FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Nelson, AR Ota, Y Umitsu, M Kashima, K Matsushima, Y AF Nelson, AR Ota, Y Umitsu, M Kashima, K Matsushima, Y TI Seismic or hydrodynamic control of rapid late-Holocene sea-level rises in southern coastal Oregon, USA? SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE paleoseismology; earthquake hazard; Cascadia subduction zone; intertidal diatoms; sea-level changes; salt-marsh stratigraphy; tsunami deposits; Oregon; North America ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED SUBSIDENCE; SALT-MARSH; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; TIDAL MARSHES; NORTH-AMERICA; PUGET-SOUND; WASHINGTON; TSUNAMI; FORAMINIFERA AB Intertidal stratigraphy has been instrumental in demonstrating the hazard posed by great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone, but inferring an earthquake history from interbedded sequences of peat and mud is complicated by many factors that influence sedimentation and relative sea-lever change on both tectonic and nontectonic coasts. Rapid-to-sudden rises in relative sea level marked by sharp contacts between intertidal peat and overlying mud or sand may reflect coseismic coastal subsidence and tsunami deposition or, alternatively, nonseismic hydrodynamic changes in estuaries. Reconnaissance coring at 16 sites in the marshes fringing a narrow, protected tidal inlet of Coos Bay, supplemented by diatom and C-14 analyses at four sites, reveals a stratigraphic record too fragmentary and ambiguous to distinguish seismic from hydrodynamic causes for more than three of the 10 rises in relative sea-level identified. Only three sharp contacts have the wide extent and evidence of substantial (>0.5 m) submergence that distinguish them from similar contacts produced by nonseismic processes. Correlation with stratigraphic sequences at other estuaries shows that the fringing marshes suddenly subsided and were partially buried by tsunami sand during a great plate-boundary earthquake about 300 years ago. Similar contacts were produced by earthquakes about 1500-1800 years ago, and perhaps about 2400-2700 years ago. Other earthquakes with substantially less subsidence may also have occurred, but evidence is too ambiguous to reconstruct a more complete history. C1 Senshu Univ, Dept Geog, Tama Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Dept Geog, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 81081, Japan. Kanagawa Prefectural Museum Nat Hist, Odawara 250, Japan. RP Nelson, AR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 3BH SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD MAY PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3 BP 287 EP 299 DI 10.1191/095968398668600476 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA ZU187 UT WOS:000074171000004 ER PT J AU Hays, WW AF Hays, WW TI Reduction of earthquake risk in the United States: Bridging the gap between research and practice SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE earthquake damage scenarios; earthquake hazards; earthquake risk; hazard assessment; Loma Prieta earthquake; mitigation; National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program; Northridge earthquake; preparedness; risk assessment; risk management; vulnerability AB Continuing efforts under the auspices of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program are under way to improve earthquake risk assessment and risk management fn earthquake-prone regions of Alaska, California, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho, the New Madrid and Wabash Valley seismic zones in the central United States, the southeastern and northeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, and Hawaii. Geologists, geophysicists, seismologists, architects, engineers, urban planners, emergency managers, health care specialists, and policymakers are having to work at the margins of their disciplines to bridge the gap between research and practice and to provide a social, technical, administrative, political, legal, and economic basis for changing public policies and professional practices ire communities where the earthquake risk is unacceptable. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22190 USA. RP Hays, WW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22190 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9391 J9 IEEE T ENG MANAGE JI IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 45 IS 2 BP 176 EP 180 DI 10.1109/17.669765 PG 5 WC Business; Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Business & Economics; Engineering GA ZJ069 UT WOS:000073176400009 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Wilson, JT AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH Wilson, JT TI Field and laboratory evidence for intrinsic biodegradation of vinyl chloride contamination in a Fe(III)-reducing aquifer SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; AEROBIC MINERALIZATION; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; FE(III); VARIETY; ABSENCE AB Intrinsic bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes in anaerobic aquifers previously has not been considered feasible, due, in large part, to 1) the production of vinyl chloride during microbial reductive dechlorination of higher chlorinated contaminants and 2) the apparent poor biodegradability of vinyl chloride under anaerobic conditions. In this study, a combination of field geochemical analyses and laboratory radiotracer ([1,2-(14)C] vinyl chloride)experiments was utilized to assess the potential for intrinsic biodegradation of vinyl chloride contamination in an Fe(III)-reducing, anaerobic aquifer. Microcosm experiments conducted under Fe(III)-reducing conditions with material from the Fe(III)-reducing, chlorinated-ethene contaminated aquifer demonstrated significant oxidation of [1,2-(14)C] vinyl chloride to (14)CO(2) with no detectable production of ethene or other reductive dehalogenation products. Rates of degradation derived from the microcosm experiments (0.9-1.3% d(-1)) were consistent with field-estimated rates (0.03-0.2% d(-1)) of apparent vinyl chloride degradation. Field estimates of apparent vinyl chloride biodegradation were calculated using two distinct approaches; 1) a solute dispersion model and 2) a mass balance assessment. These findings demonstrate that degradation under Fe(III) reducing conditions can be an environmentally significant mechanism for intrinsic bioremediation of vinyl chloride in anaerobic ground-water systems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1-2 BP 111 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(97)00058-2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA ZQ197 UT WOS:000073832300005 ER PT J AU Rapport, DJ Gaudet, C Karr, JR Baron, JS Bohlen, C Jackson, W Jones, B Naiman, RJ Norton, B Pollock, MM AF Rapport, DJ Gaudet, C Karr, JR Baron, JS Bohlen, C Jackson, W Jones, B Naiman, RJ Norton, B Pollock, MM TI Evaluating landscape health: integrating societal goals and biophysical process SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape health; biotic integrity; societal values; indicators; ecological services ID SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; NITROGEN SATURATION; INTEGRITY; SYSTEMS; FOREST AB Evaluating landscape change requires the integration of the social and natural sciences. The social sciences contribute to articulating societal values that govern landscape change, while the natural sciences contribute to understanding the biophysical processes that are influenced by human activity and result in ecological change. Building upon Aldo Leopold's criteria for landscape health, the roles of societal values and biophysical processes in shaping the landscape are explored. A framework is developed for indicators of landscape health and integrity. Indicators of integrity are useful in measuring biological condition relative to the condition in landscapes largely unaffected by human activity, while indicators of health are useful in evaluating changes in highly modified landscapes. Integrating societal goals and biophysical processes requires identification of ecological services to be sustained within a given landscape. It also requires the proper choice of temporal and spatial scales. Societal values are based upon inter-generational concerns at regional scales (e.g. soil and ground water quality). Assessing the health and integrity of the environment at the landscape scale over a period of decades best integrates societal values with underlying biophysical processes. These principles are illustrated in two contrasting case studies: (1) the South Platte River study demonstrates the role of complex biophysical processes acting at a distance; and (2) the Kissimmee River study illustrates the critical importance of social, cultural and economic concerns in the design of remedial action plans. In both studies, however interactions between the social and the biophysical governed the landscape outcomes. The legacy of evolution and the legacy of culture requires integration for the purpose of effectively coping with environmental change. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W5, Canada. Environm Canada, Hull, PQ J8Y 3Z4, Canada. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Bates Coll, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. Land Inst, Salina, KS 67401 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Georgia Tech, Ivan Allen Coll, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. 10000 Years Inst, Seattle, WA USA. RP Rapport, DJ (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W5, Canada. RI Naiman, Robert /K-3113-2012; Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016 OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251 NR 73 TC 67 Z9 124 U1 4 U2 38 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 53 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1006/jema.1998.0187 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106XM UT WOS:000075176600001 ER PT J AU Bauch, NJ Spahr, NE AF Bauch, NJ Spahr, NE TI Salinity trends in surface waters of the upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY AB Dissolved-solids data collected in the Upper Colorado River Basin upstream from Cameo, Colorado, and in the Gunnison River Basin mere analyzed for trends in flow-adjusted dissolved-solids concentrations and loads far mater years 1970 to 1993, 1980 to 1993, and 1986 to 1993. Trend results for flow-adjusted periodic dissolved-solids concentrations for the Colorado River Basin upstream from Cameo, CO, generally were downward or no trend mas indicated. Trends in flow-adjusted monthly and annual dissolved-solids loads primarily were downward or absent, These trend results partly agree with the downward trends reported hv a previous investigation for the Colorado River near Cameo site. In the Gunnison River Basin, trends in flow-adjusted dissolved-solids concentrations and loads were not detected for more than one-half of the site/analysis-period combinations, Of the trends that were present, most indicated decreases in concentrations and loads rather than increases. In both the Colorado River Basin upstream from Cameo, CO, and the Gunnison River Basin, trends in flow-adjusted dissolved-solids concentrations and flow-adjusted monthly and annual dissolved-solids loads may be affected by a variety of factors. These include channel evolution and hydrologic variation, water quality and flow rate of groundwater discharges and springs, sample size and period of record of dissolved-solids data, and changes in land use in the basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Bauch, NJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Colorado Dist,MS 415,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 640 EP 655 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN332 UT WOS:000073635300030 ER PT J AU Leinz, RW Hoover, DB Fey, DL Smith, DB Patterson, T AF Leinz, RW Hoover, DB Fey, DL Smith, DB Patterson, T TI Electrogeochemical sampling with NEOCHIM - results of tests over buried gold deposits SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article DE NEOCHIM; CHIM; soil; extraction; selective; electrochemical ID MINERALIZATION; EXPLORATION AB Electrogeochemical extraction methods are based on the migration of ions in an electric field. Ions present in soil moisture are transported by an applied current into fluids contained in special electrodes placed on the soil. The fluids are then collected and analyzed. Extractions are governed by Faraday's and Ohm's laws and are modeled by the operation of a simple Hittorf transference apparatus. Calculations show that the volume of soil sampled in an ideal electrogeochemical extraction can be orders of magnitude greater than the volumes used in more popular geochemical extraction methods, although this has not been verified experimentally. CHIM is a method of in-situ electrogeochemical extraction that was developed in the former Soviet Union and has been tested and applied internationally to exploration for buried mineral deposits. Tests carried out at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) indicated that there were problems inherent in the use of CHIM technology. The cause of the problems was determined to be the diffusion of acid from the conventional electrode into the soil. The NEOCHIM electrode incorporates two compartments and a salt bridge in a design that inhibits diffusion of acid and enables the collection of anions or cations. Tests over a gold-enriched vein in Colorado and over buried, Carlin-type, disseminated gold deposits in northern Nevada show that there are similarities and differences between NEOCHIM results and those by partial extractions of soils which include simple extractions with water, dilute acids and solutions of salts used as collector fluids in the electrodes. Results of both differ from the results obtained by total chemical digestion. The results indicate that NEOCHIM responds to mineralized faults associated with disseminated gold deposits whereas partial and total chemical extraction methods do not. This suggests that faults