 11 February 1997 11 authorize activities that could impact Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) wetlands. Because managers of CNMI wetlands lack an accurate scientific basis for determining the significance of proposed wetland impacts, the CNMI denied and conditioned Clean Water Act Section 401 Water Quality Certifications and Coastal Zone Management Act Section 307 consistency concurrences for these 11 NWPs to reduce the likelihood of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) authorizing more than minimal adverse wetland impacts under the NWP program. The CNMI decided that the benefits of requiring a more stringent review process outweigh the costs of increasing the regulatory burden on developers. A review of authorized CNMI wetland impacts indicates that the loss of wetland quantity under the NWP program on Saipan is minimal. However managers do not know if the site specific and cumulative loss of wetland quality-wetland functional performance and provision of valued services-is significant. The Corps authorized 7 projects under NWPs that impacted CNMI wetlands. These 7 projects impacted 10 of Saipan's 37 freshwater wetlands and filled approximately 3.6 hectares or 1.5% of the island's total freshwater wetland area. Seven of these 10 affected sires were isolated wetlands. Nationwide, the Corps does not know if the cumulative loss of wetland area, functions, and values authorized under the NWP program has been minimal because the Corps has incomplete data on wetland impacts. Also, because most regions of the United States lack standardized assessment methods that estimate changes in functional performance and provision of valued services by local wetland classes, because many regions do not have the ability to define thresholds for cumulative wetland impacts, and because even small, isolated and temporary wetlands may possess valued functions, the Corps does not know if wetland impacts authorized under the NWP program have been minimal. The Corps lacks an accurate basis for defining what constitutes a more than minimal adverse wetland impact to implement the NWP Program. Regulators assume that conserving wetland area prevents a net loss of functional performance and the provision of valued wetland services, but they have no means to confirm the accuracy of this assumption. Conditioning and denying the use of NWPs that could be used to authorize wetland impacts creates a more stringent review process bur still results in the continued authorization of unknown wetland impacts under provisional NWPs and Individual Permits. A proposed solution is to develop regional wetland assessment methods for each wetland class to allow for the management of the project-specific and cumulative effects of wetland degradation on wetlands functional performance and provision of valued services. This provides wetland managers with the requisite information to condition relevant NWPs to ensure that no more than minimal adverse wetland impacts are authorized in their region. RP Gilman, EL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, PPP 171 Box 10000, Saipan, MP 96950 USA. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0892-0753 J9 COAST MANAGE JI Coast. Manage. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 253 EP 277 DI 10.1080/08920759809362357 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151WA UT WOS:000077742600002 ER PT J AU Walters, RA Casulli, V AF Walters, RA Casulli, V TI A robust, finite element model for hydrostatic surface water flows SO COMMUNICATIONS IN NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW-WATER; EQUATIONS; ACCURACY AB A finite element scheme is introduced for the 2-dimensional shallow water equations using semi-implicit methods in time. A semi-Lagrangian method is used to approximate the effects of advection. A wave equation is formed at the discrete level such that the equations decouple into an equation for surface elevation and a momentum equation for the horizontal velocity. The convergence rates and relative computational efficiency are examined with the use of three test cases representing various degrees of difficulty. A test with a polar-quadrant grid investigates the response to local grid-scale forcing and the presence of spurious modes, a channel test case establishes convergence rates, and a field-scale test case examines problems with highly irregular grids. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Trent, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, I-38050 Trent, Italy. ITC, CIRM, I-38050 Trent, Italy. RP Walters, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI casulli, vincenzo/A-8507-2013; OI Casulli, Vincenzo/0000-0002-2398-9339 NR 21 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1069-8299 J9 COMMUN NUMER METH EN JI Commun. Numer. Methods Eng. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 14 IS 10 BP 931 EP 940 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 133ZX UT WOS:000076718400004 ER PT J AU Jones, SB King, LB Sappington, LC Dwyer, FJ Ellersieck, M Buckler, DR AF Jones, SB King, LB Sappington, LC Dwyer, FJ Ellersieck, M Buckler, DR TI Effects of carbaryl, permethrin, 4-nonylphenol, and copper on muscarinic cholinergic receptors in brain of surrogate and listed fish species SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbaryl; copper; downregulation; fathead minnow; muscarinic receptors; nonylphenol; permethrin; rainbow trout; surrogate ID FRESH-WATER FISH; CYPRINUS-CARPIO; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; DOWN-REGULATION; RATS; INSECTICIDES; TOLERANCE; BINDING; SYSTEM; NEUROTOXICOLOGY AB We investigated the regulation of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MChR) in brain from seven species of fish, two surrogates and five threatened or endangered species exposed to a series of chemicals as a measure of compensatory response among species. Fish were classified as either cold water (rainbow trout-surrogate, apache trout, lahanton trout) or warm water (fathead minnow-surrogate, razorback sucker, bonytail chub, colorado squawfish) and were exposed to chemicals shown to affect cholinergic pathways (carbaryl and permethrin) and two chemicals whose relationships to the cholinergic system is less clear (4-nonylphenol and copper). Downregulation of MChR occurred in all warm water species, except colorado squawfish, and at carbaryl concentrations similar to those causing downregulation observed in rainbow trout. Permethrin exposure resulted in downregulation in fathead minnow and razorback sucker, but the concentrations required for observation of this phenomenon were much greater than observed in cold water species. Copper exposure caused a decrease in brain MChR in rainbow trout and apache trout, whereas 4-nonylphenol exposure resulted in a decrease in brain MChR in all three cold water species. Our results indicate that surrogates are useful in assessing sublethal physiological responses to chemicals with a known mechanism of action such as carbaryl and support use of surrogates for assessing physiological responses to chemicals with diverse, less clear mechanisms of action. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USGS Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Jones, SB (reprint author), USGS Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM Susan_B_Jones@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 120 IS 3 BP 405 EP 414 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10014-2 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 132QQ UT WOS:000076641400010 PM 9827057 ER PT J AU Droege, S Cyr, A Larivee, J AF Droege, S Cyr, A Larivee, J TI Checklists: An under-used tool for the inventory and monitoring of plants and animals SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIRDS AB Checklists are widely used to catalog field observations of plants and animals. We used 25 years of bird checklist data from the Etudes des Populations d'Oiseaux du Quebec program to examine the ability of checklists to produce reliable conservation, management, and ecological information. We found that checklists can provide reliable information on changes in bird populations, phenology, and geographic and climate abundance patterns at local, regional, and continental scales. Professional and amateur conservation groups that need to develop extensive techniques, can be used to detect large-scale changes in an entire community of species. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, BRD, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Biol, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. Dept Comp Sci, Rimouski, PQ G5L 4R5, Canada. RP Droege, S (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, BRD, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM Frog@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 40 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1134 EP 1138 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96402.x PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 126BL UT WOS:000076272800027 ER PT J AU Estes, JA AF Estes, JA TI Concerns about rehabilitation of oiled wildlife SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SURVIVAL C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Estes, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, A-316 Earth & Marine Sci Bldg, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 4 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1156 EP 1157 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97507.x PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 126BL UT WOS:000076272800034 ER PT J AU Granina, LZ Callender, E Grachev, AM Grachev, MA AF Granina, LZ Callender, E Grachev, AM Grachev, MA TI Input of particulate elements with fluvial waters into Lake Baikal and its role in the chemical balance (Ti, Cr, Sr, Cu, Zn, Ph, Br) SO DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK LA Russian DT Article ID TRIBUTARIES C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Limnol, Irkutsk 664003, Russia. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Granina, LZ (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Limnol, Irkutsk 664003, Russia. RI Grachev, Alexei/H-9702-2016 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0869-5652 J9 DOKL AKAD NAUK+ JI Dokl. Akad. Nauk PD OCT PY 1998 VL 362 IS 5 BP 691 EP 695 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 147YF UT WOS:000077524900030 ER PT J AU Huber-Sannwald, E Pyke, DA Caldwell, MM Durham, S AF Huber-Sannwald, E Pyke, DA Caldwell, MM Durham, S TI Effects of nutrient patches and root systems on the clonal plasticity of a rhizomatous grass SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clonal plant morphology; competition; Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus; morphological plasticity; plant foraging; plant interference; rhizomes; root systems; soil heterogeneity ID LOCALIZED SOIL ENRICHMENT; HERB GLECHOMA-HEDERACEA; GREAT-BASIN PERENNIALS; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY; GROWTH-RESPONSES; PLANTS; COMPETITION; FORM; HETEROGENEITY AB Clonal plant foraging has been examined primarily on individual clones exposed to resource-poor and resource-rich environments. We designed an experiment to examine the clonal foraging behavior of the rhizomatous grass Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus under the influence of neighboring plant root systems in a heterogeneous nutrient environment. Individual Elymus clones were planted in large bins together with one of three neighboring grass species, Agropyron desertorum, Pseudoroegneria spicata, or Bromus tectorum, which differ in rooting density and growth activity. The position of Elymus clones was manipulated so rhizomes encountered a short-duration nutrient patch and subsequently root systems of the neighboring plants. Unexpectedly, the morphological plasticity of the perennial grass Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus was influenced by the presence of the neighboring species much more than by the local nutrient enrichments, although nutrient patches did amplify some of the foraging responses. Elymus rhizomes branched readily and initiated large daughter plants as they encountered the low-density root systems of Pseudoroegneria. When Elymus encountered the fine, dense root systems of the annual Bromus, clonal expansion was initially reduced. Yet, after the short growing season of Bromus, Elymus resumed clonal expansion and produced several daughter plants. Elymus clones were most constrained by the fine, dense root systems of Agropyron desertorum. In this case, a few, long rhizomes avoided the densely rooted soil environment by growing aboveground as stolons crossing over the Agropyron tussocks. Elymus clonal biomass was largest in neighborhoods of Pseudoroegneria, intermediate in neighborhoods with Bromus, and smallest in neighborhoods with Agropyron. The latter were approximately half the size of those in the Pseudoroegneria environments. Elymus growth could not be explained by simple resource competition alone; other mechanisms must have been involved in the apparent differences in interference patterns of neighboring plants with Elymus. C1 Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Huber-Sannwald, E (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, D-85350 Freising, Germany. RI Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth/D-2507-2009 NR 52 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 79 IS 7 BP 2267 EP 2280 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2267:EONPAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 126NN UT WOS:000076300200005 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ AF Keeley, JE Fotheringham, CJ TI Smoke-induced seed germination in California chaparral SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California chaparral; fire; germination; smoke-induced; gibberellin; hard-seeded plant taxa; inhibition; NO(2); scarification; seed coat; smoke; stimulation of germination ID PLANT-DERIVED SMOKE; CHARRED WOOD; FIRE; DORMANCY; VEGETATION; BREAKING; NITRATE; HERBS; HEAT AB The California chaparral community has a rich flora of species with different mechanisms for cuing germination to postfire conditions. Heat shock triggers germination of certain species but has no stimulatory effect on a great many other postfire species that are chemically stimulated by combustion products. Previous reports have shown that charred wood will induce germination, and here we report that smoke also induces germination in these same species. Smoke is highly effective, often inducing 100% germination in deeply dormant seed populations with 0% control germination. Smoke induces germination both directly and indirectly by aqueous or gaseous transfer from soil to seeds. Neither nitrate nor ammonium ions were effective in stimulating germination of smoke-stimulated species, nor were most of the quantitatively important gases generated by biomass smoke. Nitrogen dioxide, however, was very effective at inducing germination in Caulanthus heterophyllus (Brassicaceae), Emmenanthe penduliflora (Hydrophyllaceae), Phacelia grandiflora (Hydrophyllaceae), and Silene multinervia (Caryophyllaceae). Three species, Dendromecon rigida (Papaveraceae), Dicentra chrysantha, and Trichostema lanatum (Lamiaceae), failed to germinate unless smoke treatment was coupled with prior treatment of 1 yr soil storage. Smoke-stimulated germination was found in 25 chaparral species, representing 11 families, none of which were families known for heat-shock-stimulated germination. Seeds of smoke-stimulated species have many analogous characteristics that separate them from most heat-shock-stimulated seeds, including: (1) outer seed coats that are highly textured, (2) a poorly developed outer cuticle, (3) absence of a dense palisade tissue in the seed coat, and (4) a subdermal membrane that is semipermeable, allowing water passage but blocking entry of large (molecular mass > 500) solutes. Tentative evidence suggests that permeability characteristics of this subdermal layer are altered by smoke. While the mechanism behind smoke-induced germination is not known, it appears that smoke may be involved in overcoming different blocks to germination in different species. For example, in Emmenanthe penduliflora, NO, in smoke was sufficient to induce germination, and most forms of physical or chemical scarification also induced germination. For Romneya coulteri, NO, alone failed to induce germination, and scarified seeds required addition of gibberellic acid. In Dicentra chrysantha, none of these treatments, nor smoke alone, induced,germination, but germination was triggered by a combination of soil burial followed by smoke treatment. Smoke-stimulated species differed substantially in the duration of smoke exposure required to induce germination, and this was inversely correlated with tolerance to smoke exposure. We suggest that such differences in response may affect postfire community structure. C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Div Environm Biol, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), USGS Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 49 TC 144 Z9 159 U1 6 U2 51 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 79 IS 7 BP 2320 EP 2336 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 126NN UT WOS:000076300200009 ER PT J AU Gould, WR Nichols, JD AF Gould, WR Nichols, JD TI Estimation of temporal variability of survival in animal populations SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age-specific; gender-specific; Mallard ducks; population viability analysis; Roseate Terns; sampling variation; survival; temporal variance; variance components ID VIABILITY ANALYSIS; SIMULATION-MODEL; SMALL RODENTS; CONSERVATION; DYNAMICS; SIZE; DENSITIES; VARIANCE; GROWTH; DESERT AB Temporal variation of demographic characteristics for animal populations is of interest to both ecologists and biological modelers. The standard deviation of a series of estimated parameter values (e.g., estimated population size) or some function thereof (e.g., log of the estimated parameters) is commonly used as a measure of temporal variability. These measures of temporal variation overestimate the true temporal variation by not accounting for sampling variability inherent to the estimation of unknown population parameters. Using a variance-components approach to partitioning the total variability of an estimated parameter, we demonstrate the ease with which sampling variation can be removed from the observed total variation of parameter estimates. Estimates of temporal variability of survival are given after removal of sampling variation for three bird species: the federally listed Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii), Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus), and Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Sampling variation accounted for the majority of the total variation in the survival estimates for nearly all of the populations studied. Substantial differences in observed significance levels were observed when testing for demographic differences in temporal variation using temporal variance estimates adjusted and unadjusted for sampling variance. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Gould, WR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Ctr Stat, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 53 TC 123 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 79 IS 7 BP 2531 EP 2538 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2531:EOTVOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 126NN UT WOS:000076300200025 ER PT J AU Grove, RA Buhler, DR Henny, CJ Drew, AD AF Grove, RA Buhler, DR Henny, CJ Drew, AD TI Declining ring-necked pheasants in the Klamath Basin, California: I. Insecticide exposure SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methamidophos; organophosphorus insecticides; OPs; ring-necked pheasant; radio telemetry ID ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS; SURVIVAL; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PESTICIDES; CHICKS AB A study of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide exposure was conducted on a declining population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) associated with agricultural lands at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) during the summers of 1990-92. Findings at TLNWR were compared with a nearby pheasant population at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) not subjected to intensive farming or OP insecticide applications. Direct toxicity of anticholinesterase (antiChE) compounds (in this case methamidophos) killed 2 young pheasants (91 and 92% brain acetylcholinesterase [AChE] inhibition), but no deaths of adult radio-equipped hens were ascribed to direct insecticide intoxication. However, within 20 days postspray of OP insecticides, 68% (28 of 41) of the adult pheasants collected at TLNWR were exposed to antiChE insecticides, and exhibited brain AChE inhibition of 19-62%, with 15% (6 of 41) showing greater than or equal to 55% brain AChE inhibition. The lack of radio-equipped hens dying was unexpected because >50% brain AChE inhibition has been frequently used as a 'diagnostic tool' for evaluating cause of death from antiChE insecticides. No young were radio-equipped, so the extent of the effects of insecticide exposure on the survivorship of young was unknown. It is concluded that insecticide exposure was not the major factor impacting the pheasant population (see Grove et al., in press), although some young were acutely intoxicated. However, the loss of insects killed by insecticide use may have contributed to food shortages of young pheasants, indirectly influencing survival. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, William L Finley Natl Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Grove, RA (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 7 IS 5 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.1023/A:1008836817910 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 199KG UT WOS:000080479700006 ER PT J AU Obermeier, SF AF Obermeier, SF TI Liquefaction evidence for strong earthquakes of Holocene and latest Pleistocene ages in the states of Indiana and Illinois, USA SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clastic dikes; earthquakes; liquefaction; paleoseismicity; soil mechanics ID GROUND MOTION; FEATURES AB Sand- and gravel-filled elastic dikes of seismic liquefaction origin occur throughout much of southern Indiana and Illinois. Nearly all of these dikes originated from prehistoric earthquakes centered in the study area. In this area at least seven and probably eight strong prehistoric earthquakes have been documented as occurring during the Holocene, and at least one during the latest Pleistocene. The recognition of different earthquakes has been based mainly on timing of liquefaction in combination with the regional pattern of liquefaction effects, but some have been recognized only by geotechnical testing at sites of liquefaction. Most paleo-earthquakes presently recognized lie in Indiana, but equally as many may have occurred in Illinois. Studies in Illinois have not yet narrowly bracketed the age of elastic dikes at many sites, which sometimes causes uncertainty in defining the causative earthquake, but even in Illinois the largest paleo-earthquakes probably have been identified. Prehistoric magnitudes were probably as high as about moment magnitude M 7.5. This greatly exceeds the largest historic earthquake of M 5.5 centered in Indiana or Illinois. The strongest paleo-earthquakes struck in the vicinity of the concentration of strongest historic seismicity. Elsewhere, paleo-earthquakes on the order of M 6-7 have occurred even where there has been little or no historic seismicity. Both geologic and geotechnical methods of analysis have been essential for verification of seismic origin for the dikes and for back-calculating prehistoric magnitudes. Methods developed largely as part of this study should be of great value in unraveling the paleoseismic record elsewhere. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Obermeier, SF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 955,12202 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM sobermei@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 78 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 227 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00032-5 PG 28 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 133RP UT WOS:000076699800001 ER PT J AU Baumann, PC Harshbarger, JC AF Baumann, PC Harshbarger, JC TI Long term trends in liver neoplasm epizootics of brown bullhead in the Black River, Ohio SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES; GREAT-LAKES; TUMORS; FISH AB Since 1980, liver neoplasms in brown bullhead and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment have been researched in a series of studies on the Black River in Lorain, Ohio. In the early 1980s the liver cancer prevalence in fish of age 3 and older was high, ranging from 22% to 39% of the adult population. These high cancer rates corresponded to high levels of PAHs in the sediment resulting from long-term releases by an upstream coking facility (USX). In 1983 this coking plant was closed, and by 1987 the PAH in sediment had declined by about mio orders of magnitude. Coincidentally the tumor prevalence in 1987 was only about one-fourth of that in the early 1980s. In 1990, the most contaminated sediments were dredged. Neoplasm surveys in 1992 and 1993 found liver tumor frequencies in mature bullhead were as high as or higher than in the early 1980s. However liver tumor incidence declined in 1994, especially among age 3 fish, where neoplasm incidence was zero. These age 3 fish were the first group sampled that were not present during the 1990 dredging. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that the increase in tumor prevalence in 1992 and 1993 was caused by exposure to buried PAH-contaminated sediments released by the dredging. This research points out the insight provided by long term effects studies. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Baumann, PC (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, USGS, Biol Resources Div, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 13 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 53 IS 1 BP 213 EP 223 DI 10.1023/A:1005967631275 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125ZH UT WOS:000076267300010 ER PT J AU Davis, JA Coston, JA Kent, DB Fuller, CC AF Davis, JA Coston, JA Kent, DB Fuller, CC TI Application of the surface complexation concept to complex mineral assemblages SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOND-VALENCE DETERMINATION; AMORPHOUS IRON OXYHYDROXIDE; PB(II) SORPTION PRODUCTS; OXIDE-WATER INTERFACES; ACID-BASE REACTIONS; ALUMINUM-OXIDES; FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; CADMIUM SORPTION; GRAVEL AQUIFER; ION ADSORPTION AB Two types of modeling approaches are illustrated for describing inorganic contaminant adsorption in aqueous environments: (a) the component additivity approach and (b) the generalized composite approach. Each approach is applied to simulate Zn2+ adsorption by a well-characterized sediment collected from an aquifer at Cape God, MA. Zn2+ adsorption by the sediment was studied in laboratory batch experiments with a range of pH and Zn(ll) concentrations selected to encompass conditions observed in the aquifer. In the generalized composite approach, one- and two-site surface complexation model parameters were calibrated with the experimental data using FITEQL. The pH dependence of Zn2+ adsorption was simulated without exp licit representation of electrostatic energy terms. Surface acidity constants and ion pair formation by major electrolyte ions were also not required in the model, thereby minimizing the number of fitted parameters. Predictions of Zn2+ adsorption with the component additivity modeling approach did not simulate the experimental data adequately without manipulation of surface area or site density parameter values. To apply the component additivity approach to environmental sorbents, further research is needed to better characterize the composition of sediment surface coatings. The generalized composite modeling approach requires less information and can be viewed as more practical for application within solute transport models. With only three adjustable parameters, this approach could simulate Zn2+ adsorption over a range of chemical conditions that would cause several orders of magnitude variation in the distribution coefficient (Kd) for Zn2+ within the aquifer. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Davis, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-465, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jadavis@usgs.gov OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 76 TC 244 Z9 255 U1 5 U2 67 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 19 BP 2820 EP 2828 DI 10.1021/es980312q PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125DR UT WOS:000076222600024 ER PT J AU Stillings, LL Drever, JI Poulson, SR AF Stillings, LL Drever, JI Poulson, SR TI Oxalate adsorption at a plagioclase (An(47)) surface and models for ligand-promoted dissolution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FELDSPAR DISSOLUTION; CHEMICAL AFFINITY; ORGANIC-ACIDS; RATES; KINETICS; ALBITE; PH; COMPLEXATION; MECHANISMS; CHEMISTRY AB Previous work on adsorption of oxalate at aluminosilicate surfaces suggests that maximum adsorption occurs through a bidentate attachment of the organic ligand, at near-neutral pH. Rates of ligand-promoted dissolution are expected to be greatest at this pH as well. We tested this model by measuring oxalate adsorption on the surface of andesine (An(47)), in solutions of pH 3-5 and total oxalate concentrations of 0-8 mM. Contrary to expectation, the greatest adsorption density of 24 mu mol m(-2) total oxalate was observed at pH 3 and 8 mM total oxalate. Adsorption is dependent upon the activities of both oxalate (C2O42-) and bioxalate (HC2O4-) in solution and can be modeled with either a two-term Langmuir or a two-term Freundlich isotherm. A Freundlich adsorption model provided the best fit to rate data because it was not constrained to a finite number of adsorption sites, as was the Langmuir model. The two-term ligand adsorption model was incorporated into a rate model: R-tot = k(H)+[H-ads(+) ](L) + k(HOx)- [HOx(ads)(-)] + k(Ox)(2-)[Ox(ads)(2-)] where R-tot is the net dissolution rate of the feldspar, [i(ads)] is the concentration of species i adsorbed to the surface, and k(i) is the rate constant for release of the surface complex. The model was fit to data for oxalate-promoted dissolution of andesine, resulting in estimates for the rate constants of k(HOx)- = 1.16 X 10(-12), k(Ox)(2-) = 1.05 x 10(-12), and k(H+) = 9.61 x 10(-13) mot of feldspar (mu umol of i)(-1) s(-1). C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Stillings, LL (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Mines, US Geol Survey, MS 176, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM stilling@usgs.unr.edu NR 44 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 19 BP 2856 EP 2864 DI 10.1021/es980258d PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125DR UT WOS:000076222600028 ER PT J AU Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Kelly, ME Stromborg, KL Melancon, MJ Fitzgerald, SD Bursian, SJ AF Powell, DC Aulerich, RJ Meadows, JC Tillitt, DE Kelly, ME Stromborg, KL Melancon, MJ Fitzgerald, SD Bursian, SJ TI Effects of 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin injected into the yolks of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs prior to incubation SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin; polychlorinated biphenyl 126; cormorant; toxic equivalency factors ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; FISH-EATING BIRDS; DEETHYLASE-INDUCING POTENCY; LAKES FOOD-CHAINS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; GREAT-LAKES; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; AVIAN EMBRYOS; FACTORS TEFS AB Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs were injected with either 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB] 126; 70-698 mu g/kg egg) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachloradibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 1.3-11.7 mu g/kg egg) prior to incubation. These compounds were injected into the yolks of cormorant eggs collected from incomplete clutches at isolated colonies on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Canada. Eggs were incubated for approximately 26 to 28 d. After hatching the brain, bursa, heart, liver, and spleen were dissected and weighed. Torsos were preserved in formalin for examination of the gonads. Median lethal doses (LD50s) calculated from mortality data at hatching were 177 and 4.0 mu g/kg egg for PCB 126 and TCDD, respectively. No significant differences were found in the incidence of developmental abnormalities in any of the treatment groups. Bursa weights were significantly less in the greatest (11.7 mu g/kg egg) TCDD group compared to the vehicle control group. Spleen weights were significantly less in the 349 mu g PCB 126/kg egg and the 5.4 and 11.7 mu g TCDD/kg egg groups when compared to the vehicle control group. No histological alterations of the gonads were found. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in all PCB 126 and TCDD dose groups was significantly greater compared to the control activity. The toxic equivalency factor for PCB 126 was 0.02. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fisheries Contaminant Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bursian, SJ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM bursian@pilot.msu.edu NR 40 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2035 EP 2040 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2035:EOPATP>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 121WJ UT WOS:000076038500020 ER PT J AU Pugesek, BH Grace, JB AF Pugesek, BH Grace, JB TI On the utility of path modelling for ecological and evolutionary studies SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID COVARIANCE STRUCTURE-ANALYSIS; EQUATION MODELS C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Pugesek, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 853 EP 856 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 153ZW UT WOS:000077864400019 ER PT J AU Ramo, OT Calzia, JP AF Ramo, OT Calzia, JP TI Nd isotopic composition of cratonic rocks in the southern Death Valley region: Evidence for a substantial Archean source component in Mojavia SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CRUST-MANTLE EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; SR; RANGE; CALIFORNIA; MAGMATISM; TERRANE; ORIGIN; DESERT AB Thirty Early Proterozoic intermediate to silicic metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks in the southern Death Valley region and vicinity show epsilon(Nd) values of -1.6 to -6.3 at 1.7 Ga and Nd model ages of 2.1 to 2.6 Ga. These cratonic rocks thus reveal an older signature than so far reported for Nd province 1 of the western United States; as much as 30%-40% of their mass may be Archean crustal material. The Archean component was introduced in the form of sedimentary detritus that was probably subducted and mixed with juvenile material at a convergent margin. Three younger Precambrian rocks associated with the cratonic rocks also have a Nd isotopic composition of province 1 type. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Geol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Ramo, OT (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Geol, POB 11, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 22 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 1998 VL 26 IS 10 BP 891 EP 894 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 125AG UT WOS:000076214800007 ER PT J AU Waldhauser, F Kissling, E Ansorge, J Mueller, S AF Waldhauser, F Kissling, E Ansorge, J Mueller, S TI Three-dimensional interface modelling with two-dimensional seismic data: the Alpine crust-mantle boundary SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Alps; crustal structure; Moho reflection; seismic modelling; seismic resolution; topography ID SWISS-ALPS; EASTERN; VELOCITY; ZONE; LINE; EGT AB We present a new approach to determine the 3-D topography and lateral continuity of seismic interfaces using 2-D-derived controlled-source seismic reflector data. The aim of the approach is to give the simplest possible structure consistent with all reflector data and error estimates. We define simplicity of seismic interfaces by the degree of interface continuity (i.e. shortest length of offsets) and by the degree of interface roughness (least surface roughness. The method is applied to structural information of the crust-mantle boundary (Moho) obtained from over 250 controlled-source seismic reflection and refraction profiles in the greater Alpine region. The reflected and refracted phases from the Moho interface and their interpretation regarding crustal thickness are reviewed and their reliability weighted. Weights assigned to each reflector element are transformed to depth errors considering Fresnel volumes. The 3-D-derived reflector elements are relocated in space (3-D migration and interpolation is performed between the observed reflector elements to obtain continuity of model parameters. Interface offsets are introduced only where required according to the principle of simplicity. The resulting 3-D model of the Alpine crust-mantle boundary shows two offsets that divide the interface into a European, an Adriatic and a Ligurian Moho, with the European Moho subducting below the Adriatic Moho, and with the Adriatic Moho underthrusting the Ligurian Moho, Each sub-interface depicts the smoothest possible (i.e. simplest) surface, fitting the reflector data within their assigned errors. The results are consistent with previous studies for those regions with dense and reliable controlled-source seismic data. The newly derived Alpine Moho interface, however, surpasses earlier studies by its lateral extent over an area of about 600 km by 600 km, by quantifying reliability estimates along the interface, and by obeying the principle of being consistently as simple as possible. C1 ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Geophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Waldhauser, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 52 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 264 EP 278 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00647.x PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 127UZ UT WOS:000076370100017 ER PT J AU Power, JA Wyss, M Latchman, JL AF Power, JA Wyss, M Latchman, JL TI Spatial variations in the frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEISMICITY; HAZARD; TOBAGO; ALASKA; DEPTH AB The frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes measured by the b-value is determined as a function of space beneath Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from data recorded between August 1, 1995 and March 31, 1996. A volume of anomalously high b-values (b > 3.0) with a 1.5 km radius is imaged at depths of 0 and 1.5 km beneath English's Crater and Chance's Peak. This high b-value anomaly extends southwest to Gage's Soufriere. At depths greater than 2.5 km volumes of comparatively low b-values (b similar to 1) are found beneath St. George's Hill, Windy Hill, and below 2.5 km depth and to the south of English's Crater. We speculate the depth of high b-value anomalies under volcanoes may be a function of silica content, modified by some additional factors, with the most siliceous having these volumes that are highly fractured or contain high pore pressure at the shallowest depths. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ W Indies, Seism Res Unit, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Power, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM jpower@usgs.gov; max@giseis.alaska.edu; joan1sru@centre.uwi.tt NR 19 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 19 BP 3653 EP 3656 DI 10.1029/98GL00430 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 125KJ UT WOS:000076236500029 ER PT J AU White, RA Miller, AD Lynch, L Power, J AF White, RA Miller, AD Lynch, L Power, J TI Observations of hybrid seismic events at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat: July 1995 to September 1996 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REDOUBT VOLCANO; 1989-1990 ERUPTIONS; ALASKA AB Swarms of small repetitive events with similar waveforms and magnitudes are often observed during the emplacement of lava domes. Over 300,000 such events were recorded in association with the emplacement of the lava dome at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from August 1995 through August 1996. These events originated <2-3 km deep. They exhibited energy ranging over (similar to)1.5-4.5 Hz and were broader band than typical long-period events. We term the events "hybrid" between long-period and volcano-tectonic. The events were more impulsive and broader band prior to, compared with during and after, periods of inferred increased magma flux rate. Individual swarms contained up to 10,000 events often exhibiting very similar magnitudes and waveforms throughout the swarm. Swarms lasted hours to weeks, during which inter-event intervals generally increased, then decreased, often several times. Long-duration swarms began about every two months starting in late September 1995. We speculate that the events were produced as the magma column degassed into adjacent cracks. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ W Indies, Seism Res Unit, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP White, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mailstop 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM rwhite@usgs.gov; angus@geowalks.demon.co.uk; sru@wow.net; jpower@usgs.gov NR 14 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 19 BP 3657 EP 3660 DI 10.1029/98GL02427 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 125KJ UT WOS:000076236500030 ER PT J AU Young, SR Francis, PW Barclay, J Casadevall, TJ Gardner, CA Daroux, B Davies, MA Delmelle, P Norton, GE Maciejewski, AJH Oppenheimer, CMM Stix, J Watson, IM AF Young, SR Francis, PW Barclay, J Casadevall, TJ Gardner, CA Daroux, B Davies, MA Delmelle, P Norton, GE Maciejewski, AJH Oppenheimer, CMM Stix, J Watson, IM TI Monitoring SO2 emission at the Soufriere Hills volcano: Implications for changes in eruptive conditions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTANTS AB Correlation spectrometer measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates during the current eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, have contributed towards identifying different phases of volcanic activity. SO2 emission rate has increased from <200 tonnes per day (td(-1); <2.3 kgs(-1)) in the early stages of dome growth to >550 td(-1) (>6.4 kgs(-1)) after July 1996, with the uncertainty associated with any individual measurement ca. 30%. Significantly enhanced SO2 emission rates have been identified in association with early phreatic eruptions (800 td(-1) (9.3 kgs(-1))) and episodes of vigorous dome collapse and pyroclastic flow generation (900 to 1500 td(-1) (10.4 to 17.4 kgs(-1))). SO2 emission rate has proved a useful proxy measurement for magma production rate. Observed SO2 emission rates are significantly higher than those inferred from analyses of glass inclusions in phenocrysts, implying the existence of a S-rich magmatic vapour phase. C1 British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USGS, Reston, VA 22091 USA. USGS, CVO, Vancouver, BC 98661, Canada. Univ Montreal, Dept Geol, Montreal, PQ HC3 3J7, Canada. British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. RP Young, SR (reprint author), British Geol Survey, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. RI Barclay, Jenni/C-2731-2011; Watson, Matt/E-5236-2011; Oppenheimer, Clive/G-9881-2013 OI Barclay, Jenni/0000-0002-6122-197X; Watson, Matt/0000-0001-9198-2203; Oppenheimer, Clive/0000-0003-4506-7260 NR 12 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 19 BP 3681 EP 3684 DI 10.1029/98GL01406 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 125KJ UT WOS:000076236500036 ER PT J AU Lynn, S Morrison, ML Kuenzi, AJ Neale, JCC Sacks, BN Hamlin, R Hall, LS AF Lynn, S Morrison, ML Kuenzi, AJ Neale, JCC Sacks, BN Hamlin, R Hall, LS TI Bird use of riparian vegetation along the Truckee River, California and Nevada SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE bird abundance; bird species richness; riparian habitat; Truckee River; vegetation type ID HABITAT; COUNTS AB The Truckee River in California and Nevada is subject to diverse water regimes and a corresponding variety of now rates. Original riparian vegetation has been altered by these variable flow rates and by a variety of human uses resulting in loss of native riparian vegetation from its historic extent. We conducted bird surveys along the Truckee River during spring 1993 to (1) determine relationships between birds and the present vegetation; (2) determine the importance of different vegetation types to sensitive bird species that have declined recently in the western United States due to competition from exotic plant species, cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism, reduction in nesting habitat, or other unidentified reasons; and (3) establish a monitoring program and collect baseline data for future comparisons. The most frequently detected bird species throughout the study was the Brown-headed Cowbird. The greatest number of bird species (98 of 116) was found in the native mixed willow (Salix spp.) riparian scrub vegetation type. We recommend protecting the remaining native riparian vegetation types for bird habitat along the Truckee River. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Wildlife & Fisheries Sci Program, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reno, NV 89502 USA. RP Lynn, S (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Wildlife & Fisheries Sci Program, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 58 IS 4 BP 328 EP 343 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 133RK UT WOS:000076699400003 ER PT J AU Sveum, CM Crawford, JA Edge, WD AF Sveum, CM Crawford, JA Edge, WD TI Use and selection of brood-rearing habitat by Sage Grouse in south central Washington SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE broods; Centrocercus urophasianus; habitat; Sage Grouse; Washington ID AVAILABILITY DATA; OREGON AB Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) brood-habitat use was examined during 1992 and 1993 at the Yakima Training Center in Yakima and Kittitas counties, Washington. During the 2 yr we followed 38 broods, of which 12 persisted to 1 August ((x) over bar = approximately 1.5 chicks/brood). Food forb cover was greater at all brood locations than at random locations. Hens with broods in big sagebrush/bunchgrass habitat (Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum) selected for greater food forb cover, total forb cover, and lower shrub heights; broods in altered big sagebrush/bunchgrass habitats selected greater tall grass cover and vertical cover height; broods in grassland showed no preference for any measured vegetation characteristics. During the early rearing period (post-hatching-6 wk) each year, broods selected sagebrush/bunchgrass. Broods in 1993 made greater use of grasslands than in 1992 and selected grassland during the late brood-rearing period (7-12 wk). Broods selected for sagebrush/bunchgrass during midday, but 52% of brood locations in the afternoon were in grassland. Tall grass cover was greater at morning (0500-1000 h) and afternoon (1501-2000 h) brood locations than at midday (1001-1500 h) and random locations. Midday brood locations had greater shrub cover and height than morning and afternoon locations. Selection of habitat components was similar to the results of other studies, but habitat conditions coupled with a possible lack of alternate brood-rearing cover types resulted in low survival of chicks. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, LaCrosse, WI 54603 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sveum, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, LaCrosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 58 IS 4 BP 344 EP 351 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 133RK UT WOS:000076699400004 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, JP Pool, DR Konieczki, AD Carpenter, MC AF Hoffmann, JP Pool, DR Konieczki, AD Carpenter, MC TI Causes of sinks near Tucson, Arizona, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE USA; subsidence; compaction; unconsolidated sediments AB Land subsidence in the form of sinks has occurred on and near farmlands near Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, USA. The sinks occur in alluvial deposits along the flood plain of the Santa Cruz River, and have made farmlands dangerous and unsuitable for farming. More than 1700 sinks are confined to the flood plain of the Santa Cruz River and are grouped along two north-northwestward-trending bands that are approximately parallel to the river and other flood-plain drainages. An estimated 17,000 m(3) of sediment have been removed in the formation of the sinks. Thirteen trenches were dug to depths of 4-6 m to characterize near-surface sediments in sink and nonsink areas. Sediments below about 2 m included a large percentage of dispersive clays in sink areas. Sediments in nonsink areas contain a large component of medium- to coarse-grained, moderately to well sorted sand that probably fills a paleochannel. Electromagnetic surveys support the association of silts and clays in sink areas that are highly electrically conductive relative to sand in nonsink areas. Sinks probably are caused by the near-surface process of subsurface erosion of dispersive sediments along pre-existing cracks in predominantly silt and clay sediments. The pre-existing cracks probably result from desiccation or tension that developed during periods of water-table decline and channel incision during the past 100 years or in earlier periods. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Hoffmann, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 221, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 6 IS 3 BP 349 EP 364 DI 10.1007/s100400050158 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BN UT WOS:000079766300004 ER PT J AU Izuka, SK Gingerich, SB AF Izuka, SK Gingerich, SB TI Estimation of the depth to the fresh-water/salt-water interface from vertical head gradients in wells in coastal and island aquifers SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE USA; numerical modeling; salt-water/fresh-water relations; coastal aquifers; vertical head gradients AB An accurate estimate of the depth to the theoretical interface between fresh, water and salt water is critical to estimates of well yields in coastal and island aquifers. The Ghyben-Herzberg relation, which is commonly used to estimate interface depth, can greatly underestimate or overestimate the fresh-water thickness, because it assumes no vertical head gradients and no vertical flow. Estimation of the interface depth needs to consider the vertical head gradients and aquifer anisotropy that may be present. This paper presents a method to calculate vertical head gradients using water-level measurements made during drilling of a partially penetrating well; the gradient is then used to estimate interface depth. Application of the method to a numerically simulated fresh-water/salt-water system shows that the method is most accurate when the gradient is measured in a deeply penetrating well. Even using a shallow well, the method more accurately estimates the interface position than does the Ghyben-Herzberg relation where substantial vertical head gradients exist. Application of the method to field data shows that drilling, collection methods of water-level data, and aquifer inhomogeneities can cause difficulties, but the effects of these difficulties can be minimized. C1 US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Izuka, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 677 Ala Moana Blvd,Suite 415, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. OI Gingerich, Stephen/0000-0002-4381-0746 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 6 IS 3 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.1007/s100400050159 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BN UT WOS:000079766300005 ER PT J AU Nolan, BT Campbell, DL Senterfit, RM AF Nolan, BT Campbell, DL Senterfit, RM TI Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE geophysical methods; groundwater exploration; geostatistics; unconsolidated sediments ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; GEOSTATISTICS AB A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity ions of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100-600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Cros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Geophys, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Nolan, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 413 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 6 IS 3 BP 374 EP 382 DI 10.1007/s100400050160 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BN UT WOS:000079766300006 ER PT J AU Clarke, KC Gaydos, LJ AF Clarke, KC Gaydos, LJ TI Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: long-term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Research Workshop on GIS in Spatial Population Analysis and Regional Economic Development CY MAR 24-25, 1997 CL CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, HONG KONG, HONG KONG SP Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong Inst, Geog Dept, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong Inst, S China Program HO CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG AB Prior research developed a cellular automaton model, that was calibrated by using historical digital maps of urban areas and can be used to predict the future extent of an urban area. The model has now been applied to two rapidly growing, but remarkably different urban areas: the San Francisco Bay region in California and the Washington/Baltimore corridor in the Eastern United States. This paper presents the calibration and prediction results for both regions, reviews their data requirements, compares the differences in the initial configurations and control parameters for the model in the two settings, and discusses the role of GIS in the applications. The model has generated some long term predictions that appear useful for urban planning and are consistent with results from other models and observations of growth. Although the GIS was only loosely coupled with the model, the model's provision of future urban patterns as data layers for GIS description and analysis is an important outcome of this type of calculation. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NASA, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Clarke, KC (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Clarke, Keith/E-1863-2011 OI Clarke, Keith/0000-0001-5805-6056 NR 31 TC 421 Z9 493 U1 10 U2 89 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD OCT-NOV PY 1998 VL 12 IS 7 BP 699 EP 714 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 126GX UT WOS:000076286500005 PM 12294536 ER PT J AU Liu, L Lane, JW Quan, YL AF Liu, L Lane, JW Quan, YL TI Radar attenuation tomography using the centroid frequency downshift method SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR 96) CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1996 CL TOHOKU UNIV, SENDAI, JAPAN HO TOHOKU UNIV DE centroid frequency; borehole radar; attenuation tomography; saline injection ID GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; CONTROLLED DNAPL RELEASE; DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT; SEISMIC VELOCITY; SATURATED ROCKS; SANDSTONES; MODEL; MHZ AB A method for tomographically estimating electromagnetic (EM) wave attenuation based on analysis of centroid frequency downshift (CFDS) of impulse radar signals is described and applied to cross-hole radar data. The method is based on a constant-e model, which assumes a linear frequency dependence of attenuation for EM wave propagation above the transition frequency. The method uses the CFDS to construct the projection function. In comparison with other methods for estimating attenuation, the CFDS method is relatively insensitive to the effects of geometric spreading, instrument response, and antenna coupling and radiation pattern, but requires the data to be broadband so that the frequency shift and variance can be easily measured. The method is well-suited for difference tomography experiments using electrically conductive tracers. The CFDS method was tested using cross-hole radar data collected at the U.S. Geological Survey Fractured Rock Research Site at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire (NH) during a saline-tracer injection experiment. The attenuation-difference tomogram created with the CFDS method outlines the spatial distribution of saline tracer within the tomography plane. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Geol & Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Geophys Applicat & Support, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Liu, L (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Geol & Geophys, 354 Mansfield Rd,U-45, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 35 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-9851 J9 J APPL GEOPHYS JI J. Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1-3 BP 105 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0926-9851(98)00024-X PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 134UE UT WOS:000076761300011 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Miller, TW AF Ribic, CA Miller, TW TI Evaluation of alternative model selection criteria in the analysis of unimodal response curves using CART SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION TREES; GRADIENT ANALYSIS AB We investigated CART performance with a unimodal response curve for one continuous response and four continuous explanatory variables, where two variables were important (i.e. directly related to the response) and the other two were not. We explored performance under three relationship strengths and two explanatory variable conditions: equal importance and one variable four times as important as the other. We compared CART variable selection performance using three tree-selection rules ('minimum risk', 'minimum risk complexity', 'one standard error;) to stepwise polynomial ordinary least squares (OLS) under four sample size conditions. The one-standard-error and minimum-risk-complexity methods performed about as well as stepwise OLS with large sample sizes when the relationship was strong. With weaker relationships, equally important explanatory variables and larger sample sizes, the one-standard-error and minimum-risk-complexity rules performed better than stepwise OLS. With weaker relationships and explanatory variables of unequal importance, tree-structured methods did not perform as well as stepwise OLS. Comparing performance within tree-structured methods, with a strong relationship and equally important explanatory variables, the one-standard-error rule was more likely to choose the correct model than were the other tree-selection rules. The minimum-risk-complexity rule was more likely to choose the correct model than were the other tree-selection rules (I) with weaker relationships and equally important explanatory variables; and (2) under all relationship strengths when explanatory variables were of unequal importance and sample sizes were lower. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS BRD Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Business, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM caribic@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 38 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-4763 EI 1360-0532 J9 J APPL STAT JI J. Appl. Stat. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 25 IS 5 BP 685 EP 698 PG 14 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 139BM UT WOS:000077007600008 ER PT J AU Humphrey, LD Pyke, DA AF Humphrey, LD Pyke, DA TI Demographic and growth responses of a guerrilla and a phalanx perennial grass in competitive mixtures SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clonal growth; competition; Elymus lanceolatus; resource patches; sexual reproduction; vegetative reproduction ID CLONAL PLANTS; MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; DENSITY; ESTABLISHMENT; ENVIRONMENTS; RECRUITMENT; REPENS; SCALE; MODEL AB 1 The advantages of guerrilla and phalanx growth for the guerrilla Elymus lanccolatus ssp. lanccolatus and phalanx E. l. ssp. wawawaiensis were evaluated over 2 years in two taxon mixtures with a range of densities of each subspecies and under two levels of watering. 2 Ramet numbers and biomass of the guerrilla subspecies were higher than those of the phalanx grass in the first year but in the second year declined greatly, while the phalanx grass showed no change in biomass and an increase in ramet numbers. High neighbour densities affected the phalanx subspecies more strongly than the guerrilla subspecies in the first year, but in the second year there were few differences between subspecies. Biomass of the guerrilla grass remained greater than that of the phalanx grass but ramet numbers were similar in the second year. 3 For both subspecies in both years, probability of flowering decreased at higher neighbour densities, indicating adaptation for competitive ability. In the first year, biomass was more strongly reduced by densities than flowering was, but in the second year, when crowding was apparently greater, flowering was more severely affected. 4 Genet survival was high and similar for both subspecies. 5 The presumed advantage of guerrilla subspecies in exploiting open space was supported. The guerrilla grass exploited resources more quickly in the first year by faster growth and greater ramet production, but its biomass, ramet numbers and rhizome growth, and thus its advantage, were reduced in the second year. 6 The phalanx subspecies had slower growth, produced more ramets in later years, and delayed flowering until later years. Although less able to exploit open resources, it appeared adapted to more stressful conditions, and may be able to exploit temporal resource pulses more effectively. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Humphrey, LD (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 55 TC 70 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 86 IS 5 BP 854 EP 865 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.8650854.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 135CH UT WOS:000076782200011 ER PT J AU Olla, BL Davis, MW Schreck, CB AF Olla, BL Davis, MW Schreck, CB TI Temperature magnified postcapture mortality in adult sablefish after simulated trawling SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE by-catch; physiology; survival; stress ID ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; EL-NINO; ACCLIMATION; CALIFORNIA; FECUNDITY; WATERS; OREGON AB For sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria that had been transferred abruptly from ambient (5.7 degrees C) to temperatures ranging from 15 to 20 degrees C for 30 min followed by 15 min in air (19.5 degrees C), mortality increased with temperature. Mortality occurred at lower temperatures for sablefish that were net-towed for 4 h at ambient temperature before exposure to a rapid increase in temperature. A clear relationship was apparent between serum lactate and temperature with lactate increasing as temperature increased. For treatments in which mortality did not occur, lactate decreased sharply within 24 h, suggesting recovery. It would appear that the critical postcapture temperature for sablefish that reside and are captured at 4-6 degrees C, would be between 12 and 15 degrees C. The results of this study suggest that fishery management strategies designed to increase postcapture survival of sablefish bycatch should include a consideration of the impact of exposure to seasonal thermoclines and seasonally elevated air temperatures. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Olla, BL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 53 IS 4 BP 743 EP 751 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb01829.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 125QA UT WOS:000076247500005 ER PT J AU Haynes, RW Reyna, NE Allen, SD AF Haynes, RW Reyna, NE Allen, SD TI Social and economic systems SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB The social and economic assessments conducted for the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project characterized and social and economic conditions and trends. the basin has a robust economy that is growing, diversifying, and reducing the importance of traditional resource industries. Even so, there remain many places that are not sharing in this prosperity or easily adapting to the changes to traditional rural lifestyles that growth brings. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Walla Walla, WA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. EM rhaynes/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 96 IS 10 BP 28 EP 32 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 125RH UT WOS:000076250500008 ER PT J AU Hao, F Li, ST Dong, WL Hu, ZL Huang, BJ AF Hao, F Li, ST Dong, WL Hu, ZL Huang, BJ TI Abnormal organic-matter maturation in the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea: Implications for hydrocarbon expulsion and fluid migration from overpressured systems SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VITRINITE REFLECTANCE; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; PRESSURE COMPARTMENTS; PETROLEUM GENERATION; MECHANISMS; INSIGHTS; SHALES; COALS; MODEL AB Three superimposed pressure systems are present in the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea. A number of commercial, thermogenic gas accumulations have been found in an area in which shale diapirs occur. Because the reservoir intervals are shallow and very young, they must have filled with gas rapidly. The thick (up to 17 km) Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary succession is dominated by shales, and is not disrupted by major faulting in the study area, a factor which seems to have had an important effect on both hydrocarbon generation and fluid migration. Organic-matter maturation in the deepest, most overpressured compartment has been significantly retarded as a result of the combined effects of excess pressure, the presence of large volumes of water, and the retention of generated hydrocarbons. This retardation is indicated by both kerogen-related parameters (vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval T-max); and also by parameters based on the analysis of soluble organic matter (such as the C15+ hydrocarbon content, and the concentration of isoprenoid hydrocarbons relative to adjacent normal alkanes). In contrast to this, organic-matter maturation in shallow, normally-pressured strata in the diapiric area has been enhanced by hydrothermal fluid flow, which is clearly not topography-driven in origin. As a result the hydrocarbon generation "window" in the basin is considerably wider than could be expected from traditional geochemical modelling. These two unusual and contrasting anomalies in organic-matter maturation, together with other lines of evidence, suggest that there was a closed fluid system in the overpressured compartment until shale diapirs developed. The diapirs developed as a result of the intense overpressuring, and their growth was triggered by regional extensional stresses. They sewed as conduits through which fluids (both water and hydrocarbons) retained in the closed system could rapidly migrate. Fluid migration led to the modification of the thermal regime and the enhancement of organic maturation, as well as the accumulation of commercial volumes of gas in a relatively short the interval. C1 China Univ Geosci, Dept Petr Geol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Nanhai W Oil Corp, Zhanjiang 524057, Guangdong, Peoples R China. RP Hao, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, DFC, Box 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 57 TC 32 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 8 PU SCIENTIFIC PRESS LTD PI BEACONSFIELD PA PO BOX 21, BEACONSFIELD, BUCKS, ENGLAND HP9 1NS SN 0141-6421 J9 J PETROL GEOL JI J. Pet. Geol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 427 EP 444 DI 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1998.tb00794.x PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 141HX UT WOS:000077138500003 ER PT J AU Heath, E MacDonald, R Belkin, H Hawkesworth, C Sigurdsson, H AF Heath, E MacDonald, R Belkin, H Hawkesworth, C Sigurdsson, H TI Magmagenesis at Soufriere Volcano, St Vincent, Lesser Antilles arc SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Review DE high-MgO arc magmas; geochemistry; magmagenesis; Lesser Antilles; Soufriere St Vincent ID HIGH-ALUMINA BASALTS; CALC-ALKALINE DIFFERENTIATION; INTRA-CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; TRACE-ELEMENT CONSTRAINTS; EJECTED PLUTONIC BLOCKS; U-SERIES ISOTOPES; ISLAND-ARC; MAGMA GENESIS; WEST-INDIES; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AB Soufriere volcano of St Vincent (<0.6 Ma) is composed of basalts and basaltic andesites, the most mafic of which (mg-number 75) may be representative of the parental magmas of the calc-alkaline suites of the Lesser Antilles are. Parental, possibly primary magmas at Soufriere had MgO similar to 12.5 wt % and were probably nepheline-normative. They last equilibrated with mantle at similar to 17 kbar pressure, at temperatures of around 1130 degrees C and f(O-2) exceeding FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz) +1. They fractionated, along several liquid lines of descent, through to basaltic andesites and rarer andesites over a range of crustal pressures (5-10 kbar) and temperatures (1000-1100 degrees C), separating initially olivine + Cr-spinel + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + titanomagnetite and then clinopyroxene + plagioclase + titanomagnetite + orthopyroxene assemblages. The total amount of crystallization mas some 76 Let %. Amphibole was apparently not a fractionating phase. Sr and Nd isotopic and trace element systematics show no evidence for significant crustal assimilation. There is conflicting evidence as to the pre-eruptive water contents of Soufriere magmas; compositions of clinopyroxene phenocrysts and melt inclusions suggest H2O >3 mt %, whereas various projections onto phase diagrams are more consistent with relatively anhydrous magmas. Primary magmas at Soufriere were generated by around 15% melting of mid-ocean mid-ocean ridge basalt type mantle sources which had been modified by addition of fluids released from the slab containing contribution from subducted sediments and mafic crust. C1 Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Biol Sci, Div Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP MacDonald, R (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Biol Sci, Div Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 109 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 39 IS 10 BP 1721 EP 1764 DI 10.1093/petrology/39.10.1721 PG 44 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 127JH UT WOS:000076347000002 ER PT J AU Reimer, GM Szarzi, SL Dolan, MP AF Reimer, GM Szarzi, SL Dolan, MP TI Consideration of measurement error when using commercial indoor radon determinations for selecting radon action levels SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry CY APR 06-11, 1997 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Amer Nucl Soc, Isotopes & Radiat Div, Amer Nucl Soc, Biol & Med Div, Canadian Nucl Soc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol ID STATES AB An examination of year-long, in-home radon measurement in Colorado from commercial companies applying typical methods indicates that considerable variation in precision exists. This variation can have a substantial impact on any mitigation decisions, either voluntary or mandated by law, especially regarding property sale or exchange. Both long-term exposure (nuclear track greater than 90 days), and short-term (charcoal adsorption 4-7 days) exposure methods were used. in addition, periods of continuous monitoring with a highly calibrated alpha-scintillometer took place for accuracy calibration. The results of duplicate commercial analysis show that typical results are no better than +/-25 percent with occasional outliers (up to 5 percent of all analyses) well beyond that limit. Differential seasonal measurements (winter/summer) by short-term methods provide equivalent information to single long-term measurements. Action levels in the U.S. for possible mitigation decisions should be selected so that they consider the measurement variability; specifically, they should reflect a concentration range similar to that adopted by the European Community. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Reimer, GM (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 236 IS 1-2 BP 243 EP 245 DI 10.1007/BF02386350 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 131KD UT WOS:000076574100043 ER PT J AU Pulley, TS Nimmo, DWR Tessari, JD AF Pulley, TS Nimmo, DWR Tessari, JD TI Characterization of toxic conditions above Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park, Missouri SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Ceriodaphnia dubia; aquatic toxicology; water quality; National Parks; nonpoint source pollution; metals; Phase I-TIE; chronic toxicity ID WATER-QUALITY CRITERIA; CERIODAPHNIA-DUBIA; MIXTURES; BASIN AB Wilson's Creek has an extensive history of toxicity from both point and nonpoint sources. Seven-day chronic daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia) bioassays identified one toxic site in the Wilson's Creek watershed. Procedures for the characterization phase of a Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) were modified for chronic assessment and performed on four water samples from the toxic site. The characterization involved chemical/physical alterations of samples, combined with bioassays, to help in identification of the class(es) of toxicants; followed by chemical analyses. To help understand the additivity of mixtures, toxic units were derived. Successive samples contained concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc that literature values describe as being chronically toxic to daphnids. Summed chronic toxic units for these values greatly exceeded ambient toxic units, and more than accounted for observed toxicity. Substantial fluctuations in water quality occurred over the five sampling periods of the characterization studies and a Test of Methods, June through August, 1991. This variability illustrates the difficulty in detecting and documenting nonpoint sources of pollution. Tests using living organisms, in conjunction with toxicity identification methods, on samples taken over time appear to be appropriate for detecting acute and chronic toxicity in areas impacted by intermittent point and nonpoint-source toxicity. C1 CH2M Hill, Sturgeon, MO 65284 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Pulley, TS (reprint author), CH2M Hill, 2202 W Williams Rd, Sturgeon, MO 65284 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1087 EP 1098 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04156.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 137MR UT WOS:000076919000010 ER PT J AU Wang, PF Cheng, RT Richter, K Gross, ES Sutton, D Gartner, JW AF Wang, PF Cheng, RT Richter, K Gross, ES Sutton, D Gartner, JW TI Modeling tidal hydrodynamics of San Diego Bay, California SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE tidal hydrodynamics; modeling; TRIM; San diego Bay; ADCP ID FRANCISCO BAY AB In 1983, current data were collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration using mechanical current meters. During 1992 through 1996, acoustic Doppler current profilers as well as mechanical current meters and tide gauges were used. These measurements not only document tides and tidal currents in San Diego Bay, but also provide independent data sets for model calibration and verification. A high resolution (100-m grid), depth-averaged, numerical hydrodynamic model has been implemented for San Diego Bay to describe essential tidal hydrodynamic processes in the bay. The model is calibrated using the 1983 data set and verified using the more recent 1992-1996 data. Discrepancies between model predictions and field data in both model calibration and verification are on the order of the magnitude of uncertainties in the field data. The calibrated and verified numerical model has been used to quantify residence time and dilution and flushing of contaminant effluent into San Diego Bay. Furthermore, the numerical model has become an important research tool in ongoing hydrodynamic and water quality studies and in guiding future field data collection programs. C1 USN, Space & Warfare Syst Ctr, Marine Environm Branch, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. San Diego Supercomp Ctr, San Diego, CA 92186 USA. RP Wang, PF (reprint author), USN, Space & Warfare Syst Ctr, Marine Environm Branch, D362,53475 Strothe Rd, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1123 EP 1140 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04159.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 137MR UT WOS:000076919000013 ER PT J AU Hudson, PL Adams, JV AF Hudson, PL Adams, JV TI Sieve efficiency in benthic sampling as related to chironomid head capsule width SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LARVAL CHIRONOMIDAE; DIEL DRIFT; MESH-SIZE; DYNAMICS AB The width of the head capsule in chironomid larvae is the most important morphometric character controlling retention of specimens in sieving devices. Knowledge of the range in size of these widths within any chironomid community is fundamental to sampling and interpreting the resulting data. We present the head capsule widths of 30 species of chironomids and relate their size distribution to loss or retention in several experiments using graded sieve sizes. Based on our measurements and those found in the literature we found the head capsule width of fourth instars in half the chironomids species to be less than 350 mu m. Many species may never be collected with the commonly used U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (589 mu m), and the No. 60 (246 mu m) screen appears to retain most species only qualitatively. We found 70 to 90% of the chironomid larvae and 19 to 34% of their biomass can pass through a No. 80 sieve (177 mu m). The implications of sieve loss and other factors affecting sieving efficiency are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Ctr, Biol Resource Div, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 EI 1937-2353 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 71 IS 4 BP 456 EP 468 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 248YU UT WOS:000083305000008 ER PT J AU Adams, LG Dale, BW AF Adams, LG Dale, BW TI Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE age-specific natality; Alaska; caribou; nutritional condition; predation; Rangifer tarandus; reproduction; resource limitation; snow; weather ID RANGIFER-TARANDUS-CARIBOU; BODY-COMPOSITION; RED DEER; WILD REINDEER; LIFE-HISTORY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HERD; FERTILITY; DEMOGRAPHY; WEIGHT AB We examined the reproductive performance of female caribou (Rangjfer tarandus granti) in relation to age, physical condition, and reproductive experience for 9 consecutive years (1987-95) at Denali National Park, Alaska, during a period of wide variation in winter snowfall. Caribou in Denali differed from other cervid populations where reproductive performance has been investigated, because they occur at low densities (less than or equal to 0.3/km(2)) and experience high losses of young to predation. Females first gave birth at 2-6 years old; 56% of these females were 3 years old. Average annual natality rates increased from 27% for 2-year-olds to 100% for 7-year-olds, remained high for 7-13-year-olds (98%), and then declined for females greater than or equal to 14 years old. Females greater than or equal to 2 years old that failed to reproduce were primarily sexually immature (76%). Reproductive pauses of sexually mature females occurred predominantly in young (3-6 yr old) and old (greater than or equal to 14 yr old) females. Natality increased with body mass for 10-month-old females weighed 6 months prior to the autumn breeding season (P = 0.007), and for females >1 year old and weighed during autumn (late Sep-early Nov; P = 0.003). Natality for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-year-olds declined with increasing late-winter snowfall (Feb-May; P less than or equal to 0.039) during the winter prior to breeding. In most years, a high percentage of sexually mature females reproduced, and lactation status at die time of breeding did not influence productivity the following year. However, following particularly high snowfall during February-September 1992, productivity was reduced in 1993 for cows successfully rearing calves to autumn the precious year. High losses of calves to predators in 1992 may have increased productivity in 1993. Losses of young-of-the year to predation prior to the annual breeding season can be an important influence on subsequent productivity for ungulate populations where productivity varies with lactation status of females at die time of breeding. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Natl Pk Serv, Alaska Reg, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Adams, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 67 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 33 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1184 EP 1195 DI 10.2307/3801982 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900002 ER PT J AU Sargeant, GA Johnson, DH Berg, WE AF Sargeant, GA Johnson, DH Berg, WE TI Interpreting carnivore scent-station surveys SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bias; carnivores; Minnesota; population index; population trend; precision; scent-station survey; validation ID METHODOLOGY; POPULATIONS; ABUNDANCE AB The scent-station survey method has been widely used to estimate trends in carnivore abundance. However, statistical properties of scent-station data are poorly understood, and the relation between scent-station indices and carnivore abundance has not been adequately evaluated. We assessed properties of scent-station indices by analyzing data collected in Minnesota during 1986-93. Visits to stations separated by <2 km were correlated for all species because individual carnivores sometimes visited several stations in succession. Thus, visits to stations had an intractable statistical distribution. Dichotomizing results for lines of 10 stations (0 or greater than or equal to 1 visits) produced binomially distributed data that were robust to multiple visits by individuals. We abandoned 2-way comparisons among years in favor of tests for population trend, which are less susceptible to bias, and analyzed results separately for biogeographic sections of Minnesota because trends differed among sections. Before drawing inferences about carnivore population trends, we reevaluated published validation experiments. Results implicated low statistical power and confounding as possible explanations for equivocal or conflicting results of validation efforts. Long-term trends in visitation rates probably reflect real changes in populations, but poor spatial and temporal resolution, susceptibility to confounding, and low statistical power limit the usefulness of this survey method. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Sargeant, GA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 28 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1235 EP 1245 DI 10.2307/3801987 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900007 ER PT J AU Sovada, MA Roy, CG Bright, JB Gillis, JR AF Sovada, MA Roy, CG Bright, JB Gillis, JR TI Causes and rates of mortality of swift foxes in western Kansas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; coyote predation; interspecific competition; Kansas; mortality factors; mortality rates; swift fox; Vulpes velox ID ARCTIC FOXES; RED FOXES; KIT FOX AB Knowledge of mortality factors is important for developing strategies to conserve the swift fox (Vulpes velox), a species being considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act, but available information about swift fox mortality is inadequate. We used radiotelemetry techniques to examine the magnitude and causes of mortality of swift fox populations in 2 study areas in western Kansas. One study area was predominantly cropland, the other rangeland. Mortality rates, calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimation techniques in a staggered entry design, were 0.55 +/- 0.08 ((x) over bar +/- SE) for adult and 0.67 +/- 0.08 for juvenile swift foxes. We did not detect differences between study areas in mortality rates for adults or juveniles. Predation by coyotes (Canis latrans) was the major cause of mortality for adult and juvenile swift foxes in both study areas, and vehicle collision was an important mortality factor for juveniles in the cropland study area. No mortality was attributed to starvation or disease. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Pk, Emporia, KS 66801 USA. RP Sovada, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 35 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1300 EP 1306 DI 10.2307/3801994 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900014 ER PT J AU Stromayer, KAK Warren, RJ Johnson, AS Hale, PE Rogers, CL Tucker, CL AF Stromayer, KAK Warren, RJ Johnson, AS Hale, PE Rogers, CL Tucker, CL TI Chinese privet and the feeding ecology of white-tailed deer: The role of an exotic plant SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Chinese privet; exotic plants; feeding ecology; Ligustrum sinense; nutrition; Odocoileus virginianus; southeastern United States; white-tailed deer AB Exotic plants and overabundant wildlife are apparent indicators of disturbed habitats, yet few studies have investigated their interactions. Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is an abundant, exotic shrub in the southeastern United States, yet little is known about ifs forage value to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We quantified the seasonal importance of privet browse and fruit in the food habits of deer at Chickamauga Battlefield Park (CBP) in Georgia, and we determined seasonal cycles in crude protein (CP) content from privet browse. Analyses of rumen samples from 146 deer collected during 32 consecutive months (1992-94) revealed total privet (browse and fruit) averaged 11.1% of rumen volume during fall and 13.3% during winter. Fall consumption of privet browse increased almost 2 times, and privet fruit consumption >20 times in a fall of low acorn consumption. Winter browse surveys conducted in February for 2 years revealed privet browse composed >50% of available browse and >75% of browse used. Privet browse maintained a CP content >12% in all months. These results suggest privet is an important component of the fall and winter diets of CBP deer and may serve as a nutritional buffer during years of acorn scarcity. The value of privet as a deer forage must be weighed against the threat it poses to biodiversity conservation. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Stromayer, KAK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Int Conservat, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Room 730, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM karl_stromayer@fws.gov NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1321 EP 1329 DI 10.2307/3801997 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900017 ER PT J AU Hershey, KT Meslow, EC Ramsey, FL AF Hershey, KT Meslow, EC Ramsey, FL TI Characteristics of forests at spotted owl nest sites in the Pacific Northwest SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE matched-pairs logistic regression; nest sites; nest-site selection; northern spotted owl; older forest; Pacific Northwest; silviculture; Strix occidentalis caurina ID WESTERN OREGON; HABITAT; CALIFORNIA; WASHINGTON; SELECTION AB We describe the structure of forests at 105 nest sites of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in the Klamath, Coast, and Cascade provinces of western Oregon and the Olympic province of Washington. This information is critical for management and recovery of this threatened species. We compared forest stand data at nest sites with data from 105 random sites, using logistic regression for 1:1 matched pairs. All random sites were located in older forests (overstory trees >50 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]) within owl home ranges. Most nests in Oregon were in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees (88%), whereas nests in the Olympic province were equally divided among Douglas-fir, western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and western redcedar (Thuja plicata). In all 4 provinces, nests were most often located in live trees (73-97%) with broken tops (60-93%), most of which were fire scarred (77-83%). Mean diameter of all nest trees (n = 105) was 139.4 +/- 5.2 cm ((x) over bar +/- SE). Most nests (83%) were in cavities; of the 17% nests that were in platforms, most (67%) were in the Klamath province. The majority of nest sites (95%) were found from the middle to the bottom of slopes. Mean aspects at nest sites were southerly in Oregon and northwesterly in the Olympics. Elevations at nest sites were lower than at their paired random sites, and evidence of fire was present at 86% of nest sites. Univariate analyses indicted nest sites were associated with structurally diverse older forests exhibiting characteristics typical of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, Mean diameter of large trees (>100 cm dbh) was greater at nest than random sites (130.6 +/- 1.8 cm vs. 123.1 +/- 1.3 cm; P < 0.001), which suggested trees may be older at nest sites or nest sites may have greater potential for tree growth. In comparison to random sites, nest sites had a greater basal area and density of trees, especially trees <53 cm dbh and <38 m in height. The greater horizontal and vertical density of trees at nest sites provided a denser cover in the multiple layers of canopy than at random sites. Basal area and density of broken-top trees (>53.3 cm dbh with 1 or more secondary crowns) were also greater at nest sites than at random sites in all physiographic provinces (P < 0.001), as was the volume of logs in Decay Classes 4 and 5 (P < 0.029). The best multivariate model based on the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) value indicated the combination of greater basal area of broken-top trees, greater basal area of small trees in Class 1, larger volumes of logs in Decay Class 5, and lower elevations best distinguished nest sites from random sites. If silvicultural prescriptions are designed in an attempt to produce the stand structure of nesting habitat, they must consider the roles fire and other disturbances have played in creating the diverse stand structure found at nest sites. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hershey, KT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1398 EP 1410 DI 10.2307/3802006 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900026 ER PT J AU McGowan, DP Otis, DL AF McGowan, DP Otis, DL TI Population demographics of two local South Carolina mourning dove populations SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE banding; growth rate; mourning dove; population; production; source-sink; South Carolina; survival; Zenaida macroura ID SURVIVAL; MODELS; AGE AB The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) call-count index had a significant (P < 0.01) negative trend in South Carolina and the Eastern Management Unit (EMU) during 1988-97. We initiated a banding study in 2 areas in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina to estimate population demographic parameters of doves to generate hypotheses that address the purported population declines. During 1992-96, we banded >2,300 doves and examined >6,000 individuals during harvest bag checks. An age-specific band recovery model with time- and area-specific recovery rates, and constant survival rates, was chosen for estimation via Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), likelihood ratio, and goodness-of-fit criteria. After-hatching-year (AHY) annual survival rate was 0.359 (SE = 0.056), and hatching-year (HY) annual survival rate was 0.118 (SE = 0.042). Average estimated recruitment per adult female into the prehunting season population was 3.40 (SE = 1.25) and 2.32 (SE = 0.46) for the 2 study areas. Our movement data support earlier hypotheses of nonmigratory breeding and harvested populations in South Carolina. Low survival rates and estimated population growth rate in the study areas may be representative only of small-scale areas that are heavily managed for dove hunting. Source-sink theory was used to develop a model of region-wide populations that is composed of source areas with positive growth rates and sink areas of declining growth. We suggest management of mourning doves in the Southeast might benefit from improved understanding of local population dynamics, as opposed to regional-scale population demographics. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP McGowan, DP (reprint author), Georgia Dept Nat Resources, Wildlife Resources Div, Game Management Sect, 2111 US Highway 278 SE, Social Circle, GA 30025 USA. EM walton_gm@mail.dnr.state.ga.us NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1443 EP 1451 DI 10.2307/3802011 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900031 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Afton, AD Pace, RM AF Cox, RR Afton, AD Pace, RM TI Survival of female northern pintails wintering in southwestern Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; body condition; hunting; Louisiana; mortality; northern pintail; proportional hazards regression; radiotelemetry; survival; winter ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; NUTRIENT RESERVES; SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; MALLARDS; CALIFORNIA; HABITATS AB The North American breeding population of northern pintails (Anas acuta) has reached previously unprecedented low numbers 4 times since 1983. Because pintails show high fidelity to wintering areas, regional survival estimates and identification of factors influencing survival are needed to guide management of wintering pintails. We used radiotelemetry to estimate survival rates of female pintails wintering in southwestern Louisiana. We tested for variation in survival and hunting mortality rates in relation to age (immature or adult), winter (1990-91, 1991-92, 1992-93), time period (prehunting season, first hunting season, time between split hunting seasons, second hunting season, posthunting season), body condition (body mass when released, adjusted for body size), and region (southwestern Louisiana or elsewhere on the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast or Mississippi Alluvial Valley). Within southwestern Louisiana, the 147-day (5 Oct-28 Feb) survival rate of adults (0.714 +/- 0.045; (x) over bar +/- SE) was greater (P = 0.02) than that of immatures (0.550 +/- 0.068), primarily because immatures had higher hunting mortality. Female survival was lower (Ps < 0.01) during hunting than during nonhunting seasons but did not differ between first and second hunting seasons (P = 0.58) or among nonhunting seasons (Ps > 0.25). Survival did not differ in relation to winter or condition (Ps > 0.12). Hunting mortality did not differ (Ps > 0.13) in relation to winter, condition, or region. but hunting mortality of immatures (0.287 +/- 0.046) was greater (P < 0.001) than that of adults (0.130 +/- 0.025). Despite conservative hunting regulations (30-day seasons and 1 pintail daily), hunting mortality rates of pintails in southwestern Louisiana were high. Pintails in southwestern Louisiana rely on a small number of key refuges for protection but feed almost exclusively in privately owned agricultural fields. If increased winter survival of female pintails in southwestern Louisiana is desired, we recommend that managers increase food availability on refuges. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Cox, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1512 EP 1521 DI 10.2307/3802018 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900038 ER PT J AU Francis, CM Sauer, JR Serie, JR AF Francis, CM Sauer, JR Serie, JR TI Effect of restrictive harvest regulations on survival and recovery rates of American black ducks SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE additive mortality; American black duck; Anas rubripes; banding; compensatory mortality; harvest; recovery rates; survival rates; waterfowl ID BAND REPORTING RATES; POPULATION ECOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; MALLARDS; MODELS AB Population management of waterfowl requires an understanding of the effects of changes in hunting regulations on harvest and survival rates. Mean survival and recovery rates of American black ducks (Anas rubripes) were estimated during 3 periods of increasingly restrictive harvest regulations: 1950-66, 1967-82, and 1983-93. From the first to the second period, direct recovery rates declined for at least 1 age class in 3 of 6 reference areas, with a mean decline of 14% for adult and 7% for immature black ducks. From the second to the third period, direct recovery rates declined in all areas, declines averaging 37% for adults and 27% for immatures. Estimated mean survival rates increased from the first to the second period, consistent with a model of additivity of hunting mortality. Limited evidence existed for increases in survival rates from the second to the third period for immature males. For adults, however, survival increased less between these periods than would be expected if hunting mortality were additive and changes in recovery rates were proportional to changes in hunting mortality. Changes in survival and recovery rates of block ducks banded postseason were similar to those of adults banded preseason. Comparisons among estimates by degree;blocks of latitude and longitude indicate that at least between 1967 and 1983, estimated survival rates of immature and adult black ducks were lower in areas with high direct recovery rates. Smaller samples of banded birds and changes in banding locations in recent years may be limiting ability to evaluate consequences of recent changes in harvest rates. These correlation-based studies are limited in their ability to explain causes of observed changes in survival rates, suggesting the need for alternative approaches such as adaptive harvest management to increase understanding of the effects of hunting on black duck populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Francis, CM (reprint author), Bird Studies Canada, POB 160, Port Towan, ON N0E 1M0, Canada. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1544 EP 1557 DI 10.2307/3802021 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900041 ER PT J AU Hubbard, MW Tsao, LLC Klaas, EE Kaiser, M Jackson, DH AF Hubbard, MW Tsao, LLC Klaas, EE Kaiser, M Jackson, DH TI Evaluation of transmitter attachment techniques on growth of wild turkey poults SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian; harness; marking techniques; Meleagris gallopavo; poult; radiotransmitter; survival; telemetry; wild turkey ID RADIO TRANSMITTERS; DUCKLINGS; PACKAGES; BEHAVIOR; SURVIVAL; GROUSE AB We compared the effects on growth of backpack-mounted and surgically implanted radiotransmitters used as marking techniques in studies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) poult survival. We applied repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bayesian analysis to evaluate the null hypothesis that marking technique did not affect growth. Growth in body mass was similar among treatment groups. We did, however, find differences in wing-growth rates among treatment groups. The control group had the highest wing-growth rate, the backpack group had the lowest growth rate, and the surgical implant group was intermediate. Latex backpack harnesses also caused physical developmental problems that would have negatively biased wild poult survival estimates in the field. Surgically implanted transmitters affected wing growth less than the backpack harnesses and are therefore recommended for attaching transmitters to wild turkey poults. C1 Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa Dept Nat Resources, Wildlife Res Stn, Boone, IA 50036 USA. RP Hubbard, MW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Iowa Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 11 Sci Hall 2, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mhubbard@iastate.edu NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1574 EP 1578 DI 10.2307/3802024 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 134BL UT WOS:000076722900044 ER PT J AU Garlich-Miller, JL Stewart, REA AF Garlich-Miller, JL Stewart, REA TI Growth and sexual dimorphism of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE walrus; Odobenus rosmarus; growth ID CYSTOPHORA-CRISTATA; HOODED SEAL; AGE; SIZE AB Growth of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) was investigated using morphological data collected in association with Inuit subsistence walrus hunts. Four growth models were examined. The growth parameters of a constrained Richards model were used to quantify growth and to test for sexual dimorphism. The asymptotic length of male walruses (315.2 cm +/- 3.8 (SE), n = 103) was significantly larger (t = 7.21, df = 191, P < 0.05) than the asymptotic length of females (276.6 cm +/- 3.4, n = 90). Sexual size dimorphism in adults was due to a longer growth period and a faster growth rate in males. The predictive equation relating mass (M, kg) to standard length (SL, cm) was: Log(10)M = -3.74 + 2.68(Log(10)SL), n = 25, r(2) = 0.98. There were no significant differences in the size of male walruses from Foxe Basin collected in the 1950s and this study. There were too few data to compare females. There were no significant differences in size between walruses sampled in Greenland and Foxe Basin in the 1980s and 1990s. Foxe Basin walruses were significantly larger than walruses sampled in northern Hudson Bay in the 1950s. Female Atlantic walruses sampled in Foxe Basin were larger than female Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) sampled in Alaska. C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. RP Garlich-Miller, JL (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM stewartre@dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 803 EP 818 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00764.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 128FL UT WOS:000076395000010 ER PT J AU Jay, CV Olson, TL Garner, GW Ballachey, BE AF Jay, CV Olson, TL Garner, GW Ballachey, BE TI Response of Pacific walruses to disturbances from capture and handling activities at a haul-out in Bristol Bay, Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Odobenus rosmarus; Pacific walrus; disturbance; haul-out; capture; behavior; darting; VHF telemetry; Bristol Bay ID ODOBENUS-ROSMARUS-ROSMARUS; ATLANTIC WALRUS AB Observations were made on herds of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) to study their response during the capturing and handling of adult males in summer 1995 at a haul-out at Cape Peirce in southwestern Alaska. Three behaviors (alertness, displacement, and dispersal) were quantified from 16 capture sessions. Herd sizes ranged from 622 to 5,289 walruses. Handling of an immobilized walrus consisted of attempts to attach telemetry devices to the tusks and collect various biological samples. Handling activities resulted in an average of about 10-fold or greater levels of behavior in alertness, displacement, and dispersal than during precapture and darting periods. High levels of behavior usually occurred within the first 45 min of handling. In 8 of 10 capture sessions, walruses returned to predisturbance levels of behavior within 40 min of cessation of the handling disturbance. Alertness and displacement were moderately and negatively correlated with herd size during the handling period, which may reflect an effect of a threshold distance from the point of disturbance to responding individuals. Observations of walruses tagged with VHF radio transmitters indicated that the activities from a given capture session did not preclude tagged walruses from using the haul-out over a subsequent 11-wk monitoring period. Moreover, non-tagged walruses continued to extensively use the haul-out during and after the period in which capture sessions were conducted. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Jay, CV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 819 EP 828 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00765.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 128FL UT WOS:000076395000011 ER PT J AU Hatfield, BB Marks, D Tinker, MT Nolan, K Peirce, J AF Hatfield, BB Marks, D Tinker, MT Nolan, K Peirce, J TI Attacks on sea otters by killer whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Biol Serv, Adak, AK USA. RP Hatfield, BB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Piedras Blancas Field Stn, POB 70, San Simeon, CA 93452 USA. RI Tinker, Martin/F-1277-2011 NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 5 U2 17 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 888 EP 894 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00775.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 128FL UT WOS:000076395000021 ER PT J AU Scribner, KT Bowman, TD AF Scribner, KT Bowman, TD TI Microsatellites identify depredated waterfowl remains from glaucous gull stomachs SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE food habits; glaucous gulls; microsatellites; PCR; predation; waterfowl ID SPECTACLED EIDERS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; WESTERN ALASKA; GEESE; CONSERVATION; EVOLUTION; DUCKS; LOCI AB Prey remains can provide valuable sources of information regarding causes of predation and the species composition of a predator's diet. Unfortunately, the highly degraded state of many prey samples from gastrointestinal tracts often precludes unambiguous identification. We describe a procedure by which PCR amplification of taxonomically informative microsatellite loci were used to identify species of waterfowl predated by glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus). We found that one microsatellite locus unambiguously distinguished between species of the subfamily Anserinae (whistling ducks, geese and swans) and those of the subfamily Anatidae (all other ducks). An additional locus distinguished the remains of all geese and swan species known to nest on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta in western Alaska. The study focused on two waterfowl species which have experienced precipitous declines in population numbers: emperor geese (Chen canagica) and spectacled elders (Somateria fischeri). No evidence of predation on spectacled elders was observed. Twenty-six percent of all glaucous gull stomachs examined contained the remains of juvenile emperor geese. C1 USGS BRD, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Scribner, KT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 7 IS 10 BP 1401 EP 1405 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00434.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 127JF UT WOS:000076346800014 ER PT J AU Spier, LP Snyder, JR AF Spier, LP Snyder, JR TI Effects of wet- and dry-season fires on Jacquemontia curtisii, a South Florida pine forest endemic SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE fire ecology; flowering; plant mortality; prescribed fire; recruitment ID INTENSITY; SHRUBS AB South Florida pine forests have a diverse endemic flora that has evolved under the influence of recurrent fire. We studied the response of Jacquemontia curtisii Peter ex Hallier f. (pineland clustervine), a perennial herbaceous member of that flora, to experimental fires during wet and dry seasons. In each of three populations, three treatments were applied: wet-season (June) prescribed fire, dry-season (January) prescribed lire, and an unburned control. Flowering, fruiting, and seedling establishment were followed for up to one year. Mortality of adult plants was twice as great after wet-season burns than after dry-season burns even though fire temperatures were higher in the dry-season burns. Within a season of burning, mortality was greater for the more severely burned plants or the smaller plants. Wet-season burns produced over three times more flowers than not burning, in spite of mortality of more than half the plants. Burning stimulated germination from the soil seed bank. Dry-season burns resulted in five times more seedlings than wet-season burns and more of these seedlings were alive one year after the burn. It is likely that the long-term viability of Jacquemontia curtisii populations is favored by diversity in fire season and severity. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Snyder, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ochopee, FL 34141 USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 18 IS 4 BP 350 EP 357 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 133QH UT WOS:000076696900008 ER PT J AU Haines, GB Severson, SH Modde, T AF Haines, GB Severson, SH Modde, T TI Evaluation of razorback sucker and Colorado squawfish batch marking techniques SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB Young razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus (mean total length [TL] = 127 mm) and Colorado squawfish Prychocheilus lucius (mean TL = 150 mm) were marked by freeze branding and injection of a fluorescent elastomer. The elastomer injection was made at the base of the anal fin and on the operculum (razorback suckers) or lower jaw (Colorado squawfish) and consisted of one of four colors: green, blue, red, or orange. Freeze branding had 99% retention after 15 months for both species. Elastomer recognition was better for Colorado squawfish (mean 74%) than for razorback suckers (mean 60%) after 15 months, and retention at both locations was similar. Red and orange had the best recognition and blue had the poorest. Red and orange elastomer injected in young Colorado squawfish could be detected (95%) for 5 months. One person implanting elastomer at two locations on each fish and one person anesthetizing and handling fish can mark 130-140 fish/h. Approximately three times that number can be freeze-branded per hour. Greater retention times and efficiency in marking makes the use of freeze branding a practical replacement for tagging with passive integrated transponders during the first two growing seasons. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado River Fish Project, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. RP Modde, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Colorado River Fish Project, 266 W 100 North,Suite 2, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 272 EP 275 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0272:EORSAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142GG UT WOS:000077191400003 ER PT J AU DiLauro, MN Krise, WF Fynn-Aikins, K AF DiLauro, MN Krise, WF Fynn-Aikins, K TI Growth and survival of lake sturgeon larvae fed formulated diets SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID HATCHERY; FISHES AB We conducted a 60-d experiment to ascertain diet-related differences in survival and growth of larval lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. We offered formulated diets to larval lake sturgeon 2 weeks after first-feeding to find a suitable formulated diet. The five formulated diets were fed to larvae in combination with live brine shrimp Artemia sp., which served as a control. There was no diet effect (P less than or equal to 0.05) on mean survival, which ranged from 67.4% to 58.3%. Lake sturgeon fed only brine shrimp were significantly greater in mean length (60.4 mm) at 68 d of age than all other treatments, and BioKyowa produced the lowest (44.2 mm) mean length. Mean weight of fish provided brine shrimp (0.74 g) was significantly greater than the weights of those fed the Tunison,Biodiet, or BioKyowa diets. There was no indication that larval lake sturgeon had consumed the formulated feeds; rather; it is likely they may have become imprinted on brine shrimp during the 2 weeks immediately following the onset of exogenous feeding. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. RP DiLauro, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 293 EP 296 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0293:GASOLS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142GG UT WOS:000077191400007 ER PT J AU Waller, DL Fisher, SW AF Waller, DL Fisher, SW TI Evaluation of several chemical disinfectants for removing zebra mussels from unionid mussels SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; CANDIDATE MOLLUSCICIDES AB We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of chemical treatments for killing veliger and juvenile stages of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha attached to unionid mussels. Static toxicity tests were conducted on eight unionid mussel species with common aquaculture chemicals (benzalkonium chloride, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride). The concentration and duration of each chemical treatment tested had previously been found to kill zebra mussel veligers and juveniles. Several species (e.g., Elliptio dilatata, Lampsilis cardium, and Lasmigona complanata) incurred less than 10% mortality in chloride salt treatments, while in other species (e.g., Obliquaria reflexa and Leptodea fragilis) mortality varied greatly among treatment regimes. Treatments with benzalkonium chloride, formalin, and hydrogen peroxide were less than 90% effective on juvenile stages of zebra mussels and, therefore, were ruled out after preliminary trials. Limited application of specific chemical treatments may be feasible for more tolerant species; however, effective disinfection of unionid shells will require the use of chemical treatment followed by a quarantine period to completely remove zebra mussel larvae and juveniles. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Waller, DL (reprint author), 631 Main St, La Crescent, MN 55947 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 307 EP 310 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0307:EOSCDF>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142GG UT WOS:000077191400010 ER PT J AU DiLauro, MN AF DiLauro, MN TI Renewal of voluntary feeding by wild-caught Atlantic sturgeon juveniles in captivity SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB A modification of previously documented force-feeding procedures resulted in the renewal of appetite by several wild-caught juvenile Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus. Four of four fish under controlled laboratory conditions responded positively to this technique within 1 month. These fish exhibited negative mean growth rates of -2.71 gld before force-feeding and gained an average of 2.61 g/d at 285 d after initiation of force-feeding. Mean lengths, weights, and coefficients of condition (K) also increased after force-feeding. This method may be useful in other situations in which the holding of juveniles or adults is necessary, such as in toes and public aquaria. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP DiLauro, MN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Rural Delivery 4,Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 311 EP 314 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0311:ROVFBW>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142GG UT WOS:000077191400011 ER PT J AU Fontenot, QC Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR AF Fontenot, QC Isely, JJ Tomasso, JR TI Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to shortnose sturgeon fingerlings SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; CHANNEL CATFISH; BASS AB The 96-h median-lethal concentration (96-h LC50) of total ammonia nitrogen (ammonia-N) to fingerling shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum was 149.8 +/- 55.20 mg/L (mean +/- SD, 17.9 +/- 0.62 degrees C, pH = 6.8-7.3). Calculated 96-h LC50 for un-ionized ammonia-N was 0.58 +/- 0.213 mg/L. The 96-h LC50 of nitrite nitrogen to shortnose sturgeon fingerlings was 11.3 +/- 8.17 mg/L (17.9 +/- 0.31 degrees C, <1.0 mg chloride/ L, <1.0 mg magnesium/L, 1.8 mg calcium/L, 7.7 mg sodium/L). C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Tomasso, JR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM jtmss@clemson.edu NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 60 IS 4 BP 315 EP 318 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142GG UT WOS:000077191400012 ER PT J AU Musick, HB Schaber, GS Breed, CS AF Musick, HB Schaber, GS Breed, CS TI AIRSAR studies of woody shrub density in semiarid rangeland: Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID IMAGING RADAR OBSERVATIONS; FOREST BIOMASS; SAND DUNES; BACKSCATTER; MODEL; DESERTIFICATION; SENSITIVITY; IMAGES AB This study evaluates the use of polarimetric Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) data to assess woody shrub density in a semiarid site where the vegetation consists primarily of varied mixtures of herbaceous vegetation and shrubs. AIRSAR data and field observations of vegetation cover and growth form-composition were obtained for 59 sites in the Jornada del Muerto plain in southern New Mexico. Radar signature measures examined were C-, L- and VV polarizations, ratios of sigma(0)HH and sigma(0)HV to sigma(0)VV, and the HH-VV polarization phase difference and correlation coefficient. The most effective measure for estimation of shrub density was L-band sigma 0HV, which distinguished among shrub density classes with no misclassification. Sensitivity of this measure to small amounts of shrub cover was indicated by successful separation of sites with <1% shrub cover from sites with 1-5% cover. Separability of shrub density classes was generally least for C-band signature measures. A distinctive radar signature was exhibited by dense stands of Yucca elata, a semitreelike plant with uniformly thick (approximate to 10 cm diameter) fibrous stems. Yucca sites were distinguished from others by their high P-band sigma 0HV relative to L-band sigma 0HV. The results are largely explained by the greater sensitivity of longer wavelengths to larger canopy structural elements. L-band sigma 0HV and other measures responsive to canopy volume scattering were more strongly related to shrub than to herbaceous plant cover because woody shrub canopies have numberous stems of the intermediate size to which L-band is most sensitive, whereas stems of this size are mostly lacking in herbaceous canopies. The uniform-diameter stems of yucca have larger dimensions to which P-band is more sensitive than L-band. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1998 C1 Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Musick, HB (reprint author), 625 Florida SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 66 IS 1 BP 29 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00033-9 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 122VV UT WOS:000076092900003 ER PT J AU Safak, E AF Safak, E TI New approach to analyzing soil-building systems SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquke Engineering (SDEE97) CY JUL 20-24, 1997 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP UNESCO AB A new method of analyzing seismic response of soil-building systems is introduced. The method is based on the discrete-time formulation of wave propagation in layered media for vertically propagating plane shear waves. Buildings are modeled as an extension of the layered soil media by assuming that each story in the building is another layer. The seismic response is expressed in terms of wave travel times between the layers, and the wave reflection and transmission coefficients at layer interfaces. The calculation of the response is reduced to a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which are solved recursively starting from the bedrock. Compared with commonly used vibration formulation, the wave propagation formulation provides several advantages, including the ability to incorporate soil layers, simplicity of the calculations, improved accuracy in modeling the mass and damping, and better tools for system identification and damage detection. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Safak, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-7261 J9 SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG JI Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 7-8 BP 509 EP 517 DI 10.1016/S0267-7261(98)00007-4 PG 9 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 154EL UT WOS:000077875600010 ER PT J AU Hofstetter, A Rybakov, M ten Brink, U AF Hofstetter, A Rybakov, M ten Brink, U TI Comment on "New evidence of magmatic diapirs in the intermediate crust under the Dead Sea, Israel" by Nitzan Rabinowitz, Jean Steinberg, and Yossi Mart SO TECTONICS LA English DT Letter ID PULL-APART BASIN; RIFT C1 Geophys Inst Israel, IL-58122 Holon, Israel. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hofstetter, A (reprint author), Geophys Inst Israel, POB 2286, IL-58122 Holon, Israel. RI ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008 OI ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD OCT PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 819 EP 820 DI 10.1029/98TC02573 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 133JN UT WOS:000076683600010 ER PT J AU Galloway, DL Hudnut, KW Ingebritsen, SE Phillips, SP Peltzer, G Rogez, F Rosen, PA AF Galloway, DL Hudnut, KW Ingebritsen, SE Phillips, SP Peltzer, G Rogez, F Rosen, PA TI Detection of aquifer system compaction and land subsidence using interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SURFACE DEFORMATION; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; CONFINED SYSTEM; EARTHQUAKE; MOVEMENT; FIELD; FLOW AB Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has great potential to detect and quantify land subsidence caused by aquifer system compaction. InSAR maps with high spatial detail and resolution of range displacement (+/-10 mm in change of land surface elevation) were developed for a groundwater basin (similar to 10(3) km(2)) in Antelope Valley, California, using radar data collected from the ERS-1. satellite. These data allow comprehensive comparison between recent (1993-1995) subsidence patterns and those detected historically (1926-1992) by more traditional methods. The changed subsidence patterns are generally compatible with recent shifts in land and water use. The InSAR-detected patterns are generally consistent with predictions based on a coupled model of groundwater flow and aquifer system compaction. The minor inconsistencies may reflect our imperfect knowledge of the distribution and properties of compressible sediments. When used in conjunction with coincident measurements of groundwater levels and other geologic information, InSAR data may be useful for constraining parameter estimates in simulations of aquifer system compaction. C1 Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Galloway, DL (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM dlgallow@usgs.gov RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010; OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 NR 58 TC 187 Z9 195 U1 4 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2573 EP 2585 DI 10.1029/98WR01285 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 124UN UT WOS:000076200900011 ER PT J AU Stollenwerk, KG AF Stollenwerk, KG TI Molybdate transport in a chemically complex aquifer: Field measurements compared with solute-transport model predictions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; CAPE-COD; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SAND; ADSORPTION; MASSACHUSETTS; MOVEMENT; CHROMIUM; SELENIUM; CALCIUM AB A natural-gradient tracer test was conducted in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer on Cape God, Massachusetts. Molybdate was included in the injectate to study the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on its aqueous distribution and to evaluate the reliability of laboratory experiments for identifying and quantifying reactions that control the transport of reactive solutes in groundwater. Transport of molybdate in this aquifer was controlled by adsorption. The amount adsorbed varied with aqueous chemistry that changed with depth as freshwater recharge mixed with a plume of sewage-contaminated groundwater. Molybdate adsorption was strongest near the water table where pH (5.7) and the concentration of the competing solutes phosphate (2.3 micromolar) and sulfate (86 micromolar) were low. Adsorption of molybdate decreased with depth as pH increased to 6.5, phosphate increased to 40 micromolar, and sulfate increased to 340 micromolar. A one-site diffuse-layer surface-complexation model and a two-site diffuse-layer surface-complexation model were used to Simulate adsorption. Reactions and equilibrium constants for both models were determined in laboratory experiments and used in the reactive-transport model PHAST to simulate the two-dimensional transport of molybdate during the tracer test. No geochemical parameters were adjusted in the simulation to improve the fit between model and field data. Both models simulated the travel distance of the molybdate cloud to within 10% during the 2-year tracer test; however, the two-site diffuse-layer model more accurately simulated the molybdate concentration distribution within the cloud. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Stollenwerk, KG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 413,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM kgstolle@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2727 EP 2740 DI 10.1029/98WR02163 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 124UN UT WOS:000076200900024 ER PT J AU Konikow, LF Sanford, WE AF Konikow, LF Sanford, WE TI Comments on "Constant-concentration boundary condition: Lessons from the HYDROCOIN variable-density groundwater benchmark problem" by L. F. Konikow, W. E. Sanford, and P. J. Campbell - Reply SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISPERSIVE TRANSPORT DYNAMICS; BRINE FLOW SYSTEM; MODELS C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22091 USA. RP Konikow, LF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22091 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2779 EP 2780 DI 10.1029/98WR02189 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 124UN UT WOS:000076200900030 ER PT J AU Arvidson, RE Acton, C Blaney, D Bowman, J Kim, S Klingelhofer, G Marshall, J Niebur, C Plescia, J Saunders, RS Ulmer, CT AF Arvidson, RE Acton, C Blaney, D Bowman, J Kim, S Klingelhofer, G Marshall, J Niebur, C Plescia, J Saunders, RS Ulmer, CT TI Rocky 7 prototype Mars rover field geology experiments - 1. Lavic Lake and Sunshine Volcanic Field, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MOSSBAUER; EVOLUTION; DESERT; SOIL AB Experiments with the Rocky 7 rover were performed in the Mojave Desert to better understand how to conduct rover-based, long-distance (kilometers) geological traverses on Mars, The rover was equipped with stereo imaging systems for remote sensing science and hazard avoidance and Fe-57 Mossbauer and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers for in situ determination of mineralogy of unprepared rock and soil surfaces. Laboratory data were also obtained using the spectrometers and an X ray diffraction (XRD)/XRF instrument for unprepared samples collected from the rover sites. Simulated orbital and descent image data assembled for the test sites were found to be critical for assessing the geologic setting, formulating hypotheses to be tested with rover observations, planning traverses, locating the rover, and providing a regional context for interpretation of rover-based observations. Analyses of remote sensing and in situ observations acquired by the rover confirmed inferences made from orbital and simulated descent images that the Sunshine Volcanic Field is composed of basalt flows. Rover data confirmed the idea that Lavic Lake is a recharge playa and that an alluvial fan composed of sediments with felsic compositions has prograded onto the playa. Rover-based discoveries include the inference that the basalt flows are mantled with aeolian sediment and covered with a dense pavement of varnished basalt cobbles. Results demonstrate that the combination of rover remote sensing and in situ analytical observations will significantly increase our understanding of Mars and provide key connecting links between orbital and descent data and analyses of returned samples. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Nucl Phys, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Ulmer Syst Inc, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Search Extraterr Intelligence Inst, Mt View, CA USA. RP Arvidson, RE (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Box 1169,1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM arvidson@wunder.wustl.edu RI Plescia, Jeffrey/B-7738-2016 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 25 PY 1998 VL 103 IS E10 BP 22671 EP 22688 DI 10.1029/98JE01768 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 168VC UT WOS:000078713000001 ER PT J AU Baron, JE Simpson, RA Tyler, GL Moore, HJ Harmon, JK AF Baron, JE Simpson, RA Tyler, GL Moore, HJ Harmon, JK TI Estimation of Mars radar backscatter from measured surface rock populations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; SCATTERING; SITES AB Reanalysis of rock population data at the Mars Viking Lander sites has yielded updated values of rock fractional surface coverage (about 0.16 at both sites, including outcrops) and new estimates of rock burial depths and axial ratios. These data, are combined with a finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical scattering model to estimate diffuse backscatter due to rocks at both the Lander 1 (VL1) and Lander 2 (VL2) sites. We consider single scattering from both surface and subsurface objects of various shapes, ranging from an ideal sphere to an accurate digitized model of a terrestrial rock. The FDTD cross-section calculations explicitly account for the size, shape, composition, orientation, and burial state of the scattering object, the incident wave angle and polarization, and the composition of the surface. We calculate depolarized specific cross sections at 12.6 cm wavelength due to lossless rock-like scatterers of about 0.014 at VL1 and 0.023 at VL2, which are comparable to the measured ranges of 0.019-0.032 and 0.012-0.018, respectively. We also discuss the variation of the diffuse cross section as the local angle of incidence, theta(i), changes. Numerical calculations for a limited set of rock shapes indicate a marked difference between the angular backscattering behavior of wavelength-scale surface and subsurface rocks: while subsurface rocks scatter approximately as a cosine power law, surface rocks display a complex variation, often with peak backscattering at high incidence angles (theta(i) = 70 degrees-75 degrees). C1 Stanford Univ, Ctr Radar Astron, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Arecibo Observ, Natl Astron & Ionosphere Ctr, Arecibo, PR 00614 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Baron, JE (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Ctr Radar Astron, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 25 PY 1998 VL 103 IS E10 BP 22695 EP 22712 DI 10.1029/98JE02221 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 168VC UT WOS:000078713000003 ER PT J AU Keefer, DK deFrance, SD Moseley, ME Richardson, JB Satterlee, DR Day-Lewis, A AF Keefer, DK deFrance, SD Moseley, ME Richardson, JB Satterlee, DR Day-Lewis, A TI Early maritime economy and EL Nino events at Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN COASTAL PERU; EARLY HISTORY; AMERICA; CORMORANTS; RECORD AB The archaeological site of Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru, dates to 12,700 to 12,500 calibrated years before the present (10,770 to 10,530 carbon-14 years, before the present). it contains some of the oldest evidence of maritime-based economic activity in the New World. Recovered materials include a hearth, Lithic cutting tools and flakes, and abundant processed marine fauna, primarily seabirds and fish. Sediments below and above the occupation Layer were probably generated by El Nino events, indicating that El Nino was active during the Pleistocene as well as during the early and middle Holocene. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Corpus Christi Museum Sci & Hist, Corpus Christi, TX 78401 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Div Anthropol, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Anthropol, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA. NE Louisiana Univ, Dept Geosci, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Keefer, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 28 TC 127 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 18 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5384 BP 1833 EP 1835 DI 10.1126/science.281.5384.1833 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 121HK UT WOS:000076007100046 ER PT J AU Everson, DA Boucher, DH AF Everson, DA Boucher, DH TI Tree species-richness and topographic complexity along the riparian edge of the Potomac River SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE floodplain forest; C & O canal; fluvial; geomorphology ID PERSPECTIVE; FLOODPLAIN; DIVERSITY; VIRGINIA; PATTERNS; FORESTS; ZONES AB We studied the riparian edge of a central portion of the Potomac River in order to test the hypothesis of a positive relationship between small-scale topographic complexity of the riverbank profile and tree species-richness. A total of 153 5 m-wide transects established at 530 m intervals, containing 2568 trees, were measured along 97 km of the river corridor between Harpers Ferry WV and Hancock, MD. Standardization of species-richness between plots was done by rarefaction. Small-scale topographic complexity was calculated using the standard deviation of slope measurements along the length of each transect. The tree species dominating the community are: silver maple (Acer saccharinum), boxelder (Acer negundo), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), together comprising 62% of the stems and 80% of the basal area. A statistically significant positive relationship was observed between tree species-richness and topographic complexity. Analysis of covariance indicated that adjacent land use and bedrock geology had no statistically significant impact on species-richness, and that the simple linear-regression model was adequate to describe the effect of topographic complexity on species-richness. A significant negative relationship was observed between tree species-richness and the width of the riparian zone; this relationship was consistent across geology. Width of the riparian zone was the best overall predictor of tree species-richness. Tree-species distributions suggest that this is an edge effect, due to a greater number of tree species being able to take advantage of a combination of an increased light gradient and a stable, well-drained substrate (the C & O Canal towpath) directly adjacent to the river, in narrower riparian sections. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Conservat Training Ctr, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. Hood Coll, Dept Biol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. RP Everson, DA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Conservat Training Ctr, Rt 1,Box 166, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. EM dan_everson@mail.fws.gov NR 34 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 16 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1-3 BP 305 EP 314 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00264-3 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131TX UT WOS:000076592300028 ER PT J AU Aspinall, WP Lynch, LL Robertson, REA Rowley, K Sparks, RSJ Voight, B Young, SR AF Aspinall, WP Lynch, LL Robertson, REA Rowley, K Sparks, RSJ Voight, B Young, SR TI The Soufriere Hills eruption, Montserrat, British West Indies: Introduction to special section, part 1 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Aspinall Assoc, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. Univ W Indies, Seism Res Unit, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. Univ Bristol, Dept Geosci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Reston, VA USA. RP Aspinall, WP (reprint author), Aspinall Assoc, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. RI Robertson, Richard/A-6949-2017 OI Robertson, Richard/0000-0001-5245-2787 NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 18 BP 3387 EP 3387 DI 10.1029/98GL02438 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 119MK UT WOS:000075900100001 ER PT J AU Aspinall, WP Miller, AD Lynch, LL Latchman, JL Stewart, RC White, RA Power, JA AF Aspinall, WP Miller, AD Lynch, LL Latchman, JL Stewart, RC White, RA Power, JA TI Soufriere Hills eruption, Montserrat, 1995-1997: Volcanic earthquake locations and fault plane solutions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION AB A total of 9242 seismic events, recorded since the start of the eruption on Montserrat in July 1995, have been uniformly relocated with station travel-time corrections. Early seismicity was generally diffuse under southern Montserrat, and mostly restricted to depths less than 7 lan. However, a NE-SW alignment of epicentres beneath the NE flank of the volcano emerged in one swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (VTs), and later nests of VT hypocentres developed beneath the volcano and at a separated location, under St. George's Hill. The overall spatial distribution of hypocentres suggests a minimum depth of about 5 km for any substantial magma body. Activity associated with the opening of a conduit to the surface became increasingly shallow, with foci concentrated below the crater and, after dome building started in Fall 1995, VTs diminished and repetitive swarms of 'hybrid' seismic events became predominant. By late-1996, as magma effusion rates escalated, most seismic events were originating within a volume about 2 km diameter which extended up to the surface from only about 3 km depth - the diminution of shear failure earthquakes suggests the pathway for magma discharge had become effectively unconstricted. Individual and composite fault plane solutions have been determined for a few larger earthquakes. We postulate that localised extensional stress conditions near the linear VT activity, due to interaction with stresses in the overriding lithospheric plate, may encourage normal fault growth and promote sector weaknesses in the volcano. C1 Aspinall & Assoc, Beaconsfield HP9 1JQ, Bucks, England. GEOWALKS, Edinburgh EH9 1JJ, Midlothian, Scotland. AWE Blacknest, Brimpton RG7 4RS, Bucks, England. Univ W Indies, Seism Res Unit, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. US Geol Survey, Volcano Crisis Assistance Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, AVO, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Aspinall, WP (reprint author), Aspinall & Assoc, 5 Woodside Close, Beaconsfield HP9 1JQ, Bucks, England. NR 17 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 18 BP 3397 EP 3400 DI 10.1029/98GL00858 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 119MK UT WOS:000075900100004 ER PT J AU Miller, AD Stewart, RC White, RA Luckett, R Baptie, BJ Aspinall, WP Latchman, JL Lynch, LL Voight, B AF Miller, AD Stewart, RC White, RA Luckett, R Baptie, BJ Aspinall, WP Latchman, JL Lynch, LL Voight, B TI Seismicity associated with dome growth and collapse at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REDOUBT VOLCANO; ALASKA AB Varied seismicity has accompanied growth and collapse of the lava dome of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Earthquakes have been classified as either volcano-tectonic, long-period or hybrid, and daily variations in the numbers of events have mapped changes in the style of eruption. Repetitive hybrid earthquakes were common during the first months of dome growth. In July 1996 the style of seismicity changed and regular, short-lived hybrid earthquake swarms became common. This change was probably caused by an increase in the magma flux. Earthquake swarms have preceded almost all major dome collapses, and have accompanied cyclical deformation, thought to be due to a build-up of pressure in the upper conduit which is later released by magma moving into the dome. C1 British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. AWE Blacknest, Brimpton RG7 4RS, Berks, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Aspinall & Associates, Beaconsfield HP9 1JQ, Bucks, England. Univ W Indies, Seism Res Unit, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Miller, AD (reprint author), British Geol Survey, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland. EM angus@geowalks.demon.co.uk; rod@blacknest.gov.uk; rwhite@usgs.gov; willy@aspinall.demon.co.uk; sru@wow.net; voight@ems.psu.edu NR 10 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 18 BP 3401 EP 3404 DI 10.1029/98GL01778 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 119MK UT WOS:000075900100005 ER PT J AU Voight, B Hoblitt, RP Clarke, AB Lockhart, AB Miller, AD Lynch, L McMahon, J AF Voight, B Hoblitt, RP Clarke, AB Lockhart, AB Miller, AD Lynch, L McMahon, J TI Remarkable cyclic ground deformation monitored in real-time on Montserrat, and its use in eruption forecasting SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION AB Telemetered high-resolution tiltmeters were installed in Montserrat in summer of 1995, in December 1996, and in May 1997. The 1995 installations, several km from the Soufriere Hills vent, were too distant to yield useful data. However, the 1996 and 1997 installations on the crater rim revealed 6-14 h inflation cycles caused by magma pressurization at shallow depths (< 0.6 km below the base of dome). The tilt data correlated with seismicity, explosions, and pyroclastic flow activity, and were used to forecast times of increased volcanic hazard to protect scientific field workers and the general public. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ W Indies, Seism Res Unit, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. Montserrat Volcano Observ, Montserrat, W Ind Assoc St. RP Voight, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM voight@ems.psu.edu RI Jiao, Liqing/A-8821-2011 NR 8 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 18 BP 3405 EP 3408 DI 10.1029/98GL01160 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 119MK UT WOS:000075900100006 ER PT J AU Cole, PD Calder, ES Druitt, TH Hoblitt, R Robertson, R Sparks, RSJ Young, SR AF Cole, PD Calder, ES Druitt, TH Hoblitt, R Robertson, R Sparks, RSJ Young, SR TI Pyroclastic flows generated by gravitational instability of the 1996-97 lava dome of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS AB Numerous pyroclastic flows were produced during 1996-97 by collapse of the growing andesitic lava dome at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Measured deposit volumes from these flows range from 0.2 to 9 x 10(6) m(3). Flows range from discrete, single pulse events to sustained large scale dome collapse events. Flows entered the sea on the eastern and southern coasts, depositing large fans of material at the coast. Small runout distance (<1 km) flows had average flow front velocities in the order of 3-10 mis while flow fronts of the larger runout distance flows (up to 6.5 km) advanced in the order of 15-30 m/s. Many flows were locally highly erosive. Field relations show that development of the fine grained ash cloud surge component was enhanced during the larger sustained events. Periods of elevated pyroclastic flow productivity and sustained dome collapse events are linked to pulses of high magma extrusion rates. C1 Univ Luton, Dept Geol, Luton LU1 3JU, Beds, England. Univ Bristol, Bristol, Avon, England. Univ Blaise Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France. US Geol Survey, CVO, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ W Indies, SRU, Port Of Spain, Trinid & Tobago. British Geol Survey, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Cole, PD (reprint author), Univ Luton, Dept Geol, Luton LU1 3JU, Beds, England. RI Cole, Paul/A-8454-2011; Robertson, Richard/A-6949-2017; OI Robertson, Richard/0000-0001-5245-2787; Cole, Paul/0000-0002-2964-311X NR 6 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 18 BP 3425 EP 3428 DI 10.1029/98GL01510 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 119MK UT WOS:000075900100011 ER PT J AU White, WB Cayan, DR AF White, WB Cayan, DR TI Quasi-periodicity and global symmetries in interdecadal upper ocean temperature variability SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; MODEL; FLUCTUATIONS; HEMISPHERE; WINTER; SCALES AB Recent studies find interannual (i.e., 3 to 7 year), decadal (i.e., 9 to 13 year), and interdecadal (i.e., 18 to 23 year) periodicities, and a trend dominating global sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) variability over the past hundred years, with the interdecadal signal dominating sub-El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequencies. We isolate interdecadal frequencies in SST and SLP records by band passing with a window admitting 15 to 30 year periods. From 1900 to 1989, the rms of interdecadal-filtered SST and SLP anomalies is largest in the extratropics and eastern boundaries. First-mode empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) explain about half the interdecadal variance in both variables, with the tropical warn phase peaking near 1900, 1920, 1940, 1960, and 1980. From 1955 to 1994, EOF spatial patterns of interdecadal SST, SLP, and 400m temperature (T400) anomalies reveals global reflection symmetries about the equator and global translation symmetries between ocean basins, with tropical and eastern ocean SSTs warmer (cooler) than normal, covarying with stronger (weaker) extratropical westerly winds, cooler (warmer) SSTs in western-central subarctic and subantarctic frontal zones (SAFZs), stronger (weaker) subtropic and subarctic gyre circulations in North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, and warmer (cooler) basin and global average SSTs of 0.1 degrees C or so. Evolution of interdecadal variability from the tropical warm phase to the tropical cool phase is propagative, also characterized by reflection and translation symmetries. During the tropical warm phase, cool SST anomalies along western-central SAFZs are advected slowly eastward to the eastern boundaries and subsequently advected poleward and equatorward by the mean gyre circulation, the latter conducting extratropical SST anomalies into the tropics. A delayed action oscillation model is constructed that yields the quasiperiodicity of interdecadal variability in a manner consistent with these global symmetries in both pattern and evolution. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Oceanog Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA USA. RP White, WB (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Oceanog Res Div, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM wbwhite@ucsd.edu; dcayan@ucsd.edu NR 42 TC 90 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 103 IS C10 BP 21335 EP 21354 DI 10.1029/98JC01706 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 118WG UT WOS:000075863500001 ER PT J AU White, WB Cayan, DR Lean, J AF White, WB Cayan, DR Lean, J TI Global upper ocean heat storage response to radiative forcing from changing solar irradiance and increasing greenhouse gas/aerosol concentrations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE AB We constructed gridded fields of diabatic heat storage changes in the upper ocean from 20 degrees S to 60 degrees N from historical temperature profiles collected from 1955 to 1996. We filtered these 42 year records for periods of 8 to 15 years and 15 to 30 years, producing depth-weighted vertical average temperature (DVT) changes from the sea surface to the top of the main pycnocline. Basin and global averages of these DVT changes reveal decadal and interdecadal variability in phase across the Indian, Pacific, Atlantic, and Global Oceans, each significantly correlated with changing surface solar radiative forcing at a lag of 0 +/- 2 years. Decadal and interdecadal changes in global average DVT are 0.06 degrees +/- 0.01 degrees K and 0.04 degrees K +/- 0.01 degrees K, respectively, the same as those expected from consideration of the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation balance (i.e., 0.3 degrees K per W m(-2)) in response to 0.1% changes in surface solar radiative forcing of 0.2 W m(-2) and 0.15 W m(-2), respectively. Global spatial patterns of DVT changes are similar to temperature changes simulated in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, suggesting that natural modes of Earth's variability are phase-locked to the solar irradiance cycle. A trend in global average DVT of 0.15 degrees K over this 42 year record cannot be explained by changing surface solar radiative forcing. But when we consider the 0.5 W m(-2) increase in surface radiative forcing estimated from the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas and aerosol (GGA) concentrations over this period [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1995], the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation balance yields this observed change. Moreover, the sum of solar and GGA surface radiative forcing can explain the relatively sharp increase in global and basin average DVT in the late 1970's. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Phys Oceanog Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP White, WB (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Phys Oceanog Res Div, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM wbwhite@ucsd.edu; dcayan@ecsd.edu; lean@demeter.nrl.navy.mil NR 24 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP 15 PY 1998 VL 103 IS C10 BP 21355 EP 21366 DI 10.1029/98JC01477 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 118WG UT WOS:000075863500002 ER PT J AU Starliper, CE Schill, WB Mathias, J AF Starliper, CE Schill, WB Mathias, J TI Performance of serum-free broth media for growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; bacterial kidney disease; broth media; serum free ID SALMO-SALAR L; KIDNEY-DISEASE; ATLANTIC SALMON; CULTURE-MEDIUM; BACTERIUM; BROODFISH; AGAR; KDM2 AB Growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum was compared in 14 different broth media; 13 serum-free, and 1 that contained newborn calf serum. KDM2+M. Supplementation with 1% v/v R. salmoninarum MCO4M metabolite was evaluated for 6 of the media that do not utilize it as part of their ingredients. Viable cells were enumerated on Days 10, 20, and 30 post inoculation to evaluate performance. The experiment was repeated 3 times using high, low, and medium (trials 1 to 3, respectively) cell concentrations as inoculum. In general there was no optimal medium and all performed well. The choice of which to employ depends on the ease of preparation and presence of certain ingredients that might affect subsequent assays. In trials 2 and 3, the pH was estimated using test papers at the same time as cells were counted. Maximum pH increase occurred with KDM2+M and those media containing charcoal. For most media. a simple pH determination could be used as a means to check that growth has occurred in a culture, particularly if charcoal was added directly to the media and a visual inspection could not be made to detect growth. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Inst Freshwater, Conservat Fund, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. OI Schill, William/0000-0002-9217-984X NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD SEP 11 PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.3354/dao034021 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 139PW UT WOS:000077039000006 PM 9789976 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, JT Swanson, DA Snee, LW AF Hagstrum, JT Swanson, DA Snee, LW TI Paleomagnetism of the Miocene intrusive suite of Kidd Creek: Timing of deformation in the Cascade arc, southern Washington SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; TECTONIC ROTATION AB Paleomagnetic study of the intrusive suite of Kidd Creek in the southern Washington Cascades (23 sites in dikes and sills) was undertaken to help determine if these rocks are comagmatic and whether they postdate regional folding of the volcanic are. Fission track and Ar-40-Ar-39 age determinations indicate an age of similar to 12.7 Ma (middle Miocene) for these rocks. The similarity of normal-polarity characteristic directions for most samples corroborate the available geochemical data indicating that these rocks are most likely comagmatic. Reversed-polarity directions for samples from four sites, however, show that emplacement of Kidd Creek intrusions spanned at least one reversal of the geomagnetic field. The paleomagnetic directions for the dikes and sills fail a fold test at the 99% confidence level indicating that the Kidd Creek rocks postdate regional folding. The mean in situ direction also indicates that the Kidd Creek and older rocks have been rotated 22 degrees +/-6 degrees clockwise about a vertical or near-vertical axis from the expected Miocene direction. Compression and regional folding of the Cascade are in southern Washington therefore had ended by similar to 12 Ma prior to the onset of deformation resulting in rotation of these rocks. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hagstrum, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 937, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B9 BP 21047 EP 21056 DI 10.1029/98JB02051 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 119WE UT WOS:000075920500017 ER PT J AU Eberhart-Phillips, D Michael, AJ AF Eberhart-Phillips, D Michael, AJ TI Seismotectonics of the Loma Prieta, California, region determined from three-dimensional V-p, V-p/V-s, and seismicity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 3-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE; LOCAL EARTHQUAKE TOMOGRAPHY; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CALAVERAS FAULTS; CRUZ MOUNTAINS; PACIFIC PLATE; STRESS AB Three-dimensional V-p and V-p/V-s velocity models for the Loma Prieta region were developed from the inversion of local travel time data (21,925 P arrivals and 1,116 S arrivals) from earthquakes, refraction shots, and blasts recorded on 1700 stations from the Northern California Seismic Network and numerous portable seismograph deployments. The velocity and density models and microearthquake hypocenters reveal a complex structure that includes a San Andreas fault extending to the base of the seismogenic layer. A body with high V-p extends the length of the rupture and fills the 5 km wide volume between the Loma Prieta mainshock rupture and the San-Andreas and Sargent faults. We suggest that this body controls both the pattern of background seismicity on the San Andreas and Sargent faults and the extent of rupture during the mainshock, thus explaining how the background seismicity outlined the along-strike and depth extent of the mainshock rupture on a different fault plane 5 km away. New aftershock focal mechanisms, based on three-dimensional ray tracing through the velocity model, support a heterogeneous postseismic stress field and can not resolve a uniform fault normal compression. The subvertical (or steeply dipping) San Andreas fault and the fault surfaces that ruptured in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are both parts of the San Andreas fault zone and this section of the fault zone does not have a single type of characteristic event. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Dunedin Res Ctr, Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM donna@waves.otago.ac.nz; michael@andreas.wr.usgs.gov RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 64 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B9 BP 21099 EP 21120 DI 10.1029/98JB01984 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 119WE UT WOS:000075920500022 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH Gross, WK AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH Gross, WK TI Deformation across the rupture zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake 1993-1997 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN PLATE; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; SUBDUCTION ZONE; SEISMIC GAP AB A linear array of 15 geodetic monuments was installed in 1993 across the rupture zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake (M-w = 9.2). The array extends from Middleton Island (at the edge of the continental shelf and 80 km from the Alaska-Aleutian trench) to north of Palmer, Alaska (380 km from the trench), in the approximate direction of Pacific-North American plate convergence (N15.5 degrees W). The array was surveyed in June 1993, May 1995, and June 1997. The changes between surveys are a measure of the deformation of the continental margin across the subduction zone in southern Alaska. Measured relative to the interior of the North American plate, the horizontal velocities on the outer plate margin are parallel to the direction of plate convergence (N15.5 degrees W) and reach a maximum (58 mm yr(-1)) about 150 km from the trench. Beyond about 300 lan from the trench the observed horizontal velocities are small. A narrow (halfwidth 50 km) zone of significant uplift (10 mm yr(-1) maximum) is observed about 300 km from the trench, coinciding roughly with the locus of maximum coseismic subsidence associated with the 1964 Alaska earthquake. Although the deformation is roughly described by the conventional model of deformation at a subduction zone (deformation due to virtual back slip on the main thrust zone at the 55 mm yr(-1) plate convergence rate), a better fit is given with a 65 mm yr(-1) virtual back (normal) slip rate. This higher rate is attributed to continued postseismic relaxation. The model does not explain the relatively high uplift rate and low N15.5 degrees W velocity observed at Middleton Island. That anomalous motion is attributed to continued thrusting on postulated upward trending splays from the subduction zone beneath the island. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jsavage@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B9 BP 21275 EP 21283 DI 10.1029/98JB02048 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 119WE UT WOS:000075920500031 ER PT J AU Federoff, NE Nowak, RM AF Federoff, NE Nowak, RM TI Cranial and dental abnormalities of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus SO ACTA THERIOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Canis rufus; cranial abnormalities; malocclusion; captivity; inbreeding ID VULPES-VULPES; MALOCCLUSION; LUPUS; POPULATION; WOLVES AB Skulls of 3 captive-raised female endangered red wolves Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851 exhibited severe malocclusion of the jaws. Cranial and dental abnormalities (including crowding of upper toothrows, and an extra tooth behind the lower left Ms in one of the three mandibles) were also evident. Ratios of alveolar length of maxillary toothrow to maximum width across the outer sides of crowns of P-4 were significantly different (p = 0.008) compared to unaffected skulls. Significant differences were also evident when ratios of maximum width across inner edges of alveoli of pl to alveolar length of maxillary toothrow and maximum width across outer sides of crowns of P4 were compared between the two groups. Although the three skulls all exhibited malocclusion, the abnormality expressed itself differently in relation to the effects to each skull. Captive inbreeding may increase the probability and frequency of expressing these anomalies, although inbreeding coefficients calculated for the wolves expressing malocclusion were not considered high (0.0313-0.0508). A wild female red wolf specimen captured in 1921 in Arkansas also exhibited the malocclusion, although not as severely as in the captive females. This demonstrates that this trait was present in wild populations prior to, and not a result of, the captive breeding program. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Federoff, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI BIALOWIEZA PA MAMMAL RESEARCH INST, 17-230 BIALOWIEZA, POLAND SN 0001-7051 J9 ACTA THERIOL JI Acta Theriol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 3 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 131DT UT WOS:000076561000008 ER PT J AU Schmidt, C Chou, IM Bodnar, RJ Bassett, WA AF Schmidt, C Chou, IM Bodnar, RJ Bassett, WA TI Microthermometric analysis of synthetic fluid inclusions in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell. SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE CONFINING PRESSURE; NATURAL QUARTZ; RE-EQUILIBRATION; SYSTEM H2O-NACL; TEMPERATURES; SOLUBILITY; TRANSITION; EQUATION; BARS; PVT AB The hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) was employed as a pressurized fluid inclusion heating stage to determine temperatures of phase transitions in synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz. Using this technique, the common problem of decrepitation or stretching of inclusions having high internal pressures was eliminated. Homogenization temperatures of pure H2O synthetic inclusions determined in the HDAC are inversely related to the confining pressure exerted on the sample, suggesting a decrease in inclusion volume with increasing confining pressure. The very good reproducibility and reversibility of these experiments indicate that volume changes during heating under confining pressure in the HDAC are elastic in nature. However, results of microthermometric experiments in the HDAC indicate that the change in homogenization temperature is significantly larger than would be predicted by the equations of state for quartz and water. This difference reflects an additional component of volume change related to stress within the quartz host, causing displacement of the inclusion walls into the inclusion cavity, as predicted by theoretical models describing the behavior of inclusions in minerals. Liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures [Th(L-V)] and halite dissolution temperatures (Tm halite) were determined for synthetic fluid inclusions in the ternary H2O-NaCl-CO2. The measured homogenization temperatures were regressed as a function of confining pressure at Th(L-V). The intersection of the Th(L-V)-confining pressure curve with an independently obtained P-T curve for the solvus of the same ternary composition provides the "correct" homogenization temperature, that is, the homogenization temperature corresponding to a confining pressure equal to the pressure on the solvus at that same temperature. This method for determining corrected Th(L-V) is based on the assumption that the effect of elastic stress on Th(L-V) approaches zero as the confining pressure approaches the internal pressure in the inclusion at homogenization. The Th(L-V) values at these intersection points were used to calculate lines of constant homogenization temperature (iso-Th lines). For a composition of H2O + 40 wt% NaCl + 10 mol% CO2, the iso-Th slopes decrease from about 53 bar/degrees C at Th(L-V) = 500 degrees C to 8.5 bar/degrees C for Th(L-V) = 650 degrees C, The halite dissolution temperature (in the presence of liquid and vapor) averages 342 degrees C (range +/-6 degrees C) without recognizable pressure dependence. The slopes of iso-Th lines for a composition of H2O + 20 wt% NaCl + 20 mol% CO2 decrease from approximately 23 bar/degrees C at Th(L-V) = 475 degrees C to 6 bar/degrees C for Th(L-V) = 600 degrees C. Using the HDAC technique, the high-pressure portion of the halite liquidus was redetermined for an H2O-NaCl solution containing 40 wt% NaCl. These new measurements confirm the data of Bodnar (1994), which were obtained using a gas-flow heating stage at 1 atm confining pressure. This indicates that Bodnar's (1994) observation of an essentially pressure independent liquidus at pressures greater than or similar to 2 kbar is real and not a result of inclusion stretching. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Fluids Res Lab, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Schmidt, C (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg D329, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RI Bodnar, Robert/A-1916-2009; Schmidt, Christian/J-4097-2012 OI Schmidt, Christian/0000-0003-1799-5684 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 83 IS 9-10 BP 995 EP 1007 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 122QL UT WOS:000076082900007 ER PT J AU Nasdala, L Witzke, T Ullrich, B Brett, R AF Nasdala, L Witzke, T Ullrich, B Brett, R TI Gordaite [Zn4Na(OH)(6)(SO4)Cl center dot 6H(2)O]: Second occurrence in the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and new data SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; NAZN4(SO4)(OH)(6)CL-CENTER-DOT-6H(2)O AB A hydrous zinc- and sodium-rich hydroxy-chlorosulfate, discovered in a sulfide sample collected by the Deep Sea Recovery Vehicle (DSRV) Alvin in 1984, is identified as gordaite, Zn4Na(OH)(6)SO4Cl . 6H(2)O, recently described as a new mineral species from Antofagasta, Chile. Results of re-examination of the original Alvin dive sample from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean, and additional data on gordaite, including vibrational and luminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and thermal analysis, are presented. C1 TU Bergakad Freiberg, Inst Theoret Phys, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany. Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Geosci, D-06108 Halle, Germany. TU Bergakad Freiberg, Inst Ceram Engn, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Nasdala, L (reprint author), Univ Mainz, Inst Geosci, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 83 IS 9-10 BP 1111 EP 1116 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 122QL UT WOS:000076082900020 ER PT J AU Ross, M Post, JE AF Ross, M Post, JE TI Memorial of Daniel E. Appleman - 1931-1998 SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Ross, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 83 IS 9-10 BP 1133 EP 1135 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 122QL UT WOS:000076082900025 ER PT J AU May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH AF May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH TI The CETAC ADX-500 autodiluter system: A study of dilution performance with the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS and ELAN software SO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB The CETAC ADX-500 autodiluter system was tested with ELAN(R) v 2.1 software and the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS instrument to determine on-line automated dilution performance during analysis of standard solutions containing nine analytes representative of the mass spectral range (mass 9 to mass 238). Two or more dilution schemes were tested for each of 5 test tube designs. Dilution performance was determined by comparison of analyte concentration means of diluted and non-diluted standards. Accurate dilutions resulted with one syringe pump addition of diluent in small diameter round-bottomed (13 mm OD) or conical-tipped (18 mm OD) tubes and one or more syringe pump additions in large diameter (28 mm OD) conical-tipped tubes. Inadequate dilution mixing which produced high analyte concentration means was observed for all dilutions conducted in flat-bottomed tubes, and for dilutions requiring multiple syringe additions of diluent in smalt diameter round-bottomed and conical tipped tubes. Effective mixing of diluted solutions was found to depend largely upon tube diameter and liquid depth: smaller tube diameters and greater Liquid depth resulted in ineffective mixing, whereas greater tube diameter and shallower liquid depth facilitated effective mixing. Two design changes for the autodiluter were suggested that would allow effective mixing to occur using any dilution scheme and tube design. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP May, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERKIN-ELMER CORP PI NORWALK PA 761 MAIN AVE, NORWALK, CT 06859-0105 USA SN 0195-5373 J9 ATOM SPECTROSC JI Atom. Spectrosc. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 143 EP 149 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 140RQ UT WOS:000077102500001 ER PT J AU May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH AF May, TW Wiedmeyer, RH TI A table of polyatomic interferences in ICP-MS SO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS; TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS; ONLINE PRECONCENTRATION; MULTIELEMENT ANALYSIS; FLOW-INJECTION; BODY-FLUIDS; SAMPLES; REDUCTION; METALS C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP May, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 38 TC 184 Z9 191 U1 2 U2 41 PU PERKIN-ELMER CORP PI NORWALK PA 761 MAIN AVE, NORWALK, CT 06859-0105 USA SN 0195-5373 J9 ATOM SPECTROSC JI Atom. Spectrosc. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 150 EP 155 PG 6 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 140RQ UT WOS:000077102500002 ER PT J AU Michener, WK Blood, ER Box, JB Couch, CA Golladay, SW Hippe, DJ Mitchell, RJ Palik, BJ AF Michener, WK Blood, ER Box, JB Couch, CA Golladay, SW Hippe, DJ Mitchell, RJ Palik, BJ TI Tropical storm flooding of a coastal main landscape - Extensive foodplains ameliorated potential adverse effects on water quality, fishes, and molluskan communities SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STREAM; RIVER; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT; PERSISTENCE; STABILITY; RECOVERY; FOREST C1 Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Norcross, GA 30360 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Michener, WK (reprint author), Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. RI Couch, Carol/E-8737-2011 NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 696 EP 705 DI 10.2307/1313333 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 112DH UT WOS:000075478500006 ER PT J AU Galat, DL Fredrickson, LH Humburg, DD Bataille, KJ Bodie, JR Dohrenwend, J Gelwicks, GT Havel, JE Helmers, DL Hooker, JB Jones, JR Knowlton, MF Kubisiak, J Mazourek, J McColpin, AC Renken, RB Semlitsch, RD AF Galat, DL Fredrickson, LH Humburg, DD Bataille, KJ Bodie, JR Dohrenwend, J Gelwicks, GT Havel, JE Helmers, DL Hooker, JB Jones, JR Knowlton, MF Kubisiak, J Mazourek, J McColpin, AC Renken, RB Semlitsch, RD TI Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large-river wetlands - Natural and controlled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Gaylord Mem Lab, Puxico, MO 63960 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. SW Missouri State Univ, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. RP Galat, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI Semlitsch, Raymond/0000-0002-7999-5762 NR 41 TC 176 Z9 182 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 721 EP 733 DI 10.2307/1313335 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 112DH UT WOS:000075478500008 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JC Webb, RH Valdez, RA Marzolf, GR Stevens, LE AF Schmidt, JC Webb, RH Valdez, RA Marzolf, GR Stevens, LE TI Science and values in river restoration in the Grand Canyon - There is no restoration or rehabilitation strategy that will improve the status of every riverine resource SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COLORADO-RIVER; GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES; REGULATED RIVERS; ARIZONA; FLOW; DAM; USA; EVOLUTION C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. SWCA Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84101 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Branch Reg Res, Eastern Reg, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Schmidt, JC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM jschmidt@cc.usu.edu; rhwebb@sunlpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov; valdezra@aol.com; rmarzolf@usgs.gov; lstevens@gcrs.uc.usbr.gov NR 46 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1998 VL 48 IS 9 BP 735 EP 747 DI 10.2307/1313336 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 112DH UT WOS:000075478500009 ER PT J AU Foster, MS Terborgh, J AF Foster, MS Terborgh, J TI Impact of a rare storm event on an Amazonian forest SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE disturbance; forest dynamics; forest structure; Peru; tropical forest ID HURRICANE C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Trop Conservat, Durham, NC 27705 USA. RP Foster, MS (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 3 BP 470 EP 474 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00081.x PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 127ZZ UT WOS:000076381900014 ER PT J AU Pierson, TC AF Pierson, TC TI An empirical method for estimating travel times for wet volcanic mass flows SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE travel time; flow velocity; Lahar; debris avalanche; volcanic hazards ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; 13 NOVEMBER 1985; NEVADO-DEL-RUIZ; DEBRIS-FLOW; LAHARS; ERUPTION; HAZARDS; AVALANCHE; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SIMULATION AB Travel times for wet volcanic mass flows (debris avalanches and lahars) can be forecast as a function of distance from source when the approximate flow rate (peak discharge near the source) can be estimated beforehand. The near-source flow rate is primarily a function of initial flow volume, which should be possible to estimate to an order of magnitude on the basis of geologic, geomorphic, and hydrologic factors at a particular volcano. Least-squares best fits to plots of flow-front travel time as a function of distance from source provide predictive second-degree polynomial equations with high coefficients of determination for four broad size classes of flow based on near-source flow rate: extremely large flows (>1 000 000 m(3)/s), very large flows (10 000-1 000 000 m(3)/s), large flows (1000-10 000 m(3)/s), and moderate flows (100-1000 m(3)/s). A strong nonlinear correlation that exists between initial total flow volume and flow rate for "instantaneously" generated debris flows can be used to estimate near-source flow rates in advance. Differences in geomorphic controlling factors among different flows in the data sets have relatively little effect on the strong nonlinear correlations between travel time and distance from source. Differences in flow type may be important, especially for extremely large flows, but this could not be evaluated here. At a given distance away from a volcano, travel times can vary by approximately an order of magnitude depending on flow rate. The method can provide emergency-management officials a means for estimating time windows for evacuation of communities located in hazard zones downstream from potentially hazardous volcanoes. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Pierson, TC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM tpierson@usgs.gov NR 80 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 98 EP 109 DI 10.1007/s004450050219 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 118XC UT WOS:000075865400003 ER PT J AU Waythomas, CF Neal, CA AF Waythomas, CF Neal, CA TI Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year BP caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tsunami deposit; pyroclastic flow; Aniakchak caldera; volcanigenic tsunami ID 1883 KRAKATAU ERUPTION; GREAT TAMBORA ERUPTION; BENEATH TIDAL MARSHES; ST-AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MOUNT KATMAI; DEPOSITS; EARTHQUAKE AB A discontinuous pumiceous sand, a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick, is located up to 15 m above mean high tide within Holocene peat along the northern Bristol Bay coastline of Alaska. The bed consists of fine-to-coarse, poorly to moderately well-sorted, pumice-bearing sand near the top of a 2-m-thick peat sequence. The sand bed contains rip-up clasts of peat and tephra and is unique in the peat sequence. Major element compositions of juvenile glass from the deposit and radiocarbon dating of enclosing peat support correlation of the pumiceous sand with the caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano. The distribution of the sand and its sedimentary characteristics are consistent with emplacement by tsunami. The pumiceous sand most likely represents redeposition by tsunami of climactic fallout tephra and beach sand during the approximately 3.5 ka Aniakchak caldera-forming eruption on the Alaska Peninsula. We propose that a tsunami was generated by the sudden entrance of a rapidly moving, voluminous pyroclastic flow from Aniakchak into Bristol Bay. A seismic trigger for the tsunami is unlikely, because tectonic structures suitable for tsunami generation are present only south of the Alaska Peninsula. The pumiceous sand in coastal peat of northern Bristol Bay is the first documented geologic evidence of a tsunami initiated by a volcanic eruption in Alaska. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Waythomas, CF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4230 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 110 EP 124 DI 10.1007/s004450050220 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 118XC UT WOS:000075865400004 ER PT J AU Wertheimer, RH Barfoot, CA AF Wertheimer, RH Barfoot, CA TI Validation of daily increments in otoliths of northern squawfish larvae SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID DAILY GROWTH INCREMENTS; PLATICHTHYS-STELLATUS; STARRY FLOUNDER; FISH; AGE; DEPOSITION; RIVER; BASS AB Otoliths from laboratory-reared northern squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonensis, larvae were examined to determine the periodicity of increment deposition. increment deposition began in both sagittae and lapilli after hatching. Reader counts indicated that increment formation was daily in sagittae of 1-29-day-old larvae. However, increment counts from lapilli were significantly less than the known ages of northern squawfish larvae, possibly because some increments were not detectable. Otolith readability and age agreement among readers were greatest for young (<11 days) northern squawfish larvae. This was primarily because a transitional zone of low-contrast material began forming in otoliths of 8-11-day-old larvae and persisted until approximately 20 days after hatching. Formation of the transition zone appeared to coincide with the onset of exogenous feeding and continued through yolk sec absorption. Our results indicate that aging wild-caught northern squawfish larvae using daily otolith increment counts is possible. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Wertheimer, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD FAL PY 1998 VL 84 IS 4 BP 170 EP 175 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 185PG UT WOS:000079677900003 ER PT J AU Vargas, A Anderson, SH AF Vargas, A Anderson, SH TI Ontogeny of black-footed ferret predatory behavior towards prairie dogs SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID F-FURO-L; MUSTELA-NIGRIPES AB To study the effects of environmental upbringing and predation experience on black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) predatory skills towards prairie dogs, we compared killing efficiency and behaviors of 32 black-footed ferret kits (from 24 different litters). Four treatment groups were established: group 1 (n = 8), kits raised in indoor cages and never exposed to live prey; group 2 (n = 8), kits raised in indoor cages and fed live hamsters twice a week beginning at 8 weeks of age: group 3 (n = 8), kits raised in indoor cages, fed live hamsters, and exposed to live prairie dogs in family trials once per week; and group 4, kits raised in outdoor enclosures with ad libitum access to live prairie dogs in natural burrows. Juvenile black-footed ferrets raised with exposure to live hamsters were more successful at killing prairie dogs than kits devoid of any predation experience. Previous experience with prairie dogs (in both indoor cages and outdoor pens) significantly increased predation efficiency. Witnessing a black-footed ferret mother performing a kill enhanced the kit's predatory skills. We conclude that the placement of the kill bite appears to be innate for black-footed ferrets, but the likelihood of killing and the efficiency at handling pl ey are substantially enhanced by experience. C1 Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Blackfooted Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Anderson, SH (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 3166,BioSci Bldg 419, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 45 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1696 EP 1704 DI 10.1139/cjz-76-9-1696 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 182YG UT WOS:000079525300011 ER PT J AU Emlen, JM Freeman, DC Mills, A Graham, JH AF Emlen, JM Freeman, DC Mills, A Graham, JH TI How organisms do the right thing: The attractor hypothesis SO CHAOS LA English DT Review ID DNA METHYLATION; REACTION NORMS; SELF-ORGANIZATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; EVOLUTION; INHERITANCE; HORMESIS; PLANTS; GROWTH AB Neo-Darwinian theory is highly successful at explaining the emergence of adaptive traits over successive generations. However, there are reasons to doubt its efficacy in explaining the observed, impressively detailed adaptive responses of organisms to day-to-day changes in their surroundings. Also, the theory lacks a clear mechanism to account for both plasticity and canalization. In effect, there is a growing sentiment that the neo-Darwinian paradigm is incomplete, that something more than genetic structure, mutation, genetic drift, and the action of natural selection is required to explain organismal behavior. In this paper we extend the view of organisms as complex self-organizing entities by arguing that basic physical laws, coupled with the acquisitive nature of makes adaptation all but tautological.'That is: much adaptation is an unavoidable emergent property of organisms' complexity and, to some 2 significant degree, occurs quite independently of genomic changes wrought by natural selection. For reasons that will become obvious, we refer to this assertion as the attractor hypothesis. The arguments also clarify the concept of "adaptation." Adaptation across generations, by natural selection, equates to the (game theoretic) maximization of fitness (the success with which one individual produces more individuals), while self-organizing based adaptation, within generations, equates to energetic efficiency and the matching of intake and biosynthesis to need. Finally, we discuss implications of the attractor hypothesis for a wide variety of genetical and physiological phenomena, including genetic architecture, directed mutation, genetic imprinting, paramutation, hormesis, plasticity, optimality theory, genotype-phenotype linkage and puncuated equilibrium, and present suggestions for tests of the hypothesis. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Berry Coll, Dept Biol, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. RP Emlen, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. OI Graham, John/0000-0003-1974-132X NR 138 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 1054-1500 J9 CHAOS JI Chaos PD SEP PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 717 EP 726 DI 10.1063/1.166355 PG 10 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 119LT UT WOS:000075898400022 ER PT J AU Mancera, JM McCormick, SD AF Mancera, JM McCormick, SD TI Osmoregulatory actions of the GH/IGF axis in non-salmonid teleosts SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference of the European-Society-for-Comparative-Physioloyg-and-Biochemistry CY AUG 24-28, 1997 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP European Soc Comparat Physiol & Biochem DE growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor; fish; teleost; non-salmonids; osmoregulation; seawater adaptation; gill; Na+, K+-ATPase ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; CHLORIDE CELL-FUNCTION; IGF-I; HORMONE SECRETION; SPARUS-AURATA; FRESH-WATER; COHO SALMON; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS AB Salmonid fishes provided the first findings on the influence of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis on osmoregulation in teleost fishes. Recent studies on non-salmonid species, however, indicate that this physiological action of the GH/IGF-I axis is not restricted to salmonids or anadromous fishes. GH-producing cells in the pituitary of fish acclimated to different salinities show different degrees of activation depending on the species studied. Plasma GH levels either increase or do not change after transfer of fish from freshwater to seawater. Treatment with GH or IGF-I increases salinity tolerance and/or increases gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis). As in salmonids, a positive interaction between GH and cortisol for improving hypoosmoregulatory capacity has been described in tilapia (O. mossambicus). Research on the osmoregulatory role of the GH/IGF-I axis is derived from a small number of teleost species. The study of more species with different osmoregulatory patterns will be necessary to fully clarify the osmoregulatory role of GH/IGF-I axis in fish. The available data does suggest, however, that the influence of the GH/IGF-I axis on osmoregulation may be a common feature of euryhalinity in teleosts. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Mancera, JM (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain. EM juanmiguel.mancera@uca.es RI Mancera, Juan/A-8132-2014 OI Mancera, Juan/0000-0003-0751-5966 NR 57 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 121 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)10112-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 150HA UT WOS:000077657400007 ER PT J AU Grossman, EE Fletcher, CH Richmond, BM AF Grossman, EE Fletcher, CH Richmond, BM TI The Holocene sea level highstand in the equatorial Pacific: analysis of the insular paleosea-level database SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Review ID ICE-SHEET COLLAPSE; LAST DEGLACIATION; FRINGING REEFS; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; SW PACIFIC; C-14 DATA; RECORD; OAHU; RISE; AGE AB A review of the literature provides 92 estimates of the middle to late Holocene sea-level highstand on Pacific Islands. These data generally support geophysical model calculations that predict a +1 to 3 m relative sea-level highstand on oceanic islands due to the Earth's rheological response to the melting of the last continental ice sheets and subsequent redistribution of meltwater. Both predictions and observations indicate sea level was higher than present in the equatorial Pacific between 5000 and 1500 y B.P. A non-linear relationship exists between the age and elevation of the highstand peak, suggesting that different rates of isostatic adjustment may occur in the Pacific, with the highest rates of sea-level fall following the highstand near the equator. It is important to resolve detailed sea-level histories from insular sites to test and refine models of climatic, oceanographic, and geophysical processes including hydroisostasy, equatorial ocean siphoning, and lithospheric flexure that are invoked as mechanisms affecting relative sea-level position. We use a select subset of the available database meeting specific criteria to examine model relationships of paleosea-surface topography. This new evaluated database of paleosea-level positions is also validated for testing and constraining geophysical model predictions of past and present sealevel variations. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Reg Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Grossman, EE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1680 E West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM ericg@soest.hawaii.edu NR 123 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 309 EP 327 DI 10.1007/s003380050132 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 128FD UT WOS:000076394300015 ER PT J AU Lindberg, MS Sedinger, JS Derksen, DV Rockwell, RF AF Lindberg, MS Sedinger, JS Derksen, DV Rockwell, RF TI Natal and breeding philopatry in a Black Brant, Branta bernicla nigricans, metapopulation SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Black Brant; Branta bernicla nigricans; density dependence; dispersal; emigration; female-biased philopatry; gene flow; immigration; multistate models; philopatry ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; SITE FIDELITY; CANADA GEESE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; ANNUAL SURVIVAL; MATING SYSTEMS; GENE FLOW; GREAT TIT; DISPERSAL; POPULATION AB We estimated natal and breeding philopatry and dispersal probabilities for a metapopulation of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) based on observations of marked birds at six breeding colonies in Alaska, 1986-1994. Both adult females and males exhibited high (>0.90) probability of philopatry to breeding colonies. Probability of natal philopatry was significantly higher for females than males. Natal dispersal of males was recorded between every pair of colonies, whereas natal dispersal of females was observed between only half of the colony pairs. We suggest that female-biased philopatry was the result of timing of pair formation and characteristics of the mating system of brant, rather than factors related to inbreeding avoidance or optimal discrepancy. Probability of natal philopatry of females increased with age but declined with year of banding. Age-related increase in natal philopatry was positively related to higher breeding probability of older females. Declines in natal philopatry with year of banding corresponded negatively to a period of increasing population density; therefore, local population density may influence the probability of nonbreeding and gene flow among colonies. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. CUNY City Coll, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10031 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA. RP Lindberg, MS (reprint author), Ducks Unlimited, Inst Wetland & Waterfowl Res, 1 Waterfowl Way, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. NR 66 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 79 IS 6 BP 1893 EP 1904 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1893:NABPIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116YM UT WOS:000075752700005 ER PT J AU Baum, RL Messerich, J Fleming, RW AF Baum, RL Messerich, J Fleming, RW TI Surface deformation as a guide to kinematics and three-dimensional shape of slow-moving, clay-rich landslides, Honolulu, Hawaii SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE landslides; site investigation; ground deformation; slope stability; aerial photogrammetry AB Two slow-moving landslides in Honolulu, Hawaii, were the subject of photogrammetric measurements, field mapping, and subsurface investigation to learn whether surface observations can yield useful information consistent with results of subsurface investigation. Mapping focused on structural damage and on surface features such as scarps, shears, and toes. The x-y-z positions of photo-identifiable points were obtained from aerial photographs taken at three different times. The measurements were intended to learn if the shape of the landslide failure surface can be determined from systematic surface observations and whether surface observations about deformation are consistent with photogrammetrically-obtained displacement gradients, Field and aerial photographic measurements were evaluated to identify the boundaries of the landslides, distinguish areas of incipient landslide enlargement, and identify zones of active and passive failure in the landslides. Data reported here apply mainly to the Alani-Paty landslide, a translational, earth-block landslide that damaged property in a 3.4-ha residential area, It began moving in the 1970s and displacement through 1991 totaled 4 m, Thickness, determined from borehole data, ranges from about 7 to 10 m; and the slope of the ground surface averages about 9 degrees. Field evidence of deformation indicated areas of potential landslide enlargement outside the well-formed landslide boundaries, Displacement gradients obtained photogrammetrically and deformation mapping both identified similar zones of active failure (longitudinal stretching) and passive failure (longitudinal shortening) within the body of the landslide. Surface displacement on the landslide is approximately parallel to the broadly concave slip surface. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Baum, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Baum, Rex/0000-0001-5337-1970 NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 4 IS 3 BP 283 EP 306 PG 24 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 219NB UT WOS:000081612400001 ER PT J AU Bartsch, LA Richardson, WB Naimo, TJ AF Bartsch, LA Richardson, WB Naimo, TJ TI Sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in a large flood-plain river: Considerations of study design, sample size, and cost SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL POWER ANALYSIS; COMMUNITY-WIDE PATTERNS; VARIABILITY; PROGRAMS AB Estimation of benthic macroinvertebrate populations over large spatial scales is difficult due to the high variability in abundance and the cost of sample processing and taxonomic analysis. To determine a cost-effective, statistically powerful sample design, we conducted an exploratory study of the spatial variation of benthic macroinvertebrates in a 37 km reach of the Upper Mississippi River. We sampled benthos at 36 sites within each of two strata, contiguous backwater and channel border. Three standard ponar (525 cm(2)) grab samples were obtained at each site ('Original Design'). Analysis of variance and sampling cost of strata-wide estimates for abundance of Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, and total invertebrates showed that only one ponar sample per site ('Reduced Design') yielded essentially the same abundance estimates as the Original Design, while reducing the overall cost by 63%. A posteriori statistical power analysis (alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.20) on the Reduced Design estimated that at least 18 sites per stratum were needed to detect differences in mean abundance between contiguous backwater and channel border areas for Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, and total invertebrates. Statistical power was nearly identical for the three taxonomic groups. The abundances of several taxa of concern (e.g., Hexagenia mayflies and Musculium fingernail clams) were too spatially variable to estimate power with our method. Resampling simulations indicated that to achieve adequate sampling precision for Oligochaeta, at least 36 sample sites per stratum would be required, whereas a sampling precision of 0.2 would not be attained with any sample size for Hexagenia in channel border areas, or Chironomidae and Musculium in both strata given the variance structure of the original samples. Community-wide diversity indices (Brillouin and 1-Simpsons) increased as sample area per site increased. The backwater area had higher diversity than the channel border area. The number of sampling sites required to sample benthic macroinvertebrates during our sampling period depended on the study objective and ranged from 18 to more than 40 sites per stratum. No single sampling regime would efficiently and adequately sample all components of the macroinvertebrate community. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Bartsch, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 39 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 52 IS 3 BP 425 EP 439 DI 10.1023/A:1005802715051 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 105LG UT WOS:000075074100004 ER PT J AU Marvin-Dipasquale, MC Oremland, RS AF Marvin-Dipasquale, MC Oremland, RS TI Bacterial methylmercury degradation in Florida Everglades peat sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MERCURY METHYLATION; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; DEMETHYLATION; NUTRIENTS; GRADIENT; RATES; SOILS; LAKE AB Methylmercury (MeHg) degradation was investigated along an eutrophication gradient in the Florida Everglades by quantifying (CH4)-C-14 and (CO2)-C-14 production after incubation of anaerobic sediments with [C-14]MeHg. Degradation rate constants (k) were consistently less than or equal to 0.1 d(-1) and decreased with sediment depth. Higher k values were observed when shorter incubation times and lower MeHg amendment levels were used, and k increased 2-fold as in-situ MeHg concentrations were approached. The average flee layer k was 0.046 +/- 0.023 d(-1) (n = 17) for 1-2 day incubations. In-situ degradation rates were estimated to be 0.02-0.5 ng of MeHg (g of dry sediment)(-1) d(-1) increasing I from eutrophied to pristine areas. Nitrate-respiring bacteria did not demethylate MeHg, and NO3- addition partially inhibited degradation in some cases. MeHg degradation rates were not affected by PO43- addition. (CO2)-C-14 production in all samples indicated that oxidative demethylation (OD)was an important degradation mechanism. OD occurred over 5 orders of magnitude of applied MeHg concentration, with lowest limits [1-18 ng of MeHg (g of dry sediment)(-1)] in the range of in-situ MeHg levels. Sulfate reducers and methanogens were the primary agents of anaerobic OD, although it is suggested that methanogens dominate degradation at in-situ MeHg concentrations. Specific pathways of OD by these two microbial groups are proposed. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Marvin-Dipasquale, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mmarvin@usgs.gov RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 36 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 17 BP 2556 EP 2563 DI 10.1021/es971099l PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116KX UT WOS:000075724800028 ER PT J AU Custer, CM Custer, TW Allen, PD Stromborg, KL Melancon, MJ AF Custer, CM Custer, TW Allen, PD Stromborg, KL Melancon, MJ TI Reproduction and environmental contamination in tree swallows nesting in the Fox River drainage and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Green Bay; polychlorinated biphenyls; polychlorinated biphenyl congeners reproduction; tree swallows ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; GREAT-LAKES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; WETLAND ACIDITY; FOOD ABUNDANCE; CLUTCH-SIZE; SUCCESS; SEDIMENT AB Concentration, accumulation, and effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on reproduction in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were studied at four sites in the Fox River drainage and in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA, in 1994 and 1995. Total PCBs in eggs and newly hatched young (mean = 3.01 mu g/g wet weight, years and sites combined) and 12-d-old nestlings (mean = 2.34 mu g/g wet weight) at two contaminated sites (Kidney Island and Arrowhead) were higher than concentrations at two reference sites (Lake Poygan and High Cliff State Park, years and sites combined, pippers mean = 0.26 mu g/g, nestlings mean = 0.01 mu g/g). Concentrations of 11l PCB congeners were also higher at contaminated compared to reference sites. Poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulated in nestlings at a higher rate (1.34-6.69 mu g/d) at contaminated sites compared to reference locations (0.06-0.42 mu g/d). Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) was the only other organochlorine found in all samples. concentrations for all samples averaged less than or equal to 0.20 mu g/g wet weight. Total PCBs and p,p'-DDE concentrations did not differ among clutches where all eggs hatched, some eggs hatched, and no eggs hatched. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv Div, Green Bay, WI USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Custer, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RI Custer, Christine/H-4871-2014; OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 54 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1786 EP 1798 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1786:RAECIT>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 112NX UT WOS:000075501600019 ER PT J AU Fairchild, JF Ruessler, DS Carlson, AR AF Fairchild, JF Ruessler, DS Carlson, AR TI Comparative sensitivity of five species of macrophytes and six species of algae to atrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, and metolachlor SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE herbicides; toxicity; algae; macrophytes; aquatic plants ID SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM; VASCULAR PLANTS; HERBICIDES; EFFLUENT; TOXICITY; LEMNA AB This study determined the relative sensitivity of five species of aquatic macrophytes and six species of algae to four commonly used herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, and metolachlor). Toxicity tests consisted of 96-h (duckweed and algae) or 14-d (submerged macrophytes) static exposures. The triazine herbicides (atrazine and metribuzin) were significantly more toxic to aquatic plants than were the acetanilide herbicides (alachlor and metolachlor). Toxicity studies ranked metribuzin > atrazine > alachlor > metolachlor in decreasing order of overall toxicity to aquatic plants. Relative sensitivities of macrophytes to these herbicides decreased in the order of Ceratophyllum > Najas > Elodea > Lemna > Myriophyllum. Relative sensitivities of algae to herbicides decreased in the order of Selenastrum > Chlorella > Chlamydomonas > Microcystis, Scenedesmus > Anabaena. Algae and macrophytes were of similar overall sensitivities to herbicides. Data indicated that Selenastrum, a commonly tested green alga, was generally more sensitive compared to other plant species. Lemna minor; a commonly tested floating vascular plant, was of intermediate sensitivity, and was fivefold less sensitive than Ceratophyllum, which was the most sensitive species tested. The results indicated that no species was consistently most sensitive, and th;at a suits of aquatic plant test species may be needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Fairchild, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 31 TC 128 Z9 138 U1 8 U2 49 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1830 EP 1834 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1830:CSOFSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 112NX UT WOS:000075501600024 ER PT J AU Swarzenski, PW McKee, BA AF Swarzenski, PW McKee, BA TI Seasonal uranium distributions in the coastal waters off the Amazon and Mississippi rivers SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; DELTA SEDIMENTS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; WORLD RIVERS; GEOCHEMISTRY; METALS; COMPLEXATION; SALINITY; REMOVAL; ESTUARY AB The chemical reactivity of uranium was investigated across estuarine gradients from two of the world's largest river systems: the Amazon and Mississippi. Concentrations of dissolved (<0.45 mu n) uranium (U) were measured in surface waters of the Amazon shelf during rising (March 1990), flood (June 1990) and low (November 1991) discharge regimes. The dissolved U content was also examined in surface waters collected across estuarine gradients of the Mississippi outflow region during April 1992, August 1993, and November (1993). All water samples were analyzed for U by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In Amazon shelf surface waters uranium increased nonconservatively from about 0.01 mu g l(-1) at the river's mouth to over 3 mu g l(-1) at the distal site, irrespective of river discharge stage. Observed large-scale U removal at salinities generally less than 15 implies a) that riverine dissolved U was extensively adsorbed by freshly-precipitated hydrous metal oxides (e.g., FeOOH, MnO2) as a result of flocculation and aggregation, and b) that energetic resuspension and reworking of shelf sediments and fluid muds on the Amazon shelf released a chemically reactive particle/colloid to the water column which can further scavenge dissolved U across much of the estuarine gradient. In contrast, the estuarine chemistry of U is inconclusive within surface waters of the Mississippi shelf-break region. U behavior is most likely controlled less by traditional sorption and/or desorption reactions involving metal oxides or colloids than by the river's variable discharge regime (e.g., water parcel residence time during estuarine mixing, nature of particulates, sediment storage and resuspension in the confined lower river), and plume dispersal. Mixing of the thin freshwater lens into ambient seawater is largely defined by wind-driven rather than physical processes. As a consequence, in the Mississippi outflow region uranium predominantly displays conservative behavior; removal is evident only during anomalous river discharge regimes. 'Products-approach' mixing experiments conducted during the Flood of 1993 suggest the importance of small particles and/or colloids in defining a depleted U versus salinity distribution. C1 Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. RP Swarzenski, PW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Marine Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM pswarzen@usgs.gov NR 86 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 379 EP 390 DI 10.2307/1352837 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 122WK UT WOS:000076094300002 ER PT J AU Coombs, DS Alberti, A Armbruster, T Artioli, G Colella, C Galli, E Grice, JD Liebau, F Mandarino, JA Minato, H Nickel, EH Passaglia, E Peacor, DR Quartieri, S Rinaldi, R Ross, M Sheppard, RA Tillmanns, E Vezzalini, G AF Coombs, DS Alberti, A Armbruster, T Artioli, G Colella, C Galli, E Grice, JD Liebau, F Mandarino, JA Minato, H Nickel, EH Passaglia, E Peacor, DR Quartieri, S Rinaldi, R Ross, M Sheppard, RA Tillmanns, E Vezzalini, G TI Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: Report of the subcommittee on zeolites of the international mineralogical association, commission on new minerals and mineral names SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY LA English DT Review DE zeolite nomenclature; herschelite; leonhardite; svetlozarite; wellsite; brewsterite; chabazite; clinoptilolite; dachiardite; erionite; faujasite; ferrierite; gmelinite; heulandite; levyne; paulingite; phillipsite; stilbite ID HIGH-SILICA ZEOLITE; PARTIALLY DISORDERED NATROLITE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; HEULANDITE GROUP ZEOLITES; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; X-RAY; NATURAL COUNTERPART; ORDER-DISORDER; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; K-RICH AB This report embodies recommendations on zeolite nomenclature approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. In a working definition of a zeolite mineral used for this review, structures containing an interrupted framework of tetrahedra are accepted where other zeolitic properties prevail, and complete substitution by elements other than Si and Al is allowed. Separate species are recognized in topologically distinctive compositional series in which different extra-framework cations are the most abundant in atomic proportions. To name these, the appropriate chemical symbol is attached by a hyphen to the series name as a suffix, except for the names harmotome, pollucite and wairakite in the phillipsite and analcime series. Differences in space-group symmetry and in order-disorder relationships in zeolites having the same topologically distinctive framework do not in general provide adequate grounds for recognition of separate species. Zeolite species are not to be distinguished solely on Si:Al ratio except for heulandite (Si:Al < 4.0) and clinoptilolite (Si:Al greater than or equal to 4.0). Dehydration, partial hydration and over-hydration are not sufficient grounds for the recognition of separate species of zeolites. Use of the term "ideal formula" should be avoided in referring to a simplified or averaged formula of zeolite. Newly recognized species in compositional series are as follows: brewsterite-Sr, -Ba; chabazite-Ca, -Na, -K; clinoptilolite-K, -Na, -Ca; dachiardite-Ca, -Na; erionite-Na, -K, -Ca; faujasite-Na, -Ca, -Mg; ferrierite-Mg, -K, -Na; gmelinite-Na, -Ca, -K; heulandite-Ca, -Na, -K, -Sr; levyne-Ca, -Na; paulingite-K, -Ca; phillipsite-Na, -Ca, -K; stilbite-Ca, -Na. Key references, type locality, origin of name, chemical data, IZA structure-type symbols, space-group symmetry, unit-cell dimensions, and comments on structure are listed for 13 compositional series, 82 accepted zeolite mineral species, and three of doubtful status. Herschelite, leonhardite, svetlozarite and wellsite are discredited as mineral species names. Obsolete and discredited names are listed. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Geol, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Ferrara, Ist Mineral, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Univ Bern, Lab Chem & Mineral Kristallog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Mat & Prod, I-80125 Naples, Italy. Univ Modena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Canadian Museum Nat, Div Mineral Sci, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. Univ Kiel, Mineral Petrog Inst, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Mineral, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. CSIRO, Div Explorat & Min, Wembly, WA 6014, Australia. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Mineral & Kristallog, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Coombs, DS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Geol, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. RI Artioli, Gilberto/F-2149-2015; Vezzalini, Giovanna/L-4077-2015; OI Artioli, Gilberto/0000-0002-8693-7392; Vezzalini, Giovanna/0000-0002-4050-7311; Quartieri, Simona/0000-0001-5646-8057; Armbruster, Thomas/0000-0002-9586-2097 NR 306 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 12 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0935-1221 J9 EUR J MINERAL JI Eur. J. Mineral. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1037 EP 1081 PG 45 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 123LE UT WOS:000076126000015 ER PT J AU Maita, M Satoh, K Fukuda, Y Lee, HK Winton, JR Okamoto, N AF Maita, M Satoh, K Fukuda, Y Lee, HK Winton, JR Okamoto, N TI Correlation between plasma component levels of cultured fish and resistance to bacterial infection SO FISH PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE yellowtail; Lactococcus garvieae; rainbow trout; Vibrio anguillarum; disease resistance; plasma lipid component; health indicator ID DISSOLVED-OXYGEN CONCENTRATION; ENTEROCOCCUS-SERIOLICIDA; YELLOWTAIL AB Mortalities of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata artificially infected with Lactococcus garvieae and of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss artificially infected with Vibrio anguillarum were compared with the levels of plasma components measured prior to challenge. The levels of plasma total cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipid of fish surviving infection were significantly higher in both yellowtail and rainbow trout than those of fish which died during the challenge test. Mortality of yellowtail with plasma total cholesterol levels lower than 250 mg/100 ml was significantly higher than that of fish which had cholesterol levels higher than 275 mg/100 ml (p < 0.05). Rainbow trout whose cholesterol was lower than 520 mg/100 mi suffered a significantly higher mortality due to vibriosis than fish having cholesterol levels higher than 560 mg/100 ml (p < 0.005). These results indicate that low levels of plasma lipid components may be an indicator of lowered disease resistance in cultured fish. C1 Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Dept Aquat Biosci, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. Oita Inst Marine & Fisheries Sci, Oita 8792601, Japan. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Maita, M (reprint author), Tokyo Univ Fisheries, Dept Aquat Biosci, Konan 4, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. EM mmaita@tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp RI MAITA, Masashi/O-1941-2014 NR 9 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU JAPAN SOC FISH PATHOL DEPT FISHERIES-FAC AGR PI TOKYO PA ACADEMY CENTER 358-5, YAMABUKI-CHO, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO, 162-0801, JAPAN SN 0388-788X J9 FISH PATHOL JI Fish Pathol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 129 EP 133 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 120JJ UT WOS:000075953000004 ER PT J AU Kauffman, SJ Herman, JS Jones, BF AF Kauffman, SJ Herman, JS Jones, BF TI Lithological and hydrological influences on ground-water composition in a heterogeneous carbonate-clay aquifer system SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FLORIDAN AQUIFER; COASTAL-PLAIN; MASS-TRANSFER; GEOCHEMISTRY; MAGNESIUM; EVOLUTION; SULFATE AB The influence of clay units on ground-water composition was investigated in a heterogeneous carbonate aquifer system of Miocene age in southwest Florida, known as the Intermediate aquifer system. Regionally, the ground water is recharged inland, flows laterally and to greater depths in the aquifer systems, and is discharged vertically upward at the saltwater interface along the coast. A depth profile of water composition was obtained by sampling ground water from discrete intervals within the permeable carbonate units during coring and by squeezing pore water from a core of the less-permeable clay layers. A normative salt analysis of solute compositions in the water indicated a marine origin for both types of water and an evolutionary pathway for the clay water that involves day diagenesis, The chemical composition of the ground water in the carbonate bedrock is significantly different from that of the pore water in the day layers. Dissolution of clays and opaline silica results in high silica concentrations relative to water in other parts of the Intermediate aquifer system, Water enriched in chloride relative to the overlying and underlying ground water recharges the aquifer inland where the confining clay layer is absent, and it dissolves carbonate and silicate minerals and reacts with clays along its now path, eventually reaching this coastal site and resulting in the high chloride and silica concentrations observed in the middle part of the Intermediate aquifer system. Reaction-path modeling suggests that the recharging surficial water mixes with sulfate-rich water upwelling from the Upper Floridan aquifer, and carbonate mineral dissolution and precipitation, weathering and exchange reactions, clay mineral diagenesis, clay and silica dissolution, organic carbon oxidation, and iron and sulfate reduction result in the observed water compositions. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kauffman, SJ (reprint author), 160 Pk Terrace Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 USA. EM sjk@erols.com NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 110 IS 9 BP 1163 EP 1173 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1163:LAHIOG>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116TG UT WOS:000075740200004 ER PT J AU Stanley, WD Benz, HM Walters, MA Villasenor, A Rodriguez, BD AF Stanley, WD Benz, HM Walters, MA Villasenor, A Rodriguez, BD TI Tectonic controls on magmatism in The Geysers-Clear Lake region: Evidence from new geophysical models SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT ZONE; GEOTHERMAL AREA; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; GEOMETRY; TRANSFORM; EVOLUTION; FELSITE AB In order to study magmatism and geothermal systems in The Geysers-Clear Lake region, Ne developed a detailed three-dimensional tomographic velocity model based on local earthquakes. This high-resolution model resolves the velocity structure of the crust in the region to depths of approximately 12 km. The most significant velocity contrasts in The Geysers-Clear Lake region occur in the steam production area, where high velocities are associated with a Quaternary granitic pluton, and in the Mount Hannah region, where low velocities occur in a 5-km-thick section of Mesozoic argillites, In addition, a more regional tomographic model was developed using traveltimes from earthquakes covering most of northern California. This regional model sampled the whole crust, but at a lower resolution than the local model. The regional model outlines low velocities at depths of 8-12 lan in The Geysers-Clear Lake area, which extend eastward to the Coast Range thrust. These low velocities are inferred to be related to unmetamorphosed Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. In addition, the regional velocity model indicates high velocities in the lower crust beneath the Clear Lake volcanic field, which we interpret to be associated with mafic underplating. No large silicic magma chamber is noted in either the local or regional tomographic models. A three-dimensional gravity model also has been developed in the area of the tomographic imaging. Our gravity model demonstrates that all density contrasts can be accounted for in the upper 5-7 lan of the crust. Two-dimensional magnetotelluric models of data from a regional, east-west profile indicate high resistivities associated with the granitic pluton in The Geysers production area and low resistivities in the low-velocity section of Mesozoic argillites near Mount Hannah. No indication of midcrustal magma bodies is present in the magnetotelluric data. On the basis of heat dow and geologic evidence, Holocene intrusive activity is thought to have occurred near the Northwest Geysers, Mount Hannah, Sulphur Bank Mine, and perhaps other areas. The geophysical data provide no conclusive evidence for such activity, but the detailed velocity model is suggestive of intrusive activity near Mount Hannah similar to that in the "felsite" of The Geysers production area The geophysical models, seismicity patterns, distribution of volcanic vents, heat now, and other data indicate that small, young intrusive bodies that were injected along a northeast trend from The Geysers to Clear Lake probably control the thermal regime. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. CalEnergy Corp, Ridgecrest, CA USA. RP Stanley, WD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Villasenor, Antonio/A-8037-2008; OI Villasenor, Antonio/0000-0001-8592-4832; Walters, Mark/0000-0001-8458-4813 NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 110 IS 9 BP 1193 EP 1207 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1193:TCOMIT>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116TG UT WOS:000075740200006 ER PT J AU Moore, JC Klaus, A Bangs, NL Bekins, B Bucker, CJ Bruckmann, W Erickson, SN Hansen, O Horton, T Ireland, P Major, CO Moore, GF Peacock, S Saito, S Screaton, EJ Shimeld, JW Stauffer, PH Taymaz, T Teas, PA Tokunaga, T AF Moore, JC Klaus, A Bangs, NL Bekins, B Bucker, CJ Bruckmann, W Erickson, SN Hansen, O Horton, T Ireland, P Major, CO Moore, GF Peacock, S Saito, S Screaton, EJ Shimeld, JW Stauffer, PH Taymaz, T Teas, PA Tokunaga, T TI Consolidation patterns during initiation and evolution of a plate-boundary decollement zone: Northern Barbados accretionary prism SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIDGE DECOLLEMENT; POROSITY; STRENGTH; COMPLEX; SEDIMENTS; DILATION; MODELS AB Borehole logs from the northern Barbados accretionary prism show that the plate-boundary decollement initiates in a low-density radiolarian claystone. With continued thrusting, the decollement zone consolidates, but in a patchy manner. The logs calibrate a three-dimensional seismic reflection image of the decollement zone and indicate which portions are of low density and enriched in fluid, and which portions have consolidated. The seismic image demonstrates that an underconsolidated patch of the decollement zone connects to a fluid-rich conduit extending down the decollement surface. Fluid migration up this conduit probably supports the open pore structure in the underconsolidated patch. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ocean Drilling Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Niedersaechs Landesamt Bodenforsch Geowissensch G, D-30631 Hannover, Germany. Christian Albrechts Univ, GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Anadrill Schlumberger, Youngsville, LA USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Earth Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Tokyo 164, Japan. Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Istanbul Tech Univ, Jeofiz Muhendisligi Bolumu, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. Univ Tokyo, Dept Geosyst Engn, Tokyo 113, Japan. RP Moore, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RI Bangs, Nathan/A-1584-2009; Moore, Gregory/A-2860-2009; OI Bangs, Nathan/0000-0002-4377-3463; Moore, Gregory/0000-0002-9649-3174; Stauffer, Philip/0000-0002-6976-221X NR 23 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 26 IS 9 BP 811 EP 814 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 116TH UT WOS:000075740300011 ER PT J AU Mahler, BJ Winkler, M Bennett, P Hillis, DM AF Mahler, BJ Winkler, M Bennett, P Hillis, DM TI DNA-labeled clay: A sensitive new method for tracing particle transport SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION; PROTECTION; WETLANDS; TRACER; SOILS AB The behavior of mobile colloids and sediment in most natural environments remains poorly understood, in part because characteristics of existing sediment tracers limit their widespread use. Here we describe the development of a new approach that uses a DNA-labeled montmorillonite clay as a highly sensitive and selective sediment tracer that can potentially characterize sediment and colloid transport in a wide variety of environments, including marine, wetland, ground-mater, and atmospheric systems. Characteristics of DNA in natural systems render it unsuitable as an aqueous tracer but admirably suited as a label for tracing particulates, The DNA-labeled-clay approach, using techniques developed from molecular biology, has extremely low detection limits, very specific detection, and a virtually infinite number of tracer signatures, Furthermore, DNA-labeled clay has the same physical characteristics as the particles it is designed to trace, it is environmentally benign, and it can be relatively inexpensively produced and detected. Our initial results show that short (500 base pair) strands of synthetically produced DNA reversibly adsorb to both Na-montmorillonite and powdered silica surfaces via a magnesium bridge. The DNA-montmorillonite surface complexes are stable in calcium-bicarbonate spring waters for periods of up to 18 days and only slowly desorb to the aqueous phase, whereas the silica surface complex is stable only in distilled water. Both materials readily release the adsorbed DNA in dilute EDTA solutions for amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantification, The stability of the DNA-labeled clay complex suggests that this material would be appropriate for use as an extremely sensitive sediment tracer far flow periods of as long as 2 weeks, and possibly longer. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Amb Inc, Austin, TX 78744 USA. RP Mahler, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8011 Cameron Rd, Austin, TX 78754 USA. EM bjmahler@usgs.gov RI Hillis, David/B-4278-2008; OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552 NR 27 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 26 IS 9 BP 831 EP 834 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0831:DLCASN>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 116TH UT WOS:000075740300016 ER PT J AU Glazner, AF Miller, DM AF Glazner, AF Miller, DM TI Late-stage sinking of plutons: Reply SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Glazner, AF (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol, CB 3315, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 26 IS 9 BP 864 EP 864 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA 116TH UT WOS:000075740300028 ER PT J AU Larsen, MC Torres-Sanchez, AJ AF Larsen, MC Torres-Sanchez, AJ TI The frequency and distribution of recent landslides in three montane tropical regions of Puerto Rico SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landslides; landslide frequency; humid tropics; Geographic information System; Puerto Rico; rainfall ID FOREST; DISTURBANCE; ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENT; RAINFALL AB Landslides are common in steep mountainous areas of Puerto Rico where mean annual rainfall and the frequency of intense storms are high. Each year, landslides cause extensive damage to property and occasionally result in loss of life. Average population density is high, 422 people/km(2), and is increasing. This increase in population density is accompanied by growing stress on the natural environment and physical infrastructure. As a result, human populations are more vulnerable to landslide hazards. The Blanco, Cibuco, and Coamo study areas range in surface area from 276 to 350 km(2) and represent the climatologic, geographic, and geologic conditions that typify Puerto Rico. Maps of recent landslides developed from 1:20,000-scale aerial photographs, in combination with a computerized geographic information system, were used to evaluate the frequency and distribution of shallow landslides in these areas. Several types of landslides were documented-rainfall-triggered debris flows, shallow soil slips, and slumps were most abundant. Hillslopes in the study area that have been anthropogenically modified, exceed 12 degrees in gradient, are greater than 300 m in elevation, and face the east-northeast, are most prone to landsliding. A set of simplified matrices representing geographic conditions in the three study areas was developed and provides a basis for the estimation of the spatial controls on the frequency of landslides in Puerto Rico. This approach is an example of an analysis of the frequency of landslides that is computationally simple, and therefore, may be easily transferable to other settings. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Larsen, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, 651 Fed Blvd, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. NR 50 TC 91 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 309 EP 331 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00023-3 PG 23 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 115YT UT WOS:000075694500003 ER PT J AU Cohn, TA Gohn, KK AF Cohn, TA Gohn, KK TI PPP 2000 - A new approach to dealing with disasters SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Mapping Div, MAC, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Cohn, TA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Surface Water, 415 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 9 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 116FD UT WOS:000075712700005 ER PT J AU Wittenberg, U Heimann, M Esser, G McGuire, AD Sauf, W AF Wittenberg, U Heimann, M Esser, G McGuire, AD Sauf, W TI On the influence of biomass burning on the seasonal CO2 signal as observed at monitoring stations SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-MONOXIDE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; AFRICAN SAVANNA FIRES; CHEMISTRY; DIOXIDE; BRAZIL; CYCLES AB We investigated the role of biomass burning in simulating the seasonal signal in both prognostic and diagnostic analyses. The prognostic analysis involved the High-Resolution Biosphere Model, a prognostic terrestrial biosphere model, and the coupled vegetation fire module, which together produce a prognostic data set of biomass burning. The diagnostic analysis involved the Simple Diagnostic Biosphere Model (SDBM) and the Hao and Liu [1994] diagnostic data set of biomass burning, which have been scaled to global 2 and 4 Pg C yr(-1), respectively. The monthly carbon exchange fields between the atmosphere and the biosphere with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees, the seasonal atmosphere-ocean exchange fields, and the emissions from fossil fuels have been coupled to the three-dimensional atmospheric transport model TM2. We have chosen eight monitoring stations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration network to compare the predicted seasonal atmospheric CO2 signals with those deduced from atmosphere-biosphere carbon exchange fluxes without any contribution from biomass burning. The prognostic analysis and the diagnostic analysis with global burning emissions of 4 Pg C yr(-1) agree with respect to the change in the amplitude of the seasonal CO2 concentration introduced through biomass burning. We find that the seasonal CO2 signal at stations in higher northern latitudes (north of 30 degrees N) is marginally influenced by biomass burning. For stations in tropical regions an increase in the CO2 amplitude of more than 1 ppmv (up to 50% with respect to the observed trough to peak amplitude) has been calculated. Biomass burning at stations farther south accounts for an increase in the CO2 amplitude of up to 59% (0.6 ppmv). A change in the phase of the seasonal CO2 signal at tropical and southern stations has been shown to be strongly influenced by the onset of biomass burning in southern tropical Africa and America. Comparing simulated and observed seasonal CO2 signals, we find higher discrepancies at southern tropical stations if biomass burning emissions are included. This is caused by the additional increase in the amplitude in the prognostic analysis and a phase shift in a diagnostic analysis. In contrast, at the northern tropical stations biomass burning tends to improve the estimates of the seasonal CO2 signal in the prognostic analysis because of strengthening of the amplitude. Since the SDBM predicts the seasonal CO2 signal reasonably well for the northern hemisphere tropical stations, no general improvement of the fit occurs if biomass burning emissions are considered. C1 Univ Giessen, Inst Plant Ecol, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Wittenberg, U (reprint author), Univ Giessen, Inst Plant Ecol, Heinrich Buff Ring 38, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. EM Uwe.Wittenberg@bot2.bio.uni-giessen.de; Martin.Heimann@dkrz.de; Gerd.Esser@bot2.bio.uni-giessen.de; ffadm@uaf.edu; Sauf@dkrz.de RI Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 53 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 531 EP 544 DI 10.1029/98GB01532 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 115DY UT WOS:000075649300009 ER PT J AU Perry, G Rodda, GH Fritts, TH Sharp, TR AF Perry, G Rodda, GH Fritts, TH Sharp, TR TI The lizard fauna of Guam's fringing islets: island biogeography, phylogenetic history, and conservation implications SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE island biogeography; Guam; lizard diversity; conservation; exotic predator; nested subsets; brown treesnake; geckos; skinks ID PATTERNS; VERTEBRATES; SNAKE AB We sampled the lizard fauna of twenty-two small islets fringing the Pacific island of Guam and used these data to shed light on the processes responsible for present-day diversity. Habitat diversity, measured by islet area and vegetation complexity, was significantly correlated with the number of species found on an islet. However, islet distance and elevation were not significant predictors of diversity. Distribution patterns were slightly different for the two major families in our sample, Scincidae and Gekkonidae: skinks needed larger islets to maintain a population than did geckos. Presence/absence patterns were highly and significantly nested, and population density was correlated with the number of islets on which a species was found. An area cladogram was poorly supported and showed no faunal similarity between nearby islands. These patterns indicate that extinctions on most islets were due mostly to non-catastrophic, long-acting biological causes. The presence on the islets of species extirpated on Guam and the lack of significant nestedness on islands with greater maximum elevation highlight the impact that predators (primarily brown treesnakes) can have. Our findings also show that small reserves will not suffice to protect endangered lizard faunas, and that the islets may serve as a short-term repository of such species until snake-free areas can be established on Guam. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Zool, Brown Treesnake Project, Dededo, GU 96912 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Perry, G (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Zool, Brown Treesnake Project, POB 8255,MOU-3, Dededo, GU 96912 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 7 IS 5 BP 353 EP 365 DI 10.1046/j.1466-822x.1998.00307.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 153ZX UT WOS:000077864500003 ER PT J AU Seiler, RL AF Seiler, RL TI Letter to the editor SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Seiler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 333 W Nee Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 710 EP 710 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02183.x PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 120NK UT WOS:000075962300005 ER PT J AU Nimick, DA AF Nimick, DA TI Arsenic hydrogeochemistry in an irrigated river valley - A reevaluation SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; GROUNDWATER; ADSORPTION; TRANSPORT; RECHARGE; AQUIFER; SOILS AB Arsenic concentrations in ground water of the lower Madison River valley, Montana, are high (16 to 176 mu g/L). Previous studies hypothesized that arsenic-rich river water, applied as irrigation, was evapoconcentrated during recharge and contaminated the thin alluvial aquifer, Based on additional data collection and a reevaluation of the hydrology and geochemistry of the valley, the high arsenic concentrations in ground water are caused by a unique combination of natural hydrologic and geochemical factors, and irrigation appears to play a secondary role. The high arsenic concentrations in ground water have several causes: direct aquifer recharge by Madison River water having arsenic concentrations as high as 100 mu g/L, leaching of arsenic from Tertiary volcano-elastic sediment, and release of sorbed arsenic where redox conditions in ground water are reduced. The findings are consistent with related studies that demonstrate that arsenic is sorbed by irrigated soils in the valley, Although evaporation of applied irrigation water does not significantly increase arsenic concentrations in ground water, irrigation with arsenic-rich water raises other environmental concerns. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Helena, MT 59626 USA. RP Nimick, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Drawer 10076,Fed Bldg, Helena, MT 59626 USA. OI Nimick, David/0000-0002-8532-9192 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 743 EP 753 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02191.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 120NK UT WOS:000075962300013 ER PT J AU Mahler, BJ Bennett, PC Zimmerman, M AF Mahler, BJ Bennett, PC Zimmerman, M TI Lanthanide-labeled clay: A new method for tracing sediment transport in karst SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; DEEP-OCEAN; TRACER; BIOTURBATION; WATER; MONTMORILLONITE AB Mobile sediment is a fundamental yet poorly characterized aspect of mass transport through karst aquifers. Here the development and field testing of an extremely sensitive particle tracer that may be used to characterize sediment transport in karst aquifers is described. The tracer consists of micron-size montmorillonite particles homoionized to the lanthanide form; after injection and retrieval from a ground water system, the lanthanide ions are chemically stripped from the clay and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, The tracer meets the following desired criteria: low detection limit; a number of differentiable signatures; inexpensive production and quantification using standard methods; no environmental risks; and hydrodynamic properties similar to the in situ sediment it is designed to trace. The tracer was tested in laboratory batch experiments and field tested in both surface water and ground water systems. In surface water, arrival times of the tracer were similar to those of a conservative water tracer, although a significant amount of material was lost due to settling. Two tracer tests were undertaken in a karst aquifer under different flow conditions. Under normal flow conditions, the time of arrival and peak concentration of the tracer were similar to or preceded that of a conservative water tracer. Under low flow conditions, the particle tracer was not detected, suggesting that in low flow the sediment settles out of suspension and goes into storage. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Mahler, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8011 Cameron Rd, Austin, TX 78754 USA. EM bjmahler@usgs.gov OI Mahler, Barbara/0000-0002-9150-9552 NR 37 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 36 IS 5 BP 835 EP 843 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02202.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 120NK UT WOS:000075962300024 ER PT J AU Strobel, ML Strobel, CJ Delin, GN AF Strobel, ML Strobel, CJ Delin, GN TI Design for a packer/vacuum slug test system for estimating hydraulic conductivity in wells with LNAPLs, casing leaks, or water tables intersecting the screens SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 4 BP 77 EP 80 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00167.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 140WK UT WOS:000077112300005 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM Pankow, JF Church, CD Tratnyek, PG AF Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH Bradley, PM Pankow, JF Church, CD Tratnyek, PG TI Fate of MTBE relative to benzene in a gasoline-contaminated aquifer (1993-98) SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; ELECTRON-ACCEPTING PROCESSES; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; METHYL; GROUNDWATER; DEGRADATION; SOILS AB Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene have been measured since 1993 in a shallow, sandy aquifer contaminated by a mid-1980s release of gasoline containing fuel oxygenates. In wells downgradient of the release area, MTBE was detected before benzene, reflecting a chromatographic-like separation of these compounds in the direction of ground water flow. Higher concentrations of MTBE and benzene were measured in the deeper sampling ports of multilevel sampling wells located near the release area, and also up to 10 feet (3 m) below the water table surface in nested wells located farther from the release area. This distribution of higher concentrations at depth is caused by recharge events that deflect originally horizontal ground water flowlines. In the laboratory, microcosms containing aquifer material incubated with uniformly labeled C-14-MTBE under aerobic and anaerobic, Fe(III)-reducing conditions indicated a low but measurable biodegradation potential(<3% C-14-MTBE as (CO2)-C-14) after a seven-month incubation period. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), a proposed microbial-MTBE transformation intermediate, was detected in MTBE-contaminated wells, but TEA was also measured in unsaturated release area sediments. This suggests that TEA may have been present in the original fuel spilled and does not necessarily reflect microbial degradation of MTBE. Combined, these data suggest that milligram per liter to microgram per liter decreases in MTBE concentrations relative to benzene are caused by the natural attenuation processes of dilution and dispersion with less-contaminated ground water in the direction of flow rather than biodegradation at this point source gasoline release site. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Landmeyer, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Ste 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 28 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 11 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 4 BP 93 EP 102 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00168.x PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 140WK UT WOS:000077112300007 ER PT J AU Greeley, R Sullivan, R Klemaszewski, J Homan, K Head, JW Pappalardo, RT Veverka, J Clark, BE Johnson, TV Klaasen, KP Belton, M Moore, J Asphaug, E Carr, MH Neukum, G Denk, T Chapman, CR Pilcher, CB Geissler, PE Greenberg, R Tufts, R AF Greeley, R Sullivan, R Klemaszewski, J Homan, K Head, JW Pappalardo, RT Veverka, J Clark, BE Johnson, TV Klaasen, KP Belton, M Moore, J Asphaug, E Carr, MH Neukum, G Denk, T Chapman, CR Pilcher, CB Geissler, PE Greenberg, R Tufts, R TI Europa: Initial Galileo geological observations SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Europa; Europa geology; Galileo; Galilean satellites; jovian satellites ID TIDAL STRESSES; ICY SATELLITES; JUPITER; PATTERNS; WATER; FRACTURE; STATE; SHELL AB Images of Europa from the Galileo spacecraft show a surface with a complex history involving tectonic deformation, impact cratering, and possible emplacement of ice-rich materials and perhaps liquids on the surface, Differences in impact crater distributions suggest that some areas have been resurfaced more recently than others; Europa could experience current cryovolcanic and tectonic activity. Global-scale patterns of tectonic features suggest deformation resulting from non-synchronous rotation of Europa around Jupiter. Some regions of the lithosphere have been fractured, with icy plates separated and rotated into new positions. The dimensions of these plates suggest that the depth to liquid or mobile ice was only a few kilometers at the time of disruption. Some surfaces have also been up-warped, possibly by diapirs, cryomagmatic intrusions, or convective upwelling. In some places, this deformation has led to the development of chaotic terrain in which surface material has collapsed and/or been eroded. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Astrogeol Studies, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85271 USA. RP Greeley, R (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM greeley@asu.edu NR 82 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 4 EP 24 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5969 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 129WZ UT WOS:000076488200002 ER PT J AU Greenberg, R Geissler, P Hoppa, G Tufts, BR Durda, DD Pappalardo, R Head, JW Greeley, R Sullivan, R Carr, MH AF Greenberg, R Geissler, P Hoppa, G Tufts, BR Durda, DD Pappalardo, R Head, JW Greeley, R Sullivan, R Carr, MH TI Tectonic processes on Europa: Tidal stresses, mechanical response, and visible features SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Europa; geological processes; ices; tectonics; tides ID ICE SHELL; GALILEAN SATELLITES; PATTERNS; FRACTURE AB Europa's orbital eccentricity, driven by the resonance with Io and Ganymede, results in "diurnal" tides (3.5-day period) and possibly in nonsynchronous rotation. Both diurnal variation and nonsynchronous rotation can create significant stress fields on Europa's surface, and both effects may produce cracking. Patterns and time sequences of apparent tectonic features on Europa include lineaments that correlate with both sources of stress, if we take into account nonsynchronous rotation, after initial crack formation, by amounts ranging up to several tens of degrees. For example, the crosscutting time sequence of features in the Cadmus and Mines Linea region is consistent with a combined diurnal and nonsynchronous tensile-stress field, as it evolves during tens of degrees of nonsynchronous rotation. Constraints on the rotation rate from comparing Voyager and Galileo images show that significant rotation requires >10(4) yr, but could be fast enough to have allowed significant rotation since the last global resurfacing, even if such resurfacing was as recent as a few million years ago. Once cracking is initiated, diurnal tides work cracks so that they open and close daily. Although the daily effect is small, over 10(5) yr double ridges could plausibly be built along the cracks with sizes and morphologies consistent with observed structures, according to a model in which underlying liquid water fills the open cracks, partially freezes, and is extruded during the daily closing of the cracks. Thus, several lines of observational and theoretical evidence can be integrated if we assume nonsynchronous rotation and the existence of a liquid water layer. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Studies, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Greenberg, R (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 39 TC 176 Z9 177 U1 2 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 64 EP 78 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5986 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 129WZ UT WOS:000076488200005 ER PT J AU Moore, JM Asphaug, E Sullivan, RJ Klemaszewski, JE Bender, KC Greeley, R Geissler, PE McEwen, AS Turtle, EP Phillips, CB Tufts, BR Head, JW Pappalardo, RT Jones, KB Chapman, CR Belton, MJS Kirk, RL Morrison, D AF Moore, JM Asphaug, E Sullivan, RJ Klemaszewski, JE Bender, KC Greeley, R Geissler, PE McEwen, AS Turtle, EP Phillips, CB Tufts, BR Head, JW Pappalardo, RT Jones, KB Chapman, CR Belton, MJS Kirk, RL Morrison, D TI Large impact features on Europa: Results of the Galileo nominal mission SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID GANYMEDE; ICE; CALLISTO; CORONAE; ORIGIN; VENUS; SATELLITES; RELAXATION; EVOLUTION; RHEOLOGY AB The Galileo Orbiter examined several impact features on Europa at considerably better resolution than was possible from Voyager. The new data allow us to describe the morphology and infer the geology of the largest impact features on Europa, which are probes into the crust, We observe two basic types of large impact features: (1) "classic" impact craters that grossly resemble well-preserved lunar craters of similar size but are more topographically subdued (e.g., Pwyll) and (2) very flat circular features that lack the basic topographic structures of impact craters such as raised rims, a central depression, or central peaks, and which largely owe their identification as impact features to the field of secondary craters radially sprayed about them (e.g., Callanish), Our interpretation is that the classic craters (all <30 km diameter) formed entirely within a solid target at least 5 to 10 km thick that exhibited brittle behavior an time scales of the impact events. Some of the classic craters have a more subdued topography than fresh craters of similar size on other icy bodies such as Ganymede and Callisto, probably due to the enhanced viscous relaxation produced by a steeper thermal gradient on Europa, Pedestal ejecta facies on Europa (and Ganymede) may be produced by the relief-flattening movement of plastically deforming but otherwise solid ice that was warm at the time of emplacement, Callanish and Tyre do not appear to be larger and even more viscously relaxed versions of the classic craters; rather they display totally different morphologies such as distinctive textures and a series of large concentric structural rings cutting impact-feature-related materials. Impact simulations suggest that the distinctive morphologies would not be produced by impact into a solid ice target, but may be explained by impact into an ice layer similar to 10 to 15 km thick overlying a low-viscosity material such as water. The very wide (near antipodal) separation of Callanish and Tyre imply that similar to 10-15 km may have been the global average thickness of the rigid crust of Europa when these impacts occurred. The absence of detectable craters superposed on the interior deposits of Callanish suggests that it is geologically young (<10(8) years). Hence, it seems likely that our preliminary conclusions about the subsurface structure of Europa apply to the current day. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85717 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Moore, JM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Turtle, Elizabeth/K-8673-2012; Jones, Kevin/A-7449-2014 OI Turtle, Elizabeth/0000-0003-1423-5751; Jones, Kevin/0000-0002-6386-2623 NR 52 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 127 EP 145 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5973 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 129WZ UT WOS:000076488200009 ER PT J AU Carr, MH McEwen, AS Howard, KA Chuang, FC Thomas, P Schuster, P Oberst, J Neukum, G Schubert, G AF Carr, MH McEwen, AS Howard, KA Chuang, FC Thomas, P Schuster, P Oberst, J Neukum, G Schubert, G CA Galileo Imaging Team TI Mountains and calderas on Io: Possible implications for lithosphere structure and magma generation SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; satellites of Jupiter; volcanism; geological processes ID SILICATE VOLCANISM; HEAT-FLOW; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; HOT-SPOTS; RA PATERA; TOPOGRAPHY; SURFACE; SATELLITES; STABILITY AB The combination of Voyager images and newly acquired Galileo images with low illumination and resolutions ranging from 2 to 6 km/pixel now allows determination of the global distribution of mountains and volcanic centers on Io. The mountains generally do not have characteristics typical of terrestrial volcanic landforms, they are evenly distributed across the surface and show no obvious correlation with known hot spots or plumes. Relative elevations, determined by shadow measurements and stereoscopy, indicate that mountains in the newly imaged area range in elevation up to at least 7.6 km. The origin of the mountains remains uncertain. Some appear to be multitiered volcanic constructs; others enclosing the partial remains of large circular depressions appear to be remnants of old volcanoes; yet others show extensive tectonic disruption. Volcanic centers also appear to be distributed evenly across the surface except for an apparently somewhat lower density at high latitudes. The low latitudes have one volcanic center per 7 x 10(4) km(2), and, on average, the centers are spaced roughly 250 km apart. The global distribution of high mountains suggests that the lithosphere over most of Io is thick. Although the thickness cannot be calculated, the previously suggested 30 km appears reasonable as a lower limit. The high rates of resurfacing combined with the likely dissipation of most of the tidal energy in the asthenosphere and underlying mantle implies a very low temperature gradient in the upper part of the lithosphere and steep gradients in the lower lithosphere. The slow rate of separation of melt from host rock in the magma source regions as a consequence of the low gravity on Io, coupled with the high rate of magma production, will likely result in larger melt fractions than is typical for source regions on Earth. The variety of volcanic landforms suggests that volcanic products with a range of compositions are deposited on the surface. This mixture will be carried downward through the lithosphere as a consequence of the 0.5-1.5 cm/yr resurfacing rates. During descent, the more volatile components will tend to be driven off early, but complete or near-complete melting at the base of the lithosphere may result in rehomogenization of the silicate mixture that remains. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. DLR, Inst Planetenerkundung, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM carr@astmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 57 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 146 EP 165 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5979 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 129WZ UT WOS:000076488200010 ER PT J AU McEwen, AS Keszthelyi, L Geissler, P Simonelli, DP Carr, MH Johnson, TV Klaasen, KP Breneman, HH Jones, TJ Kaufman, JM Magee, KP Senske, DA Belton, MJS Schubert, G AF McEwen, AS Keszthelyi, L Geissler, P Simonelli, DP Carr, MH Johnson, TV Klaasen, KP Breneman, HH Jones, TJ Kaufman, JM Magee, KP Senske, DA Belton, MJS Schubert, G TI Active volcanism on to as seen by Galileo SSI SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Io; volcanism; infrared observations; satellites of Jupiter; spacecraft ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; JUPITERS SATELLITE IO; SILICATE VOLCANISM; SULFUR FLOWS; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; TIDAL DISSIPATION; THERMAL EMISSION; SOLID SULFUR; LAVA FLOWS AB Active volcanism on Io has been monitored during the nominal Galileo satellite tour from mid 1996 through late 1997, The Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment was able to observe many manifestations of this active volcanism, including (1) changes in the color and albedo of the surface, (2) active airborne plumes, and (3) glowing vents seen in eclipse. About 30 large-scale (tens of kilometers) surface changes are obvious from comparison of the SSI images to those acquired by Voyager in 1979, These include new pyroclastic deposits of several colors, bright and dark flows, and caldera-floor materials. There have also been significant surface changes on Io during the Galileo mission itself, such as a new 400-km-diameter dark pyroclastic deposit around Pillan Patera, While these surface changes are impressive, the number of large-scale changes observed in the four months between the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 flybys in 1979 suggested that over 17 years the cumulative changes would have been much more impressive. There are two reasons why this was not actually the case, First, it appears that the most widespread plume deposits are ephemeral and seem to disappear within a few years. Second, it appears that a large fraction of the volcanic activity is confined to repeated resurfacing of dark calderas and flow fields that cover only a few percent of Io's surface. The plume monitoring has revealed 10 active plumes, comparable to the 9 plumes observed by Voyager. One of these plumes was visible only in the first orbit and three became active in the later orbits, Only the Prometheus plume has been consistently active and easy to detect. Observations of the Pele plume have been particularly intriguing since it was detected only once by SSI, despite repeated attempts, but has been detected several times by the Hubble Space Telescope at 255 nm, Pele's plume is much taller (460 km) than during Voyager 1 (300 km) and much fainter at visible wavelengths. Prometheus-type plumes (50-150 km high, long-lived, associated with high-temperature hot spots) may result from silicate lava flows or shallow intrusions interacting with near-surface SO2. A major and surprising result is that similar to 30 of Io's volcanic vents glow in the dark at the short wavelengths of SSI, These are probably due to thermal emission from surfaces hotter than 700 K (with most hotter than 1000 K), well above the temperature of pure sulfur volcanism. Active silicate volcanism appears ubiquitous, There are also widespread diffuse glows seen in eclipse, related to the interaction of energetic particles with the atmosphere. These diffuse glows are closely associated with the most active volcanic vents, supporting suggestions that Io's atmosphere is dominated by volcanic outgassing. Globally, volcanic centers are rather evenly distributed. However, 14 of the 15 active plumes seen by Voyager and/or Galileo are within 30 degrees of the equator, and there are concentrations of glows seen in eclipse at both the sub- and antijovian points. These patterns might be related to asthenospheric tidal heating or tidal stresses. Io will continue to be observed during the Galileo Europa Mission, which will climax with two close flybys of Io in late 1999. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP McEwen, AS (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM mcewen@pirl.lpl.arizona.edu NR 95 TC 131 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 181 EP 219 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5972 PG 39 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 129WZ UT WOS:000076488200013 ER PT J AU Pappalardo, RT Head, JW Collins, GC Kirk, RL Neukum, G Oberst, J Giese, B Greeley, R Chapman, CR Helfenstein, P Moore, JM McEwen, A Tufts, BR Senske, DA Breneman, HH Klaasen, K AF Pappalardo, RT Head, JW Collins, GC Kirk, RL Neukum, G Oberst, J Giese, B Greeley, R Chapman, CR Helfenstein, P Moore, JM McEwen, A Tufts, BR Senske, DA Breneman, HH Klaasen, K TI Grooved terrain on Ganymede: First results from Galileo high-resolution imaging SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Ganymede; satellites of Jupiter; tectonics; surfaces, satellite ID EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; SATELLITES; JUPITER; FEATURES; SYSTEM; PHOTOCLINOMETRY; TRANSPRESSION; EVOLUTION; IMAGES; FAULTS AB High-resolution Galileo imaging has provided important insight into the origin and evolution of grooved terrain on Ganymede, The Uruk Sulcus target site was the first imaged at high resolution, and considerations of resolution, viewing geometry, low image compression, and complementary stereo imaging make this region extremely informative. Contrast variations in these low-incidence angle images are extreme and give the visual impression of topographic shading. However, photometric analysis shows that the scene must owe its character to albedo variations. A close correlation of albedo variations to topography is demonstrated by limited stereo coverage, allowing extrapolation of the observed brightness and topographic relationships to the rest of the imaged area. Distinct geological units are apparent across the region, and ridges and grooves are ubiquitous within these units. The stratigraphically lowest and most heavily cratered units ("lineated grooved terrain") generally show morphologies indicative of horst-and-graben-style normal faulting. The stratigraphically highest groove lanes ("parallel ridged terrain") exhibit ridges of roughly triangular cross section, suggesting that tilt-block-style normal faulting has shaped them. These extensional-tectonic models are supported by crosscutting relationships at the margins of groove lanes. Thus, a change in tectonic style with time is suggested in the Uruk Sulcus region, varying from horst and graben faulting for the oldest grooved terrain units to tilt block normal faulting for the latest units. The morphologies and geometries of some stratigraphically high units indicate that a strike-slip component of deformation has played an important role in shaping this region of grooved terrain. The most recent tectonic episode is interpreted as right-lateral transtension, with its tectonic pattern of two contemporaneous structural orientations superimposed on older units of grooved terrain. There is little direct evidence for cryovolcanic resurfacing in the Uruk Sulcus region; instead tectonism appears to be the dominant geological process that has shaped the terrain. A broad wavelength of deformation is indicated, corresponding to the Voyager-observed topography, and may be the result of ductile necking of the lithosphere, while a finer scale of deformation probably reflects faulting of the brittle near surface. The results here form a basis against which other Galileo grooved terrain observations can be compared. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Cornell Univ, Lab Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pappalardo, RT (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM robert_pappalardo@brown.edu NR 66 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD SEP PY 1998 VL 135 IS 1 BP 276 EP 302 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5966 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 129WZ UT WOS:000076488200018 ER PT J AU Barker, CE Bone, Y Lewan, MD AF Barker, CE Bone, Y Lewan, MD TI Fluid inclusion and vitrinite reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the Society-Organic-Petrology (TSOP) CY SEP 15-19, 1996 CL SO ILLINOIS UNIV, CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS HO SO ILLINOIS UNIV DE fluid inclusions; vitrinite reflectance; dike; heat-flow; Gippsland Basin; Australia ID ORGANIC MATURATION; TEMPERATURE; METAMORPHISM; PRESSURE; GEOCHEMISTRY; INTRUSION; VICTORIA; MATTER; QUARTZ; MAGMA AB Nine basalt dikes, ranging from 6 cm to 40 m thick, intruding the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Strzelecki Group, western onshore Gippsland Basin, were used to study maximum temperatures (T-max) reached next to dikes. T-max was estimated from fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry and compared to temperatures calculated using heat-flow models of contact metamorphism. Thermal history reconstruction suggests that at the time of dike intrusion the host rock was at a temperature of 100-135 degrees C. Fracture-bound fluid inclusions in the host rocks next to thin dikes (< 3.4 m thick) suggest T-max systematically increases towards the dike margin to at least 500 degrees C. The estimated T-max next to the thickest dike (thickness (D) = 40 m) suggests an extended zone of elevated Rv-r to at least a distance from the dike contact (X) of 60 m or at X/D > 1.5, using a normalized distance ratio used for comparing measurements between dikes regardless of their thickness. In contrast, the pattern seen next to the thin dikes is a relatively narrow zone of elevated Rv-r. Heat-flow modeling, along with whole rack elemental and isotopic data, suggests that the extended zone of elevated Rv-r is caused by a convection cell with local recharge of the hydrothermal fluids. The narrow zone of elevated Rv-r found next to thin dikes is attributed to the rise of the less dense, heated fluids at the dike contact causing a flow of cooler groundwater towards the dike and thereby limiting its heating effects. The lack of extended heating effects suggests that next to thin dikes an incipient convection system may form in which the heated fluid starts to travel upward along the dike but cooling occurs before a complete convection cell can form. Close to the dike contact at X/D < 0.3, Rv-r often decreases even though fluid inclusion evidence indicates that T-max is still increasing. Further, fluid inclusion evidence indicates that the evolution of water vapor or supercritical fluids in the rock pores corresponds to the zone where Rv-r begins to decrease. The generation of the water vapor or supercritical fluids near the dike contact seems to change vitrinite evolution reactions. These metamorphic conditions, closer to the dike than X/D = 0.3 make vitrinite-reflectance unreliable as a geothermometer. The form of the Rv-r profile, as it indicates T-max, can be interpreted using temperature profiles estimated from various heat-now models to infer whether the dike cooled by conduction, incipient convection, or a convection cell. A contact aureole that consists of decreasing Rv-r or T-max extending out to X/D greater than or equal to 2 and that has a T-contact much greater than (T-magma+T-host)/2 appears to be a signature of simple conductive cooling. Incipient convection is indicated by a Rv-r profile that decreases to background levels at X/D < 1. A convection cell is indicated by a wave-like form of the Rv-r profile and consistently high Rv-r that may not decrease to background levels until beyond distances of X/D > 1.5. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Adelaide, Dept Geol, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. RP Barker, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 86 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00018-4 PG 39 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 138HQ UT WOS:000076966800005 ER PT J AU van Wagtendonk, JW Sydoriak, WM Benedict, JM AF van Wagtendonk, JW Sydoriak, WM Benedict, JM TI Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE fuel heat content; conifers; Sierra Nevada; fire behavior prediction; fire management AB A study of fuels of Siena Nevada conifer species showed that percent ash content, heat content with ash, and heat content without ash of needle and duff fuels significantly varied by species, fuel component, and developmental stage of the overstory. Ash and heat contents of woody fuels varied by species and fuel component but not by developmental stage. Bark fuels significantly differed by species, while no factor significantly affected cone fuels. Regional variation in ash and heat content was evident but small. However, the values reported here for heat content with ash for fine fuels averaged 2.50 MJ kg(-1) higher than the standard values used in fire behavior prediction systems. Using standard values can result in significant under predictions of fireline intensity of an average of 16 percent for all species of up to 47 percent for Pinus albicaulis. C1 US Geol Survey, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. RP van Wagtendonk, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 USA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD SEP PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 147 EP 158 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 131AP UT WOS:000076553800004 ER PT J AU Schetter, TA Lochmiller, RL Leslie, DM Engle, DM Payton, ME AF Schetter, TA Lochmiller, RL Leslie, DM Engle, DM Payton, ME TI Examination of the nitrogen limitation hypothesis in non-cyclic populations of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amino acids; cotton rat; food quality; herbivore nutrition; nitrogen limitation; phenolics; population dynamics; Sigmodon hispidus ID TEXAS COASTAL PRAIRIE; MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS; NUTRITIONAL-REQUIREMENTS; SYMPATRIC RODENTS; FIELD EXPERIMENT; DIETARY-PROTEIN; FOOD QUALITY; REPRODUCTION; GROWTH; VOLE AB 1. Nitrogen-containing nutrients have long been considered a frequently limiting resource to the growth of herbivore populations (nitrogen limitation hypothesis). To explore this hypothesis, we examined the relationships between availability of essential amino acids and concentrations of phenolics in the diets of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in central Oklahoma and the intrinsic characteristics of their non-cyclic populations. We posited that lower quality proteins (i.e. essential amino acid composition) and elevated phenolic levels (protein digestion inhibitors) in diets of cotton rats from low- compared to high-density populations, especially during the breeding season, would be supportive of the nitrogen limitation hypothesis. Replicated low- and high-density populations were censused by live-trapping at 3-month intervals. Samples of stomach digesta were collected from cotton rats in similar habitats adjacent to trapping grids to determine the botanical and nutrient composition of their diets. 2. During the breeding season, concentrations of essential amino acids were as much as 43% greater in diets of cotton rats from high-density populations. Dicots, typically higher in protein than monocots, were an important component of diets and were preferred forage in all seasonal collections. Seeds and arthropods were frequently utilized by cotton rats as additional high-quality sources of essential amino acids. Concentrations of total phenolics in the diet (greater in diets from low-density populations) were consistent with the nitrogen limitation hypothesis. 3. Density was consistently higher in the high-density populations throughout the study. Other demographic and body condition parameters were similar between low- and high-density populations in the non-breeding season, but reproductive activity was greater in high-density populations during the breeding season. Total number of juveniles recruited into the trappable population over the entire study was about five times greater in high compared to low-density populations. 4. Our data did not refute the nitrogen limitation hypothesis where levels of essential amino acids and phenolic compounds in the diet during the breeding season may determine annual peak densities of cotton rats that can be supported in their habitat. However, we could not rule out the involvement of other environmental variables such as overhead cover (as well as other unmeasured variables) as contributing factors to determining annual peak densities. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Agron, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Lochmiller, RL (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM rllzool@okway.okstate.edu NR 64 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 67 IS 5 BP 705 EP 721 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00240.x PG 17 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 122ZA UT WOS:000076100300004 ER PT J AU Golet, GH Irons, DB Estes, JA AF Golet, GH Irons, DB Estes, JA TI Survival costs of chick rearing in black-legged kittiwakes SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE body condition; clutch-size manipulation; cost of reproduction; life history trade-off; parental investment ID BROOD-SIZE MANIPULATIONS; TIT PARUS-MAJOR; FLYCATCHER FICEDULA-HYPOLEUCA; KESTREL FALCO-TINNUNCULUS; DOVE STREPTOPELIA-RISORIA; BREEDING BLUE TITS; SWIFT APUS-APUS; CLUTCH-SIZE; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; GREAT TIT AB 1. We tested for costs of chick rearing in the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) by removing entire clutches from 149 of 405 randomly selected nests, in which one or both mates was colour-banded. After the manipulation, we monitored adult nest attendance and body condition at unmanipulated and manipulated nests, and measured the survival and fecundity of these adults the following year. 2. Late in the chick-rearing period, adults from unmanipulated nests (i.e. with chicks) went on significantly longer foraging trips, and were significantly lighter for their size, than adults from manipulated nests (i.e. without chicks). 3. Adults from unmanipulated nests also survived to the following nesting season at a significantly lower rate than those from the manipulated nests (0.898 vs. 0.953), suggesting that attempting to raise chicks can reduce life expectancy by 55%. 4. There was a tendency for adults from nests that were unmanipulated in year one to have lower reproductive success in year two, primarily because of reduced hedging success, and a higher incidence of non-breeding. 5. These findings suggest that mass loss in kittiwakes during chick rearing may not be adaptive. Raising chicks can lead to reproductive costs, and the causal mechanism appears to be a reduction in body condition. 6. We compare our results with previous brood (or clutch) size manipulation experiments that have measured adult body condition, survival and/or future fecundity. Although the empirical evidence suggests that long-lived species are more likely to experience survival costs than short-lived species, we believe the opposite may be true. We suggest that shifting the experimental protocol of cost of reproduction studies from brood enlargements (an approach taken in most prior studies) to brood reductions will provide more accurate quantifications of naturally occurring costs. 7. The cost of reproduction is one mechanism proposed to explain the reduced survival rates reported for kittiwake populations in the North Atlantic relative to those in the North Pacific ocean. Oceanographic data, however, suggest that lower food availability may limit survival of kittiwakes in the North Atlantic where a deeper mixed layer and reduced primary production combine to make conditions less favourable for this seabird during the winter months. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 105 TC 121 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 67 IS 5 BP 827 EP 841 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00233.x PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 122ZA UT WOS:000076100300014 ER PT J AU Starliper, CE Cooper, RK AF Starliper, CE Cooper, RK TI Biochemical and conjugation studies of Romet-resistant strains of Aeromonas salmonicida from salmonid rearing facilities in the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; ATLANTIC SALMON; SALAR L; SCOTLAND AB Strains of Aeromonas salmonicida (n = 585) were collected from covertly infected and diseased salmonid hosts from 12 hatcheries in the eastern United States. Strains and sites were selected because of their potential for harboring antimicrobial resistance, in particular, to Romet(TM). Resistance to Romet was displayed by 315 strains (53.8%), which were isolated from all six host species sampled at 10 of 12 sites. Thirty of the resistant strains (9.5%) from five sites had no zone of inhibition, whereas the other strains had either confluent growth or resistant colonies within a zone of inhibition. Fifty-one resistant strains, representing each of the three resistance phenotypes, were selected for biochemical and antimicrobial comparisons with Romet-sensitive strains. All were confirmed to be A. salmonicida, and no characteristic biochemical phenotypes were found to be associated with resistance to Romet. Differential resistances between resistant and sensitive strains were detected to the antimicrobials oxytetracycline, tetracycline, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, trimethoprim, and SXT, a potentiated sulfonamide composed of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Plasmid DNA isolation and agarose gel electrophoresis were done for 25 Romet-resistant strains, and R-plasmids, not present in sensitive strains, were detected in 23 of these. Two different sizes of R-plasmids were detected, one about 55 kilobase pairs long and another about 50 kilobase pairs. Two strains isolated from New York brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis had reduced confluent growth within a zone of inhibition but contained no large plasmids. This may indicate chromosomally mediated resistance. Conjugational mating studies evaluated transfer of the R-plasmid DNA using eight Escherichia coli recipients. Successful R-plasmid transfer was accomplished with two donor strains (MI1 and MI2 from New Hampshire brook trout). Our results, in addition to those of other workers, illustrate the widespread resistance in A. salmonicida to approved antimicrobials and the capacity of this bacterium to become resistant in the fish culture environment. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0221:BACSOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 124DX UT WOS:000076167000001 ER PT J AU Gaikowski, MP Rach, JJ Olson, JJ Ramsay, RT AF Gaikowski, MP Rach, JJ Olson, JJ Ramsay, RT TI Toxicity of hydrogen peroxide treatments to rainbow trout eggs SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AB Hydrogen peroxide treatments of 0, 500, 1,000, and 3,000 mu L/L, concentrations that were multiples of the Low Regulatory Priority limit of 500 mu L/L,, were administered for 15 min every weekday (Monday-Friday) to eggs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) to determine the margin of safety existing for standard egg treatments. All untreated and treated eggs remained free of fungal infection throughout incubation. Hydrogen peroxide treatment reduced the mean percent hatch of rainbow trout eggs by 1.4-5.9% among those treated at 500 mu L/L, 6.8-15.4% among those treated at 1,000 mu L/L, and 13.2-25.3% among those treated at 3,000 mu L/L, Mean percent hatch of rainbow trout eggs treated at 1,000 mu L H2O2/L was 7% lower than that for eggs treated at 500 mu L H2O2/L. Mean percent hatch of Skamania strain steelhead was significantly reduced by hydrogen peroxide treatment, whereas the mean percent hatch of Ganaraska strain steelhead was similar to the mean percent hatch of rainbow trout eggs. Daily percent mortality of rainbow trout eggs increased significantly from day 6 to day 10 (78-135 daily temperature units, DTUs degrees C) of incubation. Discontinuing hydrogen peroxide treatments to Skamania strain steelhead eggs from day 7 to day 11 (78-105 DTUs degrees C) of incubation significantly increased the probability of eggs reaching the eyed egg stage. The mean percent hatch of rainbow trout eggs treated with hydrogen peroxide at concentrations up to 1,000 mu L/L may be increased if no treatments are administered between 70 and 10 DTUs degrees C. Mortality of sac fry was not observed at hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 1,000 mu L/L or lower. Fish culturists should be aware that other species or strains may be more sensitive than rainbow trout. Other species and strains should be initially treated with hydrogen peroxide at 500 mu L/L until monitoring of egg mortality identifies the presence or absence of a sensitive period. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Wolf Lake Hatchery, Mattawan, MI 49071 USA. RP Gaikowski, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 22 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0241:TOHPTT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 124DX UT WOS:000076167000003 ER PT J AU Bebak, J McAllister, PE Smith, G AF Bebak, J McAllister, PE Smith, G TI Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Transmission from infectious to susceptible rainbow trout fry SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMO-SALAR L; CARRIER STATE; ATLANTIC SALMON; FISH VIRUSES; LEUKOCYTES; POPULATIONS; BLOOD; IPNV AB Fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to serotype VR-299 of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by using a standardized immersion challenge. In concurrent experiments, fish were monitored for 11 d for excretion of IPNV or monitored for 9 d for excretion and transmission of IPNV to susceptible rainbow trout fry. Immersion-challenged fish began excreting virus within 2 d after challenge. The rate of IPNV excretion per fish increased steadily from about day 4 to day 8 and then decreased. Virus concentrations in tissues of immersion-challenged fish increased exponentially. Susceptible fish became infected with IPNV within 4 d after being introduced to immersion-challenged fish (e.g., 2 d after the challenged fish began excreting virus). By 9 d, 84% of the susceptible fish were infected with IPNV. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Inst Freshwater, POB 1746, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. EM jbebak@ix.netcom.com NR 38 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0899-7659 EI 1548-8667 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 287 EP 293 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0287:IPNVTF>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 124DX UT WOS:000076167000009 ER PT J AU Stephenson, NL AF Stephenson, NL TI Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE bioclimatology; climate; climatic indices; forest physiognomy; moisture scalars; Sierra Nevada; water balance ID PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES; FOREST ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS; YOSEMITE-NATIONAL-PARK; SPECIES RICHNESS; RESPONSE SURFACES; UNITED-STATES; WATER-BALANCE; CLIMATE; MODEL; TREE AB Correlative approaches to understanding the climatic controls of vegetation distribution have exhibited at least two important weaknesses: they have been conceptually divorced across spatial scales, and their climatic parameters have not necessarily represented aspects of climate of broad physiological importance to plants. Using examples from the literature and from the Sierra Nevada of California, I argue that two water balance parameters-actual evapotranspiration (AET) and deficit (D)-are biologically meaningful, are well correlated with the distribution of vegetation types, and exhibit these qualities over several orders of magnitude of spatial scale (continental to local). I reach four additional conclusions. (1) Some pairs of climatic parameters presently in use are functionally similar to AET and D; however, AET and D may be easier to interpret biologically. (2) Several well-known climatic parameters are biologically less meaningful or less important than AET and D, and consequently are poorer correlates of the distribution of vegetation types. Of particular interest, AET is a much better correlate of the distributions of coniferous and deciduous forests than minimum temperature. (3) The effects of evaporative demand and water availability on a site's water balance are intrinsically different. For example, the 'dry' experienced by plants on sunward slopes (high evaporative demand) is not comparable to the 'dry' experienced by plants on soils with low water-holding capacities (low water availability), and these differences are reflected in vegetation patterns. (4) Many traditional topographic moisture scalars-those that additively combine measures related to evaporative demand and water availability-are not necessarily meaningful for describing site conditions as sensed by plants; the same holds for measured soil moisture. However, using AET and D in place of moisture scalars and measured soil moisture can solve these problems. C1 US Geol Survey, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP Stephenson, NL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Biol Resources Div, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM Nathan_L._Stephenson@usgs.gov NR 96 TC 238 Z9 247 U1 4 U2 90 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 25 IS 5 BP 855 EP 870 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.00233.x PG 16 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 153PG UT WOS:000077841000005 ER PT J AU Hodge, SM Trabant, DC Krimmel, RM Heinrichs, TA March, RS Josberger, EG AF Hodge, SM Trabant, DC Krimmel, RM Heinrichs, TA March, RS Josberger, EG TI Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SPATIAL PATTERNS; UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC; HEMISPHERE; BALANCE; WINTER; VARIABILITY; EVENT AB Time series of net and seasonal mass balances for three glaciers in western North America, one in the Pacific Northwest and two in Alaska, show various relationships to Pacific hemisphere climate indexes. During the winter season the two coastal. maritime-regime glaciers, over 2000 km apart, are affected almost identically, albeit inversely, by atmospheric and oceanic conditions in both the tropical and North Pacific. The two Alaska glaciers, only 350 km apart, have almost no coherence. Lag correlations show that in winter the maritime glaciers are influenced by concurrent conditions in the North Pacific, but by conditions in the tropical Pacific in August-September of the prior northern summer. The winter balance variations contain interannual Ei Nino-Southern Oscillation variability superimposed on North Pacific interdecadal variability; the interdecadal 1976-77 climate regime shift is clearly evident. The summer balances and the continental-regime glacier have a general lack of correlations, with no clear, strong, consistent patterns, probably a result of being influenced more by local processes or by circulation patterns outside the Pacific Ocean basin. The results show the Pacific Northwest is strongly influenced by conditions in the tropical Pacific, but that this teleconnection has broken down in recent years, starting in 1989. During the seven years since then (1989-95), all three glaciers have shown, for the first timer coherent signals, which were net mass loss at the highest rate in the entire record. The authors' results agree with those of other recent studies that suggest these recent years are unusual and may be a signature of climate warming. C1 Univ Puget Sound, US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Hodge, SM (reprint author), Univ Puget Sound, US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. EM smhodge@usgs.gov NR 58 TC 97 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 11 IS 9 BP 2161 EP 2179 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2161:CVACIM>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 123YG UT WOS:000076152800001 ER PT J AU Buckley, PA Francis, CM Blancher, P DeSante, DF Robbins, CS Smith, G Cannell, P AF Buckley, PA Francis, CM Blancher, P DeSante, DF Robbins, CS Smith, G Cannell, P TI The North American Bird Banding Program: Into the 21st century SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The authors examined the legal, scientific, and philosophical underpinnings of the North American Bird Banding Program [BBP], with emphasis on the U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory [BBL], but also considering the Canadian Bird Banding Office [BBO]. In this report, we review the value of banding data, enumerate and expand on the principles under which any modern BBP should operate, and from them derive our recommendations. These are cast into a Mission Statement, a Role and Function Statement, and a series of specific recommendations addressing five areas: (1) permitting procedures and practices; (2) operational issues; (3) data management; (4) BBL organization and staffing; and (5) implementation. Our major tenets and recommendations are as follows: banding provides valuable data for numerous scientific, management, and educational purposes, and its benefits far outweigh necessary biological and fiscal costs, especially those incurred by the BBL and BBO; because of the value of banding data for management of avian resources, including both game and nongame birds, government supper; of the program is fully justified and appropriate; all banding data, if collected to appropriate standards, are potentially valuable; there are many ways to increase the value of banding data such as by endorsing, promoting, and applying competence and/or training standards for permit issuance; promoting bander participation in well-designed projects; and by encouraging the use of banding data for meta-analytical approaches; the BBL should apply, promote, and encourage such standards, participation, and approaches; the BBP should be driven by the needs of users, including scientists and managers; all exchange of data and most communication between banders and the BBL should become electronic in the near future; the computer system at the BBL should be modernized to one designed for a true client-server relationship and storage of data in on-line relational databases; the BBL should continue to maintain high quality control and editing standards and should strive to bring all data in the database up to current standards; however, the BBL should transfer a major portion of the responsibility for editing banding data to the bander by providing software that will permit the bander to edit his/her own data electronically before submission to the BBL; the BBL should build the capacity to store additional data tied to original band records able to be pre-edited and submitted electronically, such as recapture data, appropriate data from auxiliary marking (e.g., resightings of color-marked birds), and other data that gain value when pooled from many banders (e.g., measurements); however, the BBL should only accept such data if they are collected using standardized methods and as part of an established program designed to utilize such data; now is the time to consider options for implementing a Western Hemisphere banding program, with leadership from the BBL; the Patuxent Electronic Data Processing Section should become part of the BBL; additional scientific and technical staff must be added to the BBL; an Implementation Team should be formed to expedite our recommendations, following timetables outlined in this document. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Long Point Bird Observ, Port Rowan, ON N0E 1M0, Canada. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. Inst Bird Populat, Pt Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Henshaw Lab, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Buckley, PA (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Box 8, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 1 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 11 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 69 IS 4 BP 511 EP 529 PG 19 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 151YU UT WOS:000077748900001 ER PT J AU Andres, BA AF Andres, BA TI Shoreline habitat use of black oystercatchers breeding in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB To guide habitat acquisition for species negatively affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, I quantified habitat use of Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) breeding in Prince William Sound, Alaska. I used local counts of breeding pairs and Sound-wide transect counts of individuals to determine shoreline features that explained variation in oystercatcher density. Density of pairs, and occurrence of individuals, was greater in areas dominated by shorelines of gradual slopes than in areas dominated by steep shorelines. Within areas dominated by steep, rocky shorelines, breeding density increased as the proportion of mixed sand and gravel beaches and as the number of rocks and small islands increased. Shoreline features that explained variation in local pair density were corroborated by data from Sound-wide surveys. I incorporated information from other studies to construct a general, qualitative decision-tree model that predicts that disturbance-free shorelines of gradual slopes should support the highest densities of breeding Black Oystercatchers. Qualitative and quantitative models should be tested to determine their applicability to shoreline habitat throughout the oystercatcher's range. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 69 IS 4 BP 626 EP 634 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 151YU UT WOS:000077748900013 ER PT J AU Simon, JC AF Simon, JC TI Nest relocation using PVC "spotters" SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A simple device to aid in the rapid relocation of nests, composed of PVC pipe and tie wire, is described. A 16-18-cm length of pipe can be attached to a supporting structure with a section of wire and adjusted to point at the target nest by its discoverer. Used like a lensless spotting scope, the "spotter" allows other observers to quickly and reliably relocate the nest with minimal written or verbal description. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Simon, JC (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 69 IS 4 BP 644 EP 646 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 151YU UT WOS:000077748900015 ER PT J AU Alisauskas, RT Slattery, SM Ryder, JP Gloutney, ML Afton, AD Kerbes, RH McLandress, MR AF Alisauskas, RT Slattery, SM Ryder, JP Gloutney, ML Afton, AD Kerbes, RH McLandress, MR TI Discrimination of Ross's and Lesser Snow Goose eggs SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEESE AB Our objective was to assess whether egg measurements could be used to discriminate accurately eggs of Ross's (Chen rossii) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens). We used lengths and widths of eggs found in nests of known species at Arlone Lake in 1963 and Karrak Lake, Northwest Territories, in 1968, 1976, 1988, and 1991-1996. Although accuracy of classification varied slightly among years, discriminant function analyses were 89-100% successful in identifying species based on dimensions of individual eggs and clutch means. Bias in estimates of species ratios, which reflects combined effects of misclassifications in both species, was only 2% in favor of Ross's Geese when all years were pooled. Sir, conclude that classification equations, derived from discriminant function analyses using known-species eggs, are reliable and objective techniques for determining species of eggs and nests of unknown origin at Ross's and Snow Goose colonies. C1 Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. Lakehead Univ, Dept Biol, Thunder Bay, ON P5B 5E1, Canada. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Alisauskas, RT (reprint author), Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 69 IS 4 BP 647 EP 653 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 151YU UT WOS:000077748900016 ER PT J AU Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR AF Simon, JC Pratt, TK Berlin, KE Kowalsky, JR TI Age and sex identification of Akohekohe SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BREEDING BIOLOGY AB We present methods to determine the age and sex of Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, developed on the basis of 45 museum specimens and 91 live birds captured on the island of Maul. Akohekohe retained all juvenal primaries, some juvenal secondaries, and some body feathers after the first prebasic molt; they attained full adult plumage after the second prebasic molt. Retention of brown juvenal body feathers, especially on the head, distinguished most birds in the first basic plumage from adults, which have a full complement of distinctive, black lanceolate body feathers dth white, gray, or orange tips. Male Akohekohe were heavier than females and had longer wing, tail, and tarsometatarsus lengths. We present a linear discriminant function to sex both adults and juveniles using lengths of their wing and tarsometatarsus. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Simon, JC (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Kilauea Field Stn, POB 44, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 69 IS 4 BP 654 EP 660 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 151YU UT WOS:000077748900017 ER PT J AU Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA AF Simpkins, DG Hubert, WA TI A technique for estimating the accuracy of fish locations identified by radiotelemetry SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT USE; TRIANGULATION; MOVEMENT; RIVER; ERROR AB Radiotelemetry is a useful tool to describe habitat use by fish, but studies may inaccurately describe microhabitat use due to failure to account for errors when identifying fish locations. We developed a technique that identifies the extent of location errors of a hand-held radiotelemetry system. The ranges of location errors were determined among different observers, between land and water, and at an array of distances (5 - 125 m) between transmitters and receivers. No significant differences occurred among three observers at distances of 100 m or less or between transmitters on land or in water. Location error increased significantly with distance between transmitter and receiver; mean error was 0.5 m at 5 m and 4.5 m at 100 m. The 95th percentile of location errors was 1.5 m at 5 m and 10.5 m at 100 m. The number of trials needed to define location errors within 20% of the true mean (P less than or equal to 0.05) was 109 at 5 m and 46 at 100 m. Determination of location error with radiotelemetry equipment can be conducted by two people on land with a relatively small amount of effort when the results are to be applied to relatively shallow waters. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Simpkins, DG (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663618 PG 6 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 121XZ UT WOS:000076042500002 ER PT J AU Moon, DN Fisher, SJ Krentz, SC AF Moon, DN Fisher, SJ Krentz, SC TI Assessment of larval fish consumption by goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) in two Missouri River backwaters SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER AB The presence of large numbers of adult goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) in backwater habitats of the upper Missouri River, combined with the presence of many other native fishes and their larvae, has raised questions about the predatory effect that goldeye may have on the larval fish community. Goldeye and larval fishes were sampled in backwater habitats during April, May, July, August, and September of 1997. Peak relative abundance of adult goldeye coincided with peak relative abundance of larval fishes in July. We examined the stomach contents from 161 goldeye collected in July and August to determine what proportion of the goldeye diet was composed of larval fishes. Only four stomachs contained larval fish (2.5% frequency of occurrence), and larval fishes composed less than 0.1% of the total number of food items. Corixidae, Coleoptera, and zooplankton (Copepoda and Cladocera) were the primary diet items. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fisheries Assistance Off, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Moon, DN (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 317 EP 321 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663624 PG 5 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 121XZ UT WOS:000076042500008 ER PT J AU Demarchi, G Quick, JE Sinigoi, S Mayer, A AF Demarchi, G Quick, JE Sinigoi, S Mayer, A TI Pressure gradient and original orientation of a lower-crustal intrusion in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, northern Italy SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LARGE MAFIC INTRUSION; ORTHO-PYROXENE; IGNEOUS COMPLEX; GARNET THERMOMETER; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; PELITIC ROCKS; WESTERN ALPS; PHASE; FE; MG AB The southern Ivrea-Verbano Zone of the western Italian Alps contains a huge complex of mafic to intermediate plutonic rocks that intruded the lower continental crust during the Permian. Recent geologic mapping of the complex has characterized the effects of Alpine deformation and has demonstrated that the complex contains an arcuate internal structure. Building on this geologic foundation, we report a thermobarometric study of the plutonic and associated metamorphic rocks that was performed to better constrain the depth and orientation of the complex at the time of intrusion. The results demonstrate a continuous increase in equilibration pressure from 5 +/- 1 kb along the eastern intrusive contact of the complex to 8 +/- 1 kb near the western limit of the complex. After correcting for the effects of Alpine faulting, the observed pressure gradient ranges from 0.32 to 0.38 kb/km. Given the large uncertainties inherent in the geobarometric calculations relative to the narrow pressure range recorded in the complex, we conclude that the observed gradient is indistinguishable from a normal, vertical pressure gradient in the lower crust. It appears that, following intrusion and equilibration at a depth of 15 to 25 km, the complex was uplifted and rotated approximately 90 degrees. The data also demonstrate that the internal arcuate structure formed in the complex before the observed pressure gradient was established. This result reinforces models for the growth of the complex by synmagmatic deformation and large-scale necking during crustal extension and excludes the possibility that the arcuate structure was produced during the more recent Alpine uplift. C1 Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. RP Demarchi, G (reprint author), Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Via Weiss 8, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. EM demarchi@univ.trieste.it; jquick@usgs.gov OI DEMARCHI, Gabriella/0000-0001-6927-864X; SINIGOI, Silvano/0000-0001-6812-4083 NR 48 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 106 IS 5 BP 609 EP 621 PG 13 WC Geology SC Geology GA 121AF UT WOS:000075989400007 ER PT J AU Wells, ML Hoisch, TD Peters, MT Miller, DM Wolff, ED Hanson, LM AF Wells, ML Hoisch, TD Peters, MT Miller, DM Wolff, ED Hanson, LM TI The Mahogany Peaks fault, a late Cretaceous-Paleocene(?) normal fault in the hinterland of the Sevier orogen SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX; PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES; NORTHWESTERN CANADA; SOUTHERN IDAHO; THRUST BELT; MOUNTAINS; UTAH; EXTENSION; ROCKS; MUSCOVITE AB The contact separating Ordovician rocks from the underlying lower part of the Raft River Mountains sequence, northwestern Utah, is reinterpreted as a large-displacement low-angle normal fault, the Mahogany Peaks fault, that excised 4-5 km of structural section. High delta(13)C values identified in marble in the lower part of the Raft River Mountains sequence suggest a Proterozoic, rather than Cambrian age. Metamorphic conditions of hanging wall Ordovician and footwall Proterozoic strata are upper greenschist and middle amphibolite facies, respectively, and quantitative geothermometry indicates a temperature discontinuity of about 100 degrees C. A discordance in muscovite Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages between hanging wall and footwall strata in eastern exposures, and the lack of a corresponding cooling age discordance in western exposures, suggest a component of west dip for the fault. The juxtaposition of younger over older and colder over hotter rocks, the muscovite cooling age discordance with older over younger, and top-to-the-west shearing down-structure are consistent with an extensional origin. The age of faulting is bracketed between 90 and 47 Ma, and may be synchronous with footwall cooling at about 60-70 Ma. Recognition of the Mahogany Peaks fault, its extensional origin, and its probable latest Cretaceous to Paleocene age provides further evidence that episodes of extension at mid-crustal levels in the hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt were synchronous with protracted shortening in the foreland fold and thrust belt, and that the Sevier orogen acted as a dynamic orogenic wedge. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Woodward Clyde Fed Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89134 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Univ Nevada, Dept Geosci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RI Hoisch, Thomas/L-2146-2013 OI Hoisch, Thomas/0000-0002-6500-9431 NR 58 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1376 EI 1537-5269 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 106 IS 5 BP 623 EP 634 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA 121AF UT WOS:000075989400008 ER PT J AU Hulbert, RC Petkewich, RM Bishop, GA Bukry, D Aleshire, DP AF Hulbert, RC Petkewich, RM Bishop, GA Bukry, D Aleshire, DP TI A new Middle Eocene protocetid whale (Mammalia : Cetacea : Archaeoceti) and associated biota from Georgia SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORIGIN AB A shallow-marine fossil biota was recovered from the Blue Bluff unit (formerly part of the McBean Formation) in the Upper Coastal Plain of eastern Georgia. Biochronologically significant mollusks (e.g., Turritella nasuta, Cubitostrea sellaeformis, Pteropsella lapidosa) and calcareous nannoplankton (e.g., Chiasmolithus solitus, Reticulofenestra umbilica, Cribocentrum reticulatum) indicate a latest Lutetian-earliest Bartonian age, or about 40 to 41 Ma. Georgiacetus vogtlensis new genus and species is described from a well-preserved, partial skeleton. Georgiacetus is the oldest known whale with a true pterygoid sinus fossa in its basicranium and a pelvis that did not articulate directly with the sacral vertebrae, two features whose acquisitions were important steps toward adaptation to a fully marine existence. The posterior four cheek teeth of G. vogtlensis form a series of carnassial-like shearing blades. These teeth also bear small, blunt accessory cusps, which are regarded as being homologous with the larger, sharper accessory cusps of basilosaurid cheek teeth. C1 Georgia So Univ, Dept Geol & Geog, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Georgia So Univ, Dept Biol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Hulbert, RC (reprint author), Georgia So Univ, Dept Geol & Geog, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. EM rhulbert@gsaix2.cc.gasou.edu NR 68 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-3360 EI 1937-2337 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 5 BP 907 EP 927 PG 21 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 121AD UT WOS:000075989200009 ER PT J AU Oliver, WA AF Oliver, WA TI Nomenclatural problems of Breviphrentis Stumm, 1949 and Contophrentis new genus (Devonian rugose corals) SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Smithsonian Inst, US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Oliver, WA (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, US Geol Survey, MRC 137, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 72 IS 5 BP 932 EP 934 PG 3 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 121AD UT WOS:000075989200011 ER PT J AU Kaltenecker, GS Steenhof, K Bechard, MJ Munger, JC AF Kaltenecker, GS Steenhof, K Bechard, MJ Munger, JC TI Winter foraging ecology of Bald Eagles on a regulated river in southwest Idaho SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; wintering ecology; foraging ecology; dams; rivers; Idaho ID FOOD-HABITS; STREAM AB We studied Bald Eagle foraging ecology on the South Fork Boise River, Idaho, during the winters of 1990-92. We compared habitat variables at 29 foraging sites, 94 perch sites, and 131 random sites. Habitat variables included river habitat (pool, riffle, run), distance to the nearest change in river habitat, distance to nearest available perch, number and species of surrounding perches, and average river depth and flow Eagles foraged more at pools than expected, and closer (<15 m) to changes in river habitat than expected. Where eagles foraged at riffles, those riffles were slower than riffles where they perched or riffles that were available at random. Where eagles foraged at runs, those runs were shallower than runs at either perch or random sites. Eagles perched less at riffles and more at sites where trees were available than expected. Changes in river habitat represent habitat edges where river depth and flow change, making fish more vulnerable to eagle predation. Fish are more susceptible to predation at shallower river depths and slower flows. Slower river flows may be related to decreased surface turbulence, which also increases vulnerability of fish to aerial predation. C1 Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Dept Biol, Boise, ID 83725 USA. USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Kaltenecker, GS (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Dept Biol, Boise, ID 83725 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 EI 2162-4569 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 130ZF UT WOS:000076550000005 ER PT J AU Wiley, JW AF Wiley, JW TI Breeding-season food habits of Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) in southwestern Dominican Republic SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Athene cunicularia; burrowing owl; diet; Dominican republic; ecology ID TRANSECT COUNTS; VERTEBRATES; DENSITIES AB Diet data from 20 Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) nests were collected in southwestern Dominican Republic in 1976, 1982, and 1996. Invertebrates (53.3%) comprised the most numerous prey items (N = 396) delivered to nests by adult owls, but vertebrates (46.7%) were much better rep resented than in other studies of Burrowing Owl diet. Among vertebrates, birds (28.3% of all items) and reptiles (14.9%) were most important, whereas mammals (1.0%) and amphibians (2.5%) were less commonly delivered to nests. Vertebrates, however, comprised more than twice (69.2%) of the total biomass as invertebrates (30.8%), with birds (50.4%) and reptiles (12.8%) the most important of the vertebrate prey classes. A positive relationship was observed between bird species abundance and number of individuals taken as prey by Burrowing Owls. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Wiley, JW (reprint author), Grambling State Univ, Grambling Cooperat Wildlife Project, POB 841, Grambling, LA 71245 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 241 EP 245 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 130ZF UT WOS:000076550000009 ER PT J AU Augspurger, T Boynton, A AF Augspurger, T Boynton, A TI Organochlorines and mercury in Peregrine Falcon eggs from western North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus; mercury; organochlorine pesticides; North Carolina ID BALD EAGLES; RESIDUES C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. N Carolina Wildlife Resources Commiss, Nongame & Endangered Wildlife Program, Morganton, NC 28655 USA. RP Augspurger, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 33726, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 251 EP 254 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 130ZF UT WOS:000076550000012 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Bunn, RL AF Ellis, DH Bunn, RL TI Caribou antlers as nest materials for golden eagles in northwestern Alaska SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. AFZC ECM NR Wildlife, Ft Carson, CO 80913 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, HCR 1 Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 268 EP 268 PG 1 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 130ZF UT WOS:000076550000018 ER PT J AU Reimnitz, E McCormick, M Bischof, J Darby, DA AF Reimnitz, E McCormick, M Bischof, J Darby, DA TI Comparing sea-ice sediment load with Beaufort Sea shelf deposits: Is entrainment selective? SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENT; ARCTIC-OCEAN; SURFACE SEDIMENTS; ANCHOR ICE; ALASKA; PARTICLES; FRAZIL; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRANSPORT; MECHANISM AB Modern dispersal of sea-ice-rafted debris (IRD) is important for the Arctic Ocean sediment budget from sources to sinks. Sediment entrainment occurs mainly through the action of small ice crystals (frazil) attaching to sedimentary particles in shallow water, ct mechanism that could be selective. The principal source for entrainment of IRD by suspension freezing into the Beaufort Gyre, western Arctic Ocean, is the adjacent shallow (< 30 m) shelf, here called the source surface. The texture, clay-mineral composition, coarse sand (> 250 mu m) lithology, and carbon and carbonate content of IRD in the Beaufort Gyre were compared to sediments from the probable source surface, in order to determine whether preferential entrainment occurs with any of these sediment parameters. IRD is generally much finer grained than the source surface, showing that silt- and clay-size particles are preferentially entrained by frazil ice, although anchor ice can locally incorporate very high percentages of sand and coarser clasts, The coarsest IRD is also the most poorly sorted. The clay mineralogy of the < 2 mu m IRD fraction is very similar to that of the source surface, indicating no selective entrainment within the clay fraction. The lithology of sand in IRD also matches that of the source surface, although the number of coarse grains is too small (< 100) in most samples for a statistically meaningful count, The average organic-carbon content of IRD is three times higher than that of the source surface, but we attribute this to summer algal growth on ice flees rather than to selective entrainment. A relatively low carbonate content in IRD may be because much of the carbonate in the source is of silt size while about 50% of the IRD measured is clay size. The low carbonate content may also reflect solution under acidic summer conditions on sea ice. Selective export of silt- and clay-size particles by ice rafting from the shallow shelf with time should lead to the formation of a slightly coarser lag, even though same of the dirty ice drops its sediment load in the entrainment area. Further mineralogical and lithological analysis on IRD promises to become a useful tool for the study of sediment dispersal paths by drift ice in the Arctic today and in the past, and also for the study of sources of anthropogenic pollutants found in sea ice. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Reimnitz, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Darby, Dennis/A-9219-2010 OI Darby, Dennis/0000-0002-3112-9072 NR 52 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 68 IS 5 BP 777 EP 787 PN A PG 11 WC Geology SC Geology GA 125JC UT WOS:000076233600009 ER PT J AU Nishikawa, T AF Nishikawa, T TI Water-resources optimization model for Santa Barbara, California SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article AB A Simulation-optimization model has been developed for the optimal management of the city of Santa Barbara's water resources during a drought. The model, which links ground-water simulation with linear programming, has a planning horizon of 5 years. The objective is to minimize the cost of water supply subject to: water demand constraints, hydraulic head constraints to control seawater intrusion, and water capacity constraints. The decision variables are monthly water deliveries from surface water and ground water. The state variables are hydraulic heads. The drought of 1947-51 is the city's worst drought on record, and simulated surface-water supplies for this period were used as a basis for testing optimal management of current water resources under drought conditions. The simulation-optimization model was applied using three reservoir operation rules. In addition, the model's sensitivity to demand, carryover [the storage of water in one year for use in a later year(s)], head constraints, and capacity constraints was tested. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. RP Nishikawa, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd,Ste O, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. NR 13 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 124 IS 5 BP 252 EP 263 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1998)124:5(252) PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 111BD UT WOS:000075416700003 ER PT J AU Celebi, M Liu, HP AF Celebi, M Liu, HP TI Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions SO JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th US National Conference on Wind Engineering CY JUN 05-07, 1997 CL JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Assoc Wind Engn, Natl Sci Fdn, Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Civil Engn HO JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV AB This paper presents results obtained from ambient vibration and strong-motion responses of a thirteen-story, moment-resisting steel framed Santa Clara County Office Building (SCCOB) before being retrofitted by visco-elastic dampers and from ambient vibration response following the retrofit. Understanding the cumulative structural and site characteristics that affect the response of SCCoB before and after the retrofit is important in assessing earthquake hazards to other similar buildings and decision making in retrofitting them. The results emphasize the need to better evaluate structural and site characteristics in developing earthquake resisting designs that avoid resonating effects. Various studies of the strong-motion response records from the SCCOB during the 24 April 1984 (MHE) Morgan Hill (M-s = 6.1), the 31 March 1986 (MLE) Mt. Lewis (M-s = 6.1) and the 17 October 1989 (LPE) Loma Prieta (M-s = 7.1) earthquakes show that the dynamic characteristics of the building are such that it (a) resonated (b) responded with a beating effect due to close-coupling of its translational and torsional frequencies, and (c) had a long-duration response due to low-damping. During each of these earthquakes, there was considerable contents damage and the occupants felt the rigorous vibration of the building. Ambient tests of SCCOB performed following LPE showed that both translational and torsional periods of the building are smaller than those derived from strong motions. Ambient tests performed following the retrofit of the building with visco-elastic dampers show that the structural fundamental mode frequency of the building has increased. The increased frequency implies a stiffer structure. Strong-motion response of the building during future earthquakes will ultimately validate the effectiveness of the retrofit method. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MSS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6105 J9 J WIND ENG IND AEROD JI J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. PD SEP-DEC PY 1998 VL 77-8 BP 259 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 144EP UT WOS:000077301200023 ER PT J AU Hurtubise, RD Havel, JE Little, EE AF Hurtubise, RD Havel, JE Little, EE TI The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater invertebrates: Experiments with a solar simulator SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL MIGRATION; ZOOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; COPEPODA; DAMAGE; MARINE; LIGHT; LAKES; SKIN AB There is concern that decreases in stratospheric ozone will lead to hazardous levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation at the Earth's surface. Ln clear water, W-B may penetrate to significant depths. The purpose of the current study was to compare the sensitivity of freshwater invertebrates to UV-B. We used a solar simulator, calibrated to match local ambient solar radiation, to expose five species of freshwater invertebrates to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation. UV-B measurements in a eutrophic pond revealed that 10% of the irradiance penetrated to 30-cm depth and 1% to 57-cm depth. The irradiance at the upper 5-20 cm was comparable to levels used in the simulator. Median lethal dose (LD50) values were determined for the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Scapholeberis kingii (two induced color morphs), and Daphnia magna, the ostracod Cyprinotus incongruens; and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Among the species, 96-h LD50 estimates were quite variable, ranging from 4.2 to 84.0 mu W cm(-2). These estimates indicated S. kingii to be highly sensitive and H. azteca, C. reticulata, and D. magna to be moderately sensitive, whereas the ostracod C. incongruens was very tolerant to UV-B radiation. Overall, this study suggests that, in shallow ponds without physical refuges, UV-B radiation would have the strongest effects upon cladocerans and amphipods occurring in the water column, whereas ostracods would be better protected. C1 SW Missouri State Univ, Dept Biol, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Hurtubise, RD (reprint author), USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 49 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1082 EP 1088 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 135GC UT WOS:000076791700005 ER PT J AU Seal, RR Shanks, WC AF Seal, RR Shanks, WC TI Oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Implications for paleoclimate studies SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DEEP-WATER RENEWAL; SPRINGS AB We interpret oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for water samples from Lake Baikal, Siberia, its tributaries and other local rivers, and local precipitation in terms of the known water budget for the modem lake in order to gain insight into past limnological and climatic processes that influenced the lake. Lake Baikal is remarkably uniform in its isotopic composition (delta(18)O = -15.8 +/- 0.2 parts per thousand; delta D = -123 +/- 2 parts per thousand) and lies slightly to the right of the global meteoric water line, which suggests significant evaporation. Water is supplied to the lake by over 300 rivers and streams. The oxygen isotope values (delta(18)O) of the rivers in the Baikal catchment range from -13.4 to -21.2 parts per thousand. The hydrogen isotope values (delta D) for the same area range from -103 to -156 parts per thousand. Both these ranges generally conform to the global meteoric water line. The weighted average isotopic composition of input to the lake (rivers plus precipitation) is -15.2 parts per thousand for delta(18)O and -116 parts per thousand for delta D, values higher than those of the modem lake. Therefore, the isotopic composition of the modern lake cannot be related to the modern input through simple evaporation. Instead, modeling of the isotopic mass balance of the lake suggests that inputs (precipitation and influx from rivers) and outputs (evaporation and outflow) are not at a steady-state equilibrium under current climate conditions. We found previous input to the lake had lower delta(18)O and delta D values than modern input, which reflects cooler climates in the past compared with modern conditions. Under constant climate conditions, steady-state conditions are not expected to be reached by the lake for at least 700 yr because of its large size and the long residence time of water in the lake. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Seal, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 45 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1251 EP 1261 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 135GC UT WOS:000076791700019 ER PT J AU Duff, JH Murphy, F Fuller, CC Triska, FJ Harvey, JW Jackman, AP AF Duff, JH Murphy, F Fuller, CC Triska, FJ Harvey, JW Jackman, AP TI A mini drivepoint sampler for measuring pore water solute concentrations in the hyporheic zone of sand-bottom streams SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-WATER; DESERT STREAM; NITROGEN; SEDIMENTS; ECOSYSTEM; EXCHANGE; DENITRIFICATION; METABOLISM; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT AB A new method for collecting pore-water samples in sand and gravel streambeds is presented. We developed a mini drivepoint solution sampling (MINIPOINT) technique to collect pore-water samples at 2.5-cm vertical resolution. The sampler consisted of six small-diameter stainless steel drivepoints arranged in a 10-cm-diameter circular array. In a simple procedure, the sampler was installed in the streambed to preset drivepoint depths of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0 cm. Sampler performance was evaluated in the Shingobee River, Minnesota, and Final Creek, Arizona, by measuring the vertical gradient of chloride concentration in pore water beneath the streambed that was established by the uninterrupted injection to the stream for 3 d. Pore-water samples were withdrawn from all drivepoints simultaneously. In the first evaluation, the vertical chloride gradient was unchanged at withdrawal rates between 0.3 and 4.0 ml min(-1) but was disturbed at higher rates. In the second evaluation, up to 70 ml of pore water was withdrawn from each drivepoint at a withdrawal rate of 2.5 ml min(-1) without disturbing the vertical chloride gradient. Background concentrations of other solutes were also determined with MINIPOINT sampling. Steep vertical gradients were present for biologically reactive solutes such as DO, NH4+, NO3-, and dissolved organic C in the top 20 cm of the streambed. These detailed solute profiles in the hyporheic zone could not have been determined without a method for close interval vertical sampling that does not disturb natural hydrologic mixing between stream water and groundwater. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA USA. RP Duff, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013; OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 29 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1378 EP 1383 PG 6 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 135GC UT WOS:000076791700032 ER PT J AU Reed, KM Dorschner, MO Todd, TN Phillips, RB AF Reed, KM Dorschner, MO Todd, TN Phillips, RB TI Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region of ciscoes (genus Coregonus): taxonomic implications for the Great Lakes species flock SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ciscoes; control region; Coregonus; D-loop; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS-MITCHILL; RESTRICTION ANALYSIS; CICHLID FISHES; BROOK CHARR; SUPERIOR; ARTEDII; DIFFERENTIATION; EVOLUTIONARY; SPECIATION AB Sequence variation in the control region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined to assess the genetic distinctiveness of the shortjaw cisco (Coregonus zenithicus). Individuals from within the Great Lakes Basin as well as inland lakes outside the basin were sampled. DNA fragments containing the entire D-loop were amplified by PCR from specimens of C. zenithicus and the related species C. artedi, C. hoyi, C. kiyi, and C. clupeaformis. DNA sequence analysis revealed high similarity within and among species and shared polymorphism for length variants. Based on this analysis, the shortjaw cisco is not genetically distinct from other cisco species. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. US Geol Survey, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Reed, KM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 7 IS 9 BP 1091 EP 1096 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00419.x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 117JX UT WOS:000075779100001 PM 9734069 ER PT J AU Garcia-Rodriguez, AI Bowen, BW Domning, D Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Marmontel, M Montoya-Ospina, RA Morales-Vela, B Rudin, M Bonde, RK McGuire, PM AF Garcia-Rodriguez, AI Bowen, BW Domning, D Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Marmontel, M Montoya-Ospina, RA Morales-Vela, B Rudin, M Bonde, RK McGuire, PM TI Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): how many populations and how many taxa? SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation genetics; marine mammal; mitochondrial DNA; molecular systematics; zoogeography ID HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; D-LOOP REGION; GENE FLOW; RESTRICTION DATA; HUMPBACK WHALES; FLORIDA MANATEE; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; PATTERNS; VARIABILITY AB To resolve the population genetic structure and phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences were compared among eight locations across the western Atlantic region. Fifteen haplotypes were identified among 86 individuals from Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil. Despite the manatee's ability to move thousands of kilometres along continental margins, strong population separations between most locations were demonstrated with significant haplotype frequency shifts. These findings are consistent with tagging studies which indicate that stretches of open water and unsuitable coastal habitats constitute substantial barriers to gene flow and colonization. Low levels of genetic diversity within Florida and Brazilian samples might be explained by recent colonization into high latitudes or bottleneck effects. Three distinctive mtDNA lineages were observed in an intraspecific;phylogeny of T. manatus, corresponding approximately to: (i) Florida and the West Indies; (ii) the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean rivers of South America; and (iii) the northeast Atlantic coast of South America. These Lineages, which are not concordant with previous subspecies designations, are separated by sequence divergence estimates of d = 0.04-0.07, approximately the same level of divergence observed between T. manatus and the Amazonian manatee (T. inunguis, n = 16). Three individuals from Guyana, identified as T. manatus, had mtDNA haplotypes which are affiliated with the endemic Amazon form T. inunguis. The three primary T. manatus lineages and the T. inunguis lineage may represent relatively deep phylogeographic partitions which have been bridged recently due to changes in habitat availability (after the Wisconsin glacial period, 10 000 BP), natural colonization, and human-mediated transplantation. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, San Juan, PR 00937 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Projecto Mamiraua, BR-69470000 Tefe, AM, Brazil. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. El Colegio Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Chetmal 77000, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Red Caribena Varamientos Caribbean Stranding Netw, San Juan, PR 00937 USA. RP McGuire, PM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM mcguire@icbr.ifas.ufl.edu OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 NR 69 TC 50 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 55 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 EI 1365-294X J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 7 IS 9 BP 1137 EP 1149 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00430.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 117JX UT WOS:000075779100005 PM 9734072 ER PT J AU Inyan, BJ Williams, MW Tonnessen, K Turk, JT Campbell, DH AF Inyan, BJ Williams, MW Tonnessen, K Turk, JT Campbell, DH TI Seasonal inorganic nitrogen release in alpine lakes on the Colorado western slope SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ELEVATION CATCHMENT; SIERRA-NEVADA; AMBYSTOMA-TIGRINUM; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; SURFACE-WATER; BASIN; ACIDIFICATION; DEPOSITION; CHEMISTRY; SULFATE AB In the Rocky Mountains, the association of increases in acidic deposition with increased atmospheric loading of sulfate and direct changes in surface water chemistry has been well established. The importance, though, of increased nitrogen (N) deposition in the episodic acidification of alpine lakes and N saturation in alpine ecosystems is only beginning to be documented. In alpine areas of the Colorado Front Range, modest loadings of N in deposition have been associated with leakage of N to surface waters. On the Colorado western slope, however, no leakage of N to surface waters has been reported. A 1995 study that included early season under-ice water samples that were not available in earlier studies showed that there is, in fact, N leakage to surface waters in some western slope basins. Under-ice nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were as high as 10.5 mu eq L-1, and only decreased to detection limits in September Landscape type appears to be important in leakage of N to surface waters, which is associated with basins having steep slopes, thin soils, and large amounts of exposed bedrock. NO3- leakage compounds the existing sensitivity to episodic acidification from low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), which is less than 40 mu eq L-1 in those basins. C1 INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO USA. RP Inyan, BJ (reprint author), INSTAAR, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 406 EP 420 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 202AN UT WOS:000080630100003 ER PT J AU Benson, LV May, HM Antweiler, RC Brinton, TI Kashgarian, M Smoot, JP Lund, SP AF Benson, LV May, HM Antweiler, RC Brinton, TI Kashgarian, M Smoot, JP Lund, SP TI Continuous lake-sediment records of glaciation in the Sierra Nevada between 52,600 and 12,500 C-14 yr BP SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Tioga glaciation; Sierra Nevada; Owens Lake; Pyramid Lake ID RADIOCARBON AGES; LAHONTAN BASIN; OWENS LAKE; CLIMATE; CORALS; CALIBRATION; CALIFORNIA; DEPOSITION; CHRONOLOGY; SUBBASIN AB The chemistry of the carbonate-free clay-size fraction of Owens Lake sediments supports the use of total organic carbon and magnetic susceptibility as indicators of stadial-interstadial oscillations. Owens Lake records of total organic carbon, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical composition of the carbonate-free, clay-size fraction indicate that Tioga glaciation began similar to 24,500 and ended by similar to 13,600 C-14 yr B.P. Many of the components of glacial rock flour (e.g., TiO2, MnO, BaO) found in Owens Lake sediments achieved maximum values during the Tioga glaciation when valley glaciers reached their greatest extent, Total organic carbon and SiO2 (amorphous) concentrations reached minimum values during Tioga glaciation, resulting from decreases in productivity that accompanied the introduction of rock hour into the surface waters of Owens Lake. At least 20 stadial-interstadial oscillations occurred in the Sierra Nevada between 52,600 and 14,000 C-14 yr B.P. Total organic carbon data from a Pyramid Lake sediment core also indicate oscillations in glacier activity between >39,500 and similar to 13,600 C-14 yr B.P. Alpine glacier oscillations occurred on a frequency of less than or equal to 1900 yr in both basins, suggesting that millennial-scale oscillations occurred in California and Nevada during most of the past 52,600 yr. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Benson, LV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 48 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 2 BP 113 EP 127 DI 10.1006/qres.1998.1993 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 128GV UT WOS:000076398300001 ER PT J AU Hereford, R Thompson, KS Burke, KJ AF Hereford, R Thompson, KS Burke, KJ TI Numerical ages of Holocene tributary debris fans inferred from dissolution pitting on carbonate boulders in the Grand Canyon of Arizona SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Colorado River; debris fan; debris flow; dissolution pitting; Grand Canyon; stratigraphic correlation; weathering rate ID ROCK-WEATHERING RATES; EASTERN AUSTRALIA; COLORADO-RIVER; MARBLE AB Carbonate boulders transported down steep tributary channels by debris flow came to rest on Holocene debris fans beside the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. Weakly acidic rainfall and the metabolic activity of blue-green algae have produced roughly hemispheric dissolution pits as much as 2-cm deep on the initially smooth surfaces of the boulders, The average depth of dissolution pits increases with relative age of fan surfaces. The deepening rate averages 2.4 mm/1000 yr (standard error = 0.2 mm/1000 yr), as calculated from several radiometrically dated surfaces and an archeological structure. This linear rate, which appears constant over at least the past 3000 yr, is consistent with field relations limiting the maximum age of the fans and with the physical chemistry of limestone dissolution. Dissolution-pit measurements (n = 6973) were made on 617 boulders on 71 fan surfaces at the 26 largest debris fans in Grand Canyon, Among these fan surfaces, the average pit depth ranges from 1.2 to 17.4 mm, and the resulting pit dissolution ages range from 500 to 7300 cal yr B.P. Most (75%) surfaces are younger than 3000 yr, probably because of removal of older debris fans by the Colorado River, Many of the ages are dose to 800, 1600, 2300, 3100, or 4300 cal yr B.P. If not the result of differential preservation of fan surfaces, this clustering implies periods of heightened debris-flow activity and increased precipitation. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Hereford, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM rhereford@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 2 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1006/qres.1998.1987 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 128GV UT WOS:000076398300003 ER PT J AU Connin, SL Betancourt, J Quade, J AF Connin, SL Betancourt, J Quade, J TI Late Pleistocene C-4 plant dominance and summer rainfall in the southwestern United States from isotopic study of herbivore teeth SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE quantum yield; atmospheric CO2; plant macrofossils; climate model; C and O isotopes; herbivore teeth; global change; American Southwest; paleoclimate; monsoon ID NORTH-AMERICA; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; FUNCTIONAL TYPES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON ISOTOPES; C4 GRASSES; NEW-MEXICO; CLIMATE; PHOSPHATE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Patterns of climate and C-4 plant abundance in the southwestern United States during the last glaciation were evaluated from isotopic study of herbivore tooth enamel. Enamel delta(13)C values revealed a substantial eastward increase in C-4 plant consumption for Mammuthus spp., Bison spp., Equus spp., and Camelops spp. The delta(13)C values were greatest in Bison spp. (-6.9 to +1.7 parts per thousand) and Mammuthus spp. (-9.0 to +0.3 parts per thousand), and in some locales indicated C-4-dominated grazing. The delta(13)C values of Antilocaprids were lowest among taxa (-12.5 to -7.9 parts per thousand) and indicated C-3 feeding at all sites. On the basis of modern correlations between climate and C-4 grass abundance, the enamel data imply significant summer rain in parts of southern Arizona and New Mexico throughout the last glaciation, Enamel delta(18)O values range from +19.0 to +31.0 parts per thousand and generally increase to the east. This pattern could point to a tropical or subtropical source of summer rainfall. At a synoptic scale, the isotope data indicate that interactions of seasonal moisture, temperature, and lowered atmospheric pCO(2) determined glacial-age C-4 abundance patterns. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arizona, Desert Lab, US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Connin, SL (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM sconnin@comp.uark.edu NR 80 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 2 BP 179 EP 193 DI 10.1006/qres.1998.1986 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 128GV UT WOS:000076398300007 ER PT J AU Fynn-Aikins, K Bowser, PR Honeyfield, DC Fitzsimons, JD Ketola, HG AF Fynn-Aikins, K Bowser, PR Honeyfield, DC Fitzsimons, JD Ketola, HG TI Effect of dietary amprolium on tissue thiamin and Cayuga syndrome in Atlantic salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LAKES LAKE TROUT; GREAT-LAKES; GAIRDNERI; SURVIVAL; EGGS AB Broodfish of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were fed either thiamin-deficient diets fortified with 0.05% and 0.1% amprolium chloride (Amp, a thiamin antagonist) or thiamin-sufficient diets (0% Amp and ASD2-30, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service open-formula feed) for 6 months before spawning. We observed Cayuga syndrome (CS) only in the fry produced from broodfish fed the amprolium diets. The percent fry mortality due to CS was less than 1% in the 0.05% Amp group and was more than 3% in the 0.1% Amp group. Free thiamin was the predominant form of thiamin in the eggs of all broodfish; concentrations were two orders of magnitude greater than that of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) and thiamin monophosphate (TMP). Free thiamin was greatest in eggs of broodfish fed the thiamin-sufficient diets. Total thiamin and TMP in red blood cells (RBCs) of broodfish fed the thiamin-deficient diets were reduced to the initial levels by the end of the study. Levels of free thiamin in RBCs were similar in all treatment groups at spawning, as were levels of TPP. Amprolium feeding significantly reduced total thiamin levels in heart, liver, and muscle but not in kidney. Except for thiamin found in eggs, TPP was the predominant form of thiamin in all the other tissues, whereas free thiamin was the least predominant. The data support the hypothesis that thiamin deficiency may cause Cayuga syndrome in Atlantic salmon sac fry. The low incidence of the syndrome in this study may be due to the short duration of the feeding trial or to the low levels of amprolium added to the diets. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Aquat Anim Hlth Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Bayfield Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Fynn-Aikins, K (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resource Off, 405 N French Rd,Suite 120A, Amherst, NY 14228 USA. EM kofi_fynnaikins@fws.gov NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 127 IS 5 BP 747 EP 757 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0747:EODAOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142JY UT WOS:000077198200006 ER PT J AU Sulak, KJ Clugston, JP AF Sulak, KJ Clugston, JP TI Early life history stages of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-OXYRHYNCHUS-DESOTOI; MEXICO STURGEON; COLUMBIA RIVER; DOWNSTREAM; MIGRATION AB Egg sampling confirmed that Suwannee River Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, a subspecies of Atlantic sturgeon A. o. oxyrinchus use the same spawning site at river kilometer (rkm) 215 from the mouth of the river each year. Forty-nine eggs were recorded in 1995, and 368 were recorded in 1996. Spawning began 4-7 d after the March new moon in both years and lasted 10-11 d; in 1996, a second 10-d spawning round began on the April new moon. Developmental synchrony among eggs recovered suggested several discrete spawning events in both years. Total eggs deposited for three 1996 sampling days was estimated as 405,600-711,000/d, approximating the fecundity range of a large female Gulf sturgeon. Eggs were found only in the southern half of the river, an area with surface currents of 0.5-1.5 m/s and numerous eddies producing reverse bottom currents of 0.1-0.5 m/s. Egg substrate consisted of bedrock limestone thinly overlain by fine sand and densely distributed elliptical gravel 2-10 cm in diameter. Eggs were found predominantly in depths of 2-4 m at water temperatures of 17-21 degrees C, conductivities of 50-100 mu S, and dissolved oxygen levels exceeding 5.0 mg/L. The Cody Scarp, 15 rkm above the spawning ground, may mark the upstream limit of spawning areas in the river. Three 2-4-month-old riverine juveniles (82-115 mm total length, TL) collected are the smallest yet captured from any river. Data for 18 riverine age-0 juveniles (to 350 mm TL) suggest that this stage lasts 6-10 months, terminating with migration of fish to the river mouth in January-February. Less than 2% of 461 juveniles captured at the estuarine river mouth (1990-1993) were under 350 mm TL. Riverine age-0 fish were collected over long shallow stretches (typically <4 m deep) of relatively barren sand (rkm 12-238). C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Sulak, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. EM ken_sulak@nbs.gov NR 27 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 127 IS 5 BP 758 EP 771 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0758:ELHSOG>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 142JY UT WOS:000077198200007 ER PT J AU Ronan, AD Prudic, DE Thodal, CE Constantz, J AF Ronan, AD Prudic, DE Thodal, CE Constantz, J TI Field study and simulation of diurnal temperature effects on infiltration and variably saturated flow beneath an ephemeral stream SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENCE AB Two experiments were performed to investigate flow beneath an ephemeral stream and to estimate streambed infiltration rates. Discharge and scream-area measurements were used to determine infiltration rates. Stream and subsurface temperatures were used to interpret subsurface flow through variably saturated sediments beneath the stream. Spatial variations in subsurface temperatures suggest that flow beneath the streambed is dependent on the orientation of the stream in the canyon and the layering of the sediments. Streamflow and infiltration rates vary diurnally: Streamflow is lowest in late afternoon when stream temperature is greatest and highest in early morning when stream temperature is least. The lower afternoon streamflow is attributed to increased infiltration rates; evapotranspiration is insufficient to account for the decreased streamflow, The increased infiltration rates are attributed to viscosity effects on hydraulic conductivity from increased stream temperatures. The first set of field data was used to calibrate a two-dimensional variably saturated flow model that includes heat transport. The model was calibrated to (1) temperature fluctuations in the subsurface and (2) infiltration rates determined from measured streamflow losses. The second set of field data was to evaluate the ability to predict infiltration rates on the basis of temperature measurements alone. Results indicate that the variably saturated subsurface flow depends on downcanyon layering of the sediments. They also support the field observations in indicating that diurnal changes in infiltration can be explained by temperature dependence of hydraulic conductivity. Over the range of temperatures and flows monitored, diurnal stream temperature changes can be used to estimate streambed infiltration rates. Tit is often impractical to maintain equipment for determining infiltration rates by traditional means; however, once a model is calibrated using both infiltration and temperature data, only relatively inexpensive temperature monitoring can later yield infiltration rates that are within the correct order of magnitude. C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Ronan, AD (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 1 Washington Sq, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NR 22 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2137 EP 2153 DI 10.1029/98WR01572 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 115PX UT WOS:000075674800004 ER PT J AU Alexander, RB Slack, JR Ludtke, AS Fitzgerald, KK Schertz, TL AF Alexander, RB Slack, JR Ludtke, AS Fitzgerald, KK Schertz, TL TI Data from selected US Geological Survey national stream water quality monitoring networks SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRENDS; RIVER; NITROGEN AB A nationally consistent and well-documented collection of water quality and quantity data compiled during the past 30 years for streams and rivers in the United States is now available on CD-ROM and accessible over the World Wide Web. The data include measurements from two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) national networks for 122 physical, chemical, and biological properties of water collected at 680 monitoring stations from 1962 to 1995, quality assurance information that describes the sample collection agencies, laboratories, analytical methods, and estimates of laboratory measurement error (bias and variance), and information on selected cultural and natural characteristics of the station watersheds. The data are easily accessed via user-supplied software including Web browser, spreadsheet, and word processor, or may be queried and printed according to user-specified criteria using the supplied retrieval software on CD-ROM. The water quality data serve a variety of scientific uses including research and educational applications related to trend detection, flux estimation, investigations of the effects of the natural environment and cultural sources on water quality, and the development of statistical methods for designing efficient monitoring networks and interpreting water resources data. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 22091 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Alexander, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 22091 USA. NR 33 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2401 EP 2405 DI 10.1029/98WR01530 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 115PX UT WOS:000075674800028 ER PT J AU Johnson, RR Higgins, KF AF Johnson, RR Higgins, KF TI Bias in quadrat-derived estimates of number of prairie wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE bias; correction; estimation; prairie pothole region; South Dakota; quadrat sampling; wetland AB Estimates of number of wetlands derived from quadrat sampling are inherently biased when wetlands on quadrat boundaries are counted. Bias complicates comparisons of wetland density or abundance between years or studies, or between regions with different wetland sizes. Simulated quadrat sampling was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of bias in estimates of the number of temporary, seasonal, semipermanent, and total wetlands from samples of square quadrats of different sizes. All estimates were biased except for number of temporary wetlands derived from samples of the largest quadrats. Bias ranged from + 101% (SE = 0.39%) for estimates of the number of semipermanent wetlands sampled with 0.64 km(2) quadrats to + 0.19% (SE = 0.19%) for the number of temporary wetlands sampled with 25.60 km(2) quadrats. Bias was greatest when large wetlands were sampled using small quadrats and was related to quadrat perimeter:area ratio (km/km(2)) and to quadrat size. Managers and researchers should correct for bias in estimates of number of wetlands by deriving correction factors with the equations presented or by deriving correction factors using aerial photographs to determine the geometric centers of wetlands in and around a subset of sample quadrats. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Johnson, RR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, N Amer Waterfowl & Wetlands Off, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 329 EP 334 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 123TF UT WOS:000076139900003 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Swift, DM Coughenour, MB Varley, JD AF Singer, FJ Swift, DM Coughenour, MB Varley, JD TI Thunder on the Yellowstone revisited: an assessment of management of native ungulates by natural regulation, 1968-1993 SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecology and Management of Ungulates in National Parks in Western North America, at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Wildlife-Society CY 1997 CL SNOWMASS, COLORADO SP Wildlife Soc DE Cervus elaphus; elk; management of ungulates; National Park Service policy; natural regulation ID NORTHERN WINTER RANGE; NATIONAL-PARK; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; IDAHO FESCUE; BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS; CLIMATE CHANGE; ELK; FIRE; POPULATIONS; RESPONSES AB Natural regulation of native ungulates was initiated in 1968 in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) based on the premise that ungulates would reach an equilibrium with their plant resources. The natural-regulation management model stated: density dependence wilt regulate ungulates (i.e., a dynamic equilibrium will result between ungulates and their food supply, within some bounds of vegetation and soil effects); and no retrogression of soil and vegetation will occur from elk (Cervus elaphus) grazing during this process. The historical record indicated that elk were abundant in the system and elk were primarily food limited before settlement by European man (i.e., wolves [Canis lupus] and Native Americans were only an adjunct to the density dependent population regulation of ungulates). Density dependence was demonstrated in elk, but not in bison (Bison bison). No widespread evidence of overgrazing was observed through 1993 in study sites within vegetation communities that comprised about 97% of the winter range. No evidence of increased exotics, increased sediment yield, warming or drying of the soil, changes in soil nutrients, or differences in aboveground standing-crop biomass of plants was found between grazed and ungrazed plots. Ungulate herbivory apparently stimulated aboveground production of grasses, enhanced nitrogen and macronutrients in grasses, increased nutrient cycling, and enhanced measures of fitness in 6 common plants. However, exposed soil surface (bare ground and pebbles combined) was 11-18% greater on grazed than ungrazed plots, apparently due to a 71% decline in dead and standing litter on grazed plots. Percent live-plant basal cover, however, did not differ on grazed versus ungrazed plots, and there was no difference in soil microclimate or sediment yield. Differences in the abundance of 12% of the herbaceous species were found in grazed versus ungrazed sites (16 of 128 species); 10 were declines and 6 were increases. Willow (Salix spp.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides) declines predated the new management policy, but their slow declines also continued after 1968. Three uncommon plant species (aspen, willow, and Wyoming big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata tridentata]) and 1 herbivore(moose [Alces alces]) declined under natural-regulation management. Two uncommon species of woody browse (aspen, Wyoming big sagebrush) were overutilized by ungulates (consumption of >2/3 current annual growth occurred). We conclude the natural-regulation model for YNP was flawed in its assumptions of a single, steady state for the park, based on conditions presumed to exist in 1870 prior to establishment of the national park. The period selected as a standard (1870) was an unusual period characterized by frequent large fires and floods, common wolves, few elk, and a cooler, wetter climate. We also conclude there is a high level of uncertainty surrounding what elk densities were in pre-Columbian times (element 3 of the management model) and what effects wolves and Native Americans had in regulating the elk population. C1 Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Box 168, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. NR 117 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 375 EP 390 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 165MG UT WOS:000078524500002 ER PT J AU Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC Cates, RG Barnett, DT AF Singer, FJ Zeigenfuss, LC Cates, RG Barnett, DT TI Elk, multiple factors, and persistence of willows in national parks SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecology and Management of Ungulates in National Parks in Western North America, at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Wildlife-Society CY 1997 CL SNOWMASS, COLORADO SP Wildlife Soc DE elk; herbivory; national parks; ungulate management; willows ID NORTHERN WINTER RANGE; BEAVER CASTOR-CANADENSIS; UNGULATE HERBIVORY; YELLOWSTONE; ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE; FIRE AB Managers are concerned over declines in willows (Salix spp.) and increasing elk (Cervus elaphus) populations in Rocky Mountain and Yellowstone national parks. We compare and contrast elk population trends, elk herbivory rates on willows, willow growth rates, climates, and responses of willows to clipping. Both parks had similar patterns of elk densities (11-16 elk/km(2)), elk herbivory rates on willows (26-28% of current annual growth [CAG]), elk increases, long-term climate trends toward aridity; and recent wetter and cooler trends. Growth conditions for willows were better in Rocky Mountain National Park. Willow CAG was 250% greater, willow shoots were 100% heavier, and shoots were 41% longer in Rocky Mountain National Park compared to Yellowstone National Park (P < 0.05). When previously protected willows were clipped (100%) over 3 years in Yellowstone National Park there was 250% less CAG, a 22% decline in height, and no increase in tannins or phenolics. Tannins and phenolics increased in Rocky Mountain National Park. Elk had a greater negative effect on willows in Yellowstone National Park (P = 0.02) due to less suitable growth conditions for willow; i.e., precipitation was lower and there were fewer beaver ponds compared to Rocky Mountain National Park. Abiotic and biotic factors combined with elk densities affect willow physiology, regeneration, and persistence. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Lab, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot, Chem Ecol Lab, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Singer, FJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Lab, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurray Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 50 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 419 EP 428 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 165MG UT WOS:000078524500006 ER PT J AU Wright, RG AF Wright, RG TI A review of the relationships between visitors and ungulates in national parks SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecology and Management of Ungulates in National Parks in Western North America, at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Wildlife-Society CY 1997 CL SNOWMASS, COLORADO SP Wildlife Soc DE national parks; visitor use; wildlife viewing ID MANAGEMENT AB The growth in ungulate populations and the enhanced viewing opportunities they provide in many national parks, a mixed blessing to park managers, has been viewed positively by most park visitors. Visitors, long the major constituency of parks, have played a major role in the way ungulates are managed. I trace the history of the relationships between visitors and ungulates in parks and provide examples of how visitors have influenced ungulate management policies. Today, although public influence on ungulate management seems to be greater than ever, the public has a poor understanding of park management actions. Park interpretive programs can be used to address this problem. C1 Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Wright, RG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 471 EP 476 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 165MG UT WOS:000078524500011 ER PT J AU Miller, KE Ackerman, BB Lefebvre, LW Clifton, KB AF Miller, KE Ackerman, BB Lefebvre, LW Clifton, KB TI An evaluation of strip-transect aerial survey methods for monitoring manatee populations in Florida SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Florida; manatee; perception bias; population estimate; strip transect; trend analysis; Trichechus manatus; visibility bias ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; VISIBILITY BIAS; HELICOPTER COUNTS; DETECTING TRENDS; HARBOR PORPOISE; ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; CALIFORNIA; MOOSE AB We evaluated the use of replicated strip-transect aerial surveys to estimate population size of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the Banana River, Florida, an important warm-season refuge for this species. Our objectives were (1) to estimate population size of manatees, (2) to correct for perception bias by applying a Petersen mark-recapture model to counts made by 2 independent observers, and (3) to evaluate the usefulness of these surveys in detecting population trends over time. Five hundred thirty-one individuals comprising 248 manatee groups were counted in 15 replicate surveys during August-September 1993 and August 1994. Survey-specific correction factors for perception bias (the proportion of manatees visible within the strip transect but missed by observers) averaged 1.12. Annual population estimates derived from strip transects were 125 +/- 4 ((x) over bar +/- SE) and 179 +/- 8 in 1993 and 1994, respectively. We added counts made in a high-density stratum (i.e., manatee aggregation sites) to obtain corrected population estimates of 159 +/- 7 and 238 +/- 10 in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Given the high precision of our annual estimates (CV less than or equal to 0.05), we could use this survey protocol to detect a 5% annual rate of change in <4 years with power greater than or equal to 0.75. Our study is the first to use replicated strip-transect aerial surveys to estimate manatee population size. This survey technique is an improvement over previous attempts to estimate manatee abundance, because it uses a repeatable, standardized survey design to produce population estimates with associated variance and confidence intervals. We recommend that managers use warm-season strip-transect surveys in the Banana River to corroborate other evidence of population trends of manatees on the east coast of Florida. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Miller, KE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, POB 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 561 EP 570 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 165MG UT WOS:000078524500021 ER PT J AU Andres, BA Browne, BT AF Andres, BA Browne, BT TI Spring migration of shorebirds on the Yakutat Forelands, Alaska SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN SANDPIPERS; COAST AB During spring 1996 and 1997, we conducted ground surveys at high tide to determine species composition, numbers, and timing of spring shorebird migration on the Yakutat Forelands, Alaska. Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) and Dunlins (C. alpina) were the most abundant shorebirds we observed in the Seal Creek-Ahrnklin River estuary; we also observed large aggregations of Marbled Godwits (Limosa fedoa beringiae). Using information on turnover rates of radio-tagged Western Sandpipers, we estimated that about 101,000 small calidridine sandpipers used the Seal Creek-Ahrnklin River estuary as a spring migration stopover annually in 1996 and 1997. From previous aerial survey data on shorebird distribution, we estimated that the entire Yakutat Forelands supports a spring population of more than 350,000 migrant shorebirds. Therefore, the forelands is an important stopover site to migratory shorebirds and should be included in the network of international stopover sites needed to conserve shorebirds migrating along the Pacific coast. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Andres, BA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Brad_Andres@mail.fws.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 110 IS 3 BP 326 EP 331 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 117QV UT WOS:000075794000004 ER PT J AU Lloyd, J Mannan, RW Destefano, S Kirkpatrick, C AF Lloyd, J Mannan, RW Destefano, S Kirkpatrick, C TI The effects of mesquite invasion on a southeastern Arizona grassland bird community SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SITES AB We determined which vegetal features influenced the distribution and abundance of grassland birds at the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. The density and distribution of mesquite (Prosopis velutina) exerted the strongest influence on the grassland bird community. Abundances of Pyrrhuloxia (Cardinalis sinuatus; r(2) = 0.363, P = 0.025) and Lucy's Warbler (Vermivora luciae; r(2) = 0.348, P = 0.04), and total abundance of birds (r(2) = 0.358, P = 0.04) were positively correlated with increasing density of mesquite (Prosopis velutina), whereas abundance of Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus; r(2) = 0.452, P = 0.02) was negatively correlated with increasing mesquite density. Abundance of Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus; r(2) = 0.693, P < 0.001) was positively correlated with an increasing patchiness of mesquite. Shrub-dependent bird species dominated the community, accounting for 12 of the 18 species and 557 of the 815 individuals detected. Species relying on extensive areas of open grassland were largely absent from the study area, perhaps a result of the recent invasion of mesquite into this semi-desert grassland. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USGS, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Lloyd, J (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 11 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 110 IS 3 BP 403 EP 408 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 117QV UT WOS:000075794000014 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Fowler, AC Bottitta, GE Schamber, J AF Flint, PL Fowler, AC Bottitta, GE Schamber, J TI Observations of geese foraging for clam shells during spring on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT RESERVES; CANADA GEESE; SNOW GEESE; REPRODUCTION AB We studied the behavior of geese on exposed river ice during spring on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. The predominant behavior while on the ice for both sexes was foraging; however, females foraged more than males. Visual inspection of the ice revealed no potential plant or animal food items. However numerous small (<20 mm) clam shells (Macoma balthica) and pieces of shell were noted. It appeared that geese were foraging on empty clam shells. This potential source of calcium was available to breeding geese just prior to egg formation and geese likely stored this calcium in the form of medullary bone for use during egg formation. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 110 IS 3 BP 411 EP 413 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 117QV UT WOS:000075794000016 ER PT J AU Worthington, DJ AF Worthington, DJ TI Inter-island dispersal of the Mariana Common Moorhen: A recolonization by an endangered species SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Mariana Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus guami) rapidly colonized a human-made wetland on the Island of Rota in Micronesia. Although prehistoric evidence suggests that moorhens once occurred on Rota, the historic lack of wetland habitat prior to construction of an artificial wetland apparently precluded more recent occupation. This recolonization demonstrates that moorhens can rapidly exploit newly available habitat by dispersing significant distances (at least 77 km) over open ocean. C1 Div Fish & Wildlife, Commonwealth No Marian Isl, Rota MP, CM 96951 USA. RP Worthington, DJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Islands Off, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 3-122,Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 110 IS 3 BP 414 EP 417 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 117QV UT WOS:000075794000017 ER PT J AU Mueller, PA Wooden, JL Nutman, AP Mogk, DW AF Mueller, PA Wooden, JL Nutman, AP Mogk, DW TI Early Archean crust in the northern Wyoming province - Evidence from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE detrital zircon; archean crust; U-Pb; age distribution ID BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS; METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS; MANTLE EVOLUTION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; MONTANA; SYSTEMATICS; HISTORY; GNEISS; RANGE AB U-Pb ages of individual detrital and metamorphic zircons from 12 Archean metasedimentary rocks, including quartzites, from the Beartooth, Ruby, and Tobacco Root uplifts of the northern Wyoming province indicate that they were deposited between 2.7 and 3.2 Ga. Younger, metamorphic zircons are found as overgrowths and new grains in some samples, and yield ages between 2.7 and 1.9 Ga. They are, however, much less abundant than detrital grains, which constitute >75% of the 355 grains analyzed. The majority of the detrital grains have ages between 3.2 and 3.4 Ga; none are younger than 2.9 Ga. Grains with Pb-207/Pb-206 ages between 3.4 and 4.0 Ga constituted approximately 15% of all grains with analyses within 10% of concordia, but are concentrated in samples from the eastern Beartooth Mountains. Comparison of the average of the Pb-Pb ages of individual zircons within 10% of concordia with previously published Lu-Hf chondritic model ages for some individual samples suggests that the age distribution recorded by the U-Pb system in these zircons has not been significantly disturbed by pre- or post-depositional Pb-loss. Collectively, these data suggest that the individual metasedimentary rocks did not completely share a common provenance and that a major crust-forming cycle occurred 3.2 to 3.4 Ga. In conjunction with previously published U-Th-Pb whole-rock data, these results suggest that rocks with a relatively high proportion of > 3.4 Ga grains may have had crust of comparable age in their provenance. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Mueller, PA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X NR 38 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD AUG 31 PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 295 EP 307 DI 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00055-2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 118HG UT WOS:000075832000006 ER PT J AU Brown, SJA Wilson, CJN Cole, JW Wooden, J AF Brown, SJA Wilson, CJN Cole, JW Wooden, J TI The Whakamaru group ignimbrites, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: evidence for reverse tapping of a zoned silicic magmatic system SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Whakamaru ignimbrites; Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ); geochemistry; rhyolite magma chamber; magma withdrawal ID ASH-FLOW TUFFS; FE-TI OXIDES; ISLAND-ARC; CHAMBERS; GRADIENTS; PHENOCRYSTS; EQUILIBRIA; DYNAMICS; ORIGIN; LAVAS AB The Whakamaru group ignimbrites are widespread voluminous welded ignimbrites which crop out along the eastern and western margins of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand. The ignimbrites have a combined volume exceeding 1000 km(3) and were erupted from a large caldera in the central TVZ around 340 ka, following a c. 350 ka hiatus in caldera-forming activity in TVZ. Analysis of individual pumice clasts identifies five distinct magma types (rhyolite types A to D, and high alumina basalt) and significant gradients in temperature, water content, and Sr isotopic composition in the pre-eruptive Whakamaru magmatic system. There is a marked variation in mineral assemblage with composition; type A low-silica rhyolite pumices contain plagioclase, quartz, orthopyroxene, hornblende, biotite, and magnetite/ilmenite with distinctive large rounded quartz phenocrysts. High-silica (types B and C) pumices contain quartz (smaller, subhedral phenocrysts), plagioclase, sanidine, biotite, and magnetite/ilmenite. Type D pumices are rich in plagioclase and biotite phenocrysts, and have anomalously high Rb contents (> 200 ppm) relative to all other pumice types. Rhyolite types B and C are related to type A magma by a two-stage crystal fractionation process, probably by side wall crystallisation and convective fractionation. The first stage involved 30-40% fractionation of a plagioclase-dominated (sanidine-free) assemblage to produce a type B magma, which in turn underwent fractionation of a plagioclase/quartz/sanidine assemblage to produce the highly evolved, but relatively Ba-depleted, type C magmas. Stratigraphic variations in modal proportions of mineral phases, and calculated Fe-Ti oxide equilibrium temperatures indicate that eruptions commenced with the hottest, least evolved magmas, and more evolved magmas became important at a later stage in the eruption along with a high alumina basalt component. This reverse-zoned sequence precludes simple sequential tapping of a large zoned magma chamber, and indicates a complex magma chamber configuration and/or withdrawal dynamics during eruption. Type D magma, which appears to be unrelated to either types A or B by crystal fractionation, may have formed a separate subjacent chamber that was ruptured and incorporated into the eruption. The Whakamaru magma system provides clear evidence that (less evolved) low silica rhyolites undergo significant fractionation at shallow crustal levels in central TVZ, to produce the generally more evolved rhyolites more commonly erupted at the surface, and suggests large ignimbrite eruptions may tap multiple magma chambers. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Canterbury, Dept Geol Sci, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Perth, WA 6907, Australia. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Taupo, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Branch Isotope Geol, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Brown, SJA (reprint author), Univ Canterbury, Dept Geol Sci, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. EM sbrown@geol.uwa.edu.au RI Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011 OI Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743 NR 68 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 EI 1872-6097 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG 30 PY 1998 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00020-1 PG 37 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 115CJ UT WOS:000075645700001 ER PT J AU Aiken, G Ravichandran, M Reddy, M Ryan, JN Tregellas, J AF Aiken, G Ravichandran, M Reddy, M Ryan, JN Tregellas, J TI Interactions of dissolved organic carbon with mercury in the Everglades, Florida. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 025-ENVR BP U765 EP U765 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902245 ER PT J AU Barber, LB Brown, GK Writer, JH Zuagg, SA AF Barber, LB Brown, GK Writer, JH Zuagg, SA TI Analysis of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage effluents by continuous liquid-liquid extraction, derivatization and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 165-ENVR BP U810 EP U810 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902385 ER PT J AU Cain, DJ Luoma, SN Axtmann, EV Hornberger, MI AF Cain, DJ Luoma, SN Axtmann, EV Hornberger, MI TI The distribution and bioavailability of metal contaminants in a mining-impacted river. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 016-GEOC BP U888 EP U888 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902619 ER PT J AU Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Aiken, GR AF Hoch, AR Reddy, MM Aiken, GR TI Calcite crystal growth inhibition by organic acids isolated from the Florida Everglades. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 026-ENVR BP U765 EP U765 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902246 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Barbash, JE Gilliom, RJ AF Kolpin, DW Barbash, JE Gilliom, RJ TI Pesticides in ground water of the United States: Initial NAWQA results. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. USGS, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 160-AGRO BP U134 EP U134 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234900337 ER PT J AU McKnight, DM Bencala, K AF McKnight, DM Bencala, K TI Sorption of aquatic fulvic acid on streambed iron oxides: In-stream reaction rates and chemical fractionation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 008-ENVR BP U759 EP U759 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902228 ER PT J AU Mroczkowski, SJ Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB AF Mroczkowski, SJ Palmer, CA Finkelman, RB TI Selective leaching characteristics of the Pittsburgh and Illinois #6 coal beds SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 053-ENVR BP U774 EP U774 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902273 ER PT J AU Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Reddy, MM Ryan, JN AF Ravichandran, M Aiken, GR Reddy, MM Ryan, JN TI Enhanced dissolution of cinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by aquatic humic substances. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USGS, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 087-ENVR BP U785 EP U785 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902307 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Kolpin, DW Kalkhoff, SJ AF Thurman, EM Kolpin, DW Kalkhoff, SJ TI Occurrence of acetanilide herbicide metabolites in ground water of the Midwest. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 159-AGRO BP U133 EP U134 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234900336 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Rice, CA Budahn, JR Affolter, RH AF Zielinski, RA Rice, CA Budahn, JR Affolter, RH TI Uranium in coal and fly ash: Abundance forms, and environmental significance SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1998 VL 216 MA 048-ENVR BP U772 EP U772 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 107WX UT WOS:000075234902268 ER PT J AU King, SL Keeland, BD Moore, JL AF King, SL Keeland, BD Moore, JL TI Beaver lodge distributions and damage assessments in a forested wetland ecosystem in the southern United States SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Castor canadensis; Taxodium distichum; Myocastor coypus; exotic mammal; regeneration; animal damage ID DISTICHUM L RICH; LOUISIANA AB Caddo Lake, USA, a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, is a lacustrine wetland complex consisting of stands of flooded baldcypress intermixed with open water and emergent wetland habitats. Recently, concern has been expressed over a perceived increase in the beaver population and the impact of beaver on the long-term sustainability of the baldcypress ecosystem. We used intensive beaver lodge surveys to determine the distribution and relative abundance of beaver and the amount, type, and distribution of beaver damage to mature trees and seedlings at Caddo Lake. A total of 229 lodges were located with a combination of aerial and boat/ground surveys. Most lodges were located in open water and edge habitats. About 95% of the lodges were occupied by beaver or nutria. Some form of damage was exhibited by one or more trees near 85% of the lodges. Intensive damage assessments around 35 lodges indicated that most damage to trees, baldcypress in particular, was restricted to peeling or stripping of bark which is believed to have minimal effect on tree survival. Surveys of regeneration indicated that baldcypress seedlings were very abundant; however, over 99.9% were less than 30 cm tall. The lack of recruitment into the larger size classes appears to be a result of high stand densities and water management practices. At this time, the young age and density of the baldcypress forests suggest that recruitment is not a major concern and herbivore damage appears to be having a minimal effect on the forest. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP King, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 20 PY 1998 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00224-7 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 104JE UT WOS:000075010300001 ER PT J AU Leenheer, JA Brown, GK MacCarthy, P Cabaniss, SE AF Leenheer, JA Brown, GK MacCarthy, P Cabaniss, SE TI Models of metal binding structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARBOXYL-GROUP STRUCTURES; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; CHEMISTRY AB Fulvic acid, isolated from the Suwannee River, Georgia, was assessed for its ability to bind Ca2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions at pH 6 before and after extensive fractionation that was designed to reveal the nature of metal binding functional groups; The binding constant for Ca2+ ion had the greatest increase of all the ions in a metal binding fraction that was selected for intensive characterization for the purpose of building quantitative average model structures. The "metal binding" fraction was characterized by quantitative C-13 NMR, H-1 NMR, and FT-IR spectrometry and elemental, titrimetric, and molecular weight determinations. The characterization data revealed that carboxyl groups were clustered in short-chain aliphatic dibasic acid structures. The Ca2+ binding data suggested that ether-substituted oxysuccinic acid structures are good models for the metal binding sites at pH 6. Structural models were derived based upon oxidation and photolytic rearrangements of cutin, lignin, and tannin precursors. These structural models rich in substituted dibasic acid structures revealed polydentate binding sites with the potential for both inner-sphere and outer-sphere type binding. The majority of the fulvic acid molecule was involved with metal binding rather than a small substructural unit. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Leenheer, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 121 Z9 123 U1 5 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 16 BP 2410 EP 2416 DI 10.1021/es9708979 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 110KX UT WOS:000075380800008 ER PT J AU Massonnet, D Holzer, T Vadon, H AF Massonnet, D Holzer, T Vadon, H TI Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry (vol 24, pg 901, 1997) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 CNES, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Massonnet, D (reprint author), CNES, 18 Ave E Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 16 BP 3213 EP 3213 DI 10.1029/98GL02251 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 111WT UT WOS:000075462000041 ER PT J AU Anderson, RT Chapelle, FH Lovley, DR AF Anderson, RT Chapelle, FH Lovley, DR TI Evidence against hydrogen-based microbial ecosystems in basalt aquifers SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEEP; GEOCHEMISTRY; SUBSURFACE; SEDIMENTS; BIOSPHERE AB It has been proposed that hydrogen produced from basalt-ground-water interactions may serve as an energy source that supports the existence of microorganisms in the deep subsurface on Earth and possibly on other planets. However, experiments demonstrated that hydrogen is not produced from basalt at an environmentally relevant, alkaline pH. Small amounts of hydrogen were produced at a lower pH in laboratory incubations, but even this hydrogen production was transitory. Furthermore, geochemical considerations suggest that previously reported rates of hydrogen production cannot be sustained over geologically significant time frames. These findings indicate that hydrogen production from basalt-ground-water interactions may not support microbial metabolism in the subsurface. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Lovley, DR (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 29 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 14 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5379 BP 976 EP 977 DI 10.1126/science.281.5379.976 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 110ZK UT WOS:000075412700042 ER PT J AU Schwartz, DP Pantosti, D Okumura, K Powers, TJ Hamilton, JC AF Schwartz, DP Pantosti, D Okumura, K Powers, TJ Hamilton, JC TI Paleoseismic investigations in the Santa Cruz mountains, California: Implications for recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes on the San Andreas fault SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SLIP RATE; REEVALUATION; FRANCISCO; GEOMETRY AB Trenching, micro,microgeomorphic mapping, and tree ring analysis provide information on timing of paleoearthquakes and behavior of the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz mountains. At the Grizzly Flat site alluvial units dated at 1640-1659 A.D., 1679-1894 A.D,, 1668-1893 A.D., and the present ground surface are displaced by a single event. This was the 1906 surface rupture. Combined trench dates and tree ring analysis suggest that the penultimate event occurred in the mid-1600s, possibly in an interval as narrow as 1632-1659 A.D. There is no direct evidence in the trenches for the 1838 or 1865 earthquakes, which have been proposed as occurring on this part of the fault zone. In a minimum time of about 340 years only one large surface faulting event (1906) occurred at Grizzly Flat, in contrast to previous recurrence estimates of 95-110 years for the Santa Cruz mountains segment. Comparison with dates of the penultimate San Andreas earthquake at sites north of San Francisco suggests that the San Andreas fault between Point Arena and the Santa Cruz mountains may have failed either as a sequence of closely timed earthquakes on adjacent segments or as a single long rupture similar in length to the 1906 rupture around the mid-1600s. The 1906 coseismic geodetic slip and the late Holocene geologic slip rate on the San Francisco peninsula and southward are about 50-70% and 70% of their values north of San Francisco, respectively. The slip gradient along the 1906 rupture section of the San Andreas reflects partitioning of plate boundary slip onto the San Gregorio, Sargent, and other faults south of the Golden Gate. If a mid-1600s event ruptured the same section of the fault that failed in 1906, it supports the concept that long strike-slip faults can contain master rupture segments that repeat in both length and slip distribution. Recognition of a persistent slip rate gradient along the northern San Andreas fault and the concept of a master segment remove the requirement that lower slip sections of large events such as 1906 must fill in on a periodic basis with smaller and more frequent earthquakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Earthquake Hazard Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Hiroshima Univ, Dept Geog, Hiroshima 7398522, Japan. Ist Nazl Geofis, I-00143 Roma, Italy. RP Schwartz, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Earthquake Hazard Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM schwartz@usgs.gov; pantosti@ingrm.it; kojiok@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp; hamilton@eqmap.wr.usgs.gov OI Pantosti, daniela/0000-0001-7308-9104 NR 43 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B8 BP 17985 EP 18001 DI 10.1029/98JB00701 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000075299700016 ER PT J AU Delaney, PT Denlinger, RP Lisowski, M Miklius, A Okubo, PG Okamura, AT Sako, MK AF Delaney, PT Denlinger, RP Lisowski, M Miklius, A Okubo, PG Okamura, AT Sako, MK TI Volcanic spreading at Kilauea, 1976-1996 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLANK; HAWAIIAN VOLCANOS; RIFT ZONES; EARTHQUAKE; MAGMA; DEFORMATION; BENEATH; MODEL; LANDSLIDES; INJECTION AB The rift system traversing about 80 km of the subaerial surface of Kilauea volcano has extended continuously since the M 7.2 flank earthquake of November 1975. Widening across the summit has amounted to more than 250 cm, decelerating after 1975 from about 25 to 4 cm yr(-1) since 1983. Concurrently, the summit has subsided more than 200 cm, even as the adjacent south flank has risen more than 50 cm. The axes of the upper zones, about 10 km from the summit, subsided before 1983 at average rates of 9 and 4 cm yr(-1), respectively, and at rates of 4 and 3 cm yr(-1) since. The middle southwest rift zone is also subsiding and, at the other end of Kilauea's subaerial rift system, subsidence along the lower east rift zone has averaged 1-2 cm yr(-1). Deformation of Kilauea's south flank has been continuous, although subject as well to displacements caused by major rift zone seismic swarms. Whereas horizontal strains across the subaerial south flank seem to have been generally compressive after 1975, they have been extensional since about 1980 or 1981, interrupted only by the east rift zone dike intrusion of 1983. Because the magnitudes of these contractions and extensions are much less than the extension across the rift system, the subaerial south flank is apparently sliding seaward on its basal decollement more than it is accumulating horizontal strains within the overlying volcanic pile. Kilauea suffers from gravitational spreading made even more unstable by accumulation of magma along the rift system at depths in excess of about 4-5 km in the presence hot rock incapable of withstanding deviatoric stresses. This seismicly quiescent zone decouples the south flank from the rest of Hawaii's volcanic edifice; the rift zones at lesser depths exhibit a more brittle and, therefore, sporadic extensional behavior. Judging from the modern extension record of the summit, which both predates the M 7.2 earthquake of 1975 and has outlived its 10-year period of aftershocks, Kilauea will continue to spread along its rift system as its south flank slips seaward to accommodate the accretion of magma and its relatively dense olivine-rich differentiate. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Delaney, PT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM delaney@flagmail.wr.usgs.gov; roger@asopus.wr.usgs.gov; mlisowski@liko.wr.usgs.gov; asta@liko.wr.usgs.gov; pokuba@liko.wr.usgs.gov; arnold@liko.wr.usgs.gov; maurice@liko.wr.usgs.gov NR 48 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B8 BP 18003 EP 18023 DI 10.1029/98JB01665 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000075299700017 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Simpson, RW Murray, MH AF Savage, JC Simpson, RW Murray, MH TI Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972-1989 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; ANDREAS FAULT; EARTHQUAKE; STRESS; STATE AB Maps of the strain accumulation rate in the San Francisco Bay area have been constructed from trilateration observations extending from about 1972 until the Loma Prieta earthquake in late 1989. The observations were corrected to remove offsets imposed by shallow fault creep and by four M similar to 6 earthquakes that occurred in the Bay area during that time interval. The Bay area was divided into 32 contiguous polygons, and the uniform (in both space and time) strain rates that best explain the changes in the corrected (earthquake and shallow fault creep offsets removed) distances within each polygon were calculated. In a coordinate system with the 1 axis directed N58 degrees E and the 2 axis N32 degrees W (perpendicular and parallel to the local tangent to the small circle drawn about the Pacific-Sierra Nevada pole of rotation) the averages of these 32 strain rates (each weighted by the area of the polygon) are epsilon(11) = 9.2 +/- 7.4, epsilon(12) = -160.7 +/- 4.6, and epsilon(22) = 8.2 +/- 6.2 nanostrain/yr, where extension is reckoned positive and quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. As expected from the Pacific-Sierra Nevada relative plate motion, the overall strain rate is predominantly right-lateral shear across a vertical plane striking N32 degrees W. The net increase in the 12,225 km(2) area of the trilateration network is only 212 +/- 110 m(2)/yr, which arises from almost equal extensions in the N32 degrees W and N58 degrees E directions. Within the network the strain rates vary from polygon to polygon. Significant areal dilatation rates are observed in almost 1/3 of the individual polygons and the N32 degrees W extension rates tend to be negative to the west of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek fault trend and positive east of it. The N58 degrees E extension rate is positive in 22 out of 32 polygons, a proportion that is significantly larger than would be expected by chance if the N58 degrees E extension rate were zero or negative. The pre-1989 strain accumulation across the eventual site of the Loma Prieta rupture involves fault normal contraction as well as right-lateral shear, consistent with the rupture mechanism. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jsavage@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B8 BP 18039 EP 18051 DI 10.1029/98JB01574 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000075299700019 ER PT J AU King, NE Thatcher, W AF King, NE Thatcher, W TI The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FAULT BEHAVIOR; MOVEMENTS; HISTORY; MEXICO; MODEL; ZONES AB Geodetic arrays observed by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey span the Imperial fault in southern California. For the 1940 M 7.1 Imperial Valley earthquake, a 1934-1941 triangulation network has sufficient resolution to allow inversion for the coseismic slip distribution on fault segments 5 to 25 km long extending from the surface to a depth of 9 km. The estimated right-lateral slip is 0.8 to 1.7 m on the northern 30 km of the main trace of the Imperial fault, 4.8 +/- 0.2 m on a 10-km-long segment straddling the United States - Mexico border, and 1.3 +/- 0.4 m on a southern 25-km-long segment in Mexico. Fixing this strike-slip model and inverting 1940 leveling data only for dip slip yields 0.1 m of east-side-down dip slip. The seismic moment for this model is M-0 = (3.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(19) N m. The 1979 geodetic dataset, mostly elevation changes from leveling routes, has insufficient resolution for inversion. However, it is possible to use this geodetic data set and results published by others to infer that the 1940 and 1979 earthquakes may be similar on the rupture zone common to both events. Our preferred 1940 model is similar to the 1979 geodetic results of Creole [1984] on the segments where both networks have good resolution. Elevation changes from 1940 and 1979 leveling data are very similar. Thus the geodetic data corroborate the surface slip evidence of Sharp [1982b] that the 1940 and 1979 slip distributions are examples of "characteristic slip" on the northern Imperial fault. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP King, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM nking@usgs.gov; thatcher@thepub.wr.usgs.gov NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD AUG 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B8 BP 18069 EP 18086 DI 10.1029/98JB00575 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109AU UT WOS:000075299700021 ER PT J AU Chou, IM Blank, JG Goncharov, AF Mao, HK Hemley, RJ AF Chou, IM Blank, JG Goncharov, AF Mao, HK Hemley, RJ TI In situ observations of a high-pressure phase of H2O ice SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DIAMOND-ANVIL CELL; SUPERCOOLED WATER; BEHAVIOR; VI AB A previously unknown solid phase of H2O has been identified by its peculiar growth patterns, distinct pressure-temperature melting relations, and vibrational Rama? spectra. Morphologies of ice crystals and their pressure-temperature melting relations were directly observed in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell for H2O bulk densities between 1203 and 1257 kilograms per cubic meter at temperatures between - 10 degrees and 50 degrees C. Under these conditions, four different ice forms were observed-to melt: two stable phases, ice V and ice VI, and two metastable phases, ice IV and the new ice phase. The Raman spectra and crystal morphology are consistent with a disordered anisotropic structure with some similarities to ice VI. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 22091 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Ctr High Pressure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Chou, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 22091 USA. NR 27 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 7 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5378 BP 809 EP 812 DI 10.1126/science.281.5378.809 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 108ZD UT WOS:000075295600045 ER PT J AU Lanctot, RB Weatherhead, PJ Kempenaers, B Scribner, KT AF Lanctot, RB Weatherhead, PJ Kempenaers, B Scribner, KT TI Male traits, mating tactics and reproductive success in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID SNIPE GALLINAGO-MEDIA; RUFF PHILOMACHUS-PUGNAX; LEK-BREEDING BIRDS; BLACK GROUSE LEKS; SEXUAL SELECTION; GREAT SNIPE; SAGE GROUSE; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; MALE COMPETITION AB Buff-breasted sandpipers use a variety of mating tactics to acquire mates, including remaining at a single lek for most of the breeding season, attending multiple leks during the season, displaying solitarily or displaying both on leks and solitarily. We found that differences in body size, body condition, fluctuating asymmetry Scores, lying coloration, territory location and-behaviour (attraction, solicitation and agonistic) did not explain the observed variation in mating tactics used by males. Which males abandoned versus returned to leks was also not related to morphology or behaviour, and there was no tendency for males to join leks that were larger or smaller than the lek they abandoned. These results suggest that male desertion of leks was not dependent on a male's characteristics nor On the size. of the lek he was presently attending. Males did join leks with larger males than their previous lek, perhaps to mate with females attracted to these larger 'hotshot' males. Males at both leks and solitary sites successfully mated. Lek tenure did not affect mating success, although lekking a males appeared to mate more frequently-than solitary males. Courtship disruption and to a lesser extent, female mimicry, were effective at preventing females from mating at leks, and may offer a partial explanation for female mating off leks. Our analysis that combined all males together within a year(regardless of mating tactic) indicated that males that attended leks for longer periods of time and that had fewer wing spots were significantly more likely to mate. Given some evidence that wing spotting declines with age; and that females inspect male underwings during courtship, the latter result suggests that:female choice may play some role in determining male success. We suggest that male buff-breasted sandpipers may use alternative mating tactics more readily than males in other 'classic' lek-breeding species because: (1) unpredictable breeding:conditions in this species' high arctic breeding range leads to low lek stability, which in turn hinders mate selection mechanisms mediated by male dominance and female choice; and (2) males are not constrained by morphological markings that indicate;status or sex. Both-characteristics may reduce the reproductive benefits associated with males adopting one mating tactic and result in a sort of scramble competition in which males switch between tactics as local conditions change. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Konrad Lorenz Inst Comparat Ethol, A-1160 Vienna, Austria. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 74 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 56 BP 419 EP 432 DI 10.1006/anbe.1998.0841 PN 2 PG 14 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 115AB UT WOS:000075640400017 ER PT J AU Buchholz, WG Pearce, JM Pierson, BJ Scribner, KT AF Buchholz, WG Pearce, JM Pierson, BJ Scribner, KT TI Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in waterfowl (family Anatidae): characterization of a sex-linked (Z-specific) and 14 autosomal loci SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CONSTRUCTION C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Scribner, KT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 2 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 29 IS 4 BP 323 EP 325 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 112CH UT WOS:000075476200015 PM 9745676 ER PT J AU Hancock, TLC Costello, AM Lidstrom, ME Oremland, RS AF Hancock, TLC Costello, AM Lidstrom, ME Oremland, RS TI Strain IMB-1, a novel bacterium for the removal of methyl bromide in fumigated agricultural soils SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION; CH3BR; ACETYLENE; OXIDATION; SEAWATER AB A facultatively methylotrophic bacterium, strain IMB-1, that has been isolated from agricultural soil grows on methyl bromide (MeBr), methyl iodide, methyl chloride, and methylated amines, as well as on glucose, pyruvate, or acetate. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicates that strain IMB-1 classes in the alpha subgroup of the class Proteobacteria and is closely related to members of the genus Rhizobium. The ability of strain IMB-1to oxidize MeBr to CO2 is constitutive in cells regardless of the growth substrate. Addition of cell suspensions of strain IMB-1 to soils greatly accelerates the oxidation of MeBr, as does pretreatment of soils with low concentrations of methyl iodide. These results suggest that soil treatment strategies can be devised whereby bacteria can effectively consume MeBr during field fumigations, which would diminish or eliminate the outward flux of MeBr to the atmosphere. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Oremland, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 64 IS 8 BP 2899 EP 2905 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 106JY UT WOS:000075127200021 PM 9750123 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Lovley, DR AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Lovley, DR TI Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; AEROBIC MINERALIZATION; TETRACHLOROETHENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; ABSENCE; ETHENE AB Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-(14)C]vinyl chloride and [1,2-(14)C]dichloroethene to (14)CO(2) under humic acid-reducing conditions was demonstrated. The results indicate that waterborne contaminants can be oxidized by using humic acid compounds as electron accepters and suggest that natural aquatic systems have a much larger capacity for contaminant oxidation than previously thought. C1 US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 104 Z9 116 U1 5 U2 23 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 64 IS 8 BP 3102 EP 3105 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 106JY UT WOS:000075127200057 PM 9687484 ER PT J AU Kemble, NE Brunson, EL Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG AF Kemble, NE Brunson, EL Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG TI Assessing sediment toxicity from navigational pools of the Upper Mississippi River using a 28-day Hyalella azteca test SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; PORE-WATER; HEXAGENIA; EXPOSURES; CADMIUM; MONTANA AB To assess the extent of sediment contamination in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) system after the flood of 1993, sediment samples were collected from 24 of the 26 navigational pools in the river and from one site in the Saint Croix River in the summer of 1994. Whole-sediment tests were conducted with the amphipod Hyalella azteca for 28 days measuring the effects on survival, growth, and sexual maturation. Amphipod survival was significantly reduced in only one sediment (13B) relative to the control and reference sediments. Body length of amphipods was significantly reduced relative to the control and reference sediments in only one sample (26C). Sexual maturation was not significantly reduced in any treatment when compared to the control and reference sediments. No significant correlations were observed between survival, growth, and maturation to either the physical or chemical characteristics of the sediment samples from the river. When highly reliable effect range medians (ERMs) were used to evaluate sediment chemistry, 47 of 49 (96%) of the samples were correctly classified as nontoxic. These results indicate that sediment samples from the Upper Mississippi River are relatively uncontaminated compared to other areas of known contamination in the United States. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Kemble, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 181 EP 190 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500001 ER PT J AU Brunson, EL Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE AF Brunson, EL Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE TI Assessing the bioaccumulation of contaminants from sediments of the upper Mississippi River using field-collected oligochaetes and laboratory-exposed Lumbriculus variegatus SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; WATER; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; INVERTEBRATES AB Concern with the redistribution of contaminants associated with sediment in the upper Mississippi River (UMR) arose after the flood of 1993. This project is designed to evaluate the status of sediments in the UMR and is one article in a series designed to assess the extent of sediment contamination in navigational pools of the river. Companion articles evaluate sediment toxicity and benthic community composition in navigation pools of the river. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) to assess the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants in the UMR using laboratory exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and (2) to compare bioaccumulation in laboratory-exposed oligochaetes to field-collected oligochaetes. Sediment samples and native oligochaetes were collected from 23 navigational pools on the Upper Mississippi River and the Saint Croix River. Contaminant concentrations measured in the L. variegatus after 28-day exposures to sediment in the laboratory were compared to contaminant concentrations in field-collected oligochaetes from the 13 pools where these sediments were collected. Contaminant concentrations were relatively low in sediments and tissues from the pools evaluated. Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were frequently measured above detection limits. The majority of the biota-sediment-accumulation factors (BSAFs) for PAHs were within a range of about 1.0 to 2.6, suggesting that the theoretical BSAF value of 1.7 could be used to predict these mean BSAFs with a reasonable degree of certainty. A positive correlation was observed between lipid-normalized concentrations of PAHs detected in laboratory-exposed and field-collected oligochaetes across all sampling locations. Rank correlations for concentrations of individual compounds between laboratory-exposed and field-collected oligochaetes were strongest for benzo(e)pyrene, perylene, benzo(b,k)fluoranthene, and pyrene. About 90% of the paired PAH concentrations in laboratory-exposed and field-collected oligochaetes were within a factor of three of one another indicating laboratory results could be extrapolated to the field with a reasonable degree of certainty. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Brunson, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 27 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 191 EP 201 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500002 ER PT J AU Canfield, TJ Brunson, EL Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE AF Canfield, TJ Brunson, EL Dwyer, FJ Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE TI Assessing sediments from Upper Mississippi River navigational pools using a benthic invertebrate community evaluation and the sediment quality triad approach SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; LARVAE DIPTERA; BIOTIC INDEX; CHIRONOMID LARVAE; DEFORMITIES; LAKE; POLLUTION; WATER; TOXICITY; MONTANA AB Benthic invertebrate samples were collected from 23 pools in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and from one station in the Saint Croix River (SCR) as part of a study to assess the effects of the extensive flooding of 1993 on sediment contamination in the UMR system. Sediment contaminants of concern included both organic and inorganic compounds. Oligochaetes and chironomids constituted over 80% of the total abundance in samples from 14 of 23 pools in the UMR and SCR samples. Fingernail clams comprised a large portion of the community in three of 23 UMR pools and exceeded abundances of 1,000/m(2) in five of 23 pools. Total abundance ranged from 250/m(2) in samples from pool 1 to 22,389/m(2) in samples from pool 19. Abundance values are comparable with levels previously reported in the literature for the UMR. Overall frequency of chironomid mouthpart deformities was 3% (range 0-13%), which is comparable to reported incidence of deformities in uncontaminated sediments previously evaluated. Sediment contamination was generally low in the UMR pools and the SCR site. Correlations between benthic measures and sediment chemistry and other abiotic parameters exhibited few significant or strong correlations. The sediment quality triad (Triad) approach was used to evaluate data from laboratory toxicity tests, sediment chemistry, and benthic community analyses; it showed that 88% of the samples were not scored as impacted based on sediment toxicity chemistry, and benthic measures. Benthic invertebrate distributions and community structure within the UMR in the samples evaluated in the present study were most likely controlled by factors independent of contaminant concentrations in the sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Canfield, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 69 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 202 EP 212 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500003 ER PT J AU Winger, PV Lasier, PJ AF Winger, PV Lasier, PJ TI Toxicity of sediment collected upriver and downriver of major cities along the Lower Mississippi River SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIBUTARIES; AGROCHEMICALS; TRANSPORT; ESTUARINE; TRENDS; WATER AB The Lower Mississippi River contributes significantly to the biodiversity and ecological stability of the alluvial valley, but agricultural, industrial, and municipal developments have historically impacted environmental quality of the river. Toxicity of sediment and sediment pore water was used to assess the current effects of major cities on sediment quality along the Lower Mississippi River. Composite sediment samples were collected from four sites upriver and four sites downriver of five major cities: Cairo, IL; Memphis, TN; Vicksburg, MS; Baton Rouge, LA; and New Orleans, LA. Acute toxicity was determined by exposing Hyalella azteca to solid-phase sediment for 10 days with two water renewals per day and to sediment pore water under static conditions for 96 h. After the initial tests, animals were exposed to ultraviolet light for 16 h. Sediments were analyzed for organics (organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, organophosphate insecticides, and PAHs) and metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn). With the exception of upriver from Memphis, solid-phase sediments were not toxic to H. azteca. Pore water from sediments collected upriver of Memphis also showed slight toxicity. Exposure of H. azteca to ultraviolet light did not increase the toxicity of the sediment or pore-water samples, indicating a lack of toxicity from PAHs that are photoactivated by ultraviolet light. Chemical analyses did not reveal any contaminant levels of concern in the sediments. Based on toxicity testing and chemical analyses, quality of sediments collected from the Lower Mississippi was good, with the exception of sites sampled upriver of Memphis. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Winger, PV (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 213 EP 217 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500004 ER PT J AU Kilbride, KM Paveglio, FL Altstatt, AL Henry, WG Janik, CA AF Kilbride, KM Paveglio, FL Altstatt, AL Henry, WG Janik, CA TI Contaminant loading in drainage and fresh water used for wetland management at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC BIRDS; IRRIGATION DRAINWATER; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; SELENIUM; RIVER; BORON; REPRODUCTION; RESERVOIR; IMPACTS AB Throughout the western United States, studies have identified various detrimental effects of contaminants to aquatic biota from the use of agricultural drainage water for management of arid wetlands. However, little is known about the relative contributions of contaminant loading from pollutants dissolved in water compared with those carried by drifting material (e.g., detritus) associated with drainage water. Consequently, we determined loading rates for contaminants dissolved in water and those incorporated by drifting material for drainage (Diagonal Drain) as well as fresh (S-Line Canal) water used for wetland management at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), Nevada during the early, middle, and late periods of the irrigation season (June through mid-November) in 1993. We found loading rates for trace elements throughout the irrigation season were almost entirely (> 98%) associated with contaminants dissolved in the water rather than incorporated by drift. Although drift contributed little to the total loading for trace elements to SNWR wetlands, contaminant concentrations were much greater in drift compared with those dissolved in water. Loading rates for dissolved As, B, Hg, and total dissolved solids (TDS) differed among periods for the Diagonal Drain. Along the Diagonal Drain, loading rates for dissolved As, B, Hg, Mo, unionized ammonia (NH3-N), TDS, and Zn differed among its three sampling sites. B was the only trace element with differences in loading rates for drift among periods from the Diagonal Drain. In contrast, loading rates for As, B, Cr, Cu, Hg, Se, and Zn in drift differed among periods for the S-Line Canal. Along Diagonal Drain, loading rates in drift for B !middle and late periods), Cr, Cu, and Zn differed among sites. Hg ((x) over bar greater than or equal to 12.0 ng/L) and NH3-N ((x) over bar greater than or equal to 0.985 mg/L) dissolved in water as well as B ((x) over bar greater than or equal to 97.4 mu g/g DW) and Hg ((x) over bar > 0.461 mu g/g DW) in drift from the Diagonal Drain and S-Line Canal exceeded screening levels (SLs) for protection of aquatic biota throughout the irrigation season. Dissolved As ((x) over bar greater than or equal to 0.0426 mg/L) in water from the Diagonal Drain during all periods exceeded the SL for protection of aquatic biota. Dissolved B ((x) over bar = 1.03 mg/L) in water from the Diagonal Drain during the early period exceeded the SL for protection of aquatic biota. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Stillwater Natl Wildlife Refuge, Fallon, NV 89406 USA. RP Kilbride, KM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 9317 NE Highway 99,Suite D, Vancouver, WA 98665 USA. NR 68 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 236 EP 248 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500007 ER PT J AU Norstrom, RJ Belikov, SE Born, EW Garner, GW Malone, B Olpinski, S Ramsay, MA Schliebe, S Stirling, I Stishov, MS Taylor, MK Wiig, O AF Norstrom, RJ Belikov, SE Born, EW Garner, GW Malone, B Olpinski, S Ramsay, MA Schliebe, S Stirling, I Stishov, MS Taylor, MK Wiig, O TI Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in polar bears from eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard: Biomonitoring of Arctic pollution SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; URSUS-MARITIMUS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES; GEOGRAPHICAL-DISTRIBUTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; HUDSON-BAY; MAMMALS; CANADA AB Adipose tissue samples from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were obtained by necropsy or biopsy between the spring of 1989 to the spring of 1993 from Wrangel Island in Russia, most of the range of the bear in North America, eastern Greenland, and Svalbard. Samples were divided into 16 regions corresponding as much as possible to known stocks or management zones. Concentrations of dieldrin (DIEL), 4,4'-DDE (DDE), sum of 16 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (Sigma PCB), and sum of 11 chlordane-related compounds and metabolites (Sigma CHL) were determined. In order to minimize the effect of age, only data for adults (320 bears age 5 years and older) was used to compare concentrations among regions. Concentrations of Sigma PCB were 46% higher in adult males than females, and there was no significant trend with age. Concentrations of Sigma CHL were 30% lower in adult males than females. Concentrations of Sigma PCB, Sigma CHL, and DDE in individual adult female bears were standardized to adult males using factors derived from the least-square means of each sex category, and geometric means of the standardized concentrations on a lipid weight basis were compared among regions. Median geometric mean standardized concentrations (lipid weight basis) and ranges among regions were as follows: Sigma PCB, 5,942 (2,763-24,316) mu g/kg; Sigma CHL, 1,952 (727-4,632) mu g/kg; DDE, 219 (52-560) mu g/kg; DIEL, 157 (31-335) mu g/kg. Geometric mean Sigma PCB concentrations in bears from Svalbard, East Greenland, and the Arctic Ocean near Prince Patrick Island in Canada were similar (20,256-24,316 mu g/kg) and significantly higher than most other areas. Atmospheric, oceanic, and ice transport, as well as ecological factors may contribute to these high concentrations of Sigma PCB. Sigma CHL was mon uniformly distributed among regions than the other CHCs. Highest Sigma CHL concentrations were found in southeastern Hudson Bay, which also had the highest DDE rind DIEL concentrations. In general, concentrations of Sigma CHL, DDE, and DIEL were higher in eastern than western regions, suggesting an influence of North American sources. Average Sigma PCB concentrations in bears from the Canadian Arctic were similar to those in 1982-84, while average Sigma CHL and DDE concentrations were 35-44% lower and DIEL was 90% lower. However, the significance of these temporal trends during the 1980s is not conclusive because of the problems of comparability of data. C1 Environm Canada, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. All Russia Inst Nat Conservat, Moscow 113628, Russia. Greenland Fisheries Res Inst, Marine Mammal Sect, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. US Natl Biol Survey, Alaska Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Malone Associates, Ottawa, ON K1N 8L4, Canada. Makivik Corp, Kuujuaq Res Ctr, Kuujuaq, PQ J0M 1C0, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. Wrangel Isl State Nat Reserve, Ushakovskoya 686870, Magadan, Russia. Norsk Polar Inst, N-1330 Oslo, Norway. Govt NW Terr, Dept Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8, Canada. RP Norstrom, RJ (reprint author), Environm Canada, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. RI Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251 NR 48 TC 152 Z9 154 U1 2 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 354 EP 367 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZZ058 UT WOS:000074691500022 PM 9680529 ER PT J AU Harris, RA AF Harris, RA TI Forecasts of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1906 SAN-FRANCISCO; ANDREAS FAULT; CRUZ MOUNTAINS; SEISMIC HAZARD; PREDICTION; SLIP; TERM AB The magnitude (M-w) 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay area of central California at 5:04 p.m. local time on 17 October 1989, killing 62 people and generating billions of dollars in property damage. Scientists were not surprised by the occurrence of a destructive earthquake in this region and had in fact been attempting to forecast the location of the next large earthquake in the San Francisco Bay area for decades. This article summarizes more than 20 scientifically based predictions made before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake for a large earthquake that might occur in the Loma Prieta region. The predictions geographically closest to the actual earthquake primarily specified slip on the San Andreas fault northwest of San Juan Bautista. A number of the predictions did encompass the magnitude of the actual earthquake and at least one approximately encompassed the along-strike rupture length. Post-Loma Prieta studies of the 1906 San Francisco, California, earthquake in the Loma Prieta region of the San Andreas fault zone show the Loma Prieta and 1906 events with different senses of slip and fault-plane dip. Therefore, some have argued that the 1989 earthquake was not foreseen, even though (1) this earthquake appears to have released much of the horizontal strain accumulated since 1906, and (2) not all of the forecasts were based on 1906 behavior. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 62 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 88 IS 4 BP 898 EP 916 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113ED UT WOS:000075536600002 ER PT J AU Atkinson, GM Boore, DM AF Atkinson, GM Boore, DM TI Evaluation of models for earthquake source spectra in eastern North America SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STABLE CONTINENTAL REGIONS; SEISMIC MOMENT ASSESSMENT; STRONG GROUND MOTION; STATISTICAL-MODEL; MAGNITUDE SCALE; ROCK SITES; FREQUENCY; PARAMETERS; ACCELERATION; PROPAGATION AB There have been several relations proposed in the last few years to describe the amplitudes of ground motion in eastern North America (ENA). These relations differ significantly in their assumptions concerning the amplitude and shape of the spectrum of energy radiated from the earthquake source. In this article, we compare ground motions predicted for these source models against the sparse ENA ground-motion database. The source models evaluated include the two-corner models of Boatwright and Choy (1992), Atkinson (1993a), Haddon (1996), and Joyner (1997a,b), and the one-corner model of Brune [as independently implemented by Frankel et al. (1996) and by Toro et al. (1997)]. The database includes data from ENA mainshocks of M > 4 and historical ENA earthquakes of M > 5.5, for a total of 110 records from 11 events of 4 less than or equal to M less than or equal to 7.3, all recorded on rock. We also include 24 available rock records from 4 large earthquakes in other intraplate regions; conclusions are checked to determine whether they are sensitive to the addition of these non-ENA data. The Atkinson source model, as implemented in the ground-motion relations of Atkinson and Boore (1995), is the only model that provides unbiased ground-motion predictions over the entire period band of interest, from 0.1 to 10 sec. The source models of Frankel et al. (1996), Toro et al. (1997), and Joyner (1997a,b) all provide unbiased ground-motion estimates in the period range from 0.1 to 0.5 sec but overestimate motions at periods of 1 to 10 sec. The Haddon (1996) source model overpredicts motions at all periods, by factors of 2 to 10. These conclusions do not change significantly if data from non-ENA intraplate regions are excluded, although the tendency of all models toward overprediction of long-period amplitudes becomes more pronounced. The tendency of most proposed ENA source models to overestimate long-period motions is further confirmed by an evaluation of the relationship between Ms, a measure of the spectrum at 20-sec period, and moment magnitude. A worldwide catalog of shallow continental earthquakes (Triep and Sykes, 1996) is compared to the Ms-M relations implied by each of the source models. The Atkinson source model is consistent with these data, while other proposed ENA models overpredict the average Ms for a given M. The implications of MMI data from historical earthquakes are also addressed, by exploiting the correlation between felt area and high-frequency source spectral level. High-frequency spectral amplitudes, as specified by the Atkinson and Boore (1995), Frankel et al. (1996), Toro et al. (1997), and Joyner (1997a,b) source models, equal or exceed the levels inferred from the felt areas of most of the large ENA events, with the noteable exception of the Saguenay earthquake. By contrast, high-frequency spectral amplitudes specified by the Haddon (1996) source model agree with the felt area of the Saguenay earthquake but overpredict the felt areas of nearly all other large events. In general, models that fit the Saguenay data-be it intensity data, strong-ground-motion data, regional seismographic data, or teleseismic data-will not fit the data from the remaining earthquakes. A source model derived from the California database, suitably modified for regional differences in crustal properties, is also evaluated. This model is not significantly different from the Atkinson model for ENA. There is an important practical application of this similarity, which we develop as an engineering tool: Empirical ground-motion relations for California may be modified to predict ENA ground motions from future large earthquakes. C1 Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Carleton Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 1125 Colonel Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. NR 45 TC 83 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 88 IS 4 BP 917 EP 934 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113ED UT WOS:000075536600003 ER PT J AU Ben-Zion, Y Andrews, DJ AF Ben-Zion, Y Andrews, DJ TI Properties and implications of dynamic rupture along a material interface SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID IMPERIAL-VALLEY EARTHQUAKE; STRONG GROUND MOTION; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; ROCK FRICTION; HEAT-FLOW; COMPLEXITY; MODELS; DISPLACEMENT; INSTABILITY; PROPAGATION AB We perform two-dimensional plane-strain finite-difference calculations of dynamic rupture along an interface separating different elastic media. The calculations extend earlier results of Andrews and Ben-Zion (1997) who found a self-sustaining narrow slip pulse associated with dynamic reduction of normal stress along a material interface governed by constant friction, in agreement with Weertman (1980). The pulse propagates in a wrinklelike mode having remarkable dynamic properties that may be relevant to many geophysical phenomena. Here we examine the range of values of elastic parameters, friction coefficient, and strength heterogeneities allowing for the existence of the wrinklelike pulse. Rupture is initiated in the simulations by imposed slip in a limited space-time domain. Outside the region of the imposed slip, the pulse becomes narrower and higher with propagation distance along the interface. The strength of the wrinklelike pulse increases with S-wave velocity contrast up to a maximum at about 35% contrast. Beyond such a velocity contrast, there is no solution for a generalized Rayleigh wave along a material interface, and the strength of the pulse decreases. However, the wrinklelike pulse can still propagate in a self-sustaining manner for larger velocity contrasts. For a fixed S-wave velocity contrast, the strength has little dependence on density contrast or Poisson's ratio, but the pulse strength increases rapidly with increasing coefficient of friction. Stress and strength heterogeneities with small correlation length have little effect on the pulse, while long wavelength heterogeneities reduce the strength of the pulse. The high mechanical efficiency of the wrinklelike pulse suggests that earthquake ruptures may favor such mode of failure when possible. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Ben-Zion, Y (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 52 TC 113 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 13 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 88 IS 4 BP 1085 EP 1094 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113ED UT WOS:000075536600018 ER PT J AU Power, JA Villasenor, A Benz, HM AF Power, JA Villasenor, A Benz, HM TI Seismic image of the Mount Spurr magmatic system SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mount Spurr; Crater Peak; Alaska; three-dimensional structure; hydrothermal system; magmatic conduit ID ST-HELENS; ALASKA AB The three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of Mount Spurr is determined to depths of 10 km by tomographic inversion of 3,754 first-arriving P-wave times from local earthquakes recorded by a permanent network of 11 seismographs. Results show a prominent low-velocity zone extending from the surface to 3-4 km below sea level beneath the southeastern flank of Crater Peak, spatially coincident with a geothermal system. P-wave velocities in this low-velocity zone are approximately 20% slower than those in the shallow crystalline basement rocks. Beneath Crater Peak an approximately 3-km-wide zone of relative low velocities correlates with a near-vertical band of seismicity, suggestive of a magmatic conduit. No large low-velocity zone indicative of a magma chamber occurs within the upper 10 km of the crust. These observations are consistent with petrologic and geochemical studies suggesting that Crater Peak magmas originate in the lower crust or upper mantle and have a short residence time in the shallow crust. Earthquakes relocated using the three-dimensional velocity structure correlate well with surface geology and other geophysical observations; thus, they provide additional constraints on the kinematics of the Mount Spurr magmatic system. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Power, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RI Villasenor, Antonio/A-8037-2008 OI Villasenor, Antonio/0000-0001-8592-4832 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 60 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1007/s004450050214 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 109GG UT WOS:000075312800003 ER PT J AU Ralph, CJ Fancy, SG Male, TM AF Ralph, CJ Fancy, SG Male, TM TI Demography of an introduced red-billed Leiothrix population in Hawaii SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE alien species; avian disease; demography; Hawaii; Leiothrix lutea; Red-billed Leiothrix ID BIRDS; MOVEMENTS; SURVIVAL; MALARIA; AKEPA; IIWI AB Relative abundance, timing of breeding and molting, annual survival, and philopatry of an introduced population of Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) were studied at four sires on the island of Hawaii. Numbers of leiothrix on our study areas showed a regular cyclical pattern, with highest numbers during the breeding season. Peak breeding occurred May-August, followed by peak molting of flight and body feathers in August-October. Flocking behavior increased post-breeding, and many leiothrix left the study areas during the fall and winter months. Populations on two intensive study areas were stable, with high annual survival (x +/- SE = 0.581 +/- 0.115 for hatching-year birds and 0.786 +/- 0.047 for adults). Leiothrix seem to be relatively unaffected by avian diseases that have decimated some Hawaiian bird populations, and yet reasons for their large historical population fluctuations remain unexplained. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96718 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Fancy, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, POB 44,Hawaii Natl Pk, Honolulu, HI 96718 USA. EM cjralph@humboldt1.com; steve_fancy@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 468 EP 473 DI 10.2307/1369712 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 109EH UT WOS:000075307900006 ER PT J AU Barber, PM Martin, TE Smith, KG AF Barber, PM Martin, TE Smith, KG TI Pair interactions in Red-faced Warblers SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Cardellina rubrifrons; mate guarding; pair interactions; Red-faced Warbler ID PICA-PICA; MATE; COPULATIONS; PATERNITY; BIRDS AB Forty pairs of breeding Red-faced Warblers (Cardellina rubrifrons) were observed in 1992 and 1993 on the Mogollon Rim, Arizona. Intrusions by extra-pair males, interactions between pair members, and other pair interaction behaviors were recorded. The majority of intrusions occurred during the building stage of the nesting cycle. Males responded to intrusions during nest building by decreasing intra-pair distance. Males maintained shorter intra-pair distances by following the female when she initiated movements and by not initiating pair movements themselves. Intra-pair distances were as short or shorter during the incubation period as during nest building, and were shorter during incubation than during egg laying. Males continued to follow females beyond the expected fertile period. Possible explanations for continued mate following include: males guard their mates against predators, males guard their paternity for future nesting attempts, and males respond to extra-pair male intrusions, which continue during incubation. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div,Avian Studies Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Barber, PM (reprint author), Archbold Biol Stn, POB 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862 USA. EM pbarber@archbold-station.org RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 512 EP 518 DI 10.2307/1369717 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 109EH UT WOS:000075307900011 ER PT J AU Haig, SM Mehlman, DW Oring, LW AF Haig, SM Mehlman, DW Oring, LW TI Avian movements and wetland connectivity in landscape conservation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; NONBREEDING AMERICAN AVOCETS; POSTBREEDING FEMALE MALLARDS; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; NESTING WADING BIRDS; HABITAT USE; SITE-FIDELITY; BREEDING DISPERSAL; SPOTTED SANDPIPERS; SNOWY PLOVERS AB The current conservation crisis calls for research and management to be carried out on a long-term, multi-species basis at large spatial scales. Unfortunately, scientists, managers, and agencies often are stymied in their effort to conduct these large-scale studies because of a lack of appropriate technology, methodology, and funding. This issue is of particular concern in wetland conservation, for which the standard landscape approach may include consideration of a large tract of land but fail to incorporate the suite of wetland sites frequently used by highly mobile organisms such as waterbirds (e.g., shorebirds, wading birds, waterfowl). Typically, these species have population dynamics that require use of multiple wetlands, but this aspect of their life history has often been ignored in planning for their conservation. We outline theoretical, empirical, modeling, and planning problems associated with this issue and suggest solutions to some current obstacles. These solutions represent a tradeoff between typical in-depth single-species studies and more generic multi-species studies. They include studying within- and among-season movements of waterbirds on a spatial scale appropriate to both widely dispersing and more stationary species; multi-species censuses at multiple sites; further development and use of technology such as satellite transmitters and population-specific molecular markers; development of spatially explicit population models that consider within-season movements of waterbirds; and recognition from funding agencies that landscape-level issues cannot adequately be addressed without support for these types of studies. C1 USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM HaigS@fsl.orst.edu NR 147 TC 141 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 86 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 749 EP 758 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97102.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106YV UT WOS:000075179800008 ER PT J AU Skagen, SK Melcher, CP Howe, WH Knopf, FL AF Skagen, SK Melcher, CP Howe, WH Knopf, FL TI Comparative use of riparian corridors and gases by migrating birds in southeast Arizona SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIZE AB The relative importance of cottonwood-willow riparian corridors and isolated oases to land birds migrating across southeastern Arizona was evaluated during four spring migrations, 1989 to 1994, based on patterns of species richness, relative abundance, density, and body condition of birds. We surveyed birds in 13 study sites ranging in size and connectivity from small isolated patches to extensive riparian forest, sampled vegetation and insects, and captured birds in mistnets. The continuous band of riparian vegetation along the San Pedro River does not appear to be functioning as a corridor for many migrating species, although it may for a few, namely Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens), Summer Tanagers (Piranga rubra), and Northern Rough-winged Swallows (Steldigopteryx serripennis), which account for fewer than 10% of the individuals migrating through the area. Small, isolated oases hosted more avian species than the corridor sites, and the relative abundances of most migrating birds did not differ between sites relative to size-connectivity. There were few differences in between-year variability in the relative abundances of migrating birds between corridor and oasis sites. Between-year variability decreased with overall abundance of species and was greater for species with breeding ranges that centered north of 50 degrees N latitude. Body condition of birds did not differ relative to the size-connectivity of the capture site, but individuals of species with more northerly breeding ranges had more body fat than species that breed nearby. Peak migration densities of several bird species far exceeded breeding densities reported for the San Pedro River, suggesting that large components of these species were en route migrants. Peak densities of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) reached 48.0 birds, ha, of Wilson's Warblers (Wilsonia pusilla) 33.7 birds/ha, and of Yellow-rumped Warblers (D. coronata) 30.1 birds/ha. Riparian vegetation is limited in extent in the vicinity of our study sites, covering less than 1% of the landscape. We conclude that all riparian patches in southeastern Arizona are important as stopover sites to en route migrants regardless of their size and degree of isolation or connectivity. In light of potential habitat limitation, the protection of both small, disjunct riparian patches and extensive riverine tracts in western landscapes is imperative. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Skagen, SK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 48 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 896 EP 909 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96384.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106YV UT WOS:000075179800022 ER PT J AU Post, DM Taylor, JP Kitchell, JF Olson, MH Schindler, DE Herwig, BR AF Post, DM Taylor, JP Kitchell, JF Olson, MH Schindler, DE Herwig, BR TI The role of migratory waterfowl as nutrient vectors in a managed wetland SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; LESSER SNOW GEESE; SEABIRD GUANO; SALT-MARSH; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; PHYTOPLANKTON; CONSERVATION; CONSEQUENCES; HERBIVORY AB Dense aggregations of waterfowl, often caused by loss of native wetlands and increased waterfowl numbers, can result in the destruction of wetland vegetation and agricultural crops, increase the risk of infectious disease outbreaks, and decrease water quality. Problems related to water quality may be particularly severe in arid regions of the southwestern United States, where water quality and quantity are contentious issues. Over 40,000 Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and Ross' Geese (Chen rossii) winter annually at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. Daily feeding bouts by geese move large quantities of nutrients from farm fields where they feed to managed wetlands where they roost. Using energy and mass balance models, population estimates, daily and seasonal migration patterns, and feeding behaviors, we estimated the mass and ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of nutrients loaded by geese into the wetlands of the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge. Loading rates peaked in late November 1995 at more than 300 kg nitrogen per day and over 30 kg phosphorus per day. As feeding behaviors changed through the winter and bird densities declined, loading rates fell. Our estimates suggest that in the winter of 1995-1996, bird-borne nutrients supplied nearly 40% of the nitrogen and 75% of the phosphorus entering the primary wetland used for geese roosting. High loading rates by geese are a consequence of their colonial roosting behavior; over 90% of the geese roost on 10% of the wetland area. The effects of nutrient loading could be reduced by increasing flushing rates or dispersal of roosting waterfowl. The loss of natural wetlands, however, limits options for expanding wetland area available to waterfowl, and it may be difficult to increase flushing rates in this arid region. Thus, management of waterfowl and the nutrients they move will continue to be an important issue for wetlands of wildlife refuges. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Post, DM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ecol & Systemat Sect, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM DMPB18@cornell.edu RI Post, David/A-6987-2009 OI Post, David/0000-0003-1434-7729 NR 61 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 5 U2 51 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 910 EP 920 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97112.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106YV UT WOS:000075179800023 ER PT J AU Brown, ET Stallard, RF Larsen, MC Bourles, DL Raisbeck, GM Yiou, F AF Brown, ET Stallard, RF Larsen, MC Bourles, DL Raisbeck, GM Yiou, F TI Determination of predevelopment denudation rates of an agricultural watershed (Cayaguas River, Puerto Rico) using in-situ-produced Be-10 in river-borne quartz SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE denudation; erosion rates; Puerto Rico; Be-10 ID COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; AMS FACILITY; EROSION; AL-26 AB Accurate estimates of watershed denudation absent anthropogenic effects are required to develop strategies for mitigating accelerated physical erosion resulting from human activities, to model global geochemical cycles, and to examine interactions among climate, weathering, and uplift. We present a simple approach to estimate predevelopment denudation rates using in-situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10 in fluvial sediments. Denudation processes in an agricultural watershed (Cayaguas River Basin, Puerto Rico) and a matched undisturbed watershed (Icacos River Basin) were compared using Be-10 concentrations in quartz for various size fractions of bed material. The coarse fractions in both watersheds bear the imprint of long subsurface residence times. Fine material from old shallow soils contributes little, however, to the present-day sediment output of the Cayaguas. This confirms the recent and presumably anthropogenic origin of the modern high denudation rate in the Cayaguas Basin and suggests that pre-agricultural erosional conditions were comparable to those of the present-day Icacos. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Large Lakes Observ, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, GSA Ctr, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. IN2P3, Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. RP Brown, ET (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Large Lakes Observ, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. EM etbrown@d.umn.edu RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013; OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608; Bourles, Didier/0000-0001-5991-6126 NR 21 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 160 IS 3-4 BP 723 EP 728 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00123-X PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 118JP UT WOS:000075835000037 ER PT J AU Fenn, ME Poth, MA Aber, JD Baron, JS Bormann, BT Johnson, DW Lemly, AD McNulty, SG Ryan, DE Stottlemyer, R AF Fenn, ME Poth, MA Aber, JD Baron, JS Bormann, BT Johnson, DW Lemly, AD McNulty, SG Ryan, DE Stottlemyer, R TI Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE atmospheric nitrogen deposition; eutrophication; forest ecosystems; nitrate leaching; nitrogen cycling; nitrogen saturation; soil acidification ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; GREAT-SMOKY-MOUNTAINS; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; PONDEROSA PINE-SEEDLINGS; SITKA SPRUCE PLANTATION; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION AB Most forests in North America remain nitrogen limited, although recent studies have identified forested areas that exhibit symptoms of N excess, analogous to overfertilization of arable land. Nitrogen excess in watersheds is detrimental because of disruptions in plant/soil nutrient relations, increased soil acidification and aluminum mobility, increased emissions of nitrogenous greenhouse gases from soil, reduced methane consumption in soil, decreased water quality, toxic effects on freshwater biota, and eutrophication of coastal marine waters. Elevated nitrate (NO3-) loss to groundwater or surface waters is the primary symptom of N excess. Additional symptoms include increasing N concentrations and higher N:nutrient ratios in foliage (i.e., N:Mg, N:P), foliar accumulation of amino acids or NO3-, and low soil C:N ratios. Recent nitrogen-fertilization studies in New England and Europe provide preliminary evidence that some forests receiving chronic N inputs may decline in productivity and experience greater mortality. Long-term fertilization at Mount Ascutney, Vermont, suggests that declining and slow N-cycling coniferous stands may be replaced by fast-growing and fast N-cycling deciduous forests. Symptoms of N saturation are particularly severe in high-elevation, nonaggrading spruce-fir ecosystems in the Appalachian Mountains and in eastern hardwood watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia. In the Los Angeles Air Basin, mixed conifer forests and chaparral watersheds with high smog exposure are N saturated and exhibit the highest streamwater NO3- concentrations for wildlands in North America. High-elevation alpine watersheds in the Colorado Front Range and a deciduous forest in Ontario, Canada, are N saturated, although N deposition is moderate (similar to 8 kg.ha(-1)yr(-1)). In contrast, the Harvard Forest hardwood stand in Massachusetts has absorbed > 900 kg N/ha during 8 yr of N amendment studies without significant NO3- leaching, illustrating that ecosystems vary widely in the capacity to retain N inputs. Overly mature forests with high N deposition, high soil N stores, and low soil C:N ratios are prone to N saturation and NO3- leaching. Additional characteristics favoring low N retention capacity include a short growing season (reduced plant N demand) and reduced contact time between drainage water and soil (i.e., porous coarse-textured soils, exposed bedrock or talus). Temporal patterns of hydrologic fluxes interact with biotic uptake and internal cycling patterns in determining ecosystem N retention. Soils are the largest storage pool for N inputs, although vegetation uptake is also important. Recent studies indicate that nitrification may be widespread in undisturbed ecosystems, and that microbial assimilation of NO3- may be a significant N retention mechanism, contrary to previous assumptions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the sites, forms, and mechanisms of N retention and incorporation into soil organic matter, and to test potential management options for mitigating N losses from forests, Implementation of intensive management practices in N-saturated ecosystems may only be feasible in high-priority areas and on a limited scale. Reduction of N emissions would be a preferable solution, although major reductions in the near future are unlikely in many areas due to economic, energy-use, policy, and demographic considerations. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USDI, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, USDA, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20090 USA. US Forest Serv, US Geol Survey, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 292 TC 480 Z9 553 U1 50 U2 383 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 706 EP 733 DI 10.2307/2641261 PG 28 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107PZ UT WOS:000075219300015 ER PT J AU White, JD Running, SW Thornton, PE Keane, RE Ryan, KC Fagre, DB Key, CH AF White, JD Running, SW Thornton, PE Keane, RE Ryan, KC Fagre, DB Key, CH TI Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; CARBON ALLOCATION; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; VEGETATION MODEL; WATERSHED SCALE; PONDEROSA PINE; LODGEPOLE PINE; SOIL-MOISTURE; GENERAL-MODEL; GLOBAL CHANGE AB Glacier National Park served as a test site for ecosystem analyses that involved a suite of integrated models embedded within a geographic information system. The goal of the exercise was to provide managers with maps that could illustrate probable shifts in vegetation, net primary production (NPP), and hydrologic responses associated with two selected climatic scenarios. The climatic scenarios were (a) a recent 12-yr record of weather data, and (b) a reconstituted set that sequentially introduced in repeated 3-yr intervals wetter-cooler, drier-warmer, and typical conditions. To extrapolate the implications of changes in ecosystem processes and resulting growth and distribution of vegetation and snowpack, the model incorporated geographic data. With underlying digital elevation maps, soil depth and texture, extrapolated climate, and current information on vegetation types and satellite-derived estimates of leaf area indices, simulations were extended to envision how the park might look after 120 yr. The predictions of change included underlying processes affecting the availability of water and nitrogen. Considerable field data were acquired to compare with model predictions under current climatic conditions. In general, the integrated landscape models of ecosystem processes had good agreement with measured NPP, snowpack, and streamflow, but the exercise revealed the difficulty and necessity of averaging point measurements across landscapes to achieve comparable results with modeled values. Under the extremely variable climate scenario significant changes in vegetation composition and growth as well as hydrologic responses were predicted across the park. In particular, a general rise in both the upper and lower limits of treeline was predicted. These shifts would probably occur along with a variety of disturbances (fire, insect, and disease outbreaks) as predictions of physiological stress (water, nutrients, light) altered competitive relations and hydrologic responses. The use of integrated landscape models applied in this exercise should provide managers with insights into the underlying processes important in maintaining community structure, and at the same time, locate where changes on the landscape are most likely to occur. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59847 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. USGS, Biol Resource Div, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. RP White, JD (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59847 USA. RI Thornton, Peter/B-9145-2012 OI Thornton, Peter/0000-0002-4759-5158 NR 79 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 805 EP 823 DI 10.2307/2641268 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107PZ UT WOS:000075219300022 ER PT J AU Lindberg, DR Estes, JA Warheit, KI AF Lindberg, DR Estes, JA Warheit, KI TI Human influences on trophic cascades along rocky shores SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE algae; California; grazing; Haematopus bachmani; historical biology; limpets; Lottia gigantea; natural experiments; oystercatchers; predation; refuges; territoriality; human disturbances ID AFRICAN BLACK OYSTERCATCHER; CONCHOLEPAS-CONCHOLEPAS GASTROPODA; INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY; HAEMATOPUS-BACHMANI; LOTTIA-GIGANTEA; SOUTHERN CHILE; ACMAEA-SCABRA; LIMPETS; POPULATIONS; PREDATION AB A three-trophic-level interaction among American Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani), limpets (Lottia spp.), and erect fleshy algae in rocky intertidal communities of central and southern California was documented via manipulative and ''natural" experiments. Removal of the territorial limpet (Lottia gigantea) initially caused large increases in the percent cover of erect fleshy algae, followed by a more gradual increase in density of small limpets (Lottia spp.) and a decline in algal cover. Algal cover increased following the removal of small limpets at the sites from which L. gigantea had been removed earlier, thus demonstrating that the large and small limpets had similar inhibitory effects on plant populations. A comparison of sites with and without oystercatchers showed that L. gigantea occupied substrate inclinations in proportion to their availability at sites where oystercatchers were rare, whereas the distribution of L, gigantea was skewed toward vertically inclined substrates where oystercatchers were common. Survival rates of limpets translocated to horizontal and vertical substrates were similar in sites lacking oystercatcher predation, but were much lower on horizontal substrates where oystercatchers were common. Our results are consistent with those from several prior studies in demonstrating that shorelines frequented by humans typically lack oystercatchers. Humans also exploit L. gigantea and reduce populations to low densities of small individuals. These findings may explain why the midlittoral zone of rocky intertidal communities in western North America are so often dominated by high population densities of small limpets. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lindberg, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Lindberg, David/D-8138-2011 NR 59 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 28 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 880 EP 890 DI 10.2307/2641274 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107PZ UT WOS:000075219300028 ER PT J AU Shenk, TM White, GC Burnham, KP AF Shenk, TM White, GC Burnham, KP TI Sampling-variance effects on detecting density dependence from temporal trends in natural populations SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE Bulmer's R test; Bulmer's R* test; Dennis and Taper's test for density dependence; density dependence; Monte Carlo simulation; Pollard et al.'s randomization test; process variation; sampling variance; statistical power; type I error rates ID SEQUENTIAL CENSUSES; TESTS; SERIES; PERSISTENCE AB Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to evaluate robustness of four tests to detect density dependence, from series of population abundances, to the addition of sampling variance. Population abundances were generated from random walk, stochastic exponential growth, and density-dependent population models. Population abundance estimates were generated with sampling variances distributed as lognormal and constant coefficients of variation (cv) from 0.00 to 1.00. In general, when data were generated under a random walk, Type I error rates increased rapidly for Bulmer's R, Pollard et al.'s, and Dennis and Taper's tests with increasing magnitude of sampling variance for n > 5 yr and all values of process variation. Bulmer's R* test maintained a constant 5% Type I error rate for n > 5 yr and all magnitudes of sampling variance in the population abundance estimates. When abundances were generated from two stochastic exponential growth models (R = 0.05 and R = 0.10), Type I errors again increased with increasing sampling variance; magnitude of Type I error rates were higher for the slower growing population. Therefore, sampling error inflated Type I error rates, invalidating the tests, for all except Bulmer's R* test. Comparable simulations for abundance estimates generated from a density-dependent growth rate model were conducted to estimate power of the tests. Type II error rates were influenced by the relationship of initial population size to carrying capacity (K), length of time series, as well as sampling error. Given the inflated Type I error rates for all but Bulmer's R*, power was overestimated for the remaining tests, resulting in density dependence being detected more often than it existed. Population abundances of natural populations are almost exclusively estimated rather than censused, assuring sampling error. Therefore, because these tests have been shown to be either invalid when only sampling variance occurs in the population abundances (Bulmer's R, Pollard et al.'s, and Dennis and Taper's tests) or lack power (Bulmer's R* test), little justification exists for use of such tests to support or refute the hypothesis of density dependence. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Shenk, TM (reprint author), Colorado Div Wildlife, 317 W Prospect St, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 38 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 68 IS 3 BP 445 EP 463 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0445:SVEODD]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 107FG UT WOS:000075196100007 ER PT J AU Bickham, JW Mazet, JA Blake, J Smolen, MJ Lou, YG Ballachey, BE AF Bickham, JW Mazet, JA Blake, J Smolen, MJ Lou, YG Ballachey, BE TI Flow cytometric determination of genotoxic effects of exposure to petroleum in mink and sea otters SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea otters; mink; flow cytometry; oil; genotoxicity; Exxon Valdez ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT; CRUDE-OIL; TESTICULAR TISSUES; MAMMALS; TRIETHYLENEMELAMINE; CHROMOSOMES; POPULATION; SCRIPTA; DAMAGE AB Three experiments were conducted to investigate the genotoxic effects of crude oil on mink and sea otters, In the first experiment, the effects on mink of chronic exposure to weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil were studied, Female mink were fed a diet that included weathered crude oil for a period of 3 weeks prior to mating, during pregnancy and until weaning. Kits were exposed through lactation and by diet after weaning until 4 months of age. Kidney and liver tissues of the kits were examined using flow cytometry (FCM) and it was found that the genome size was increased in kidney samples from the experimental group compared to the control group. This effect was probably due to some type of DNA amplification and it could have been inherited from the exposed mothers or have been a somatic response to oil exposure in the pups, No evidence of clastogenic effects, as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the G(1) peak, was found in kidney or liver tissue. In the second experiment, yearling female mink were exposed either by diet or externally to crude oil or bunker C fuel oil. Evidence for clastogenic damage was found in spleen tissue for the exposure groups, but not in kidney tissue. No evidence of increased genome size was observed. In the third experiment, blood was obtained from wild-caught sea otters in Prince William Sound. The sea otters represented two populations: one from western Prince William Sound that was potentially exposed to oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill and a reference population from eastern Prince William Sound that did not receive oil from the spill. The spill had occurred 1.5 years prior to obtaining the blood samples. Although the mean CVs did not differ between the populations, the exposed population had a significantly higher variance of CV measurements and five out of 15 animals from the exposed population had CVs higher than the 95% confidence limits of the reference population, It is concluded that FCM is a sensitive indicator of the clastogenic effects of oil exposure and that haematopoietic tissues and blood are best for detecting clastogenic damage. Moreover, the observed differences in the genome size of the kidney cells mere possibly heritable effects, but this needs further investigation. Lastly, sea otters exposed to spilled oil 1.5 years earlier showed evidence of clastogenic damage in one-third of the individuals sampled. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA. US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Bickham, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 47 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 7 IS 4 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1023/A:1008930626834 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 119YW UT WOS:000075927300002 ER PT J AU Dallas, CE Lingenfelser, SF Lingenfelser, JT Holloman, K Jagoe, CH Kind, JA Chesser, RK Smith, MH AF Dallas, CE Lingenfelser, SF Lingenfelser, JT Holloman, K Jagoe, CH Kind, JA Chesser, RK Smith, MH TI Flow cytometric analysis of erythrocyte and leukocyte DNA in fish from Chernobyl-contaminated ponds in the Ukraine SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; Chernobyl; fish; flow cytometry; coefficient of variation ID CELL-CYCLE PROGRESSION; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; RADIATION; DAMAGE; DELAY; EXPOSURE; POPULATIONS; IRRADIATION AB Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis was used to assess the potential impact of chronic radionuclide exposure in fish populations inhabiting contaminated sites in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Four species of fish, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca), were collected within a 10 km radius of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and compared with 'control' populations from two uncontaminated locations far removed from the plant, Assays of whole blood, as well as separate erythrocyte and leukocyte components, revealed aneuploid-like patterns in the DNA histograms of some fish, as well as widened G(0)/G(1) peaks. None of the fish collected from the uncontaminated sites demonstrated these kinds of changes in their DNA histograms. Increases in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the G(0)/G(1) peak, indicating abnormal DNA distributions, were observed in several of the fish from Chernobyl relative to the control populations. Cell cycle perturbation in fish from the contaminated sites was also detected, with a higher percentage of cells in G(2)/M phase relative to the controls. Leukocytes proved more sensitive than erythrocytes, as they displayed a larger number of abnormal DNA histograms. Variations in the cellular DNA content similar to those reported here have been shown for other vertebrate species exposed to radiation and other genotoxic agents in laboratory and field settings. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut & Biomed Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, White Marsh, VA 23183 USA. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29082 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Dallas, CE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut & Biomed Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 46 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 7 IS 4 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1023/A:1008986727743 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 119YW UT WOS:000075927300004 ER PT J AU Weiss, SJ Otis, EO Maughan, OE AF Weiss, SJ Otis, EO Maughan, OE TI Spawning ecology of flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus lattipinnis (Catostomidae), in two small tributaries of the lower Colorado River SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE endemic; reproduction; habitat; behavior; Kanab; Bright Angel; Grand Canyon; dam; Arizona ID XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; RAZORBACK SUCKER; MOVEMENTS; BASIN; UTAH AB We report the first published accounts of spawning behavior and spawning site selection of the flannelmouth sucker in two small tributaries of the lower Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Spawning was observed on 20 March 1992 and from 28 March to 10 April 1993 in the Paria River, and from 16 to19 March 1993 in Bright Angel Creek. Flannelmouth suckers exhibited promiscuous spawning behavior-individual females were typically paired with two or more males for a given event and sometimes changed partners between events. Multiple egg deposits by different females sometimes occurred at one spawning site. Flannelmouth sucker selected substrates from 16 to 32 mm diameter in both streams. Spawning occurred at depths of 10 to 25 cm in the Paria River and 19 to 41 cm in Bright Angel Creek. Mean column water velocities at spawning locations ranged from 0.15 to 1.0 m sec(-1) in the Paria River and from 0.23 to 0.89 m sec(-1) in Bright Angel Creek. Water temperatures recorded during spawning ranged from 9 to 18 degrees C in the Paria River and 13 to 15 degrees C in Bright Angel Creek. Spawning flannelmouth sucker ascended 9.8 km upstream in the Paria River and 1.25 km in Bright Angel Creek. Spawning females (410-580 mm) were significantly larger than spawning males (385-530 mm) in the Paria River. The mean size of spawning fish in the Paria River was significantly smaller than the entire stock, averaged throughout the study period (350-620 mm). However, fish spawning in 1992-1993 averaged 53 mm larger than fish spawning in the same reach of the Paria River in 1981, indicating a shift in the size structure of this stock. C1 Univ Arizona, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Weiss, SJ (reprint author), Agr Univ Vienna, Abt Hydrobiol, Max Emanuel Str 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. RI Weiss, Steven/L-6016-2015 OI Weiss, Steven/0000-0002-4734-5984 NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD AUG PY 1998 VL 52 IS 4 BP 419 EP 433 DI 10.1023/A:1007497513762 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 109KG UT WOS:000075321100003 ER PT J AU Cannon, SH Powers, PS Savage, WZ AF Cannon, SH Powers, PS Savage, WZ TI Fire-related hyperconcentrated and debris flows on Storm King Mountain, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE debris flow; hyperconcentrated flow; fire AB The South Canyon Fire of July 1994 burned 800 ha of vegetation on Storm King Mountain near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA. On the night of 1 September 1994, in response to torrential rains, debris flows inundated seven areas along a 5-km length of Interstate Highway 70. Mapping from aerial photographs, along with field observations and measurements, shows that the September rainstorm eroded unconsolidated, burned surficial soil from the hillsides, flushed dry-ravel deposits from the tributary channels, and transported loose, large material from the main channels. The hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows inundated 14 ha of Interstate Highway 70 with 70 000 m(3) of material. Although the burned area was seeded in November 1994, the potential for continuing debris-flow activity remains. Incision and entrainment of channel alluvium, as well as erosion of loose material from the hillslopes could result in future debris- and hyperconcentrate-flow activity. C1 US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Cannon, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 9 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2-3 BP 210 EP 218 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 119NQ UT WOS:000075902900014 ER PT J AU Gale, RW AF Gale, RW TI Three-compartment model for contaminant accumulation by semipermeable membrane devices SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Passive sampling of dissolved hydrophobic contaminants with lipid (triolein)-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) has been gaining acceptance for environmental monitoring. Understanding of the accumulation process has employed a simple polymer film-control model of uptake by the polymer-enclosed lipid, while aqueous film control has been only briefly discussed. A more complete three-compartment model incorporating both aqueous film (turbulent-diffusive) and polymer film (diffusive) mass transfer is developed here and is fit to data from accumulation studies conducted in constant-concentration, flow-through dilutors. This model predicts aqueous film control of the whole device for moderate to high K-OW compounds, rather than polymer film control. Uptake rates for phenanthrene and 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl were about 4.8 and 4.2 L/day/standard SPMD, respectively. Maximum 28 day SPMD concentration factors of 30 000 are predicted for solutes with log K-OW values of > 5.5. Effects of varying aqueous and polymer film thicknesses and solute diffusivities in the polymer film are modeled, and overall accumulation by the whole device is predicted to remain under aqueous film control, although accumulation in the triolein may be subject to polymer film control. The predicted half-life and integrative response of SPMDs to pulsed concentration events is proportional to log K-SPMD. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Gale, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM Robert_Gale@nbs.gov NR 22 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 15 BP 2292 EP 2300 DI 10.1021/es970754m PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106LJ UT WOS:000075130500035 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CG Brunson, EL Dwyer, FJ Hardesty, DK Kemble, NE AF Ingersoll, CG Brunson, EL Dwyer, FJ Hardesty, DK Kemble, NE TI Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International-Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry Conference (SETAC) CY NOV 05-09, 1995 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Intl Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE toxicity; sediment; reproduction; amphipod; Hyalella azteca ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; FRESH-WATER; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; GROWTH; REPRODUCTION; INVERTEBRATES; SAUSSURE; SIZE; GAMMARUS; EXPOSURE AB Short-term sediment toxicity tests that only measure effects on survival can be used to identify high levels of contamination but may not be able to identify marginally contaminated sediments. The objective of the present study was to develop a method for determining the potential sublethal effects of contaminants associated with sediment on the amphipod Hyalella azteca (e.g., reproduction). Exposures to sediment were started with 7- to 8-d-old amphipods. On day 28, amphipods were isolated from the sediment and placed in water-only chambers where reproduction was measured on day 35 and 42. Typically, amphipods were first in amplexus at about day 21 to 28 with release of the first brood between day 28 to 42. Endpoints measured included survival (day 28, 35, and 42), growth (as length and weight on day 28 and 42), and reproduction (number of young/female produced from day 28 to 42). This method was used to evaluate a formulated sediment and field-collected sediments with low to moderate concentrations of contaminants. Survival of amphipods in these sediments was typically >85% after the 28-d sediment exposures and the 14-d holding period in water to measure reproduction. Reproduction was more variable than growth; hence, more replicates might be needed to establish statistical differences among treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated that growth of H. azteca in sediment tests often provides unique information that can be used to discriminate toxic effects of exposure to contaminants. Either length or weight can be measured in sediment tests with H. azteca. However, additional statistical options are available if length is measured on individual amphipods, such as nested analysis of variance that can account for variance in length within replicates. Ongoing water-only studies testing select contaminants will provide additional data on the relative sensitivity and variability of sublethal endpoints in toxicity tests with H. azteca. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 60 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1508 EP 1523 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1508:UOSEIS>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 106LK UT WOS:000075130900011 ER PT J AU McCloskey, JT Schultz, IR Newman, MC AF McCloskey, JT Schultz, IR Newman, MC TI Estimating the oral bioavailability of methylmercury to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE oral bioavailability; methylmercury; channel catfish; elimination; uptake ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; MERCURY; PHARMACOKINETICS; TISSUE; SALAR; WATER AB In classical pharmacology, oral bioavailability of a toxicant is defined as that fraction of an orally administered dose reaching the systemic circulation of the animal. The present study estimates the bioavailability of methylmercury in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by comparing concentrations in the blood through time after oral and intra-arterial (IA) administration. Catfish were cannulated in the dorsal aorta and gavaged a pelleted feed that had been spiked with methylmercury. Each catfish was gavaged an increasing amount of spiked feed. Following oral dosing, serial blood samples were removed for more than 1,500 h. One month after removal of the last blood sample, the same fish were injected IA with methylmercury and serial blood samples were removed for more than 3,000 h. The area under the curve of the blood concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-->x)) was calculated from fish dosed orally and IA using both noncompartmental (trapezoidal) and compartmental methods. Bioavailability was estimated as the ratio of the dose-corrected oral AUC(0-->x) to the IA AUC(0-->x). Average bioavailability estimates from this approach were 33% using noncompartmental (range 14-55%) and 29% using compartmental (range 12-42%) methods and were correlated with the amount of food gavaged to the fish (r(2) = 0.95, p = 0.026). Bioavailability estimates using the present methods were much lower than estimates using more conventional methods (i.e., assimilation efficiency estimates using mass balance), suggesting that conventional methods may overestimate the true bioavailability of toxicants in fish. C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Battelle PNNL, Mol Biosci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP McCloskey, JT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 99, Gloucester, VA 23061 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1524 EP 1529 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1524:ETOBOM>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 106LK UT WOS:000075130900012 ER PT J AU Huang, YW Melancon, MJ Jung, RE Karasov, WH AF Huang, YW Melancon, MJ Jung, RE Karasov, WH TI Induction of cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases in northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, by 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Rana pipiens; polychlorinated biphenyls; cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenase; biomarker ID MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TROUT; PCBS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; ORGANOCHLORINE; TOXICITY; RESIDUES; SYSTEMS AB Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected intraperitoneally either with a solution of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 in corn oil at a concentration of 0.2, 0.7, 2.3, or 7.8 mg/kg body weight or with corn oil alone. Appropriate assay conditions with hepatic microsomes were determined for four cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases: ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD), methoxy-ROD (MROD), benzyloxy-ROD (BROD), and pentoxy-ROD (PROD). One week after PCB administration. the specific activities of EROD, MROD, BROD, and PROD were not elevated at doses less than or equal to 0.7 mg/kg (p > 0.05) but were significantly increased at doses greater than or equal to 2.3 mg/kg compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). The increased activities of these four enzymes were 3 to 6.4 times those in the control groups. The increased activities were maintained for at least 4 weeks. Because of a lack of induction at low doses of PCB 126, which were still relatively high compared to currently known environmental concentrations, we suspect that EROD, MROD, BROD, and PROD activities are not sensitive biomarkers for coplanar PCB exposure in leopard frogs. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Huang, YW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Russell Labs 226, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM yhuang3@students.wisc.edu NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1564 EP 1569 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1564:IOCPAM>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 106LK UT WOS:000075130900018 ER PT J AU Buhl, KJ Hamilton, SJ AF Buhl, KJ Hamilton, SJ TI Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam-suppressant chemicals to early life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fire retardants; fire-suppressant foams; acute toxicity; chinook salmon ID RAINBOW-TROUT; AMMONIA TOXICITY; PH; FORMULATIONS; GAIRDNERI AB Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of three fire retardants (Fire-Trol GTS-R, Fire-Trol LCG-R, and Phos-Chek D75-F),and two fire-suppressant foams (Phos-Chek WD-881 and Ansul Silv-Ex) to early life stages of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in hard and soft water. Regardless of water type, swim-up fry and juveniles (60 and 90 d posthatch) exhibited similar sensitivities to each chemical and these life stages were more sensitive than eyed eggs. Foam suppressants were more toxic to each life stage than the fire retardants in both water types. The descending rank order of toxicity for these chemicals tested with swim-up fry and juveniles (range of 96-h median lethal concentrations [LC50s]) was Phos-Chek WD-881 (7-13 mg/L) > Ansul Silv-Ex (11-22 mg/L) > Phos-Chek D75-F (218-305 mg/L) > Fire-Trol GTS-R (218-412 mg/L) > Fire-Trol LCG-R (685-1,195 mg/L). Water type had a minor effect on the toxicity of these chemicals. Comparison of acute toxicity values with recommended application concentrations indicates that accidental inputs of these chemicals into stream environments would require substantial dilution (237- to 1,429-fold) to reach concentrations equivalent to their 96-h LC50s. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RP Buhl, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 52 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1589 EP 1599 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1589:ATOFRA>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 106LK UT WOS:000075130900021 ER PT J AU Irwin, ER Rahel, FJ Parrish, DL Wahl, DH AF Irwin, ER Rahel, FJ Parrish, DL Wahl, DH TI Enhancing professionalism: Awards and grants for student members of the American Fisheries Society SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Irwin, ER (reprint author), Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 EI 1548-8446 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD AUG PY 1998 VL 23 IS 8 BP 20 EP 23 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 107JC UT WOS:000075203600003 ER PT J AU Mutch, LS Parsons, DJ AF Mutch, LS Parsons, DJ TI Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE percent crown volume scorched; fire severity; binary logistic regression; demography ID WHITE FIR; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TREE MORTALITY; GROWTH; RED; PATTERNS; CLIMATE; DROUGHT; HISTORY; OREGON AB Pre- and post-burn tree mortality rates, size structure, bas at area, and ingrowth were determined for four 1.0 ha mixed conifer forest stands in the Log Creek and Tharp's Creek watersheds of Sequoia National Park. Mean annual mortality between 1986 and 1990 was 0.8% for both watersheds. In the fall of 1990, the Tharp's Creek watershed was treated with a prescribed burn. Between 1991 and 1995, mean annual mortality was 1.4% in the unburned Log Creek watershed and 17.2% in the burned Tharp's Creek watershed. A drought from 1987 to 1992 likely contributed to the mortality increase in the Log Creek watershed. The high mortality in the Tharp's Creek watershed was primarily related to crown scorch from the 1990 fire and was modeled with logistic regression for white fir (Abies concolor [Gord. and Glend.]) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana [Dougl.]). From 1989 to 1994, basal area declined an average of 5% per year in the burned Tharp's Creek watershed, compared to average annual increases of less than 1% per year in the unburned Log Creek watershed and in the Tharp's watershed prior to burning. Postburn size structure was dramatically changed in the Tharp's Creek stands: 75% of trees less than or equal to 50 cm and 25% of trees >50 cm were killed by the fire. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wildness Res Inst, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Mutch, LS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Sequoia & Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM linda_mutch@usgs.gov; dparsons/int_missoula@fs.fed.us NR 65 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3 BP 341 EP 355 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 109YW UT WOS:000075352800001 ER PT J AU Adams, WT Zuo, JH Shimizu, JY Tappeiner, JC AF Adams, WT Zuo, JH Shimizu, JY Tappeiner, JC TI Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal douglas-fir SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; allozymes; artificial reforestation; natural regeneration; gene conservation ID SOUTHWEST OREGON; SEED; DIFFERENTIATION; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS; SPRUCE; GROWTH; PINE AB Genetic implications of natural and artificial regeneration following three regeneration methods (group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut) were investigated in coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] France) using genetic markers (17 allozyme loci). In general, harvesting followed by either natural or artificial regeneration resulted in offspring populations little altered from those in the previous generation. Cutting the smallest trees to form shelterwoods, however, resulted in the removal of rare, presumably deleterious, alleles, such that slightly fewer alleles per locus were observed among residual trees (2.76) and natural regeneration (2.75) than found in uncut (control) stands (2.86). Thus, although the shelterwood regime appears quite compatible with gene conservation, it would be best to leave parent trees of a range of sizes in shelterwoods designated as gene conservation reserves, in order to maximize the number of alleles (regardless of current adaptive value) in naturally regenerated offspring. Seedling stocks used for artificial regeneration in clearcut, shelterwood, and group selection stands (7 total) had significantly greater levels of genetic diversity, on average, than found in natural regeneration. This is probably because the seeds used in artificial seedling stocks came from many wild stands and thus, sampled more diversity than found in single populations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Florestas, BR-83411000 Colombo, Parana, Brazil. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Adams, WT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM adamsw@fsl.orst.edu NR 45 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3 BP 390 EP 396 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 109YW UT WOS:000075352800005 ER PT J AU Mancera, JM McCormick, SD AF Mancera, JM McCormick, SD TI Evidence for growth hormone insulin-like growth factor I axis regulation of seawater acclimation in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; CHLORIDE CELL-FUNCTION; COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; OSMOREGULATORY ACTIONS; BINDING-PROTEINS; ATLANTIC SALMON; GILL NA+,K+-ATPASE AB The ability of ovine growth hormone (oGH), recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I (rbIGF-I), recombinant human insulin-like growth factor II (rhIGF-II), and bovine insulin to increase hypoosmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus was examined. Fish acclimated to brackish water (BW, 10 ppt salinity, 320 mOsm/kg H2O) were injected with a single dose of hormone and transferred to seawater (SW, 35 ppt salinity, 1120 mOsm/kg H2O) 2 days later. Fish were sampled 24 h after transfer and plasma osmolality, plasma glucose, and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity were examined. Transfer from BW to SW increased plasma osmolality and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Transfer from BW to BW had no effect on these parameters. rbIGF-I (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mu g/g) improved the ability to maintain plasma osmolality and to increase gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner, oGH (0.5, 1, and 2 mu g/g) also increased hypoosmoregulatory ability but only the higher doses (2 mu g/g) significantly increased gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. oGH (1 mu g/g) and rbIGF-I (0.1 mu g/g) had a significantly greater effect on plasma osmolality and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than either hormone alone, rhIGF-II (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mu g/g) and bovine insulin (0.01 and 0.05 mu g/g) were without effect. The results suggest a role of GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in seawater acclimation of F. heteroclitus. Based on these findings and previous studies, it is concluded that the capacity of the GH/GF-I axis to increase hypoosmoregulatory ability may be a common feature of euryhalinity in teleosts. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, Cadiz 11510, Spain. USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Mancera, JM (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Anim, Cadiz 11510, Spain. RI Mancera, Juan/A-8132-2014 OI Mancera, Juan/0000-0003-0751-5966 NR 47 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 111 IS 2 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1006/gcen.1998.7086 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 106UE UT WOS:000075168200001 PM 9679082 ER PT J AU Brocher, TM Hunter, WC Langenheim, VE AF Brocher, TM Hunter, WC Langenheim, VE TI Implications of seismic reflection and potential field geophysical data on the structural framework of the Yucca mountain crater flat region, Nevada SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RANGE PROVINCE; SOUTHWESTERN NEVADA; SOUTHERN NEVADA; BASIN; EXTENSION; VICINITY; VALLEY; VOLCANISM; CRUST AB Seismic reflection and gravity profiles collected across Yucca Mountain, Nevada, together with geologic data, provide evidence against proposed active detachment faults at shallow depth along the pre-Tertiary-Tertiary contact beneath this potential repository for high-level nuclear waste, The new geophysical data show that the inferred pre-Tertiary-Tertiary contact is offset by moderate to high-angle faults beneath Crater Flat and Yucca Mountain, and thus this shallow surface cannot represent an active detachment surface. Deeper, low-angle detachment surface(s) within Proterozoic-Paleozoic bedrock cannot be ruled out by our geophysical data, but are inconsistent with other geologic and geophysical observations in this vicinity, Beneath Crater Flat, the base of the seismogenic crust at 12 km depth is close to the top of the reflective (ductile) lower trust at 14 to 15 km depth, where brittle fault motions in the upper crust may be converted to pure shear in the ductile lower crust, Thus, our preferred interpretation of these geophysical data is that moderate- to high-angle faults extend to 12-15-km depth beneath Yucca Mountain and Crater Flat, with only modest changes in dip. The reflection lines reveal that the Amargosa Desert rift zone is an asymmetric half-graben having a maximum depth of about 4 km and a width of about 25 km, The east-dipping Bare Mountain fault that bounds this graben to the west can be traced by seismic reflection data to a depth of at least 3.5 km and possibly as deep as 6 km, with a constant dip of 64 degrees +/- 5 degrees, Within Crater Flat, east-dipping high-angle normal faults offset the pre-Tertiary-Tertiary contact as well as a reflector within the Miocene tuff sequence, tilting both to the west, The diffuse eastern boundary of the Amargosa Desert rift zone is formed by a broad series of high-angle down-to-the-west normal faults extending eastward across Yucca Mountain. Along our profile the transition from east- to west-dipping faults occurs at or just west of the Solitario Canyon fault, which bounds the western side of Yucca Mountain. The interaction at depth of these east- and west-dipping faults, having up to hundreds of meters offset, is not imaged by the seismic reflection profile. Understanding potential seismic hazards at Yucca Mountain requires knowledge of the subsurface geometry of the faults near Yucca Mountain, since earthquakes generally nucleate and release the greatest amount of their seismic energy at depth. The geophysical data indicate that many fault planes near the potential nuclear waste facility dip toward Yucca Mountain, including the Bare Mountain range-front fault and several west-dipping faults east of Yucca Mountain, Thus, earthquake ruptures along these faults would lie closer to Yucca Mountain than is often estimated from their surface locations and could therefore be more damaging. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brocher, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 70 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 110 IS 8 BP 947 EP 971 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0947:IOSRAP>2.3.CO;2 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 109JD UT WOS:000075317600001 ER PT J AU Iverson, RM Schilling, SP Vallance, JW AF Iverson, RM Schilling, SP Vallance, JW TI Objective delineation of lahar-inundation hazard zones SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; DEBRIS FLOWS; WASHINGTON AB A new method of delineating lahar hazard zones in valleys that head on volcano flanks provides a rapid, objective, reproducible alternative to traditional methods. The rationale for the method derives from scaling analyses of generic lahar paths and statistical analyses of 27 lahar paths documented at nine volcanoes. Together these analyses yield semiempirical equations that predict inundated valley cross-sectional areas (A) and planimetric areas (B) as functions of lahar volume (V). The predictive equations (A = 0.05V(2/3) and B = 200V(2/3)) provide all information necessary to calculate and plot inundation limits on topographic maps. By using a range of prospective lahar volumes to evaluate A and B, a range of inundation limits can be plotted for lahars of increasing volume and decreasing probability. Resulting hazard maps show graphically that lahar-inundation potentials are highest near volcanoes and along valley thalwegs, and diminish gradually as distances from volcanoes and elevations above valley Boors increase. We automate hazard-zone delineation by embedding the predictive equations in a geographic information system (GIS) computer program that uses digital elevation models of topography. Lahar hazard zones computed for Mount Rainier, Washington, mimic: those constructed on the basis of intensive field investigations. The computed hazard zones illustrate the potentially widespread impact of large lahars, which on average inundate planimetric areas 20 times larger than those inundated by rock avalanches of comparable volume. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Appl Mech, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Iverson, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM riverson@usgs.gov NR 54 TC 197 Z9 200 U1 9 U2 37 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 110 IS 8 BP 972 EP 984 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0972:ODOLIH>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 109JD UT WOS:000075317600002 ER PT J AU Wells, RE Weaver, CS Blakely, RJ AF Wells, RE Weaver, CS Blakely, RJ TI Fore-arc migration in Cascadia and its neotectonic significance SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASE-LINE INTERFEROMETRY; UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; DEFORMATION; WASHINGTON; RANGE; TECTONICS; OREGON; ZONE; EARTHQUAKES AB Neogene deformation, paleomagnetic rotations, and sparse geodetic data suggest the Cascadia fore are is migrating northward along the coast and breaking up into large rotating blocks. Deformation occurs mostly around the margins of a large, relatively aseismic Oregon coastal block composed of thick, accreted seamount crust. This 400-km-long block is moving slowly clockwise with respect to North America about a Euler pole in eastern Washington, thus increasing convergence rates along its leading edge near Cape Bianco, and creating an extensional volcanic are on its trailing edge. Northward movement of the block breaks western Washington into smaller, seismically active blocks and compresses them against the Canadian Coast Mountains restraining bend. Arc-parallel transport of fore-are blocks is calculated to be up to 9 mm/yr, sufficient to produce damaging earthquakes in a broad deformation zone along block margins. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Wells, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 975, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 181 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 10 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1998 VL 26 IS 8 BP 759 EP 762 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0759:FAMICA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 109JE UT WOS:000075317700022 ER PT J AU Reinemund, J AF Reinemund, J TI International geoscience activities SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Int Act Off, Reston, VA 22091 USA. RP Reinemund, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Int Act Off, MS-917, Reston, VA 22091 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD AUG PY 1998 VL 43 IS 8 BP 28 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 109HY UT WOS:000075317100020 ER PT J AU Oki, DS Souza, WR Bolke, EL Bauer, GR AF Oki, DS Souza, WR Bolke, EL Bauer, GR TI Numerical analysis of the hydrogeologic controls in a layered coastal aquifer system, Oahu, Hawaii, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE USA; Hawaii; numerical modeling; salt-water/fresh-water relations; groundwater flow AB The coastal aquifer system of southern Oahu, Hawaii, USA, consists of highly permeable volcanic aquifers overlain by weathered volcanic rocks and interbedded marine and terrestrial sediments of both high and low permeability. The weathered volcanic rocks and sediments are collectively known as caprock, because they impede the free discharge of groundwater from the underlying volcanic aquifers. A cross-sectional groundwater flow and transport model was used to evaluate the hydrogeologic controls on the regional flow system in southwestern Oahu. Controls considered were: (a) overall caprock hydraulic conductivity; and (b) stratigraphic variations of hydraulic conductivity in the caprock. Within the caprock, variations in hydraulic conductivity, caused by stratigraphy or discontinuities of the stratigraphic units, are a major control on the direction of groundwater flow and the distribution of water levels and salinity. Results of cross-sectional modeling confirm the general groundwater flow pattern that would be expected in a layered coastal system. Groundwater flow is: (a) predominantly upward in the low-permeability sedimentary units; and (b) predominantly horizontal in the high-permeability sedimentary units. C1 US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. Hawaii State Commiss Water Resource Management, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Oki, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 677 Ala Moana Blvd,Suite 415, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 243 EP 263 DI 10.1007/s100400050149 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BL UT WOS:000079766100006 ER PT J AU Brown, JG Bassett, RL Glynn, PD AF Brown, JG Bassett, RL Glynn, PD TI Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gila county; Arizona; geochemistry; ground-water; reactive transport; acid mine drainage; PHREEQC ID MODEL AB Large-scale mining activities have generated a plume of acidic ground water more than 15 km long in the regional aquifer of the Final Creek Basin. A one-dimensional reactive-transport model was developed using PHREEQC to aid in the analysis of transport and chemical processes in the plume and to determine the uses and limitations of this type of modeling approach. In 1984, the acidic part of the plume had a pH as low as 3.4 and contained milligram-per-liter concentrations of iron, copper, aluminum and other metals. From 1984 to 1994, concentrations of contaminants in the alluvial aquifer in Final Creek Basin, Arizona, decreased as a result of mixing, recharge, remedial pumping and chemical reactions. For reactions involving gypsum and rhodochrosite, the equilibrium modeling assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was generally valid. From 1984 to 1990, water along the simulated flow path was at equilibrium or slightly supersaturated with gypsum, and gypsum equilibria controlled dissolved concentrations of calcium and sulfate. Beginning in 1991, water in the acidic part of the plume became increasingly undersaturated with respect to gypsum, indicating that the gypsum available for dissolution in the aquifer may have been completely consumed by about 1991. Rhodochrosite precipitation was thought responsible for the measured attenuation in dissolved manganese in the neutralized zone. For reactions involving calcite, the assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was generally not valid. Dissolution of calcite in the transition zone was not sufficient to establish equilibrium although, following neutralization, the calcite saturation index decreased to -1.2 in 1986. Calcite undersaturation decreased along the flow path in the neutralized zone, and equilibrium was attained about 7 km downgradient of the transition zone. The assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was not valid for oxidation-reduction reactions that involved iron oxides and manganese oxides. Kinetically controlled oxidation-reduction reactions continued in the acidic part of the flow path for years following the passage of the transition zone. Although the equilibrium approach helped to provide an increased understanding of contaminant transport at Final Creek, future work will require a kinetic modeling approach to more accurately simulate selected reactions between the plume and aquifer materials. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Brown, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 520 N Pk Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 31 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 209 IS 1-4 BP 225 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00091-2 PG 26 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 134KJ UT WOS:000076741900012 ER PT J AU Choi, J Hulseapple, SM Conklin, MH Harvey, JW AF Choi, J Hulseapple, SM Conklin, MH Harvey, JW TI Modeling CO2 degassing and pH in a stream-aquifer system SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE CO2 degassing; pH; coupled stream-aquifer system ID REACTIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT; MOUNTAIN STREAM; METHODOLOGY; IRON AB Final Creek, Arizona receives an inflow of ground water with high dissolved inorganic carbon (57-75 mg/l) and low pH (5.8-6.3). There is an observed increase of in-stream pH from approximately 6.0-7.8 over the 3 km downstream of the point of groundwater inflow. We hypothesized that CO2 gas-exchange was the most important factor causing the pH increase in this stream-aquifer system. An existing transport model, for coupled ground water-surface water systems (OTIS), was modified to include carbonate equilibria and CO2 degassing, used to simulate alkalinity, total dissolved inorganic carbon (C-T), and pH in Pinal Creek. Because of the non-linear relation between pH and Cn the modified transport model used the numerical iteration method to solve the non-linearity. The transport model parameters were determined by the injection of two tracers, bromide and propane. The resulting simulations of alkalinity, C-T and pH reproduced, without fitting, the overall trends in downstream concentrations. A multi-parametric sensitivity analysis (MPSA) was used to identify the relative sensitivities of the predictions to six of the physical and chemical parameters used in the transport model. MPSA results implied that C-T and pH in stream water were controlled by the mixing of ground water with stream water and CO2 degassing. The relative importance of these two processes varied spatially depending on the hydrologic conditions, such as stream flow velocity and whether a reach gained or lost stream water caused by the interaction with the ground water. The coupled transport model with CO2 degassing and generalized sensitivity analysis presented in this study can be applied to evaluate carbon transport and pH in other coupled stream-ground water systems. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Conklin, MH (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM martha@hwr.arizona.edu RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 36 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 209 IS 1-4 BP 297 EP 310 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00093-6 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 134KJ UT WOS:000076741900015 ER PT J AU Stonestrom, DA White, AF Akstin, KC AF Stonestrom, DA White, AF Akstin, KC TI Determining rates of chemical weathering in soils - solute transport versus profile evolution SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE weathering and soil formation; solutes; transport; unsaturated-zone; silica ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; MASS BALANCE; WATER; MODEL; CLIMATE; FOREST; CO2 AB SiO2 fluxes associated with contemporary solute transport in three deeply weathered granitoid profiles are compared to bulk SiO2 losses that have occurred during regolith development. Climates at the three profiles range from Mediterranean to humid to tropical. Due to shallow impeding alluvial layers at two of the profiles, and seasonally uniform rainfall at the third, temporal variations in hydraulic and chemical state variables are largely attenuated below depths of 1-2 m. This allows current SiO2 fluxes below the zone of seasonal variations to be estimated from pore-water concentrations and average hydraulic flux densities. Mean-annual SiO2 concentrations were 0.1-1.5 mM. Hydraulic conductivities for the investigated range of soil-moisture saturations ranged from <10(-9) to >10(-6) m s(-1). Estimated hydraulic flux densities for quasi-steady portions of the profiles varied from 6 x 10(-9) to 14 x 10(-9) m s(-1) based on Darcy's law and field measurements of moisture saturations and pressure heads. Corresponding fluid-residence times in the profiles ranged from 10 to 44 years. Total SiO2 losses, based on chemical and volumetric changes in the respective profiles, ranged from 19 to 110 kmoles SiO2 m(-2) of land surface as a result of 0.2-0.4 Ma of chemical weathering. Extrapolation of contemporary solute fluxes to comparable time periods reproduced these SiO2 losses to about an order of magnitude. Despite the large range and non-linearity of measured hydraulic conductivities, solute transport rates in weathering regoliths can be estimated from characterization of hydrologic conditions at sufficiently large depths. The agreement suggests that current weathering rates are representative of long-term average weathering rates in the regoliths. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Stonestrom, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011 OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385 NR 37 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 209 IS 1-4 BP 331 EP 345 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00158-9 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 134KJ UT WOS:000076741900017 ER PT J AU Peterson, RO Thomas, NJ Thurber, JM Vucetich, JA Waite, TA AF Peterson, RO Thomas, NJ Thurber, JM Vucetich, JA Waite, TA TI Population limitation and the wolves of Isle Royale SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; wolf; Alces alces; moose; canine parvovirus; inbreeding; predator-prey; isle royale national park ID WOLF CANIS-LUPUS; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; GRAY WOLVES; PARVOVIRUS; SIZE; EXTINCTION; MINNESOTA; DENSITY; MOOSE; SURVIVAL AB Population regulation for gray wolves in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, was examined in 1987-1995 when wolves were in chronic decline following a crash of the population in 1981-1982. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was probably influential during the crash, but it disappeared by the late 1980s. High mortality abruptly ceased after 1988, but low recruitment in the absence of disease and obvious shortage of food prevented recovery of the wolf population. In 1983-1995, with a comparable number of moose greater than or equal to 10 years old as potential prey, wolves were only half as numerous as in 1959-1980. A simulation of annual fluctuations in effective population size (N-e) for wolves on Isle Royale suggests that their genetic heterozygosity has declined ca, 13% with each generation and ca. 80% in the 50-year history of this population. Inbreeding depression and stochastic demographic variation both remain possible explanations for recent low recruitment. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Peterson, RO (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 52 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 12 U2 53 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 828 EP 841 DI 10.2307/1383091 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 114TJ UT WOS:000075624900014 ER PT J AU Ellison, LE van Riper, C AF Ellison, LE van Riper, C TI A comparison of small-mammal communities in a desert riparian floodplain SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE small-mammal communities; riparian floodplains; inactive floodplains; source-sink dynamics; habitat selection; Arizona ID RODENT COMMUNITY; POPULATION-SIZE; MICROHABITAT; DEMOGRAPHY; HABITAT; REMOVAL; FOREST AB We compared small-mammal communities between inactive floodplain and actively flooded terraces of riparian habitat in the Verde Valley of central Arizona. We used species diversity, abundance, weight of adult males, number of juveniles, number of reproductively active individuals, longevity, residency status, and patterns of microhabitat use to compare the two communities. Although abundances of small mammals tended to be higher in the active floodplain, species diversity was greater in the inactive floodplain. Results were inconsistent with our initial prediction that actively flooded riparian habitat acts as a species source, whereas inactive floodplain acts as a sink or dispersal site for small mammals. Within each habitat type, we found evidence of significant microhabitat separation among the three most abundant small-mammal species (Peromyscus boylii, P. eremicus, and Neotoma albigula). Percent cover by annual and perennial grasses and shrubs, substrate, and frequency of shrubs, trees, and debris were significant determinants of small-mammal distribution within a habitat type. We found that the three most abundant species selected a nonrandom subset of available habitat. Nonrandom use of habitat and microhabitat separation were the two most important mechanisms structuring small-mammal communities in riparian habitat of central Arizona. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Ellison, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 49 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 972 EP 985 DI 10.2307/1383105 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 114TJ UT WOS:000075624900027 ER PT J AU Corn, JL Conroy, MJ AF Corn, JL Conroy, MJ TI Estimation of density of mongooses with capture-recapture and distance sampling SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Herpestes javanicus; small Indian mongoose; capture-recapture; distance methods; trap web; population estimation ID MAMMAL POPULATION-SIZE; WEST-INDIES; ANTIGUA AB We captured mongooses (Herpestes javanicus) in live traps arranged in trapping webs in Antigua, West Indies, and used capture-recapture and distance sampling to estimate density. Distance estimation and program DISTANCE were used to provide estimates of density from the trapping-web data. Mean density based on trapping webs was 9.5 mongooses/ha (range, 5.9-10.2/ha); estimates had coefficients of variation ranging from 29.82-31.58% ((X) over bar = 30.46%). Mark-recapture models were used to estimate abundance, which was converted to density using estimates of effective trap area. Tests of model assumptions provided by CAPTURE indicated pronounced heterogeneity in capture probabilities and some indication of behavioral response and variation over time. Mean estimated density was 1.80 mongooses/ha (range, 1.37-2.15/ha) with estimated coefficients of variation of 4.68-11.92% ((X) over bar = 7.46%). Estimates of density based on mark-recapture data depended heavily on assumptions about animal home ranges; variances of densities also may be underestimated, leading to unrealistically narrow confidence intervals. Estimates based on trap webs require fewer assumptions, and estimated variances may be a more realistic representation of sampling variation. Because trap webs are established easily and provide adequate data for estimation in a few sample occasions, the method should be efficient and reliable for estimating densities of mongooses. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Corn, JL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 17 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 1009 EP 1015 DI 10.2307/1383109 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 114TJ UT WOS:000075624900031 ER PT J AU Hanlon, CG Miller, RL McPherson, BF AF Hanlon, CG Miller, RL McPherson, BF TI Relationships between wind velocity and underwater irradiance in a shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE PAR; threshold wind velocity; light attenuation; sediment resuspension; Lake Okeechobee ID RESUSPENSION; SEDIMENT; WATER AB Relationships between wind velocity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient (K-0) were determined at two locations in a large, shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). K-0 was significantly correlated with antecedent wind conditions, which explained as much as 90 percent of the daily variation in K-0. Sub-surface irradiance began to change within 60 to 90 minutes of the time when wind velocity exceeded or dropped below a threshold value. Maximum one hour changes in K-0 were > 50 percent, however, 20 to 30 percent changes were more common. The magnitude of change in K-0 varied spatially based on differences in sediment type. K-0 never exceeded 2.8 at a location where bottom sediments were dominated by a mixture of coarse sand and shells. In comparison, K-0 exceeded 9 during episodic wind events where the bottom sediment was comprised of fine grain mud. Underwater irradiance data can be used to determine threshold wind velocity and account for the influence sediment type has on K-0. Once a threshold velocity has been established, the frequency, rate, and duration of expected change in underwater irradiance can be evaluated. This is critical information for scientists who are studying algal productivity or other light-related phenomena. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Tampa, FL 33634 USA. RP Hanlon, CG (reprint author), S Florida Water Management Dist, 3301 Gun Club Rd, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 951 EP 961 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb01528.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 116AW UT WOS:000075700000020 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, MS Hamlett, JM Day, RL Sams, JI Petersen, GW AF Srinivasan, MS Hamlett, JM Day, RL Sams, JI Petersen, GW TI Hydrologic modeling of two glaciated watersheds in northeast Pennsylvania SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE HSPF; GIS; fragipan; wetlands; calibration; verification AB A hydrologic modeling study, using the Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF), was conducted in two glaciated watersheds, Purdy Creek and Ariel Creek in northeastern Pennsylvania. Both watersheds have wetlands and poorly drained soils due to low hydraulic conductivity and presence of fragipans. The HSPF model was calibrated in the Purdy Creek watershed and verified in the Ariel Creek watershed for June 1992 to December 1993 period. In Purdy Creek, the total volume of observed streamflow during the entire simulation period was 13.36 x 10(6) m(3) and the simulated streamflow volume was 13.82 x 10(6) m(3) (5 percent difference). For the verification simulation in Ariel Creek, the difference between the total observed and simulated flow volumes was 17 percent. Simulated peak flow discharges were within two hours of the observed for 30 of 46 peak flow events (discharge greater than 0.1 m(3)/sec) in Purdy Creek and 27 of 53 events in Ariel Creek. For 22 of the 46 events in Purdy Creek and 24 of 53 in Ariel Creek, the differences between the observed and simulated peak discharge rates were less than 30 percent. These 22 events accounted for 63 percent of total volume of streamflow observed during the selected 46 peak flow events in Purdy Creek. In Ariel Creek, these 24 peak flow events accounted for 62 percent of the total flow observed during all peak flow events. Differences in observed and simulated peak flow rates and volumes (on a percent basis) were greater during the snowmelt runoff events and summer periods than for other times. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Resources Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Srinivasan, MS (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 249 Agr Engn Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM mss147@psu.edu NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 963 EP 978 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb01529.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 116AW UT WOS:000075700000021 ER PT J AU Coombs, DS Alberti, A Armbruster, T Artioli, G Colella, C Galli, E Grice, JD Liebau, F Mandarino, JA Minato, H Nickel, EH Passaglia, E Peacor, DR Quartieri, S Rinaldi, R Ross, M Sheppard, RA Tillmanns, E Vezzalini, G AF Coombs, DS Alberti, A Armbruster, T Artioli, G Colella, C Galli, E Grice, JD Liebau, F Mandarino, JA Minato, H Nickel, EH Passaglia, E Peacor, DR Quartieri, S Rinaldi, R Ross, M Sheppard, RA Tillmanns, E Vezzalini, G TI Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the subcommittee on zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Review DE zeolite nomenclature; herschelite; leonhardite; svetlozarite; wellsite; brewsterite; chabazite; clinoptilolite; dachiardite; erionite; faujasite; ferrierite; gmelinite; heulandite; levyne; paulingite; phillipsite; stilbite ID HIGH-SILICA ZEOLITE; PARTIALLY DISORDERED NATROLITE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; HEULANDITE GROUP ZEOLITES; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; X-RAY; NATURAL COUNTERPART; ORDER-DISORDER; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; K-RICH AB This report embodies recommendations on zeolite nomenclature approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. In a working definition of a zeolite mineral used for this review, interrupted tetrahedral framework structures are accepted where other zeolitic properties prevail, and complete substitution by elements other than Si and Al is allowed. Separate species are recognized in topologically distinctive compositional series in which different extra-framework cations are the most abundant in atomic proportions. To name these, the appropriate chemical symbol is attached by a hyphen to the series name as a suffix except for the names harmotome, pollucite and wairakite in the phillipsite and analcime series. Differences in space-group symmetry and in order-disorder relationships in zeolites having the same topologically distinctive framework do not in general provide adequate grounds for recognition of separate species. Zeolite species are not to be distinguished solely on Si : Al ratio except for heulandite (Si : Al < 4.0) and clinoptilolite (Si : Al greater than or equal to 4.0). Dehydration, partial hydration? and over-hydration an not sufficient grounds for the recognition of separate species of zeolites. Use of the term 'ideal formula' should be avoided in referring to a simplified or averaged formula of a zeolite. Newly recognized species in compositional series are as follows: brewsterite-Sr, -Ba; chabazite-Ca, - Na, -K; clinoptilolite-K, -Na, -Ca; dachiardite-Ca, -Na; erionite-Na, -K, -Ca; faujasite-Na, -Ca, -Mg; ferrierite-Mg, -K, -Na; gmelinite-Na, -Ca, -K; heulandite-Ca, -Na, -K, -Sr; levyne-Ca, -Na; paulingite-K, -Ca; phillipsite-Na, -Ca, -K; stilbite-Ca, -Na. Key references, type locality, origin of name, chemical data, IZA structure-type symbols, space-group symmetry, unit-cell dimensions, and comments on structure are listed for 13 compositional series, 82 accepted zeolite mineral species, and three of doubtful status. Herschelite, leonhardite, svetlozarite, and wellsite are discredited as mineral species names. Obsolete and discredited names are listed. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Geol, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Ferrara, Ist Mineral, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Univ Bern, Lab Chem & Mineral Kristallog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Mat & Prod, I-80125 Naples, Italy. Univ Modena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Canadian Museum Nat, Mineral Sci Div, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. Univ Kiel, Mineral Petrog Inst, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Mineral, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. CSIRO, Div Explorat & Min, Wembly, WA 6014, Australia. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Kristallog & Mineral, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Coombs, DS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Geol, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. RI Artioli, Gilberto/F-2149-2015; Vezzalini, Giovanna/L-4077-2015 OI Artioli, Gilberto/0000-0002-8693-7392; Vezzalini, Giovanna/0000-0002-4050-7311 NR 308 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 533 EP 571 PG 39 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 116HG UT WOS:000075718100011 ER PT J AU Arthur, MA Dean, WE AF Arthur, MA Dean, WE TI Organic-matter production and preservation and evolution of anoxia in the Holocene Black Sea SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CARBON ACCUMULATION RATES; ENHANCED PRESERVATION; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; STABLE-ISOTOPE; OXYGEN MINIMUM; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; LATE PLEISTOCENE; PARTICLE-FLUX; CALIFORNIA AB Dating of sediments collected in gravity cores during Leg 1 of the 1988 R/V Knorr expedition to the Black Sea suggests that the onset of water-column anoxia at similar to 7.5 ka was virtually synchronous across the basin over a depth range of similar to 200 - 2250 m. A finely laminated, organic carbon (OC) rich sapropel (unit II) was produced as a result of this anoxia. The trigger for increased OC production and development of anoxia was the spillover of saline waters through the Bosporus that probably began at similar to 9.0 ka and peaked between similar to 7.0 and 5.5 ka. This spillover enhanced vertical mixing and nutrient cycling and caused a short-term (2-3 kyr) burst in surface-water productivity during the early part of unit II deposition. Continued incursion of saline waters enhanced vertical stability and inhibited mixing of nutrients into surface waters, thus limiting primary production and decreasing the OC flux to sediments beginning similar to 5.5 ka. Concentration, accumulation rate, and degree of preservation of organic matter all decreased in the upper part of unit II as a result of decreasing productivity, but anoxia persisted throughout most of the water column. The end of unit II sapropel deposition was synchronous across the Black Sea as the result of the first blooms of the coccolith Emiliania huxleyi, which presumably marked an increase in surface-water salinity above ii and the beginning of unit I deposition. The high coccolith-carbonate fluxes that occurred during deposition of unit I diluted the OC concentration in the sediments, but OC accumulation rates are about the same as those in upper part of unit II. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Arthur, MA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM arthur@geosc.psu.edu; dean@usgs.gov RI Arthur, Michael/E-2872-2014 OI Arthur, Michael/0000-0002-3028-6279 NR 87 TC 85 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD AUG PY 1998 VL 13 IS 4 BP 395 EP 411 DI 10.1029/98PA01161 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 105BQ UT WOS:000075052700008 ER PT J AU Fountain, AG Walder, JS AF Fountain, AG Walder, JS TI Water flow through temperate glaciers SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER; SUBGLACIAL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; LARGE TIDEWATER GLACIER; ICE STREAM-B; DRAINAGE SYSTEM; VARIEGATED GLACIER; OUTBURST FLOODS; WASHINGTON-STATE; LEVEL VARIATIONS; HYDROLOGIC BASIS AB Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. To this end we have synthesized a conceptual model of water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, spawned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a limited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. Their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morphologically and hydrologically. An up-glacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cavities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent-channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent network. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of similar to 200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Stored water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods. C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97207 USA. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Fountain, AG (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, 17 Cramer Hall,1721 SW Broadway, Portland, OR 97207 USA. EM fountaina@pdx.edu; jswalder@usgs.gov NR 161 TC 304 Z9 311 U1 13 U2 74 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 299 EP 328 DI 10.1029/97RG03579 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 126CX UT WOS:000076276300001 ER PT J AU Mora, MA Miller, JM AF Mora, MA Miller, JM TI Foraging flights, reproductive success and organochlorine contaminants in cattle egrets nesting in a residential area of Bryan, Texas SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MEXICALI VALLEY; BAJA-CALIFORNIA AB This study was designed to determine reproductive success, habitat use and foraging trips of Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) nesting in the small city of Bryan, Texas and to compare residues of persistent organochlorine compounds in eggs of Cattle Egrets from recent years with data collected in the past. Mean clutch size and reproductive success of egrets nesting in Bryan in 1993 and 1994 were not different from the state average reported for egrets in non-urban habitats. Cattle egrets flew non-randomly in and out of the colony predominantly alone or in pairs and foraged mostly in pastures with cattle at 10-15 km around the colony. The only organochlorine residues found at detectable levels were DDE and PCBs. Mean DDE levels in eggs were mostly at near background levels and were significantly lower than those reported for Cattle Egrets in the 1970s. C1 Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Mora, MA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, US Geol Survey, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3 BP 205 EP 214 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 128ZF UT WOS:000076437700004 ER PT J AU Burns, DA Murdoch, PS Lawrence, GB Michel, RL AF Burns, DA Murdoch, PS Lawrence, GB Michel, RL TI Effect of groundwater springs on NO3 concentrations during summer in Catskill Mountain streams SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN SATURATION; NEW-YORK; DEPOSITION; NITRATE; DEUTERIUM; CONSEQUENCES; ECOSYSTEMS; RETENTION; TRENDS; TIMES AB Groundwater and stream water data collected at three headwater catchments in the Neversink River watershed indicate that base flow is sustained by groundwater from two sources: a shallow flow system within the till and soil and a deep flow system within bedrock fractures a;nd bedding planes that discharges as perennial springs. Data from eight wells finished near the till/bedrock interface indicate that saturated conditions are not maintained in the shallow flow system during most summers. In contrast, the discharge of a perennial spring remained constant during two summer rainstorms, providing evidence that the deep flow system is disconnected from the shallow flow system in summer. Discharge from perennial springs was the principal source of streamflow in a headwater reach during low flow. Mean NO3- concentrations were 20-25 mu mol L-1 in five perennial springs during the summer but only 5-10 mu mol L-1 in shallow groundwater. Thus the deep flow system does not reflect typical NO3- concentrations in the soil during summer. A hydrologic budget at a headwater drainage reveals that March and late fall are the.principal groundwater recharge periods. Residence time modeling based on analyses of O-18 and S-35 indicates that groundwater in the deep flow system is 6-22 months old. These data indicate that summer base flow largely originates from previous dormant seasons when available soil NO3- is greater. In these Catskill watersheds, high base flow concentrations of NO3- during summer do not provide sufficient evidence that the atmospheric N deposition rate exceeds the demand of terrestrial vegetation. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 49 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1987 EP 1996 DI 10.1029/98WR01282 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 104QR UT WOS:000075025700013 ER PT J AU Johnston, CE Andrews, ED Pitlick, J AF Johnston, CE Andrews, ED Pitlick, J TI In situ determination of particle friction angles of fluvial gravels SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL SHEAR-STRESS; MIXED-SIZE SEDIMENT; BED STREAMS; ENTRAINMENT; PROTRUSION; MOVEMENT; GRAINS; MOTION; WATER AB Particle friction angles phi represent the physical resistance to initial movement of a sediment particle and are therefore useful for relating initiation of motion to particular flows. We determined over 8000 friction angle values at five natural rivers by applying a new method that uses a digital load cell to directly measure the force F-d required to pivot or slide a particle out of its natural resting place. Within each site, median phi values were very similar to previously reported relations, yet different enough between sites that a location-general predictive empirical relation would produce errors in phi of +/-10 degrees for D-i/K-s > 1. Furthermore, within a D-i/K-s class at a given site the range in phi was as large as 80 degrees, much greater than the range df median values between classes for natural sediment mixtures. Using estimates of tau(c)* from extensive bed load measurements made by Andrews and Erman [1986] at Sagehen Creek and the in situ phi measurements made in this study together with a theoretical model developed by Wiberg and Smith [1987], we show that phi measurements made with this new method dan be used to accurately predict tau(c)* for natural, water-worked sediments. Additionally, these results confirm that a phi value much less than phi(50) is more appropriate for predicting tau(c)* or a given size class. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Johnston, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 34 IS 8 BP 2017 EP 2030 DI 10.1029/98WR00312 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 104QR UT WOS:000075025700016 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AM Oki, DS Greene, EA AF Shapiro, AM Oki, DS Greene, EA TI Estimating formation properties from early-time recovery in wells subject to turbulent head losses SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ground water; pump tests; turbulence; transmissivity; storage coefficient; Madison aquifer ID PUMPING TESTS; SLUG TESTS; AQUIFERS AB A mathematical model is developed to interpret the early-time recovering water level following the termination of pumping in wells subject to turbulent head losses. The model assumes that turbulent head losses dissipate immediately when pumping ends. In wells subject to both borehole storage and turbulent head losses, the early-time recovery exhibits a slope equal to 1/2 on log-log plots of the recovery versus time. This half-slope response should not be confused with the half-slope response associated with a Linear flow regime during aquifer tests. The presence of a borehole skin due to formation damage or stimulation around the pumped well alters the early-time recovery in wells subject to turbulent head losses and gives the appearance of borehole storage, where the recovery exhibits a unit slope on log-log plots of recovery versus time. Type curves can be used to estimate the formation storativity from the early-time recovery data. In wells that are suspected of having formation damage or stimulation, the type curves can be used to estimate the 'effective' radius of the pumped well, if an estimate of the formation storativity is available from observation wells or other information. Type curves for a homogeneous and isotropic dual-porosity aquifer are developed and applied to estimate formation properties and the effect of formation stimulation from a single-well test conducted in the Madison limestone near Rapid City, South Dakota. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22091 USA. US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Shapiro, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22091 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 31 PY 1998 VL 208 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00170-X PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 120YQ UT WOS:000075985800007 ER PT J AU Flueh, ER Fisher, MA Bialas, J Jonathan, R Klaeschen, D Kukowski, N Parsons, T Scholl, DW ten Brink, U Trehu, AM Vidal, N AF Flueh, ER Fisher, MA Bialas, J Jonathan, R Klaeschen, D Kukowski, N Parsons, T Scholl, DW ten Brink, U Trehu, AM Vidal, N TI New seismic images of the Cascadia subduction zone from cruise SO108-ORWELL SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Cascadia; seismic reflection; seismic refraction; crustal structure; ocean bottom; seismometer; accretionary wedges ID OREGON ACCRETIONARY PRISM; CURRENT DEFORMATION; CONVERGENT MARGIN; LANDWARD VERGENCE; REFLECTION DATA; WASHINGTON; CONSTRAINTS; EARTHQUAKE; TECTONICS; SEDIMENTS AB In April and May 1996, a geophysical study of the Cascadia continental margin off Oregon and Washington was conducted aboard the German R/V Sonne. This cooperative experiment by GEOMAR and the USGS acquired wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic data, using ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) and hydrophones (OBH), and multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) data. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the internal structure and associated earthquake hazard of the Cascadia subduction zone and to image the downgoing plate. Coincident MCS and wide-angle profiles along two tracks are presented here. The plate boundary has been imaged precisely beneath the wide accretionary wedge close to shore at ca. 13 km depth. Thus, the downgoing plate dips more shallowly than previously assumed. The dip of the plate changes from 2 degrees to 4 degrees at the eastern boundary of the wedge on the northern profile, where approximately 3 km of sediment is entering the subduction zone. On the southern profile, where the incoming sedimentary section is about 2.2 km thick, the plate dips about 0.5 degrees to 1.5 degrees near the deformation front and increases to 3.5 degrees further landwards. On both profiles, the deformation of the accretionary wedge has produced six ridges on the seafloor, three of which represent active faulting, as indicated by growth folding. The ridges are bordered by landward verging faults which reach as deep as the top of the oceanic basement. Thus the entire incoming sediment package is being accreted, At least two phases of accretion are evident, and the rocks of the older accretionary phase(s) forms the backstop for the younger phase, which started around 1.5 Ma ago. This documents that the 30 to 50 km wide frontal part of the accretionary wedge, which is characterized by landward vergent thrusts, is a Pleistocene feature which was formed in response to the high input of sediment building the fans during glacial periods. Velocities increase quite rapidly within the wedge, both landward and downward. At the toe of the deformation front, velocities are higher than 4.0 km/s, indicating extensive dewatering of deep, oceanic sediment. Further landward, considerable velocity variation is found, which indicates major breaks throughout the accretionary history. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kiel, GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Flueh, ER (reprint author), Univ Kiel, GEOMAR, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; Bialas, Jorg/A-7207-2015; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI Bialas, Jorg/0000-0001-8802-5277; ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 49 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUL 30 PY 1998 VL 293 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00091-2 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 111WH UT WOS:000075461100005 ER PT J AU Kalkhan, MA Reich, RM Stohlgren, TJ AF Kalkhan, MA Reich, RM Stohlgren, TJ TI Assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Double sampling was used to provide a cost efficient estimate of the accuracy of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) classification map of a scene located in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. In the first phase, 200 sample points were randomly selected to assess the accuracy between Landsat TM data and aerial photography. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic were 49.5 per cent and 32.5 per cent, respectively. In the second phase, 25 sample points identified in the first phase were selected using stratified random sampling and located in the field. This information was used to correct for misclassification errors associated with the first phase samples. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic increased to 59.6 per cent and 45.6 per cent, respectively. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinentent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kalkhan, MA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 20 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2049 EP 2060 DI 10.1080/014311698214857 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 107BZ UT WOS:000075187500003 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, HS Hyland, KE Hu, RJ Daniels, TJ Falco, RC AF Ginsberg, HS Hyland, KE Hu, RJ Daniels, TJ Falco, RC TI Tick population trends and forest type SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Rhode Isl, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biol Sci, Tick Res Lab, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Fordham Univ, Vector Ecol Lab, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. RP Ginsberg, HS (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 17 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5375 BP 349 EP 350 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 102HR UT WOS:000074918800025 PM 9705710 ER PT J AU Barber, LB Writer, JH AF Barber, LB Writer, JH TI Impact of the 1993 flood on the distribution of organic contaminants in bed sediments of the Upper Mississippi River SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE; SEWAGE CONTAMINATION; COASTAL WATERS; COPROSTANOL; FATE; ENVIRONMENT; CALIFORNIA; INDICATOR AB The 1500 km Upper Mississippi River (UMR) consists of 29 navigation peals and can be divided into the upper reach (pools 1-4), the middle reach (pools 5-13), and the lower reach (pools 14-26). Comparison of composite bed sediment samples collected from the downstream third of 24 pools before and after the 1993 UMR flood provides field-scale data on the effect of the flood on sediment organic compound distributions. The sediments were analyzed for organic carbon, coprostanol, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons including pyrene, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. Most of the target compounds were detected in all of the sediment samples, although concentrations were generally <1 mg/kg. The highest concentrations typically occurred in the upper reach, an urbanized area on a relatively small river. Pool 4 (Lake Pepin) is an efficient sediment trap, and concentrations of the compounds below pool 4 were substantially lower than those in pools 2-4. Differences in concentrations before and after the 1993 flood also were greatest in the upper reach. In pools 1-4, concentrations of pyrene and PCBs decreased after the flood whereas coprostanol increased. These results suggest that bed sediments stored in the pools were diluted or buried by sediments with different organic compound compositions washed in from urban and agricultural portions of the watershed. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Boulder Creek Watershed Initiat, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. RP Barber, LB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI WRITER, JEFFREY/0000-0002-8585-8166 NR 43 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 14 BP 2077 EP 2083 DI 10.1021/es970795i PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 100WY UT WOS:000074839400007 ER PT J AU Voros, Z Kovacs, P Juhasz, A Kormendi, A Green, AW AF Voros, Z Kovacs, P Juhasz, A Kormendi, A Green, AW TI Scaling laws from geomagnetic time series SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EXTENDED SELF-SIMILARITY; TURBULENT FLOWS; STORMS; AE AB The notion of extended self-similarity (ESS) is applied here for the X - component time series of geomagnetic field fluctuations. Plotting nth order structure functions against the fourth order structure function we show that low-frequency geomagnetic fluctuations up to the order n = 10 follow the same scaling laws as MHD fluctuations in solar wind, however, for higher frequencies (f > 1/5[h]) a clear departure from the expected universality is observed for n > 6. ESS does not allow to make an unambiguous statement about the non triviality of scaling laws in "geomagnetic" turbulence. However, we suggest to use higher order moments as promising diagnostic tools for mapping the contributions of various remote magnetospheric sources to local observatory data. C1 Geophys Inst SAS, Hurbanovo 94701, Slovakia. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Geophys, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary. Eotvos Lorand Geophys Inst, H-1440 Budapest, Hungary. RP Voros, Z (reprint author), Geophys Inst SAS, Hurbanovo 94701, Slovakia. EM geomag@geomag.sk; awgreen@gldfs.cr.usgs.gov OI Voros, Zoltan/0000-0001-7597-238X NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 14 BP 2621 EP 2624 DI 10.1029/98GL01910 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 101UJ UT WOS:000074886300041 ER PT J AU Gerlach, TM McGee, KA Sutton, AJ Elias, T AF Gerlach, TM McGee, KA Sutton, AJ Elias, T TI Rates of volcanic CO2 degassing from airborne determinations of SO2, emission rates and plume CO2/SO2: Test study at Pu'u 'O'o cone, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; OLDOINYO-LENGAI; FLUXES; MAGMA; GASES AB We present an airborne method that eliminates or minimizes several disadvantages of the customary plume cross-section sampling method for determining volcanic CO2 emission rates. A LI-COR CO2 analyzer system (LICOR), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer system (FTIR), and a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) were used to constrain the plume CO2/SO2 and the SO2 emission rate. The method yielded a CO2 emission rate of 300 td(-1) (metric tons per day) for Pu'u 'O'o cone, Kilauea volcano, on 19 September 1995. The CO2/SO2 of 0.20 determined from airborne LICOR and FTIR plume measurements agreed with the CO2/SO2 of 204 ground-based samples collected from vents over a 14-year period since the Pu'u 'O'o eruption began in January 1983. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Volcanoes Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Gerlach, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 14 BP 2675 EP 2678 DI 10.1029/98GL02030 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 101UJ UT WOS:000074886300055 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH Hudnut, KW AF Savage, JC Svarc, JL Prescott, WH Hudnut, KW TI Deformation following the 1994 Northridge earthquake (M=6.7), southern California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GEODETIC MEASUREMENT; VENTURA-BASIN AB Following the 1994 M-w=6.7 Northridge earthquake, a 65-km-long, north-south array of 11 geodetic monuments was established across the rupture. The array was surveyed with GPS ten times in the 4.25 ya after the earthquake. Although there is evidence for modest nonlinear postseismic relaxation in the first few weeks after the Northridge earthquake, the deformation in the subsequent four years can be adequately described by constant station velocities. The observed S70 degrees E velocity components are consistent with the deformation expected from steady strain accumulation on the San Andreas fault. The N20 degrees E velocity components indicate that the southern Northridge fault block is moving almost as a unit N20 degrees E with repect to the northern fault block, the motion being accommodated by a zone of convergence (width 20 km) at the north end of the Northridge rupture. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jsavage@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 14 BP 2725 EP 2728 DI 10.1029/98GL02058 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 101UJ UT WOS:000074886300068 ER PT J AU Sorey, ML Evans, WC Kennedy, BM Farrar, CD Hainsworth, LJ Hausback, B AF Sorey, ML Evans, WC Kennedy, BM Farrar, CD Hainsworth, LJ Hausback, B TI Carbon dioxide and helium emissions from a reservoir of magmatic gas beneath Mammoth Mountain, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; NOBLE-GASES; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; CO2 EMISSION; ISOTOPES; ERUPTIONS; UNREST; WATER; FRACTIONATION AB Carbon dioxide and helium with isotopic compositions indicative of a magmatic source (delta(13)C = -4.5 to -5 parts per thousand, He-3/He-4 = 4.5 to 6.7 R-A) are discharging at anomalous rates from Mammoth Mountain, on the southwestern rim of the Long Valley caldera in eastern California. The gas is released mainly as diffuse emissions from normal-temperature soils, but some gas issues from steam vents or leaves the mountain dissolved in cold groundwater. The rate of gas discharge increased significantly in 1989 following a 6-month period of persistent earthquake swarms and associated strain and ground deformation that has been attributed td dike emplacement beneath the mountain. An increase in the magmatic component of helium discharging in a steam vent on the north side of Mammoth Mountain, which also began in 1989, has Persisted until the present time. Anomalous CO2 discharge from soils first occurred during the winter of 1990 and was followed by observations of several areas of tree kill and/or heavier than normal needlecast the following summer. Subsequent measurements have confirmed that the tree kills are associated with CO2 concentrations of 30-90% in soil gas and gas flow rates of up to 31,000 g m(-2) d(-1) at the soil surface. Each of the tree-kill areas and one area of CO2 discharge above tree line occurs in close proximity to one or more normal faults, which may provide conduits for gas flow from depth. We estimate that the total diffuse CO2, flux from the mountain is approximately 520 t/d,and that 30-50 t/d of CO2 are dissolved in cold groundwater flowing off the flanks of the mountain. Isotopic and chemical analyses of soil and fumarolic gas demonstrate a remarkable homogeneity in composition, suggesting that the CO2 and associated helium and excess nitrogen may be derived from a common gas reservoir whose source is associated with some combination of magmatic degassing and thermal metamorphism of metasedimentary locks. Furthermore, N-2/Ar ratios and nitrogen isotopic values indicate that the Mammoth Mountain gases sire derived from sources separate from those that supply gas to the hydrothermal system within the Long Valley caldera. Various data suggest that the Mammoth Mountain gas reservoir is a large, low: temperature cap over an isolated hydrothermal system, that it predates the 1989 intrusion, and that it could remain a Source of gas discharge for some time. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Carnelian Bay, CA 96140 USA. Emory & Henry Coll, Dept Chem, Emory, VA 24327 USA. Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Geol, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Sorey, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 439, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mlsorey@usgs.gov; wcevans@usgs.gov; bmkennedy@lbl.gov; cdfarrar@usgs.gov; ljhainsw@ehc.edu; hausback@scus.edu RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 71 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B7 BP 15303 EP 15323 DI 10.1029/98JB01389 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZZ354 UT WOS:000074721000017 ER PT J AU Harlan, SS Geissman, JW AF Harlan, SS Geissman, JW TI Paleomagnetism of the Middle Proterozoic Electra Lake Gabbro, Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FIELD; SUPERGROUP; MONTANA; PLUTONS; GRANITE AB The Electra Lake Gabbro is a small 1.435 Ga pluton that intrudes 1.7 to 1.6 Ga gneisses and schists of the Needle Mountains in southwestern Colorado. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from the main phases of the gabbro, diabase dikes, granite, and alaskite dikes that cut the gabbro and from a partially melted zone in gneiss along the southern margin of the pluton. Gabbro, diabase, and some melt zone samples have a single-polarity characteristic magnetization of northeast declination (D) and moderate negative inclination (1). Demagnetization behavior and rock magnetic characteristics indicate that the remanence is carried by nearly pure magnetite. After correction for the minor west dip of overlying Paleozoic strata, we obtain a mean direction of D = 32.1 degrees, I = -41.9 degrees (k = 94, alpha(95) = 3.3 degrees, N = 21 sites) and a paleomagnetic pole at 21.1 degrees S, 221.1 degrees E, (K = 89, A(95) = 3.4 degrees). This pole is similar to poles from the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup but is located at a higher southerly latitude than poles from other 1.47-1.44 Ga plutons from North America, most of which plot at equatorial latitudes. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear but may result from a combination of factors, including unrecognized tilting of the gabbro, the failure of this relatively small pluton to fully average paleosecular variation, and uncertainties in the overall reliability of other 1.5-1.4 Ga poles of the North American apparent polar wander path. C1 US Geol Survey, Climate Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Harlan, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Climate Team, POB 25046,MS 980,Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM sharlan@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B7 BP 15497 EP 15507 DI 10.1029/98JB01350 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZZ354 UT WOS:000074721000029 ER PT J AU McGowan, JA Cayan, DR Dorman, LM AF McGowan, JA Cayan, DR Dorman, LM TI Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the northeast Pacific SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID LONG-TERM TRENDS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; DISTURBANCE; ANOMALIES; COMMUNITY; DYNAMICS; AMERICA; COAST AB The role of climatic variation in regulating marine populations and communities is not well understood. To improve our knowledge, the sign, amplitude, and frequency of climatic and biotic variations should be compared as a necessary first step. it is shown that there have been large interannual and interdecadal sea-surface temperature changes off the West Coast of North America during the past 80 years. Interannual anomalies appear and disappear rather suddenly and synchronously along the entire coastline. The frequency of warm events has increased since 1977. Although extensive, serial, biological observations are often incomplete, it is clear that climate-ocean variations have disturbed and changed our coastal ecosystems. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP McGowan, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 56 TC 436 Z9 449 U1 2 U2 58 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 10 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5374 BP 210 EP 217 DI 10.1126/science.281.5374.210 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZZ286 UT WOS:000074714200037 ER PT J AU Quackenbush, SL Work, TM Balazs, GH Casey, RN Rovnak, J Chaves, A duToit, L Baines, JD Parrish, CR Bowser, PR Casey, JW AF Quackenbush, SL Work, TM Balazs, GH Casey, RN Rovnak, J Chaves, A duToit, L Baines, JD Parrish, CR Bowser, PR Casey, JW TI Three closely related herpesviruses are associated with fibropapillomatosis in marine turtles SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREEN TURTLE; CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS; CHELONIA-MYDAS AB Green turtle fibropapillomatosis is a neoplastic disease of increasingly significant threat to the survivability of this species. Degenerate PCR primers that target highly conserved regions of genes encoding herpesvirus DNA polymerases were used to amplify a DNA sequence from fibropapillomas and fibromas from Hawaiian and Florida green turtles. All of the tumors tested (n = 23) were found to harbor viral DNA, whereas no viral DNA was detected in skin biopsies from tumor-negative turtles. The tissue distribution of the green turtle herpesvirus appears to be generally limited to tumors where viral DNA was found to accumulate at approximately two to five copies per cell and is occasionally detected, only by PCR, in some tissues normally associated with tumor development. in addition, herpesviral DNA was detected in fibropapillomas from two loggerhead and four olive ridley turtles. Nucleotide sequencing of a 483-bp fragment of the turtle herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene determined that the Florida green turtle and loggerhead turtle sequences are identical and differ from the Hawaiian green turtle sequence by five nucleotide changes, which results in two amino acid substitutions. The olive ridley sequence differs from the Florida and Hawaiian green turtle sequences by 15 and 16 nucleotide changes, respectively, resulting in four amino acid substitutions, three of which are unique to the olive ridley sequence. Our data suggest that these closely related turtle herpesviruses are intimately involved in the genesis of fibropapillomatosis. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, James A Baker Inst Anim Hlth, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Casey, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 19 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUL 5 PY 1998 VL 246 IS 2 BP 392 EP 399 DI 10.1006/viro.1998.9207 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZY286 UT WOS:000074604900020 PM 9657957 ER PT J AU McEwen, AS Keszthelyi, L Spencer, JR Schubert, G Matson, DL Lopes-Gautier, R Klassen, KP Johnson, TV Head, JW Geissler, P Fagents, S Davies, AG Carr, MH Breneman, HH Belton, MJS AF McEwen, AS Keszthelyi, L Spencer, JR Schubert, G Matson, DL Lopes-Gautier, R Klassen, KP Johnson, TV Head, JW Geissler, P Fagents, S Davies, AG Carr, MH Breneman, HH Belton, MJS TI High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GALILEAN SATELLITES; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; TOPOGRAPHY; SPECTRA; SYSTEM AB Infrared wavelength observations of lo by the Galileo spacecraft show that at Least 12 different vents are erupting lavas that are probably hotter than the highest temperature basaltic eruptions on Earth today. In at least one case, the eruption near Pillan Patera, two independent instruments on Galileo show that the lava temperature must have exceeded 1700 kelvin and may have reached 2000 kelvin. The most likely explanation is that these lavas are ultramafic (magnesium-rich) silicates, and this idea-is supported by the tentative identification of magnesium-rich orthopyroxene in Lava flows associated with these high-temperature hot spots. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85711 USA. Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP McEwen, AS (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85711 USA. EM mcewen@lplarizona.edu RI Fagents, Sarah/B-3983-2014; Lopes, Rosaly/D-1608-2016 OI Lopes, Rosaly/0000-0002-7928-3167 NR 40 TC 128 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 3 PY 1998 VL 281 IS 5373 BP 87 EP 90 DI 10.1126/science.281.5373.87 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZZ009 UT WOS:000074685800043 PM 9651251 ER PT J AU Bell, RE Blankenship, DD Finn, CA Morse, DL Scambos, TA Brozena, JM Hodge, SM AF Bell, RE Blankenship, DD Finn, CA Morse, DL Scambos, TA Brozena, JM Hodge, SM TI Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SHEET; OSCILLATIONS AB Marine ice-sheet collapse can contribute to rapid sea-level rise(1) Today, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contains an amount of ice equivalent to approximately six metres of sea-level rise, but most of the ice is in the slowly moving interior reservoir. A relatively small fraction of the ice sheet comprises several rapidly flowing ice streams which drain the ice to the sea. The evolution of this drainage system almost certainly governs the process of ice-sheet collapse(2-5). The thick and slow-moving interior ice reservoir is generally fixed to the underlying bedrock while the ice streams glide over lubricated beds at velocities of up to several hundred metres per year. The source of the basal lubricant-a water-saturated till(6,7) overlain by a water systems(8)-may be linked to the underlying geology. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet rests over a geologically complex region characterized by thin crust, high heat flows, active volcanism and sedimentary basins(9-16). Here we use aerogeophysical measurements to constrain the geological setting of the onset of an active West Antarctic ice stream. The onset coincides with a sediment-filled basin incised by a steep-sided valley. This observation supports the suggestion(5,17) that ice-stream dynamics-and therefore the response of the West Antarctice Ice Sheet to changes in climate-are strongly modulated by the underlying geology. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98406 USA. RP Bell, RE (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM robinb@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Scambos, Ted/B-1856-2009; Blankenship, Donald/G-5935-2010 NR 27 TC 123 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 8 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 2 PY 1998 VL 394 IS 6688 BP 58 EP 62 DI 10.1038/27883 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZY030 UT WOS:000074579600046 ER PT J AU Twedt, DJ Nelms, CO Rettig, VE Aycock, SR AF Twedt, DJ Nelms, CO Rettig, VE Aycock, SR TI Shorebird use of managed wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MIGRATION AB We assessed shorebird use of artificial wetlands within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley during the winters of 1991-1992 and 1992-1993 and during the autumn of 1994. On agricultural fields managed to provide habitat for waterfowl from November to March, mean shorebird density was 58.6 birds/100 ha, but shorebird densities were greater on soybean fields than on rice or moist-soil fields. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) and common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) were common throughout winter, but shorebird abundance and species richness along survey routes increased from November through April. During the late summer and autumn, wetlands on public lands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service specifically to provide foraging habitat for shorebirds. From August through October 1994, we observed 14,564 individual shorebirds of 22 species using these anthropogenic wetlands, Mean shorebird density on wetlands managed by flooding previously dry, disked fields was 695 birds/100 ha, whereas mean density on wetlands managed by drawing down water reservoirs was 1224 birds/100 ha. We recommend increased shallow-water flooding of agricultural fields, particularly soybean fields, during winter to provide habitat for wintering and early spring migrant shorebirds. More importantly, we recommend continued water management on public wetlands from July through October, peferably by drawing down water reservoirs, to provide foraging habitat for southward migrating shorebirds. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Valley Field Stn, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Twedt, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Valley Field Stn, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 140 IS 1 BP 140 EP 152 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0140:SUOMWI]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104KR UT WOS:000075014000015 ER PT J AU Salje, EKH Buckley, A Van Tendeloo, G Ishibashi, Y Nord, GL AF Salje, EKH Buckley, A Van Tendeloo, G Ishibashi, Y Nord, GL TI Needle twins and right-angled twins in minerals: Comparison between experiment and theory SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CONSERVED ORDER PARAMETERS; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DOMAIN-WALLS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; TETRAGONAL LEUCITE; PATTERN-FORMATION; SODIUM-FELDSPAR; TIME EVOLUTION; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA AB Transformation twinning in minerals forms isolated twin walls, intersecting twin walls with corner junctions, and wedge-shaped twins as elements of hierarchical patterns. When cut perpendicular to the twin walls, the twins have characteristic shapes, right-angled and needle-shaped wall traces, which can be observed by transmission electron microscopy or by optical microscopy. Theoretical geometries of wall shapes recently derived for strain-related systems should hold for most displacive and order-disorder type phase transitions: (1) right-angled twins show curved junctions; (2) needle-shaped twins contain flat wall segments near the needle tip if the elastic behavior of the mineral is dominated by its anisotropy; (3) additional bending forces and pinning effects lead to curved walls near the junction that make the needle tip appear more blunt. Experimental studies confirmed that these features occur in a wide range of materials. Bent right-angled twins were analyzed in Gd-2(MoO4)(3) Linear needle tips were found in WO3, [N(CH3)(4)](2). ZnBr, CrAl, BiVO4, GdBa2Cu3O7, and PbZrO3. Parabolic tips occur in K2Ba(NO2)(4), and GeTe whereas exponential curvatures appear in BaTiO3, KSCN, Pb-3(PO4)(2), CaTiO3, alkali feldspars, YBa2Cu3O7, and MnAl. The size and shape of the twin microstructure relates to its formation during the phase transition and the subsequent annealing history. The mobility of the twin walls after formation depends not only on the thermal activation but also on the structure of the wall, which may be pinned to impurities on a favorable structural site. Depinning energies are often large compared with thermal energies for diffusion. This leads to kinetic time scales for twin coarsening that are comparable to geological time scales. Therefore, transformation twins that exhibit needle domains not only indicate that the mineral underwent a structural phase transition but also contain information about its subsequent geological history. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. Univ Antwerp, Ruca, EMAT, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. Nagoya Univ, Sch Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Salje, EKH (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England. EM es10002@esc.cam.ac.uk RI Salje, Ekhard/M-2931-2013 OI Salje, Ekhard/0000-0002-8781-6154 NR 46 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 8 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 83 IS 7-8 BP 811 EP 822 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA ZZ323 UT WOS:000074717900013 ER PT J AU Medrano, MD Evans, HT Wenk, HR Piper, DZ AF Medrano, MD Evans, HT Wenk, HR Piper, DZ TI Phosphovanadylite: A new vanadium phosphate mineral with a zeolite-type structure SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article AB Phosphovanadylite, whose simplified formula is (Ba,Ca,K,Na)(x)[(V,Al)(4)P-2(O,OH)(16)]. 12H(2)O, is a new vanadium phosphate zeolite mineral found in the Phosphoria Formation at Monsanto's Enoch Valley Mine, Soda Springs, Idaho. Its formula in more detail is (Ba0.38Ca0.20K0.06Na0.02)(Sigma 0.66)[P-2(V3.44Al0.46)(Sigma 3.90)O-10.34(OH)(5.66)]. 12H(2)O. The drusy mineral occurs as pale greenish-blue euhedral cubes (20-50 mu m edge) coating phosphatic, organic-rich mudstone. The chemical composition determined by electron microprobe is (in weight percent) V-28.02, P-9.91, Al-1.97, Ca-1.31, Ba-8.28, Cd-0.09, Zn-0.34, Na-0.15, K-0.73, O-46.57, and F-0.03. The index of refraction is n(D) = 1.566 (4) and specific gravity is 2.16 (3). The X-ray powder pattern shows strong reflections at 3.16 Angstrom (422), 2.58 (600), 2.44 (620), and 7.73 (200), which are indexed on the basis of a cubic body-centered unit cell with a = 15.470 (4) Angstrom. From the single-crystal structure analysis, its space group was determined to be , Z = 6, and its structure consists of V,O,, octahedral clusters linked to each other by P atoms to form a cubic lattice, creating cavities 7.0 and 5.5 Angstrom in diameter where mainly H2O resides. Final residual indexes are R = 0.066, R-w = 0.061, goodness-of-fit = 0.75, and 93 observations and 24 parameters. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Medrano, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 83 IS 7-8 BP 889 EP 895 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA ZZ323 UT WOS:000074717900021 ER PT J AU Grace, JB Pugesek, BH AF Grace, JB Pugesek, BH TI On the use of path analysis and related procedures for the investigation of ecological problems SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE confirmatory covariance analysis; LISREL; path analysis; statistical ecology; structural equation modeling ID STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS; FRUIT PRODUCTION; PLANT; VEGETATION; SELECTION; TRAITS C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetland Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetland Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM Jim_Grace@usgs.gov; Bruce_Pugesek@usgs.gov RI Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 NR 36 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 28 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 152 IS 1 BP 151 EP 159 DI 10.1086/286156 PG 9 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA ZV698 UT WOS:000074332100013 PM 18811408 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, E Jones, BF Weinberger, G AF Rosenthal, E Jones, BF Weinberger, G TI The chemical evolution of Kurnub group paleowater in the Sinai-Negev province - a mass balance approach SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE AQUIFER SYSTEM; SOUTHERN ARAVA VALLEY; NORTHERN NEGEV; ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; ISRAEL; PATTERN; ORIGIN; MODEL; EGYPT AB The chemical evolution of the Kurnub Group paleowater was studied starting from rainwater in recharge areas of the Sinai and along groundwater flowpaths leading to the natural outlets of this regional aquifer. This was achieved by investigating the chemical composition of groundwater, ionic ratios, degrees of saturation with common mineral species, normative analysis of dissolved salts and by modeling of rock/water interaction and mixing processes occurring along groundwater flow paths. The initial groundwater composition used is from the Nakhel well in Sinai. It evolves from desert rainwater percolating through typical Kurnub Group lithology in Sinai. This rainwater dissolves mainly gypsum, halite and dolomite together with smaller amounts of marine aerosol and K-feldspar. At the same time it precipitates calcite, SiO2, smectite and degasses CO2. Between the area of Nakhel and the northern Negev the chemistry of Kurnub Group waters is influenced by dissolution of halite and lesser amounts of gypsum of surficial origin in recharge areas, small amounts of feldspars and of dolomite cement in sandstones eroded from the Arabo-Nubian igneous massif of Sinai and organic degradation-derived CO2. Concomitantly, there is precipitation of calcite, smectite, SiO2 and probably analcime characteristic of sediments in continental closed basins. North of the Negev, the Kurnub Group fluids are diluted and altered by mixing with Judea Group aquifer groundwaters. On the E there is mixing with residual brines from the water body ancestral to the Dead Sea, prior to discharge into the Arava valley. Rock/water interaction indicated by NETPATH and PHREEQC modeling is in agreement with lithology and facies changes previously observed in the Kurnub Group sequence. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hydrol Serv, Div Res, IL-91063 Jerusalem, Israel. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Rosenthal, E (reprint author), Hydrol Serv, Div Res, POB 6381, IL-91063 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 55 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 13 IS 5 BP 553 EP 569 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00092-9 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 108DB UT WOS:000075249800002 ER PT J AU Skonberg, DI Hardy, RW Barrows, FT Dong, FM AF Skonberg, DI Hardy, RW Barrows, FT Dong, FM TI Color and flavor analyses of fillets from farm-raised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low-phosphorus feeds containing corn or wheat gluten SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE color; corn gluten; phosphorus; rainbow trout; wheat gluten ID FISH-MEAL; PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION; AMINO-ACID; DIETS; PROTEIN; GROWTH; PLANT; SUPPLEMENTATION; REQUIREMENTS; STABILITY AB Rainbow trout were fed one of three diets for 12 weeks: a low phosphorus diet containing corn gluten, a low phosphorus diet containing wheat gluten, or a commercial control diet. Fillets were analyzed by a colorimeter and by sensory preference tests. Raw fillets from fish fed the corn gluten-based diet had the highest b* values (yellow color) and received significantly lower visual acceptance scores than fillets from the other dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with 100 mu g/g canthaxanthin increased the a* values (red color) and improved visual preference scores of raw fillets from the corn-gluten fed fish. Incorporation of either corn gluten or wheat gluten into the diet did not adversely affect flavor of the fillets. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Dong, FM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUL PY 1998 VL 166 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00294-4 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 118UF UT WOS:000075858200007 ER PT J AU Winger, PV Lasier, PJ Jackson, BP AF Winger, PV Lasier, PJ Jackson, BP TI The influence of extraction procedure on ion concentrations in sediment pore water SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERSTITIAL WATER; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS; ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; METAL ANALYSIS; TOXICITY; SAMPLER; MARINE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CENTRIFUGE AB Sediment pore water has the potential to yield important information on sediment quality, but the influence of isolation procedures on the chemistry and toxicity are not completely known and consensus on methods used for the isolation from sediment has not been reached. To provide additional insight into the influence of collection procedures on pole water chemistry, anion (filtered only) and cation concentrations were measured in filtered and unfiltered pore water isolated from four sediments using three different procedures: dialysis, centrifugation, and vacuum. Peepers were constructed using 24-cell culture plates and cellulose membranes and vacuum extractors consisted of fused-glass air stones attached with airline tubing to 60-cc syringes. Centrifugation was accomplished at two speeds (2,500 and 10,000 g) for 30 min in a refrigerated centrifuge maintained at 4 degrees C. Only minor differ ends in chemical characteristics and cation and anion concentrations were found among the different collecting methods with differences being sediment-specific. Filtering of the pore water did not appreciably reduce major cation concentrations, but trace metals (Cu and Pb) were markedly reduced. Although the extraction methods evaluated produced pore waters of similar chemistries, the vacuum extractor provided the following advantages over the other methods: ease of extraction, volumes of pore water isolated, minimal preparation time, and least time required for extraction of pore water from multiple samples at one time. C1 Univ Georgia, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Winger, PV (reprint author), Univ Georgia, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 53 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 8 EP 13 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZR850 UT WOS:000074020800002 ER PT J AU Greenberg, R Cordero, PJ Droege, S Fleischer, RC AF Greenberg, R Cordero, PJ Droege, S Fleischer, RC TI Morphological adaptation with no mitochondrial DNA differentiation in the coastal plain Swamp Sparrow SO AUK LA English DT Article ID POLYGENIC MUTATION; BIRDS AB We estimated genetic differentiation between morphologically distinct tidal marsh populations of Swamp Sparrows (Melospiza georgiana nigrescens) and the more widespread inland populations (M. g, georgiana and M. g, ericrypta). The tidal marsh populations are consistently grayer with more extensive black markings (particularly in the crown), and their bills are larger. These differences are variously shared with other species of salt marsh birds and small mammals. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences (5' end of control region, COII/t-lys/ATPase8, and ND2) of Swamp Sparrows and found low levels of genetic variation and no evidence of geographic structure. These results suggest a rapid and recent geographic expansion of Swamp Sparrows from restricted Pleistocene populations. Morphological differentiation has occurred without long-term genetic isolation suggesting that selection on the divergent traits is intense. The grayer and more melanistic plumage is probably cryptic coloration for foraging on tidal mud, which tends to be grayish as a result of the formation of iron sulfides, rather than iron oxides, under anaerobic conditions. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Genet Mol Lab, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Greenberg, R (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. EM antwren@erols.com RI Cordero, Pedro /L-1016-2014 OI Cordero, Pedro /0000-0002-1371-8009 NR 35 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1998 VL 115 IS 3 BP 706 EP 712 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 101XP UT WOS:000074893700014 ER PT J AU Reed, JM Silbernagle, MD Evans, K Engilis, A Oring, LW AF Reed, JM Silbernagle, MD Evans, K Engilis, A Oring, LW TI Subadult movement patterns of the endangered Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED SANDPIPERS; POPULATION TRENDS; CONNECTIVITY; DISPERSAL C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Haleiwa, HI 96712 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Ducks Unlimited, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Reed, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1998 VL 115 IS 3 BP 791 EP 797 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 101XP UT WOS:000074893700027 ER PT J AU Grundel, R Pavlovic, NB Sulzman, CL AF Grundel, R Pavlovic, NB Sulzman, CL TI Habitat use by the endangered Karner blue butterfly in oak woodlands: the influence of canopy cover SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE shade; host plant quality; butterfly conservation; Lycaeides melissa samuelis; Lupinus perennis ID EUPHYDRYAS-EDITHA; LEPTIDEA-SINAPIS; OVIPOSITION; CONSERVATION; LEPIDOPTERA; MANAGEMENT; POPULATION; CREATION; ENGLAND; SHADE AB The Karner blue butterfly Lycaeides melissa samuelis is an endangered species residing in the Great Lakes and northeastern regions of the United States. Increased canopy cover is a major factor implicated in the decline of the Karner blue at many locales. Therefore, we examined how the butterfly's behavior varied with canopy cover. Adult males at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore used habitat under canopy openings for nearly 90% of their activities; females used openings and shaded areas more equally. The frequency of oviposition on the sole host plant, wild lu.pine Lupinus perennis, was highest under 30-60% canopy cover even though lupine was more abundant in more open areas. Larvae fed preferentially on larger lupine plants and on lupines in denser patches. However, lupines were generally larger in the shade. Therefore, shade-related trade-offs existed between lupine abundance and distribution of larval feeding and oviposition. Also, heterogeneity of shading by sub-canopy woody vegetation was greater at oviposition sites than at sites where lupine did not grow. Given the importance of shade heterogeneity, a mixture of canopy openings and shade, on a scale similar to daily adult movement range, should be beneficial for this butterfly. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Grundel, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 85 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00165-1 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103PW UT WOS:000074967900005 ER PT J AU Donnelly-Nolan, JM AF Donnelly-Nolan, JM TI Abrupt shift in delta O-18 values at Medicine Lake volcano (California, USA) SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Medicine Lake volcano; oxygen isotopes; California; Cascade range; assimilation ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CASCADE RANGE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; TOMOGRAPHY; ORIGIN; ROCKS; MAGMA AB Oxygen-isotope analyses of lavas from Medicine Lake volcano (MLV), in the southern Cascade Range, indicate a significant change in delta(18)O in Holocene time. In the Pleistocene, basaltic lavas with <52% SiO2 averaged +5.9 parts per thousand, intermediate lavas averaged +5.7 parts per thousand, and silicic lavas (greater than or equal to 63.0% SiO2) averaged +5.6 parts per thousand. No analyzed Pleistocene rhyolites or dacites have values greater than +6.3 parts per thousand. In post-glacial time, basalts were similar at +5.7 parts per thousand to those erupted in the Pleistocene, but intermediate lavas average +6.8 parts per thousand and silicic lavas +7.4 parts per thousand with some values as high as +8.5 parts per thousand. The results indicate a change in the magmatic system supplying the volcano. During the Pleistocene, silicic lavas resulted either from melting of low-O-18 crust or from fractionation combined with assimilation of very-low-O-18 crustal material such as hydrothermally altered rocks similar to those found in drill holes under the center of the volcano. By contrast, Holocene silicic lavas were produced by assimilation and/or wholesale melting of high-O-18 crustal material such as that represented by inclusions of granite in lavas on the upper flanks of MLV. This sudden shift in assimilant indicates a fundamental change in the magmatic system. Magmas are apparently pending in the crust at a very different level than in Pleistocene time. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Donnelly-Nolan, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 59 IS 8 BP 529 EP 536 DI 10.1007/s004450050207 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 106MP UT WOS:000075133500001 ER PT J AU Gardner, CA Cashman, KV Neal, CA AF Gardner, CA Cashman, KV Neal, CA TI Tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruption of Crater Peak, Alaska: implications of clast textures for eruptive processes SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microlites; eruptive processes; density degassing; vesiculation; Tephra fall; Mount Spurr ID MOUNT-ST-HELENS; AD ERUPTION; MAGMA DISCHARGE; CRYSTALLIZATION; FRAGMENTATION; VOLCANO; WASHINGTON; DACITE; GROWTH; TOOL AB The 1992 eruption of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr, Alaska, involved three subplinian tephra-producing events of similar volume and duration. The tephra consists of two dense juvenile clast types that are identified by color, one tan and one gray, of similar chemistry, mineral assemblage, and glass composition. In two of the eruptive events, the clast types are strongly stratified with tan clasts dominating the basal two thirds of the deposits and gray clasts the upper one third. Tan clasts have average densities between 1.5 and 1.7 g/cc and vesicularities (phenocryst free) of approximately 42%. Gray clasts have average densities between 2.1 and 2.3 g/cc, and vesicularities of approximately 20%; both contain abundant microlites. Aver age maximum plagioclase microlite lengths (13-15 mu m) in gray clasts in the upper layer are similar regardless of eruptive event (and therefore the repose time between them) and are larger than average maximum plagioclase microlite lengths (9-11 mu m) in the tan clasts in the lower layer. This suggests that microlite growth is a response to eruptive processes and not to magma reservoir heterogeneity or dynamics. Furthermore, we suggest that the low vesicularities of the clasts are due to syneruptive magmatic degassing resulting in microlitic growth prior to fragmentation and not to quenching of clasts by external groundwater. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Gardner, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM cgardner@usgs.gov NR 58 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 59 IS 8 BP 537 EP 555 DI 10.1007/s004450050208 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 106MP UT WOS:000075133500002 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Merrill, SB AF Mech, LD Merrill, SB TI Daily departure and return patterns of Wolves, Canis lupus, from a den at 80 degrees N latitude SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Wolf; Canis lupus; arctic; activity; behavior; circadian rhythm; den; foraging; Northwest Territories ID WOLF AB We report on daily patterns of Wolf (Canis lupus) departures from, and returns to, their den on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada (80 degrees N) during summers between 1988 and 1996. Based on 1759 h of observation, the Wolves departed more often than random during 2200 to 0400 h. There was no darkness during summer, so any sun-based temporal cues must have come from sun position. C1 Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 112 IS 3 BP 515 EP 517 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 151UT UT WOS:000077739600021 ER PT J AU Mesa, MG Poe, TP Maule, AG Schreck, CB AF Mesa, MG Poe, TP Maule, AG Schreck, CB TI Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BLOOD-CHEMISTRY; ATLANTIC SALMON; PLASMA-CORTISOL; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; PARASITE; FISHES; PREY AB We experimentally infected juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyrscha) with Reinbacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to examine the vulnerability to predation of fish with differing levels of Rs infection and assess physiological change during progression of the disease. Immersion challenges conducted during 1992 and 1994 produced fish with either a low to moderate (1992) or high (1994) infection level of Rs during the 14-week postchallenge rearing period. When equal numbers of treatment and unchallenged control fish were subjected to predation by either northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. In 1994, we also sampled fish every 2 weeks after the challenge to determine some stressful effects of Rs infection. During disease progression in fish, plasma cortisol and lactate increased significantly whereas glucose decreased significantly. Our results indicate the role that BKD may play in predator-prey interactions, thus ascribing some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality. In addition, the physiological changes observed in our fish during the chronic progression of BKD indicate that this disease is stressful, particularly during the later stages. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 40 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 55 IS 7 BP 1599 EP 1606 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-7-1599 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 124HL UT WOS:000076176300006 ER PT J AU Scribner, KT Crane, PA Spearman, WJ Seeb, LW AF Scribner, KT Crane, PA Spearman, WJ Seeb, LW TI DNA and allozyme markers provide concordant estimates of population differentiation: analyses of US and Canadian populations of Yukon River fall-run chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; ATLANTIC SALMON; RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; GENE DIVERSITY; POLYMORPHISM; SUBDIVISION; DISTANCES; FISHERIES AB Although the number of genetic markers available for fisheries research has steadily increased in recent years, there is limited information on their relative utility. In this study, we compared the preformance of different "classes" of genetic markers (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA (nDNA), and allozymes) in terms of estimating levels and partitioning of genetic variation and of the relative accuracy and precision in estimating population allocations to mixed-stock fisheries. Individuals from eight populations of fall-run chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from the Yukon River in Alaska and Canada were assayed at 25 loci. Significant differences in mitochondrial haplotype and nuclear allele Frequencies were observed among five drainages. Populations from the U.S.-Canada border region were not clearly distinguishable based on multilocus allele frequencies. Although estimates of total genetic diversities were higher for the DNA loci (H-t = 0.592 and h = 0.647 for nDNA and mtDNA, respectively) compared with protein allozymes (H-t = 0.250), estimates of the extent of population differentiation were highly concordant across marker classes (mean theta = 0.010, 0.011, and 0.016 for allozymes, nDNA, and mtDNA, respectively). Simulations of mixed-stock fisheries composed of varying contributions of U.S. and Canadian populations revealed a consistent bias for overallocation of Canadian stocks when expected Canadian contributions varied from 0 to 40%, due primarily to misallocations among genetically similar border populations. No single marker class is superior for differentiating populations of this species at the spatial scale examined. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Commercial Fisheries Management & Dev, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Scribner, KT (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 2E Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 40 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 55 IS 7 BP 1748 EP 1758 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-7-1748 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 124HL UT WOS:000076176300018 ER PT J AU Loope, LL Giambelluca, TW AF Loope, LL Giambelluca, TW TI Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical Forest Ecosystems CY APR 24-28, 1995 CL SAN JUAN, PR SP World Wildlife Fund, Int Inst Trop Forestry ID PRECIPITATION; OCEAN AB Island tropical montane cloud forests may be among the most sensitive of the world's ecosystems to global climate change. Measurements in and above a montane cloud forest on East Maul, Hawaii, document steep microclimatic gradients. Relatively small climate-driven shifts in patterns of atmospheric circulation are likely to trigger major local changes in rainfall, cloud cover, and humidity. Increased interannual variability in precipitation and hurricane incidence would provide additional stresses on island biota that are highly vulnerable to disturbance-related invasion of nonnative species. Because of the exceptional sensitivity of these microclimates and forests to change, they may provide valuable 'listening posts' for detecting the onset of human-induced global climate change. C1 Halemkala Natl Pk, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Maui, HI 96768 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Loope, LL (reprint author), Halemkala Natl Pk, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, POB 369, Maui, HI 96768 USA. OI Giambelluca, Thomas/0000-0002-6798-3780 NR 43 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2-3 BP 503 EP 517 DI 10.1023/A:1005372118420 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 108TE UT WOS:000075280900019 ER PT J AU Hahn, ME Woodin, BR Stegeman, JJ Tillitt, DE AF Hahn, ME Woodin, BR Stegeman, JJ Tillitt, DE TI Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates: Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AH receptor; cytochrome P450 1A; dogfish; EROD; hagfish; lamprey; skate ID SCUP STENOTOMUS-CHRYSOPS; TELEOST FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; NEGATIVE REGULATORY ELEMENT; MARINE FISH; MESSENGER-RNA; AH RECEPTOR; BETA-NAPHTHOFLAVONE; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY; CROSS-REACTIVITY; CYP1A1 GENE AB The mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that controls the expression of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) genes in response to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The natural ligand and normal physiologic function of this protein are as yet unknown. One approach to understanding AHR function and significance is to determine the evolutionary history of this receptor and of processes such as CYP1A induction that are controlled by the AHR in mammals. In these studies, AHR function was evaluated in representative cartilaginous fish (little skate, Raja erinacea) and jawless fish (sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus and Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa), using CYP1A induction as a model AHR-dependent response. Treatment of skate with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) caused an 8-fold increase in hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity as well as a 37-fold increase in the content of immunodetectable CYP1A protein. Evidence of CYP1A inducibility was also obtained for another cartilaginous fish, the smooth dogfish Mustelus canis. In contrast, hepatic EROD activity was not detected in untreated lamprey nor in lamprey treated with 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), a potent AHR agonist in teleosts. A possible CYP1A homolog was detected in lamprey hepatic microsomes by one of three antibodies to teleost CYP1A, but expression of this protein was not altered by TCB treatment. CYP1A protein and catalytic activity were measurable in hagfish, but neither was induced after treatment with TCB. These results suggest that the AHR-CYP1A signal transduction pathway is highly conserved in gnathostomes, but that there may be fundamental differences in AHR signaling or AHR-CYP1A coupling in agnathan fish. Agnathan fish such as hagfish and lamprey may be interesting model species for examining possible ancestral AHR functions not related to CYP1A regulation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midwest Sci Ctr, Colombia, MO USA. RP Hahn, ME (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Hahn, Mark/0000-0003-4358-2082 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES006272, R01 ES006272-08, R29 ES06272] NR 49 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 120 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00007-3 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 128ZZ UT WOS:000076439400007 PM 9827018 ER PT J AU Vyas, NB Thiele, LA Garland, SC AF Vyas, NB Thiele, LA Garland, SC TI Possible mechanisms for sensitivity to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in eastern screech-owls and American kestrels SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbamate; cholinesterase; feeding; insecticides; kestrel; organophosphorus; screech-owl; sensitivity ID WILD BIRDS; BALD EAGLES; CARBOFURAN; PESTICIDES; TOXICITY; BRAIN; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; HAWKS AB Effects of a single dietary exposure to fenthion and carbofuran on the survival, feeding behavior and brain ChE activity of eastern screech-owls, Otus asio and American kestrels, Falco sparverius, were evaluated. Birds were exposed to fenthion (23.6-189.0 ppm) or carbofuran (31.7-253.6 ppm) via meatballs. Carbofuran-exposed owls ate either less than or equal to 10% or greater than or equal to 80% of the meatball whereas all kestrels ate less than or equal to 10% of the meatball before exhibiting acute signs of toxicity. Fenthion-exposed owls and kestrels displayed a wide spectrum of meatball consumption (< 10-100%). Significant brain ChE inhibition was observed in dead and surviving kestrels exposed to fenthion and carbofuran and dead owls exposed to fenthion (P < 0.0001). Brain ChE activity of owls exposed to carbofuran that survived was not different from that of controls (P = 0.25). Data suggest: (1) slow feeding on a carbamate-contaminated item may provide limited protection from the toxicity of the chemical at certain rates of exposure; (2) the degree of ChE inhibition at neuromuscular junctions may be critical in determining the sensitivity of a species to a carbamate insecticide; (3) sensitivity may be a function of the ChE affinity for the carbamate inhibitor; and (4) the importance of neuromuscular junction ChE depression in determining the sensitivity of an animal may be species-specific. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Vyas, NB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 120 IS 1 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00036-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 128ZZ UT WOS:000076439400017 PM 9827028 ER PT J AU Gay, GR Gay, HH Gay, WH Martinson, HA Meade, RH Moody, JA AF Gay, GR Gay, HH Gay, WH Martinson, HA Meade, RH Moody, JA TI Evolution of cutoffs across meander necks in Powder River, Montana, USA SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE headward erosion; gullies; river meanders; cutoffs; ice-jam ID CHANNEL AB Over a period of several decades, gullies have been observed in various stages of forming, growing and completing the cutoff of meander necks in Powder River. During one episode of overbank flow, water flowing over the down-stream bank of the neck forms a headcut. The headcut migrates up-valley, forming a gully in its wake, until it has traversed the entire neck, cutting off the meander. The river then follows the course of the gully, which is subsequently enlarged as the river develops its new channel. The complete process usually requires several episodes of high water: in only one of the five cases described herein was a meander cutoff initiated and completed during a single large flood. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Gay Ranch, Broadus, MT 59317 USA. RP Meade, RH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 413,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 23 IS 7 BP 651 EP 662 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199807)23:7<651::AID-ESP891>3.0.CO;2-V PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 103KE UT WOS:000075155100006 ER PT J AU Gough, L Grace, JB AF Gough, L Grace, JB TI Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying productivity levels SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass; coastal marsh; diversity; fertilization; herbivory; nutria; nutrients; productivity; Sagittaria lancifolia; Scirpus americanus; Spartina patens; Species density ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; INSECT HERBIVORY; COMPETITION; DIVERSITY; DISTURBANCE; FIELD; MARSH; FERTILIZATION; BIOMASS; VEGETATION AB Artificially increasing primary productivity decreases plant species richness in many habitats; herbivory may affect this outcome, but it has rarely been directly addressed in fertilization studies. This experiment was conducted in two Louisiana coastal marshes to examine the effects of nutrient enrichment and sediment addition on herbaceous plant communities with and without vertebrate herbivory. After three growing seasons, fertilization increased community biomass in all plots, but decreased species density (the number of species per unit area) only in plots protected from herbivory. Herbivory alone did not alter species density at either site. At the brackish marsh, herbivory caused a shift in dominance in the fertilized plots from a species that is considered the competitive dominant, but is selectively eaten, to another less palatable species. At the fresh marsh, increased dead biomass in the absence of herbivory and in the fertilized plots probably contributed to the decrease in species density, perhaps by limiting germination of annuals. Our results support those of other fertilization studies in which plant species density decreases with increased biomass, but only in those plots protected from herbivory. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Gough, L (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 61 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUL PY 1998 VL 79 IS 5 BP 1586 EP 1594 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1586:HEOPSD]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 101CX UT WOS:000074853000009 ER PT J AU Ervin, DE Runge, CF Graffy, EA Anthony, WE Batie, SS Faeth, P Penny, T Warman, T AF Ervin, DE Runge, CF Graffy, EA Anthony, WE Batie, SS Faeth, P Penny, T Warman, T TI Agriculture and the environment: A new strategic vision SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION AB For more than 25 years, Heldref has published award-winning science and environmental magazines and journals for both the professional and the individual with a general interest. These publications provide the latest research, in-depth articles on specific topics, and practical applications. Editors and advisors from well-respected colleges and universities throughout the world help to maintain a high standard for the content of each publication. Whether you are interested in in-depth reviews of governmental reports on the environment, biostatistics, fossils, or the weather, Heldref has a science or environmental publication for you. C1 Henry A Wallace Inst, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. World Resources Inst, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Amer Farmland Trust, Washington, DC USA. RP Ervin, DE (reprint author), Henry A Wallace Inst, 9200 Edmonston Rd,Suite 117, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 40 IS 6 BP 8 EP + PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ133 UT WOS:000074699000004 ER PT J AU Belnap, J AF Belnap, J TI Choosing indicators of natural resource condition: A case study in Arches National Park, Utah, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biological indicators; recreation impacts; recreation management; desert soils; trampling ID CRUSTS AB Heavy visitor use in many areas of the world have necessitated development of ways to assess visitation impacts. Arches National Park recently completed a Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) plan. Integral to this plan was developing a method to identify biological indicators that would both measure visitor impacts and response to management actions. The process used in Arches for indicator selection is outlined here as a model applicable to many areas facing similar challenges. The steps were: (1) Vegetation types most used by visitors were identified. Impacted and unimpacted areas in these types were sampled, comparing vegetation and soil factors. (2) Variables found to differ significantly between compared sites were used as potential indicators. (3) Site-specific criteria for indicators were developed, and potential indicators evaluated using these criteria. (4) Chosen indicators were further researched for ecological relevancy. (5) Final indicators were chosen, field tested, and monitoring sites designated. In Arches, indicators were chosen for monitoring annually (soil crust index, soil compaction, number of used social trails and soil aggregate stability) and every five years (vegetation cover and frequency; ground cover; soil chemistry; and plant tissue chemistry). C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 2282 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 25 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 22 IS 4 BP 635 EP 642 DI 10.1007/s002679900135 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZQ408 UT WOS:000073858200015 ER PT J AU Wentz, DA Waite, IR Rinella, FA AF Wentz, DA Waite, IR Rinella, FA TI Comparison of streambed sediment and aquatic biota as media for characterizing trace elements and organochlorine compounds in the Willamette Basin, Oregon SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE aquatic biota; NAWQA; Oregon; organochlorine compound; streambed sediment; trace element; Willamette Basin ID FISH; SELENIUM; MERCURY; USA AB During 1992-93, 27 organochlorine compounds (pesticides plus total PCB) and 17 trace elements were analyzed in bed sediment and aquatic biota from 20 stream sites in the Willamette Basin as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Data from each medium were compared to evaluate their relative effectiveness for assessing occurrence (broadly defined as documentation of important concentrations) of these constituents. Except for Cd, Hg, Se, and Ag, trace element concentrations generally were higher in bed sediment than in biota. Conversely, although frequencies of detection for organochlorine compounds in biota were only slightly greater than in bed sediment, actual concentrations in biota (normalized to lipid) were as much as 19 times those in sediment (normalized to organic carbon). Sculpin (Cottus spp.) and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea), found at 14 and 7 sites, respectively, were the most widespread taxa collected during the study. Concentrations of trace elements, particularly As and Cu, were typically greater in Asiatic clams than in sculpin. In contrast, almost half of the organochlorine compounds analyzed were found in sculpin, but only DDT and its degradation products were detected in Asiatic clams; this may be related to the lipid content of sculpin, which was about three times higher than for clams. Thus, the medium of choice for assessing occurrence depends largely on the constituent(s) of interest. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Wentz, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 3 BP 673 EP 693 DI 10.1023/A:1005827902500 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL879 UT WOS:000073482700004 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Gardner, JV AF Dean, WE Gardner, JV TI Pleistocene to Holocene contrasts in organic matter production and preservation on the California continental margin SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-MINIMUM ZONE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ENHANCED PRESERVATION; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; PELAGIC SEDIMENTS; OXIDATION FRONTS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; ABYSSAL-PLAIN; CARBON; OCEAN AB Organic matter in sediments from cores collected from the upper continental slope (200-2700 m) off California and southern Oregon shows marked differences in concentration and marine character between the last glacial interval (ca, 24-10 ka) and either Holocene time or last interstadial (oxygen isotope stage 3, ca, 60-24 ka), In general, sediments deposited during Holocene time and stage 3 contain higher amounts of marine organic matter than those deposited during the last glacial interval, and this contrast is greatest in cores collected off southern California, The most profound differences in stage 3 sediments are between predominantly bioturbated sediments and occasional interbeds of laminated sediments. The sediments are from cores collected within the present oxygen minimum zone on the upper continental slope from as far north as the Oregon-California border to as far south as Point Conception. These upper Pleistocene laminated sediments contain more abundant hydrogen-rich (type II) marine algal organic matter than even surface sediments that have large amounts of nonrefractory organic matter The stable carbon-isotopic composition of the organic matter does not change with time between bioturbated and laminated sediments, indicating that the greater abundance of type II organic matter in the laminated sediments is not due to a change in source but rather represents a greater degree of production and preservation of marine organic matter, The presence of abundant, well-presented organic matter supports the theory that the oxygen minimum zone in the northeastern Pacific Ocean was more intense, and possibly anoxic, during late Pleistocene time as a result of increased coastal upwelling that enhanced algal productivity. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94225 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM wdean@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 110 IS 7 BP 888 EP 899 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0888:PTHCIO>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100BY UT WOS:000074795100004 ER PT J AU Turrin, BD Christiansen, RL Clynne, MA Champion, DE Gerstel, WJ Muffler, LJP Trimble, DA AF Turrin, BD Christiansen, RL Clynne, MA Champion, DE Gerstel, WJ Muffler, LJP Trimble, DA TI Age of Lassen peak, California, and implications for the ages of late Pleistocene glaciations in the southern Cascade range SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MAGMATIC EVOLUTION; VOLCANIC-CENTER; CONSTRAINTS; MOUNTAIN; ELEMENT; SPECTRA AB Lassen Peak is a large volcanic dome of late Pleistocene age at the southern end of the Cascades are. This dacitic dame has a complex phenocryst assemblage of mixed-magma origin and has been effectively dated for the first time using the Ar-40/Ar-39 technique. Emplacement of the dome occurred after an advance of late Pleistocene glaciers from an older volcanic cone to the southwest and from a large volcanic plateau to the east. Emplacement of the Lassen Peak dome before the latest major Pleistocene glaciation-correlated by previous workers with the Tioga glaciation of the Sierra Nevada-formed a high peak that intercepted some of the precipitation that previously had fed the plateau ice cap, forming a 10-km-long glacier from a cirque on the northeast side of the peak. The weighted mean Ar-40/Ar-39 age of the dacite of Lassen Peak is 28.3 +/- 2.7 ka. Comparison of its remanent magnetic direction to that of sedimentary deposits at Mono Lake, California, indicates a correlation to strata of 27 +/- 1 ka, The dacite of Kings Creek, which erupted from the site of Lassen Peak before a glacial advance that predated the Lassen Peak dome, overlies peat that has a U-Th-calibrated C-14 age of 37.6 +/- 0.2 ka. The dacite of Kings Creek yielded a Ar-40/Ar-39,ge of 32 +/- 17 ka. The paleomagnetism of this dacite is similar to that of Mono Lake sediments of 35 +/- 1 ka age. Thus, a late Pleistocene glacial advance probably began in the Lassen region between about 35 and 27 ka. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Washington Div Geol & Earth Resources, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. RP Christiansen, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 110 IS 7 BP 931 EP 945 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0931:AOLPCA>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 100BY UT WOS:000074795100007 ER PT J AU Garces, MA Hagerty, MT Schwartz, SY AF Garces, MA Hagerty, MT Schwartz, SY TI Magma acoustics and time-varying melt properties at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ERUPTION AB The similarity of acoustic and seismic spectra recorded during Strombolian activity of Arenal Volcano provides conclusive evidence that pressure waves are generated and propagated within the magma-gas mixture inside volcanic conduits. These pressure waves are sensitive to the flow velocity and to small changes in the gas content of the magma-gas mixture, and thus can provide useful indicators of the time-varying properties of the unsteady flow regime and the chemical composition of the melt. The dominant features of the observed explosion and tremor signals are attributed, to the source excitation functions and the acoustic resonance of a magma-gas mixture inside the volcanic conduit. We postulate that explosions are triggered in the shallow parts of the magma conduit, where a drastic pressure drop with depth creates a region where violent degassing can occur. Tremor may be sustained by unsteady flow fluctuations at depth. Equilibrium degassing of the melt creates a stable, stratified magma column where the void fraction increases with decreasing depth. Disruption of this equilibrium stratification is thought to be responsible for observed variations in the seismic efficiency of explosions and enhanced acoustic transmission from the interior of the conduit to the atmosphere. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Tecton, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Alaska, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Garces, MA (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Aso Volcanol Lab, Choyoson, Kumamoto 8691400, Japan. NR 13 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 13 BP 2293 EP 2296 DI 10.1029/98GL01511 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZZ145 UT WOS:000074700200012 ER PT J AU Prager, EJ AF Prager, EJ TI The Year of the Ocean SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Prager, EJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 953 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1998 VL 43 IS 7 BP 5 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZY046 UT WOS:000074581200006 ER PT J AU Baron, JS LaFrancois, T Kondratieff, BC AF Baron, JS LaFrancois, T Kondratieff, BC TI Chemical and biological characteristics of desert rock pools in intermittent streams of Capitol Reef National Park, Utah SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE desert rock pools; aquatic invertebrates; aquatic chemistry; disturbance; Capitol Reef National Park; Utah ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MACROINVERTEBRATES; RECOLONIZATION AB Chemical variability and biological communities of rock pools found in small desert drainage basins of Capitol Reef National Park were characterized over 8 mon in 1994. Neither flooding, drying, nor the presence or absence of surrounding vegetated wetlands had a great effect on chemical composition, which was very dilute and fluctuated somewhat in response to rain events. Neither flooding nor drying affected the composition of biological communities in the pools. Summer storms affected only a few drainages at a time, and only a few study pools of significant volume dried completely during the hot, dr?, summer. This suggests that only a portion of the Waterpocket Fold aquatic community is ever disturbed at a time, leaving undisturbed areas as a source of recovery. Pools bordered by vegetated wetlands always supported greater. numbers of species throughout the year than those bordered only by bedrock, but the same taxa were found in both vegetated and bedrock pools. The rock pool fauna in Capitol Beef National Park appear to be resilient to climatic variability. C1 Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Baron, JS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 250 EP 264 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ768 UT WOS:000074765200005 ER PT J AU Reilly, TE LeBlanc, DR AF Reilly, TE LeBlanc, DR TI Experimental evaluation of factors affecting temporal variability of water samples obtained from long-screened wells SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; CAPE-COD; MASSACHUSETTS; QUALITY; GRAVEL; BIAS; FLOW; SAND AB As a well is pumped through time, concentrations of specific constituents in the water discharging from the well may change as a result of their transport within the well and the aquifer. A series of experiments conducted at a research site on Cape God,,Massachusetts, examined the effects of transport on the chemistry of water samples obtained from a long-screened well. Analyses of time series of constituent concentrations in water pumped from the long-screened web shelved persistent temporal trends during the first experiment. Iron concentrations decreased over a five-hour test (15 casing volumes), whereas the calcium and magnesium concentrations increased. In contrast, the time series of constituent concentrations of water discharging from the same wed showed less change with time during a later experiment, Numerical simulations were undertaken to test the relative importance of several possible factors affecting the temporal variations of these constituents, During the process of quantitatively explaining the changes in concentrations over time observed in the two experiments, different system conceptualizations were used, including (I) flow and transport in the aquifer without wellbore transport, (2) flow and transport in the aquifer with advective flow and transport in the wellbore, and (3) now and transport in the aquifer with advective flow and transport in the wellbore and a thin layer (skin) of water surrounding the well with constituent concentrations that had been altered by the presence of the well, The conjectured skin of wellbore water, which could have invaded the aquifer because of nearby sampling or dispersion and diffusion near the wellbore, in conjunction with non and transport in the aquifer and advective transport within the wellbore, produced a reasonable match between the simulated and observed concentrations, The data analysis confirms the known fact that long-screened wells provide mechanisms for the redistribution of chemical constituents in the aquifer, The analysis provides new insight into the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in concentrations during the sampling of long-screened wells. The analysis quantifies the effects of the various conceptual models of now and transport in and around wells on the interpretation and meaning of chemical analyses of water withdrawn from long-screened wells. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 411, Reston, VA 22091 USA. US Geol Survey, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. RP Reilly, TE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 411, Reston, VA 22091 USA. OI Reilly, Thomas/0000-0002-2988-9881 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 566 EP 576 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02830.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 102PY UT WOS:000074934300006 ER PT J AU Lee, RW Bennett, PC AF Lee, RW Bennett, PC TI Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DENITRIFICATION AB Contamination of shallow ground water by sewage effluent typically contains reduced chemical species that consume dissolved oxygen, developing either a low oxygen geochemical environment or an anaerobic geochemical environment. Based on the load of reduced chemical species discharged to shallow ground water and the amounts of reactants in the aquifer matrix, it should be possible to determine chemical processes in the aquifer and compare observed results to predicted ones. At the Otis Air Base research site (Cape God, Massachusetts) where sewage effluent has infiltrated the shallow aquifer since 1936, bacterially mediated processes such as nitrification, denitrification, manganese reduction, and iron reduction have been observed in the contaminant plume, In specific areas of the plume, dissolved manganese and iron have increased significantly where local geochemical conditions are favorable for reduction and transport of these constituents from the aquifer matrix, Dissolved manganese and iron concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 7.3 mg/L, and 0.001 to 13.0 mg/L, respectively, for 21 samples collected from 1988 to 1989, Reduction of manganese and iron is linked to microbial oxidation of sewage carbon, producing bicarbonate and the dissolved metal ions as by-products. Calculated production and flux of CO2 through the unsaturated zone from manganese reduction in the aquifer was 0.035 g/m(2)/d (12% of measured CO2 flux during winter), Manganese is limited in the aquifer, however A one-dimensional, reaction-coupled transport model developed for the mildly reducing conditions in the sewage plume nearest the source beds showed that reduction, transport, and removal of manganese from the aquifer sediments should result in iron reduction where manganese has been depleted. C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78754 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Lee, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8011 Cameron Rd, Austin, TX 78754 USA. EM rwlee@usgs.gov; bennett@muon.geo.utexas.edu NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 583 EP 595 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02832.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 102PY UT WOS:000074934300008 ER PT J AU Tiedeman, CR Goode, DJ Hsieh, PA AF Tiedeman, CR Goode, DJ Hsieh, PA TI Characterizing a ground water basin in a new England mountain and valley terrain SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID FLOW; GENERATION; CATCHMENT AB A ground water basin is defined as the volume of subsurface through which ground water flows from the water table to a specified discharge location. Delineating the topographically defined surface water basin and extending it vertically downward does not always define the ground water basin. Instead, a ground water basin is more appropriately delineated by tracking ground water flowpaths with a calibrated, three-dimensional ground water flow model. To determine hydrologic and chemical budgets of the basin, it is also necessary to quantify flow through each hydrogeologic unit in the basin, In particular, partitioning ground water now through unconsolidated deposits versus bedrock is of significant interest to hillslope hydrologic studies. To address these issues, a model is developed and calibrated to simulate ground water flow through glacial deposits and fractured crystalline bedrock in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, Tracking of ground water flowpaths suggests that Mirror Lake and its inlet streams drain a ground water recharge area that is about 1.5 times the area of the surface water basin. Calculation of the ground water budget suggests that, of the recharge that enters the Mirror Lake ground water basin, about 40% travels through the basin along flowpaths that stay exclusively in the glacial deposits, and about 60% travels along flowpaths that involve movement in bedrock. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Malvern, PA USA. RP Tiedeman, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM tiedeman@usgs.gov; djgoode@usgs.gov; pahsieh@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 611 EP 620 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02835.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 102PY UT WOS:000074934300011 ER PT J AU Leake, SA Lawson, PW Lilly, MR Claar, DV AF Leake, SA Lawson, PW Lilly, MR Claar, DV TI Assignment of boundary conditions in embedded ground water flow models SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Many small-scale ground water models are too small to incorporate distant aquifer boundaries. If a larger-scale model exists for the area of interest, flow and head values can be specified for boundaries in the smaller-scale model using values from the larger-scale model. Flow components along rows and columns of a large-scale block-centered finite-difference model can be interpolated to compute horizontal flow across any segment of a perimeter of a small-scale model. Head at cell centers of the larger-scale model can be interpolated to compute head at points on a model perimeter. Simple linear interpolation is proposed for horizontal interpolation of horizontal-flow components. Bilinear interpolation is proposed for horizontal interpolation of head values. The methods of interpolation provided satisfactory boundary conditions in tests using models of hypothetical aquifers. C1 US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. CH2M Hill, Redding, CA 96001 USA. US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Leake, SA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 10 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 621 EP 625 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02836.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 102PY UT WOS:000074934300012 ER PT J AU Thome, K Arai, K Hook, S Kieffer, H Lang, H Matsunaga, T Ono, A Palluconi, F Sakuma, H Slater, P Takashima, T Tonooka, H Tsuchida, S Welch, RM Zalewski, E AF Thome, K Arai, K Hook, S Kieffer, H Lang, H Matsunaga, T Ono, A Palluconi, F Sakuma, H Slater, P Takashima, T Tonooka, H Tsuchida, S Welch, RM Zalewski, E TI ASTER preflight and inflight calibration and the validation of level 2 products SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) algorithm validation; geometric calibration; radiometric calibration; vicarious calibration ID REFLECTANCE AB This paper describes the preflight and inflight calibration approaches used for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), The system is a multispectral, high-spatial resolution sensor on the Earth Observing System's (EOS)-AM1 platform, Preflight calibration of ASTER uses well-characterized sources to provide calibration and preflight round-robin exercises to understand biases between the calibration sources of ASTER and other EOS sensors. These round-robins rely on well-characterized, ultra-stable radiometers, An experiment held in Yokohama, Japan, showed that the output from the source used for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) subsystem of ASTER may be underestimated by 1.5%, but this is still within the 4% specification for the absolute, radiometric calibration of these bands. Inflight calibration will rely on vicarious techniques and onboard blackbodies and lamps. Vicarious techniques include ground-reference methods using desert and water sites. A recent joint field campaign gives confidence that these methods currently provide absolute calibration to better than 5%, and indications are that uncertainties less than the required 4% should be achievable at launch. The EOS-AM1 platform will also provide a spacecraft maneuver that will allow ASTER to see the moon, allowing further characterization of the sensor. A method for combining the results of these independent calibration results is presented. The paper also describes the plans for validating the Level 2 data products from ASTER, These plans rely heavily upon field campaigns using methods similar to those used for the ground-reference, vicarious calibration methods. C1 Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Saga Univ, Fac Sci Engn, Saga 840, Japan. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Natl Res Lab Metrol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. NASDA, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Tokyo 106, Japan. Ibaraki Univ, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316, Japan. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35807 USA. RP Thome, K (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1161 EP 1172 DI 10.1109/36.701023 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZZ760 UT WOS:000074764400012 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH AF Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH TI Liquid chromatographic determination of oxytetracycline in edible fish fillets from six species of fish SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID PUNCTATUS MUSCLE-TISSUE; TETRACYCLINE RESIDUES; SALMON MUSCLE; ANTIBIOTICS; HPLC AB The approved use of oxytetracycline (OTC) in U.S. aquaculture is limited to specific diseases in salmonids and channel catfish. OTC may also be effective in controlling diseases in other fish species important to public aquaculture, but before approved use of OTC can be augmented, an analytical method for determining OTC in fillet tissue from multiple species of fish will be required to support residue depletion studies. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatographic (LC) method that is accurate, precise, and sensitive for OTC in edible fillets from multiple species of fish. Homogenized fillet tissues from walleye, Atlantic salmon, striped bass, white sturgeon, rainbow trout, and channel catfish were fortified with OTC at nominal concentrations of 10, 20, 100, 1000, and 5000 ng/g. In tissues fortified with OTC at 100, 1000, and 5000 ng/g, mean recoveries ranged from 83 to 90%, and relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 0.9 to 5.8%. In all other tissues, mean recoveries ranged from 59 to 98%, and RSDs ranged from 3.3 to 20%. Method quantitation limits ranged from 6 to 22 ng/g for the 6 species. The LC parameters produced easily integratable OTC peaks without coelution of endogenous compounds. The method is accurate, precise, and sensitive for OTC in fillet tissue from 6 species of fish from 5 phylogenetically diverse groups. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 81 IS 4 BP 702 EP 708 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 101EL UT WOS:000074856600003 PM 9680693 ER PT J AU Fenelon, JM Moore, RC AF Fenelon, JM Moore, RC TI Transport of agrichemicals to ground and surface water in a small central Indiana watershed SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TILE DRAINAGE; CONTINUOUS CORN; CLAY LOAM; PESTICIDE; ATRAZINE; NITRATE; LOSSES; HERBICIDES; ALACHLOR; MOVEMENT AB The occurrence, distribution, concentrations, and pathways of agrichemicals in water were investigated in the Sugar Creek watershed, a poorly drained agricultural watershed typical of many watersheds in the midwestern USA, Water samples from Sugar Creek, two the drains, and 11 wells along a groundwater flowpath to Sugar Creek were collected between May 1992 and August 1996 and analyzed for N and pesticide compounds, Nitrate was the principal N species and pesticides were common in alluvial water-bearing units in the Sugar Creek floodplain. In the confined stratified drift aquifers, ammonia was the principal N species and pesticides were rare. Tile drains directly affected the water quality in Sugar Creek by transporting soil pore water and shallow groundwater containing high concentrations of nitrate (NO3) and pesticides to the creek. When tile drains were flowing (typically December through July), elevated NO3 concentrations (2-10 mg/L NO3N) in the creek correlated with high NO3 concentrations (2-23 mg/L NO3N) in tile drains discharging to the creek. Likewise, with concentrations of atrazine and atrazine metabolites, seasonal trends in the tile-drain effluent were similar to seasonal trends in Sugar Creek. When tile drains went dry, NO3 concentrations in the creek were low, indicating most groundwater discharge to the creek consisted of old or denitrified water. Trace levels of pesticides in the creek at low flow probably were the result of seepage from alluvial water-bearing units. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. RP Fenelon, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 6770 S Paradise Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 44 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 884 EP 894 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103VB UT WOS:000074977600022 ER PT J AU Holtschlag, DJ Grewal, MS AF Holtschlag, D. J. Grewal, M. S. TI ESTIMATING ICE-AFFECTED STREAMFLOW BY EXTENDED KALMAN FILTERING SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB An extended Kalman filter was developed to automate the real-time estimation of ice-affected streamflow on the basis of routine measurements of stream stage and air temperature and on the relation between stage and streamflow during open-water (ice-free) conditions. The filter accommodates three dynamic modes of ice effects: sudden formation/ablation, stable ice conditions, and eventual elimination. The utility of the filter was evaluated by applying it to historical data from two long-term streamflow-gauging stations, St. John River at Dickey, Maine and Platte River at North Bend, Nebr. Results indicate that the filter was stable and that parameters converged for both stations, producing streamflow estimates that are highly correlated with published values. For the Maine station, logarithms of estimated streamflows are within 8% of the logarithms of published values 87.2% of the time during periods of ice effects and within 15% 96.6% of the time. Similarly, for the Nebraska station, logarithms of estimated streamflows are within 8% of the logarithms of published values 90.7% of the time and within 15% 97.7% of the time. In addition, the correlation between temporal updates and published streamflows on days of direct measurements at the Maine station was 0.777 and 0.998 for ice-affected and open-water periods, respectively; for the Nebraska station, corresponding correlations were 0.864 and 0.997. C1 [Holtschlag, D. J.] US Geol Survey, Lansing, MI 48910 USA. [Grewal, M. S.] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92807 USA. RP Holtschlag, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6520 Mercantile Way,Ste 5, Lansing, MI 48910 USA. EM djholtsc@usgs.gov; mgrewal@fullerton.edu NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 3 IS 3 BP 174 EP 181 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1998)3:3(174) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AM UT WOS:000207774900004 ER PT J AU Schwalb, A Dean, WE AF Schwalb, A Dean, WE TI Stable isotopes and sediments from pickerel lake, South Dakota, USA: a 12ky record of environmental changes SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE North-central United States; Stable isotopes; ostracodes; postglacial; paleoclimate; lake ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS; HOLOCENE CLIMATIC-CHANGE; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; LATE QUATERNARY; UNITED-STATES; LAST DEGLACIATION; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE; CARBON; PRECIPITATION AB Sedimentological parameters and stable O- and C-isotopic composition of marl and ostracode calcite selected from a 17.7-m-long core from the 8-m-deep center of Pickerel Lake, northeastern South Dakota, provide one of the longest(ca. 12ky) paleoenvironmental records from the northern Great Plains. The late Glacial to early Holocene climate in the northern Great Plains was characterized by changes from cold and wet to cold and dry, and back to cold and wet conditions. These climatic changes were controlled by fluctuations in the positions of the Laurentide ice sheet and the extent of glacial Lake Agassiz. We speculate that the cold and dry phase may correspond to the Younger Dryas event. A salinity maximum was reached between 10.3 and 9.5 ka, after which Pickerel Lake shifted from a system controlled by atmospheric changes to a system controlled by groundwater seepage that might have been initiated by the final withdrawal of Glacial Lake Agassiz. A prairie lake was established at approximately 8.7 ka, and lasted until about 2.2 ka. During this mid-Holocene prairie period, drier conditions than today prevailed, interrupted by periods of increased moisture at about 8, 4, and 2.2 ka. Prairie conditions were more likely dry and cool rather than dry and warm. The last 2.2 ka are characterized by higher climatic variability with 400-yr aridity cycles including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. Although the signal of changing atmospheric circulation is overprinted by fluctuations in the positions of the ice sheet and glacial Lake Agassiz during the late Glacial-Holocene transition, a combination of strong zonal circulation and strong monsoons induced by the presence of the ice sheet and high insolation may have provided mechanisms for increased precipitation. Zonal flow introducing dry Pacific air became more important during the prairie period but seems to have been interrupted by short periods of stronger meridional circulation with intrusions of moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. More frequent switching between periods of zonal and meridional circulation seem to be responsible for increased climatic variability during the last 2.2 ka. C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Museum Geol & Palaontol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Schwalb, A (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Inst Museum Geol & Palaontol, Goldschmidt Str 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. NR 73 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 15 EP 30 DI 10.1023/A:1007971226750 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 103BA UT WOS:000074959700002 ER PT J AU Max, MD Dillon, WP AF Max, MD Dillon, WP TI Oceanic methane hydrate: The character of the Blake Ridge hydrate stability zone, and the potential for methane extraction SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM SIMULATING REFLECTOR; GAS-HYDRATE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; OUTER RIDGE; IN-SITU; SEDIMENTS; ATLANTIC; SEA AB Oceanic methane hydrates are mineral deposits formed from a crystalline "ice" of methane and water in sea-floor sediments (buried to less than about I km) in water depths greater than about 500 m; economic hydrate deposits are probably restricted to water depths of between 1.5 km and 4 km. Gas hydrates increase a sediment's strength both by "freezing" the sediment and by filling the pore spaces in a manner similar to water-ice in permafrost. Concentrated hydrate deposits may be underlain by significant volumes of methane gas, and these localities are the most favourable sites for methane gas extraction operations. Seismic reflection records indicate that trapped gas may blow-out naturally, causing large-scale seafloor collapse. In this paper, we consider both the physical properties and the structural integrity of the hydrate stability zone and the associated free gas deposits, with special reference to the Blake Ridge area, SE US offshore, in order to help establish a suitable framework for the safe, efficient, and economic recovery of methane from oceanic gas hydrates. We also consider the potential effects of the extraction of methane from hydrate (such as induced sea-floor faulting, gas venting, and gas-pocket collapse). We assess the ambient pressure effect on the production of methane by hydrate dissociation, and attempt to predict the likelihood of spontaneous gas flow in a production situation. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Max, MD (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 48 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 10 PU SCIENTIFIC PRESS LTD PI BEACONSFIELD PA PO BOX 21, BEACONSFIELD, BUCKS, ENGLAND HP9 1NS SN 0141-6421 J9 J PETROL GEOL JI J. Pet. Geol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 343 EP 358 DI 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1998.tb00786.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 112MH UT WOS:000075498000006 ER PT J AU Coppedge, BR Leslie, DM Shaw, JH AF Coppedge, BR Leslie, DM Shaw, JH TI Botanical composition of bison diets on tallgrass prairie in Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bison bison; grazing; bluestems; grasses; sedges; forbs ID NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; SHORTGRASS PLAINS; ECOLOGY; CATTLE; FIRE; INDEXES; CANADA AB Diets of bison (Bison bison L.) were examined using microhistological fecal analysis in a 2-yr study on a tallgrass prairie site in northcentral Oklahoma. Graminoids comprised at least 98% of the diet across all seasons. Bison showed strong feeding selectivity; grasses and sedges formed a significantly higher proportion of diets than was generally available in herbage on the landscape, Bison avoided forbs, which were less than or equal to 2% of the diet, Sedges were a large (17-44 %) diet component in winter and spring but decreased substaintially during summer and fall (11-16%), These changes in sedge use corresponded to seasonal variation in sedge availability. Our results confirm that bison are primarily grazers in prairie habitats, potentially having a significant role in shaping structure and function of tallgrass prairie. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Coppedge, BR (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 38 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 379 EP 382 DI 10.2307/4003321 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900002 ER PT J AU Foster, MS Delay, LS AF Foster, MS Delay, LS TI Dispersal of mimetic seeds of three species of Ormosia (Leguminosae) SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE germination; hard-seed for grit hypothesis; imitation aril; Mexico; mimetic seed hypothesis; Ormosia bopiensis; Ormosia isthamensis; Ormosia macrocalyx; Peru; seed dispersal; seed predation ID VIROLA-SURINAMENSIS; FRUIT COLOR; BIRDS; FOREST; TREES; BURSERACEAE; AGRICULTURE; AMAZONIA; REMOVAL; PLANTS AB Seeds with 'imitation arils' appear wholly or partially covered by pulp or aril but actually carry no fleshy material. The mimetic seed hypothesis to explain this phenomenon proposes a parasitic relationship in which birds are deceived into dispersing seeds that resemble bird-dispersed fruits, without receiving a nutrient reward. The hard-seed for grit hypothesis proposes a mutualistic relationship in which large, terrestrial birds swallow the exceptionally hard mimetic seeds as grit for grinding the softer seeds on which they feed. They defecate, dispersing the seeds, and abrade the seed surface, enhancing germination. Any fruit mimicry is incidental. Fruiting trees of Ormosia spp. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) were observed to ascertain mechanisms of seed dispersal and the role of seemingly mimetic characteristics of the seeds in that dispersal. Seed predation and seed germination were also examined. Ormosia isthamensis and O. macrocalyx (but not O. bopiensis) deceived arboreally-foraging frugivorous birds into taking their mimetic seeds, although rates of seed dispersal were low. These results are consistent with the mimetic seed hypothesis. On the other hand, the rates of disappearance of seeds from the ground under the Ormosia trees, hardness of the seeds, and enhancement of germination with the abrasion of the seed coat are all consistent with the hard-seed for grit hypothesis. C1 USGS, Patuxent Natl Museum Nat Hist, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Foster, MS (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Natl Museum Nat Hist, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 59 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 14 BP 389 EP 411 DI 10.1017/S0266467498000303 PN 4 PG 23 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 118YG UT WOS:000075868100001 ER PT J AU Homer, BL Berry, KH Brown, MB Ellis, G Jacobson, ER AF Homer, BL Berry, KH Brown, MB Ellis, G Jacobson, ER TI Pathology of diseases in wild desert tortoises from California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE desert tortoise; diseases; Gopherus agassizii; pathology; survey ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT DISEASE; GOPHERUS-AGASSIZII; MYCOPLASMA-AGASSIZII; TESTUDINIS AB Twenty-four ill or dead desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) were received between March 1992 and July 1995 far necropsies fi-om the Mojave and Colorado deserts of California (USA). Diseases observed in these animals included cutaneous dyskeratosis (n = 7); shell necrosis (n = 2); respirator diseases (n = 7); urolithiasis (n = 3), and trauma (n = 5). In tortoises with cutaneous dyskeratosis the horn layer of shell was disrupted by multiple crevices and fissures and, in the most severe lesions, dermal bone showed osteoclastic resorption, remodeling, and osteopenia. In tortoises with shell necrosis, multiple foci of necrotic cell debris and heterophilic inflammation within the epidermal horn layer were subtended by necrotic dermal bone colonized by bacteria and fungi. Of the seven tortoises with respirator disease, five were diagnosed with mycoplasmosis. The diagnosis of mycoplasmosis was based on the presence of chronic proliferative rhinitis and positive serologic tests and/or isolation of Mycoplasma sp. Chronic fungal pneumonia was diagnosed in one tortoise with respiratory disease. In the three tortoises with urolithiasis, two were discovered dead, and the live tortoise had renal and articular gout. Traumatic injuries consisted of one tortoise entombed within its burrow one tortoise burned in a brush fire, two tortoises struck by moving vehicles, and one tortoise attacked by a predator While the primary cause of illness could be attributed to one or two major disease processes, lesions were often found in multiple organ systems, and a variety of etiologies were responsible for morbidity and mortality. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Riverside Field Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Homer, BL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 508 EP 523 PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 107EH UT WOS:000075193700011 PM 9706560 ER PT J AU Dunbar, MR Cunningham, MW Roof, JC AF Dunbar, MR Cunningham, MW Roof, JC TI Seroprevalence of selected disease agents from free-ranging black bears in Florida SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE black bear; disease; serologic survey; Ursus americanus floridanus ID EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; URSUS-ARCTOS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; FERAL SWINE; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; VIRUS; PSEUDORABIES; AMERICANUS AB Sera obtained from 66 free-ranging Florida black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus) from three geographic areas of Florida (USA) between November 1993 and August 1995 were tested for antibodies to 13 disease agents. Antibody prevalences were 3 positive of 37 tasted (8%) Coxiella burnetii, 37 of 66 (56%) Toxoplasma gondii, 3 of 61 (5%) blue-tongue virus/epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (BTV/EHDV), 4 of 66 (6%) canine adenovirus-type 1, 5 of 66 (8%) canine distemper virus (CDV), 10 of 62 (16%) canine parvovirus (CPV),7 of 66 (11%) eastern equine encephalitis virus, 4 of 66 (6%) western equine encephalitis virus, 2 of 66 (3%) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and 11 of 66 (17%) St. Louis encephalitis virus. No samples had serologic evidence of exposure to Brucella spp. (n = 37), Francisella tularensis (n = 40), or pseudorabies virus (n = 37). This is the first known published report of antibodies to BTV/EHDV, CDV and CPV in black bears. C1 Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commiss, Wildlife Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Dunbar, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sheldon Hart Mt Refuge Complex, POB 111, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. EM mike-dunbar@fws.gov NR 40 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 612 EP 619 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 107EH UT WOS:000075193700023 PM 9706572 ER PT J AU Berdeen, JB Krementz, DG AF Berdeen, JB Krementz, DG TI The use of fields at night by wintering American woodcock SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE American woodcock; forest management; Georgia; habitat management; nocturnal habitat use; Piedmont; Scolopax minor; wintering grounds ID ATLANTIC COAST; HABITAT USE AB Because limited information is available regarding preferences for nocturnal habitat during winter we studied use of nocturnal habitats by American woodcock (Scolopax minor) wintering in the Georgia Piedmont (1994-95). During the evening crepuscular period, woodcock on the wintering grounds move from forested to field habitats, presumably to feed, conduct courtship displays, roost, and avoid predators. We conducted crepuscular flight surveys and tracked radiomarked woodcock to compare the use of fields of different sizes (<5.5 ha, 5.5-40.0 ha, >40.0 ha) and types (seed tree-clearcuts, fallow-old fields, hayfields, pastures). Fields greater than or equal to 5.5 ha were used more frequently than fields <5.5 ha (P < 0.001). Seed tree-clearcuts and fallow-old fields were more frequently used than pastures (P = 0.003). Woodcock also most frequently used fields with greater foliage volume at 0.8-2.0 m in height and a high percentage of bare soil (P < 0.001). Nocturnal use of fields or fort:sts by radiomarked woodcock did not differ among age or sex classes. However, females moved an average of 230 +/- 32.1 m ((x) over bar +/- SE) between diurnal and nocturnal locations, while males moved 525 +/- 53.1 m (P = 0.085). Movements differed among moon phases (P < 0.003), ranging from 579 +/- 79.6 m during; the new moon to 213 +/- 50.5 m during the full moon. To manage habitat on the wintering grounds, seed tree-clearcuts and fallow-old fields should be created or maintained near preferred diurnal habitats. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Berdeen, JB (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 939 EP 947 DI 10.2307/3802546 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000013 ER PT J AU Becker, EF Spindler, MA Osborne, TO AF Becker, EF Spindler, MA Osborne, TO TI A population estimator based on network sampling of tracks in the snow SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Canis lupus; furbearer; gray wolf; large scale; network sampling; population estimation; probability sampling; snow; tracks ID LYNX POPULATION; DENSITY; ALASKA AB We developed a technique to use stratified network sampling to sample animal tracks in the snow and to obtain to population estimates. This method requires sufficient snow conditions to allow animals to leave continuous tracks and a recent snowstorm or windstorm for delineation of fresh (poststorm) tracks. Additional requirements are that no fresh tracks in serially surveyed sample units are completely missed, that these tracks can ire followed to identify all sample units containing them, and size of the group that made these tracks can be correctly enumerated. Using this technique, we estimated gray wolf (Canis lupus) population density to be 8.16 +/- 0.91 wolves/1,000 km(2) in a 31,373-km(2) game management unit in Interior Alaska. This sample design also allowed us to obtain population estimates and confidence intervals for those portions of the Koyukuk and northern Innoko national wildlife refuges (NWR) within the study area. Using concurrently collected radiotelemetry on 9 wolf packs, we did not detect any violations of assumptions. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Galena, AK 99741 USA. RP Becker, EF (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NR 36 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 968 EP 977 DI 10.2307/3802549 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000016 ER PT J AU Anderson, CR Moody, DS Smith, BL Lindzey, FG Lanka, RP AF Anderson, CR Moody, DS Smith, BL Lindzey, FG Lanka, RP TI Development and evaluation of sightability models for summer elk surveys SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE accuracy; aerial survey; Cervus elaphus; elk; population estimate; precision; sightability model ID AERIAL SURVEYS AB We developed 2 sightability models from summer helicopter surveys of radiocollared elk (Cervus elaphus) in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Significant variables (P < 0.05) included elk group size, activity, and percent vegetation cover for Model A, and elk group size and percent vegetation cover for Model B. We compared these 2 summer models and a winter elk sightability model developed in Idaho that incorporates group size, percent vegetation cover, and percent snow cover. We based model comparisons on predicted detection rates and model performance when applied to well-documented elk populations at Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, Oregon (SEF), and Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota (WCNP). Pre dieted sightability was similar from summer Models A and B for active elk in <60% vegetation cover, but was lower from Model A for bedded elk. Model estimates of elk abundance (WCNP, SEF) and composition (SEF) usually were more accurate and consistently more precise from Model B, suggesting elk activity had little influence on estimates of sum.mer elk population characteristics. Comparisons between Model B and the Idaho model indicated predicted sightability of small groups (less than or equal to 10 elk) was similar; the Idaho model provided better accuracy and precision for validation tests of populations consisting of predominantly small elk groups (WCNP: = 4.7 elk/group; SEF: = 6.3 elk/group). The Idaho model, however, overestimated detection of large elk groups (30-45 elk/group) in moderate-dense vegetation (>30% vegetation cover), but this overestimation was accounted for by Model B. Thus, we recommend application of the Idaho model during summer surveys where elk are less gregarious (<20 elk) and recommend application of summer Model B to high-density elk populations where elk occur in larger groups. C1 Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Lander, WY 82520 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Elk Refuge, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Anderson, CR (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 17 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1055 EP 1066 DI 10.2307/3802558 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000025 ER PT J AU Flint, PL AF Flint, PL TI Settlement rate of lead shot in tundra wetlands SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; lead poisoning; lead shot; settlement rate; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta ID DENSITIES AB Several species of breeding waterfowl have been shown to be exposed to lead shot on the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, Alaska. I "seeded" experimental plots with number 4 lead shot to determine the settlement rate of shot in wetland types commonly used by foraging waterfowl. I resampled plots for 3 years, using a suction dredge to remove sediment in 4-cm layers. There was no consistent change in the proportion of shot recovered in the 0-4-cm layer among years or habitat types. My results suggest lead shot is available to feeding waterfowl for many years, and that exposure of waterfowl to lead poisoning will likely occur for >3 years after the use of lead shot is curtailed. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Flint, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM paul_flint@usgs.gov OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 14 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1099 EP 1102 DI 10.2307/3802563 PG 4 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000030 ER PT J AU Grand, JB Flint, PL Petersen, MR Moran, CL AF Grand, JB Flint, PL Petersen, MR Moran, CL TI Effect of lead poisoning on spectacled eider survival rates SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; contaminants; lead poisoning; Somateria fischeri; spectacled eider survival; Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta ID ALASKA; DUCKS AB Spectacled elder (Somateria fischeri) populations on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta), Alaska, declined rapidly through the 1980s, and low adult female survival was suggested as the likely cause of the decline. We used mark-resighting techniques to study annual survival rates of adult female spectacled elders at 2 sites on the Y-K Delta during 1993-96. Our data suggest survival rates may differ among sites. However, a model fit to a subset of data on females for which we knew lead levels in blood suggests lead exposure influences survival. Adult females exposed to lead prior to hatching their eggs survived at a much lower rate (0.44 +/- 0.10) each year than females not exposed to lead before hatch (0.78 +/- 0.05). We suggest most mortality from lead exposure occurs over winter, and the related reduction in adult survival may be impeding recovery of local populations. We encourage managers to curtail input of lead shot into the environment. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. RP Grand, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1103 EP 1109 DI 10.2307/3802564 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000031 ER PT J AU Fling, PL Grand, JB Rockwell, RF AF Fling, PL Grand, JB Rockwell, RF TI A model of northern pintail productivity and population growth rate SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Anas acuta; elasticity; individual-based model; population model; productivity; survival ID YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; NEST SUCCESS; SURVIVAL; ALASKA AB Our objective was to synthesize individual components of reproductive ecology into a single estimate of productivity and to assess die relative effects of survival and productivity: on population dynamics. We used information on nesting ecology, renesting potential, and duckling survival of northern pintails (Anas aouta) collected on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta), Alaska, 1991-95, to model the number of ducklings produced under a range of nest success and duckling survival probabilities. Using average values of 25% nest success, 11% duckling survival, and 56% renesting probability from our study population, we calculated that all young in our population were produced by 13% of the breeding females, and that early-nesting females produced more young than later-nesting females. Further, we calculated, on average, that each female produced only 0.16 young females/nesting season. We combined these results with estimates of first-year and adult survival to examine the growth rate (lambda) of the population and the relative contributions of these demographic parameters to that growth rate. Contrary to aerial survey data, the population projection model suggests our study population is declining rapidly (lambda = 0.6969). The relative effects ori population growth rate were 0.1175 for reproductive success, 0.117.5 for first-year survival, and 0.8825 for adult survival. Adult survival had the greatest influence on lambda for our population, and this conclusion was robust over a range of survival and productivity estimates. Given published estimates of annual survival for adult females (61%), our model suggested nest success and duckling survival need to increase to approximately.40% to achieve population stability. We discuss reasons for the apparent discrepancy in population trends between our model and aerial surveys in terms of bias in productivity and survival estimates. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA. RP Fling, PL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1110 EP 1118 DI 10.2307/3802565 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000032 ER PT J AU Conomy, JT Collazo, JA Dubovsky, JA Fleming, WJ AF Conomy, JT Collazo, JA Dubovsky, JA Fleming, WJ TI Dabbling duck behavior and aircraft activity in coastal North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aircraft disturbance; American black duck; American wigeon; energy budgets; gadwall; green-winged teal; North Carolina; waterfowl; winter ID BLACK DUCKS; SNOW GEESE; DISTURBANCE; RESPONSES; BIRDS AB Requests to increase military aircraft activity in some training facilities in the United States have prompted the need to determine if waterfowl and other wildlife are adversely affected by aircraft disturbance. We quantified behavioral responses of wintering American black ducks (Anas rubripes), American wigeon (A. americana), gadwall (A, streptera), and American green-winged teal (A. crecca carolinensis) exposed to low-level flying military aircrafts; at Piney and Cedar islands, North Carolina, in 1991 and 1992. Waterfowl spent less than or equal to 1.4% of their time responding to aircraft, which included flying, swimming, and alert behaviors. Mean duration of responses by species ranged from 10 to 40 sec. Costs to each species were deemed low because disruptions represented a low percentage of their time-activity budgets, only a small proportion of birds reacted to disturbance (13/672; 2%), and the likelihood of resuming the activity disrupted by an aircraft disturbance event was high (64%). Recorded levels of aircraft disturbance (i.e., (x) over bar = 85.1 dBA) were not adversely affecting the time-activity budgets of selected waterfowl species wintering at Piney and Cedar islands. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Conomy, JT (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1127 EP 1134 DI 10.2307/3802567 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000034 ER PT J AU Conomy, JT Dubovsky, JA Collazo, JA Fleming, WJ AF Conomy, JT Dubovsky, JA Collazo, JA Fleming, WJ TI Do black ducks and wood ducks habituate to aircraft disturbance? SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aircraft disturbance; Aix sponsa; American black duck; Anas rubripes; behavior; habituation; North Carolina; winter; wood duck ID WINTER AB Requests to increase military aircraft activity in some training facilities in the United States have raised the need to determine if waterfowl and other wildlife are adversely affected by aircraft disturbance. We hypothesized that habituation was a possible proximate factor influencing the low proportion of free-ranging ducks reacting to military aircraft activities in a training range in coastal North Carolina during winters 1991 and 1992. To test this hypothesis, we subjected captive, wild-strain American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) to actual and simulated activities of jet aircraft. In the first experiment, we placed black ducks in an enclosure near the center of aircraft activities on Piney Island, a military aircraft target range in coastal North Carolina. The proportion of times black ducks reacted (e.g., alert posture, fleeing response) to visual and auditory aircraft activity decreased from 38 to 6% during the first 17 days of confinement. Response rates remained stable at 5.8% thereafter. In the second experiment, black ducks and wood ducks were exposed to 6 different recordings of jet noise. The proportion of times black ducks reacted to noise decreased (P < 0.05) from first day of exposure (25%) to last (i.e., day 4. 8%). Except for a 2% difference in comfort, we detected no differences (P > 0.05) in time-activity budgets of black ducks between pre-exposure to noise and 24 hr after first exposure. Unlike black ducks, wood duck responses to jet noise did not decrease uniformly among experimental groups following initial exposure to noise (P = 0.01). We conclude that initial exposure to aircraft noise elicits behavioral responses from black ducks and wood ducks. With continued exposure of aircraft noise, black ducks may become habituated. However, wood ducks did not exhibit the same pattern of response, suggesting that the ability of waterfowl to habituate to aircraft noise may be species specific. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Conomy, JT (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1135 EP 1142 DI 10.2307/3802568 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000035 ER PT J AU Luoma, SN van Geen, A Lee, BG Cloern, JE AF Luoma, SN van Geen, A Lee, BG Cloern, JE TI Metal uptake by phytoplankton during a bloom in South San Francisco Bay: Implications for metal cycling in estuaries SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-METALS; NORTH PACIFIC; RELEASE RATES; CADMIUM; CALIFORNIA; COPPER; PRODUCTIVITY; ELEMENTS; BIOMASS; WATERS AB The 1994 spring phytoplankton bloom in South San Francisco Bay caused substantial reductions in concentrations of dissolved Cd, Ni, and Zn, but not Cu. We estimate that the equivalent of similar to 60% of the total annual input of Cd, Ni, and Zn from local waste-water treatment plants is cycled through the phytoplankton in South Bay. The results suggest that processes that affect phytoplankton bloom frequency or intensity in estuaries (e.g. nutrient enrichment) may also affect metal trapping. The bloom was characterized by hydrographic surveys conducted at weekly intervals for 9 weeks. Metal samples were collected from the water column on three occasions, timed to bracket the period when the bloom was predicted. Factors that might confound observations of biological influences, such as freshwater inputs, were relatively constant during the study. Before the bloom, concentrations of dissolved Cd were 0.81 +/- 0.02 nmol kg(-1), Zn concentrations were 19.8 +/- 1.5 nmol kg(-1), Ni were 42 +/- 1.4 nmol kg(-1), and Cu were 37 +/- 1.4 nmol kg(-1). These values are elevated relative to riverine and coastal end-members, reflecting inputs from wastewater and(or) sediments. At the height of the bloom, dissolved Zn, Cd, and Ni were reduced to 19, 50, and 75% of their prebloom concentrations, respectively. Dissolved Cu concentrations increased 20%. The mass of Cd taken up by phytoplankton was similar to the mass of Cd removed from solution if particle settling was considered, and Cd concentrations estimated in phytoplankton were higher than concentrations in suspended particulate material (SPM). Particulate concentrations of Zn and Ni during the bloom appeared to be dominated by the influence of changes in resuspension of Zn- and Ni-rich sediments. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Luoma, SN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS465, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 48 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 43 IS 5 BP 1007 EP 1016 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 123FU UT WOS:000076115800028 ER PT J AU Gardner, AL Robbins, CB AF Gardner, AL Robbins, CB TI Generic names of northern and southern fur seals (Mammalia : Otariidae) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arctocephalus; Callorhinus; Halarctus; Otoes; taxonomy; nomenclature; fur seals; generic names AB We have resolved a nomenclatural problem discovered during research on the northern fur seal that concerns the correct generic name for this taxon and for fur seals of the Southern Hemisphere. The unfortunate practice by some 19th-century authors to use names in their Latinized form but to date them from their first appearance as French common names led to the use of Arctocephalus for southern fur seals when the name correctly applies to the northern fur seal, known today as Callorhinus ursinus. However, Arctocephalus and Callorhinus are antedated by Otoes G. Fischer, 1817, which is the earliest available generic name for the fur seal of the northern Pacific. The earliest available generic name for southern fur seals is Halarctus Gill, 1866. To avoid the confusion that would result from replacing the currently used generic names with those required by strict adherence to the Principle of Priority, we have petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to preserve Arctocephalus and Callorhinus for the southern and northern fur seals, respectively. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS, Biol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Div Mammals, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gardner, AL (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS, Biol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 544 EP 551 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00741.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA ZW533 UT WOS:000074420500007 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN AF Grossman, JN TI The Meteoritic Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 61st Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical-Society CY JUL 27-31, 1998 CL TRINITY COLL, DUBLIN, IRELAND SP Meteorit Soc HO TRINITY COLL ID ACHONDRITES AB Meteoritical Bulletin No. 82 lists information for 974 new meteorites, including 521 finds from Antarctica, 401 finds from the Sahara, 21 finds from the Nullarbor region of Australia, and 7 falls (Ban Rong Du, Burnwell, Fermo, Jalanash, Juancheng, Monahans (1998), and Silao). Many rare types of meteorites are reported: counting pairing groups as one, these include one CR chondrite, two CK chondrites, two CO chondrites, four CV chondrites, one CH chondrite or Bencubbin-like, six C2 (unclassified) chondrites, two EH chondrites, two EL chondrites, three R chondrites, thirty unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, one ungrouped chondrite, three eucrites, six howardites, one diogenite, eleven ureilites, nine iron meteorites, one mesosiderite, two brachinites, one lodranite, one winonaite, and two lunar meteorites (Dar al Gani 400 and EET 96008). All italicized abbreviations refer to addresses tabulated at the end of this document. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grossman, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 22 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 SU S BP A221 EP A239 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 117JK UT WOS:000075778000323 ER PT J AU Grossman, JN Alexander, CMO Wang, J Zanda, B Bourot-Denise, M Hewins, RH Yu, Y AF Grossman, JN Alexander, CMO Wang, J Zanda, B Bourot-Denise, M Hewins, RH Yu, Y TI The lack of potassium-isotopic fractionation in Bishunpur chondrules. SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-7500 Paris, France. RI Zanda, Brigitte/D-6787-2015 OI Zanda, Brigitte/0000-0002-4210-7151 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 SU S BP A64 EP A65 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 117JK UT WOS:000075778000113 ER PT J AU Alden, HR Schroeder, RL AF Alden, HR Schroeder, RL TI Strategies for sustaining effective conservation partnerships SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE conservation; cooperative; management; partnership AB Resource management partnerships among a wide variety of agencies and private groups are increasing in number across the country. The Colorado Rockies Regional Cooperative represents an early example of a grassroots effort of 14 partners to cooperate in the areas of research, education, and resource management. The cooperative conducted a survey of existing resource management partners and partnerships to determine what is necessary to establish and sustain effective partnerships. Survey findings, recent literature, and the experience of the Colorado Rockies Regional Cooperative suggest specific strategies for sustaining effective resource management partnerships. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Schroeder, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 237 EP 241 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 107AP UT WOS:000075183900006 ER PT J AU Lanctot, RB AF Lanctot, RB TI Sexual attitudes at northern latitudes - When buff-breasted sandpipers reach the tundra, the mating games begin. SO NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Lanctot, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY PI NEW YORK PA ATTN: LIBRARY SERIALS UNIT CENTRAL PK WEST AT 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024-5192 USA SN 0028-0712 J9 NAT HIST JI Nat. Hist. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 107 IS 6 BP 72 EP 75 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZW065 UT WOS:000074370400020 ER PT J AU Scholz, CA Moore, TC Hutchinson, DR Golmshtok, AJ Klitgord, KD Kurotchkin, AG AF Scholz, CA Moore, TC Hutchinson, DR Golmshtok, AJ Klitgord, KD Kurotchkin, AG TI Comparative sequence stratigraphy of low-latitude versus high-latitude lacustrine rift basins: seismic data examples from the East African and Baikal rifts SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Limno-Geological Congress on Research and Methods in Methods in Ancient and Modern Lacustrine Basins CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK DE East African rift; Lake Baikal; sequence stratigraphy; palaeolimnology; Lake Malawi; lacustrine basins; Lake Tanganyika ID LAKE MALAWI RIFT; EXTENSIONAL BASINS; TRANSFER ZONES; TANGANYIKA; SYSTEM; SEDIMENTATION; MULTICHANNEL; ARCHITECTURE; EXPLORATION; EARTHQUAKE AB Lakes Baikal, Malawi and Tanganyika are the world's three largest rift valley lakes and are the classic modern examples of lacustrine rift basins. All the rift lakes are segmented into half-graben basins, and seismic reflection datasets reveal how this segmentation controls the filling of the rift basins through time. In the early stages of rifting, basins are fed primarily by flexural margin and axial margin drainage systems, At the climax of syn-rift sedimentation, however, when the basins are deeply subsided, almost all the margins are walled off by rift shoulder uplifts, and sediment flux into the basins is concentrated at accommodation zone and axial margin river deltas. Flexural margin unconformities are commonplace in the tropical lakes but less so in high-latitude Lake Baikal. Lake levels are extremely dynamic in the tropical lakes and in low-latitude systems in general because of the predominance of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle in those systems. Evaporation is minimized in relation to inflow in the high-latitude Lake Baikal and in most high-latitude systems, and consequently, major sequence boundaries tend to be tectonically controlled in that type of system. The acoustic stratigraphies of the tropical lakes are dominated by high-frequency and high-amplitude lake level shifts, whereas in high-latitude Lake Baikal, stratigraphic cycles are dominated by tectonism and sediment-supply variations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Inst Oceanol, So Branch, Gelendzhik, Russia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Kuban State Univ, Krasnodar 350751, Russia. RP Scholz, CA (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Heroy Geol Lab, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. EM cscholz@rsmas.miami.edu RI Moore, Theodore/N-8848-2014 OI Moore, Theodore/0000-0003-4121-1325 NR 61 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 140 IS 1-4 BP 401 EP 420 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00022-4 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA ZZ524 UT WOS:000074738000025 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Chappell, DK Jacobs, DM Sapkota, SK Baldwin, DG AF Ramsey, EW Chappell, DK Jacobs, DM Sapkota, SK Baldwin, DG TI Resource management of forested wetlands: Hurricane impact and recovery mapped by combining Landsat TM and NOAA AVHRR data SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID COVER PROPORTIONS; VEGETATION; ACCURACY AB A temporal suite of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images, transformed into a vegetation biomass indicator, was combined with a single-date classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) to map the association between forest type and hurricane effects. Hurricane effects to the forested wetland included an abrupt decrease and subsequent increase in biomass. The decrease was associated with hurricane impact and the increase with an abnormal bloom in vegetation in the impacted areas. Impact severity was estimated by differencing the biomass maps before and immediately (3 days) after the hurricane. Recovery magnitude was estimated by differencing the biomass maps from immediately (3 days) after and shortly (1.5 months) after the hurricane. Regions of dominantly hardwoods suffering high to moderate impacts and of dominantly cypress-tupelos suffering low impacts identified in this study corroborated findings of earlier studies. Conversely, areas not reported in previous studies as affected were identified, and these areas showed a reverse relationship, i.e., highly impacted cypress-tupelo and low or moderately impacted hardwoods. Additionally, generated proportions of hardwood, cypress-tupelo, and open (mixed) forests per each 1-km pixel (impact and recovery maps) suggest that regions containing higher percentages of cypress-tupelos were more likely to have sustained higher impacts. Visual examination of the impact map revealed a spatial covariation between increased impact magnitudes and river corridors dominated by open forest. This spatial association was corroborated by examining changes in the percentage of open forest per I-km impact pixel; the percentage of open forest peaked at moderate to high impacts. The distribution of recovery supported the impact spatial distribution; however, the magnitudes of the two indicators of hurricane effects were not always spatially dependent. Converse to univariate statistics describing all forested area within the basin, higher recoveries tended to be related to higher percentages of hardwoods. Lower recoveries, on the other hand, tended to be related to forests with nearly equal percentages of hardwoods and cypress-tupelo. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Starkville, MS 39760 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 64 IS 7 BP 733 EP 738 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZY268 UT WOS:000074603100007 ER PT J AU Ewing, RD Sheahan, JE Lewis, MA Palmisano, AN AF Ewing, RD Sheahan, JE Lewis, MA Palmisano, AN TI Effects of rearing density and raceway conformation on growth, food conversion, and survival of juvenile spring chinook salmon SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; LAKE TROUT; SALAR; PERFORMANCE; RELEASE AB Four brood years of juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were reared in conventional and baffled raceways at various rearing densities and loads at Willamette Hatchery, Oregon. A period of rapid linear growth occurred from August to November, but there was little or no growth from November to March when the fish were released. Both fall and winter growth rates were inversely related to rearing density. Final weight and length were also inversely related to rearing density. No significant relationship between load and any growth variable was observed. Fish reared at lower densities in conventional raceways tended to develop bimodal length distributions in winter and early spring. Fish reared in conventional raceways showed significantly larger growth rates and final lengths and weights than those reared in baffled raceways. Food conversions and average delivery times for feed were significantly greater in baffled than in conventional raceways. No significant relationships were observed between either rearing density or load and condition factor, food conversion, or mortality. Mortality was not significantly different between the two raceway types. When fish were transported to seawater for further rearing, there were no significant relationships between mortality in seawater and rearing density or load, but fish reared in baffled raceways had significantly higher mortality than those reared in conventional raceways. C1 Biotech Res & Consulting Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Astoria, OR 97103 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. US Geol Survey, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ewing, RD (reprint author), Biotech Res & Consulting Inc, 2340 SE Ryan St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3 BP 167 EP 178 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0167:EORDAR>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101YN UT WOS:000074896200002 ER PT J AU Winfree, RA Kindschi, GA Shaw, HT AF Winfree, RA Kindschi, GA Shaw, HT TI Elevated water temperature, crowding, and food deprivation accelerate fin erosion in juvenile steelhead SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE AB We studied the effects of water temperature, density as measured by density index (DI), and food deprivation (alternating cycles of daily feeding and fasting) on dorsal fin erosion of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss through a factorial experiment lasting 22 weeks. Dorsal fin index (DFI) correlated inversely with age, length, and weight of fish and was significantly affected by crowding (i.e., DI). Increasing DI (from 0.0 to 0.5) also improved feed conversions and slightly depressed survival, but DI had no significant effects on weight gain, condition (K), or carcass composition. Water temperature (10 degrees C or 15 degrees C) had a strong and significant effect on DFI; colder water improved DFI while slowing body growth. Low temperature treatments improved survival slightly and altered carcass composition by increasing moisture at the expense of fat and protein. The effects of density and temperature were also strongly interactive. Food deprivation slightly improved final DFI at low DIs, but greatly reduced the average size of fish affected by severe fin erosion. Food-deprived fish exhibited carcass composition trends similar to fish reared in 10 degrees C water. Feed conversion improved significantly with alternating fasting and feeding cycles. Histological evaluation proved inconclusive for physical fin nipping evidence or for the presence of detrimental microorganisms. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Us Pk Serv, Grand Canyon Natl Pk, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kindschi, GA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Technol Ctr, 4050 Bridger Canyon Rd, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 25 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3 BP 192 EP 199 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0192:EWTCAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101YN UT WOS:000074896200004 ER PT J AU Harrell, RM Van Heukelem, W Kerby, JH AF Harrell, RM Van Heukelem, W Kerby, JH TI A comparison of triploid induction validation techniques SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; GRASS CARP; COULTER-COUNTER; CHANNEL CATFISH; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; BROOK TROUT; SALMONIDS; FISH; IDENTIFICATION; MANIPULATION AB Triploidy induction is a technique that allows genetic manipulation of chromosome number to control reproduction and potentially create faster-growing animals; however, most methods for inducing polyploidy are not 100% effective. Using sunshine bass (white bass Morone chrysops female X striped bass M. saxatilis male) as a model, we cross-validated the most common verification techniques: DNA staining and fluorescence quantification with a how cytometer, erythrocyte nuclear volume with a Coulter counter particle size analyzer, silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), and cytological karyotyping. Results indicated that the electronic techniques of particle size analysis and flow cytometry were the simplest and quickest methods of validation. The major drawback of both electronic ploidy determination methods is the cost of the equipment required for analysis. Cytological karyotyping was the most accurate method for determining polyploidy because actual chromosome numbers were determined. It was also the most time-consuming, tedious, and frustrating of the techniques, which reduces its applicability in mass screening of fish. Silver staining was the least expensive technique used for verifying a nominal number of fish, but it was also the most suspect because the NORs were sometimes difficult to detect, and there were conflicting results in older fish. All techniques demand a certain technical competence that can either be self-taught or requires extramural training. C1 Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fisheries Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Harrell, RM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 60 IS 3 BP 221 EP 226 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0221:ACOTIV>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 101YN UT WOS:000074896200008 ER PT J AU Smith, FA Betancourt, JL AF Smith, FA Betancourt, JL TI Response of bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) to late Quaternary climatic change in the Colorado Plateau SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bergmann's rule; body mass; temperature fluctuations; pleistocene/holocene ID LATE PLEISTOCENE; BODY-SIZE; HOLOCENE; EVOLUTION; MAMMALS AB Temperature profoundly influences the physiology and life history characteristics of organisms, particularly in terms of body size. Because so many critical parameters scale with body mass, long-term temperature fluctuations can have dramatic impacts. We examined the response of a small mammalian herbivore, the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), to temperature change from 20,000 yr B.P. to present, at five sites within the Colorado Plateau. Our investigations focused on the relationship between temperature, plant composition and abundance, and woodrat size. Body size was estimated by measuring fossil fecal pellets, a technique validated in earlier work. We found significant and highly covariable patterns in body mass over the five locations, suggesting that responses to temperature fluctuations during the late Quaternary have been very similar. Although woodrat mass and the occurrence of several plant species in the fossil record were significantly correlated, in virtually all instances changes in woodrat size preceded changes in vegetational composition. These results may be due to the greater sensitivity of woodrats to temperature, or to the shorter generation times of woodrats as compared to most plants. An alternative hypothesis is that winter temperatures increased before summer ones. Woodrats are highly sensitive to warmer winters, whereas little response would be expected from forest/woodland plants growing at their lower limits. Our work suggests that woodrat size is a precise paleothermometer, yielding information about temperature variation over relatively short-term temporal and regional scales. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. US Geol Survey, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. RP Smith, FA (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 39 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 50 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1006/qres.1998.1982 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 110HM UT WOS:000075375400001 ER PT J AU Karabanov, EB Prokopenko, AA Williams, DF Colman, SM AF Karabanov, EB Prokopenko, AA Williams, DF Colman, SM TI Evidence from Lake Baikal for Siberian glaciation during oxygen-isotope substage 5d SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Siberia; Lake Baikal; glaciation; Pleistocene ID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSE; LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; BIOGENIC SILICA; POLLEN RECORD; SEDIMENTS; AGE; PLEISTOCENE; INSOLATION; GROWTH AB The paleoclimatic record from bottom sediments of Lake Baikal (eastern Siberia) reveals new evidence for an abrupt and intense glaciation during the initial part of the last interglacial period (isotope substage 5d). This glaciation lasted about 12,000 yr from 117,000 to 105,000 yr B.P. according to correlation with the SPECMAP isotope chronology. Lithological and biogeochemical evidence of glaciation from Lake Baikal agrees with evidence for the advance of ice sheet in northwestern Siberia during this time period and also with cryogenic features within the strata of Kazantzevo soils in Southern Siberia. The severe 5d glaciation in Siberia was caused by dramatic cooling due to the decrease in solar insolation las predicted by the model of insolation changes for northern Asia according to Milankovich theory) coupled with western atmospheric transport of moisture from the open areas of Northern Atlantic and Arctic seas (which became ice-free due to the intense warming during preceeding isotope substage 5e), Other marine and continental records show evidence for cooling during 5d, but not for intense glaciation. Late Pleistocene glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere may have begun in northwestern Siberia. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Baikal Drilling Project, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Irkutsk 664003, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, United Inst Geol Geophys & Geochem, Novosibirsk, Russia. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Karabanov, EB (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Baikal Drilling Project, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 71 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 50 IS 1 BP 46 EP 55 DI 10.1006/qres.1998.1980 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 110HM UT WOS:000075375400005 ER PT J AU Hildreth, W Singer, B Godoy, E Munizaga, F AF Hildreth, W Singer, B Godoy, E Munizaga, F TI The age and constitution of Cerro Campanario, a mafic stratovolcano in the Andes of Central Chile SO REVISTA GEOLOGICA DE CHILE LA English DT Article DE Ar-40/Ar-39 dating; basaltic andesites; stratovolcanoes; middle Pleistocene ID ARGON GEOCHRONOLOGY; AR-40/AR-39 AB Cerro Campanario, a towering landmark on the continental divide near Paso Pehuenche, is a glacially eroded remnant of a mafic stratovolcano that is much younger than previously supposed. Consisting of fairly uniform basaltic andesite, rich in olivine and plagioclase, the 10-15 km(3) edifice grew rapidly near the end of the middle Pleistocene, about 150-160 ka, as indicated by Ar-40/Ar-39 and unspiked K-Ar analyses of its lavas. C1 US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hildreth, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Singer, Bradley/F-4991-2012 OI Singer, Bradley/0000-0003-3595-5168 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SERVICIO NACIONAL GEOLOGIA MINERVA PI SANTIAGO PA AVDA SANTA MARIO 0104, CASILLA 10465, SANTIAGO, CHILE SN 0716-0208 J9 REV GEOL CHILE JI Rev. Geol. Chile PD JUL PY 1998 VL 25 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA 106PB UT WOS:000075137100002 ER PT J AU Ashby, JA Bowden, WB Murdoch, PS AF Ashby, JA Bowden, WB Murdoch, PS TI Controls on denitrification in riparian soils in headwater catchments of a hardwood forest in the Catskill mountains, USA SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; NEW-YORK; NITRIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; WATERSHEDS; STREAMS; LOSSES AB Denitrification in riparian soils is thought to be an important factor that reduces hydrologic export of nitrate from forested and agricultural catchments. A 2-y study to identify the soil factors most closely associated with denitrification in riparian soils in headwater catchments within the Catskill Mountains of New York, included held surveys of surface and subsurface denitrification rates, and an amendment experiment to assess the relative effects of increases in available carbon and substrate NO3- on denitrification rates. Denitrification rates were measured by acetylene inhibition during incubation of intact soil cores from eight soil types representing a range of drainage classes. Soil cores were analyzed for organic matter, total P, extractable NO3--N and NH4+-N, organic N, pH, moisture, porosity, and water-filled pore space, to determine which of these factors were most closely associated with denitrification. The distribution of denitrification rates found during the field surveys was highly skewed, with many low or zero values and few high values. Denitrification rates were positively associated with high soil organic matter, total P, and water-filled pore space, and were highest in seep (poorly-drained) soils, toeslope (seasonally-drained) soils, and stream-edge (poorly- to moderately well-drained) soils in which these three soil characteristics were typically high. Denitrification rates in these wet locations were also positively associated with soil NH4+-N concentration and pH, bur not with NO3--N concentration, suggesting that the rate of NO3- supply (via nitrification or hydrologic transport) was more important than the instantaneous concentration of NO3--N in the soils. The amendment experiment indicated that denitrification in soil types studied was most responsive to added glucose alone or with NO;. Thus, in these soils, a combination of slow rates of NO3- supply and low available carbon appears to limit denitrification. Annual denitrification rates in spring-fed soils (0.74 to 1.43 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)) were up to 5 times greater than in other surface soils, yet these soils accounted for only 1.8% of the catchment's N loss through denitrification because they represent less than 3% of the catchment area. Dry upland soils constituted 71% of the catchment area and accounted for 91% of the catchment's N loss through denitrification. Annual denitrification in the catchment equaled about 65% of stream NO3--N and NH4+-N export and 14% of precipitation NO3--N and NH4+-N inputs. Denitrification appears to be important relative to N input and export in these Catskill catchments. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Ashby, JA (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49905 USA. EM jaashby@mtu.edu RI Bowden, William/J-9219-2014 NR 46 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 30 IS 7 BP 853 EP 864 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00012-1 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZU774 UT WOS:000074233500003 ER PT J AU Bunnell, DB Isely, JJ Burrell, KH Van Lear, DH AF Bunnell, DB Isely, JJ Burrell, KH Van Lear, DH TI Diel movement of brown trout in a southern Appalachian River SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMO-TRUTTA L; HABITAT USE; FOOD LIMITATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; STREAM; TRANSMITTERS; BEHAVIOR; RATES; BROOK AB Radio telemetry was used to monitor the diel movement of 22 brown trout Salmo trutta (268-446 mm in total length, TL) in the Chattooga River watershed. Forty-seven diel tracks, locating individuals once per hour for 24 consecutive hours, were collected for four consecutive seasons. High variability in movement both within and among individual brown trout resulted in similar seasonal means in total distance moved, diel range, and displacement. The majority of fish moved a total distance of less than 80 m within a diel range of less than 80 m and had a displacement of less than 10 m. Brown trout were more likely to occur in pool habitat independent of season or period of the day. Hourly movement patterns differed among seasons. During the winter and fall, trout moved only around sunrise; during the spring, they moved around sunrise, sunset, and intermittently throughout the night. Large brown trout (>375 mm, TL) were found to move greater total distances and establish wider diel ranges than small brown trout. Overall, most brown trout exhibited restricted diel movement within a single riffle-pool or run-pool sequence. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div,US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. OI Bunnell, David/0000-0003-3521-7747 NR 30 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 127 IS 4 BP 630 EP 636 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0630:DMOBTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 109XX UT WOS:000075350600010 ER PT J AU Isely, JJ Eversole, AG AF Isely, JJ Eversole, AG TI Tag retention, growth, and survival of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii marked with coded wire tags SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Juvenile red swamp crayfish (or crawfish), Procambarus clarkii (20-41 mm in total length) were collected from a crayfish culture pond by dipnetting and tagged with sequentially numbered, standard length, binary-coded wire tags. Four replicates of 50 crayfish were impaled perpendicular to the long axis of the abdomen with a fixed needle. Tags were injected transversely into the ventral surface of the first or second abdominal segment and were imbedded in the musculature just beneath the abdominal sternum. Tags were visible upon inspection. Additionally, two replicates of 50 crayfish were not tagged and were used as controls. Growth, survival, and tag retention were evaluated after 7 d in individual containers, after 100 d in aquaria, and after 200 d in field cages. Tag retention during each sample period was 100%, and average mortality of tagged crayfish within 7 d of tagging was 1%. Mortality during the remainder of the study was high (75-91%) but was similar between treatment and control samples. Most of the deaths were probably due to cannibalism. Average total length increased threefold during the course of the study, and crayfish reached maturity. Because crayfish were mature by the end of the study, we concluded that the coded wire tag was retained through the life history of the crayfish. C1 Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Isely, JJ (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 127 IS 4 BP 658 EP 660 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0658:TRGASO>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 109XX UT WOS:000075350600014 ER PT J AU David, MB Cupples, AM Lawrence, GB Shi, G Vogt, K Wargo, PM AF David, MB Cupples, AM Lawrence, GB Shi, G Vogt, K Wargo, PM TI Effect of chronic nitrogen additions on soil nitrogen fractions in red spruce stands SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE forest soil chemistry; forest nitrogen cycling; nitrogen deposition; forest soil nitrogen fractions ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; SULFATE ADDITIONS; NEW-ENGLAND; ECOSYSTEM; MAINE; USA; SATURATION; AMMONIUM; NITRATE AB The responses of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems to increased nitrogen (N) inputs have been varied, and the responses of soil N pools have been difficult to measure. In this study, fractions and pool sizes of N were determined in the forest floor of red spruce stands at four sites in the northeastern U.S. to evaluate the effect of increased N inputs on forest floor N. Two of the stands received 100 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1) for three years, one stand received 34 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1) for six years, and the remaining stand received only ambient N inputs. No differences in total N content or N fractions were measured in samples of the Oie and Oa horizons between treated and control plots in the three sites that received N amendments. The predominant N fraction in these samples was amino acid N (31-45 % of total N), followed by hydrolyzable unidentified N (16-31 % of total N), acid-soluble N (18-22 % of total N), and NH4+-N (9-13 % of total N). Rates of atmospheric deposition varied greatly among the four stands. Ammonium N and amino acid N concentrations in the Oie horizon were positively related to wet N deposition, with respective r(2) values of 0.92 and 0.94 (n = 4, p < 0.05). These relationships were somewhat stronger than that observed between atmospheric wet N deposition and total N content of the forest floor, suggesting that these pools retain atmospherically deposited N. The NH4+-N pool may represent atmospherically deposited N that is incorporated into organic matter, whereas the amino acid N pool could result from microbial immobilization of atmospheric N inputs. The response of forest floor N pools to applications of N may be masked, possibly by the large soil N pool, which has been increased by the long-term input of N from atmospheric deposition, thereby overwhelming the short-term treatments. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP David, MB (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1023/A:1005012400047 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100019 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Ratcliffe, EB AF Peters, NE Ratcliffe, EB TI Tracing hydrologic pathways using chloride at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE chloride; hydrograph separation; Panola Mountain Research Watershed; streamflow; tracer ID HUMID HEADWATER CATCHMENTS; STORM RUNOFF GENERATION; DRY DEPOSITION; NEW-YORK; ADIRONDACK REGION; THROUGHFALL; PRECIPITATION; HILLSLOPE; PIEDMONT; FORESTS AB An analysis of chloride (Cl-) concentrations and fluxes at the 41 ha Panola Mountain Research Watershed indicates that Cl- may be used effectively to differentiate "new" and "old" water flow through the hillslope and their respective contributions to streamwater. Rainfall and throughfall, the "new" water inputs, are marked by low Cl- concentrations (<15 mu eq L-1). Stormwater moves rapidly to depth along preferred pathways in a deciduous forest hillslope, as evidenced by low Cl- concentrations (<20 mu eq L-1) in mobile soil water from zero-tension stainless-steel pan lysimeters. "Old" waters, matrix soil waters and groundwater, typically have high Cl- concentrations (>30 mu eg L-1). Timing of soil water transport is not sufficiently rapid to suggest that soil water from this hillslope site (20 m from the stream) contributes to streamwater during individual rainstorms. The source of streamflow, therefore, must be a combination of channel interception, overland flow and soil water from near-channel areas, and runoff from a 3 ha bedrock outcrop in the headwaters. Groundwater contribution to streamflow was estimated using Cl- concentrations of throughfall and groundwater as the two end members for a two-component hydrograph separation. For the study period, groundwater contributed 79 % of the streamflow and from 1985 to 1995, contributed 75 % of the streamflow. Rainfall was the source of 45 % of the Cl- flux from the watershed in the long term; the remaining Cl- is hypothesized to be derived from dry deposition, consistent with the enrichment noted for throughfall. At peak flow during individual rainstorms, "new" water can contribute 95 % of the runoff. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1023/A:1005082332332 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100026 ER PT J AU Bukaveckas, PA Likens, GE Winter, TC Buso, DC AF Bukaveckas, PA Likens, GE Winter, TC Buso, DC TI A comparison of methods for deriving solute flux rates using long-term data from streams in the Mirror Lake Watershed SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE long-term monitoring; Mirror Lake; solute fluxes; stream chemistry; watershed budgets ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; NITROGEN; CHEMISTRY; BUDGETS; SULFUR; FOREST AB Calculation of chemical flux rates for streams requires integration of continuous measurements of discharge with discrete measurements of solute concentrations. We compared two commonly used methods for interpolating chemistry data (time-averaging and flow-weighting) to determine whether discrepancies between the two methods were large relative to other sources of error in estimating flux rates. Flux rates of dissolved Si and SO42- were calculated from 10 years of data (1981-1990) for the NW inlet and outlet of Mirror Lake and for a 40-day period (March 22 to April 30, 1993) during which we augmented our routine (weekly) chemical monitoring with collection of daily samples. The time-averaging method yielded higher estimates of solute flux during high-flow periods if no chemistry samples were collected corresponding to peak discharge. Concentration-discharge relationships should be used to interpolate stream chemistry during changing flow conditions if chemical changes are large. Caution should be used in choosing the appropriate time-scale over which data are pooled to derive the concentration-discharge regressions because the model parameters (slope and intercept) were found to be sensitive to seasonal and inter-annual variation. Both methods approximated solute flux to within 2-10 % for a range of solutes that were monitored during the intensive sampling period. Our results suggest that errors arising from interpolation of stream chemistry data are small compared with other sources of error in developing watershed mass balances. C1 Univ Louisville, Water Resources Lab, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Bukaveckas, PA (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Water Resources Lab, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. OI Bukaveckas, Paul/0000-0002-2636-7818 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 EI 1573-2932 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 277 EP 293 DI 10.1023/A:1005018030515 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100027 ER PT J AU Scherbatskoy, T Shanley, JB Keeler, GJ AF Scherbatskoy, T Shanley, JB Keeler, GJ TI Factors controlling mercury transport in an upland forested catchment SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE biogeochemistry; catchment; input/output budget; Lake Champlain watershed; mercury; forest; stream ID DEPOSITION; LAKE; SOIL; METHYLMERCURY; ATMOSPHERE; WISCONSIN; EXCHANGE; SWEDEN; WATERS AB Total mercury (Hg) deposition and input/output relationships were investigated in an 11-ha deciduous forested catchment in northern Vermont as part of ongoing evaluations of Hg cycling and transport in the Lake Champlain basin. Atmospheric Hg deposition (precipitation + modeled vapor phase downward flux) was 425 mg ha(-1) during the one-year period March 1994 through February 1995 and 463 mg ha(-1) from March 1995 through February 1996. In the same periods, stream export of total Hg was 32 mg ha(-1) and 22 mg ha(-1), respectively. Thus, there was a net retention of Hg by the catchment of 92 % the first year and 95 % the second year. In the first year, 16.9 mg ha(-1) or about half of the annual stream export, occurred on the single day of peak spring snowmelt in April. In contrast, the maximum daily export in the second year, when peak stream flow was somewhat lower, was 3.5 mg ha(-1) during a January thaw. The fate of the Kg retained by this forested catchment is not known. Dissolved (< 0.22 mu m) Hg concentrations in stream water ranged from 0.5-2.6 ng L(-1), even when total (unfiltered) concentrations were greater than 10 ng L(-1) during high flow events. Total Hg concentrations in stream water were correlated with the total organic fraction of suspended sediment, suggesting the importance of organic material in Hg transport within the catchment. High flow events and transport with organic material may be especially important mechanisms for the movement of Hg through forested ecosystems. C1 Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Scherbatskoy, T (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 31 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 427 EP 438 DI 10.1023/A:1005053509133 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100040 ER PT J AU Sumner, DM Rolston, DE Bradner, LA AF Sumner, DM Rolston, DE Bradner, LA TI Nutrient transport and transformation beneath an infiltration basin SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE infiltration basin; recharge basin; nutrients; nitrogen; phosphorus; wastewater; groundwater AB Field experiments were conducted to examine nutrient transport and transformation beneath an infiltration basin used for the disposal of treated wastewater. Removal of nitrogen from infiltrating water by denitrification was negligible beneath the basin, probably because of subsurface aeration as a result of daily interruptions in basin loading. Retention of organic nitrogen in the upper 4.6 m of the unsaturated zone (water table depth of approximately 11 m) during basin loading resulted in concentrations of nitrate as much as 10 times that of the applied treated wastewater, following basin "rest" periods of several weeks, which allowed time for mineralization and nitrification. Approximately 90% of the phosphorus in treated wastewater was removed within the upper 4.6 m of the subsurface, primarily by adsorption reactions, with abundant iron and aluminum oxyhydroxides occurring as soil coatings. A reduction in the flow rate of infiltrating water arriving at the water table may explain the accumulation of relatively coarse (>0.45 mu m), organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus slightly below the water table. Mineralization and nitrification reactions at this second location of organic nitrogen accumulation contributed to concentrations of nitrate as much as three times that of the applied treated wastewater. Phosphorus, which accumulated below the water table, was immobilized by adsorption or precipitation reactions during basin rest periods. C1 US Geol Survey, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA USA. RP Sumner, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 224 W Cent Pkwy,Suite 1006, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 70 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1004 DI 10.2175/106143098X123327 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 106QV UT WOS:000075141100004 ER PT J AU Constantz, J AF Constantz, J TI Interaction between stream temperature, streamflow, and groundwater exchanges in Alpine streams SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UPLAND STREAM; TIME-SERIES; INFILTRATION; CREEK AB Four alpine streams were monitored to continuously collect stream temperature and streamflow for periods ranging from a week to a year. In a small stream in the Colorado Rockies, diurnal variations in both stream temperature and streamflow were significantly greater in losing reaches than in gaining reaches, with minimum streamflow losses occurring early in the day and maximum losses occurring early in the evening. Using measured stream temperature changes, diurnal streambed infiltration rates were predicted to increase as much as 35% during the day (based on a heat and water transport groundwater model), while the measured increase in streamflow loss was 40%. For two large streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, annual stream temperature variations ranged from 0 degrees to 25 degrees C. In summer months, diurnal stream temperature variations were 30-40% of annual stream temperature variations, owing to reduced streamflows and increased atmospheric heating. Previous reports document that one Sierra stream site generally gains groundwater during low flows, while the second Sierra stream site may lose water during low flows. For August the diurnal streamflow variation was 11% at the gaining stream site and 30% at the losing stream site. On the basis of measured diurnal stream temperature variations, streambed infiltration rates were predicted to vary diurnally as much as 20% at the losing stream site. Analysis of results suggests that evapotranspiration losses determined diurnal streamflow variations in the gaining reaches, while in the losing reaches, evapotranspiration losses were compounded by diurnal variations in streambed infiltration. Diurnal variations in stream temperature were reduced in the gaining reaches as a result of discharging groundwater of relatively constant temperature. For the Sierra sites, comparison of results with those from a Small tributary demonstrated that stream temperature patterns were useful in delineating discharges of bank storage following dam releases. Direct coupling may have occurred between streamflow and stream temperature for losing stream reaches, such that reduced streamflows facilitated increased afternoon stream temperatures and increased afternoon stream temperatures induced increased streambed losses, leading to even greater increases in both stream temperature and streamflow losses. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Branch Reg Res, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Constantz, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Branch Reg Res, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-496, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 21 TC 140 Z9 147 U1 6 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1609 EP 1615 DI 10.1029/98WR00998 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZW923 UT WOS:000074461900001 ER PT J AU Yager, RM AF Yager, RM TI Detecting influential observations in nonlinear regression modeling of groundwater flow SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Nonlinear regression is used to estimate optimal parameter values in models of groundwater flow to ensure that differences between predicted and observed heads and flows do not result from nonoptimal parameter values. Parameter estimates can be affected, however, by observations that disproportionately influence the regression, such as outliers that exert undue leverage on the objective function. Certain statistics developed for linear regression can be used to detect influential observations in nonlinear regression if the models are approximately linear. This paper discusses the application of Cook's D, which measures the effect of omitting a single observation on a set of estimated parameter values, and the statistical parameter DFBETAS, which quantifies the influence of an observation on each parameter. The influence statistics were used to (1) identify the influential observations in the calibration of a three-dimensional, groundwater flow model of a fractured-rock aquifer through nonlinear regression, and (2) quantify the effect of omitting influential observations on the set of estimated parameter values. Comparison of the spatial distribution of Cook's D with plots of model sensitivity shows that influential observations correspond to areas where the model heads are most sensitive to certain parameters, and where predicted groundwater flow rates are largest. Five of the six discharge observations were identified Bs influential, indicating that reliable measurements of groundwater flow rates are valuable data in model calibration. DFBETAS are computed and examined for an alternative model of the aquifer system to identify a parameterization error in the model design that resulted in overestimation of the effect of anisotropy on horizontal hydraulic conductivity. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Yager, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 903 Hanshaw Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM ryager@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1623 EP 1633 DI 10.1029/98WR01010 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZW923 UT WOS:000074461900003 ER PT J AU Rice, KC Hornberger, GM AF Rice, KC Hornberger, GM TI Comparison of hydrochemical tracers to estimate source contributions to peak flow in a small, forested, headwater catchment SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MODELING STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; SOILWATER END-MEMBERS; NATURAL TRACER; STORM RUNOFF; WATER; REQUIREMENTS; GROUNDWATER; GENERATION; COMPONENTS; DEUTERIUM AB Three-component (throughfall, soil water, groundwater) hydrograph separations at peak flow were performed on 10 storms over a 2-year period in a small forested catchment in north-central Maryland using an iterative and an exact solution. Seven pairs of tracers (deuterium and oxygen 18, deuterium and chloride, deuterium and sodium, deuterium and silica, chloride and silica, chloride and sodium, and sodium and silica) were used for three-component hydrograph separation for each storm at peak flow to determine whether or not the assumptions of hydrograph separation routinely can be met, to assess the adequacy of some commonly used tracers, to identify patterns in hydrograph-separation results, and to develop conceptual models for the patterns observed. Results of the three-component separations were not always physically meaningful, suggesting that assumptions of hydrograph separation had been violated. Uncertainties in solutions to equations for hydrograph separations were large, partly as a result of violations of assumptions used in deriving the separation equations and partly as a result of improper identification of chemical compositions of end-members. Results of three-component separations using commonly used tracers were widely variable. Consistent patterns in the amount of subsurface water contributing to peak flow (45-100%) were observed, no matter which separation method or combination of tracers was used. A general conceptual model for the sequence of contributions from the three end-members could be developed for 9 of the 10 storms. Overall results indicated that hydrochemical and hydrometric measurements need to be coupled in order to perform meaningful hydrograph separations. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Geol Survey, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Rice, KC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1936 Arlington Blvd,Rm 118, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM kcrice@usgs.gov RI Rice, Karen/A-8945-2013; OI Rice, Karen/0000-0002-9356-5443 NR 35 TC 113 Z9 118 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1755 EP 1766 DI 10.1029/98WR00917 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZW923 UT WOS:000074461900015 ER PT J AU Hupp, JW Robertson, DG AF Hupp, JW Robertson, DG TI Forage site selection by lesser snow geese during autumn staging on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; autumn staging; Chen caerulescens caerulescens; Eriophorum augustifolium; foraging ecology; lesser snow geese ID BRANTA-BERNICLA; NORTHEASTERN ALASKA; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; HABITAT SELECTION; SPRING MIGRATION; ENERGY BUDGETS; GOOSE FLOCKS; FOOD-INTAKE; SALT-MARSH; TUNDRA AB Lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) of the Western Canadian Arctic Population feed intensively for 2-4 weeks on the coastal plain of the Beaufort Sea in Canada and Alaska at the beginning of their autumn migration. Petroleum leasing proposed for the Alaskan portion of the staging area on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) could affect staging habitats and their use by geese. Therefore we studied availability, distribution, and use by snow geese of tall and russett cotton-grass (Eriophorum angustifolium and E. russeolum, respectively) feeding habitats on the ANWR. Mie studied selection of feeding habitats at 3 spatial scales (feeding sites [0.06 m(2)], feeding patches [ca. 100 m(2)], and feeding areas [>1 ha]) during 1990-93. We used logistic regression analysis to discriminate differences in soil moisture and vegetation between 1,548 feeding sites where snow geese exploited individual cotton-grass plants and 1,143 unexploited sites at 61 feeding patches in 1990. Feeding likelihood increased with greater soil moisture and decreased where nonforage species were present. We tested the logistic regression model in 1991 by releasing human-imprinted snow geese into 4 10 x 20-m enclosed plots where plant communities had been mapped, habitats sampled, and feeding probabilities calculated. Geese selected more feeding sites per square meter in areas of predicted high quality feeding habitat (feeding probability greater than or equal to 0.6) than in medium (feeding probability = 0.3-0.59) or poor (feeding probability < 0.3) quality habitat (P < 0.0001). Geese increasingly used medium quality areas and spent more time feeding as trials progressed and forage was presumably reduced in high quality habitats. We examined relationships between underground biomass of plants, feeding probability, and surface microrelief at 474 0.06-m(2) sites in 20 thermokarst pits in 1992. Feeding probability was correlated with the percentage of underground biomass composed of cotton-grass (r = 0.56). Feeding probability and relative availability of cotton-grass forage were highest in flooded soils along the ecotone of flooded and upland habitats. In 1992, we also used the logistic regression model to estimate availability of high quality feeding sites on 192 80 x 90-m plots that were randomly located on 24 study areas. A mean of 1.6% of the area sampled in each plot was classified as high quality feeding habitat at 23 of the study areas. Relative availability of high quality sites was highest in troughs, thermokarst pits, and water tracks because saturated soils in those microreliefs were dominated by cotton-grass. Relative availability of high quality sites was lower in saturated soils of basins (low-centered polygons, wet meadows, and strangmoor) because that microrelief was dominated by Carer spp. Most (63%) of the saturated area on the ANWR coastal plain was in basins. We examined distribution of feeding patches relative to microrelief in 49 snow goose feeding areas in 1993. Only 2.5% of the tundra in each feeding area was exploited by snow geese. Snow geese preferentially fed in thermokarst pits, water tracks, and troughs, and avoided basins and uplands. Feeding areas had more thermokarst pit but less basin microrelief than adjacent randomly-selected areas. Thermokarst pits and water tracks occurred most frequently in regions of the coastal plain where geese were observed most often during aerial surveys (1982-93). Microrelief influenced selection of feeding patches and feeding areas and may have affected snow goose distribution on the ANWR. Potential feeding patches were widely distributed but composed a small percentage (less than or equal to 2.5%) of the tundra landscape and were highly interspersed with less suitable habitat. The Western Canadian Arctic Population probably used a large staging area on the Beaufort Sea coastal plain because snow geese exploited a spatially and temporally heterogeneous resource. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Hupp, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM jerry_hupp@usgs.gov; dgrwest@sinbad.net NR 93 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 5 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD JUL PY 1998 IS 138 BP 5 EP 40 PG 36 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZQ UT WOS:000074988100001 ER PT J AU Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Flather, CH Pollock, KH AF Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Flather, CH Pollock, KH TI Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; POPULATION-SIZE; STABILITY; BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY; EXTINCTIONS; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY AB Understanding the relationship between animal community dynamics and landscape structure has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. In particular, predicting the effects of habitat destruction that confine species to networks of small patches is an important prerequisite to conservation plan development. Theoretical models that predict the occurrence of species in fragmented landscapes, and relationships between stability and diversity do exist. However, reliable empirical investigations of the dynamics of biodiversity have been prevented by differences in species detection probabilities among landscapes. Using longterm data sampled at a large spatial scale in conjunction with a capture-recapture approach, we developed estimates of parameters of community changes over a 22-year period for forest breeding birds in selected areas of the eastern United States. We show that forest fragmentation was associated not only with a reduced number of forest bird species, but also with increased temporal variability in the number of species. This higher temporal variability was associated with higher local extinction and turnover rates. These results have major conservation implications. Moreover, the approach used provides a practical tool for the study of the dynamics of biodiversity. C1 N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Inst Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Boulinier, T (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012; OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 51 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 25 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 23 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 13 BP 7497 EP 7501 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7497 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZW683 UT WOS:000074436400048 PM 9636178 ER PT J AU Echols, KR Gale, RW Feltz, K O'Laughlin, J Tillitt, DE Schwartz, TR AF Echols, KR Gale, RW Feltz, K O'Laughlin, J Tillitt, DE Schwartz, TR TI Loading capacity and chromatographic behavior of a porous graphitic carbon column for polychlorinated biphenyls SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE porous graphitized carbon; environmental analysis; food analysis; column loading capacity; polychlorinated biphenyls; polychlorinated dibenzodioxins; polychlorinated dibenzofurans ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MONO-ORTHO; SEPARATION; PLANAR; PCBS; CHLOROBIPHENYLS; PERFORMANCE; MIXTURES; AROCLOR AB A porous graphitic carbon column (Hypercarb) was used for the fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into classes of 2-4 ortho chlorines, 1 ortho chlorine and 0 ortho chlorine congeners. A method was developed that combined the fractionation of PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in a variety of biotic environmental samples. Many of these samples have high concentrations of PCBs which cause fractionation problems as adsorption sites on the graphitic surface are occupied. The loading capacity of the column for PCBs aias determined by injecting up to 1 mg of total PCBs and monitoring changes in chromatographic behavior of tetra-/di-ortho, mono-ortho and non-ortho substituted PCBs. Effective loading capacities were I mg for tetra-/di-ortho PCBs, but only 3-5 mu g for non-ortho PCBs and about 2 mu g for mono-ortho PCBs. Loading capacity of the PGC column for environmental fish and avian egg samples was determined to depend on the mono-ortho and non-ortho PB levels found in these samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science BSI. All rights reserved. C1 USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, BRD, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Echols, KR (reprint author), USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, BRD, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 19 PY 1998 VL 811 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00241-6 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZX012 UT WOS:000074471400011 ER PT J AU Chin, K Tokaryk, TT Erickson, GM Calk, LC AF Chin, K Tokaryk, TT Erickson, GM Calk, LC TI A king-sized theropod coprolite SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TYRANNOSAURUS REX; BODY-MASS; DINOSAURS; DIGESTION; BONES AB Fossil faeces (coprolites) provide unique trophic perspectives on ancient ecosystems. Yet, although thousands of coprolites have been discovered, specimens that can be unequivocally attributed to carnivorous dinosaurs are almost unknown. A few fossil faeces have been ascribed to herbivorous dinosaurs(1-3), but it is more difficult to identify coprolites produced by theropods because other carnivorous taxa coexisted with dinosaurs and most faeces are taxonomically ambiguous. Thus sizeable (up to 20 cm long and 10 cm wide) phosphatic coprolites from Belgium(4) and India(5,6) that have been attributed to dinosaurs might have been produced by contemporaneous crocodylians(7) or fish. But there is no ambiguity about the theropod origin of the Cretaceous coprolite we report here. This specimen is more than twice as large as any previously reported carnivore coprolite, and its great size and temporal and geographic context indicate that it was produced by a tyrannosaur, most likely Tyrannosaurus rex. The specimen contains a high proportion (30-50%) of bone fragments, and is rare tangible evidence of theropod diet and digestive processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Eastend Fossil Res Stn, Eastend, SK S0N 0T0, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chin, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 975, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 30 TC 87 Z9 95 U1 4 U2 29 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 18 PY 1998 VL 393 IS 6686 BP 680 EP 682 DI 10.1038/31461 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZV288 UT WOS:000074289600051 ER PT J AU Meadows, JC Echols, KR Huckins, JN Borsuk, FA Carline, RF Tillitt, DE AF Meadows, JC Echols, KR Huckins, JN Borsuk, FA Carline, RF Tillitt, DE TI Estimation of uptake rate constants for PCB congeners accumulated by semipermeable membrane devices and brown trout (Salmo trutta) SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BIOCONCENTRATION; FISH; CONTAMINANTS; CHEMICALS; KINETICS; SYSTEMS AB The triolein-filled semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) is a simple and effective method of assessing the presence of waterborne hydrophobic chemicals. Uptake rate constants for individual chemicals are needed to accurately relate the amounts of chemicals accumulated by the SPMD to dissolved water concentrations. Brown trout and SPMDs were exposed to PCB-contaminated groundwater in a spring for 28 days to calculate and compare uptake rates of specific PCB congeners by the two matrixes. Total PCB congener concentrations in water samples from the spring were assessed and corrected for estimated total organic carbon (TOC) sorption to estimate total dissolved concentrations. Whole and dissolved concentrations averaged 4.9 and 3.7 mu g/L, respectively, during the exposure. Total concentrations of PCBs in fish rose from 0.06 to 118.3 mu g/g during the 28-day exposure, while concentrations in the SPMD rose from 0.03 to 203.4 mu g/g. Uptake rate constants (k(1)) estimated for SPMDs and brown trout were very similar, with k(1) values for SPMDs ranging from one to two times those of the fish. The pattern of congener uptake by the fish and SPMDs was also similar. The rates of uptake generally increased or decreased with increasing K-OW, depending on the assumption of presence or absence of TOC. C1 USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, BRD, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, BRD, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Meadows, JC (reprint author), USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, BRD, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM john_meadows@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1847 EP 1852 DI 10.1021/es970850n PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV354 UT WOS:000074296200016 ER PT J AU Shuchman, RA Josberger, EG Russel, CA Fischer, KW Johannessen, OM Johannessen, J Gloersen, P AF Shuchman, RA Josberger, EG Russel, CA Fischer, KW Johannessen, OM Johannessen, J Gloersen, P TI Greenland Sea Odden sea ice feature: Intra-annual and interannual variability SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NIMBUS-7 SMMR; MICROWAVE; WINTER; ZONE; MESOSCALE; NORTH; CONVECTION; REDUCTION; WATER; OCEAN AB The "Odden" is a large sea ice feature that forms in the east Greenland Sea that may protrude eastward to 5 degrees E from the main sea ice pack (at about 8 degrees W) between 73 degrees and 77 degrees N. It generally forms at the beginning of the winter season and can cover 300,000 km(2). Throughout the winter the outer edge of the Odden may advance and retreat by several hundred kilometers on timescales of a few days to weeks. Satellite passive microwave observations from 1978 through 1995 provide a continuous record of the spatial and temporal variations of this extremely dynamic phenomenon. Aircraft synthetic aperture radar, satellite passive microwave, and ship observations in the Odden show that the Odden consists of new ice types, rather than older ice types advected eastward from the main pack. The 17-year record shows both strong interannual and intra-annual variations in Odden extent and temporal behavior. For example, in 1983 the Odden was weak, in 1984 the Odden did not occur, and in 1985 the Odden returned late in the season. An analysis of the ice area and extent time series derived from the satellite passive microwave observations along with meteorological data from the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP) determined the meteorological forcing associated with Odden growth, maintenance, and decay. The key meteorological parameters that are related to the rapid ice formation and decay associated with the Odden are, in order of importance, air temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. Oceanographic parameters must play an important role in controlling Odden formation, but it is not yet possible to quantify this role because of a lack of long-term oceanographic observations. C1 ERIM Int Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48113 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. European Space Agcy, Estec, European Space Res & Technol Ctr, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, N-5037 Bergen, Norway. Univ Puget Sound, US Geol Survey, Ice & Climate Project, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. RP Shuchman, RA (reprint author), ERIM Int Inc, POB 134008, Ann Arbor, MI 48113 USA. NR 47 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 103 IS C6 BP 12709 EP 12724 DI 10.1029/98JC00375 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZU093 UT WOS:000074160900010 ER PT J AU Alt, JC Teagle, DAH Brewer, T Shanks, WC Halliday, A AF Alt, JC Teagle, DAH Brewer, T Shanks, WC Halliday, A TI Alteration and mineralization of an oceanic forearc and the ophiolite-ocean crust analogy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TROODOS OPHIOLITE; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; ISOTOPIC PROFILE; SULFIDE DEPOSIT; STABLE ISOTOPE; CYPRUS; METAMORPHISM; BASALTS; RIDGE; FIELD AB Mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic (O, C, S and Sr) analyses were performed on minerals and bulk rocks from a forearc basement section to understand alteration processes and compare with mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and ophiolites. Ocean Drilling Program Hole 786B in the Izu-Bonin forearc penetrates 103 m of sediment and 725 m into volcanic flows, breccias, and basal dikes. The rocks comprise boninites and andesites to rhyolites. Most of the section was affected by low-temperature (<100 degrees C) seawater alteration, with temperatures increasing downward. The rocks are partly (5-25%) altered to smectite, Fe-oxyhydroxide, calcite, and phillipsite, and exhibit gains of K, Rb, and P, loss of Ca, variable changes iri Si, Na, Mg, Fe, Sr, and Y, and elevated delta(18)O and Sr-87/Sr-86. Higher temperatures (similar to 150 degrees C) in the basal dikes below 750 m led to more intense alteration and formation of chlorite-smectite, corrensite, albite, K-feldspar, and quartz (+/-clhorite). A 5 m thick hydrothermally altered and pyritized zone at 815 m in the basal dikes reacted with mixtures of seawater and hydrothermal fluids to Mg-chlorite, albite, and pyrite, and gained Mg and S and lost Si and Ca. Focused flow of hydrothermal fluids produced sericitization halos (Na-K sericite, quartz, pyrophyllite, K-feldspar, and pyrite) along quartz veins at temperatures of 200 degrees 250 degrees C. High 87Sr/86Sr ratios of chloritized (similar to 0.7055) and sericitized (similar to 0.7065) rocks indicate involvement of seawater via mixing with hydrothermal fluids. Low delta(34)S Of sulfide (-2 to -5.5 parts per thousand) and sulfate (12.5 parts per thousand) are consistent with input of magmatic SO2 into hydrothermal fluids and disproportionation to sulfide and sulfate. Alteration processes were generally similar to those at MORs, but the are section is more intensively altered, in part because of the presence of abundant glassy rocks and mafic phases. The increase in alteration grade below 750 m and the mineralization in the basal dikes are analogous to changes that occur near the base of the volcanic section in MOR and the Troodos ophiolite. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. RP Alt, JC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 2534 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jalt@umich.edu; teagle@umich.edu; pshanks@usgs.gov; anh@umich.edu NR 79 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B6 BP 12365 EP 12380 DI 10.1029/98JB00598 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZU092 UT WOS:000074160800015 ER PT J AU Hurley, JP Cowell, SE Shafer, MM Hughes, PE AF Hurley, JP Cowell, SE Shafer, MM Hughes, PE TI Tributary loading of mercury to Lake Michigan: Importance of seasonal events and phase partitioning SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury; Lake Michigan; loading; particulate matter; rivers ID WISCONSIN USA LAKES; METHYL MERCURY; FRESH-WATER; GREAT-LAKES; DEPOSITION; WETLANDS; SYSTEMS; RIVERS; LEVEL; AREAS AB As a component of a lakewide mass balance study for Lake Michigan, we measured total mercury (Hg-T) concentrations and fluxes in 11 selected tributaries. Unfiltered Hg-T concentrations ranged from 0.56 ng l(-1) at the Pere Marquette River to 182 ng l(-1) at the Fox River. Highest mean Hg-T concentrations were observed in the Fox R., Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, Grand R. and the Kalamazoo R. Mean particulate matter Hg-T content ranged from about 0.1 to 1.5 mu g g(-1), with highest levels from the industrialized basins of the Indiana Harbor and Fox River. Highest tributary loading rates (g day(-1)) were observed from the Fox, Grand, Kalamazoo and St. Joseph Rivers. Increased loading rates during spring melt and summer/fall storm events in these tributaries were generally associated with particulate loading from either sediment resuspension or erosional processes. In contrast, filtered Hg-T represented 80% of the Hg-T flux in the Manistique R., whose watershed is comprised almost entirely of wetlands and forest. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53176 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53719 USA. RP Hurley, JP (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, 1350 Femrite Dr, Monona, WI 53176 USA. EM hurley@engr.wisc.edu RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 34 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUN 10 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 1-3 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00084-9 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU102 UT WOS:000074162000015 ER PT J AU Kuuskraa, VA Schmoker, JW Dyman, TS AF Kuuskraa, VA Schmoker, JW Dyman, TS TI Diverse gas plays lurk in gas resource pyramid SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kuuskraa, VA (reprint author), Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD JUN 8 PY 1998 VL 96 IS 23 BP 123 EP 130 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZT950 UT WOS:000074144700027 ER PT J AU Eberl, DD Drits, VA Srodon, J AF Eberl, DD Drits, VA Srodon, J TI Deducing growth mechanisms for minerals from the shapes of crystal size distributions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTION CSD; FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; KINETICS; ROCKS; CRYSTALLIZATION; DYNAMICS; NUCLEATION; DISPERSION; DOLOMITES AB Crystal size distributions (CSDs) of natural and synthetic samples are observed to have several distinct and different shapes. We have simulated these CSDs using three simple equations: the Law of Proportionate Effect (LPE), a mass balance equation, and equations for Ostwald ripening, The following crystal growth mechanisms are simulated using these equations and their modifications: (1) continuous nucleation and growth in an open system, during which crystals nucleate at either a constant, decaying or accelerating nucleation rate, and then grow according to the LPE; (2) surface-controlled growth in an open system, during which crystals grow With an essentially unlimited supply of nutrients according to the LPE; (3) supply-controlled growth in an open system, during which crystals grow with a specified, limited supply of nutrients according to the LPE; (4) supply- or surface-controlled Ostwald ripening in a closed system, during which the relative rate of crystal dissolution and growth is controlled by differences in specific surface area and by diffusion rate; and (5) supply-controlled random ripening in a closed system, during which the rate of crystal dissolution and growth is random with respect to specific surface area. Each of these mechanisms affects the shapes of CSDs, For example, mechanism (1) above with a constant nucleation rate yields asymptotically-shaped CSDs for which the variance of the natural logarithms of the crystal sizes (beta(2)) increases exponentially with the mean of the natural logarithms of the sizes (alpha). Mechanism (2) yields lognormally-shaped CSDs, for which beta(2) increases linearly with alpha, whereas mechanisms (3) and (5) do not change the shapes of CSDs, with beta 2 remaining constant with increasing alpha. During supply-controlled Ostwald ripening (4), initial lognormally-shaped CSDs become more symmetric, with beta(2) decreasing with increasing alpha. Thus, crystal growth mechanisms often can be deduced by noting trends in alpha versus beta(2) of CSDs for a series of related samples. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst RAN, Moscow 109017, Russia. PAN, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. RP Eberl, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 59 TC 150 Z9 153 U1 0 U2 34 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 298 IS 6 BP 499 EP 533 PG 35 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 106GE UT WOS:000075120900003 ER PT J AU Ainley, DG Jacobs, SS Ribic, CA Gaffney, I AF Ainley, DG Jacobs, SS Ribic, CA Gaffney, I TI Seabird distribution and oceanic features of the Amundsen and southern Bellingshausen seas SO ANTARCTIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; ocean fronts; pack ice edge; seabird biomass; seabird distribution; Southern Ocean ID SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; ANTARCTIC SEABIRDS; BRANSFIELD STRAIT; EMPEROR PENGUINS; ROSS SEA; EL-NINO; PACIFIC; DENSITY; REGION; FRONTS AB We describe the distribution and estimate the abundance of seabirds in the Amundsen and southern Bellingshausen seas, and attempt to identify the mesoscale and larger ocean and ice features that explain the birds' discontinuous occurrence patterns. Our general objective was to assess if ocean fronts, especially near the continental shelf break, enhance feeding opportunities for top trophic-level predators. A variety of subsurface thermohaline fronts occurred on both sides of the shelf break, at shallower depths from west to east, and with warmer and saltier water on their northern sides. Pack ice overlaid some of these fronts, especially in the Amundsen Sea. Seabirds comprised either an ice group in pack ice or in polynyas, or an open-water group in waters north of the pack. In the Amundsen Sea, bird densities were near 0 birds km(-2) in waters overlying the continental shelf, an unexplained pattern found previously in the Ross Sea but not repeated in the Bellingshausen Sea (5 birds km(-2) over the shelf). Both groups were more abundant (densities 3-9 birds km(-2)) near the frontal zones, the ice edge and the shelf break. In the Amundsen Sea, the distribution of ice-group species was related statistically to proximity of fronts and the pack-ice edge, thermocline slope, and depth of the chlorophyll maximum; water-group distribution was related to distance to the fronts and sea-surface temperature. In the Bellingshausen Sea, distribution of both groups was related to distance to the fronts. Many thousands of petrels, found roosting during daylight on icebergs situated near the shelf break, escaped standard census techniques and, thus, are likely to have diluted positive correlations of avian occurrence patterns with physical features of the environment. While the emperor penguin was seen in high numbers and can dive deep enough to forage within the subsurface fronts, those ocean and food-web processes that apparently affect increased food availability for surface and shallow-diving foragers in the frontal regions remain unclear. C1 HT Harvey & Associates, Alviso, CA 95002 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP HT Harvey & Associates, POB 1180, Alviso, CA 95002 USA. EM jarveyecology@worldnet.att.net NR 58 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0954-1020 EI 1365-2079 J9 ANTARCT SCI JI Antarct. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 111 EP 123 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA ZU756 UT WOS:000074231400002 ER PT J AU Welch, AH Lico, MS AF Welch, AH Lico, MS TI Factors controlling As and U in shallow ground water, southern Carson Desert, Nevada SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SEDIMENTS; ADSORPTION; IRON; OXYHYDROXIDES; DISSOLUTION; BINDING; MODEL; SOLUBILITY; CHEMISTRY AB Unusually high As and U concentrations (>100 mu g/L) are widespread in shallow ground water beneath the southern Carson Desert. The high concentrations, which locally exceed 1000 mu g/L, are of concern from a human health standpoint because the shallow ground water is used for domestic supply. Possible affects on wildlife are also of concern because the ground water flows into shallow lakes and marshes within wildlife refuges. Arsenic and U concentrations in ground water of the southern Carson Desert appear to be affected by evaporative concentration, redox reactions, and adsorption. The relation of these elements with Cl suggest that most of the high concentrations can be attributed to evaporative concentration of Carson River water, the primary source of recharge. Some ground water contains higher As and U concentrations that cannot be explained by evaporative concentration alone. Oxidation-reduction reactions, involving metal oxides and sedimentary-organic matter, appear to contribute As, U, inorganic C, Fe and Mn to the ground water. Arsenic in Fe-oxide was confirmed by chemical extraction and is consistent with laboratory adsorption studies. Uranium in both sedimentary-organic C and Fe-oxide coatings has been confirmed by fission tracks and petrographic examination. Arsenic concentrations in the ground water and chemical extracts of aquifer sediments are broadly consistent with adsorption as a control on some dissolved As concentrations. An apparent loss of As from some ground water as evaporative concentration proceeds is consistent with adsorption as a control on As. However, evidence for adsorption should be viewed with caution, because the adsorption model used values for the adsorbent that have not been shown to be valid for the aquifer sediments throughout the southern Carson Desert. Hydrologic and geochemical conditions in the Carson Desert are similar to other areas with high As and U concentrations in ground water, including the Salton Sea basin and southern San Joaquin Valley of California. Hydrologic and geochemical conditions that produced some sandstone-type U-ore deposits, including those in the non-marine, closed-basin sediments of the Morrison Formation near Grants, New Mexico, suggest that the Carson Desert may be a modern analog for those systems. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. RP Welch, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 66 TC 116 Z9 122 U1 2 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 4 BP 521 EP 539 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00083-8 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZX594 UT WOS:000074533900009 ER PT J AU Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Howe, GE Schreier, TM AF Rach, JJ Gaikowski, MP Howe, GE Schreier, TM TI Evaluation of the toxicity and efficacy of hydrogen peroxide treatments on eggs of warm and cool water fishes SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE hydrogen peroxide; fish eggs; safety; saprolegniasis AB The use of hydrogen peroxide in aquaculture is growing and there is a need to develop fundamental guidelines to effectively treat diseased fish. The safety (toxicity) of hydrogen peroxide treatments was determined on eggs of representative warm- and coolwater fish species. Eggs of northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), yellow perch (Pel ca flavescens), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were cultured in egg jars or aquaria. Treatments were initiated with non-eyed eggs and continued until all viable eggs had hatched. Eggs were treated daily for 15 min Monday through Friday with either 0, 500, 1000, 3000, or 6000 mu l l(-1) of hydrogen peroxide. For all species, the mean percent hatch was greater in eggs treated with 1000 mu l l(-1) hydrogen peroxide for 15 min than in the untreated controls. Common carp, lake sturgeon, and paddlefish were the least sensitive to hydrogen peroxide with percent hatch ranging from 40 to 48% in the 6000 mu l l(-1) hydrogen peroxide treatment. Fungal infections reduced or eliminated the hatch in most controls whereas nearly all treated eggs remained free of infection; hydrogen peroxide inhibited fungal infections on fish eggs. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI USA. RP Rach, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI USA. OI Gaikowski, Mark/0000-0002-6507-9341 NR 12 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 165 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00248-8 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 102GL UT WOS:000074916000002 ER PT J AU Grace, JB Wetzel, RG AF Grace, JB Wetzel, RG TI Long-term dynamics of Typha populations SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE competition; life histories; long-term dynamics; Typha; wetland plants ID COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT; CATTAILS TYPHA; LATIFOLIA; SIZE; PLANTS; REPRODUCTION; ANGUSTIFOLIA; MARSHES; GROWTH; FIELD AB The zonation of Typha populations in an experimental pond in Michigan was re-examined 15 years after the original sampling to gain insight into the long-term dynamics. Current distributions of Typha populations were also examined in additional experimental ponds at the site that have been maintained for 23 years. The zonation between T. latifolia and T. angustifolia in the previously studied pond 15 years after the initial sampling revealed that the density and distribution of shoots had not changed significantly. Thus, it appears that previously reported results (based on 7-year old populations) have remained consistent over time, Additional insight into the interaction between these two taxa was sought by comparing mixed and monoculture stands in five experimental ponds that have remained undisturbed for their 23-year history. The maximum depth of T. latifolia, the shallow-water species, was not significantly reduced when growing in the presence of the more flood tolerant T. angustifolia. In contrast, the minimum depth of T. angustifolia was reduced from 0 to 37 cm when in the presence of T. latifolia. When total populations were compared between monoculture and mixed stands, the average density of T. angustifolia shoots was 59.4 percent lower in mixed stands while the density of T. latifolia was 32 percent lower, with T angustifolia most affected at shallow depths (reduced by 92 percent) and ir: latifolia most affected at the deepest depths (reduced by 60 percent). These long-term observations indicate that competitive displacement between Typha taxa has remained stable over time. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Grace, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 61 IS 2 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00056-4 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZX577 UT WOS:000074532200005 ER PT J AU Dohm, JM Anderson, RC Tanaka, KL AF Dohm, JM Anderson, RC Tanaka, KL TI Planetary mapping - Digital structural mapping of Mars SO ASTRONOMY & GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. RP Dohm, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1366-8781 J9 ASTRON GEOPHYS JI Astron. Geophys. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZT881 UT WOS:000074137900012 ER PT J AU Cayan, DR AF Cayan, DR TI Tribute to Jerome Namias: The Scripps era SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Cayan, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 79 IS 6 BP 1089 EP 1095 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1089:TTJNTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZX060 UT WOS:000074475800008 ER PT J AU Stein, RS Hanks, TC AF Stein, RS Hanks, TC TI M >= 6 earthquakes in southern California during the twentieth century: No evidence for a seismicity or moment deficit SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS-FAULT; NORTHERN BAJA-CALIFORNIA; 1987 WHITTIER-NARROWS; 24 NOVEMBER 1987; SOURCE PARAMETERS; GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES; HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES; SUPERSTITION HILLS; SOURCE MECHANISMS; 1857 EARTHQUAKE AB A broadly based report on seismic hazards in southern California (WGCEP, 1995) concluded that the predicted seismicity exceeds that observed since 1850; a subsequent independent analysis argued that infrequent huge (M > 8) earthquakes are needed to explain the low rate of large earthquakes (Jackson, 1996). Frequency-magnitude relationships and earthquake reporting suggest that the 1903 to 1997 catalog we present here, with a b-value of 1.0 and a rate of M greater than or equal to 6 shocks of 0.42 to 0.49 yr(-1), is nearly complete. In contrast, the 1850 to 1994 catalog used by WGCEP is incomplete before the turn of the century, and thus its reported seismicity rate of 0.32 M greater than or equal to 6 shocks yr(-1) is too low. Principally because the WGCEP (1995) model results in b-values of up to 4.0 for regions of lesser and blind faults, the rate of M greater than or equal to 6 shocks off the San Andreas system predicted by the WGCEP (1995) model is three times greater than that observed in this century. Because they obtained b = 0.4 for M < 7.3 and b = 2.2 for M greater than or equal to 7.3 on major faults, their expected rate of M L 7 San Andreas shocks is twice as high as observed. Thus, part of the seismicity and moment discrepancy identified by WGCEP was caused by use of an incomplete catalog, and part was caused by inappropriate b-values. We obtain a southern California moment release rate of 8 to 12 x 10(18) N-m yr(-1), which cannot be distinguished from the moment release estimated by fault slip, or the moment accumulation inferred from plate motions or geodetically measured shear strain. We thus find no evidence for a moment deficit, significant aseismic moment release, or for rare M > 8 earthquakes off the San Andreas fault system. Finally, the number of M greater than or equal to 6 earthquakes per decade does not depart significantly from a Poisson process during this century, and thus we find no evidence that the rate of seismicity is increasing, now or at any other time since 1900. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, MS977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM rstein@usgs.gov; thanks@usgs.gov NR 103 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 635 EP 652 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZU965 UT WOS:000074254300001 ER PT J AU Chouet, B De Luca, G Milana, G Dawson, P Martini, M Scarpa, R AF Chouet, B De Luca, G Milana, G Dawson, P Martini, M Scarpa, R TI Shallow velocity structure of Stromboli Volcano, Italy, derived from small-aperture array measurements of Strombolian tremor SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WAVE-NUMBER METHODS; DENSE ARRAY; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; AMBIENT NOISE; EARTHQUAKES; SITE; ATTENUATION; COHERENCE; EVENTS; FIELDS AB The properties of the tremor wave field at Stromboli are analyzed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed on the north flank of the volcano. The seismometers are configured in two semi-circular arrays with radii of 60 and 150 m and a linear array with length of 600 m.The data are analyzed using a spatiotemporal correlation technique specifically designed for the study of the stationary stochastic wave field of Rayleigh and Love waves generated by volcanic activity and by scattering sources distributed within the island. The correlation coefficients derived as a function of frequency for the three components of motion clearly define the dispersion characteristics for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Love and Rayleigh waves contribute 70% and 30%, respectively, of the surface-wave power. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1000 m/sec at 2 Hz to 350 m/sec at 9 Hz, and those for Love waves range from 800 to 400 m/sec over the same frequency band. These velocities are similar to those measured near Puu Oo on the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, although the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh waves at Stromboli show a stronger dependence on frequency. Such low velocities are consistent with values expected for densely cracked solidified basalt. The dispersion curves are inverted for a velocity model beneath the arrays, assuming those dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Laquila, Italy. Serv Sism Nazl, Rome, Italy. Osservatorio Vesuviano, I-80123 Naples, Italy. RP Chouet, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 38 TC 97 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 653 EP 666 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZU965 UT WOS:000074254300002 ER PT J AU Engdahl, ER van der Hilst, R Buland, R AF Engdahl, ER van der Hilst, R Buland, R TI Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOURCE PARAMETERS; SUBDUCTION ZONE; WAVEFORM DATA; PP-DATA; INVERSION; LOCATION; SEISMICITY; ISC; ELLIPTICITY; REGION AB We relocate nearly 100,000 events that occurred during the period 1964 to 1995 and are well-constrained teleseismically by arrival-time data reported to the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and to the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC), Hypocenter determination is significantly improved by using, in addition to regional and teleseismic P and S phases, the arrival times of PKiKP, PKPdf; and the teleseismic depth phases pP, pwP, and sP in the relocation procedure. A global probability model developed for later-arriving phases is used to independently identify the depth phases. The relocations are compared to hypocenters reported in the ISC and NEIC catalogs and by other sources. Differences In our epicenters with respect to ISC and NEIC estimates are generally small and regionally systematic due to the combined effects of the observing station network and plate geometry regionally, differences in upper mantle travel rimes between the reference earth models used, and the use of later-arriving phases. Focal depths are improved substantially over most other independent estimates, demonstrating (for example) how regional structures such as downgoing slabs can severely bias depth estimation when only regional and teleseismic P arrivals are used to determine the hypocenter. The new data base, which is complete to about Mw 5.2 and includes all events for which moment-tenser solutions are available, has immediate application to high-resolution definition of Wadati-Benioff Zones (WBZs) worldwide, regional and global tomographic imaging, and other studies of earth structure. C1 US Geol Survey, NEIC, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Engdahl, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, NEIC, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM engdahl@gldfs.cr.usgs.gov NR 54 TC 1240 Z9 1291 U1 1 U2 49 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 722 EP 743 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZU965 UT WOS:000074254300008 ER PT J AU Holcomb, LG AF Holcomb, LG TI Spectral structure in the Earth's microseismic background between 20 and 40 seconds SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB The long-term behavior of a narrow band peak near 26 sec in the microseismic background of the Earth has been studied over many years at several sites. The amplitude of this peak has been determined to be a function of the Earth's weather seasons; it is larger during the southern hemisphere winter. In addition, the microseismic background between 20 and 40 sec has been scanned for peaks in the spectra; three more lower-level peaks have been identified with the possible presence of more. C1 US Geol Survey, Albuquerque Seismol Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87115 USA. RP Holcomb, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Albuquerque Seismol Lab, Bldg 10002,KAFB E, Albuquerque, NM 87115 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 744 EP 757 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZU965 UT WOS:000074254300009 ER PT J AU Guatteri, M Spudich, P AF Guatteri, M Spudich, P TI Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; INTEGRAL-EQUATION METHOD; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; FAULT; AFTERSHOCKS; PROPAGATION; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION; MECHANISM AB We investigate the dynamics of rupture at low-stress level. We show that one main difference between the dynamics of high- and low-stress events is the amount of coseismic temporal rake rotation occurring at given points on the fault, Curved striations on exposed fault surfaces and earthquake dislocation models derived from ground-motion inversion indicate that the slip direction may change with time at a point on the fault during dynamic rupture. We use a 3D boundary integral method to model temporal rake variations during dynamic rupture propagation assuming a slip-weakening friction law and isotropic friction, The points at which the slip rotates most are characterized by an initial shear stress direction substantially different from the average stress direction over the fault plane. We show that for a given value of stress drop, the level of initial shear stress (i.e., the fractional stress drop) determines the amount of rotation in slip direction. We infer that seismic events that show evidence of temporal rake rotations are characterized by a low initial shear-stress level with spatially variable direction on the fault (possibly due to changes in fault surface geometry) and an almost complete stress drop. Our models motivate a new interpretation of curved and cross-cutting striations and put new constraints on their analysis, The initial rake is in general collinear with the initial stress at the hypocentral zone, supporting the assumptions made in stress-tensor inversion from first-motion analysis. At other points on the fault, especially away from the hypocenter, the initial slip rake may not be collinear with the initial shear stress, contradicting a common assumption of structural geology. On the other hand, the later part of slip in our models is systematically more aligned with the average stress direction than the early slip. Our modeling suggests that the length of the straight part of curved striations is usually an upper bound of the slip-weakening distance if this parameter is uniform over the fault plane, and the direction of the late part of slip of curved striations should have more weight in the estimate of initial stress direction. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Guatteri, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM patti@pangea.stanford.edu; spudich@usgs.gov NR 37 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 777 EP 789 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZU965 UT WOS:000074254300012 ER PT J AU Hendry, AP Hensleigh, JE Reisenbichler, RR AF Hendry, AP Hensleigh, JE Reisenbichler, RR TI Incubation temperature, developmental biology, and the divergence of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) within Lake Washington SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; CHUM SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATIONS; KETA; MORPHOLOGY; SIZE; GORBUSCHA; PREDATION AB Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) introduced into Lake Washington in the 1930s and 1940s now spawn at several different sites and over a period of more than 3 months. To test for evolutionary divergence within this derived lineage, embryos that would have incubated in different habitats (Cedar River or Pleasure Point Beach) or at different times (October, November, or December in the Cedar River) were reared in the laboratory at 5, 9, and 12.5 degrees C. Some developmental variation mirrored predictions of adaptive divergence: (i) survival at 12.5 degrees C was highest for embryos most likely to experience such temperatures in the wild (Early Cedar), (ii) development rate was fastest for progeny of late spawners (Late Cedar), and (iii) yolk conversion efficiency was matched to natural incubation temperatures. These patterns likely had a genetic basis because they were observed in a common environment and could not be attributed to differences in egg size. The absolute magnitude of divergence in development rates was moderate (Late Cedar embryos emerged only 6 days earlier at 9 degrees C) and some predictions regarding development rates were not supported. Nonetheless our results provide evidence of adaptive divergence in only 9-14 generations. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NW Biol Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hendry, AP (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM ahendry@zoology.ubc.ca RI Hendry, Andrew/C-5765-2008 OI Hendry, Andrew/0000-0002-4807-6667 NR 32 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 14 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 55 IS 6 BP 1387 EP 1394 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-6-1387 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 117WJ UT WOS:000075805400009 ER PT J AU Foote, CJ Brown, GS AF Foote, CJ Brown, GS TI Ecological relationship between freshwater sculpins (genus Cottus) and beach-spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Iliamna Lake, Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR; SLIMY SCULPIN; BRISTOL BAY; RIVER; SYSTEM; TROUT; SIZE AB The interaction between two sculpin species, Cottus cognatus and Cottus aleuticus, and island beach spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was examined in Iliamna Lake, Alaska. We conclude that sculpins actively move to specific spawning beaches and that the initiation of their movements precedes the start of spawning. Sculpin predation on sockeye eggs is positively dependent on sculpin size and on the state of the eggs (fresh versus water hardened), with the largest sculpins able to consume nearly 50 fresh eggs at a single feeding and 130 over a 7-day period. The number of sculpins in sockeye nests is greatest at the beginning of the spawning run, lowest in the middle, and high again at the end, with peak numbers of over 100 sculpins per nest (1 m(2)). We discuss the results in terms of energy flow of marine-derived nutrients into an oligotrophic system and in terms of the coevolution of sockeye spawning behavior and the predatory behavior of sculpins. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98036 USA. US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Foote, CJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Box 35-7980, Seattle, WA 98036 USA. EM cfoote@fish.washington.edu NR 36 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 55 IS 6 BP 1524 EP 1533 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-6-1524 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 117WJ UT WOS:000075805400022 ER PT J AU Barton, BA Rahn, AB Feist, G Bollig, H Schreck, CB AF Barton, BA Rahn, AB Feist, G Bollig, H Schreck, CB TI Physiological stress responses of the freshwater chondrostean paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) to acute physical disturbances SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE confinement; cortisol; handling; lactate; paddlefish; Polyodon spathula; stress ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ACUTE HANDLING STRESS; PLASMA-CORTISOL; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; CONFINEMENT STRESS; RAINBOW-TROUT; STRIPED BASS; COHO SALMON; MARINE TELEOST; GLUCOSE AB Juvenile paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) subjected to various physical disturbances showed significant increases in plasma cortisol and lactate, but little or no change in plasma glucose, chloride or hematocrit. When paddlefish were given a 30 s aerial emersion handling stressor, plasma cortisol increased from 2.2 +/- 0.6 to 11 +/- 1.8 ng ml(-1) in 1 h but had returned to the prestress level by 3 h. Addition of 0.5% NaCl to the recovery tanks had no effect on plasma cortisol changes. Plasma lactate rose from 26 +/- 2.6 to 52 +/- 4.5 mg dl(-1) within 3 h. Plasma cortisol increased to 14 +/- 4.8 ng ml(-1) and plasma lactate rose to 67 +/- 3.7 mg dl(-1) after fish were continuously chased in their home tanks for 1 h; plasma lactate remained elevated for 5 h. In fish severely confined for 6 h in cages with intermittent handling, plasma cortisol rose from 6.2 +/- 1.6 ng ml(-1) to its peak level of 74 +/- 6.3 ng ml(-1) by 2 h, but approached the prestress value after 18 h of recovery. Plasma lactate levels in confined fish increased from 27 +/- 2.7 to 73 +/- 6.9 mg dl(-1) by 3 h but had returned to near-resting levels by 24 h. The results suggest that paddlefish do not exhibit physiological stress responses to physical disturbances similar in magnitude to those previously documented for many teleostean fishes including salmonids, although cortisol was determined to be the principle steroid released during stress. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Dakota, Dept Biol, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gavins Point Natl Fish Hatchery, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. RP Barton, BA (reprint author), Univ S Dakota, Dept Biol, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. NR 61 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 120 IS 2 BP 355 EP 363 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(98)10036-3 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 111TT UT WOS:000075454600020 ER PT J AU Gardner, AL AF Gardner, AL TI Red wolf specimen identity SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Survey Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gardner, AL (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Survey Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 499 EP 499 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.012003499.x PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZT948 UT WOS:000074144500002 ER PT J AU Holmquist, JG Schmidt-Gengenbach, JM Yoshioka, BB AF Holmquist, JG Schmidt-Gengenbach, JM Yoshioka, BB TI High dams and marine-freshwater linkages: Effects on native and introduced fauna in the Caribbean SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEBS; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; PUERTO-RICO; RAIN-FOREST; MONTANE STREAMS; TROPICAL STREAM; WATER SHRIMP; FISH; COMMUNITIES; DISTURBANCE AB Caribbean steams are dominated by a shrimp and a fish assemblage for which amphidromy (eggs or larvae carried to the ocean followed by migration of juveniles upriver) is suspected. Effects of of dams on this assemblage are likely to demonstrate complex interactions as a function of reproductive strategy and type of dam structure. Our goals were to determine (1) whether high dams reduce or eliminate steam corridor permeability with respect to migration, (2) the extent to which permeability is a function of spillway discharge, (3) the relative roles of native fauna and disturbance suppression (in this case, river regulation) as predictors of success by exotic fishes, and (4) the uniformity and extent of obligate amphidromy in this assemblage. We sampled adults and juveniles of shrimps and fishes in Puerto Rican streams via electrofishing and sampled shrimp larvae with drift nets. Replicate stream reaches were assigned to the following five categories: undammed, above or below dams, and with or without water released over spillways. Dams without such discharge were impermeable barriers that eliminated all native fish and shrimp fauna from upstream reaches. Though more permeable, dams with spillway discharge has smaller populations of native species above these structures than below the dams or on undammed streams. Our data on adult and larval distributions, combined with the absence of first-stage shrimp larvae, indicate that amphidromy is obligate for most of the native fauna. Disturbance regime appeared to be a poor predictor of successful invasion by exotics in this system, whereas exotic abundance was consistently inversely related to abundance and species richness of native fauna across all sampling categories. The prevalent amphidromy in these streams provides a tight marine-upland linkage that is disrupted by dams in several ways. We recommend adding shrimp and fishways to dams on these tropical streams. C1 Univ Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Dept Marine Sci, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Caribbean Field Off, Boqueron, PR 00622 USA. RP Holmquist, JG (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Dept Marine Sci, POB 908, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. EM j_holmquist@rumac.upr.clu.edu RI Holmquist, Jeffrey/H-3188-2011 OI Holmquist, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3198-6338 NR 80 TC 117 Z9 130 U1 4 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 621 EP 630 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96427.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZT948 UT WOS:000074144500016 ER PT J AU Nowak, RM Federoff, NE AF Nowak, RM Federoff, NE TI Validity of the red wolf: Response to Roy et al. SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENETIC CHARACTERS; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; HYBRIDIZATION; TAXONOMY C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Federoff, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 722 EP 725 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97287.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZT948 UT WOS:000074144500030 ER PT J AU Slack, JF AF Slack, JF TI The timing and direction of metamorphic fluid flow in Vermont, by A.D.L. Skelton: discussion SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CALCIC PELITIC SCHISTS; EASTERN VERMONT; DOME; USA C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Slack, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 132 IS 1 BP 106 EP 109 DI 10.1007/s004100050408 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA ZZ296 UT WOS:000074715200008 ER PT J AU Hill, BR DeCarlo, EH Fuller, CC Wong, MF AF Hill, BR DeCarlo, EH Fuller, CC Wong, MF TI Using sediment 'fingerprints' to assess sediment-budget errors, North Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, 1991-92 SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE sediment budget; coarse-particle attrition; sediment 'fingerprinting'; tropical geomorphology; highway construction effects; aeolian quartz; Cs-137 ID EROSION; RATES AB Reliable estimates of sediment-budget errors are important for interpreting sediment-budget results. Sediment-budget errors are commonly considered equal to sediment-budget imbalances, which may underestimate actual sediment-budget errors if they include compensating positive and negative errors. We modified the sediment 'fingerprinting' approach to qualitatively evaluate compensating errors in an annual (1991) fine (<63 mu m) sediment budget for the North Halawa Valley, a mountainous, forested drainage basin on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, during construction of a major highway, We measured concentrations of aeolian quartz and Cs-137 in sediment sources and fluvial sediments, and combined concentrations of these aerosols with the sediment budget to construct aerosol budgets. Aerosol concentrations were independent of the sediment budget, hence aerosol budgets were less likely than sediment budgets to include compensating errors. Differences between sediment-budget and aerosol-budget imbalances therefore provide a measure of compensating errors in the sediment budget. The sediment-budget imbalance equalled 25 per cent of the fluvial fine-sediment load. Aerosol-budget imbalances were equal to 19 per cent of the fluvial Cs-137 load and 34 per cent of the fluvial quartz load. The reasonably close agreement between sediment- and aerosol-budget imbalances indicates that compensating errors in the sediment budget were not large and that the sediment-budget imbalance is a reliable measure of sediment-budget error. We attribute at least one-third of the 1991 fluvial fine-sediment load to highway construction. Continued monitoring indicated that highway construction produced 90 per cent of the fluvial fine-sediment load during 1992. Erosion of channel margins and attrition of coarse particles provided most of the fine sediment produced by natural processes. Hillslope processes contributed relatively minor amounts of sediment. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hill, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 677 Ala Moana Blvd,Suite 415, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 56 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 6 BP 493 EP 508 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199806)23:6<493::AID-ESP862>3.0.CO;2-V PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA ZX150 UT WOS:000074484400002 ER PT J AU Franson, JC Petersen, MR Creekmore, LH Flint, PL Smith, MR AF Franson, JC Petersen, MR Creekmore, LH Flint, PL Smith, MR TI Blood lead concentrations of spectacled eiders near the Kashunuk river, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri); threatened; lead; Alaska ID ANAS-RUBRIPES; BLACK DUCKS; EXPOSURE; SHOT; PROTOPORPHYRIN; CANVASBACKS; WATERFOWL; INGESTION; TOXICITY; CADMIUM AB We collected 342 blood samples from spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) on their breeding grounds in western Alaska from late May through to early August 1993-1995. Lead concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.50 p.p.m. wet weight were found in the blood of 20% of the adult female eiders, 2% of the adult males and 6% of the ducklings. Lead was detected (greater than or equal to 0.02 p.p.m.) more frequently in the blood of adult females than in adult males or ducklings and the maximum concentrations were 14.37, 0.50 and 4.28 p.p.m. wet weight, respectively. In adult females, there was a significant difference in the proportion of detectable blood lead concentrations between three collection times (arrival/nesting, hatch and brood rearing), with the highest proportion (92%) occurring at hatch. Nine hens with blood lead concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.50 p.p.m. were captured a second time several weeks to 1 year later. In the hens sampled twice at intervals of several weeks, the blood lead concentrations increased and declined at mean daily rates of 1.10 and 0.94, respectively. The lead concentrations in the blood of adults were not correlated with body weights. Radiographs were taken of 119 eiders and corresponding blood samples from 98 of these birds were analysed for lead. Ingested shot was seen in X-rays of 12 adults and three ducklings and, of the 13 blood samples tested, all had detectable lead concentrations. Of the birds without radiographic evidence of ingested shot, 84% of the adult females, 19% of the adult males and 17% of the ducklings had detectable lead concentrations in their blood. Breeding ground exposure of waterfowl to lead shot is unusual and is of particular concern in spectacled eiders because of their threatened status and declining numbers in western Alaska. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238; Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 175 EP 181 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZN243 UT WOS:000073626200006 ER PT J AU Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH Petkewich, MD Bradley, PM AF Landmeyer, JE Chapelle, FH Petkewich, MD Bradley, PM TI Assessment of natural attenuation of aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater near a former manufactured-gas plant, South Carolina, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE natural attenuation; benzene; toluene; naphthalene ID CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; BIODEGRADATION; NAPHTHALENE; OXIDATION; SULFATE; IRON; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION; ECOSYSTEMS; REDUCTION AB Shallow, anaerobic groundwater near a former manufactured-gas plant (MGP) in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, contains mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs and PAHs, respectively). Between 1994 and 1997, a combination of field, laboratory, and numerical-flow and transport-model investigations were made to assess natural attenuation processes affecting MAH and PAH distributions. This assessment included determination of adsorption coefficients (K-ad) and first-order biodegradation rate constants (K-bio) using aquifer material from the MGP site and adjacent properties. Naphthalene adsorption (K-ad = 1.35 x 10(-7) m(3)/mg) to aquifer sediments was higher than toluene adsorption (K-ad = 9 34 x 10(-10) m(3)/mg), suggesting preferential toluene transport relative to naphthalene. However, toluene and benzene distributions measured in January 1994 were smaller than the naphthalene distribution. This scenario can be explained, in part, by the differences between biodegradation rates of the compounds. Aerobic first-order rate constants of C-14-toluene, C-14-benzene, and C-14-naphthalene degradation were similar (-0.84, -0.03, and 0.88 day(-1), respectively), but anaerobic rate constants were higher for toluene and benzene (-0.002 and -0.00014 day(-1), respectively) than for naphthalene (-0.000046 day(-1)). Both areal and cross-sectional numerical simulations were used to test the hypothesis suggested by these rate differences that MAH compounds will be contained relative to PAHs. Predictive simulations indicated that the distributions of toluene and benzene reach steady-state conditions before groundwater flow lines discharge to an adjacent surface-water body, but do discharge low concentrations of naphthalene. Numerical predictions were "audited" by measuring concentrations of naphthalene, toluene, and benzene at the site in early 1997. Measured naphthalene and toluene conentrations were substantially reduced and the areal extent of contamination smaller than was both observed in January 1994 and predicted for 1997. Measured 1997 benzene concentrations and distribution were shown to be relatively unchanged f rom those measured in 1994, and similar to predictions for 1997. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Landmeyer, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 279 EP 292 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA ZZ496 UT WOS:000074735200003 ER PT J AU Engle, VD Summers, JK AF Engle, VD Summers, JK TI Determining the causes of benthic condition SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID ACID VOLATILE SULFIDE; MOBILE-BAY; SEDIMENTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; ESTUARIES; CADMIUM; MARINE AB A benthic index for northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries has been developed and successfully validated by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) in the Louisianian Province. The benthic index is a useful and valid indicator of estuarine condition that is intended to provide environmental managers with a simple tool for assessing the ecological condition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Associations between the benthic index and indicators of hypoxia, sediment contamination, and sediment toxicity were investigated to determine the most probable cause(s) of degraded benthic condition. The results showed that, on a local scale, the associations between the benthic index and potential environmental causes differed among estuaries. In Pensacola Bay, FL, for example, there was a significant association between the levels of toxic chemicals (e.g. DDT, silver, and TBT) in the sediment and the benthic index, especially in the bayous which have known sediment contamination problems. In Mobile Bay, however, degraded benthic communities were more closely associated with eutrophication and hypoxia. Nevertheless, a benthic index is a valuable tool for identifying areas that could be already degraded and tracking the status of environmental condition in large geographical regions. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gulf Breeze Project Off, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Engle, VD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gulf Breeze Project Off, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 381 EP 397 DI 10.1023/A:1005932630259 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600031 ER PT J AU Vogelmann, JE Sohl, TL Campbell, PV Shaw, DM AF Vogelmann, JE Sohl, TL Campbell, PV Shaw, DM TI Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID UNITED-STATES AB As part of the activities of the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Interagency Consortium, an intermediate-scale land cover data set is being generated for the conterminous United States. This effort is being conducted on a region-by-region basis using U.S. Standard Federal Regions. To date, land cover data sets have been generated for Federal Regions 3 (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware) and 2 (New York and New Jersey). Classification work is currently under way in Federal Region 4 (the southeastern United States), and land cover mapping activities have been started in Federal Regions 5 (the Great Lakes region) and 1 (New England). It is anticipated that a land cover data set for the conterminous United States will be completed by the end of 1999. A standard land cover classification legend is used, which is analogous to and compatible with other classification schemes. The primary MRLC regional classification scheme contains 23 land cover classes. The primary source of data for the project is the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) sensor. For each region, TM scenes representing both leaf-on and leaf-off conditions are acquired, preprocessed, and georeferenced to MRLC specifications. Mosaicked data are clustered using unsupervised classification, and individual clusters are labeled using aerial photographs. Individual clusters that represent more than one land cover unit are split using spatial modeling with multiple ancillary spatial data layers (most notably, digital elevation model, population, land use and land cover, and wetlands information). This approach yields regional land cover information suitable for a wide array of applications, including landscape metric analyses, land management, land cover change studies, and nutrient and pesticide runoff modeling. C1 USGS, Hughes STX Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Vogelmann, JE (reprint author), USGS, Hughes STX Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Sohl, Terry/0000-0002-9771-4231; Vogelmann, James/0000-0002-0804-5823 NR 24 TC 153 Z9 159 U1 2 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 415 EP 428 DI 10.1023/A:1005996900217 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600033 ER PT J AU Murdoch, PS Burns, DA Lawrence, GB AF Murdoch, PS Burns, DA Lawrence, GB TI Relation of climate change to the acidification of surface waters by nitrogen deposition SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SULFUR MINERALIZATION; NET NITROGEN; NEW-YORK; NITRATE; MOUNTAINS; TRANSPORT AB Abrupt increases and decreases in mean seasonal and annual stream NO3- concentrations during the period of record (1983-1995) at Biscuit Brook, a headwater stream in the Catskill Mountains of New York, have provided an opportunity to study the biogeochemical processes that control NO3- movement through forested watersheds. The Catskills receive the highest rate of NO3- deposition in the New York and New England region of the United States, and many streams have measurable NO3- concentrations throughout the growing season. Correlations between deposition and stream NO3- concentrations are not statistically significant. Stream NO3- concentrations are positively correlated with mean annual air temperature, suggesting that on a year-to-year basis rates of N mineralization and nitrification rather than deposition or vegetation uptake are the primary factors controlling nitrogen leaching from forests where nitrogen in excess of the biological demand is available. Results from nitrification and stable isotope studies are consistent with this conclusion. These data suggest that the release of NO3- to Catskill surface waters and the associated acidification would be enhanced in the short term through increases in mean annual air temperature. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Murdoch, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM pmurdoch@usgs.gov RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 39 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1642 EP 1647 DI 10.1021/es9708631 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZR951 UT WOS:000074032700032 ER PT J AU Sahoo, D Smith, JA Imbrigiotta, TE Mclellan, HM AF Sahoo, D Smith, JA Imbrigiotta, TE Mclellan, HM TI Surfactant-enhanced remediation of a trichloroethene-contaminated aquifer. 2. Transport of TCE SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SAND AQUIFER; NEW-JERSEY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; UNSATURATED-ZONE; POROUS-MEDIA; SORPTION; SOIL; DESORPTION AB Field studies were conducted under an induced gradient in a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, to study(a)the rate-limited desorption of TCE from aquifer sediments to water and (b) the effect of a surfactant (Triton X-100) on the desorption and transport of TCE. Clean water was injected into the contaminated aquifer for 206 day. Triton X-100 was added for a 36-day period (days 36-71 from the start of clean water injection). The effect of Triton X-100 on the desorption and transport of TCE in the field was examined by observing the concentrations of these two solutes in four monitoring wells 3-9 m from the injection wells. These data show a small but discernible increase in the TCE concentration in two of the wells corresponding approximately to the time when surfactant reaches the wells; in the other two monitoring wells, the increase in TCE concentration is negligible. A solute transport model that assumes local sorption equilibrium and used a laboratory-derived distribution coefficient could not adequately describe TCE desorption and transport observed in the aquifer. Two model formulations that accounted for rate-limited sorption-two-site and multisite models-fit the data well. TCE concentrations after surfactant injection were underpredicted by the models unless mass transfer rate was increased to account for the effect of surfactant on the rate of TCE desorption. The concentration data from the two wells and the model analysis suggest that the rate of TCE desorption is increased (by approximately 30%) as a result of Triton X-100 injection. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Program Interdisciplinary Res Contaminant Hydroge, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. US Geol Survey, W Trenton, NJ 08628 USA. RP Smith, JA (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Program Interdisciplinary Res Contaminant Hydroge, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM jas9e@virginia.edu RI Smith, James/B-4617-2011 NR 39 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1686 EP 1693 DI 10.1021/es970722z PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZR951 UT WOS:000074032700039 ER PT J AU Kalkhoff, SJ Kolpin, DW Thurman, EM Ferrer, I Barcelo, D AF Kalkhoff, SJ Kolpin, DW Thurman, EM Ferrer, I Barcelo, D TI Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides: The prevalence of sulfonic and oxanilic acid metabolites in Iowa groundwaters and surface waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ALACHLOR; IMMUNOASSAY; METOLACHLOR; TRANSPORT; SOIL AB Water samples were collected from 88 municipal wells throughout Iowa during the summer and were collected monthly at 12 stream sites in eastern Iowa from March to December 1996 to study the occurrence of the sulfonic and oxanilic metabolites of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. The sulfonic and oxanilic metabolites were present in almost 75% of the groundwater samples and were generally present from 3 to 45 times more frequently than their parent compounds. In groundwater, the median value of the summed concentrations of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor was less than 0.05 mu g/L, and the median value of the summed concentrations of the six metabolites was 1.2 mu g/L. All surface water samples contained at least one detectable metabolite compound. Individual metabolites were detected from 2 to over 100 times more frequently than the parent compounds. In surface water, the median value of the summed concentrations of the three parent compounds was 0.13 mu g/L, and the median value of the summed concentrations of the six metabolites was 6.4 mu g/L. These data demonstrate the importance of analyzing both parent compounds and metabolites to more fully understand the environmental fate and transport of herbicides in the hydrologic system. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66046 USA. CSIC, Cid, Dept Environm Chem, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. RP Kalkhoff, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; Ferrer, Imma/A-8161-2008; OI Ferrer, Imma/0000-0002-8730-7851; Barcelo, Damia/0000-0002-8873-0491; Kalkhoff, Stephen/0000-0003-4110-1716 NR 20 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1738 EP 1740 DI 10.1021/es971138t PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZR951 UT WOS:000074032700046 ER PT J AU Johnson, BT Long, ER AF Johnson, BT Long, ER TI Rapid toxicity assessment of sediments from estuarine ecosystems: A new tandem in vitro testing approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment toxicity; genotoxicity; in vitro testing; estuarines; toxicity screening ID ASSAY; GENOTOXICITY; ACTIVATION; BIOASSAYS; MICROTOX; BACTERIA; MUTATOX; EMBRYO AB Microtox(R) and Mutatox(R) were used to evaluate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity, respectively, of organic sediment extracts from Pensacola Bay and St. Andrew Bay, two estuaries that cover about 273 and 127 km(2), respectively, along the Gulf coast of Florida, USA. The sensitivity and selectivity of these two bioluminescent toxicity assays were demonstrated in validation studies with over 50 pesticides, genotoxins, and industrial pollutants, both as single compounds and in complex mixtures. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of insecticides, petroleum products, and polychlorinated biphenyls determined by Microtox all tended to group around the mean EC50 value of 1.2 (0.8) mg/L. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sensitivity of Mutatox was in general similar to that reported in the Ames test. Surficial sediment samples were collected, extracted with dichloromethane, evaporated and concentrated under nitrogen, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, assayed for acute toxicity and genotoxicity, and compared with reference sediments. Samples with low EC50 values, and determined to be genotoxic, were detected in Massalina Bayou, Watson Bayou, East Bay, and St. Andrew Bay-East in St. Andrew Bay as well as Bayou Grande, Bayou Chico, and Bayou Texar in Pensacola Bay. An overview of these data Lets analyzed by Spearman rank correlation showed a significant correlation between acute toxicity and genotoxicity (p < 0.05). Microtox and Mutatox in tandem was a sensitive, cost-effective, and rapid (<24 h) screening tool that identified troublesome areas of pollution and assessed the potential sediment toxicity of lipophilic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Envirom & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NOAA, Coastal Monitoring & Bioeffects Assessment Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Johnson, BT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Envirom & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 42 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1099 EP 1106 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1099:RTAOSF>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZN878 UT WOS:000073692600016 ER PT J AU Cooper, JE Rulifson, RA Isely, JJ Winslow, SE AF Cooper, JE Rulifson, RA Isely, JJ Winslow, SE TI Food habits and growth of juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID ESTUARY; OTOLITH AB Juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis, collected in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, during 1988-1992 were examined for food habits and growth. Ages estimated from otoliths collected in 1990-1992 were used to determine individual spawning dates and growth in total length and weight. The majority of striped bass examined had been spawned in mid-May 1990, mid-May to early June 1991, and June to early July 1992. Mysid shrimp was the dominant prey taxon and was consumed in all size classes examined. Mysid shrimp were consumed at twice the rate of copepods and 10 times more frequently than cladocerans. Fishes were a minor prey taxon. The number of mysid shrimp consumed increased with increasing length of striped bass. A higher percentage of mysid shrimp were consumed in the more saline waters of the central sound than in the less saline western sound. The opposite trend was found for consumed fishes. Increases in total length were linear from July to October, but increases in weight were not Weight increased less rapidly in younger striped bass and more rapidly in older striped bass than either length or age. Quadratic and logarithmic equations accurately predicted weight from measures of total length but weight could not be predicted from age nor could age be predicted from total length. Estimating growth from total length at time of capture may be comparing fish of different ages. Age estimation from otoliths allowed us to determine that growth rates were similar among years and that differences in observed total length over time were due to different spawning times and not grow-th rates. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. E Carolina Univ, Inst Coastal & Marine Resources, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. Clemson Univ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. N Carolina Div Marine Fisheries, Elizabeth City, NC 27909 USA. RP Cooper, JE (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 307 EP 317 DI 10.2307/1352477 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 109RA UT WOS:000075335900010 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD AF Lewan, MD TI Reply to the comment by A.K. Burnham on "Experiments on the role of water in petroleum formation" SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Editorial Material ID OIL-SHALE PYROLYSIS; KINETIC-PARAMETERS; HYDROCARBON GENERATION; ACTIVATION-ENERGY; MONTEREY KEROGEN; UINTA BASIN; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; MATURATION; EXPULSION C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lewan, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 12 BP 2211 EP 2216 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 109JA UT WOS:000075317300018 ER PT J AU Goff, F Janik, CJ Delgado, H Werner, C Counce, D Stimac, JA Siebe, C Love, SP Williams, SN Fischer, T Johnson, L AF Goff, F Janik, CJ Delgado, H Werner, C Counce, D Stimac, JA Siebe, C Love, SP Williams, SN Fischer, T Johnson, L TI Geochemical surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; IZTACCIHUATL VOLCANO; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; YOUNGER ANDESITES; BASALTIC MAGMA; INCLUSIONS; CALIFORNIA; EMISSIONS; PETROLOGY; DIOXIDE AB Surveillance of Popocatepetl volcanic plume geochemistry and SO2 flux began in early 1994 after fumarolic and seismic activity increased significantly during 1993, Volatile traps placed around the summit were collected at near-monthly intervals until the volcano erupted on December 21, 1994, Additional trap samples were obtained in early 1996 before the volcano erupted again, emplacing a small dacite dome in the summit crater. Abundances of volatile constituents (ppm/day of CL, S-total, F, CO2, Hg, and As) varied, but most constituents were relatively high in early and late 1994, However, ratios of these constituents to Cl were highest in mid-1994, delta(34)S-S-total in trap solutions ranged from 1.5 parts per thousand to 6.4 parts per thousand; lowest values generally occurred during late 1994, delta(13)C-CO2 of trap solutions were greatly contaminated with atmospheric CO2 and affected by absorption kinetics. When trap data are combined with SO2 flux measurements made through November 1996, Popocatepetl released about 3.9 Mt SO2, 16 Mt CO2, 0.75 Mt HCl, 0.075 Mt HF, 260 t As, 2.6 t Hg, and roughly 200 Mt H2O. Near-vent gas concentrations in the volcanic plume measured by correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) commonly exceed human recommended exposure limits and may constitute a potential health hazard. Volatile geochemistry combined with petrologic observations and melt-inclusion studies show that mafic magma injection into a preexisting silicic chamber has accompanied renewed volcanism at Popocatepetl. Minor assimilation of Cretaceous wall rocks probably occurred in mid-1994. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Goff, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM fraser@lanl.gov RI Delgado Granados, Hugo/J-3056-2013; OI Delgado Granados, Hugo/0000-0001-5263-7968; Siebe, Claus/0000-0002-3959-9028 NR 67 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 6 BP 695 EP 710 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0695:GSOMVA>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZU539 UT WOS:000074208200001 ER PT J AU Pinter, N Lueddecke, SB Keller, EA Simmons, KR AF Pinter, N Lueddecke, SB Keller, EA Simmons, KR TI Late Quaternary slip on the Santa Cruz Island fault, California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; WHITTIER-NARROWS EARTHQUAKE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PREHISTORIC EARTHQUAKES; CROSS-SECTION; ANDREAS FAULT; SERIES AGES; SEA LEVELS; DEFORMATION; CORALS AB The style, timing, and pattern of slip on the Santa Cruz Island fault were investigated by trenching the fault and by analysis of offset late Quaternary landforms. A trench excavated across the fault at Christi Beach, on the western coast of the island, exposed deformation of latest Pleistocene to Holocene sediments and pre-Quaternary rocks, recording repeated large-magnitude rupture events. The most recent earthquake at this site occurred ca. 5 ka. Coastal terraces preserved on western Santa Cruz Island have been dated using the uranium-series technique and by extrapolation using terrace elevations and the eustatic record. Offset of terraces and other landforms indicates that the Santa Cruz Island fault is predominantly left lateral, having a horizontal slip rate of not more than 1.1 mm/yr and probably about 0.8 mm/yr. The fault also has a smaller reverse component, slipping at a rate of between 0.1 and 0.2 mm/yr. Combined with measure ments of slip per event, this information suggests a long-term average recurrence interval of at least 2.7 k.y. and probably 4-5 k.y., and average earthquake magnitudes of Mw 7.2-7.5. Sense of slip, recurrence interval, and earthquake magnitudes calculated here for the Santa Cruz Island fault are very similar to recent results for other faults along the southern margin of the western Transverse Range, including the Malibu Coast fault, the Santa Monica fault, the Hollywood fault, and the Raymond fault, supporting the contention that these faults constitute a continuous and linked fault system, which is characterized by large but relatively infrequent earthquakes. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ Museum, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM npinter@geo.siu.edu NR 58 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 6 BP 711 EP 722 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0711:LQSOTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZU539 UT WOS:000074208200002 ER PT J AU Bohannon, RG Geist, E AF Bohannon, RG Geist, E TI Upper crustal structure and Neogene tectonic development of the California continental borderland SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; SAN-ANDREAS TRANSFORM; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; CAJON-PASS; HEAT-FLOW; ROTATIONS; EVOLUTION; MODEL; PACIFIC; COMPLEX AB Multichannel seismic-reflection data, sonobuoy seismic-refraction data, and regional geology are used to define the upper crustal structure of the southern California continental borderland and to delineate the characteristics of the main lithotectonic belts of the region. The Catalina Schist belt is separated on its west side from the gently deformed Nicolas forearc belt by faults that have steep west dips and pronounced normal separations. On its east side the schist belt is bounded by a large detachment fault that dips gently to the east beneath the west edge of the Peninsular Ranges belt at the coastline near Oceanside. The Catalina Schist was uplifted from middle crustal depths and exposed during a major event of extensional tectonism that started in early Miocene time in conjunction with about 10 degrees of clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges belt. Part of the uplift of the Catalina Schist could have occurred on the detachment fault, but it is thought to have mostly occurred on the steep faults that bound the west edge of the schist belt. A large amount of uplift is required, and it probably involved strong footwall flexural deformation in the wake of the translating and rotating western Transverse Ranges and Nicolas forearc belts. Extension, accompanied by probable large amounts of right slip, continued in the borderland region during and after middle Miocene time. The later stage of extension was accompanied by rapid clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges of at least 90 degrees. Most of the borderland, including the belt of schist that was uplifted in early Miocene time, was further deformed into numerous basins and ridges during this stage of oblique extension. The primary driving force for the deformation is thought to have been derived from the rapid northwest motion of the Pacific plate after it had become coupled to the Farallon plate system, which had previously been subducted beneath the borderland. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bohannon, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 66 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 6 BP 779 EP 800 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0779:UCSANT>2.3.CO;2 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZU539 UT WOS:000074208200007 ER PT J AU Grantz, A Clark, DL Phillips, RL Srivastava, SP Blome, CD Gray, LB Haga, H Mamet, BL McIntyre, DJ McNeil, DH Mickey, MB Mullen, MW Murchey, BI Ross, CA Stevens, CH Silberling, NJ Wall, JH Willard, DA AF Grantz, A Clark, DL Phillips, RL Srivastava, SP Blome, CD Gray, LB Haga, H Mamet, BL McIntyre, DJ McNeil, DH Mickey, MB Mullen, MW Murchey, BI Ross, CA Stevens, CH Silberling, NJ Wall, JH Willard, DA TI Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN ALASKA; ALPHA-RIDGE; ANTARCTICA; AUSTRALIA; EVOLUTION; MARGIN AB Cores from Northwind Ridge, a high-standing continental fragment in the Chukchi borderland of the oceanic Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, contain representatives of every Phanerozoic system except the Silurian and Devonian systems. Cambrian and Ordovician shallow-water marine carbonates in Northwind Ridge are similar to basement rocks beneath the Sverdrup basin of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Upper Mississippian(?) to Permian shelf carbonate and spicularite and Triassic turbidite and shelf lutite resemble coeval strata in the Sverdrup basin and the western Arctic Alaska basin (Hanna trough). These resemblances indicate that Triassic and older strata in southern Northwind Ridge were attached to both Arctic Canada and Arctic Alaska prior to the rifting that created the Amerasia basin. Late Jurassic marine lutite in Northwind Ridge was structurally isolated from coeval strata in the Sverdrup and Arctic Alaska basins by rift shoulders and grabens, and is interpreted to be a riftogenic deposit. This lutite may be the oldest deposit in the Canada basin. A cap of late Cenomanian or Turonian rhyodacite air-fall ash that lacks terrigenous material shows that Northwind Ridge was structurally isolated from the adjacent continental margins by earliest Late Cretaceous time. Closing Amerasia basin by conjoining seafloor magnetic anomalies beneath the Canada basin or by uniting the pre-Jurassic strata of Northwind Ridge with kindred sections in the Sverdrup basin and Hanna trough yield similar tectonic reconstructions. Together with the orientation and age of rift-margin structures, these data suggest that (1) prior to opening of the Amerasia basin, both northern Alaska and the continental ridges of the Chukchi borderland were part of North America, (2) the extension that created the Amerasia basin formed rift-margin grabens beginning the Early Jurassic time and new oceanic crust probably beginning in Late Jurassic or early Neocomian time. Reconstruction of the Amerasia basin on the basis of the stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge and sea-floor magnetic anomalies in the Canada basin accounts in a general way for the major crustal elements of the Amerasia basin, including the highstanding ridges of the Chukchi borderland, and supports S.W. Carey's hypothesis that the Amerasia basin is the product of anticlockwise rotational rifting of Arctic Alaska from North America. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4AZ, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Micropaleo Consultants Inc, Encinitas, CA 92094 USA. Univ Montreal, Dept Geol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Geol Survey Canada, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada. San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95102 USA. GeoBioStrat, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Grantz, A (reprint author), 930 Van Auken Circle, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. NR 87 TC 112 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 6 BP 801 EP 820 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0801:PSONRM>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZU539 UT WOS:000074208200008 ER PT J AU Bell, JW Brune, JN Liu, TZ Zreda, M Yount, JC AF Bell, JW Brune, JN Liu, TZ Zreda, M Yount, JC TI Dating precariously balanced rocks in seismically active parts of California and Nevada SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CL-36 PRODUCTION-RATES; VARNISH MICROLAMINATIONS; TERRESTRIAL ROCKS; ACCUMULATION; DESERT AB Precariously balanced boulders that could be knocked down by strong earthquake ground motion are found in some seismically active areas of southern California and Nevada In this study we used two independent surface-exposure dating techniques-rock-varnish microlamination and cosmogenic (CI)-C-36 dating methodologies-to estimate minimum-and maximum-limiting ages, respectively, of the precarious boulders and by inference the elapsed time since the sites were shaken down. The results of the exposure dating indicate that all of the precarious rocks are >10.5 ka and that some may be significantly older At Victorville and Jacumba, California, these results show that the precarious rocks have not been knocked do,vn for at least 10.5 ky., a conclusion in apparent conflict with some commonly used probabilistic seismic hazard maps. At Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the ages of the precarious rocks are >10.5 to >27.0 ka, providing an independent measure of the minimum time elapsed since faulting occurred on the Solitario Canyon fault. C1 Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Seismol Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Global Change & Climate Hist Team, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Bell, JW (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Nevada Bur Mines & Geol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 495 EP 498 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0495:DPBRIS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZU542 UT WOS:000074208500004 ER PT J AU Johnson, GH Kruse, SE Vaughn, AW Lucey, JK Hobbs, CH Powars, DS AF Johnson, GH Kruse, SE Vaughn, AW Lucey, JK Hobbs, CH Powars, DS TI Postimpact deformation associated with the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure in southeastern Virginia SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRATER AB Upper Cenozoic strata covering the Chesapeake Bay impact structure in southeastern Virginia record intermittent differential movement around its buried rim. Miocene strata in a graben detected by seismic surveys on the York River exhibit variable thickness and are deformed above the crater rim. Fan-like interformational and intraformational angular unconformities within Pliocene-Pleistocene strata, which strike parallel to the crater rim and dip 2 degrees-3 degrees away from the crater center, indicate that deformation and deposition were synchronous. Concentric, large-scale crossbedded, bioclastic sand bodies of Pliocene age within similar to 20 km of the buried crater rim formed on offshore shoals, presumably as subsiding listric slump blocks rotated near the crater rim. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Geol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. RP Johnson, GH (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Geol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 507 EP 510 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0507:PDAWTL>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZU542 UT WOS:000074208500007 ER PT J AU Colman, SM AF Colman, SM TI Water-level changes in Lake Baikal, Siberia: Tectonism versus climate SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Relative changes in the level of Lake Baikal, amounting to hundreds of meters in Quaternary time, are well documented. Data presented here show that tectonic displacements of the lake outlet or former shoreline features are entirely sufficient to explain these relative lake-level changes. In contrast, the morphology and hydrology of the lake make its level hydrologically insensitive to climate change. Available evidence indicates that, throughout the past several hundred thousand years, Lake Baikal was a dilute, through-flowing lake controlled by the level of its outlet. On the basis of geologic data alone, climatic effects on lake level, whatever their magnitude, are difficult to separate from those caused by active rift tectonism, However, consideration of (1) the hydrologic budget of the lake and (2) the configuration of the outlet suggests that potential lake-level fluctuations due solely to climate change mere less than about 2 m. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Colman, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 531 EP 534 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0531:WLCILB>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZU542 UT WOS:000074208500013 ER PT J AU Dean, WE Gorham, E AF Dean, WE Gorham, E TI Magnitude and significance of carbon burial in lakes, reservoirs, and peatlands SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTS; MINNESOTA; WATER AB Globally, lakes are currently accumulating organic carbon (OC) at an estimated annnal rate of about 42 Tg.yr(-1). Most of the OC in all but the most oligotrophic of these lakes is autochthonous, produced by primary production in the lakes. The sediments of reservoirs accumulate an additional 160 Tg annually, and peatlands contribute 96 Tg annually. These three carbon pools collectively cover less than 2% of the Earth's surface and constitute a carbon sink of about 300 Tg.yr(-1). Although the oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface, they accumulate OC at a rate of only about 100 Tg.yr(-1). C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dean, WE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 33 TC 226 Z9 253 U1 9 U2 95 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 535 EP 538 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0535:MASOCB>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZU542 UT WOS:000074208500014 ER PT J AU Gerlach, TM Doukas, MP McGee, KA Kessler, R AF Gerlach, TM Doukas, MP McGee, KA Kessler, R TI Three-year decline of magmatic CO2 emissions from soils of a Mammoth Mountain tree kill: Horseshoe Lake, CA, 1995-1997 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; FLUXES AB We used the closed chamber method to measure soil CO2 efflux over a three-year period at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill (HLTK)-the largest tree kill on Mammoth Mountain in central eastern California. Efflux contour maps show a significant decline in the areas and rates of CO2 emission from 1995 to 1997. The emission rate fell from 350 t d(-1) (metric tons per day) in 1995 to 130 t d(-1) in 1997. The trend suggests a return to background soil CO2 efflux levels by early to mid 1999 and may reflect exhaustion of CO2 in a deep reservoir of accumulated gas and/or mechanical closure or sealing of fault conduits transmitting gas to the surface. However, emissions rose to 220 t d(-1) on 23 September 1997 at the onset of a degassing event that lasted until 5 December 1997. Recent reservoir recharge and/or extension-enhanced gas flow may have caused the degassing event. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Gerlach, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. NR 13 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1947 EP 1950 DI 10.1029/98GL01298 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZR962 UT WOS:000074033800048 ER PT J AU Villasenor, A Benz, HM Filippi, L De Luca, G Scarpa, R Patane, G Vinciguerra, S AF Villasenor, A Benz, HM Filippi, L De Luca, G Scarpa, R Patane, G Vinciguerra, S TI Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of Mt. Etna, Italy SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOUNT-ETNA; TOMOGRAPHY; VOLCANO; MODELS; AREA AB The three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of Mt. Etna is determined to depths of 15 km by tomographic inversion of first arrival times from local earthquakes recorded by a network of 29 permanent and temporary seismographs. Results show a near-vertical low-velocity zone that extends from beneath the central craters to a depth of 10 km. This low-velocity region is coincident with a band of steeply-dipping seismicity, suggesting a magmatic conduit that feeds the summit eruptions. The most prominent structure is an approximately 8-km-diameter high-velocity body located between 2 and 12 km depth below the southeast flank of the volcano. This high-velocity body is interpreted as a remnant mafic intrusion that is an important structural feature influencing both volcanism and east flank slope stability and faulting. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. Univ Catania, Ist Geol & Geofis, I-95129 Catania, Italy. RP Benz, HM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS996, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Villasenor, Antonio/A-8037-2008 OI Villasenor, Antonio/0000-0001-8592-4832 NR 15 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1975 EP 1978 DI 10.1029/98GL01240 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZR962 UT WOS:000074033800055 ER PT J AU Cayol, V Cornet, FH AF Cayol, V Cornet, FH TI Effects of topography on the interpretation of the deformation field of prominent volcanoes - Application to Etna SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE DEFORMATION; FAULTS AB We have investigated the effects of topography on the surface-deformation field of volcanoes. Our study provides limits to the use of classical half-space models. Considering axisymmetrical volcanoes, we show that interpreting ground-surface displacements with half-space models can lead to erroneous estimations of the shape of the deformation source. When the average slope of the flanks of a volcano exceeds 20 degrees, tilting in the summit area is reversed to that expected for a fiat surface. Thus, neglecting topography may lead to misinterpreting an inflation of the source as a deflation. Comparisons of Mogi's model with a three-dimensional model shows that ignoring topography may lead to an overestimate of the source-volume change by as much as 50% for a slope of 30 degrees. This comparison also shows that the depths calculated by using Mogi's solution for prominent volcanoes should be considered as depths from the summit of the edifices. Finally, we illustrate these topographic effects by analyzing the deformation field measured by radar interferometry at Mount Etna during its 1991-1993 eruption. A three-dimensional modeling calculation shows that the flattening of the deflation field near the volcano's summit is probably a topographic effect. C1 Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, URA 195, Lab Mecan Roches,Dept Sismol, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Cayol, V (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 8 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1979 EP 1982 DI 10.1029/98GL51512 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZR962 UT WOS:000074033800056 ER PT J AU Robinson, P Tucker, RD Bradley, D Berry, HN Osberg, PH AF Robinson, P Tucker, RD Bradley, D Berry, HN Osberg, PH TI Paleozoic orogens in New England, USA SO GFF LA English DT Review DE Northern Appalachians; Taconian; Acadian; Alleghanian; stratigraphy; plate tectonics; plutonism; deformation; metamorphism; geochronology ID SOUTHEASTERN NEW-ENGLAND; CENTRAL NEW-HAMPSHIRE; WESTERN NEW-ENGLAND; BRONSON HILL ANTICLINORIUM; NORTHERN NEW-BRUNSWICK; NORUMBEGA FAULT ZONE; CHAIN LAKES MASSIF; PB ZIRCON AGES; CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS; TECTONIC EVOLUTION AB Stratigraphy and isotope geochronology in the crystalline core of the Appalachians suggest revised interpretations of the extent, nature and timing of Paleozoic orogens in New England. Five major episodes of magmatism, deformation, and high-grade regional metamorphism are recognized: Taconian (455-442 Ma), Acadian (423-385 Ma), Neo-Acadian (366-350 Ma), Late Pennsylvanian (300-290 Ma) and Alleghanian (280-260 Ma). In the Taconian, the passive margin of Laurentia was subducted below a complex magmatic are lasting from 480 to 442 Ma, founded in part on continental crust of a Medial New England terrane with possible affinities with Amazonia. Questions about Medial New England involve its coherence as a single plate, and the nature of its underlying crust. The Acadian began in Late Silurian as a collision between the amalgamated Laurentia-Medial New England and outer belts of Composite Avalon along a cryptic suture in coastal Maine, and progressed northwestward to the Connecticut Valley basin by mid-Devonian. Tonalitic-granitic magmatism and up to granulite-facies metamorphism culminated in Early Devonian, possibly tied to lithospheric detachment below the subducting northwestern plate and consequent asthenosphere upwelling. Newly discovered Neo-Acadian Late Devonian to Early Mississippian tonalitic-granitic magmatism, up to granulite-facies metamorphism, and severe deformation in central Massachusetts took place in a plate context poorly understood. Late Pennsylvanian effects include magmatism, metamorphism, and deformation near south New England gneiss domes and the Sebago batholith, and development of the right-lateral Norumbega fault system. Permian Alleghanian effects include penetrative deformation, granitic intrusions and up to sillimanite-grade metamorphism of Pennsylvanian beds in southeastern New England. These last two episodes relate to the arrival of Africa. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Geol Survey Norway, NO-7002 Trondheim, Norway. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Maine Geol Survey, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Robinson, P (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM probinson@geo.umass.edu NR 349 TC 108 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1103-5897 EI 2000-0863 J9 GFF JI GFF PD JUN PY 1998 VL 120 BP 119 EP 148 PN 2 PG 30 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 212TG UT WOS:000081231900004 ER PT J AU Stallard, RF AF Stallard, RF TI Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: Coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review ID ORGANIC-CARBON; CONTINENTAL EROSION; CHEMICAL EROSION; METHANE EMISSION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GLOBAL-MODEL; LAND-USE; RIVER; PRODUCTIVITY; ACCUMULATION AB This paper examines the linkages between the carbon cycle and sedimentary processes on land. Available data suggest that sedimentation on land can bury vast quantities of organic carbon, roughly 10(15) g C yr(-1). To evaluate the relative roles of various classes of processes in the burial of carbon on land, terrestrial sedimentation was modeled as a series of 864 scenarios. Each scenario represents a unique choice of intensities for seven classes of processes and two different global wetland distributions. Comparison was made with presumed preagricultural conditions. The classes of processes were divided into two major component parts: elastic sedimentation of soil-derived carbon and organic sedimentation of autochthonous carbon. For elastic sedimentation, masses of sediment were considered for burial as reservoir sediment, lake sediment, and combined colluvium, alluvium and aeolian deposits. When the ensemble of models is examined, the human-induced burial of 0.6-1.5.10(15) g yr(-1) of carbon on land is entirely plausible. This sink reaches its maximum strength between 30 degrees and 50 degrees N. Paddy lands stand out as a type of land use that warrants future study, but the many faces of rice agriculture limit generalization In an extreme scenario, paddy lands alone could be made to buy about 1.10(15) g C yr(-1). Arguing that terrestrial sedimentation processes could be much of the sink for the so called "missing carbon" is reasonable. Such a hypothesis, however, requires major redesign of how the carbon cycle is modeled. Unlike ecosystem processes that are amenable to satellite monitoring and parallel modeling, many aspects of terrestrial sedimentation are hidden from space. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stallard, RF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St E142, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM stallard@usgs.gov RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 102 TC 393 Z9 422 U1 28 U2 145 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 231 EP 257 DI 10.1029/98GB00741 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZR755 UT WOS:000074010500002 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Chase, TN Pielke, RA Kittel, TGF Baron, JS AF Stohlgren, TJ Chase, TN Pielke, RA Kittel, TGF Baron, JS TI Evidence that local land use practices influence regional climate, vegetation, and stream flow patterns in adjacent natural areas SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cooling effect; forest distribution change; hydrologic change; land use land cover change; long-term stream flow trends; long-term temperature change; mesoscale climate modelling ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; FRONT RANGE; SENSITIVITY; DEFORESTATION; COLORADO; RAMS; CO2 AB We present evidence that land use practices in the plains of Colorado influence regional climate and vegetation in adjacent natural areas in the Rocky Mountains in predictable ways. Mesoscale climate model simulations using the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS) projected that modifications to natural vegetation in the plains, primarily due to agriculture and urbanization, could produce lower summer temperatures in the mountains. We corroborate the RAMS simulations with three independent sets of data: (i) climate records from 16 weather stations, which showed significant trends of decreasing July temperatures in recent decades; (ii) the distribution of seedlings of five dominant conifer species in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, which suggested that cooler, wetter conditions occurred over roughly the same time period; and (iii) increased stream flow, normalized for changes in precipitation, during the summer months in four river basins, which also indicates cooler summer temperatures and lower transpiration at landscape scales. Combined, the mesoscale atmospheric/land-surface model, short-term trends in regional temperatures, forest distribution changes, and hydrology data indicate that the effects of land use practices on regional climate may overshadow larger-scale temperature changes commonly associated with observed increases in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. C1 Colorado State Univ, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USGS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM toms@NREL.ColoState.edu RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Kittel, Timothy/F-2792-2011; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Kittel, Timothy/0000-0002-4153-1006; Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 43 TC 135 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 43 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 5 BP 495 EP 504 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00182.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106ZQ UT WOS:000075181700004 ER PT J AU Kizirian, DA McDiarmid, RW AF Kizirian, DA McDiarmid, RW TI A new species of Bachia (Squamata : Gymnophthalmidae) with plesiomorphic limb morphology SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Anotosaura; Bachia; Colobodactylus; Colobosaura; Gymnophthalmidae; Heterodactylus; limb morphology; new species ID GENUS AB We describe a new species of Bachia from the upper Rio Negro drainage of southeastern Colombia and southern Venezuela. The new taxon is diagnosed by a complement of phalanges that is unique among gymnophthalmid lizards and intermediate relative to other Bachia and closely related genera. Variation in limb osteology among the species of Bachia and close relatives is reported. We discuss the distribution of B. panoplia and the taxonomic status of B. flavescens. C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Herpetol, New York, NY 10024 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Kizirian, DA (reprint author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Herpetol, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD JUN PY 1998 VL 54 IS 2 BP 245 EP 253 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZU167 UT WOS:000074169000011 ER PT J AU Winograd, IJ Riggs, AC Coplen, TB AF Winograd, IJ Riggs, AC Coplen, TB TI The relative contributions of summer and cool-season precipitation to groundwater recharge, Spring Mountains, Nevada, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE USA; stable isotopes; groundwater recharge water budget hydrochemistry ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; CALIFORNIA; GULF; MONSOON AB A comparison of the stable-isotope signatures of spring waters, snow, snowmelt, summer (July thru September) rain, and cool season (October thru June) rain indicates that the high-intensity, short-duration summer convective storms, which contribute approximately a third of the annual precipitation to the Spring Mountains, provide only a small fraction (perhaps 10%) of the recharge to this major upland in southern Nevada, USA. Late spring snowmelt is the principal means of recharging the fractured Paleozoicage carbonate rocks comprising the central and highest portion of the Spring Mountains. Daily discharge measurements at Peak Spring Canyon Creek during the period 1978-94 show that snowpacks were greatly enhanced during El Nino events. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Winograd, IJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 432 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 40 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 6 IS 1 BP 77 EP 93 DI 10.1007/s100400050135 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BH UT WOS:000079765800008 ER PT J AU Davis, SN Cecil, D Zreda, M Sharma, P AF Davis, SN Cecil, D Zreda, M Sharma, P TI Chlorine-36 and the initial value problem SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE isotopes; USA; groundwater age ID COSMOGENIC HE-3; NORTH-AMERICA; DESERT SOILS; ICE CORE; CL-36; MOVEMENT; USA; GROUNDWATER; DEPOSITION; SUBSURFACE AB Chlorine-36 is a radionuclide with a half-life of 3.01 x 10(5)a. Most Cl-36 in the hydrosphere originates from cosmic radiation interacting with atmospheric gases. Large amounts were also produced by testing thermonuclear devices during 1952-58. Because the monovalent anion, chloride, is the most common form of chlorine found in the hydrosphere and because it is extremely mobile in aqueous systems, analyses of both total Cl- as well as 36Cl have been important in numerous hydrologic studies. In almost all applications of 36Cl, knowledge of the initial, or pre-anthropogenic, levels of Cl-36 is useful, as well as essential in some cases. Standard approaches to the determination of initial values have been to: (a) calculate the theoretical cosmogenic production and fallout, which varies according to latitude; (b) measure Cl-36 in present-day precipitation and assume that anthropogenic components can be neglected; (c) assume that shallow groundwater retains a record of the initial concentration; (d) extract Cl-36 from vertical depth profiles in desert soils; (e) recover Cl-36 from cores of glacial ice; and (f) calculate subsurface production of Cl-36 for water that has been isolated from the atmosphere for more than one million years. The initial value from soil profiles and ice cores is taken as the value that occurs directly below the depth of the easily defined bomb peak. All six methods have serious weaknesses. Complicating factors include Cl-36 concentrations not related to cosmogenic sources, changes in cosmogenic production with time, mixed sources of chloride in groundwater, melting and refreezing of water in glaciers, and seasonal groundwater recharge that does not contain average year-long concentrations of Cl-36. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, INEL, Div Water Resources, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. Purdue Univ, PRIME Lab, Pankaj Sharma Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Davis, SN (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 6 IS 1 BP 104 EP 114 DI 10.1007/s100400050137 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 187BH UT WOS:000079765800010 ER PT J AU Finkelman, RB Bostick, NH Dulong, FT Senftle, FE Thorpe, AN AF Finkelman, RB Bostick, NH Dulong, FT Senftle, FE Thorpe, AN TI Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE natural coke; igneous intrusion; trace elements; metal carbonyls ID BASIN AB Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resource potential of coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Finkelman, RB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 29 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZV794 UT WOS:000074341900002 ER PT J AU Thorpe, AN Senftle, FE Finkelman, RB Dulong, FT Bostick, NH AF Thorpe, AN Senftle, FE Finkelman, RB Dulong, FT Bostick, NH TI Change in the magnetic properties of bituminous coal intruded by an igneous dike, Dutch Creek Mine, Pitkin County, Colorado SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANOXIC ATMOSPHERE; PYRITE; OXIDATION; PARTICLES AB Magnetization measurements have been made on natural coke-coal samples collected at various distances from a felsic porphyry dike in a coal seam in Dutch Creek Mine, Colorado to help characterize the nature and distribution of the iron-bearing phases. The magnetization passes through a maximum at the coke-to-coal transition about 31 cm from the dike contact. The magnetic measurements support the geochemical data indicating that magmatic fluids along with a high-temperature gas pulse moved into the coal bed. Interaction of the magmatic fluids with the coal diminished the reducing power of the thermal gas pulse from the dike to a point about 24 cm into the coal. The hot reducing gas penetrated further and produced a high temperature (similar to 400-525 degrees C) zone (at about 31 cm) just ahead of the magmatic fluids. Metallic iron found in this zone is the principal cause of the observed high magnetization, Beyond this zone, the temperature was too low to alter the coal significantly. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20059 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Thorpe, AN (reprint author), Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00006-8 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZV794 UT WOS:000074341900003 ER PT J AU Arctur, D Hair, D Timson, G Martin, EP Fegeas, R AF Arctur, D Hair, D Timson, G Martin, EP Fegeas, R TI Issues and prospects for the next generation of the spatial data transfer standard (SDTS) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DATA MODEL; INFORMATION; TIGER/SDTS; FIPS-173; PROFILE; DESIGN AB The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) was designed to be capable of representing virtually any data model, rather than being a prescription for a single data model. It has fallen short of this ambitious goal for a number of reasons, which this paper investigates. In addition to issues that might have been anticipated in its design, a number of new issues have arisen since its initial development. These include the need to support explicit feature definitions, incremental update, value-added extensions, and change tracking within large, national databases. It is time to consider the next stage of evolution for SDTS. This paper suggests development of an Object Profile for SDTS that would integrate concepts for a dynamic schema structure, OpenGIS interface, and CORBA IDL. C1 Laser Scan Inc, Sterling, VA 20164 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Mapping Ctr, Rolla, MO USA. US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Mapping Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Mapping Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Arctur, D (reprint author), Laser Scan Inc, 45635 Willow Pond Plaza, Sterling, VA 20164 USA. OI Arctur, David/0000-0002-4708-6302 NR 58 TC 5 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 403 EP 425 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA ZX989 UT WOS:000074575600007 ER PT J AU Kwarteng, AY Chavez, PS AF Kwarteng, AY Chavez, PS TI Change detection study of Kuwait City and environs using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID IMAGES AB Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired on 17 February 1986, and 28 February, 1993, respectively, were used to demonstrate their usefulness for both surface/spectral mapping and temporal change detection in Kuwait City and environs. High pass spatial filters with a relatively large kernel (201 pixels by 201 pixels) were used to enhance high frequency information in both the bright desert and dark urban areas. The filtered results were edge enhanced to sharpen the local textural information. Colour composites were made for analyses using the TM bands -2, -3, -4 and -2, -4, -7. The two multi-temporal images were geometrically and radiometrically calibrated to each other and used as input to an automatic change detection procedure. The 'change image' composite, made from the individual change image results generated using TM bands -2, -4, and -7, detected and mapped temporal changes dealing with urban development, vegetation, coastal wetlands, and sand sheet surface differences caused by the large oil spill that occurred during the 1991 Gulf War at the Greater Burgan oil field. C1 Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Remote Sensing Grp, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Safat 13109, Kuwait. US Geol Survey, Geol Div, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kwarteng, AY (reprint author), Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Remote Sensing Grp, Div Earth & Environm Sci, POB 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait. OI Kwarteng, Andy/0000-0001-7929-458X NR 17 TC 45 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1651 EP 1662 DI 10.1080/014311698215162 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZX890 UT WOS:000074565700003 ER PT J AU Douglas, AJ Taylor, JG AF Douglas, AJ Taylor, JG TI Riverine based eco-tourism: Trinity River non-market benefits estimates SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE travel cost method (TCM); non-market benefits; Trinity River; eco-tourism; sustainable AB California's Central Valley Project (CVP) was approved by voters in a statewide referendum in 1933. CVP referendum approval initiated funding for construction of important water development projects that had far reaching effects on regional water supplies. The construction of Trinity Dam in 1963 and the subsequent transbasin diversion of Trinity River flow was one of several CW projects that had noteworthy adverse environmental and regional economic impacts. The Trinity River is the largest tributary of the Klamath River, and has its headwaters in the Trinity Alps of north-central California. After the construction of Trinity Dam in 1963, 90% of the Trinity River flow at Lewiston was moved to the Sacramento River via the Clear Creek Tunnel. Before 1963, the Trinity River was a major recreation resource of Northern California. The loss of streamflow has had a marked adverse impact on Trinity River-related recreation activities and the size and robustness of Trinity River salmon, steelhead, shad, and sturgeon runs. Trinity River water produces hydropower during its transit via Bureau of Reclamation canals and pumps to the northern San Joaquin Valley, where it is used for irrigated agriculture. The benefits provided by Trinity River instream flow-related environmental amenities were estimated with the travel cost method (TCM). Trinity River non-market benefits are about $406 million per annum, while the social cost of sending water down the Trinity River ranges from $17 to $42 million per annum, depending on the exact flow. We also discuss the relative magnitude of Trinity River survey data contingent value method (CVM) benefits estimates. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Douglas, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE PA CASTERTON HALL, CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE LA6 2LA, ENGLAND SN 1350-4509 J9 INT J SUST DEV WORLD JI Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 5 IS 2 BP 136 EP 148 PG 13 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104PV UT WOS:000075023700006 ER PT J AU Moffitt, CM Stewart, BC LaPatra, SE Brunson, RD Bartholomew, JL Peterson, JE Amos, KH AF Moffitt, CM Stewart, BC LaPatra, SE Brunson, RD Bartholomew, JL Peterson, JE Amos, KH TI Pathogens and diseases of fish in aquatic ecosystems: Implications in fisheries management SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material AB A two-day conference was convened to address the status of information about pathogens and diseases of free-ranging fish populations. Iii this introduction, we provide background information about the conference, and a summary of the presentations and panel discussions. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NW Indian Fisheries Commiss, Olympia, WA 98516 USA. Clear Springs Foods Inc, Div Res, Buhl, ID USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Olympia Fish Hlth Ctr, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Ctr Salmon Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Great Falls, MT 59403 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Moffitt, CM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 95 EP 100 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0095:PADOFI>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA ZU180 UT WOS:000074170300002 ER PT J AU Holey, ME Elliott, RF Marcquenski, SV Hnath, JG Smith, KD AF Holey, ME Elliott, RF Marcquenski, SV Hnath, JG Smith, KD TI Chinook salmon epizootics in Lake Michigan: Possible contributing factors and management implications SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pathogens and Diseases of Fish in Aquatic Ecosystems - Implications in Fisheries Management CY JUN 03-04, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP Pacific NW Fish Hlth Protect Comm, Alaska Fish & Game, Amer Fisheries Soc, Colorado Wyoming Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Fish Hlth Sect, BioProd, Clear Springs Foods Inc, Idaho Aquaculture Assoc, Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Moore Clark, Muckelshoot Indian Tribe, Keta Creek Hatchery, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Nelson & Sons, Nisqually Indian Tribe, Clear Springs Hatchery, Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Oregon State Univ, Suquamish Indian Tribe, Trout Unlimited, Univ Idaho, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Western Chem, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Western Reg Aquaculture Consortium, Whirling Dis Fdn ID PACIFIC SALMON; FISHES; ONCORHYNCHUS; PARASITES AB Stability of the Lake Michigan fishery for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at high levels became questionable after stocks declined dramatically following spring epizootics in which bacterial kidney disease (BKD) was a major factor, initially stocked in 1967. favorable survival and growth of chinook salmon through the 1970s led to increases in abundance and in popularity with anglers. Returns of chinook salmon improved annually until the late-1980s, when, with little warning, spring epizootics reduced the abundance of adult salmon by 50% or more. Reduced abundance of alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), coupled with an increase in chinook salmon density and heavy parasite infection rates were hypothesized to have reduced chinook salmon growth and fitness and to have increased their susceptibility to BKD. Evidence of slower growth exists and low food availability may be the stressor that triggered the epizootics. Chinook salmon were a major component of the economic development, and subsequent hardship of the sportfishing industry on Lake Michigan. Sustaining the chinook salmon fishery at previous levels may require managing for high abundance of alewives, which may be inconsistent with overall fish community management goals, The future sustainability and role of chinook salmon needs to be reevaluated in the context of the entire Lake Michigan fish community. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Fisheries Management & Habitat Protect, Madison, WI 53707 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Div Fisheries, Fish Hlth Lab, Mattawan, MI 49071 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Div Fisheries, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. RP Holey, ME (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, 1015 Challenger Court, Green Bay, WI 54311 USA. NR 38 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 202 EP 210 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0202:CSEILM>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA ZU180 UT WOS:000074170300014 ER PT J AU Belnap, J Gillette, DA AF Belnap, J Gillette, DA TI Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion: the influences of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Combating Desertification - Connecting Science with Community Action CY MAY 12-16, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA SP US Dept Interior, Bureau Land Management, Int Arid Lands Consortium, Univ Arizona, USDA, Agr Res Serv, US EPA, Ctr Investigaciones Desertificacion, Desert Res Inst, Int Fund Agr Dev, Bur Land Management Natl Appl Resource Sci Ctr, US Agcy Int Dev, UN Environm Programme, UN Convent Combat Desertificat, Interim Secretariat, European Soc Soil Conservat DE cryptogamic; microbiotic; microphytic; cyanobacteria; lichens; soil loss; wind erosion; land degradation AB Biological soil crusts, consisting of cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, and mosses, are important in stabilizing soils in semi-arid and arid lands. Integrity of these crusts is compromised by compressional disturbances such as foot, vehicle, or livestock traffic. Using a portable wind tunnel, we found threshold friction velocities (TFVs) of undisturbed crusts well above wind forces experienced at these sites; consequently, these soils are not vulnerable to wind erosion. However, recently disturbed soils or soils with less well-developed crusts frequently experience wind speeds that exceed the stability thresholds of the crusts. Crustal biomass is concentrated in the top 3 mm of soils. Sandblasting by wind can quickly remove this material, thereby reducing N and C inputs from these organisms. This loss can result in reduced site productivity, as well as exposure of unprotected subsurface sediments to wind and water erosion. Actions to reduce impacts to these crusts can include adjustments in type, intensity, and timing of use. (C)1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 2282 S Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. NR 28 TC 240 Z9 282 U1 8 U2 94 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0388 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ989 UT WOS:000074789600005 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Laine, SC Kirkman, RG Topham, W AF Ramsey, EW Nelson, GA Laine, SC Kirkman, RG Topham, W TI Generation of coastal marsh topography with radar and ground-based measurements (Reprinted from the Journal of Coastal Research, vol 13, pg 1335-1341, 1996) SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Reprint DE microelevation detection; flooding; remote sensing; surface gridding model; coastal marsh; wetland ID SEDIMENTATION; STORMS; BAY AB A topographic surface of a low lying coastal marsh was created by using three flood extent vectors digitized from ERS-1 SAR images and two elevation contours from U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles. Point measurement of water depth at the times of the SAR collections allowed conversion of the radar measured flood extent vectors to topographic contours. Generation of the topographic surface was accomplished with a surface gridding algorithm, SAR and on-site measures. Errors in the generated topography were mainly associated with the lack of input contours covering narrow to broad plateaus and topographic highs and lows. The misplacement of SAR derived flood extent vectors also caused errors in sparsely vegetated high marsh, at convoluted marsh-forest boundaries, and at topographic depressions. Overall, the standard deviation of differences between measured and predicted elevations at 747 points was 19 cm. Excluding the above mentioned abrupt boundaries and topographic highs and lows outside the range of available contours, standard deviation differences averaged about 14 cm, but most often averaged about 8 cm. This suggested a 5 to 9 factor improvement over the 150 cm topographic resolution currently available for this area. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 1158 EP 1164 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 111DB UT WOS:000075421100039 ER PT J AU Friedlander, AM Parrish, JD AF Friedlander, AM Parrish, JD TI Habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coral reef fishes; fish assemblage structure; habitat complexity; Hawaii ID COMPETITION; PREDATION; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS AB Habitat characteristics of a reef were examined as potential influences on fish assemblage structure, using underwater visual census to estimate numbers and biomass of all fishes visible on 42 benthic transects and making quantitative measurements of 13 variables of the corresponding physical habitat and sessile biota. Fish assemblages in the diverse set of benthic habitats were grouped by detrended correspondence analysis, and associated with six major habitat types. Statistical differences were shown between a number of these habitat types for various ensemble variables of the fish assemblages. Overall, both for complete assemblages and for component major trophic and mobility guilds, these variables tended to have higher values where reef substratum was more structurally or topographically complex, and closer to reef edges. When study sites were separately divided into five depth strata, the deeper strata tended to have statistically higher values of ensemble variables for the fish assemblages. Patterns with depth varied among the various trophic and mobility guilds. Multiple linear regression models indicated that for the complete assemblages and for most trophic and mobility guilds, a large part of the variability for most ensemble variables was explained by measures of holes in the substratum, with important contributions from measured substratum rugosity and depth. A strong linear relationship found by regression of mean fish length on mean volume of holes in the reef surface emphasized the importance of shelter for fish assemblages. Results of this study may have practical applications in designing reserve areas as well as theoretical value in helping to explain the organization of reef fish assemblages. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Friedlander, AM (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, 2538 Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM friedlan@hawaii.edu NR 51 TC 308 Z9 320 U1 9 U2 97 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 224 IS 1 BP 1 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00164-0 PG 30 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZE332 UT WOS:000072782000001 ER PT J AU Smith, WP Twedt, DJ Hamel, PB Ford, RP Wiedenfeld, DA Cooper, RJ AF Smith, WP Twedt, DJ Hamel, PB Ford, RP Wiedenfeld, DA Cooper, RJ TI Increasing point-count duration increases standard error SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WINTER; SEASON; BIRDS AB We examined data from point counts of varying duration in bottomland forests of west Tennessee and the Mississippi Alluvial Valley to determine if counting interval influenced sampling precision. Estimates of standard error increased as point-count duration increased for cumulative number of both individuals and species in both locations. Although point counts appear to yield data with standard errors proportional to means, a square root transformation of the data may stabilize the variance. Using long (>10 min) point counts may reduce sample size and increase sampling error, both of which diminish statistical power and thereby the ability to detect meaningful changes in avian populations. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Valley Res Field Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Tennessee Conservat League, Nashville, TN 37209 USA. George M Sutton Avian Res Ctr, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Smith, WP (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 23 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 69 IS 3 BP 450 EP 456 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 118GW UT WOS:000075830900012 ER PT J AU Kearns, GD Kwartin, NB Brinker, DF Haramis, GM AF Kearns, GD Kwartin, NB Brinker, DF Haramis, GM TI Digital playback and improved trap design enhances capture of migrant Soras and Virginia Rails SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We used playback of rail vocalizations and improved trap design to enhance capture of fall migrant Soras (Porzana carolina) and Virginia Rails (Rallus limicola) in marshes bordering the tidal Patuxent River, Maryland. Custom-fabricated microchip message-repeating sound systems provided digitally recorded sound for long-life, high-quality playback. A single sound system accompanied each 30-45-m long drift fence trap line fitted with 1-3 cloverleaf traps. Ramped funnel entrances improved retention of captured rails and deterred raccoon (Procyon lotor) predation. Use of playback and improved trap design increased trap success by over an order of magnitude and resulted in capture and banding of 2315 Soras and 276 Virginia Rails during September and October 1993-1997. The Sera captures more than doubled the banding records for the species in North America. This capture success demonstrates the efficacy of banding large numbers of Soras and Virginia Rails on migration and winter concentration areas. C1 Maryland Natl Capital Pk & Planning Commiss, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 USA. Univ Maryland, Marine Estuarine Environm Sci Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Kearns, GD (reprint author), Maryland Natl Capital Pk & Planning Commiss, Patuxent River Pk,16000 Croom Airport Rd, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 69 IS 3 BP 466 EP 473 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 118GW UT WOS:000075830900014 ER PT J AU Scott, JG Lovallo, MJ Storm, GL Tzilkowski, WM AF Scott, JG Lovallo, MJ Storm, GL Tzilkowski, WM TI Summer habitat use by Ruffed Grouse with broods in central Pennsylvania SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE AB We radio-tagged and monitored adult female Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) with broods to evaluate effects of habitat management on home-range size and patterns of habitat use. Experimental habitat management consisted of short-rotation clearcutting of 1-ha forest patches to create various-aged forest stands of mixed oak (Quercus spp.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides, P. gradidentata)/scrub oak (Q. Ilicifolia, Q. prinoides). Home range size was not significantly different between grouse occupying managed and an adjacent unmanaged forest. Female grouse with broods selected mixed oak/scrub oak habitats and avoided herbaceous areas, recent clearcuts, and pitch pine (Pinus rigida)/scrub oak habitats throughout the study area. On the managed area, grouse selected 10-yr-old clearcut patches in mixed oak and aspen/scrub oak. Sites used by grouse had higher densities of woody stems 2.5-7.5-cm dbh, greater % cover of live vegetation at 0-2 m, and were closer to edges and openings than random sites. Habitat management practices positively affected one microhabitat component, distance to nearest edge, that was selected by female grouse with broods. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Storm, GL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Storm, Gert/O-8696-2016 NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 69 IS 3 BP 474 EP 485 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 118GW UT WOS:000075830900015 ER PT J AU Plentovich, SM Holler, NR Hill, GE AF Plentovich, SM Holler, NR Hill, GE TI Site fidelity of wintering Henslow's Sparrows SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE-THROATED SPARROWS; ZONOTRICHIA-ALBICOLLIS AB Little is known about the winter biology of many grassland bird species or about how alteration of winter habitat might be affecting populations. Therefore, we examined between-year and within-year winter site fidelity of the Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) in Baldwin County, Alabama. In 1995, we banded 22 Henslow's Sparrows. In 1996, we banded 30 Henslow's Sparrows and recaptured 13 individuals a total of 20 times. All birds were recaptured in the site where they were originally banded. No movement between sites was detected. No birds banded in 1995 were recaptured in 1996. Our data suggest that Henslow's Sparrows tend to be site faithful within a winter, but not fr om one year to the next. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Zool & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Plentovich, SM (reprint author), USFWS, POB 1251, Rota, TT 96951 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 69 IS 3 BP 486 EP 490 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 118GW UT WOS:000075830900016 ER PT J AU Hlass, LJ Fisher, WL Turton, DJ AF Hlass, LJ Fisher, WL Turton, DJ TI Use of the index of biotic integrity to assess water quality in forested streams of the Quachita Mountains Ecoregion, Arkansas SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISH COMMUNITIES; RIVER AB We modified the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) to characterize the fish assemblages and evaluate the biotic integrity of four forested streams in the Lower Ouachita Mountains Ecoregion, Arkansas. We related differences in IBI scores with corresponding differences in chemical and physical characteristics of the streams, including the varying intensities of forest management. Analysis of variance and comparison of mean IBI scores among the four streams revealed significant differences between reference and even-aged treatments and between even-aged and uneven-aged treatments (P < 0.05). Turbidity and total suspended solids were inversely related to IBI scores. Further refinement of the IBI should enable its use in the Ouachita Mountains Ecoregion to help assess site impacts, monitor trends in stream biotic integrity, and assess effectiveness of forest best management practices. C1 US Forest Serv, Womble Ranger Dist Off, Mt Ida, AR 71957 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool,oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res U, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Hlass, LJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Womble Ranger Dist Off, Mt Ida, AR 71957 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663606 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZR684 UT WOS:000074003400005 ER PT J AU Rider, SJ Margraf, FJ AF Rider, SJ Margraf, FJ TI Foraging characteristics of larval bluegill sunfish and larval longear sunfish in the Kanawha River, West Virginia SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRAPPIE POMOXIS-NIGROMACULATUS; YELLOW PERCH; FOOD; LAKE AB We determined spatial and temporal foraging characteristics of larval bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) in the upper Kanawha River, West Virginia during the summer of 1989. Stomach contents were examined among habitat types (i.e., main channel, main-channel border, and shoreline habitats) and depth (surface, middle, and bottom). Diet of larval bluegill sunfish was dominated by Chironomidae, temporally and spatially. Chironomidae dominated larval longear sunfish diet in main channel and main-channel border collections from all three depths. However, along the shoreline, larval longear sunfish diet was dominated by Cladocera. C1 Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Apalachicola Field Lab, Eastpoint, FL 32328 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Biol Resources Div, Maryland Cooperat Fish Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. RP Rider, SJ (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Apalachicola Field Lab, 350 Carroll St, Eastpoint, FL 32328 USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 11 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663610 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZR684 UT WOS:000074003400009 ER PT J AU Borg, LE Clynne, MA AF Borg, LE Clynne, MA TI The petrogenesis of felsic calc-alkaline magmas from the southernmost Cascades, California: Origin by partial melting of basaltic lower crust SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cascade arc; felsic magma; lower crust; partial melting ID MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO; MOUNT ST-HELENS; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; GRANITIC SYSTEMS; SERIES LAVAS; WATER; EVOLUTION; CONSTRAINTS; ELEMENT; LIQUID AB The majority of felsic rocks from composite centers in the southernmost Cascades have geochemical and Sr Nd and Pb isotopic ratios that suggest derivation by partial melting of lower crust that is compositionally similar to calc-alkaline basalts observed in the region. Only a few felsic rocks have delta(18)O and Pb isotopic compositions that indicate interaction with the upper crust. Mineralogical and geochemical differences among the felsic magmas result primarily from melting under variable f(H2O) and temperature conditions. Partial melting under low f(H2O) and high temperature conditions leaves an amphibole-poor residuum, and produces magmas that have orthopyroxene as the most abundant ferromagnesian phenocryst. relatively low silica contents, and straight rare earth element patterns. Partial melting under higher f(H2O) and lower temperature conditions leaves an amphibole-rich residuum, and produces magmas that have amphibole +/- biotite phenocrysts, relatively high silica contents, and pronounced middle rare earth element depletions. These conclusions are consistent with published thermal models that suggest that reasonable volumes of basaltic magma emplaced beneath large composite centers in the southernmost Cascades can serve as the heat source for melting of the lower crust. Melting of the lower crust under variable f(H2O) conditions is likely to result from differences in the H2O contents of these basaltic magmas. C1 Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Borg, LE (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SN2, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 46 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1197 EP 1222 DI 10.1093/petrology/39.6.1197 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZV161 UT WOS:000074276000005 ER PT J AU Valentine-Darby, PL Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM AF Valentine-Darby, PL Bennetts, RE Kitchens, WM TI Seasonal patterns of habitat use by Snail Kites in Florida SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Snail Kite; Rostrhamus sociabilis; breeding season; Florida; habitat use; radiotelemetry; seasonal shifts AB The movements of 165 adult Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) were monitored at biweekly intervals in central and southern Florida using radiotelemetry. Over the 3-yr study period (15 April 1992-15 April 1995), 3361 kite locations were obtained. Snail Rite habitats were classified as graminoid mash. cypress prairie, northern lake, miscellaneous peripheral (e.g., agricultural retention ponds), or Lake Okeechobee. Kites showed seasonal patterns in habitat use. Use of cypress prairies and miscellaneous peripheral habitats showed strong seasonal fluctuations with these areas used primarily during the nonbreeding season (July-December). Kite use of graminoid marshes and northern lakes fluctuated to a lesser extent and was highest during the breeding season (January-June). Use of Lake Okeechobee also fluctuated greatly but showed no obvious seasonal pattern. One potential reason for the high use of cypress prairies during the nonbreeding season was the kites' ability to perch hunt in these habitats, which may offer an energetic advantage over aerial hunting. Birds were less likely to breed in cypress prairies, however, due probably to their greater likelihood of drying down during the breeding season. Snail Kites without transmitters were more difficult to detect in cypress prairie and peripheral habitats due to limited access and dense vegetation. This seasonal use of habitats with lower detectability for kites ma!: have important implications for kite monitoring in Florida. C1 Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Valentine-Darby, PL (reprint author), St Johns River Water Management Dist, POB 1429, Palatka, FL 32178 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 98 EP 103 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZZ330 UT WOS:000074718600004 ER PT J AU Henny, CJ Galushin, VM Dudin, PI Khrustov, AV Mischenko, AL Moseikin, VN Sarychev, VS Turchin, VG AF Henny, CJ Galushin, VM Dudin, PI Khrustov, AV Mischenko, AL Moseikin, VN Sarychev, VS Turchin, VG TI Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and mercury in hawk, falcon, eagle and owl eggs from the Lipetsk, Voronezh, Novgorod and Saratov regions, Russia, 1992-1993 SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus; eagles; hawks; falcons; owls; organochlorine pesticides; PCBs; mercury; Russia ID RESIDUES; REPRODUCTION; HEPTACHLOR AB Fifty-two eggs (one per nest) of 12 species of raptors were collected in 1992-93 for contaminant analysis in three southern European locations in Russia. One Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) egg was also collected farther northwest in the Novgorod region. A high DDE concentration (27.3 ppm, wet weight [w/w]) in the Peregrine Falcon egg raised concern for the species in European Russia south of the Arctic Circle. Although a number of organochlorine contaminants were found in eggs of the other species, concentrations were all below known effect levels. Mercury levels were also extremely low. Nesting success in southern Russia in 1992 (only year with follow-up visits) appeared normal. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Russian Bird Conservat Union, Moscow 129278, Russia. RP Henny, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3080 SE Clearwater Dr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 EI 2162-4569 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 143 EP 150 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZZ330 UT WOS:000074718600011 ER PT J AU Devillers, N Eversole, AG Isely, JJ AF Devillers, N Eversole, AG Isely, JJ TI A comparison of four growth models for evaluating growth of the northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mercenaria mercenaria; growth model; quahog; clam ID HARD CLAM; COASTAL GEORGIA; MYA-ARENARIA; EQUATION AB Individual shell length (SL) records of 101 known-age northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria over a 12-year period were used to compare Richards, Gompertz, logistic, and von Bertalanffy growth models. Model comparisons were based on statistical goodness of fit, and accuracy in estimating age at maturity (35 mm SL) and age at legal harvest size(greater than or equal to 44.4 mm SL). The von Bertalanffy model did not fit the data as well as the other models. Although the Richards, Gompertz, and logistic models accounted for similar levels of variability in the data (R-2 = 0.946 - 0.947), the Richards model resulted in the most accurate prediction of biologically and economically important ages. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Devillers, N (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 191 EP 194 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZZ236 UT WOS:000074709200027 ER PT J AU Celebi, M AF Celebi, M TI Closure by Mehmet Celebi SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Celebi, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 6 BP 724 EP 724 PG 1 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA ZP652 UT WOS:000073774900018 ER PT J AU Boyd, RA AF Boyd, RA TI Characterizing ground water flow in the municipal well fields of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, with selected environmental tracers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE isotopes; deuterium; oxygen-18; tritium; chlorofluorocarbons; geochemistry; ground water hydrology ID CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CCL3F; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; DATING TOOLS; TRITIUM; CCL2F2 AB Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from a shallow alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Water samples were collected and analyzed for selected isotopes and chlorofluorocarbons to characterize the ground-water flow system near the municipal well fields. Analyses of deuterium and oxygen-18 indicate that water in the alluvial aquifer and in the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer was recharged from precipitation during modern climatic conditions. Analyses of tritium indicate modern, post-1952, water in the alluvial aquifer and older, pre-1952, water in the bedrock aquifer. Mixing of the modern and older waters occurs in areas where (1) the confining layer between the two aquifers is discontinuous, (2) the bedrock aquifer is fractured, or (3) pumping of supply wells induces the flow of water between aquifers. Analyses of chlorofluorocarbons were used to determine the date of recharge of water samples. Water in the bedrock aquifer likely was recharged prior to the 1950s. Water in the alluvial aquifer likely was recharged from the 1960s to 1990s. Biodegradation or sorption probably affected some of the ground water analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons. These processes reduce the concentrations of CFCs, which results in older than actual calculated dates of recharge. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Boyd, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 507 EP 518 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb00950.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZT244 UT WOS:000074065200005 ER PT J AU Runkel, RL McKnight, DM Andrews, ED AF Runkel, RL McKnight, DM Andrews, ED TI Analysis of transient storage subject to unsteady flow: diel flow variation in an Antarctic stream SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE transient storage; hyporheic zone; McMurdo Dry Valleys; OTIS; tracer dilution; solute transport ID EFFICIENT NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; SANTA-CLARA COUNTY; COBBLE-BED STREAM; UVAS CREEK; TRANSPORT; EQUATIONS; SIMULATION; CALIFORNIA; STRONTIUM; POTASSIUM AB Transport of dissolved material in streams and small rivers may be characterized using tracer-dilution methods and solute transport models. Recent studies have quantified stream/substream interactions using models of transient storage. These studies are based on tracer-dilution data obtained during periods of steady flow. We present a modeling framework for the analysis of transient storage in stream systems with unsteady flows. The framework couples a kinematic wave routing model with a solute transport model that includes transient storage. The routing model provides time-varying flows and cross-sectional areas that are used as input to the solute transport model. The modeling framework was used to quantify stream/substream interaction in Huey Creek, an Antarctic stream fed exclusively by glacial meltwater. Analysis of tracer-dilution data indicates that there was substantial interaction between the flowing surface water and the hyporheic (substream) zone. The ratio of storage zone area to stream cross-sectional area (A(S)/A) was >1 in all stream reaches, indicating that the substream area contributing to hyporheic exchange was large relative to stream cross-sectional area. The rate of exchange, as governed by the transient storage exchange coefficient (alpha), was rapid because of a high stream gradient and porous alluvial materials. Estimates of alpha generally exceed those determined for other small streams. The high degree of hyporheic exchange supports the hypothesis that weathering reactions within the hyporheos account for observed increases in solute concentration with stream length as noted in other studies of Antarctic streams. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Runkel, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 415, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM runkel@usgs.gov OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 32 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 14 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 143 EP 154 DI 10.2307/1467958 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 108JL UT WOS:000075262700001 ER PT J AU Thomson, KS Shubin, NS Poole, FG AF Thomson, KS Shubin, NS Poole, FG TI A problematic early tetrapod from the Mississippian of Nevada SO JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORIGIN; AMPHIBIA AB We report here the discovery of a new taxon of Paleozoic tetrapod from the Late Mississippian of Nevada (330-340 Ma). It has a unique vertebral column with principal centra having vertical anterior and posterior faces, ventrally incomplete accessory centra located antero-dorsally in each centrum, and enlarged presacral/sacral vertebrae. The head and pectoral girdle were not preserved but the large femur, robust pelvic girdle and enlarged sacral vertebrae possibly indicate a terrestrial mode of life. This new form significantly extends the western geographic range of known Mississippian tetrapods. It presents a mosaic of primitive and derived features, indicating that continued revision of traditional accounts of vertebral homology and the early diversifications of Paleozoic tetrapods will be necessary. C1 New Sch Social Res, New York, NY 10011 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Cent Mineral Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Thomson, KS (reprint author), New Sch Social Res, 65 W 11th St, New York, NY 10011 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY PI CHICAGO PA 401 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611-4267 USA SN 0272-4634 J9 J VERTEBR PALEONTOL JI J. Vertebr. Paleontol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 315 EP 320 PG 6 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA ZV746 UT WOS:000074337000006 ER PT J AU Rolandi, G Petrosino, P Mc Geehin, J AF Rolandi, G Petrosino, P Mc Geehin, J TI The interplinian activity at Somma-Vesuvius in the last 3500 years SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union CY DEC, 1995 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE Somma-Vesuvius; interplinian activity; C-14 dating; protohistoric; ancient historic; medieval period ID AD; ERUPTIONS; DEPOSITS; CALIBRATION; AVELLINO; VOLCANO; MAGMA AB Between 1884 B.C. and A.D. 472, eruptive activity at Somma-Vesuvius was dominated by the three plinian eruptions of Avellino (3550 yr B.P.), Pompei (A.D. 79) and A.D. 472 and, as a result, little attention has been given to the intervening interplinian activity. The interplinian events are here reconstructed using new data from twenty stratigraphic sections around the lower flanks of the volcano. Three main eruptions have beer identified for the protohistoric period (3550 yr B.P.-A.D. 79). The first two occurred shortly after the Avellino event and both show a progression from magmatic to phreatomagmatic behaviour. The third eruption (2700 B.P.) consisted of five phreatomagmatic episodes separated by the emplacement of mud flows. Only one event, the explosive eruption of A.D. 203, has been identified for the ancient historic period (A.D. 79-472). In contrast, the A.D. 472 eruption was followed during the medieval period (A D. 472-1631) by comparatively vigorous interplinian activity, including four strombolian-phreatomagmatic events and extensive lava effusion, which formed a summit cone (destroyed in A.:D. 1631) similar to that on Vesuvius today. Such regular alternations of plinian and interplinian events are evident only since 3550 yr B.P. and provide important constraints for forecasting future behaviour at Somma-Vesuvius. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Naples, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80138 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Rolandi, G (reprint author), Univ Naples, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, Largo S Marcellino 10, I-80138 Naples, Italy. EM rolandi@biol.dgbm.unina.it; mcgeehin@resdgd2.er.usgs.gov OI PETROSINO, Paola/0000-0002-5506-8753 NR 40 TC 109 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 19 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00056-5 PG 34 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103RV UT WOS:000074972400003 ER PT J AU Ayuso, RA De Vivo, B Rolandi, G Seal, RR Paone, A AF Ayuso, RA De Vivo, B Rolandi, G Seal, RR Paone, A TI Geochemical and isotopic (Nd-Pb-Sr-O) variations bearing on the genesis of volcanic rocks from Vesuvius, Italy SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union CY DEC, 1995 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Geophys Union DE isotopes; geochemistry; tectonics; Roman Province; Vesuvius ID POTASSIC ALKALINE MAGMAS; ISLAND-ARC VOLCANICS; MT-SOMMA-VESUVIUS; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; TRACE-ELEMENT; FLUID INCLUSION; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; ENRICHMENT PROCESSES; SEDIMENT SUBDUCTION; STRONTIUM ISOTOPE AB Alkaline volcanism produced by Monte Somma-Vesuvius volcano includes explosive plinian and subplinian activity in addition to effusive lava flows. Pumice, scoria, and lava (150 samples) exhibit major- and trace-element gradients as a function of SiO2 (58.9-47.2 wt%) and MgO (0-7.8 wt%); Mg# values are <50. Internally gradational chemical groups or cycles are distinguished by age: (1) 25,000 to 14,000 yr B.P.; (2) 8000 yr B.P. to A.D. 79; and (3) A.D. 79 to 1944. A small number of lavas, dikes and scoria were also analyzed from the Somma Formation (similar to 35,000 to 25,000 yr E.P.). Within each group, contents of Na2O + K2O increase with decreasing MgO along distinct arrays. Nb/Y values are variable from 0.66 to 3.14 (at SiO2 < 50 wt%) generally in the range of alkaline and ultra-alkaline rocks. Variations in contents of some major elements (e.g., P and Ti), and trace elements (e.g., Th, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Pb, La, and Sc), as well as contrasting trends in ratios of various elements (e.g., Ta/Yb, Hf/U, Th/Ta, Th/Hf, Th/Yb, etc.) are also generally consistent with the group subdivisions. For example, Th/Hf increases from similar to 5 to > 10 with decreasing age for the Vesuvius system as a whole, yielding similar compositions. in the least evolved rocks (low-silica, high-MgO, incompatible element-poor) erupted at the end of each cycle. Internal variations within individual eruptions also systematically changed generally toward a common mafic composition at the end of each cycle, thus reflecting the dominant volume in the magma chamber. At the start of a new eruptive cycle, the rocks are relatively enriched in incompatible elements; younger groups also contain higher abundances than older groups;. N-MORB-normalized multielement diagrams exhibit selective enrichments of Sr, K, Rb, Tn, and the light rare-earth elements; deep Nb and Ta negative anomalies commonly seen in rocks generated at orogenic margins are absent in our samples. Sr isotopic compositions are known to be variable within some of the units, in agreement with our data(Sr-87/Sr-86 similar to 0.70699 to 0.70803) and with contributions from several isotopic components. Isotopic compositions for delta(18)O (7.3 to 10.2 parts per thousand), Pb for mineral separates and whole rocks (Pb-206/Pb-204 similar to 18.947 to 19.178, Pb-207/Pb-204 similar to 15.617 to 15.769, Pb-208/Pb-204 similar to 38.915 to 39.435), and Nd (Nd-143/Nd-144 similar to 0.51228 to 0.51251) also show variability. Oxygen isotope data show that pumices have higher delta(18)O values than cogenetic lavas, and that delta(18)O values and SiO2 are correlated. Radiogenic and stable isotope data plot within range of isotopic compositions for the Roman comagmatic province. Fractional crystallization cannot account for the radiogenic isotopic compositions of the Vesuvius magmas. We favor instead the combined effects of heterogeneous magma sources, together with isotopic exchange near the roof of the magma chamber. We suggest that metasomatized continental mantle lithosphere is the principal source of the magmas. This kind of enriched mantle was melted and reactivated in an area of continental extension (incipient rift setting) without direct reliance on contemporaneous subduction processes but possibly with input from mantle sources that resemble those that produce ocean island basalts. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Naples, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80138 Naples, Italy. RP Ayuso, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Mail Stop 954, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 99 TC 131 Z9 131 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 53 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00057-7 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103RV UT WOS:000074972400004 ER PT J AU Belkin, HE De Vivo, B Torok, K Webster, JD AF Belkin, HE De Vivo, B Torok, K Webster, JD TI Pre-eruptive volatile content, melt-inclusion chemistry, and microthermometry of interplinian Vesuvius lavas (pre-AD1631) SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union CY DEC, 1995 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Geophys Union DE Mt. Somma-Vesuvius; pre-eruptive volatiles; volcano de-gassing; silicate-melt inclusions; microthermometry; secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ID MT-SOMMA-VESUVIUS; FLUID INCLUSION; CHLORINE; SULFUR; MAGMAS; GLASS; FLUORINE; NODULES AB Silicate-melt inclusions from lavas and pyroclastics from a selected suite of pre-A.D. 1631 interplinian Mt. Somma-Vesuvius lavas and scoria have been experimentally homogenized and studied by microthermometry, electron microprobe (EMPA) and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to examine pre-eruptive volatile content and magma evolution. The melt inclusions have a bubble about 0.06% their volume, uncommonly contain non-condensable gas but do not contain any dense fluid phases. Clinopyroxene-hosted inclusions yield homogenization temperatures (T(h)) from 1170 to 1260 degrees C, most between 1220 and 1240 degrees C; plagioclase-hosted inclusions have T(h) from 1210 to 1230 degrees C; these values are typical for the Vesuvius environment. The dominant factor controlling major element variability in the inclusions is clinopyroxene fractionation; MgO varies from 5 to 3 wt%, SiO(2) varies from 60 to 48 wt%, total alkalis vary from 15 to 3 wt%, and CaO varies from 13 to 5 wt%. H(2)O varies from 2.7 to 0.6 wt% and is decoupled from incompatible element evolution suggesting vapor saturation during trapping. Chlorine and F vary from 1.0 wt% to 0 and 0.63 to 0 wt%, respectively. Bulk rock and limited matrix glass analyses show that the lavas lost about half of their F and Cl content except for the A.D. 472-1631 lava which contains similar Cl abundances as the bulk rock. SO(3) varies from 0.5 to 0 wt% and compared with matrix glass and bulk rock demonstrate that the lavas have lost essentially all sulfur. The samples can be classified into three age groups, > 25,000 yr B.P., 25,000-17,000 yr B,P., and A.D. 472-1631. There is a systematic increase in some components, e.g., total alkalis, SO(3), Cl, Li, B, and Sr with the youth of the sample and a decrease in others, e.g., Zr and Y. However, on average these samples seem less evolved than later A..D. 1631-1944 lavas. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80134 Naples, Italy. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Geophys, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, New York, NY 10024 USA. RP Belkin, HE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 956, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RI Facility, NENIMF/B-8811-2015; OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529 NR 31 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 79 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00058-9 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 103RV UT WOS:000074972400005 ER PT J AU Bulander, MJ AF Bulander, MJ TI A closer look at rehabilitation permit conditions SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE REHABILITATION LA English DT Article C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reg 3, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Bulander, MJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reg 3, Washington, DC 20240 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT WILDLIFE REHABILITATION COUNCIL PI SUISUN PA 4437 CENTRAL PLACE, B4, SUISUN, CA 94585 USA SN 1071-2232 J9 J WILDLIFE REHABIL JI J. Wildl. Rehabil. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 24 EP 29 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 120ZB UT WOS:000075986800007 ER PT J AU Hargis, CD Bissonette, JA David, JL AF Hargis, CD Bissonette, JA David, JL TI The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landscape ecology; landscape measures; fragmentation; mean proximity index; perimeter-area fractal dimension; mass fractal dimension ID FRACTAL DIMENSION; FOREST LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; OREGON; RANGE; USA AB A meaningful interpretation of landscape metrics is possible only when the limitations of each measure are fully understood, the range of attainable values is known, and the user is aware of potential shifts in the range of values due to characteristics of landscape patches. To examine the behavior of landscape metrics, we generated artificial landscapes that mimicked fragmentation processes while controlling the size and shape of patches in the landscape and the mode of disturbance growth. We developed nine series of increasingly fragmented landscapes and used these to investigate the behavior of edge density, contagion, mean nearest neighbor distance, mean proximity index, perimeter-area fractal dimension, and mass fractal dimension. We found that most of the measures were highly correlated, especially contagion and edge density, which had a near-perfect inverse correspondence. Many of the measures were linearly-associated with increasing disturbance until the proportion of disturbance on the landscape was approximately 0.40, with non-linear associations at higher proportions. None of the measures was able to differentiate between landscape patterns characterized by dispersed versus aggregated patches. The highest attainable value of each measure was altered by either patch size or shape, and in some cases, by both attributes. We summarize our findings by discussing the utility of each metric. C1 Utah State Univ, Coll Nat Resources, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Hargis, CD (reprint author), Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, SW Forest Sci Complex,2500 S Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 37 TC 334 Z9 386 U1 13 U2 107 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 167 EP 186 DI 10.1023/A:1007965018633 PG 20 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 179BH UT WOS:000079303300003 ER PT J AU Tyler, SW Cook, PG Butt, AZ Thomas, JM Doran, PT Lyons, WB AF Tyler, SW Cook, PG Butt, AZ Thomas, JM Doran, PT Lyons, WB TI Evidence of deep circulation in two perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; TRACERS; CCL2F2; CCL3F; FRYXELL AB The perennial ice covers found on many of the lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valley region of the Antarctic have been postulated to severely limit mixing and convective turnover of these unique lakes. In this work, we utilize chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentration profiles from Lakes Hoare and Fryxell in the McMurdo Dry Valley to determine the extent of deep vertical mixing occurring over the last 50 years. Near the ice-water interface, CFC concentrations in both lakes were well above saturation, in accordance with atmospheric gas supersaturations resulting from freezing under the perennial ice covers. Evidence of mixing throughout the water column at Lake Hoare was confirmed by the presence of CFCs throughout the water column and suggests vertical mixing times of 20-30 years. In Lake, Fryxell, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 were found in the upper water column; however, degradation of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the anoxic bot tom waters appears to be occurring with CFC-113 only present in these bottom waters. The presence of CFC-113 in the bottom waters, in conjunction with previous work detecting tritium in these waters, strongly argues for the presence of convective mixing in Lake Fryxell. The evidence for deep mixing in these lakes may be an important, yet overlooked, phenomenon in the limnology of perennially ice-covered lakes. C1 Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. CSIRO, Ctr Groundwater Studies, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. Univ Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Tyler, SW (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RI Cook, Peter/H-3606-2011 NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 625 EP 635 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 109KA UT WOS:000075320300009 ER PT J AU Keough, JR Hagley, CA Ruzycki, E Sierszen, M AF Keough, JR Hagley, CA Ruzycki, E Sierszen, M TI delta C-13 composition of primary producers and role of detritus in a freshwater coastal ecosystem SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE; FOOD WEBS; SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES; CARBON ISOTOPES; ACIDIFIED LAKES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS; ALGAE; ENRICHMENT; LIMITATION AB Stable-isotope ratio signatures of primary producers in a coastal wetland and in adjacent offshore waters of western Lake Superior indicated that phytoplankton are the primary source of carbon for the grazing food web of this ecosystem. This study outlines the possible roles of other autotrophs in this regard. Isotopic signatures of macrophytes effected their life-form-associated constraints on diffusion of inorganic carbon. Data indicated that differences between wetland and lake phytoplankton may be explained by the isotopic signatures of their dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sources. Results of an in situ experiment showed that respiration associated with macrophyte decomposition is capable of enriching surrounding water with significant amounts of C-13-depleted DIC and lowering the net delta(13)C ratio of DIC in water low-turbulence situations. The delta(13)C ratio for wetland phytoplankton may be depleted relative to pelagic algae because the fixed carbon is derived from decomposing detritus. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Keough, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 44 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 734 EP 740 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 109KA UT WOS:000075320300021 ER PT J AU Qiang, J McCabe, PJ AF Qiang, J McCabe, PJ TI Genetic features of petroleum systems in rift basins of eastern China SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rift basin; petroleum system; genetic feature; oil and gas habitat AB Most oil-bearing basins in eastern China are Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental rifts which have played a habitat for oil and gas in China. Investigation of the petroleum systems may give a better understanding of the oil and gas habitats in these basins. Of the essential elements of the petroleum system, the source rock is the most important in rift basins. However, rift tectonic evolution controls all the essential elements and processes necessary for a petroleum system. A four stage evolution model is suggested for the controls in the rift basin. A rift basin may consist of sub-basins, depressions, sub-depressions, and major, moderate, and minor uplifts. A depression or sub-depression has its own depocentre (mainly occupied by source rock) and all kinds of lacustrine sediments, and thus has all the essential elements of a petroleum system. However, only those depressions or sub-depressions which are rich in organic matter and deeply buried to generate oil and gas form petroleum systems. Immature oil, another characteristic, complicates the petroleum system in the rift basins. Three types of oil and gas habitats are described as a result of this analysis of the petroleum systems of the 26 largest oil and gas fields discovered in eastern China rift basins: uplifts between oil source centres are the most prospective areas for oil and gas accumulations, slopes connecting oil source centres and uplifts are the second, and the third type is subtle traps in the oil source centre. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Petr, Dept Resources, Shandong 257062, Peoples R China. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Qiang, J (reprint author), Univ Petr, Dept Resources, Shandong 257062, Peoples R China. OI McCabe, Peter/0000-0001-5262-1018 NR 39 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 343 EP 358 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 107NA UT WOS:000075214300005 ER PT J AU Bothner, MH Gill, PW Boothman, WS Taylor, BB Karl, HA AF Bothner, MH Gill, PW Boothman, WS Taylor, BB Karl, HA TI Chemical gradients in sediment cores from an EPA reference site off the Farallon Islands - Assessing chemical indicators of dredged material disposal in the deep sea SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE contaminants; sediment cores; Farallon Islands; dredged material; reference site; continental slope ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; NORMALIZATIONS; HYDROCARBONS; CALIFORNIA; TOXICITY; MARINE; SHELF AB Heavy metal and organic contaminants have been determined in undisturbed sediment cores from the US Environmental Protection Agency reference site for dredged material on the continental slope off San Francisco. As expected, the concentrations are significantly lower than toxic effects guidelines, but concentrations of PCBs, PAHs, Hg, Pb, and Clostridium perfringens (a bacterium spore found in sewage) were nearly two or more times greater in the surface sediments than in intervals deeper in the cores. These observations indicate the usefulness of measuring concentration gradients in sediments at the San Francisco deep ocean disposal site (SF-DODS) where a thin (0.5 cm thick) layer of dredged material has been observed beyond the boundary. This thin layer has not been chemically characterized by the common practice of homogenizing over the top 10 cm, An estimated 300 million cubic yards of dredged material from San Francisco Bay are expected to be discharged at the SF-DODS site during the next 50 years. Detailed depth analysis of sediment cores would add significant new information about the fate and effects of dredged material in the deep sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mbothner@usgs.gov NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 443 EP 457 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00003-4 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZZ979 UT WOS:000074788600016 ER PT J AU Cunningham, CG Rasmussen, JD Steven, TA Rye, RO Rowley, PD Romberger, SB Selverstone, J AF Cunningham, CG Rasmussen, JD Steven, TA Rye, RO Rowley, PD Romberger, SB Selverstone, J TI Hydrothermal uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite in the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article ID CREEDE MINING DISTRICT; FLUID-INCLUSION; STABLE ISOTOPE; ORE-DEPOSITS; COLORADO; SYSTEM; VEIN; ENVIRONMENT; SOLUBILITY; EVOLUTION AB Uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite occur in the Central Mining Area, near Marysvale, Utah, and formed in an epithermal vein system that is part of a volcanic/hypabyssal complex. They represent a known, but uncommon, type of deposit; relative to other commonly described volcanic-related uranium deposits, they are young, well-exposed and well-documented. Hydrothermal uranium-bearing quartz and fluorite veins are exposed over a 300 m vertical range in the mines. Molybdenum, as jordisite (amorphous MoS2), together with fluorite and pyrite, increase with depth, and uranium decreases with depth. The veins cut 23-Ma quartz monzonite, 20-Ma granite, and 19-Ma rhyolite ash-flow tuff. The veins formed at 19-18 Ma in a 1 km(2) area, above a cupola of a composite, recurrent, magma chamber at least 24 x 5 km across that fed a sequence of 21- to 14-Ma hypabyssal granitic stocks, rhyolite lava flows, ash-flow tuffs, and volcanic domes. Formation of the Central Mining Area began when the intrusion of a rhyolite stock, and related molybdenite-bearing, uranium-rich, glassy rhyolite dikes, lifted the fractured roof above the stock. A breccia pipe formed and relieved magmatic pressures, and as blocks of the fractured roof began to settle back in place, flat-lying, concave-downward, "pull-apart" fractures were formed. Uranium-bearing, quartz and fluorite veins were deposited by a shallow hydrothermal system in the disarticulated carapace. The veins, which filled open spaces along the high-angle fault zones and hat-lying fractures, were deposited within 115 m of the ground surface above the concealed rhyolite stock. Hydrothermal fluids with temperatures near 200 degrees C, delta(18)O(H2O) similar to -1.5, delta D-H2O similar to -130, log fO(2) about -47 to -50, and pH about 6 to 7, permeated the fractured rocks; these fluids were rich in fluorine, molybdenum, potassium, and hydrogen sulfide, and contained uranium as fluoride complexes. The hydrothermal fluids reacted with the wallrock resulting in precipitation of uranium minerals. At the deepest exposed levels, wallrocks were altered to sericite; and uraninite, coffnite, jordisite, fluorite, molybdenite, quartz, and pyrite were deposited in the veins. The fluids were progressively oxidized and cooled at higher levels in the system by boiling and degassing; iron-bearing minerals in wall rocks were oxidized to hematite, and quartz, fluorite, minor siderite, and uraninite were deposited in the veins. Near the ground surface, the fluids were acidified by condensation of volatiles and oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in near-surface, steam-heated, ground waters; wall rocks were altered to kaolinite, and quartz, fluorite, and uraninite were deposited in veins. Secondary uranium minerals, hematite, and gypsum formed during supergene alteration later in the Cenozoic when the upper part of the mineralized system was exposed by erosion. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. N Amer Explorat, Kaysville, UT 84037 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Cunningham, CG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 954 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Selverstone, Jane/A-9809-2008 OI Selverstone, Jane/0000-0003-4234-4111 NR 74 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 33 IS 5 BP 477 EP 494 DI 10.1007/s001260050164 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 106DN UT WOS:000075114700003 ER PT J AU Gardner, JV Butman, PB Mayer, LA Clarke, JH AF Gardner, JV Butman, PB Mayer, LA Clarke, JH TI Mapping US continental shelves SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. RP Gardner, JV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 10 EP 17 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA ZW002 UT WOS:000074363700002 ER PT J AU Scoppettone, GG Rissler, PH Nielsen, MB Harvey, JE AF Scoppettone, GG Rissler, PH Nielsen, MB Harvey, JE TI The status of Moapa coriacea and Gila seminuda and status information on other fishes of the Muddy River, Clark County, Nevada SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID INTRODUCTIONS AB Moapa coriacea is endemic to the headwaters (Warm Springs area) of the Muddy River Clark County Nevada. The Warm Springs area was snorkeled and Moapa coriacea and Gila seminuda enumerated in August 1994 after a fire, and in May 1997 after a diversion dam had been removed from the downstream end. Gila seminuda had been reported in greatest abundance downstream from the Warm Springs area and ive estimated the population there through mark and recapture from January to March 1995. There was a dramatic reduction in native fishes in the Warm Springs area between 1994 and 1997, coinciding with the invasion of Oreochromis aurea. Downstream from the Warm Springs area Gila seminuda was the most frequently netted species while O. aurea was relatively scarce. The fish population (native and non-native) decreased in a downstream direction; the causative factor(s) have not been identified. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Reno Field Stn, Reno, NV 89502 USA. RP Scoppettone, GG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Reno Field Stn, 1340 Financial Blvd,Suite 161, Reno, NV 89502 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 115 EP 122 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 133TH UT WOS:000076701500001 ER PT J AU Whidden, KJ Lund, SP Bottjer, DJ Champion, D Howell, DG AF Whidden, KJ Lund, SP Bottjer, DJ Champion, D Howell, DG TI Paleomagnetic evidence that the central block of Salinia (California) is not a far-traveled terrane SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; SIERRA-NEVADA; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TECTONIC ROTATION; NORTHWARD DISPLACEMENT; MOENKOPI FORMATION; COLORADO PLATEAU; RED BEDS; MEXICO AB New paleomagnetic results from Late Cretaceous (75-85 m.y.) red beds on the central block of Salinia indicate that Salinia was located within 6 degrees (in latitude) of its current cratonal North American position during the Late Cretaceous (after correction for Neogene San Andreas Fault transport). The red beds formed as alluvial-fan overbank deposits with hematite cement deposited directly on Salinian granites in the La Panza Range. Paleomagnetic analysis shows two components of magnetization in the red beds, a low-blocking-temperature present-day overprint residing in goethite and a high-blocking-temperature (>600 degrees) component residing in hematite. The hematite magnetization is a chemical remanent magnetization which formed soon after deposition during pedogenesis. The bedding-corrected hematite remanence contains a magnetic polarity stratigraphy with antipodal normal and reversed directions. Twenty-three Class I sites (alpha(95) < 20 degrees) have an average hematite direction with inclination 54.4 degrees and declination = 18.2 degrees (alpha(95) = 6.1 degrees) after structural correction. These paleomagnetic data suggest that Salinia resided at about 35 degrees N latitude during the Late Cretaceous, within 6 degrees of its current location adjacent to cratonal North America. By contrast, a summary of paleomagnetic data from the Peninsular Ranges terrane and the Sur-Obispo terrane, which are currently outboard of Salinia, shows northward transport of these terranes of 12 degrees to 22 degrees relative to their current locations in North America since the Cretaceous. The offsets increase systematically away from the craton with the most outboard Sur-Obispo terrane (which is composed of accretionary prism and distal forearc material) showing the largest degree of northward translation. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Whidden, KJ (reprint author), Amoco Explorat & Prod, Houston, TX USA. NR 70 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 329 EP 343 DI 10.1029/97TC03021 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZV208 UT WOS:000074281200001 ER PT J AU Kawaoka, Y Gorman, OT Ito, T Wells, K Donis, RO Castrucci, MR Donatelli, I Webster, RG AF Kawaoka, Y Gorman, OT Ito, T Wells, K Donis, RO Castrucci, MR Donatelli, I Webster, RG TI Influence of host species on the evolution of the nonstructural (NS) gene of influenza A viruses SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE influenza virus; NS gene; evolution ID TOXIC LYMPHOCYTES-T; A VIRUSES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MESSENGER-RNA; NUCLEOPROTEIN GENE; NUCLEAR EXPORT; PROTEIN; DNA; POLYPEPTIDES; SEGMENT-8 AB The matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) genes of influenza A viruses each encode two overlapping proteins. In the M gene, evolution of one protein affects that of the other, To determine whether or not this evolutionary influence operating between the two M proteins also occurs in the NS gene, we sequenced the NS genes of 36 influenza A viruses isolated from a broad spectrum of animal species (wild and domestic birds, horses, pigs, humans, and sea mammals) and analyzed them phylogenetically, together with other previously published sequences. These analyses enabled us to conclude the following host species-related points that are nor found in the other influenza A virus genes and their gene products. (1) The evolution of the two overlapping proteins encoded by the NS gene are lineage-dependent, unlike the M gene where evolutionary constraints on the M1 protein affect the evolution of the M2 protein (Ito et al,, J. Virol. 65 (1991) 5491-5498). (2) The gull-specific lineage contained nonH13 gull viruses and the non-gull avian lineage contained H13 gull viruses, indicating that the gull-specific lineage does not link to the H13 HA subtype in the NS gene unlike findings with other genes. (3) The branching topology of the recent equine lineage (H7N7 viruses isolated after 1973 and H3N8) indicates recent introduction of the NS, M, and PB2 genes into horses from avian sources by genetic reassortment. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 St Jude Res Hosp, Dept Virol Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Tottori Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Vet Publ Hlth, Tottori 680, Japan. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Ist Super Sanita, Dept Virol, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RP Kawaoka, Y (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, 2015 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI CASTRUCCI, MARIA RITA/C-2535-2016 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-29680, AI-33898] NR 43 TC 54 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 55 IS 2 BP 143 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00038-0 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 110GZ UT WOS:000075374200003 PM 9725667 ER PT J AU Ranalli, AJ AF Ranalli, AJ TI An evaluation of in-situ measurements of water temperature, specific conductance, and pH in low ionic strength streams SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE bias; accuracy; in-situ monitoring; precision ID ACID AB The performance of minimonitors used by the U.S. Geological Survey for continuous measurement of water temperature, specific conductance, and pH in four low ionic strength streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York was evaluated through a calculation of their bias, precision, and accuracy and by comparison with laboratory measurements of specific conductance and pH on samples collected concurrently. Results indicate that the mini-monitor measurements of specific conductance and pH in an acidic stream (acid-neutralizing capacity always less than 0) agreed with laboratory measurements well enough that the minimonitors can be used to supplement laboratory measurements (mean difference in pH was 0.02 pH unit and mean difference in specific conductance was 0.72 mu S cm(-1). This mean difference was 0.32 mu S cm(-1) if the minimonitor data were adjusted by the bias). In less acidic streams (two streams in which the acid-neutralizing capacity was always greater than 0 and one in which the acid-neutralizing capacity was greater than 0 except during high flows), there was poor agreement between laboratory and minimonitor measurements of specific conductance at high flows and pH at all flows. The water-temperature probes measured with sufficiently small bias (-0.1 degrees C) and adequate precision (+/-0.70 degrees C) for use with most applications. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ranalli, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 423 EP 441 DI 10.1023/A:1004948932734 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZU076 UT WOS:000074158800014 ER PT J AU Thorstenson, DC Weeks, EP Haas, H Busenberg, E Plummer, LN Peters, CA AF Thorstenson, DC Weeks, EP Haas, H Busenberg, E Plummer, LN Peters, CA TI Chemistry of unsaturated zone gases sampled in open boreholes at the crest of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Data and basic concepts of chemical and physical processes in the mountain SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STABLE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; SOIL CO2; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; GREAT PLAINS; CARBON; GROUNDWATER; CONSUMPTION; CLIMATE; C-14 AB Boreholes open to the unsaturated zone at the crest of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, were variously sampled for CO2 (including C-13 and C-14), CH4, N-2, O-2, Ar, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 from 1986 to 1993. Air enters the mountain in outcrops, principally on the eastern slope, is enriched in CO2 by mixing with soil gas, and is advected to the mountain crest, where it returns to the atmosphere. The CFC data indicate that travel times of the advecting gas in the shallow Tiva Canyon hydrogeologic unit are less than or equal to 5 years. The C-14 activities are postbomb to depths of 100 m, indicating little retardation of (CO2)-C-14 in the shallow flow systems. The C-14 activities from 168 to 404 m in the Topopah Spring hydrogeologic unit are 85-90 pMC at borehole USW-UZ6. The CFC data show that the drilling of USW-UZ6 in 1984 has altered the natural system by providing a conduit through the Paintbrush Nonwelded unit, allowing flow from Topopah Spring outcrops in Solitario Canyon on the west to USW-UZ6, upward in the borehole through the Paintbrush, to the shallow Tiva Canyon flow systems, and out of the mountain. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Desert Res Inst, Radiocarbon Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Thorstenson, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046 MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 56 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1507 EP 1529 DI 10.1029/98WR00267 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZQ933 UT WOS:000073917600011 ER PT J AU Abrams, RH Loague, K Kent, DB AF Abrams, RH Loague, K Kent, DB TI Development and testing of a compartmentalized reaction network model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; CRUDE-OIL; SIMULATING TRANSPORT; ANOXIC GROUNDWATER; CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT; FLOW SYSTEMS; OXIDATION; DENITRIFICATION; ADSORPTION AB The work reported here is the first part of a larger effort focused on efficient numerical simulation of redox zone development in contaminated aquifers. The sequential use of various electron accepters, which is governed by the energy yield of each reaction, gives rise to redox zones. The large difference in energy yields between the various redox reactions leads to systems of equations that are extremely ill-conditioned. These equations are very difficult to solve, especially in the context of coupled fluid flow, solute transport, and geochemical simulations. We have developed a general, rational method to solve such systems where we focus on the dominant reactions, compartmentalizing them in a manner that is analogous to the redox zones that are often observed in the field. The compartmentalized approach allows us to easily solve a complex geochemical system as a function of time and energy yield, laying the foundation for our ongoing work in which we couple the reaction network, for the development of redox zones, to a model of subsurface fluid flow and solute transport. Our method (1) solves the numerical system without evoking a redox parameter, (2) improves the numerical stability of redox systems by choosing which compartment and thus which reaction network to use based upon the concentration ratios of key constituents, (3) simulates the development of redox zones as a function of time without the use of inhibition factors or switching functions, and (4) can reduce the number of transport equations that need to be solved in space and time. We show through the use of various model performance evaluation statistics that the appropriate compartment choice under different geochemical conditions leads to numerical solutions without significant error. The compartmentalized approach described here facilitates the next phase of this effort where we couple the redox zone reaction network to models of fluid flow and solute transport. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Abrams, RH (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM abrams@pangea.stanford.edu NR 50 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1531 EP 1541 DI 10.1029/98WR00485 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZQ933 UT WOS:000073917600012 ER PT J AU Almendinger, JE Leete, JH AF Almendinger, JE Leete, JH TI Regional and local hydrogeology of calcareous fens in the Minnesota river Basin, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE ground-water discharge; hydraulic conductivity; peatlands; wetland hydrology ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SLUG TESTS; WATER; PEAT; PEATLANDS; EVOLUTION; HYDROLOGY; WETLANDS AB Six calcareous fens in the Minnesota River Basin, USA are in regional hydrogeologic settings with large discharges of calcareous ground water. These settings juxtapose topographically high areas of ground-water recharge with fens in lower areas of discharge, thus creating steep upward hydraulic gradients at the fens. Coarse glacial deposits with high permeability connect recharge areas to discharge areas and transmit large amounts of ground water to the fens. Calcareous fens in the Minnesota River Basin are associated with two regional landforms, river terraces and glacial moraines. The calcareous drift is the likely source of carbonate for the fens; carbonate bedrock is not required. Five of the calcareous fens form peat aprons over broad areas of diffuse ground-water discharge on river terraces. One of the calcareous fens is a peat dome over an aquifer window, a relatively small area (about 15-m radius) of localized ground-water discharge through a breach in the clayey confining layer of the underlying aquifer. Carbonate content of calcareous fen peat averaged about 27% (calcium carbonate equivalent, dry weight basis) in the surface layer, which commonly overlies a carbonate-depleted zone with a carbonate content of 10% or less. Hydraulic conductivity (K) of calcareous fen peat determined from slug tests ranged from 2.7 x 10(-7) to 9.8 x 10(-5) m s(-1) and had a geometric mean of 3.8 x 10(-6) m s(-1). These values likely underestimate the true horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K-h) and overestimate the true vertical hydraulic conductivity (K-v) because of errors in assumptions commonly used in slug-test analyses. Median (over time) hydraulic heads in wells screened below the base of the peat ranged from about 25 to 69 cm above the peat surface. Upward vertical gradients (dimensionless) through the peat ranged from 0.040 to 0.209. Vertical ground-water discharge was calculated by Darcy's Law and ranged from 2 to 172 L m(-2) d(-1). Because of bias in estimating K-v, these values likely overestimate the true vertical ground-water discharge and indicate the importance of better field methods to estimate K, especially K-v. Calcareous fens may need water tables sustained near the peat surface by large vertical ground-water discharges to allow carbonate precipitation, which is associated with the rare fen vegetation. C1 US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Almendinger, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2280 Woodale Dr, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. NR 67 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 184 EP 202 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV104 UT WOS:000074269500003 ER PT J AU Haukos, DA Sun, HZ Wester, DB Smith, LM AF Haukos, DA Sun, HZ Wester, DB Smith, LM TI Sample size, power, and analytical considerations for vertical structure data from profile boards in wetland vegetation SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE habitat analysis; playa wetlands; profile board; statistical procedures; vegetation analysis ID NESTING COVER; DENSITY; SUCCESS; FIELDS; DUCKS; OAK AB Profile beards are commonly used to estimate vertical cover of herbaceous vegetation in the evaluation of wildlife habitat. However, data from this technique are seldom collected or analyzed in a consistent manner. Therefore, we investigated and evaluated methods of profile-board data collection and analysis using univariate and multivariate techniques. We collected 11,056 samples of vertical-structure data (percent cover) at 2,764 points in 8 playa wetlands in the Southern High Plains of Texas during 1989 and 1990. Visual obstruction data were collected along 5 transects in each playa, with 4 subsamples taken at each point. Data from strata of a profile board rarely followed a normal distribution. Observations among strata were correlated. initial analysis with a multivariate technique to simultaneously test data from all strata is recommended to control experiment-wise error rates. Only when a significant effect is determined in initial analyses should other multivariate techniques or univariate analyses follow to assess differences. Collecting >1 observation per sampling point (i.e., subsampling) did not affect analysis and is only necessary when subsamples are not correlated. Sampling should be stratified throughout a habitat to account for structural variation within a habitat. Transforming percent cover into scores reduced differences among habitat units and may result in a misrepresentation of the data due to the potential for an indication of plant cover despite no vegetation occurring. When estimating a population mean, we recommend a minimum sample size of 20 points/habitat unit and arcsine transforming percent data to achieve acceptable type 1 error rates. When comparing 2 or more habitats or experimental treatments, arcsine transformation of percent data is not necessary. General procedural recommendations for use of profile board are (1) use a board that is relative in height and strata size to vegetation/animal of interest, (2) use equally spaced strata to avoid biasing results to certain stratum, (3) determine the distance from which to read the board by calculating the distance that results in the most variation in cover values, and (4) use one observer or randomize observers among experimental units. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Haukos, DA (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 203 EP 215 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV104 UT WOS:000074269500004 ER PT J AU Parkhurst, RS Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Sturrock, AM AF Parkhurst, RS Winter, TC Rosenberry, DO Sturrock, AM TI Evaporation from a small prairie wetland in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota - An energy-budget study SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE energy-budget; evaporation; prairie wetland ID WATER AB Evaporation from Wetland P1 in the Cottonwood Lake area of North Dakota, USA was determined by the energy-budget method for 1982-85 and 1987. Evaporation rates were as high as 0.672 cm day(-1). Incoming: solar radiation, incoming atmospheric radiation, and long-wave radiation emitted from the water body are the largest energy fluxes to and from the wetland. Because of the small heat storage of the water body, evaporation rates closely track solar radiation on shea time scales. The effect of advected energy related to precipitation is small because the water quickly heats up by solar radiation following precipitation. Advected energy related to ground water is minimal because ground-water fluxes are small and groundwater temperature is only about 7 degrees C. Energy flux related to sediment heating and thermal storage in the sediments, which might be expected to be large because the water is clear and shallow, affects evaporation rates by less than 5 percent. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Parkhurst, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Mail Stop 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 272 EP 287 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV104 UT WOS:000074269500011 ER PT J AU Greenwood, RJ Pietruszewski, DG Crawford, RD AF Greenwood, RJ Pietruszewski, DG Crawford, RD TI Effects of food supplementation on depredation of duck nests in upland habitat SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE duck; Mephitis mephitis; nest depredation; nest success; North Dakota; prairie; striped skunk; supplemental food; waterfowl ID CONSERVATION-RESERVE-PROGRAM; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; STRIPED SKUNKS; MEPHITIS-MEPHITIS; GROUND-SQUIRREL; NORTH-DAKOTA; SUCCESS; REPRODUCTION; PREDATION; WEIGHT AB We examined provision of supplemental food as a method for reducing depredation of upland-duck nests, especially by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Predators negatively influence duck recruitment in grassland ecosystems. Managers are in search of methods, particularly nonlethal methods, for reducing nest depredation. We conducted this study on 24 areas managed for wildlife production in the Prairie Pothole Region of central North Dakota during 1993-1994. We provided a mix of fish offal and sunflower seeds on 12 areas; no food was provided on the remaining 12 control areas. Although we observed a tendency during both rears for higher nest success rates on provisioned areas ((x) over bar = 46%, 1993; 36%, 1994) than on control areas ((x) over bar = 27%, 1993; 31%, 1994), mean nest success rates (Mayfield 1961) overall did not differ significantly between food-provisioned areas ((x) over bar = 41%) and control areas ((x) over bar = 29%). Striped skunk depredation rate was lower on food-provisioned areas (11%) than on control areas (24%), suggesting that skunks reduced their consumption of eggs when provided with a food supplement. In 1994, habitat conditions were optimal, and ducks nested persistently into the summer when nest success rates of food-provisioned areas and control areas differed by only 5 percentage points. That year American badgers (Taxidea taxus) and Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii) apparently compensated for reduced depredation by skunks. Thus, although skunks and other mammalian predators seem to have responded positively to food provisioning, nest depredations overall did not change. Provision of supplemental food apparently has limited value for managing depredation of upland duck nests in the Prairie Pothole Region where predator communities are complex. C1 US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Greenwood, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 54 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 219 EP 226 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600005 ER PT J AU Gipson, PS Hlavachick, B Berger, T AF Gipson, PS Hlavachick, B Berger, T TI Range expansion by wild hogs across the central United States SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE hunting; management; policy; range; Sus scrofa; translocation; wild hogs ID TRANSLOCATION C1 Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas Dept Wildlife & Pk, Pratt, KS 67124 USA. RP Gipson, PS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Kansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 31 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 279 EP 286 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600015 ER PT J AU Jonker, SA Parehurst, JA Field, R Fuller, TK AF Jonker, SA Parehurst, JA Field, R Fuller, TK TI Black bear depredation on agricultural commodities in Massachusetts SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE agriculture; black bear; depredation; deterrent techniques; education; Massachusetts; survey; Ursus americanus AB We used response to a mail survey (n = 848) to evaluate the extent and severity of depredation by blade bears (Ursus americanus) on agricultural commodities in Massachusetts and to assess producers' attitudes toward and tolerance of bear depredation. Damage abatement techniques were ranked for effectiveness by producers of corn, bees and honey, and livestock and dairy products. Results showed differences in perception of effects of bear depredation among commodity groups. Producers of corn and livestock and dairy products considered bear damage to be low to moderate in severity whereas beekeepers thought their losses were! substantial or severe. Most estimates of economic loss were <$1,000 per year. Respondents considered bears to be an inconvenience, bur thought they should remain a part of our natural heritage. There was no significant relationship between producers' experience with or economic dependence on their product and their attitude toward bears or their tolerance of bear damage. We conclude that there is need for effective education programs for agricultural producers, strengthened working relationships between producers and state fish and wildlife agencies, incorporation of producers' suggestions into management decisions, and investment in effective, economical, and long-term solutions to bear depredations for each affected commodity group. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Geol Survey, Bol Resources Div, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Jonker, SA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resources Recreat & Tourism, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 318 EP 324 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600022 ER PT J AU Smith, GW Dubovsky, JA AF Smith, GW Dubovsky, JA TI The point system and duck-harvest management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE conventional bag; duck; harvest management; hunting; point system ID MALLARDS C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Smith, GW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, 11500 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 333 EP 341 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600024 ER PT J AU Tucker, JW Hill, GE Holler, NR AF Tucker, JW Hill, GE Holler, NR TI Managing mid-rotation pine plantations to enhance Bachman's sparrow habitat SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Aimophila aestivalis; Bachman's sparrow; forest management; pine plantations; prescribed burning ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FOREST; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; MANAGEMENT; OCCUPANCY; FLORIDA AB Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) ranks high among the bird species of greatest management concern in the southeastern United Stares. Bachman's sparrows typically occur in mature pine (Pinus spp.) forests that have a limited shrub layer and a dense, herbaceous ground cover, and in recently planted (within 1-5 yrs) clearcuts. Middle-aged pine stands usually are not occupied by Bachman's sparrows. At Tyndall Air Force Base in northwest Florida, we found Bachman's sparrows exclusively within burned, mid-aged (17- to 28-yr-old) slash pine (P. elliottii) plantations. Bachman's sparrows were more abundant (Z = 2.74, P = 0.006) in burned stands than in similarly managed unburned stands. Within burned stands, a positive correlation existed between number of Bachman's sparrows and relative volume of grass (r(s) = 0.46). Prescribed burning in pine plantations can produce suitable habitat conditions for Bachman's sparrow in stands younger than most studies have suggested. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Zool & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, US Geol Survey, Alabama Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Tucker, JW (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Zool & Wildlife Sci, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 342 EP 348 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600025 ER PT J AU Dinsmore, SJ Collazo, JA Walters, JR AF Dinsmore, SJ Collazo, JA Walters, JR TI Seasonal numbers and distribution of shorebirds on North Carolina's Outer Banks SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CALIDRIS-ALBA; DELAWARE BAY; SANDERLINGS; ABUNDANCE; POPULATION; MOVEMENTS; MIGRATION AB We documented the seasonal abundance, distribution, and relative importance of outer beach habitats to shorebirds on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The Outer Banks span 228 km and attract millions of tourists every year, underscoring the need for baseline data for conservation. Twenty-one species were recorded during the study. The most abundant were Sanderling (Calidris alba), Red Knot (Calidris canutus), and Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus). As an assemblage, shorebirds were most abundant in May and August. Peak numbers for each species were recorded between April-May and July-September. The greatest numbers were recorded on North Beach and the lowest on South Beach (1992) and Bodie Island (1993). Shorebird abundance was greater during fall (68 birds/km) than in spring (50 birds/km). Patterns of abundance of the eight most abundant species were examined in detail. Black-bellied Plovers (Pluvialis squatarola), Willets, Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus), Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) and Sanderlings were most abundant on North Beach. North Core Banks harbored the highest numbers of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus), American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus), and Red Knots. American Oystercatchers and Whimbrels were significantly more abundant during spring than fall, whereas Willet and Sanderlings were more abundant during fall. The Outer Banks emerged as an important staging area for the Atlantic populations of Piping Plovers, Whimbrels, and Sanderlings when compared to 7 other areas along the eastern U.S. coast. The importance of the area to Sanderlings was reaffirmed by return rates of 58%, most (69-89%) returning to the beach stretch where they were banded. The area gains special significance because it also supports a nesting population of Piping Plovers. Our findings confirm that the Outer Banks of North Carolina provide a critical link in the migratory path of several shorebird species. Habitat loss or alteration could adversely affect the Atlantic Flyway population of several species (e.g., Sanderlings) as well as the threatened Piping Plover. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Collazo, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 171 EP 181 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZY281 UT WOS:000074604400002 ER PT J AU Wilson, RR Cooper, RJ AF Wilson, RR Cooper, RJ TI Breeding biology of Acadian Flycatchers in a bottomland hardwood forest SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NESTING SUCCESS; BIRDS AB From 1993-1995, we located and monitored 601 Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) nests in a large contiguous tract of bottomland hardwood forest on the White River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas. Annual reproductive success was significantly different among years; ranging from 10-25% (Mayfield estimate) over the three years of the study. There was no significant difference in nest success among study plots, with nesting success showing a trend of increasing late in the breeding season. Clutch size for nonparasitized nests averaged 2.9 +/- 0.02 (SE) eggs with a mode of 3. Rates of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism were low (21%), accounting for 7% of all nest failures. However, parasitism by cowbirds resulted in a reduction of clutch size for nests initiated early (i.e., first nests and replacements) in the breeding season. Predation was the leading cause of nest failures, accounting for 75% of all failures. Snakes and avian predators were thought to be the leading cause of nest failures. Although additional factors must be investigated, preliminary results indicate that nest predation is a major influence on this population, despite the size of the forest tract. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Wilson, RR (reprint author), USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 2524 S Frontage Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 226 EP 232 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZY281 UT WOS:000074604400008 ER PT J AU Sykes, PW Clench, MH AF Sykes, PW Clench, MH TI Winter habitat of Kirtland's Warbler: An endangered nearctic/neotropical migrant SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BAHAMA-ISLANDS; BIRDS AB Habitats of Kirtland's Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) on the wintering grounds in the Bahama Archipelago are presented based upon data from 29 specimens, two bandings, and 67 sightings of at least 61 individuals on 13 islands scattered through the region. We placed a major emphasis on a study site in central Eleuthera, with additional information from sites on Grand Turk, North Caicos. and Crooked Island. The warblers used upland habitats that have a low shrub/scrub component with a mosaic of small openings and openings within the vegetation at the ground level. Six broad habitats were used: natural shrub/scrub, secondary shrub/scrub, low coppice, pineland understory, saline/upland ecotone, and suburban; high coppice was not used. The structure and floristic composition of the habitats are described. Observations (n = 451) of a Kirtland's Warbler male (uniquely color banded) and female over three months indicated the birds generally stayed within 3 m of the ground (98% of observations), and used a territory of 8.3 ha. A crude estimate of potential winter habitat suggests that not only is there more than an adequate amount in the Bahama Archipelago for the current small population of warblers (733 singing males in 1997), but also enough for a considerably larger population. No serious future threat to the amount of that habitat is foreseen. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Sykes, PW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 244 EP 261 PG 18 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZY281 UT WOS:000074604400010 ER PT J AU Tucker, RD Bradley, DC Straeten, CAV Harris, AG Ebert, JR McCutcheon, SR AF Tucker, RD Bradley, DC Straeten, CAV Harris, AG Ebert, JR McCutcheon, SR TI New U-Pb zircon ages and the duration and division of Devonian time SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE U/Pb; absolute age; Devonian; time scales; K-bentonite ID EVOLUTION; ISOTOPE; CALIBRATION; ORDOVICIAN; BRITAIN; ZONES AB Newly determined U-Pb zircon ages of volcanic ashes closely tied to biostratigraphic zones are used to revise the Devonian time-scale. They are: (I) 417.6 +/- 1.0 Ma for an ash within the conodont zone of Icriodus woschmidti/I. w. hesperius (early Lochkovian); (2) 408.3 +/- 1.9 Ma for an ash of early Emsian age correlated with the conodont zones of Po. dehiscens-Lower Po. inversus; (3) 391.4 +/- 1.8 Ma for an ash within the Po. c. costatus Zone and probably within the upper half of the zone (Eifelian); and (4) 381.1 +/- 1.3 Ma for an ash within the range of the Frasnian conodont Palmatolepis punctata (Pa. punctata Zone to Upper Pa. hassi Zone). U-Pb zircon ages for two rhyolites bracketing a palyniferous bed of the pusillites-lepidophyta spore zone, are dated at 363.8 +/- 2.2 Ma and 363.4 +/- 1.8 Ma, respectively, suggesting an age of similar to 363 Ma for a level within the late Famennian Pa. g. expansa Zone. These data, together with other published zircon ages, suggest that the base and top of the Devonian lie close to 418 Ma and 362 Ma, respectively, thus lengthening the period by similar to 20% over current estimates. We suggest that the duration of the Middle Devonian (Eifelian and Givetian) is rather brief, perhaps no longer than 11.5 Myr (394 Ma-382.5 Ma), and that the Emsian and Famennian are the longest stages in the period with estimated durations of similar to 15.5 Myr and 14.5 Myr, respectively. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. SUNY Coll Oneonta, Dept Earth Sci, Oneonta, NY 13820 USA. New Brunswick Dept Nat Resources & Energy, Bathurst, NB E2A 3Z1, Canada. RP Tucker, RD (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM tucker@levee.wustl.edu NR 55 TC 223 Z9 229 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY 30 PY 1998 VL 158 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00050-8 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZT859 UT WOS:000074135400008 ER PT J AU Kuuskraa, VA Koperna, G Schmoker, JW Quinn, JC AF Kuuskraa, VA Koperna, G Schmoker, JW Quinn, JC TI Barnett shale rising star in Fort Worth basin SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Energy Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kuuskraa, VA (reprint author), Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD MAY 25 PY 1998 VL 96 IS 21 BP 67 EP + PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZQ266 UT WOS:000073840100029 ER PT J AU Kargel, JS AF Kargel, JS TI The salt of Europa SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ICY C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Kargel, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 22 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 5367 BP 1211 EP 1212 DI 10.1126/science.280.5367.1211 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZQ351 UT WOS:000073852500030 PM 9634401 ER PT J AU McCord, TB Hansen, GB Fanale, FP Carlson, RW Matson, DL Johnson, TV Smythe, WD Crowley, JK Martin, PD Ocampo, A Hibbitts, CA Granahan, JC AF McCord, TB Hansen, GB Fanale, FP Carlson, RW Matson, DL Johnson, TV Smythe, WD Crowley, JK Martin, PD Ocampo, A Hibbitts, CA Granahan, JC CA NIMS Team TI Salts an Europa's surface detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOSPHERIC ION-BOMBARDMENT; PLAYA EVAPORITE MINERALS; AMORPHOUS SOLID WATER; MU-M; DEATH-VALLEY; SATELLITES; REFLECTANCE; SPECTRA; ICE; SPECTROSCOPY AB Reflectance spectra in the 1- to 2.5-micrometer wavelength region of the surface of Europa obtained by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer exhibit distorted water absorption bands that indicate the presence of hydrated minerals, The laboratory spectra of hydrated salt minerals such as magnesium sulfates and sodium carbonates and mixtures of these minerals provide a close match to the Europa spectra. The distorted bands are only observed in the optically darker areas of Europa, including the lineaments, and may represent evaporite deposits formed by water, rich in dissolved salts, reaching the surface from a water-rich layer underlying an ice crust. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22091 USA. STI Inc, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016 OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391 NR 60 TC 225 Z9 229 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 22 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 5367 BP 1242 EP 1245 DI 10.1126/science.280.5367.1242 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZQ351 UT WOS:000073852500042 PM 9596573 ER PT J AU Farley, KA Montanari, A Shoemaker, EM Shoemaker, CS AF Farley, KA Montanari, A Shoemaker, EM Shoemaker, CS TI Geochemical evidence for a comet shower in the Late Eocene SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY DUST; OORT CLOUD; MASS EXTINCTIONS; ORIGIN; MASSIGNANO; SEDIMENTS; IMPACTS; FLUX AB Analyses of pelagic limestones indicate that the flux of extraterrestrial helium-3 to Earth was increased for a 2.5-million year (My) period in the late Eocene. The enhancement began similar to 1 My before and ended similar to 1.5 My after the major impact events that produced the large Popigai and Chesapeake Bay craters similar to 36 million years ago. The correlation between increased concentrations of helium-3, a tracer of fine-grained interplanetary dust, and large impacts indicates that the abundance of Earth-crossing objects and dustiness in the inner solar system were simultaneously but only briefly enhanced. These observations provide evidence for a comet shower triggered by an impulsive perturbation of the Oort cloud. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Ecole Mines, Paris, France. Osservatorio Geol Coldigioco, I-62020 Frontale Apiro, Apiro, Italy. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MS 170-25, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM farley@gps.caltech.edu NR 32 TC 113 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 22 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 5367 BP 1250 EP 1253 DI 10.1126/science.280.5367.1250 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZQ351 UT WOS:000073852500044 PM 9596575 ER PT J AU Hurley, JP Cowell, SE Shafer, MM Hughes, PE AF Hurley, JP Cowell, SE Shafer, MM Hughes, PE TI Partitioning and transport of total and methyl mercury in the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; LAKE-MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES; GREEN-BAY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GREAT-LAKES; PCB EXPORT; METHYLMERCURY; LEVEL; WATER; USA AB To investigate transport and partitioning processes of Hg-T in the Fox River, we coupled detailed time series data of total mercury (Hg-T) at the river mouth with transect sampling in the Lower Fox River. Unfiltered Hg-T concentrations in the Fox River during the study period (April 1994-October 1995) ranged from 1.8 to 182 ng L-1 with a median of 24.8 ng L-1, predominantly (93.6%) in the particulate phase. These levels were significantly elevated compared with other large tributaries to Lake Michigan (Hurley, J. P.; Shafer, M. M.; Cowell, S. E.; Overdier, J. T.; Hughes, P. E.; Armstrong, D. E. Environ. Sci Technol. 1996, 30, 2093-2098). Transect sampling revealed progressively increasing water column Hg-T concentrations and Hg-T particulate enrichment downstream, which were consistent with trends in sediment Hg-T levels in the river. Resuspended sediments are likely the predominant source of Hg from the Fox River into Green Bay. Despite elevated Hg-T concentrations, methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were relatively low, suggesting limited bioavailability of Hg-T associated with sediments. C1 Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Hurley, JP (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, 1350 Femrite Dr, Monona, WI 53716 USA. RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 40 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1424 EP 1432 DI 10.1021/es970685b PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN466 UT WOS:000073648700010 ER PT J AU Calvin, WM AF Calvin, WM TI Could Mars be dark and altered? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MINERALS; HEMATITE AB There is a long known dichotomy in the martian albedo, with an associated, but mostly assumed, mineralogical split as well. The bright red regions are inferred to be weathered, oxidized dust and the dark grey regions unaltered volcanic material. A number of recent analyses suggest this division is unnaturally simplistic and the association of many dark regions with the former presence of water requires a re-examination of the spectra in light of potential alteration minerals. I present an alternate interpretation of the reflectance spectral characteristics of some dark regions on Mars that includes dark layer silicates. If their presence is confirmed on Mars this will have implications for sequestration of current and past volatile inventories, clues to the extent and type of geochemical weathering, and potential zones where bacterial life forms may have emerged. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Calvin, WM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1597 EP 1600 DI 10.1029/98GL01255 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZN248 UT WOS:000073626900015 ER PT J AU Collett, TS Kuuskraa, VA AF Collett, TS Kuuskraa, VA TI Hydrates contain vast store of world gas resources SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Adv Resources Int Inc, Arlington, VA USA. RP Collett, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 2 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD MAY 11 PY 1998 VL 96 IS 19 BP 90 EP 95 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZM922 UT WOS:000073589800025 ER PT J AU Blanpied, ML Marone, CJ Lockner, DA Byerlee, JD King, DP AF Blanpied, ML Marone, CJ Lockner, DA Byerlee, JD King, DP TI Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; DEPENDENT FRICTION; SLIP INSTABILITY; WESTERLY GRANITE; GOUGE; DILATANCY; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; COMPACTION; STABILITY AB We analyze friction data from two published suites of laboratory tests on granite in order to explore and quantify the effects of temperature (T) and pore water pressure (P-p on the sliding behavior of faults. Rate-stepping sliding tests were performed on laboratory faults in granite containing "gouge" (granite powder), both dry at 23 degrees to 845 degrees C [Lockner et at, 1986], and wet (P-p = 100 MPa) at 23 degrees to 600 degrees C [Blanpied et al., 1991, 1995]. Imposed slip velocities (V) ranged from 0.01 to 5.5 mu m/s, and effective normal stresses were near 400 MPa. For dried granite at all temperatures, and wet granite below similar to 300 degrees C, the coefficient of friction (mu) shows low sensitivity to V, T, and P-p. For wet granite above similar to 350 degrees, mu drops rapidly with increasing T and shows a strong, positive rate dependence and protracted strength transients following steps in V, presumably reflecting the activity of a water-aided deformation process. By inverting strength data from velocity stepping tests we determined values for parameters in three formulations of a rate-and state-dependent constitutive law. One or two state variables were used to represent slip history effects. Each velocity step yielded an independent set of values for the nominal friction level, five constitutive parameters (transient parameters a, b(1), and b(2) and characteristic displacements D-c1 and D-c2), and the velocity dependence of steady state friction partial derivative mu ss/partial derivative In V = a-b(1)-b(2). Below 250 degrees, data from dry and most wet tests are adequately modeled by using the "slip law" [Ruina, 1983] and one state variable (a = 0.003 to 0.018, b = 0.001 to +0.018, D-c = 1 to 20 mu m) Dried tests above 250 degrees can also be fitted with one state variable. In contrast, wet tests above 350 degrees require higher direct rate dependence (a = 0.03 to 0.12), plus a second state variable with large, negative amplitude (b(2) = -0.03 to -0.14) and large characteristic displacement (D-c2 = 300 to >4000 mu m). Thus the parameters a, b(1), and b(2) for wet granite show a pronounced change in their temperature dependence in the range 270 degrees to 350 degrees C, which may reflect a change in underlying deformation mechanism. We quantify the trends in parameter values from 25 degrees to 600 degrees C by piecewise linear regressions, which provide a straight forward means to incorporate the full constitutive response of granite into numerical models of fault slip. The modeling results suggest that the succeptibility for unstable (stick-slip) sliding is maximized between 90 degrees and 360 degrees C, in agreement with laboratory observations and consistent with the depth range of earthquakes on mature faults in the continental crust. C1 US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Blanpied, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mblanpied@usgs.gov; cjm@westerly.mit.edu; dlockner@usgs.gov NR 52 TC 148 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B5 BP 9691 EP 9712 DI 10.1029/98JB00162 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZM406 UT WOS:000073536500008 ER PT J AU Alt, JC Shanks, WC AF Alt, JC Shanks, WC TI Sulfur in serpentinized oceanic peridotites: Serpentinization processes and microbial sulfate reduction SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; SLOW-SPREADING RIDGES; UPPER-MANTLE; MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES; ZAMBALES OPHIOLITE; ION MICROPROBE; CRUST; DEEP; ROCKS; TEMPERATURE AB The mineralogy, contents, and isotopic compositions of sulfur in oceanic serpentinites reflect variations in temperatures and fluid fluxes. Serpentinization of <1 Ma peridotites at Hess Deep occurred at high temperatures (200 degrees-400 degrees C) and low water/rock ratios. Oxidation of ferrous iron to magnetite maintained low fO(2) and produced a reduced, low-sulfur assemblage including NiFe alloy. Small amounts of sulfate reduction by thermophilic microbes occurred as the system cooled, producing low-delta(34)S sulfide (1.5 parts per thousand to -23.7 parts per thousand). In contrast, serpentinization of Iberian Margin peridotites occurred at low temperatures (similar to 20 degrees-200 degrees C) and high water/rock ratios. Complete serpentinization and consumption of ferrous iron allowed evolution to higher fO(2). Microbial reduction of seawater sulfate resulted in addition of low-delta(34)S sulfide (-15 to -43 parts per thousand) and formation of higher-sulfur assemblages that include valleriite and pyrite. The high SO4/total S ratio of Hess Deep serpentinites (0.89) results in an increase of total sulfur and high delta(34)S Of total sulfur (mean approximate to 8 parts per thousand). In contrast, Iberian Margin serpentinites gained large amounts of S-34-poor sulfide (mean total S = 3800 ppm), and the high sulfide/total S ratio (0.61) results in a net decrease in delta(34)S of total sulfur (mean = -5 parts per thousand). Thus serpentinization is a net sink for seawater sulfur, but the amount fixed and its isotopic composition vary significantly. Serpentinization may result in uptake of 0.4-14 x 10(12) g S yr(-1) from the oceans, comparable to isotopic exchange in mafic rocks of seafloor hydrothermal systems and approaching global fluxes of riverine sulfate input and sedimentary sulfide output. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. RP Alt, JC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 2534 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jalt@umich.edu; pshanks@helios.cr.usgs.gov NR 69 TC 106 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B5 BP 9917 EP 9929 DI 10.1029/98JB00576 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZM406 UT WOS:000073536500022 ER PT J AU Nakano, M Kumagai, H Kumazawa, M Yamaoka, K Chouet, BA AF Nakano, M Kumagai, H Kumazawa, M Yamaoka, K Chouet, BA TI The excitation and characteristic frequency of the long-period volcanic event: An approach based on an inhomogeneous autoregressive model of a linear dynamic system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FLUID-DRIVEN CRACK; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; SOURCE MECHANISM; HARMONIC TREMOR; ERUPTION; EARTHQUAKES; RESONANCE; WAVES; SOMPI AB We present a method to quantify the source excitation function and characteristic frequencies of long-period volcanic events. The method is based on an inhomogeneous autoregressive (AR) model of a Linear dynamic system, in which the excitation is assumed to be a time-localized function applied at the beginning of the event. The tail of an exponentially decaying harmonic waveform is used to determine the characteristic complex frequencies of the event by the Sompi method. The excitation function is then derived by operating an, AR filter constructed from the characteristic frequencies to the entire seismogram of the event, including the inhomogeneous part of the signal. We apply this method to three long-period events at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, central Japan, whose waveforms display simple decaying monochromatic oscillations except for the beginning of the events. We recover time-localized excitation functions lasting roughly 1 s at the start of each event and find that the estimated functions are very similar to each other at all the stations of the seismic network for each event. The phases of the characteristic oscillations referred to the estimated excitation function fall within a narrow range for almost all the stations. These results strongly, suggest that the excitation and mode of oscillation are both dominated by volumetric change components. Each excitation function starts with a pronounced dilatation consistent with a sudden deflation of the volumetric source which may be interpreted in terms of a choked-how transport mechanism. The frequency and Q of the characteristic oscillation both display a temporal evolution from event to event. Assuming a cra;ck filled with bubbly water as seismic source for these: events, we apply the Van Wijngaarden-Papanicolaou model to estimate the acoustic properties of the bubbly liquid and find that the observed changes in the frequencies and Q are consistently explained by a temporal change in the radii of the bubbles characterizing the bubbly water in the crack. C1 Nagoya Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Nagoya Univ, Res Ctr Seismol & Volcanol, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. Tono Geosci Ctr, Gifu 5095102, Japan. RP Nakano, M (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. EM nakano@eps.nagoya-u.ac.jp; kumagai@seis.nagoya-u.ac.jp; mkz@tono.pnc.go.jp; yamaoka@seis.nagoya-u.ac.jp; chouet@chouet.wr.usgs.gov NR 33 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B5 BP 10031 EP 10046 DI 10.1029/98JB00387 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZM406 UT WOS:000073536500031 ER PT J AU Berkman, PA Haltuch, MA Tichich, E Garton, DW Kennedy, GW Gannon, JE Mackey, SD Fuller, JA Liebenthal, DL AF Berkman, PA Haltuch, MA Tichich, E Garton, DW Kennedy, GW Gannon, JE Mackey, SD Fuller, JA Liebenthal, DL TI Zebra mussels invade Lake Erie muds SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; NORTH-AMERICA C1 Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Sea Grant Coll Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Div Geol Survey, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Berkman, PA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, 108 Scott Hall,1090 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 13 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 16 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 7 PY 1998 VL 393 IS 6680 BP 27 EP 28 DI 10.1038/29902 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZM028 UT WOS:000073497500029 ER PT J AU Bates, AL Spiker, EC Holmes, CW AF Bates, AL Spiker, EC Holmes, CW TI Speciation and isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur in the Everglades, Florida, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE speciation and isotopic composition; sedimentary sulfur; Everglades ID BACTERIAL SULFATE REDUCTION; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; INORGANIC SULFUR; PYRITE FORMATION; ORGANIC SULFUR; NORTHERN EVERGLADES; FRESH-WATER; IRON; SULFIDE; PYRITIZATION AB We have studied the sulfur speciation and isotopic composition of two peat cores from Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA 2A) in the Florida Everglades. Core site El is affected by agricultural runoff from the Hillsboro Canal which drains the Everglades Agricultural Area; Core site U3 is distant from the canal and relatively unaffected by agricultural runoff, Depth profiles of the total sulfur content of both cores show fairly constant levels (similar to 0.7 wt.%) below about 25-30 cm depth in Core El and below 40-45 cm in Core U3. Above these depths, total sulfur increases to as much as 1.52 wt.% in Core El and 1.74 wt.% in Core U3, suggesting that more sulfur has entered the sediments and/or that more sulfur is being retained in recent times at both sampling sites. The changes in total sulfur content with depth in Core El correlate with changes in total phosphorus that have been observed in other studies at con sites near the Hillsboro Canal. This correlation of total sulfur with phosphorus with depth is not seen in Core U3 located away from the canal, possibly because phosphorus is more effectively retained than sulfur in the organic sediment near the canal. Organic-sulfur (OS) concentrations are at least twice as high as the disulfide-sulfur (DS) concentrations in the upper parts of both cores suggesting that iron is presently limiting the amount of disulfide minerals formed in these sediments. The degree of pyritization (DOP) in the upper parts of the cores suggest that sulfide mineralization is limited by the availability of highly reactive iron during the earliest stages of diagenesis. Positive delta(34)S values for reduced sulfur forms in both cores indicate a relatively restricted sulfate reservoir, consistent with nearly complete reduction of the sulfate available in the sediment at any given time. Differences between the two cores appear in the delta(34)S values for the near-surface sediments. The DS delta(34)S values in the upper 10.0 cm of sediment are more positive at site El, with a mean delta(34)S value of + 12.9 per mil, than at site U3, with a mean delta(34)S value of + 2.9 per mil. These results may indicate that increased rates of organic deposition due to nutrient loading near the canal have increased the rate of sulfate reduction at the El site in recent times. Acid-volatile-sulfide (AVS) concentrations are lower than DS and OS concentrations by at least a factor of 10. increasing delta(34)S values for AVS with increasing depth in both cores suggests ongoing reduction of a limited porewater sulfate reservoir after deposition. The disulfide and organic-sulfur delta(34)S values diverge from the delta(34)S values for AVS with depth, suggesting that most of the transformation of AVS into disulfide minerals or incorporation of sulfur into organic matter occurs in the near-surface sediments. A comparison of organic-sulfur delta(34)S values in the dominant flora at the U3 site (sawgrass leaves and periphyton) with organic-sulfur delta(34)S values at the top of the U3 core indicates that there was early incorporation of an isotopically light sulfide species into the organic matter. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Bates, AL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 44 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAY 5 PY 1998 VL 146 IS 3-4 BP 155 EP 170 DI 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00008-4 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZV976 UT WOS:000074361200004 ER PT J AU Hemingway, BS Bohlen, SR Hankins, WB Westrum, EF Kuskov, OL AF Hemingway, BS Bohlen, SR Hankins, WB Westrum, EF Kuskov, OL TI Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties for coesite and jadeite, reexamination of the quartz-coesite equilibrium boundary SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-QUARTZ; STISHOVITE TRANSFORMATIONS; TRANSITION; 1000-K; GLASS; PYROPHYLLITE; MUSCOVITE; 298.15-K; PRESSURE; 1800-K AB The heat capacities of synthetic coesite and jadeite were measured between about 15 and 850 K by adiabatic and differential scanning calorimetry. The experimental data were smoothed and estimates were made of heat capacities to 1800 K, The following equations represent our estimate of the heat capacities of coesite and jadeite between 298.15 and 1800 K: C-p(0)(coesite) = 141.35 - 0.01514T + 987190.7T(-2) - 1780.5T(-1/2) + 1.029 x 10(-6)T(2) C-p(0)(jadeite) = 259.08 + 0.038032T - 2518908T(-2) - 1332.57T(-1/2) - 8.8 x 10(-6)T(2). Tables of thermodynamic values for coesite and jadeite to 1800 K are presented. The entropies of coesite and jadeite are 40.38 +/- 0.12 and 136.5 +/- 0.32 J/(mol.K), respectively, at 298.15 K, The entropy for coesite derived here confirms the value published earlier by Helm et al. (1967). We have derived an equation to describe the quartz-coesite boundary over the temperature range of 600 to 1500 K, P(GPa) = 1.76 + 0.001T(K). Our results are in agreement with the enthalpy of transition reported by Akaogi and Navrotsky (1984) and yield -907.6 +/- 1.4 kJ/mol for the enthalpy of formation of coesite from the elements at 298.15 K and 1 bar, in agreement with the value recommended by CODATA (Khodakovsky et al. 1995). Several sources of uncertainty remain unacceptably high, including: the heat capacities of coesite at temperatures above about 1000 K; the heat capacities and volumetric properties of alpha quartz at higher pressures and at temperatures above 844 K; the pressure corrections for the piston cylinder apparatus used to determine the quartz-coesite equilibrium boundary. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Vernadsky Inst Geochem & Analyt Chem, Moscow 117975, Russia. RP Hemingway, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM bhemingw@usgs.gov NR 59 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 83 IS 5-6 BP 409 EP 418 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA ZK140 UT WOS:000073289400001 ER PT J AU Dombrowski, TR Wilson, GS Thurman, EM AF Dombrowski, TR Wilson, GS Thurman, EM TI Investigation of anion-exchange and immunoaffinity particle-loaded membranes for the isolation of charged organic analytes from water SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Anion-exchange and immunoaffinity particle loaded membranes (PLMs) were investigated as a mechanism for the isolation of charged organic analytes from water. Kinetic properties determined theoretically included dynamic capacity, pressure drop (Delta P), residence and diffusion times (T-r, T-d), and total membrane porosity(ET) These properties were confirmed through experimental evaluation, and the PLM method showed significant improvement over conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ion-exchange formats. Recoveries of more than 90% were observed for a variety of test compounds at flow rates up to 70 mL/min (equipment-limited maximum now rate). A fast-now immunoaffinity column was developed using antibodies (Abs) attached to the PLMs, Reproducible recoveries (88% +/- 4%) were observed at now rates up to 70 mL/min for the antibody (Ab)-loaded PLMs. Findings indicate increased selectivity over anion-exchange PLMs and conventional SPE or ion-exchange methods and rapid Ab-antigen binding rates given the excellent mass-transfer characteristics of the PLMs. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Chem, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Dombrowski, TR (reprint author), Idaho Div Environm Qual, POB 247, Cascade, ID 83611 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 9 BP 1969 EP 1978 DI 10.1021/ac971081t PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZL246 UT WOS:000073413400053 PM 9599590 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Swengel, SR Archibald, GW Kepler, CB AF Ellis, DH Swengel, SR Archibald, GW Kepler, CB TI A sociogram for the cranes of the world SO BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE crane; Gruidae; social behavior ID DNA HYBRIDIZATION; GRUIDAE; GRUIFORMES; PHYLOGENY AB The behavioral repertoire for the world's 15 species of cranes includes over 100 behavioral acts with clear social significance. Each species performs at least 60 discrete social postures, vocalizations, displays, and activities. Because all but a handful of the stereotyped social displays are common to all species, the presence or absence of social displays was useful only to a limited degree in comparing the relatedness of established crane taxonomic groups. However, the breadth of the repertoire for each species and for the family Gruidae tentatively places cranes at the apex of social complexity (at least for stereotyped displays) in the animal world. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Dept Interior, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Int Crane Fdn, Baraboo, WI 53913 USA. Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), US Dept Interior, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, HC 1 Box 4420,3722 Defiane St, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 54 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-6357 J9 BEHAV PROCESS JI Behav. Processes PD MAY PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 125 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0376-6357(98)00008-4 PG 27 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 104CK UT WOS:000074994700003 PM 24896001 ER PT J AU McCasland, CS Cooper, RJ Barnum, DA AF McCasland, CS Cooper, RJ Barnum, DA TI Implications for the use of diflubenzuron to reduce arthropod populations inhabiting evaporation ponds of the San Joaquin Valley, California SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC BIRDS; TOXICITY; SELENIUM; DIMILIN; REDUCTIONS; PREDICT; ECOLOGY; FOREST; WATER C1 Memphis State Univ, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Kern Field Stn, Delano, CA 93216 USA. RP McCasland, CS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Coast Bay Delta Branch, 3310 El Camino Ave,Suite 130, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 60 IS 5 BP 702 EP 708 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZL092 UT WOS:000073398000005 PM 9595184 ER PT J AU Harlan, SS Duebendorfer, EM Deibert, JE AF Harlan, SS Duebendorfer, EM Deibert, JE TI New Ar-40/Ar-39 isotopic dates from Miocene volcanic rocks in the Lake Mead area and southern Las Vegas Range, Nevada SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GEOCHRONOLOGY; ARIZONA; BASIN; ZONE AB New Ar-40/Ar-39 dates on volcanic rocks interlayered with synextensional Miocene sedimentary rocks in the western Lake Mend area and southern end of the Las Vegas Range provide tight constraints on magmatism, basin formation, and extensional deformation in the Basin and Range province of southern Nevada. Vertical axis rotations associated with movement along the Las Vegas Valley shear zone occurred after 15.67 +/- 0.10 Ma (2 sigma), based on a Ar-40/Ar-39 date from a tuff in the Gass Peak formation in the southern Las Vegas Range. Basaltic magmatism in the western Lake Mead area began as early as 13.28 +/- 0.09 Ma, based on a date from a basalt flow in the Lovell Wash Member of the Horse Spring Formation. Isotopic dating of a basalt from the Volcanic rocks of Callville Mesa indicates that these rocks are as old as 11.41 +/- 0.14 Ma, suggesting that volcanic activity began shortly after formation of the Boulder basin, the extensional basin in which the informally named red sandstone unit was deposited. The red sandstone unit is at least as old as 11.70 +/- 0.08 Ma and contains megabreccia deposits younger than 12.93 +/- 0.10 Ma. This result shows that formation of the Boulder basin was associated with development of topographic relief that was probably generated by movement along the Saddle Island low-angle normal fault. Stratal tilting associated with extension occurred both prior to and after 11.5 Ma. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Austin Peay State Univ, Dept Geol & Geog, Clarksville, TN 37044 USA. RP Harlan, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM sharlan@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 495 EP 503 DI 10.1139/e98-008 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 127GW UT WOS:000076343400001 ER PT J AU Leland, HV Fend, SV AF Leland, HV Fend, SV TI Benthic invertebrate distributions in the San Joaquin River, California, in relation to physical and chemical factors SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SELENIUM; MACROINVERTEBRATES; BIOACCUMULATION; MULTIVARIATE; CHIRONOMIDAE; TOXICITY; STREAMS; ECOLOGY; STATES; AREAS AB The invertebrate fauna of nontidal portions of the lower San Joaquin River and its major tributaries is described in relation to water quality and habitat using canonical correspondence analysis, autecological metrics, and indicator species analysis. A large-scale (basin-wide) pattern in community response to salinity (sulfate-bicarbonate type) was detected when standardized, stable substratum was sampled. Community structure,taxa richness, and EPT (ephemeropterans, plecopterans, and trichopterans) richness varied with dissolved solids concentration (55-1700 mg total dissolved solids . L-1), and distributions of many taxa indicated salinity optima. Distinct assemblages associated with either high or low salinity were evident over this range. Large-scale patterns in community structure were unrelated to pesticide distributions. Structure and taxa richness of invertebrate assemblages in sand substratum varied both with salinity and with microhabitat heterogeneity. The benthic fauna generally was dominated by a taxa-poor assemblage of specialized psammophilous species, contributing to a weaker relationship between community structure and water quality than was observed using standardized substratum. Habitat types and associated dominant species were characterized using indicator species analysis. Species assemblages did not vary substantially with irrigation regime or river discharge, indicating that structure of invertebrate communities was a conservative measure of water quality. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Leland, HV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 37 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 55 IS 5 BP 1051 EP 1067 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-5-1051 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 117NB UT WOS:000075787000001 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Noguchi, GE Haas, RC Schrouder, KS AF Madenjian, CP Noguchi, GE Haas, RC Schrouder, KS TI Sexual difference in polychlorinated biphenyl accumulation rates of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; MODEL; PCB; CONTAMINANTS; FISHES; BIOENERGETICS; CONSUMPTION; DYNAMICS AB Adult male walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) exhibited significantly higher polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations than similarly aged female walleye from Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). To explain this difference, we tested the following three hypotheses: (i) females showed a considerably greater reduction in PCB concentration immediately following spawning than males, (ii) females grew at a faster rate and therefore exhibited lower PCB concentrations than males, and (iii) males spent more time in the Saginaw River system than females, and therefore received a greater exposure to PCBs. The first hypothesis was tested by comparing PCB concentration in gonadal tissue with whole-body concentration, the second hypothesis was tested via bioenergetics modeling, and we used mark-recapture data from the Saginaw Bay walleye fishery to address the third hypothesis. The only plausible explanation for the observed difference in PCB accumulation rate was that males spent substantially more time in the highly contaminated Saginaw River system than females, and therefore were exposed to greater environmental concentrations of PCBs. Based on the results of our study, we strongly recommend a stratified random sampling design for monitoring PCB concentration in Saginaw Bay walleye,with fixed numbers of females and males sampled each year. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Stn, Mt Clemens, MI 48045 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Bay City, MI 48706 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 55 IS 5 BP 1085 EP 1092 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-5-1085 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 117NB UT WOS:000075787000004 ER PT J AU White, D Kendall, KC Picton, HD AF White, D Kendall, KC Picton, HD TI Seasonal occurrence, body composition, and migration potential of army cutworm moths in northwest Montana SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consume adult army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from late June through mid-September on alpine talus slopes in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. As part of a study carried out to better understand the ecological interactions between grizzly bears and army cutworm moths in CNP, we studied temporal abundance patterns, body mass and composition, and migration potential of moths collected from alpine moth aggregation sites throughout the summer of 1994 and 1995. Army cutworm moths arrived in the alpine zone of GNP in late June or early July and departed by late August or early September. While moths were in the alpine zone, their body mass and moisture, lipid, and gross energy contents markedly increased and crude protein decreased. The absence of moths from the alpine zone coincided with the presence of moths on the Great Plains. Using published estimates of the cost of transport in flying animals, we calculated that an army cutworm moth flying in late summer through still air could fly 140 km using body lipid reserves alone. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Dept Biol Sci, Butte, MT 59717 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Glacier Natl Pk, MT 59937 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Dept Fish & Wildlife Management & Res, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP White, D (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Dept Biol Sci, Butte, MT 59717 USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 76 IS 5 BP 835 EP 842 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 127GU UT WOS:000076343200007 ER PT J AU Agler, BA Kendall, SJ Irons, DB AF Agler, BA Kendall, SJ Irons, DB TI Abundance and distribution of marbled and Kittlitz's murrelets in south central and southeast Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Brachyramphus brevirostris; Brachyramphus marmoratus; distribution; Kittlitz's Murrelet; Marbled Murrelet; population abundance AB We used small boats to survey Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus, and Kittlitz's Murrelets, B. brevirostris (Brachyramphus murrelets) in Lower Cook Inlet, Prince William Sound, and Southeast Alaska. We estimated (+/-95% CI) that there were 58,227 +/- 16,058 (4.2 birds km(-2)) murrelets in Lower Cook Inlet in summer and 11,627 +/- 7,410 (3.1 birds km(-2)) murrelets in the eastern half during winter. We estimated a mean of 113,652 +/- 25,900 (12.7 birds km(-2)) murrelets in Prince William Sound in four summers and a mean of 24,979 +/- 11,710 (2.8 birds km(-2)) murrelets in four winters. An estimated 687,061 +/- 201,162 (19.4 birds km(-2)) murrelets were in Southeast Alaska in summer 1994. The summer population of all three areas was estimated to be between 655,482 and 1,062,398 murrelets. Winter abundance for the eastern portion of Lower Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound ranged from 22,646 to 50,164. Brachyramphus murrelets were distributed in low densities throughout each of the three study areas, although abundance was not uniform; there were areas of high densities within each study area. The largest densities were found in Southeast Alaska. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Project, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Agler, BA (reprint author), POB 210661, Auke Bay, AK 99821 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1998 VL 100 IS 2 BP 254 EP 265 DI 10.2307/1370266 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZL968 UT WOS:000073491600005 ER PT J AU Ostrand, WD Coyle, KO Drew, GS Maniscalco, JM Irons, DB AF Ostrand, WD Coyle, KO Drew, GS Maniscalco, JM Irons, DB TI Selection of forage-fish schools by murrelets and tufted puffins in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Brachyramphus marmoratus; foraging; Fratercula cirrhata; Marbled Murrelets; Prince William Sound; resource selection; Tufted Puffins ID COMMON TERN; SEABIRDS; ECOLOGY; ALCIDS AB We collected hydroacoustic and bird-observation data simultaneously along transects in three areas in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 21 July-11 August 1995. The probability of the association of fish schools with Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) and Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) was determined through the use of resource selection functions based on logistic regression. Mean (+/- SD) group sizes were small for both species, 1.7 +/- 1.1 and 1.2 +/- 0.7 for Marbled Murrelets and Tufted Puffins, respectively. Oceanographically, all study areas were stratified with synchronous thermo-and pycnoclines (a water layer of increasing temperature and density, respectively, with increasing depth). Our analysis indicated that Tufted Puffins selected fish schools near their colony, whereas Marbled Murrelets selected smaller, denser fish schools in shallower habitats. We suggest that murrelets selected shallower habitats in response to lower maximum diving depths than puffins. Small feeding-groups size is discussed in terms of foraging theory and as a consequence of dispersed, low density food resources. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Ostrand, WD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Drew, Gary/0000-0002-6789-0891 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1998 VL 100 IS 2 BP 286 EP 297 DI 10.2307/1370269 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZL968 UT WOS:000073491600008 ER PT J AU Nisbet, ICT Spendelow, JA Hatfield, JS Zingo, JM Gough, GA AF Nisbet, ICT Spendelow, JA Hatfield, JS Zingo, JM Gough, GA TI Variations in growth of Roseate Tern chicks: II. Early growth as an index of parental quality SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE age; Falkner Island; growth; parental quality; Roseate Tern; Sterna dougallii; variability ID HATCHING ASYNCHRONY; COMMON TERNS; EGG-SIZE; AGE AB We measured growth of Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) chicks at a colony in Connecticut in 10 successive years, 1987-1996. Data on body mass during the first 3-4 days of life were fitted to a quadratic regression model, yielding three parameters of early growth for each of 1,551 chicks: mass at hatching, linear growth, and quadratic growth. First chicks in each brood (A-chicks) exceeded second chicks (B-chicks) in each of the three growth parameters; A-chicks from broods of two grew faster during the first 3 days than single chicks. The three parameters of early growth depended upon egg mass, hatch order, hatch date, and year, but not on parental age after controlling for effects of the other variables. The linear and quadratic growth parameters were negatively correlated. Subsequent growth and survival of chicks were predicted by all three parameters of early growth. After controlling for effects of early growth, none of the other variables measured (hatch date, egg mass, parental age, hatching asynchrony, female-female pairing, or trapping) contributed significantly to explaining later growth or survival. Year effects were substantial in only 2 of the 10 years of study. Individual pairs were consistent in performance (as indexed by early growth) in successive years. These results suggest that growth and survival of Roseate Tern chicks are determined primarily by parental quality; much of the information about parental quality is expressed by the time the eggs are laid, and most of it is expressed by the time the chicks are three days old. C1 ICT Nisbet & Co Inc, N Falmouth, MA 02556 USA. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. AScI Corp, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Nisbet, ICT (reprint author), ICT Nisbet & Co Inc, 150 Alder Lane, N Falmouth, MA 02556 USA. NR 26 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1998 VL 100 IS 2 BP 305 EP 315 DI 10.2307/1370271 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZL968 UT WOS:000073491600010 ER PT J AU Knopf, FL AF Knopf, FL TI Foods of mountain plovers wintering in California SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Charadrius montanus; food habits; Mountain Plover AB Prey items were identified from the stomachs of wintering Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) collected in California at the Pixley National Wildlife Refuge and Carrizo Plain Natural Area in 1991, and south of the Salton Sea in 1992. Stomach contents of the 39 birds included 2,092 different food items representing 13 orders and at least 16 families of invertebrates. Diets at each of the three locales differed greatly, with coleopterans and hymenopterans dominating the Carrizo samples, lepidopterans the Pixley samples, and coleopterans and orthopterans the Salton Sea samples. Diets of males and females were similar. These findings counter the current perception that Mountain Plover diets are specialized on coleopterans and orthopterans, and bring the species more in line as a dietary generalist/opportunist as reported for most shorebirds. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Knopf, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM fritz_knopf@usgs.gov NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1998 VL 100 IS 2 BP 382 EP 384 DI 10.2307/1370281 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZL968 UT WOS:000073491600020 ER PT J AU Hollmen, TE Franson, JC Creekmore, LH Schmutz, JA Fowler, AC AF Hollmen, TE Franson, JC Creekmore, LH Schmutz, JA Fowler, AC TI Leucocytozoon simondi in emperor geese from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Chen canagica; Emperor Geese; Leucocytozoon simondi ID AVIAN HEMATOZOA; NORTH-AMERICA AB We surveyed Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) in western Alaska for avian hematozoa. Blood smears were collected from 134 adults and goslings in late July 1996, on their breeding grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. One of 134 (0.7%) Emperor Geese harbored Leucocytozoon simondi, representing a new host record for this parasite. No other hematozoa were detected. This is one of few reports of avian blood parasites from the arctic tundra. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Franson, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM chris_franson@usgs.gov OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1998 VL 100 IS 2 BP 402 EP 404 DI 10.2307/1370286 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZL968 UT WOS:000073491600025 ER PT J AU Link, WA Sauer, JR AF Link, WA Sauer, JR TI Estimating population change from count data: Application to the North American Breeding Bird Survey SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Ecological Resource Monitoring - Change and Trend Detection CY MAY 01-03, 1996 CL LAUREL, MARYLAND SP Sustainable Biosphere Initiat, Ecol Soc Amer, Ecol Soc Amer, Stat Ecol Sect, Amer Stat Assoc, Stat & Environ Sect DE counts; generalized linear models; monitoring; North American Breeding Bird Survey; surveys; trends ID ECOLOGY AB For birds and many other animal taxa, surveys that collect count data form a primary source of information on population change. Because counts are only indices to population size, care must be taken in using them in analyses of population change. Temporal or geographic differences in the proportion of animals counted can be misinterpreted as differences in population size. Therefore, temporally or geographically varying factors that influence the proportion of animals counted must be incorporated as covariables in the analysis of population parameters from count data. We describe the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) for illustration. The BBS is a major, landscape-level survey of birds in North America; it is typical of many count surveys, in that the same sample units (survey routes) are sampled each year, and change is modeled on these routes over time. We identify covariables related to observer ability, the omission of which can bias estimation of population change from BBS data. Controlling for observer effects or other potential sources of confounding requires the specification of models relating counts to population size. We begin with a partial model specification relating expected counts to population sizes; we describe estimators currently in use in relation to this partial specification. Additional assumptions lead to a class of overdispersed multinomial models, for which we describe estimators of population change and procedures for parsimonious model selection. We illustrate the use of overdispersed multinomial models by an application to data for Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Link, WA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 23 TC 158 Z9 167 U1 4 U2 53 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 258 EP 268 DI 10.2307/2641065 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL573 UT WOS:000073447900005 ER PT J AU Bricker, OP Ruggiero, MA AF Bricker, OP Ruggiero, MA TI Toward a national program for monitoring environmental resources SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Ecological Resource Monitoring - Change and Trend Detection CY MAY 01-03, 1996 CL LAUREL, MARYLAND SP Sustainable Biosphere Initiat, Ecol Soc Amer, Ecol Soc Amer, Stat Ecol Sect, Amer Stat Assoc, Stat & Environ Sect DE index sites; inventories; monitoring; remote sensing; research networks AB A conceptual framework is presented for integrating the nation's environmental research and monitoring networks, which will enable comprehensive and integrated assessments of natural resources. This framework can link inventories and remote sensing, national and regional resources surveys, and intensive monitoring and research sites with research and modeling to produce an integrated national environmental monitoring program. This integration of the nation's major environmental monitoring and research networks can allow understanding, assessment, evaluation, and forecasting of its renewable natural resources at national and regional scales. It can also enhance and support our understanding and ability to predict the causes and consequences of environmental change and ecosystem response, address multiple scales of ecosystem and resource interactions, and allow system-level syntheses and assessments of data and information. Network integration provides an "added value" that the current array of fragmented single-purpose networks cannot. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Bricker, OP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 432 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 1 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 326 EP 329 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL573 UT WOS:000073447900012 ER PT J AU Leach, DL Hofstra, AH Church, SE Snee, LW Vaughn, RB Zartman, RE AF Leach, DL Hofstra, AH Church, SE Snee, LW Vaughn, RB Zartman, RE TI Evidence for proterozoic and late Cretaceous early tertiary ore-forming events in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; MINING DISTRICT; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; BROOKS RANGE; WHITE MICAS; BELT BASIN; MINERALIZATION; DEPOSITS; ALASKA; OXYGEN AB New Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra on sericite and lead isotope data on tetrahedrite, siderite, galena, bournonite, and stibnite, together with previously published isotopic, geochemical, and geologic studies provide evidence for two major vein-forming events in the Coeur d'Alene district and surrounding areas of the Belt basin. The data suggest that the zinc-and lead-rich veins (e.g., Bunker Hill and Star-Morning mines) formed in the Proterozoic (1.0 Ga), whereas the silver-rich veins (e.g., Silver belt mines), antimony veins (e.g., U.S. Antimony mine), and gold-bearing quartz veins (Murry subdistrict) formed in Late Cretaceous to early Teritary time. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hofstra, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 56 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 93 IS 3 BP 347 EP 359 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZL823 UT WOS:000073475400007 ER PT J AU Bunde, RL Rosentreter, JJ Liszewski, MJ AF Bunde, RL Rosentreter, JJ Liszewski, MJ TI Rate of strontium sorption and the effects of variable aqueous concentrations of sodium and potassium on strontium distribution coefficients of a surficial sediment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE strontium; sodium; potassium; distribution coefficient; K(d)s; competing cations; Idaho National Engineering Laboratory ID SR-90 AB The rate of strontium sorption and the effects of variable aqueous concentrations of sodium and potassium on strontium sorption were measured as part of an investigation to determine strontium chemical transport properties of a surficial sediment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho. Batch experimental techniques were used to determine the rate of strontium sorption and strontium distribution coefficients (K(d)s) between aqueous and solid phases. Rate experiments indicate that strontium in solution reached an apparent equilibrium with the sediment in 26 h. KdS were derived using the linear isotherm model at initial sodium concentrations from 100 to 5,000 mg/l and initial potassium concentrations from 2 to 150 mg/l. KdS ranged from 56 +/- 2 to 62 +/- 3 ml/g at initial aqueous concentrations of sodium and potassium equal to or less than 300 and 150 mg/l, respectively. KdS ranged from 4.7 +/- 0.2 to 19 +/- 1 ml/g with initial aqueous concentrations of sodium between 1,000 and 5,000 mg/l. These data indicate that sodium concentrations greater than 300 mg/l in wastewater increase the availability of strontium for transport beneath waste disposal ponds at the INEL by decreasing strontium sorption on the surficial sediment. Wastewater concentrations of sodium and potassium less than 300 and 150 mg/l, respectively, have little effect on the availability of strontium for transport. C1 US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Chem, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Liszewski, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 2230, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2-3 BP 135 EP 142 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA ZQ055 UT WOS:000073816900008 ER PT J AU Hui, CA AF Hui, CA TI Metal and trace element burdens in two shorebird species at two sympatric wintering sites in southern California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE black-bellied plovers; toxicology; trace metals; willets ID COTURNIX-COTURNIX-JAPONICA; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; HEAVY-METAL; MANGANESE EXPOSURE; CALIDRIS-ALPINA; MALLARD DUCKS; SELENIUM; MERCURY; TISSUES; SEA AB In January and November, 1994, ten willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) and ten black-bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) were collected at a south-facing sandy beach at the North Island Naval Air Station (NASNI) and ten willets and three plovers were collected at the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge (TSNWR), 16 km to the southeast. Concentrations of 19 inorganic analytes were determined in the livers. Differences between sexes in diet or abilities to retain some analytes are indicated because male willets tend to have greater levels of Cd than females and male plovers tend to have greater levels of Fe, Hg, and Mn than females. Concentrations of Hg and Mg in willets decreased from January to November. If this decrease is a part of an annual cycle, then the birds may be acquiring those elements while at NASNI. The differences between sites shows higher levels of As and Se but lower levels of Mn in willets at NASNI while plovers have lower levels of Cu, Mg and Zn at NASNI. There were no correlations between Hg and Se concentrations in the livers of any sample group of birds. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, USGS, Biol Resources Div,Davis Field Snt, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hui, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, USGS, Biol Resources Div,Davis Field Snt, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3 BP 233 EP 247 DI 10.1023/A:1005850112994 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL096 UT WOS:000073398400003 PM 26205413 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Guruge, KS Thomas, NJ Tanabe, S Giesy, JP AF Kannan, K Guruge, KS Thomas, NJ Tanabe, S Giesy, JP TI Butyltin residues in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found dead along California coastal waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; TRIBUTYLTIN; ACCUMULATION; NETHERLANDS; TOXICITY; PATTERN; DOLPHIN; OYSTERS; JAPAN; LAKE AB Tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, mono-(MBT) and dibutyltin(DBT), were determined in river, kidney, and brain tissues of adult southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found dead along the coast of California during 1992-1996. Hepatic concentrations of butyltin compounds (BTs = MBT + DBT + TBT) ranged from 40 to 9200 ng/g wet wt,which Varied depending on the sampling location and gender. Concentrations of BTs in sea otters were comparable to those reported in stranded bottlenose dolphins from the U.S. Atlantic Coast during 1989-1994. Greater accumulation of butyltins in sea otters was explained by their bottom-feeding habit and the diet that consists exclusively of invertebrates such as mollusks and gastropods. Livers of female sea otters contained approximately 2-fold greater concentrations of BTs than did those of males. The composition of butyltin compounds in sea otter tissues was predominated by TBT in most cases and suggestive of recent exposure. large harbors such as Monterey Harbor that handle ships legally painted with TBT-containing antifouling paints continued to experience ecotoxicologically significant butyltin contamination. Sea otters,which were affected by infectious diseases, contained greater concentrations of BTs in their tissues than those that died from trauma and other unknown causes. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr,Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ehime Univ, Dept Environm Conservat, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr,Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM kuruntha@pilot.msu.edu RI Tanabe, Shinsuke/G-6950-2013 NR 33 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1169 EP 1175 DI 10.1021/es970914u PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL156 UT WOS:000073404400020 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Nakata, H Stafford, R Masson, GR Tanabe, S Giesy, JP AF Kannan, K Nakata, H Stafford, R Masson, GR Tanabe, S Giesy, JP TI Bioaccumulation and toxic potential of extremely hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in biota collected at a superfund site contaminated with Aroclor 1268 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PCBS; ACCUMULATION; DOLPHINS; WATERS; RIVER; FISH AB Aroclor 1268, a highly chlorinated technical PCB mixture composed of primarily hexa-through decachlorobiphenyls, was used to lubricate high voltage process equipment at a chlor-alkali facility in coastal southeastern Georgia. Disposal of process wastes has resulted in extensive contamination of environmental media at the nearby intertidal marsh. In this study, congener distribution, bioaccumulation properties, and toxic potential of superhydrophobic PCBs were examined in blue crab, fish,terrapin, and birds collected at this site. Lipid-normalized mean concentrations of total PCBs in blue crab, striped mullet, yellowtail, sea trout, diamondback terrapin, red-winged blackbird, boat-tailed grackle, mottled duck, and clapper rail were 197, 283, 203, 56, 14, 385, 76, 135, and 10 mu g/g, respectively. Hepta-, octa-, and nonachlorobiphenyls collectively accounted for 85-93% of the total PCB concentrations. The PCB congener profile in biota resembled that of Aroclor 1268, although the relative proportions of nona- and decachlorobiphenyls were less. Bioaccumulation of superhydrophobic congeners in biota, including terrapins and birds, was less than would be predicted from K-ow, which supports the hypothesis that these compounds have restricted membrane permeability. Superhydrophobic PCB congeners were less efficiently transferred in the food web. The concentrations of non-ortho coplanar congeners in blue crab were 7-8 orders of magnitude less than the total PCB concentrations. Despite notable concentrations of total PCBs, the 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) estimated for non-and mono-ortho-PCBs in biota were minimal. The toxic effects of higher chlorinated PCBs, including di-ortho-substituted PCBs, need further investigation. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, Pesticide Res Ctr 201, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ehime Univ, Dept Environm Conservat, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan. Georgia Environm Protect Dept, Atlanta, GA 30334 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Brunswick, GA 31520 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, Pesticide Res Ctr 201, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM kuruntha@pilot.msu.edu RI Tanabe, Shinsuke/G-6950-2013 NR 17 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1214 EP 1221 DI 10.1021/es9709435 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL156 UT WOS:000073404400026 ER PT J AU Hooten, RL Carr, RS AF Hooten, RL Carr, RS TI Development and application of a marine sediment pore-water toxicity test using Ulva fasciata zoospores SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE algal zoospore; pore water; sediment toxicity test; Ulva; sea urchin ID MACROCYSTIS-PYRIFERA; AMMONIA; GROWTH; CADMIUM; METALS; KELP AB An acute (96 h) pore-water toxicity test protocol using germination and growth of Ulva fasciata zoospores as endpoints was developed to test the toxicity of marine and estuarine sediment port-water samples. Tests with an organic toxicant (sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS), three metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn), and ammonia (NH3) were conducted to determine zoospore sensitivity. Zoospore germination and gametophyte growth were as sensitive to SDS as sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development. Zoospore sensitivity to metals was greater than or comparable to that of adult macroalgae. Zoospores were less sensitive to NH3 than were other commonly used toxicity test organisms. Test results using this algal assay with sediment pore-water samples with high NH3 concentrations were compared with results from sea urchin fertilization and embryological development tests for the same samples. Ulva fasciata zoospore germination was not affected by samples with high NH, concentrations that were toxic in both sea urchin tests, Zoospore tolerance of NH3 and sensitivity to other contaminants indicate that their response may be useful in toxicity identification evaluation studies with pore-water samples that contain high concentrations of unionized NH3. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, US Geol Survey, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Hooten, RL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Coastal Studies, US Geol Survey, Marine Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Suite 3200,6300 Ocean Sci, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. NR 40 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 932 EP 940 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0932:DAAOAM>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZJ235 UT WOS:000073193200024 ER PT J AU Long, ER MacDonald, DD Cubbage, JC Ingersoll, CG AF Long, ER MacDonald, DD Cubbage, JC Ingersoll, CG TI Predicting the toxicity of sediment-associated trace metals with simultaneously extracted trace metal: Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations and dry weight-normalized concentrations: A critical comparison SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment criteria; sediment quality guidelines; trace metals; sediment toxicity ID ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; CADMIUM AB The relative abilities of sediment concentrations of simultaneously extracted trace metal: acid-volatile sulfide (SEM: AVS) and dry weight-normalized trace metals to correctly predict both toxicity and nontoxicity were compared by analysis of 77 field-collected samples. Relative to the SEM:AVS concentrations, sediment guidelines based upon dry weight-normalized concentrations were equally or slightly more accurate in predicting both nontoxic and toxic results in laboratory tests. C1 NOAA, ORCA, Coastal Monitoring & Bioeffects Assessment Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9X 1C6, Canada. Washington Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Long, ER (reprint author), NOAA, ORCA, Coastal Monitoring & Bioeffects Assessment Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Edward.Long@hazmat.noaa.gov NR 14 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5 BP 972 EP 974 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0972:PTTOSA>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZJ235 UT WOS:000073193200029 ER PT J AU Slack, JF Turner, RJW Ware, PLG AF Slack, JF Turner, RJW Ware, PLG TI Boron-rich mud volcanoes of the Black Sea region: Modern analogues to ancient sea-floor tourmalinites associated with Sullivan-type Pb-Zn deposits? SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Large submarine mud volcanoes in the abyssal part of the Black Sea south of the Cr mean Peninsula are similar in many respects to synsedimentary mud volcanoes in the Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell basin. One of the Belt-Purcell mud volcanoes directly underlies the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in southeastern British Columbia. Footwall rocks to the Sullivan deposit comprise variably tourmalinized siltstone, conglomerate, and related fragmental rock; local thin pyrrhotite-rich and spessartine-quartz beds are interpreted as Fe and Fe-Mn exhalites, respectively. Analogous Fe- and Mn-rich sediments occur near the abyssal Black Sea mud volcanoes. Massive pyrite crusts and associated carbonate chimneys discovered in relatively shadow waters (similar to 200 m depth) west of the Crimean Peninsula indicate an active sea-floor-hydrothermal system. Subaerial mud volcanoes on the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas (similar to 100 km north of the abyssal mud volcanoes) contain saline thermal waters that locally have very high B contents (to 915 mg/L). These data suggest that tourmalinites might be forming in or near submarine Black Sea mud volcanoes, where potential may also exist for Sullivan-type Pb-Zn mineralization. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Vancouver, BC V6B 5J3, Canada. UNOCAL Corp, Sugar Land, TX 77478 USA. RP Slack, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 439 EP 442 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0439:BRMVOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZM147 UT WOS:000073509400014 ER PT J AU McGee, KA Gerlach, TM AF McGee, KA Gerlach, TM TI Annual cycle of magmatic CO2 in a tree-kill soil at Mammoth Mountain, California: Implications for soil acidification SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EMISSION; FLUX AB Time-series sensor data reveal significant short-term and seasonal variations of magmatic CO2 in soil over a 12 month period in 1995-1996 at the largest tree-kill site on Mammoth Mountain, central-eastern California. Short-term variations leading to ground-level soil CO2 concentrations hazardous and lethal to humans were triggered by shallow faulting in the absence of increased seismicity or intrusion, consistent with tapping a reservoir of accumulated CO2 rather than direct magma degassing. Hydrologic processes closely modulated seasonal variations in CO2 concentrations, which rose to 65%-100% in soil gas under winter snowpack and plunged more than 25% in just days as the CO2 dissolved in spring snowmelt. The high efflux of CO2 through the tree-kill soils acts as an open-system CO2 buffer causing infiltration of waters with pH values commonly of <4.2, acid loading of up to 7 keq(H+).ha(-1).yr(-1), mobilization of toxic Al3+, and long-term decline of soil fertility. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. RP McGee, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA. NR 19 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 463 EP 466 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0463:ACOMCI>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZM147 UT WOS:000073509400020 ER PT J AU Miller, AD Julian, BR Foulger, GR AF Miller, AD Julian, BR Foulger, GR TI Three-dimensional seismic structure and moment tensors of non-double-couple earthquakes at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, Iceland SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; geothermal processes; Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex; Iceland; moment tensors; seismic structure ID 3-DIMENSIONAL CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; KRAFLA SPREADING SEGMENT; TRIPLE JUNCTION; LOCAL EARTHQUAKES; FOCAL MECHANISMS; PLATE BOUNDARY; TOMOGRAPHIC INVERSION; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR; MAGMA CHAMBER AB The volcanic and geothermal areas of Iceland are rich sources of non-double-couple (non-DC) earthquakes. A state-of-the-art digital seismometer network deployed at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex in 1991 recorded 4000 small earthquakes. We used the best recorded of these to determine 3-D V-P and V-P/V-S structure tomographically and accurate earthquake moment tensors. The V-P field is dominated by high seismic wave speed bodies interpreted as solidified intrusions. A widespread negative (-4 per cent) V-P/V-S anomaly in the upper 4 km correlates with the geothermal field, but is too strong to be caused solely by the effect of temperature upon liquid water or the presence of vapour, and requires in addition mineralogical or lithological differences between the geothermal reservoir and its surroundings. These may be caused by geothermal alteration. Well-constrained moment tensors were obtained for 70 of the best-recorded events by applying linear programming methods to P-and S-wave polarities and amplitude ratios. About 25 per cent of the mechanisms are, within observational error, consistent with DC mechanisms consistent with shear faulting. The other 75 per cent have significantly non-DC mechanisms. Many have substantial explosive components, one has a substantial implosive component, and the deviatoric component of many is strongly non-DC. Many of the non-DC mechanisms are consistent, within observational error, with simultaneous tensile and shear faulting. However, the mechanisms occupy a continuum in source-type parameter space and probably at least one additional source process is occurring. This may be fluid flow into newly formed cracks, causing partial compensation of the volumetric component. Studying non-shear earthquakes such as these has great potential for improving our understanding of geothermal processes and earthquake source processes in general. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Miller, AD (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Sci Labs, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. NR 41 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 133 IS 2 BP 309 EP 325 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZP840 UT WOS:000073793700008 ER PT J AU Robbins, EI AF Robbins, EI TI New roles for an old resource - Ferromanganese nodules assist mine cleanup SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Robbins, EI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 956 Natl Ctr,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD MAY PY 1998 VL 43 IS 5 BP 14 EP 17 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZL590 UT WOS:000073449600019 ER PT J AU Reinemund, J AF Reinemund, J TI Untitled SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Int Act Off, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Reinemund, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Int Act Off, MS-917, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD MAY PY 1998 VL 43 IS 5 BP 27 EP 27 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZL590 UT WOS:000073449600022 ER PT J AU Mirecki, JE Campbell, BG Conlon, KJ Petkewich, MD AF Mirecki, JE Campbell, BG Conlon, KJ Petkewich, MD TI Solute changes during aquifer storage recovery testing in a limestone clastic aquifer SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE; DISSOLUTION; KINETICS; CALCITE; SYSTEM; VALLEY AB Aquifer storage recovery (ASR) was tested in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer near Charleston, South Carolina, to assess the feasibility for subsurface storage of treated drinking water. Water quality data obtained during two representative ASR tests were interpreted to show three things: (1) recovery efficiency of ASR in this geological setting; (2) possible changes in physical characteristics of the aquifer during ASR testing; and (3) water quality changes and potability of recovered water during short (one-and six-day) storage durations in the predominantly carbonate aquifer. Recovery efficiency for both ASR tests reported here was 54%, Successive ASR tests increased aquifer permeability of the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, It is likely that aquifer permeability increased during short storage periods due to dissolution of carbonate minerals and amorphous silica in aquifer material by treated drinking water. Dissolution resulted in an estimated 0.3% increase in pore volume of the permeable zones. Ground water composition generally evolved from a sodium-calcium bicarbonate water to a sodium chloride water during storage and recovery. After short duration, stored water can exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) for chloride (250 mg/L), However, sulfate, fluoride, and trihalomethane concentrations remained below MCLs during storage and recovery. C1 Univ Charleston, Dept Geol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Sullivans Isl, SC 29482 USA. RP Mirecki, JE (reprint author), Univ Charleston, Dept Geol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 17 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 394 EP 403 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02809.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA ZM547 UT WOS:000073551100006 ER PT J AU Hunt, RJ Bullen, TD Krabbenhoft, DP Kendall, C AF Hunt, RJ Bullen, TD Krabbenhoft, DP Kendall, C TI Using stable isotopes of water and strontium to investigate the hydrology of a natural and a constructed wetland SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; ECOSYSTEM; DEUTERIUM; EXCHANGE; SYSTEMS; SOLUTE; USA AB Wetlands cannot exist without water, but wetland hydrology is difficult to characterize. As a result, compensatory wetland mitigation often only assumes the proper hydrology has been created. In this study, water sources and mass transfer processes in a natural and constructed wetland complex were investigated using isotopes of water and strontium, Water isotope profiles in the saturated zone revealed that the natural wetland and one site in the constructed wetland were primarily fed by ground water; profiles in another constructed wetland site showed recent rain was the predominant source of water in the root zone. Water isotopes in the capillary fringe indicated that the residence time for rain is less in the natural wetland than in the constructed wetland, thus transpiration (an important water sink) was greater in the natural wetland, Strontium isotopes showed a systematic difference between the natural and constructed wetlands that we attribute to the presence or absence of peat, In the peat-rich natural wetland, delta(87)Sr in the pore water increased along the flowline due to preferential weathering of minerals containing radiogenic Sr in response to elevated Fe concentrations in the water, In the constructed wetland, where peat thickness was thin and Fe concentrations in water were negligible, delta(87)Sr did not increase along the flowline, The source of the peat (on-site or off-site derived) applied in the constructed wetland controlled the delta(87)Sr, but the top of the profile, but the effects were restricted by strong cation exchange in the underlying fluvial sediments. Based on the results of this study, neither constructed wetland site duplicated the water source and weathering environment of the adjoining natural wetland. Moreover, stable isotopes were shown to be effective tools for investigating wetlands and gaining insight not easily obtained using non-isotopic techniques. These tools have potential widespread application to wetlands that have distinct isotopic endmember sources. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hunt, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 5 U2 35 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 434 EP 443 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02814.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA ZM547 UT WOS:000073551100011 ER PT J AU Kelly, BP Pomes, ML AF Kelly, BP Pomes, ML TI Preferential flow and transport of nitrate and bromide in claypan soil SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID WATER; TILL; MACROPORES AB The in situ measurement of water flow and chemical transport through claypan soils is crucial to understanding potential water contamination from agricultural sources, It is important due to the large areal extent of these soils in agricultural regions of the midwestern United States and because of preferential flowpaths caused by desiccation cracks, worm burrowing, and root development. A study plot at the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area near Centralia, Missouri, was instrumented to determine the rate of preferential flow of water and transport of NO3-1 fertilizer in the unsaturated zone through a claypan soil using N-15-NO3-1 and Br-l tracers. The areal distribution of preferential flowpaths was between 2 and 20% in the topsoil, Gravity lysimeter now caused by preferential flow through the claypan was as much as 150 times greater than the estimated average rate of vertical recharge. As much as 2.4% of the volume of the soil below the claypan may be occupied by preferential flowpaths, The N-15-NO3-1 concentrations in ground water indicate that substantial quantities of fertilizer-derived NO3-1 were transported to ground water through the claypan during the first recharge event following fertilizer application even though that event occurred six months after application. Hydraulic conductivity, measured at three scales, ranged from 6.2 x 10(-8) to 7.5 x 10(-3) cm/s. The observed increase of calculated hydraulic conductivity with each increase in scale was attributed to the inclusion of more and larger preferential flowpaths within the volume over which the measurement was made, indicating hydraulic conductivity measured at one scale may not describe flow and transport at another scale. C1 US Geol Survey, Independence, MO 64050 USA. RP Kelly, BP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 310 W Lexington,Room 227, Independence, MO 64050 USA. EM bkelly@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 484 EP 494 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02820.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA ZM547 UT WOS:000073551100017 ER PT J AU Hill, MC Cooley, RL Pollock, DW AF Hill, MC Cooley, RL Pollock, DW TI A controlled experiment in ground water flow model calibration SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID INVERSE PROBLEM; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; PRIOR INFORMATION; AQUIFER; TRANSPORT; IDENTIFICATION; PREDICTION; SIMULATION; VALUES AB Nonlinear regression was introduced to ground water modeling in the 1970s, but has been used very little to calibrate numerical models of complicated ground water systems. Apparently, nonlinear regression is thought by many to be incapable of addressing such complex problems, With what we believe to be the most complicated synthetic test case used for such a study, this work investigates using nonlinear regression in ground water model calibration. Results of the study fall into two categories, First, the study demonstrates how systematic use of a well designed nonlinear regression method can indicate the importance of different types of data and can lead to successive improvement of models and their parameterizations. Our method differs from previous methods presented in the ground water literature in that (1) weighting is more closely related to expected data errors than is usually the case; (2) defined diagnostic statistics allow for more effective evaluation of the available data, the model, and their interaction; and (3) prior information is used more cautiously. Second, our results challenge some commonly held beliefs about model calibration. For the test case considered, we show that (1) field measured values of hydraulic conductivity are not as directly applicable to models as their use in some geostatistical methods imply; (2) a unique model does not necessarily need to be identified to obtain accurate predictions; and (3) in the absence of obvious model bias, model error was normally distributed. The complexity of the test case involved implies that the methods used and conclusions drawn are likely to be powerful in practice. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hill, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 26034,MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM mchill@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 520 EP 535 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02824.x PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA ZM547 UT WOS:000073551100021 ER EF