are favored channels for the upward migration of metals and that NEOCHIM may be more effective in exploration for the deposits. It defines anomalies that are often narrow and intense, an observation previously made by CHIM researchers. The field tests show that NEOCHIM is less affected by surface contamination. A test over the Mike disseminated gold deposit indicates that the method may not be effective for locating deposits with impermeable cover. Faradaic extraction efficiencies of 20-30%, or more, are frequently achieved with NEOCHIM and the method generally shows good reproducibility, especially in extraction of major cations, However, ions of other metals that are useful in exploration, including Au and As, may be collected in low and temporally variable concentrations. The reason for this variability is unclear and requires further investigation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Leinz, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,Fed Ctr,Mail Stop 973, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 61 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 86 DI 10.1016/S0375-6742(97)00038-1 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZX418 UT WOS:000074513800005 ER PT J AU Bradley, D Hanson, L AF Bradley, D Hanson, L TI Paleoslope analysis of slump folds in the Devonian flysch of Maine SO JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEWFOUNDLAND AB Ancient submarine slide and slump deposits in the Devonian flysch of central and northern Maine show considerable variation in fold style, from symmetric to asymmetric to sheath geometries. Building on earlier work by Farrell and Eaten, we suggest that the spectrum of fold styles reflects the degree of simple shear within each slump deposit. We present a stereographic approach to paleoslope analysis that exploits fold hinge attitudes, axial surface attitudes, sheath axes, vergence, S- and Z-asymmetry-depending on the style of slump folding. Our paleoslope determinations from widely scattered locations across the Devonian foreland basin in Maine show a regionally consistent pattern of westerly to northwesterly slopes. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Salem State Coll, Dept Geol Sci, Salem, MA 01970 USA. RP Hanson, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1376 J9 J GEOL JI J. Geol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 106 IS 3 BP 305 EP 318 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZM119 UT WOS:000073506600005 ER PT J AU Sveum, CM Edge, WD Crawford, JA AF Sveum, CM Edge, WD Crawford, JA TI Nesting habitat selection by sage grouse in south-central Washington SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Centrocercus urophasianus; predation; reproduction ID PREDATION; IDAHO AB To characterize western sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios Bonaparte) nesting habitat in sagebrush-steppe habitat in Washington, we initiated a study on the Yakima Training Center to determine nesting habitat characteristics and whether these characteristics differed between successful and depredated nests. Most nests (71%) were in big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata Nutt.)/bunchgrass communities. Nest habitat was characterized by greater shrub cover, shrub height, vertical cover height, residual cover, and litter than at random locations, Successful 1-m(2) nest sites within big sagebrush/bunchgrass in 1992 had less shrub cover (51%) and shrub height (64 cm) than depredated nest sites (70% and 90 cm, respectively). Successful 77-m(2) nest areas in big sagebrush/bunchgrass in 1993 had more tall grass (greater than or equal to 18 cm) than depredated nest areas. Management that protects the big sagebrush/bunchgrass community is essential for maintaining nesting habitat for sage grouse. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sveum, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 24 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 51 IS 3 BP 265 EP 269 DI 10.2307/4003409 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN089 UT WOS:000073608500002 ER PT J AU Davis, JS Roeske, SM Karl, SM AF Davis, JS Roeske, SM Karl, SM TI Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary transtension and strain partitioning in the Chugach accretionary complex, SE Alaska SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN COAST BELT; SPENCES BRIDGE GROUP; FORE-ARC; NORTHWARD DISPLACEMENT; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MOUNT-TATLOW; NEW-ZEALAND; INTERMONTANE BELT; RIDGE SUBDUCTION; SHEAR-ZONE AB Shear zones in the Late Cretaceous Sitka Graywacke of the Chugach accretionary complex in southeast Alaska record constrictional finite strains, with Inaximum principal stretches plunging shallowly subparallel to strike of the shear zones. Macrostructural analysis indicates the finite strain formed during one deformation event. Microstructural analysis of the shear zones shows that this deformation is ductile, promoted mostly through deformation of low-strength lithic clasts and pressure solution. Kinematic indicators from some of the sheer zones indicate dominantly dextral motion. Although multiple scenarios call explain constrictional finite strains in a shear zone, these dextral strike-slip shear zones must have experienced a component of extension across them in order to generate constrictional finite strains. Therefore, the shear zones are dextral transtensional shear zones, an uncommon tectonic regime in an accretionary complex. The transtensional shear zones reflect strike-slip motion related to partitioning of Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary right-oblique convergence between North America and the Farallon plate. The extensional component that was superposed on the strike-slip shear zones to generate transtension resulted from contemporaneous collapse of the forrarc following thickening related to underplating. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Davis, JS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 62 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 20 IS 5 BP 639 EP 654 DI 10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00001-7 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZT730 UT WOS:000074119400011 ER PT J AU Goswami, JN Sahijpal, S Kehm, K Hohenberg, CM Swindle, T Grossman, JN AF Goswami, JN Sahijpal, S Kehm, K Hohenberg, CM Swindle, T Grossman, JN TI In situ determination of iodine content and iodine-xenon systematics in silicates and troilite phases in chondrules from the LL3 chondrite Semarkona SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NOBLE-GASES; MICROPROBE; METEORITES; ALLENDE AB Iodine concentrations in small domains (similar to 10 mu m) of silicates and troilite (FeS) phases in three chondrules from the Semarkona (LL3) meteorite were determined by an ion microprobe. Independent determination of I content in some of these phases was accomplished by in situ laser probe mass spectrometric analysis of I-derived Xe-128 in one of these neutron-irradiated chondrules. The ion microprobe data suggest low I content for olivines (20-45 ppb) and relatively higher values for pyroxene and glass (mesostasis) (40-160 ppb). The broad similarity in the measured I contents in pyroxenes in a porphyritic pyroxene chondrule by ion microprobe (42-138 ppb) and by laser probe (37-76 ppb) demonstrate the feasibility of in situ determination of I content in silicate phases via ion microprobe. The I contents in troilite measured by ion microprobe, however, are prone to uncertainty because of the lack of a sulfide standard. The ion microprobe data suggest I content of >1 ppm in troilite, if the calibration from our silicate standard is used. However, the noble gas data suggest that the I content in troilite is comparable to that in silicates. We attribute this apparent discrepancy to an enhanced sputter ion yield of I from sulfides. Iodine-derived Xe-129, excesses were observed in both pyroxene and troilite within this chondrule. The I-Xe model ages of these selected phases are consistent with the I-Xe studies of the bulk chondrule. The individual data points fall on or near the isochron obtained from the bulk chondrule, although all except the most radiogenic data point contain evidence of low-temperature uncorrelated iodine. C1 Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Goswami, JN (reprint author), Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 527 EP 534 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZQ279 UT WOS:000073841400014 ER PT J AU Stein, HJ Sundblad, K Markey, RJ Morgan, JW Motuza, G AF Stein, HJ Sundblad, K Markey, RJ Morgan, JW Motuza, G TI Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Review ID LODE-GOLD DEPOSITS; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; IRON-METEORITES; BALTIC SHIELD; STILLWATER COMPLEX; YILGARN-CRATON; ORE-DEPOSITS; VAL DOR AB Seven Re-187-Os-187 ages were determined for molybdenite and pyrite samples from two well-dated Precambrian intrusions in Fennoscandia to examine the sustainability of the Re-Os chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting. Using a new Re-187 decay constant (1.666 x 10(-11)y(-1)) with a much improved uncertainty (+/- 0.31%), we determined replicate Re-Os ages for molybdenite and pyrite from the Kuittila and Kivisuo prospects in easternmost Finland and for molybdenite from the Kabeliai prospect in southernmost Lithuania. These two localities contain some of the oldest and youngest plutonic activity in Fennoscandia and are associated with newly discovered economic Au mineralization (Ilomantsi, Finland) and a Cu-Mo prospect (Kabeliai, Lithuania). Two Re-Os ages for vein-hosted Kabeliai molybdenite average 1486 +/- 5 Ma, in excellent agreement with a 1505 +/- 11 Ma U-Pb zircon age for the hosting Kabeliai granite pluton. The slightly younger age suggests the introduction of Cu-Mo mineralization by a later phase of the Kabeliai magmatic system. Mean Re-Os ages of 2778 +/- 8 Ma and 2781 +/- 8 Ma for Kuittila and Kivisuo molybdenites, respectively, are in reasonable agreement with a 2753 +/- 5 Ma weighted mean U-Pb zircon age for hosting Kuittila tonalite. These Re-Os ages agree well with less precise ages of 2789 +/- 290 Ma for a Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron and 2771 +/- 75 Ma for the average of six Sm-Nd TDM model ages for Kuittila tonalite. Three Re-Os analyses of a single pyrite mineral separate, from the same sample of Kuittila pluton that yielded a molybdenite separate, provide individual model ages of 2710 +/- 27, 2777 +/- 28, and 2830 +/- 28 Ma (Re = 17.4, 12.1, and 8.4 ppb, respectively), with a mean value of 2770 +/- 120 Ma in agreement with the Kuittila molybdenite age. The Re and Os-187 abundances in these three pyrite splits are highly correlated (r = 0.9994): and provide a Re-187-Os-187 isochron age of 2607 +/- 47 Ma with an intercept of 21 ppt Os-187 (MSWD = 1.1). It appears that the Re-Os isotopic system in pyrite has been reset on the millimeter scale and that the 21 ppt Os-187 intercept reflects the in situ decay of Re-187 during the similar to 160 to 170 m.y. interval from similar to 2778 Ma (time of molybdenite +/- pyrite deposition) to similar to 2607 Ma (time of pyrite resetting). When the Re-Os data for molybdenites from the nearby Kivisuo prospect are plotted together with the Kuittila molybdenite and pyrite data, a well-constrained five-point isochron with an age of 2780 +/- 8 Ma and a Os-187 intercept (-2.4 +/- 3.8 ppt) of essentially zero results (MSWD = 1.5), We suggest that the pyrite isochron age records a regional metamorphic and/or hydrothermal event, possibly the time of Au mineralization. A proposed Re-Os age of similar to 2607 Ma for Au mineralization is in good agreement with radiometric ages by other methods that address the timing of Archean Au mineralization in deposits worldwide (so-called "late Au model"). Molybdenite, in contrast, provides a robust Re-Os chronometer, retaining its original formation age of similar to 2780 Ma, despite subsequent metamorphic disturbances in Archean and Proterozoic time. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, AIRIE Grp, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Stockholm, Dept Geol & Geochem, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Geol Survey Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania. RP Stein, HJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, AIRIE Grp, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM hstein@cnr.colostate.edu NR 101 TC 141 Z9 187 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 329 EP 345 DI 10.1007/s001260050153 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 115NY UT WOS:000075672600001 ER PT J AU Voltura, MB Wunder, BA AF Voltura, MB Wunder, BA TI Effects of ambient temperature, diet quality, and food restriction on body composition dynamics of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENERGY NEED; STARVATION; MORPHOLOGY; RODENTS; FAT AB We manipulated diet quality, food availability, and ambient temperature to investigate the role of these variables in fat deposition by growing prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and fat use by adult voles. Exposure to either 5 degrees C or a high-fiber diet reduced fat deposition by growing voles and also reduced growth as measured by body length. Adult voles on the high-fiber diet reduced fat content, but exposure to 5 degrees C had no effect on body composition. Both the high-fiber diet and exposure to 5 degrees C caused increased food intake and reduced diet digestibility for adult voles. Restricting access to food resulted in reduced lipid mass of all adult voles and reduced fat-free mass of those held at 5 degrees C. When faced with poor food quality or cold ambient temperature, voles will increase food intake rather than catabolize lipid tissue. When food availability is limited, however, voles will use fat stores to meet the balance of their energy requirements. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Voltura, MB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM mary_beth_voltura@usgs.gov RI Biguzzi, Felipe/E-4724-2015 NR 28 TC 35 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0031-935X J9 PHYSIOL ZOOL JI Physiol. Zool. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 71 IS 3 BP 321 EP 328 PG 8 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA ZR751 UT WOS:000074010100009 PM 9634179 ER PT J AU Major, JJ AF Major, JJ TI Pebble orientation on large, experimental debris-flow deposits SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE debris flows; elastic sediments; gravel imbrication; experimental studies; sedimentation; textures ID CLAST-FABRIC STRENGTH; MOUNT ST-HELENS; ALLUVIAL FANS; WASHINGTON; VALLEY; LAHARS; FLANK AB Replicable, pronounced orientation of discoid pebbles (greater than or equal to 8 mm) embedded on surfaces of large (similar to 10 m(3)) experimental debris-flow deposits reveals that strongly aligned, imbricate fabric can develop rapidly over short distances in mass flows. Pebble long axes aligned subparallel to deposit margins as well as subparallel to margins of surge waves arrested within the deposits. Pebble alignment exhibited modes both parallel to (a(p)), and normal to (a(t)), the primary flow direction; intermediate axes dipped preferentially inward from surge-wave margins (b(i) orientation). Repetitive development of margin-parallel, imbricate fabric distributed across deposit surfaces provides compelling evidence that deposits formed dominantly through progressive incremental accretion rather than through simple en masse emplacement. Pronounced fabric along deposit and arrested surge-wave margins reflects significant grain interaction along flow margins. This sedimentological evidence for significant marginal grain interaction complements theoretical analyses (Iverson, 1997) and other experimental data (Major, 1996; Iverson, 1997) that indicate that resistance along flow margins is an important factor affecting debris-flow deposition. The fabric on the experimental deposits demonstrates that debris flows can develop strongly imbricate particle orientation that mimics fabric developed during fluvial deposition. Particle shape and local stress fields appear to have more control over fabric development than does general depositional process. Other criteria in addition to particle orientation are needed to discriminate mass flow from fluvial gravel deposits and to unravel depositional history. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Major, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM jjmajor@usgs.gov OI Major, Jon/0000-0003-2449-4466 NR 63 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 117 IS 3-4 BP 151 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00014-1 PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZQ954 UT WOS:000073919900003 ER PT J AU Arkoosh, MR Casillas, E Huffman, P Clemons, E Evered, J Stein, JE Varanasi, U AF Arkoosh, MR Casillas, E Huffman, P Clemons, E Evered, J Stein, JE Varanasi, U TI Increased susceptibility of juvenile chinook salmon from a contaminated estuary to Vibrio anguillarum SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; RAINBOW-TROUT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; YERSINIA-RUCKERI; PUGET-SOUND; EXPOSURE; WASHINGTON; INFECTION AB Previous studies have shown that juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from a contaminated estuary of Puget Sound, Washington, are immunosuppressed. Immunosuppressed fish may be more susceptible to disease and ultimately experience an increase in mortality. To evaluate this possibility, differences in susceptibility to a marine pathogen in outmigrating juvenile chinook salmon from an urban estuary and a nonurban estuary in Puget Sound were assessed. Juvenile chinook salmon were sampled from hatcheries before their release and subsequently from their respective estuaries as the population outmigrated from freshwater to the saltwater environment during the springs of 1993 and 1994. The study was repeated during a 3-month period to assess the duration of the effect after the fish were removed from the source of contaminants and was replicated during a 2-year period to examine interannual variation. Bile, liver, and stomach contents were collected from fish after capture to determine exposure to organic chemical pollutants. Examination of these tissues demonstrated that juvenile salmon from the urban estuary were exposed to higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls than juveniles from the nonurban estuary or hatcheries. Juvenile salmon were challenged with serial doses of a marine pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum (serotype 1575), and mortality was measured daily for 7 d. In both years, salmon from the urban estuary challenged with V. anguillarum exhibited a higher cumulative mortality after exposure to the pathogen than salmon from the hatcheries or the nonurban estuary. Our results together with our previous findings support the hypothesis that contaminant-associated immunodysfunction in juvenile chinook salmon may lead to increased susceptibility to infection by a virulent marine bacterium. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Olympia Fish Hlth Ctr, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Arkoosh, MR (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 48 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 127 IS 3 BP 360 EP 374 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0360:ISOJCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 105GR UT WOS:000075064800002 ER PT J AU Bowen, ZH Freeman, MC Bovee, KD AF Bowen, ZH Freeman, MC Bovee, KD TI Evaluation of generalized habitat criteria for assessing impacts of altered flow regimes on warmwater fishes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; OZARK STREAM; ASSEMBLAGE; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; RECOVERY; GRADIENT; RIVER AB Assessing potential effects of flow regulation on southeastern warmwater fish assemblages is problematic because of high species richness and poor knowledge of habitat requirements for most species. Our study investigated relationships between availability and temporal persistence of key habitats and fish assemblage structure at regulated and unregulated sites in the Tallapoosa River system. Fish assemblage characteristics at seven sites were quantified based on 1,400 electrofishing samples collected during 1994 and 1995. Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) programs were used to model availability and persistence of key habitats at regulated and unregulated sites. Associations between fish assemblages and availability or persistence of key habitats were identified via regression and analysis of variance. We found that hydropeaking dam operation reduced the average length of time that shallow-water habitats persisted and also reduced year-to-year variation in the persistence of shallow-water habitats compared with unregulated sites. Across sites and years, proportional representation of catostomids was positively correlated with persistence of shallow and slow-water habitats during spring. Proportion of individuals as cyprinids was positively correlated with median availability of deep-fast habitat whereas proportion of percids was inversely related to median availability of deep-fast habitat. Mean fish density was positively correlated with the persistence of shallow and slow-water habitats. Comparisons of key-habitat measures and fish abundances between 1994 and 1995 at each site indicated that higher abundances of percids, catostomids, and cyprinids were associated with increased availability and persistence of shallow and slow-water habitats in 1995. These findings demonstrate that the temporal and spatial availability of key habitats could serve as useful measures of the potential effects of flow alteration on lotic fish assemblages and suggest that both short-term persistence of key habitats as well as annual variation in key-habitat availability are important for maintaining diverse fish assemblages. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Bowen, ZH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM zack_bowen@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 127 IS 3 BP 455 EP 468 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0455:EOGHCF>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 105GR UT WOS:000075064800009 ER PT J AU Johnson, TB Mason, DM Bronte, CR Kitchell, JF AF Johnson, TB Mason, DM Bronte, CR Kitchell, JF TI Estimation of invertebrate production from patterns of fish predation in western lake superior SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MYSIS-RELICTA; RAINBOW SMELT; GREAT-LAKES; MICHIGAN; ABUNDANCE; ONTARIO; POPULATIONS; ALEWIFE; PREY; ZOOPLANKTON AB We used bioenergetic models for lake herring Coregonus artedi, bloater Coregonus hoyi, and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax to estimate consumption of zooplankton, Mysis, and Diporeia in western Lake Superior for selected years between 1978 and 1995. Total invertebrate biomass consumed yearly ranged from 2.5 to 38 g/m(2) with nearly 40% consumed between August and October in all years. Copepod zooplankton represented the largest proportion of biomass collectively consumed by the three species (81%), although rainbow smelt consumed almost twice as much Mysis as zooplankton. Growth efficiency was highest for rainbow smelt (3.84-16.64%) and lower for the coregonids (1.91-12.26%). In the absence of quantitative secondary production values, we suggest our estimates of predatory demand provide a conservative range of the minimum invertebrate production in western Lake Superior during the past 20 years. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Johnson, TB (reprint author), Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Lake Erie Fisheries Stn,Rural Route 2,320 Milo Rd, Wheatley, ON N0P 2P0, Canada. EM johnsot@gov.on.ca OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 49 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 127 IS 3 BP 496 EP 506 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0496:EOIPFP>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 105GR UT WOS:000075064800012 ER PT J AU Paillet, FL AF Paillet, FL TI Flow modeling and permeability estimation using borehole flow logs in heterogeneous fractured formations SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; AQUIFER; INJECTION; TESTS AB A numerical model of flow in the vicinity of a borehole is used to analyze flowmeter data obtained with high-resolution flowmeters. The model is designed to (1) precisely compute flow in a borehole, (2) approximate the effects of flow in surrounding aquifers on the measured borehole flow, (3) allow for an arbitrary number (N) of entry/exit points connected to M < N far-field aquifers, and (4) be consistent with the practical limitations of flowmeter measurements such as limits of resolution, typical measurement error, and finite measurement periods. The model is used in three modes: (1) a quasisteady pumping mode where there is no ambient flow, (2) a steady flow mode where ambient differences in far-field water levels drive flow between fracture zones in the borehole, and (3) a cross-borehole test mode where pumping in an adjacent borehole drives how in the observation borehole. The model gives estimates of transmissivity for any number of fractures in steady or quasi-steady flow experiments that agree with straddle-packer test data. Field examples show how these cross-borehole-type curves can be used to estimate the storage coefficient of fractures and bedding planes and to determine whether fractures intersecting a borehole at different locations are hydraulically connected in the surrounding rock mass. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, FL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM fpaillet@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1010 DI 10.1029/98WR00268 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZL188 UT WOS:000073407600006 ER PT J AU Sheets, RA Bair, ES Rowe, GL AF Sheets, RA Bair, ES Rowe, GL TI Use of H-3/He-3 ages to evaluate and improve groundwater flow models in a complex buried-valley aquifer SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; VALIDATION; TRACERS; SHALLOW; RECHARGE; TRITIUM AB Combined use of the tritium/helium 3 (H-3/He-3) dating technique and particle-tracking analysis can improve flow-model calibration. As shown at two sites in the Great Miami buried-valley aquifer in southwestern Ohio, the combined use of H-3/He-3 age dating and particle tracking led to a lower mean absolute error between measured heads and simulated heads than in the original calibrated models and/or between simulated travel times and H-3/He-3 ages. Apparent groundwater ages were obtained for water samples collected from 44 wells at two locations where previously constructed finite difference models of groundwater flow were available (Mound Plant and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB)). The two-layer Mound Plant model covers 11 km-within the buried-valley aquifer. The WPAFB model has three layers and covers 262 km(2) within the buried-valley aquifer and adjacent bedrock uplands. Sampled wells were chosen along flow paths determined from potentiometric maps or particle-tracking analyses. Water samples were collected at various depths within the aquifer. In the Mound Plant area, samples used for comparison of H-3/He-3 ages with simulated travel times were from wells completed in the uppermost model layer. Simulated travel times agreed well with H-3/He-3 ages. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 3.5 years. Agreement in ages at WPAFB decreased with increasing depth in the system. The MAEs were 1.63, 17.2, and 255 years for model layers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Discrepancies between the simulated travel times and H-3/He-3 ages were assumed to be due to improper conceptualization or incorrect parameterization of the flow models. Selected conceptual and parameter modifications to the models resulted in improved agreement between H-3/He-3 ages and simulated travel times and between measured and simulated heads and flows. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Sheets, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 975 W 3rd Ave, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. EM rasheets@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1077 EP 1089 DI 10.1029/98WR00007 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZL188 UT WOS:000073407600012 ER PT J AU Shapiro, SD Rowe, G Schlosser, P Ludin, A Stute, M AF Shapiro, SD Rowe, G Schlosser, P Ludin, A Stute, M TI Tritium-helium 3 dating under complex conditions in hydraulically stressed areas of a buried-valley aquifer SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; COASTAL-PLAIN; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; RECHARGE; HE-3; DISPERSION; INDICATOR; SYSTEM AB The H-3-He-3 dating method is applied in a buried-valley aquifer near Dayton, Ohio. The study area is large, not all sampling locations lie along well-defined flow paths, and existing wells with variable screen lengths and diameters are used. Reliable use of the method at this site requires addressing several complications: (1) The flow system is disturbed because of high pumping rates and induced infiltration; (2) tritium contamination is present in several areas of the aquifer; and (3) radiogenic helium concentrations are elevated in a significant number of the wells. The H-3-He-3 ages are examined for self-consistency by comparing the reconstructed tritium evolution to the annual weighted tritium measured in precipitation; deviations result from dispersion, tritium contamination, and mixing. The H-3-He-3 ages are next examined for consistency with chlorofluorocarbon ages; the agreement is poor because of degradation of CFCs. Finally, the H-3-He-3 ages are examined for consistency with the current understanding of local hydrologic processes; the ages are generally supported by hydrogeologic data and the results of groundwater flow modeling coupled with particle-tracking analyses. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ Barnard Coll, Dept Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Shapiro, SD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 432, Reston, VA 22091 USA. RI Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012 OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1165 EP 1180 DI 10.1029/97WR03322 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZL188 UT WOS:000073407600018 ER PT J AU Jackson, M Moskowitz, B Rosenbaum, J Kissel, C AF Jackson, M Moskowitz, B Rosenbaum, J Kissel, C TI Field-dependence of AC susceptibility in titanomagnetites SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE titanomagnetite; magnetic susceptibility; magnetic minerals ID MAGNETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY; QUADRATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE; GRAIN-SIZE; ANISOTROPY; PYRRHOTITE; HYSTERESIS; STRAIN; CHINA; MODEL AB AC susceptibility measurements as a function of field amplitude H-ac and of frequency show a strong field dependence for a set of synthetic titanomagnetites (Fe3-xTixO4) and for certain basalts from the SOH-1 Hawaiian drill hole and from Iceland. In-phase susceptibility is constant below fields of about 10-100 A/m, and then increases by as much as a factor of two as H-ac is increased to 2000 A/m. Both the initial field-independent susceptibilities and the field-dependence of susceptibility are systematically related to composition: initial susceptibility is 3 SI for a single-crystal sphere of TMO (x = 0) and decreases with increasing titanium content; field-dependence is nearly zero for TMO and increases systematically to a maximum near TM60 (x = 0.6). This field dependence can in some cases be mistaken for frequency dependence, and lead to incorrect interpretations of magnetic grain size and composition when titanomagnetite is present. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Rock Magnetism, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. CEA, Ctr Faibles Radioact, Lab Mixte, CNRS, Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Jackson, M (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Jackson, Mike/G-1587-2013 OI Jackson, Mike/0000-0003-4778-7157 NR 28 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR 30 PY 1998 VL 157 IS 3-4 BP 129 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00032-6 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZM964 UT WOS:000073594200001 ER PT J AU Benison, KC Goldstein, RH Wopenka, B Burruss, RC Pasteris, JD AF Benison, KC Goldstein, RH Wopenka, B Burruss, RC Pasteris, JD TI Extremely acid Permian lakes and ground waters in North America SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID FLUID INCLUSIONS; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; AUSTRALIA; TYRRELL; GEOCHEMISTRY; EVAPORITES; VICTORIA; HYDROGEN; SULFATE; BRINES AB Evaporites hosted by red beds (red shales and sandstones), some 275-265 million years old, extend over a large area of the North American mid-continent(1). They were deposited in non-marine saline lakes, pans and mud-flats(2), settings that are typically assumed to have been alkaline. Here we use laser Raman microprobe analyses of fluid inclusions trapped in halites from these Permian deposits to argue for the existence of highly acidic (pH <1) lakes and ground waters. These extremely acidic systems may have extended over an area of 200,000 km(2). Modern analogues of such systems may be natural acid lake and groundwater systems (pH similar to 2-4) in southern Australia(3-9). Both the ancient and modern acid systems are characterized by closed drainage, arid climate, low acid-neutralizing capacity, and the oxidation of minerals such as pyrite to generate acidity. The discovery of widespread ancient acid lake and groundwater systems demands a re-evaluation of reconstructions of surface conditions of the past, and further investigations of the geochemistry and ecology of acid systems in general. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RP Benison, KC (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. NR 30 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 19 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 30 PY 1998 VL 392 IS 6679 BP 911 EP 914 DI 10.1038/31917 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZK759 UT WOS:000073359900045 ER PT J AU McCord, TB Hansen, GB Clark, RN Martin, PD Hibbitts, CA Fanale, FP Granahan, JC Segura, M Matson, DL Johnson, TV Carlson, RW Smythe, WD Danielson, GE AF McCord, TB Hansen, GB Clark, RN Martin, PD Hibbitts, CA Fanale, FP Granahan, JC Segura, M Matson, DL Johnson, TV Carlson, RW Smythe, WD Danielson, GE CA NIMS Team TI Non-water-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer investigation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID 3.4 MU-M; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM; INTERSTELLAR ICES; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; EMISSION FEATURE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CALLISTO; GANYMEDE; SO2 AB We present evidence for several non-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites, using the reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo near infrared mapping spectrometer (NLMS) experiment. Five new absorption features are described at 3.4, 3.88, 4.05, 4.25, and 4.57 mu m for Callisto and Ganymede, and some seem to exist for Europa as well. The four absorption bands strong enough to be mapped on Callisto and Ganymede are each spatially distributed in different ways, indicating different materials are responsible for each absorption. The spatial distributions are correlated at the local level in complex ways with surface features and in some cases show global patterns. Suggested candidate spectrally active groups, perhaps within larger molecules, producing the five absorptions include C-H, S-H, SO(2), CO(2), and C=N. Organic material like tholins are candidates for the 4.57- and 3.4-mu m features. We suggest, based on spectroscopic evidence, that CO(2) is present as a form which does not allow rotational modes and that SO(2) is present neither as a frost nor a free gas. The CO(2), SO(2), and perhaps cyanogen (4.57 mu m) may be present as very small collections of molecules within the crystal structure, perhaps following models for radiation damage and/or for comet and interstellar grain formation at low temperatures. Some of the dark material on these surfaces may be created by radiation damage of the CO(2) and other carbon-bearing species and the formation of graphite. These spectra suggest a complex chemistry within the surface materials and an important role for non-ice materials in the evolution of the satellite surfaces. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Sci & Technol Int Inc, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP McCord, TB (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM tom@pgd.hawaii.edu; ghansen@pgd.hawaii.edu; rclark@speclab.cr.usgs.gov; martin@pgd.hawaii.edu; hibbitts@pgd.hawaii.edu; fanale@pgd.hawaii.edu; granahan@lava.net; msegura@jpluvs.jpl.nasa.gov; dmatson@jpluvs.jpl.nasa.gov; tjohnson@jpltvj.jpl.nasa.gov; rcarlson@jpluvs.jpl.nasa.gov; wsmythe@jpluvs.jpl.nasa.gov; ged@soll.gps.caltech.edu RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016 OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391 NR 77 TC 168 Z9 169 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD APR 25 PY 1998 VL 103 IS E4 BP 8603 EP 8626 DI 10.1029/98JE00788 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 138JV UT WOS:000076969500007 ER PT J AU Dyman, TS Schmoker, JW Root, DH AF Dyman, TS Schmoker, JW Root, DH TI USGS assesses deep undiscovered gas resource SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Dyman, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD APR 20 PY 1998 VL 96 IS 16 BP 99 EP 104 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZJ596 UT WOS:000073232600028 ER PT J AU Barragy, EJ Walters, RA AF Barragy, EJ Walters, RA TI Parallel iterative solution for h and p approximations of the shallow water equations SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article ID FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD; LINEAR-SYSTEMS; 3-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS; ADAPTIVE STRATEGY; ENGLISH-CHANNEL; MODEL; TIDES; COMPUTATIONS; CIRCULATION; CURRENTS AB A p finite element scheme and parallel iterative solver are introduced for a modified form of the shallow water equations. The governing equations are the three-dimensional shallow water equations. After a harmonic decomposition in time and rearrangement, the resulting equations are a complex Helmholz problem for surface elevation, and a complex momentum equation for the horizontal velocity. Both equations are nonlinear and the resulting system is solved using the Picard iteration combined with a preconditioned biconjugate gradient (PBCG) method for the linearized subproblems. A subdomain-based parallel preconditioner is developed which uses incomplete LU factorization with thresholding (ILUT) methods within subdomains, overlapping ILUT factorizations for subdomain boundaries and under-relaxed iteration for the resulting block system. The method builds on techniques successfully applied to linear elements by introducing ordering and condensation techniques to handle uniform p refinement. The combined methods show good performance for a range of p (element order), h (element size), and N (number of processors). Performance and scalability results are presented for a field scale problem where up to 512 processors are used. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Intel Corp, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Barragy, EJ (reprint author), Intel Corp, MS CO1-02,15201 NW Greenbrier Pkwy, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 21 IS 5 BP 327 EP 337 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(97)00006-7 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA ZM185 UT WOS:000073513200001 ER PT J AU Krueger, CJ Barber, LB Metge, DW Field, JA AF Krueger, CJ Barber, LB Metge, DW Field, JA TI Fate and transport a linear alkylbenzenesulfonate in a sewage-contaminated aquifer: A comparison of natural-gradient pulsed tracer tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INJECTION-PORT DERIVATIZATION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CAPE-COD; SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SPATIAL MOMENTS; SAND AQUIFER; GROUNDWATER; BIODEGRADATION; SULFONATE AB Two natural-gradient tracer tests were conducted to determine the transport and biodegradation behavior of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant under in situ conditions in a sewage-contaminated aquifer. The tests were conducted in two biogeochemically distinct zones of the aquifer: (1) an aerobic uncontaminated zone (oxic zone) and (2) a moderately aerobic, sewage-contaminated zone (transition zone). Chromatographic separation of the surfactant mixture was observed in both zones and attributed to the retardation of the longer alkyl chain homologues during transport. No significant loss of LAS mass was observed for the oxic zone while 20% of the LAS mass injected into the transition zone was removed due to biodegradation. Biodegradation preferentially removed the longer alkyl chain homologues and the external isomers (i.e., 2- and 3-phenyl), The removal of LAS mass coincided with a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations, the appearance of LAS metabolites, and an increase in the number of free-living bacteria with a concomitant change in bacteria morphology, The formation of LAS metabolites accounted for 86% of the LAS mass removed in the transition zone. Over the duration of the test, sorption and biodegradation enriched the LAS mixture in the more water-soluble and biologically resistant components. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Field, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Gilbert Hall 153, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 51 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 8 BP 1134 EP 1142 DI 10.1021/es970717v PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZH500 UT WOS:000073117300018 ER PT J AU Ritsema, J Lay, T Garnero, EJ Benz, H AF Ritsema, J Lay, T Garnero, EJ Benz, H TI Seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID D'' LAYER; WAVES AB Onset time differences of up to 3 s are observed between transverse (S-SH) and longitudinal (S-SV) components of broadband S waves at distances of 85 degrees to 120 degrees for paths traversing the lowermost mantle (D") beneath the Pacific. After correction for upper mantle anisotropy, S-SH usually arrives earlier than S-SV with the splitting increasing with distance from 100 degrees to 120 degrees. The data yield two possible models of anisotropy: (1) anisotropy may vary laterally, with transverse isotropy existing in higher-than-average shear velocity regions beneath the northeastern Pacific, or (2) anisotropy may vary with depth, with transverse isotropy concentrated in a thin (100 km) thermal boundary layer at the base of D". A few recordings at distances less than 105 degrees show that S-SV arrives earlier than S-SH, indicating that general anisotropy likely exists in shallower regions of D". C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Tecton, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80225 USA. RP Ritsema, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1229 EP 1232 DI 10.1029/98GL00913 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZH464 UT WOS:000073112900031 ER PT J AU Savage, JC Lisowski, M AF Savage, JC Lisowski, M TI Viscoelastic coupling model of the San Andreas Fault along the big bend, southern California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE CYCLES; HALF-SPACE; STRAIN AB The big bend segment of the San Andreas fault is the 300-km-long segment in southern California that strikes about N65 degrees W, roughly 25 degrees counterclockwise from the local tangent to the small circle about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation. The broad distribution of deformation of trilateration networks along this segment implies a locking depth of at least 25 km as interpreted by the conventional model of strain accumulation (continuous slip on the fault below the locking depth at the rate of relative plate motion), whereas the observed seismicity and laboratory data on fault strength suggest that the locking depth should be no greater than 10 to 15 km. The discrepancy is explained by the viscoelastic coupling model which accounts for the viscoelastic response of the lower crust. Thus the broad distribution of deformation observed across the big bend segment can be largely associated with the San Andreas fault itself, not subsidiary faults distributed throughout the region. The Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities [1995] in using geodetic data to estimate the seismic risk in southern California has assumed that strain accumulated off the San Andreas fault is released by earthquakes located off the San Andreas fault. Thus they count the San Andreas contribution to total seismic moment accumulation more than once, leading to an overestimate of the seismicity for magnitude 6 and greater earthquakes in their Type C zones. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), Hawaiian Volcano Observ, POB 51, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. NR 21 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B4 BP 7281 EP 7292 DI 10.1029/98JB00148 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZG619 UT WOS:000073022200016 ER PT J AU Stern, LA Hogenboom, DL Durham, WB Kirby, SH Chou, IM AF Stern, LA Hogenboom, DL Durham, WB Kirby, SH Chou, IM TI Optical-cell evidence for superheated ice under gas-hydrate-forming conditions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID CLATHRATE HYDRATE; SYSTEM AB We previously reported indirect but compelling evidence that fine-grained H2O ice under elevated CH4 gas pressure can persist to temperatures well above its ordinary melting point while slowly reacting to form methane clathrate hydrate. This phenomenon has now been visually verified by duplicating these experiment in an optical cell while observing the very slow hydrate-forming process as the reactants were warmed from 250 to 290 K at methane pressures of 23 to 30 MPa. Limited hydrate growth occurred rapidly after initial exposure of the methane gas to the ice grains at temperatures well within the ice subsolidus region. No evidence for continued growth of the hydrate phase was observed until samples were warmed above the equilibrium H2O melting curve. With continued heating, no bulk melting of the ice grains or free liquid water was detected anywhere within the optical cell until hydrate dissociation conditions were reached (292 K at 30 MPa). even though full conversion of the ice grains to hydrate requires 6-8 h at temperatures approaching 290 K. In a separate experimental sequence, unreacted portions of H2O ice grains that had persisted to temperatures above their ordinary melting point were successfully induced to melt, without dissociating the coexisting hydrate in the sample tube, by reducing the pressure overstep of the equilibrium phase boundary and thereby reducing the rate of hydrate growth at the ice-hydrate interface. Results from similar tests using CO2 as the hydrate-forming species demonstrated that this superheating effect is not unique to the CH4-H2O system. C1 US Geol Survey, Branch Earthquake Geol & Geophys, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Stern, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Branch Earthquake Geol & Geophys, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM 1stern@isdmn1.wr.usgs.gov; hogenbod@lafayette.edu; durham1@llnl.gov; skirby@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov; imchou@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD APR 9 PY 1998 VL 102 IS 15 BP 2627 EP 2632 DI 10.1021/jp973108i PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZJ961 UT WOS:000073271100004 ER PT J AU Medellin, RA Gardner, AL Aranda, JM AF Medellin, RA Gardner, AL Aranda, JM TI The taxonomic status of the Yucatan brown brocket, Mazama pandora (Mammalia : Cervidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB The Yucatan brown brocket deer, described as Mazama pandora, is now treated as a subspecies of either the common brown brocket Mazama gouazoubira, or of the red brocket M. americana. Analysis of brocket deer from Mexico and Central and South America, reveals that the Yucatan brown brocket is sympatric with the red brocket in Mexico and, while similar to M. gouazoubira, warrants recognition as a separate species. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Natl Museum Nat Hist, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Biol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Inst Ecol, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Medellin, RA (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Apartado Postal 70-275, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD APR 6 PY 1998 VL 111 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA ZG953 UT WOS:000073056600001 ER PT J AU Dawson, VK Schreier, TM Boogaard, MA Gingerich, WH AF Dawson, VK Schreier, TM Boogaard, MA Gingerich, WH TI Uptake, metabolism, and elimination of niclosamide by rainbow trout. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 107-AGRO BP U55 EP U56 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400181 ER PT J AU Dubrovsky, NM Kratzer, CR Panshin, SY Gronberg, JM Kuivila, KM AF Dubrovsky, NM Kratzer, CR Panshin, SY Gronberg, JM Kuivila, KM TI Pesticide transport in the San Joaquin River watershed. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 042-AGRO BP U37 EP U37 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400117 ER PT J AU Foster, GD Lippa, KA Miller, CV AF Foster, GD Lippa, KA Miller, CV TI Watershed transport and fluxes of organic agrichemicals to northern Chesapeake Bay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Chem, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USGS, WRD, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 023-AGRO BP U31 EP U31 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400098 ER PT J AU Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Carlson, PR Kvenvolden, KA AF Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Carlson, PR Kvenvolden, KA TI PAHs as source indicators in tars and oils in Prince William Sound, Alaska. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 042-GEOC BP U629 EP U629 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414402010 ER PT J AU Hubert, TD Bernardy, JA Vue, C Gingerich, WH AF Hubert, TD Bernardy, JA Vue, C Gingerich, WH TI Uptake, elimination, and metabolism of TFM by rainbow trout. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 108-AGRO BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400182 ER PT J AU Kotarba, MJ Lewan, MD AF Kotarba, MJ Lewan, MD TI Thermogenic gases from the Polish bituminous and brown coals: Hydrous pyrolysis and isotopic approach. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Stanislaw Staszic Univ Min & Met, Dept Fossil Fuels, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 012-GEOC BP U620 EP U620 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414401984 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH AF Meinertz, JR Stehly, GR Gingerich, WH TI Elimination and metabolism of the anesthetic benzocaine, in channel catfish and rainbow trout. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 109-AGRO BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400183 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR Pfeiffer, RL Peter, CJ Duffy, MJ Battaglin, WA AF Steinheimer, TR Pfeiffer, RL Peter, CJ Duffy, MJ Battaglin, WA TI Reconnaissance survey for sulfonylurea herbicides in streams and groundwater of the midwestern US SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Dupont Agr Prod Co, Expt Stn, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 033-AGRO BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400108 ER PT J AU Thurman, EM Bulger, AG Scribner, EA Goolsby, DA AF Thurman, EM Bulger, AG Scribner, EA Goolsby, DA TI The relative attenuation factor (Ar): A new conceptual technique for comparing regional water-quality data in the Mississippi River Basin, USA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 032-AGRO BP U34 EP U34 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414400107 ER PT J AU VanMetre, PC Lopes, TJ Olson, MC Callender, EC AF VanMetre, PC Lopes, TJ Olson, MC Callender, EC TI Spatial and temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fluvial sediment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 044-GEOC BP U630 EP U630 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414402015 ER PT J AU Wade, TL Pereira, WE Hostettler, FD Parchaso, F AF Wade, TL Pereira, WE Hostettler, FD Parchaso, F TI Bivalves as monitors of bioavailable butyltins in San Francisco Bay SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Geochem & Environm Res Grp, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 95025 USA. RI Wade, Terry/A-4012-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 215 MA 068-ENVR BP U587 EP U588 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZA911 UT WOS:000072414401885 ER PT J AU Zierenberg, RA Fouquet, Y Miller, DJ Bahr, JM Baker, PA Bjerkgard, T Brunner, CA Duckworth, RC Gable, R Gieskes, J Goodfellow, WD Groschel-Becker, HM Guerin, G Ishibashi, J Iturrino, G James, RH Lackschewitz, KS Marquez, LL Nehlig, P Peter, JM Rigsby, CA Schultheiss, P Shanks, WC Simoneit, BRT Summit, M Teagle, DAH Urbat, M Zuffa, GG AF Zierenberg, RA Fouquet, Y Miller, DJ Bahr, JM Baker, PA Bjerkgard, T Brunner, CA Duckworth, RC Gable, R Gieskes, J Goodfellow, WD Groschel-Becker, HM Guerin, G Ishibashi, J Iturrino, G James, RH Lackschewitz, KS Marquez, LL Nehlig, P Peter, JM Rigsby, CA Schultheiss, P Shanks, WC Simoneit, BRT Summit, M Teagle, DAH Urbat, M Zuffa, GG TI The deep structure of a sea-floor hydrothermal deposit SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MASSIVE SULFIDE; RIDGE AB Hydrothermal circulation at the crests of mid-ocean ridges plays an important role in transferring heat from the interior of the Earth(1-3). A consequence of this hydrothermal circulation is the formation of metallic ore bodies known as volcanic-associated massive sulphide deposits. Such deposits, preserved on land, were important sources of copper for ancient civilizations and continue to provide a significant source of base metals (for example, copper and zinc)(4-6). Here we present results from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 169, which drilled through a massive sulphide deposit on the northern Juan de Fuca spreading centre and penetrated the hydrothermal feeder zone through which the metal-rich fluids reached the sea floor. We found that the style of feeder-zone mineralization changes with depth in response to changes in the pore pressure of the hydrothermal fluids and discovered a stratified zone of high-grade copper-rich replacement mineralization below the massive sulphide deposit. This copper-rich zone represents a type of mineralization not previously observed below sea-floor deposits, and may provide new targets for land-based mineral exploration. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. IFREMER, Ctr Brest, DRO GM, F-29980 Plouzane, France. Ocean Drilling Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Geol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Norges Geol Undersokelse, N-7002 Trondheim, Norway. Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Earth Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Dept Hydrol & Transeferts, F-45060 Orleans 2, France. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Borehole Res Grp, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Chem Lab, Tokyo 113, Japan. Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. Univ Kiel, Inst Geol Palaontol, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. E Carolina Univ, Dept Geol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Cologne, Inst Geol, D-50674 Cologne, Germany. Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. RP Zierenberg, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM zierenberg@geology.ucdavis.edu RI James, Rachael/G-8613-2011; SIMONEIT, BERND/A-2008-2013; Zierenberg, Robert/F-9329-2012; Brunner, Charlotte/A-9705-2014 OI Zierenberg, Robert/0000-0001-9384-7355; Brunner, Charlotte/0000-0002-6200-167X NR 15 TC 49 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 25 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 2 PY 1998 VL 392 IS 6675 BP 485 EP 488 DI 10.1038/33126 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZF215 UT WOS:000072875200055 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Microbial mineralization of VC and DCE under different terminal electron accepting conditions SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; AEROBIC MINERALIZATION; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; BIODEGRADATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION AB Production of (CO2)-C-14 from [1,2-C-14] dichloroethene (DCE) or [1,2-C-14] vinyl chloride (VC) was quantified in aquifer and stream-bed sediment microcosms to evaluate the potential for microbial mineralization as a pathway for DCE and VC biodegradation under aerobic, Fe(III)-reducing, SO4-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Mineralization of [1,2-C-14] DCE and [1,2-C-14] VC to (CO2)-C-14 decreased under increasingly reducing conditions, but significant mineralization was observed for both sediments even under anaerobic conditions. VC mineralization decreased in the order of aerobic > Fe(III)-reducing > SO4-reducing > methanogenic conditions. For both sediments, VC mineralization was greater than DCE mineralization under all electron-accepting conditions examined. For both sediments, DCE mineralization was at least two times greater under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions. Although significant microbial mineralization of DCE was observed under anaerobic conditions, recovery of (CO2)-C-14 did not differ substantially between anaerobic treatments. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 45 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD APR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1006/anae.1998.0150 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZT202 UT WOS:000074059900002 PM 16887626 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Landmeyer, JE Dinicola, RS AF Bradley, PM Landmeyer, JE Dinicola, RS TI Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-C-14]dichloroethene under Mn(IV)-reducing conditions SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; MANGANESE; IRON AB Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-C-14]dichloroethene to (CO2)-C-14 under Mn(IV)-reducing conditions was demonstrated. The results indicate that oxidative degradation of partially chlorinated solvents like dichloroethene can be significant even under anoxic conditions and demonstrate the potential importance of Mn(IV) reduction for remediation of chlorinated groundwater contaminants. C1 US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Stephenson Ctr, Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1560 EP 1562 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZF412 UT WOS:000072894900065 PM 16349554 ER PT J AU Larson, GL McIntire, CD Truitt, RE Liss, WJ Hoffman, R Deimling, E Lomnicky, G AF Larson, GL McIntire, CD Truitt, RE Liss, WJ Hoffman, R Deimling, E Lomnicky, G TI Phytoplankton assemblages in high-elevation lakes in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State USA SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-PARK; LIMITATION; LIMNOLOGY AB Phytoplankton assemblages in high-elevation lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex were studied during the open-water period in 1989. Collectively, 93 taxa were identified in 55 samples from 51 lakes. Based on cell densities, cyanobacteria had the highest relative abundance (36.7 %), followed by chlorophytes (29.8 %), and chrysophytes (19.6 %). Aphanocapsa delicatissima had the highest proportional abundance (14.0 %). Only 15.1 % percent of the taxa occurred in more than 20 samples. Phytoplankton cell densities increased following a gradient of increasing lake-water temperature, alkalinity, and concentration of total Kjeldahl-N with decreasing lake elevation. Chrysophytes and cyanobacteria were quantitatively (relative abundance) the most important taxa in alpine and subalpine lakes, whereas cyanobacteria had the highest relative abundances in high-forest and low-forest lakes. Chlorophytes had their highest relative abundance in high-forest lakes. Although low in relative abundance, diatoms and dinoflagellates were most abundant in alpine lakes. An ordination by correspondence analysis indicated that most alpine, subalpine, and high-forest lakes had similar floras. Although a few subalpine lakes exhibited deviations from this pattern, the main differences in phytoplankton composition were found in a group of low-forest and high-forest lakes. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) provided evidence that the distribution of samples and taxa in ordination space was correlated with a gradient of decreasing lake elevation and increasing water temperature, alkalinity, and concentration of nitrogen. When CCA was used to examine relationships among phytoplankton taxa and vegetation zones, a continuous distribution of taxa was found from the low-forest zone to the subalpine zone, with a large number of taxa occurring primarily in the subalpine and high-forest zones. Three phytoplankton taxa occurred primarily in alpine lakes, whereas five taxa co-occurred in alpine, subalpine, and high forest zones. Collectively, lake elevation and associated changes in water quality and concentrations of nutrients, especially nitrogen, appeared to be the primary physical and chemical factors influencing the taxonomic structures of phytoplankton assemblages. C1 Oregon State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Larson, GL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 10 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 142 IS 1 BP 71 EP 93 PG 23 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZQ093 UT WOS:000073820700005 ER PT J AU McCaffery, BJ AF McCaffery, BJ TI Implications of frequent habitat switches in foraging bar-tailed godwits SO AUK LA English DT Article ID FRUIT; ECOLOGY; DIETS; BIRDS C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. RP McCaffery, BJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 346, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. EM brian_mccaffery@mail.fws.gov NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1998 VL 115 IS 2 BP 494 EP 497 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZH635 UT WOS:000073131400026 ER PT J AU Powell, AN Collier, CL AF Powell, AN Collier, CL TI Reproductive success of Belding's Savannah sparrows in a highly fragmented landscape SO AUK LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; BREEDING SUCCESS; COASTAL WETLANDS; PARENTAL AGE; HABITAT; POPULATIONS; CONSERVATION; PERSISTENCE; SEASON; MARSH C1 San Diego State Univ, US Geol Survey, Calif Sci Ctr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Powell, AN (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM abby_powell@usgs.gov OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X NR 40 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1998 VL 115 IS 2 BP 508 EP 513 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZH635 UT WOS:000073131400029 ER PT J AU Keeley, JE AF Keeley, JE TI CAM photosynthesis in submerged aquatic plants SO BOTANICAL REVIEW LA English DT Review ID CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM; UNIFLORA L ASCHERS; INORGANIC CARBON ASSIMILATION; ISOETES-LACUSTRIS L; NORTH-AMERICAN ISOETIDS; FRESH-WATER MACROPHYTES; LITTORELLA-UNIFLORA; ASCOPHYLLUM-NODOSUM; LOBELIA-DORTMANNA; LAKE KALGAARD AB Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO(2)-concentrating mechanism selected in response to aridity in terrestrial habitats, and, in aquatic environments, to ambient limitations of carbon. Evidence is reviewed for its presence in five genera of aquatic vascular plants, including Isoetes, Sagittaria, Vallisneria, Crassula, and Littorella. Initially, aquatic CAM was considered by some to be an oxymoron, but some aquatic species have been studied in sufficient detail to say definitively that they possess CAM photosynthesis. CO(2)-concentrating mechanisms in photosynthetic organs require a barrier to leakage; e.g., terrestrial C(4) plants have suberized bundle sheath cells and terrestrial CAM plants high stomatal resistance. In aquatic CAM plants the primary barrier to CO(2) leakage is the extremely high diffusional resistance of water. This, coupled with the sink provided by extensive intercellular gas space, generates daytime CO(2)(p(i)) comparable to terrestrial CAM plants. CAM contributes to the carbon budget by both net carbon gain and carbon recycling, and the magnitude of each is environmentally influenced. Aquatic CAM plants inhabit sites where photosynthesis is potentially limited by carbon. Many occupy moderately fertile shallow temporary pools that experience extreme diel fluctuations in carbon availability. CAM plants are able to take advantage of elevated nighttime CO(2) levels in these habitats. This gives them a competitive advantage over non-CAM species that are carbon starved during the day and an advantage over species that expend energy in membrane transport of bicarbonate. Some aquatic CAM plants are distributed in highly infertile lakes, where extreme carbon limitation and light are important selective factors. Compilation of reports on diel changes in titratable acidity and malate show 69 out of 180 species have significant overnight accumulation, although evidence is presented discounting CAM in some. It is concluded that similar proportions of the aquatic and terrestrial floras have evolved CAM photosynthesis. Aquatic Isoetes (Lycophyta) represent the oldest lineage of CAM plants and cladistic analysis supports an origin for CAM in seasonal wetlands, from which it has radiated into oligotrophic lakes and into terrestrial habitats. Temperate Zone terrestrial species share many characteristics with amphibious ancestors, which in their temporary terrestrial stage, produce functional stomata and switch from CAM to C(3) Many lacustrine Isoetes have retained the phenotypic plasticity of amphibious species and can adapt to an aerial environment by development of stomata and switching to C3 However, in some neotropical alpine species, adaptations to the lacustrine environment are genetically fixed and these constitutive species fail to produce stomata or loose CAM when artificially maintained in an aerial environment. It is hypothesized that neotropical lacustrine species may be more ancient in origin and have given rise to terrestrial species, which have retained most of the characteristics of their aquatic ancestry, including astomatous leaves, CAM and sediment-based carbon nutrition. In both terrestrial and aquatic CAM plants, dark CO(2) fixation may result in net carbon uptake plus the conservation of carbon by refixation of respiratory CO(2). In aquatic plants, CAM's contribution to the total carbon budget is variable. Exemplary studies of the contribution of CAM to the carbon budget, such as those by Boston and Adams, Madsen, and Robe and Griffiths for lacustrine species, are needed in a greater range of habitats. Quantitative estimates of the CAM contribution to the carbon budget are likely to provide more insights than attempts to typologically categorize variation with terms such as "idling," "cycling," AAM, SCAM, TAAM, and so forth. Although we have a reasonably good understanding of the selective factors favoring CAM in seasonal pools and oligotrophic lakes, there are other habitats (Section VII.C) where the role of CAM is not apparent. These species need to be examined in greater detail. Future research should focus on species with predictable diel acid fluctuations, but with characteristics that do not fit recognized criteria for CAM. Of particular interest is the seasonal pool species Downingia bella (Campanulaceae), which may reflect an innovative CAM mechanism. Other roles for dark CO(2) fixation should be examined. Dark CO(2) fixation may be important as a source of carbon skeletons for both carbon and nitrogen assimilation, particularly in nutrient-poor habitats. Of practical concern is the manner in which lake acidification and eutrophication alter carbon budgets (e.g., Robe & Griffiths, 1994). Also, in many parts of the globe aquatic CAM spe-` cies are threatened: I. andicola of Peru, for instance, is clearly threatened by habitat loss (Leon & Young, 1996), and two of the three primitive Isoetes, morphologically similar to the extinct Isoetites, are apparently extinct (Hickey, 1986). At the other extreme, the aquatic CAM Crassula helmsii is an aggressive alien (Dawson & Warman, 1987), in need of further studies such as those of Newman and Raven (1995) in a greater range of habitats. Isoetes, being the oldest lineage of CAM plants, potentially holds further interesting discoveries with respect to photosynthetic patterns. The most primitive species in the group are distinct in their lack of the typical terete "isoetid" leaf. These species are restricted to isolated sites in South America and have seldom been collected. They are apparently basal to the group, sharing the laminate leaf characteristic with the extinct and possibly ancestral Isoetites (Hickey, 1986). The hypothesized amphibious origin for CAM suggests the possibility that these primitive species may lack CAM. Further study of the photosynthetic metabolism and habitat characteristics of these would be a stimulating contribution to the story of aquatic CAM photosynthesis. Here, and in other aspects of aquatic CAM photosynthesis, a multitude of possibilities are presented with new molecular genetic techniques, now being applied to terrestrial CAM plants (Cushman & Bohnert, 1997). C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Div Environm Biol, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Keeley, JE (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. NR 199 TC 91 Z9 100 U1 5 U2 76 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0006-8101 J9 BOT REV JI Bot. Rev. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 2 BP 121 EP 175 DI 10.1007/BF02856581 PG 55 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 107JD UT WOS:000075203700002 ER PT J AU Wald, DJ Graves, RW AF Wald, DJ Graves, RW TI The seismic response of the Los Angeles basin, California SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1971 SAN-FERNANDO; VELOCITY MODEL; GROUND MOTION; 1992 LANDERS; EARTHQUAKE; SLIP AB Using strong-motion data recorded in the Los Angeles region from the 1992 (M-w 7.3) Landers earthquake, we have tested the accuracy of existing three-dimensional (3D) velocity models on the simulation of long-period (greater than or equal to 2 sec) ground motions in the Los Angeles basin and surrounding San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys. First, the overall pattern and degree of long-period excitation of the basins were identified in the observations. Within the Los Angeles basin, the recorded amplitudes are about three to four times larger than at sites outside the basins; amplitudes within the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are nearly a factor of 3 greater than surrounding bedrock sites, Then, using a 3D finite-difference numerical modeling approach, we analyzed how variations in 3D earth structure affect simulated waveforms, amplitudes, and the fit to the observed patterns of amplification. Significant differences exist in the 3D velocity models of southern California that we tested (Magistrale et al,, 1996; Graves, 1996a; Hauksson and Haase, 1997). Major differences in the models include the velocity of the assumed background models; the depth of the Los Angeles basin; and the depth, location, and geometry of smaller basins. The largest disparities in the response of the models are seen for the San Fernando Valley and the deepest portion of the Los Angeles basin. These arise in large part from variations in the structure of the basins, particularly the effective depth extent, which is mainly due to alternative assumptions about the nature of the basin sediment fill. The general ground-motion characteristics are matched by the 3D model simulations, validating the use of 3D modeling with geologically based velocity-structure models. However, significant shortcomings exist in the overall patterns of amplification and the duration of the long-period response. The successes and limitations of the models for reproducing the recorded ground motions as discussed provide the basis and direction for necessary improvements to earth structure models, whether geologically or tomographically derived. The differences in the response of the earth models tested also translate to variable success in the ability to successfully model the data and add uncertainty to estimates of the basin response given input "scenario" earthquake source models. C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Woodward Clyde Fed Serv, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Wald, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RI Graves, Robert/B-2401-2013; OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 39 TC 85 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 337 EP 356 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ391 UT WOS:000073210300003 ER PT J AU Spudich, P Guatteri, M Otsuki, K Minagawa, J AF Spudich, P Guatteri, M Otsuki, K Minagawa, J TI Use of fault striations and dislocation models to infer tectonic shear stress during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; GROUND MOTION; SLIP; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION; MECHANISM; DYNAMICS AB Dislocation models of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake derived by Yoshida et al. (1996) show substantial changes in direction of slip with time at specific points on the Nojima and Rokko fault systems, as do striations we observed on exposures of the Nojima fault surface on Awaji Island. Spudich (1992) showed that the initial stress, that is, the shear traction on the fault before the earthquake origin time, can be derived at points on the fault where the slip rake rotates with time if slip velocity and stress change are known at these points. From Yoshida's slip model, we calculated dynamic stress changes on the ruptured fault surfaces. To estimate errors, we compared the slip velocities and dynamic stress changes of several published models of the earthquake. The differences between these models had an exponential distribution, not gaussian. We developed a Bayesian method to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of initial stress from the striations and from Yoshida's slip model. Striations near Toshima and Hirabayashi give initial stresses of about 13 and 7 MPa, respectively. We obtained initial stresses of about 7 to 17 MPa at depths of 2 to 10 km on a subset of points on the Nojima and Rokko fault systems. Our initial stresses and coseismic stress changes agree well with postearthquake stresses measured by hydrofracturing in deep boreholes near Hirabayashi and Ogura on Awaji Island. Our results indicate that the Nojima fault slipped at very low shear stress, and fractional stress drop was complete near the surface and about 32% below depths of 2 km. Our results at depth depend on the accuracy of the rake rotations in Yoshida's model, which are probably correct on the Nojima fault but debatable on the Rokko fault. Our results imply that curved or cross-cutting fault striations can be formed in a single earthquake, contradicting a common assumption of structural geology. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Tohoku Univ, Dept Geoenvironm Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. Dia Consultants Co Ltd, Toshima Ku, Tokyo 171, Japan. RP Spudich, P (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM spudich@usgs.gov; patti@pangea.stanford.edu; otsuki@dges.tohoku.ac.jp; J.Minagawa@gen.diaconsult.co.jp NR 55 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 413 EP 427 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ391 UT WOS:000073210300008 ER PT J AU Dengler, LA Dewey, JW AF Dengler, LA Dewey, JW TI An intensity survey of households affected by the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994 SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Following the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994, the Humboldt Earthquake Education Center (HEEC) conducted a telephone survey of approximately 6000 adults from within the felt region to study the earthquake's effects on individual households. We tabulate human responses to the earthquake and observations of the earthquake's effects on inanimate objects from the HEEC survey as a function of independently assigned U.S. Geological Survey Modified Mercalli (USGS MM) intensity for the same communities. Human responses and subjective judgments about the severity of shaking, when averaged over a large number of samples, are useful discriminants of the levels of strong ground motion up to those associated with USGS MM intensity VII, notwithstanding that individual human responses and subjective judgments are notoriously unreliable. A threshold of strong ground motion corresponds to USGS MM intensity of about VII, above which over 40% of respondents described the earthquake as "violent" and most people reported difficulty standing, furniture displaced, and some damage to their homes. Even at intensities VIII and IX, however, relatively few people (about 15%) described their reaction as "panic" and only about 12% reported major damage to their homes. The HEEC phone-survey data show that, in communities of low to moderate shaking, USGS MM intensities estimated from a single postal questionnaire are quite robust. At USGS MM intensity of V and below, 88% of USGS MM intensities determined from postal questionnaires are within one intensity unit of intensities determined from the more numerous HEEC telephone survey data for the same community. We introduce the concept of a community decimal intensity scale (CDI) based on telephone-survey data and calibrated to agree on average with the USGS MM intensities. The CDIs are more regularly distributed than the USGS MM intensities and show much less scatter when plotted as a function of epicentral distance. CDIs show promise as a tool for comparing regional attenuation, for delineating variations in shaking strength within areas mapped as a single MM zone, and for rapid preliminary intensity estimates utilizing electronic media. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dengler, LA (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 441 EP 462 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ391 UT WOS:000073210300010 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Harmsen, S Frankel, A Carver, D Cranswick, E Meremonte, M Michael, J AF Hartzell, S Harmsen, S Frankel, A Carver, D Cranswick, E Meremonte, M Michael, J TI First-generation site-response maps for the Los Angeles region based on earthquake ground motions SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA AB Ground-motion records from aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge earthquake and mainshock records from the 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittler Narrows, 1991 Sierra Madre, and 1994 Northridge earthquakes are used to estimate site response relative to a rock site for the urban Los Angeles area. Site response is estimated at 232 mainshock and 201 aftershock sites relative to a low-amplitude site in the Santa Monica Mountains. Average amplification values are calculated for the frequency bands: 1 to 3, 3 to 5, and 5 to 7 Hz. These bands are chosen based on limitations in aftershock recording equipment at lower frequencies and reduced significance to the building inventory at higher frequencies. Site amplification factors determined at the instrumented locations are grouped by the surficial geology and contoured to produce a continuous spatial estimation of amplification. The maps in this article represent the first attempt to produce estimates of site amplification based on observations of ground motion for such a large areal extent of the Los Angeles region. These maps are expected to evolve as more data become available and more analysis is done. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 463 EP 472 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ391 UT WOS:000073210300011 ER PT J AU Day, SM Yu, G Wald, DJ AF Day, SM Yu, G Wald, DJ TI Dynamic stress changes during earthquake rupture SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; RATE-DEPENDENT FRICTION; 1984 MORGAN-HILL; FLUID PRESSURE; FAULT; SLIP; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION; VELOCITY; CRACK AB We assess two competing dynamic interpretations that have been proposed for the short slip durations characteristic of kinematic earthquake models derived by inversion of earthquake waveform and geodetic data. The first interpretation would require a fault constitutive relationship in which rapid dynamic restrengthening of the fault surface occurs after passage of the rupture front, a hypothesized mechanical behavior that has been referred to as "self-healing." The second interpretation would require sufficient spatial heterogeneity of stress drop to permit rapid equilibration of elastic stresses with the residual dynamic friction level, a condition we refer to as "geometrical constraint." These interpretations imply contrasting predictions for the time dependence of the fault-plane shear stresses. We compare these predictions with dynamic shear stress changes for the 1992 Landers (M 7.3), 1994 Northridge (M 6.7), and 1995 Kobe (M 6.9) earthquakes. Stress changes are computed from kinematic slip models of these earthquakes, using a finite-difference method. For each event, static stress drop is highly variable spatially, with high stress-drop patches embedded in a background of low, and largely negative, stress drop. The time histories of stress change show predominantly monotonic stress change after passage of the rupture front, settling to a residual level, without significant evidence for dynamic restrengthening. The stress change at the rupture front is usually gradual rather than abrupt, probably reflecting the limited resolution inherent in the underlying kinematic inversions. On the basis of this analysis, as well as recent similar results obtained independently for the Kobe and Morgan Hill earthquakes, we conclude that, at the present time, the self-healing hypothesis is unnecessary to explain earthquake kinematics. C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Day, SM (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 39 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 512 EP 522 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ391 UT WOS:000073210300015 ER PT J AU Olson, JA Zoback, ML AF Olson, JA Zoback, ML TI Source character of microseismicity in the San Francisco Bay block, California, and implications for seismic hazard SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT; DURATION MAGNITUDES; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; TECTONICS; BENEATH; MOTION; STRESS; PLATE; STATE AB We examine relocated seismicity within a 30-km-wide crustal block containing San Francisco Bay and bounded by two major right-lateral strike-slip fault systems, the Hayward and San Andreas faults, to determine seismicity distribution, source character, and possible relationship to proposed faults. Well-located low-level seismicity (M-d less than or equal to 3.0) has occurred persistently within this block throughout the recording interval (1969 to 1995), with the highest levels of activity occurring along or directly adjacent to (within similar to 5 km) the bounding faults and falling off toward the long axis of the bay. The total seismic moment release within the interior of the Bay block since 1969 is equivalent to one M-L 3.8 earthquake, one to two orders of magnitude lower than activity along and within 5 km of the bounding faults. Focal depths of reliably located events within the Bay block are generally less than 13 km with most seismicity in the depth range of 7 to 12 km, similar to focal depths along both the adjacent portions of the San Andreas and Hayward faults, Focal mechanisms for M-d 2 to 3 events within the Bay block mimic focal mechanisms along the adjacent San Andreas fault zone and in the East Bay, suggesting that Bay block is responding to a similar regional stress field, Two potential seismic source zones have been suggested within the Bay block. Our hypocentral depths and focal mechanisms suggest that a proposed subhorizontal detachment fault 15 to 18 km beneath the Bay is not seismically active. Several large-scale linear NW-trending aeromagnetic anomalies within the Bay block were previously suggested to represent large through-going subvertical fault zones. The two largest earthquakes (both M-d 3.0) in the Bay block since 1969 occur near two of these large-scale linear aeromagnetic anomalies; both have subvertical nodal planes with right-lateral slip subparallel to the magnetic anomalies, suggesting that structures related to the anomalies may be capable of brittle failure. Geodetic, focal mechanism and seismicity data all suggest the Bay block is responding elastically to the same regional stresses affecting the bounding faults; however, continuous Holocene reflectors across the proposed fault zones suggest that if the magnetic anomalies represent basement fault zones, then these faults must have recurrence times one to several orders of magnitude longer than on the bounding faults. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Olson, JA (reprint author), Trimble Navigat, Sunnyvale, CA 94401 USA. EM zoback@andreas.wr.usgs.gov NR 52 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 543 EP 555 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ391 UT WOS:000073210300018 ER PT J AU Heliker, CC Mangan, MT Mattox, TN Kauahikaua, JP Helz, RT AF Heliker, CC Mangan, MT Mattox, TN Kauahikaua, JP Helz, RT TI The character of long-term eruptions: inferences from episodes 50-53 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kilauea; Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha; basaltic eruption; lava shield; lava pond; geochemistry ID HAWAII AB The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption on the east rift zone of Kilauea began in January 1983. The first 9 years of the eruption were divided between the Pu'u 'O'o (1983-1986) and Kupaianaha (1986-1992) vents, each characterized by regular, predictable patterns of activity that endured for years. In 1990 a series of pauses in the activity disturbed the equilibrium of the eruption, and in 1991, the output from Kupaianaha steadily declined and a short-lived fissure eruption broke out between Kupaianaha and Pu'u 'O'o. In February 1992 the Kupaianaha vent died, and, 10 days later, eruptive episode 50 began as a fissure opened on the uprift flank of the Pu'u 'O'o cone. For the next year, the eruption was marked by instability as more vents opened on the flank of the cone and the activity was repeatedly interrupted by brief pauses in magma supply to the vents. Episodes 50-53 constructed a lava shield 60 m high and 1.3 km in diameter against the steep slope of the Pu'u 'O'o cone. By 1993 the shield was pockmarked by collapse pits as vents and lava tubes downcut as much as 29 m through the thick deposit of scoria and spatter that veneered the cone. As the vents progressively lowered, the level of the Pu'u 'O'o pond also dropped, demonstrating the hydraulic connection between the two. The downcutting helped to undermine the prominent Pu'u 'O'o cone, which has diminished in size both by collapse, as a large pit crater formed over the conduit, and by burial of its flanks. Intervals of eruptive instability, such as that of 1991-1993, accelerate lateral expansion of the subaerial flow field both by producing widely spaced vents and by promoting surface flow activity as lava tubes collapse and be come blocked during pauses. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Heliker, CC (reprint author), USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, POB 51, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM cheliker@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 59 IS 6 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1007/s004450050198 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZH980 UT WOS:000073167600001 ER PT J AU Milia, A Mirabile, L Torrente, MM Dvorak, JJ AF Milia, A Mirabile, L Torrente, MM Dvorak, JJ TI Volcanism offshore of Vesuvius Volcano in Naples Bay SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Vesuvius; high-resolution seismic; cryptodome; volcano collapse ID MAGMA CHAMBER BENEATH; EVOLUTION; ERUPTION; RIDGE AB High-resolution seismic reflection data are used to identify structural features in Naples Bay near Vesuvius Volcano. Several buried seismic units with reflection-free interiors are probably volcanic deposits erupted during and since the formation of the breached crater of Monte Somma Volcano, which preceded the growth of Vesuvius, The presumed undersea volcanic deposits are limited in extent; thus, stratigraphic relationships cannot be established among them. Other features revealed by our data include (a) the warping of lowstand marine deposits by undersea cryptodomes located approximately 10 km from the summit of Vesuvius, (b) a succession of normal step faults that record seaward collapse of the volcano, and (c) a small undersea slump in the uppermost marine deposits of Naples Bay, which may be the result of nuee ardentes that entered the sea during a major eruption of Vesuvius in 1631. Detection of these undersea features illustrates some capabilities of making detailed seismic reflection profiles across undersea volcanoes. C1 Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-80138 Naples, Italy. Ist Univ Navale, Ist Oceanol, I-80133 Naples, Italy. US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Torrente, MM (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Lgo S Marcellino 10, I-80138 Naples, Italy. RI TORRENTE, MAURIZIO MARIA/J-6025-2013; OI MILIA, ALFONSA/0000-0002-7962-7281 NR 35 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 59 IS 6 BP 404 EP 413 DI 10.1007/s004450050200 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZH980 UT WOS:000073167600003 ER PT J AU Sondreal, ML Murphy, RK AF Sondreal, ML Murphy, RK TI Low Cooper's Hawk, Accipter cooperii, nest in dense shrubs SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Cooper's Hawk; Accipiter cooperii; nesting; shrubs; North Dakota AB A pair of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) successfully fledged young from an unusually low nest in dense shrubs in northwestern North Dakota. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. RP Sondreal, ML (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Des Lacs Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, 8315 Hwy 8, Kenmare, ND 58746 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 112 IS 2 BP 339 EP 340 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 105QR UT WOS:000075085600024 ER PT J AU Adams, NS Rondorf, DW Evans, SD Kelly, JE Perry, RW AF Adams, NS Rondorf, DW Evans, SD Kelly, JE Perry, RW TI Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DUMMY TRANSMITTERS; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALAR L; RIVER; GAIRDNERI; BEHAVIOR; CATFISH; GROWTH; SPEED AB Radiotelemetry data are often used to make inferences about an entire study population; therefore, the transmitter attachment method should be the one that least affects the study animal. Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) <120 mm in fork length (FL) with either gastrically or surgically implanted transmitters had significantly lower critical swimming speeds than control fish 1 and 19-23 days after tagging. For fish >120 mm FL, fish with gastric implants swam as well as controls 1 day but not 19-23 days after tagging. In contrast, fish with surgical implants swam as well as controls 19-23 days but not 1 day after tagging. During predation trials, fish with gastric or surgical implants were eaten by smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in significantly greater numbers than controls. We do not recommend implanting transmitters (representing 4.6-10.4% of the fish's body weight) in fish <120 mm FL. Furthermore, surgical implants (representing 2.2-5.6% of the fish's body weight:) may be the preferred method for biotelemetry studies of juvenile chinook salmon >120 mm FL. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Adams, NS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 31 TC 138 Z9 140 U1 2 U2 17 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 55 IS 4 BP 781 EP 787 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-4-781 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY881 UT WOS:000074671600001 ER PT J AU Krabbenhoft, DP Gilmour, CC Benoit, JM Babiarz, CL Andren, AW Hurley, JP AF Krabbenhoft, DP Gilmour, CC Benoit, JM Babiarz, CL Andren, AW Hurley, JP TI Methyl mercury dynamics in littoral sediments of a temperate seepage lake SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; ECOSYSTEMS; DEPOSITION; REDUCTION; RATES AB The sites and rates of methyl mercury (MeHg) production and transport in littoral zone sediments were investigated at Pallette Lake in northern Wisconsin. In lit:oral areas where groundwater inflow occurs, sulfate supply from groundwater creates profiles of electron accepters (sulfate) and donors (methane, sulfide) that are reversed from those found in sediments whose sulfate supply is delivered from overlying water. The highest MeHg concentrations in porewaters and the maximal advective MeHg flux rates (4.5-61.7 ng.m(-2.)day(-1)) were observed in the spring, while highest bulk phase concentrations occur later in the summer. These estimated MeHg fluxes are greater than the mean areal production rates estimated previously for the water column and are similar to the atmospheric flux. Gross MeHg production was measured using the addition of (203)Hg as a tracer to sediments. The depth at which maximal (203)Hg methylation occurred coincided with the observed maximums in solid-phase and porewater MeHg concentrations. Because input, advection, and accumulation of MeHg in these sediments were measured directly, an independent estimate of MeHg production could be made and compared with (203)Hg-derived rates. This comparison suggests that that the (203)Hg tracer method provides reasonable estimates of gross methylation rates and that a substantial fraction of solid-phase Hg is available for methylation. C1 US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53719 USA. Acad Nat Sci, St Leonard, MD 20685 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA. RP Krabbenhoft, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM dpkrabbe@usgs.gov RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010; Gilmour, Cynthia/G-1784-2010 OI Gilmour, Cynthia/0000-0002-1720-9498 NR 31 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 55 IS 4 BP 835 EP 844 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-4-835 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY881 UT WOS:000074671600007 ER PT J AU Striegl, RG Wickland, KP AF Striegl, RG Wickland, KP TI Effects of a clear-cut harvest on soil respiration in a jack pine - lichen woodland SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ROOT RESPIRATION; FOREST; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE; STORAGE; LITTER; BUDGET AB Quantification of the components of ecosystem respiration is essential to understanding carbon (C) cycling of natural and disturbed landscapes. Soil respiration, which includes autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration from throughout the soil profile, is the second largest flux in the global carbon cycle. We measured soil respiration (soil CO2 emission) at an undisturbed mature jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand in Saskatchewan (old jack pine, OJP), and at a formerly continuous portion of the stand that was clear-cut during the previous winter (clear-cut, CC). Tree harvesting reduced soil CO2 emission from similar to 22.5 to similar to 9.1 mol CO2 m(-2) for the 1994 growing season. OJP was a small net sink of atmospheric CO2, while CC was a net source of CO2. Winter emissions were similar at both sites. Reduction of soil respiration was attributed to disruption of the soil surface and to the death of tree roots. Flux simulations for CC and OJP identify 40% of CO2 emission at the undisturbed OJP site as near-surface respiration, 25% as deep-soil respiration, and 35% as tree-root respiration. The near-surface component was larger than the estimated annual C input to soil, suggesting fast C turnover and no net C accumulation in these boreal uplands in 1994. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Striegl, RG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046 MS 413, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Wickland, Kimberly/0000-0002-6400-0590 NR 28 TC 80 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 534 EP 539 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-4-534 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZZ264 UT WOS:000074712000004 ER PT J AU Modreski, PJ AF Modreski, PJ TI Eugene Edward Foord, 1946-1998 SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Modreski, PJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 915,Box 25046,Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN, ONTARIO K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 BP 251 EP 254 PN 2 PG 4 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 112YT UT WOS:000075525000002 ER PT J AU Kile, DE Foord, EE AF Kile, DE Foord, EE TI Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE annite; biotite; iron content; paragenesis; pegmatite; index of refraction; zinnwaldite; Pikes Peak batholith; Colorado ID MIAROLITIC PEGMATITES; CRYSTALLIZATION; GENESIS; SYSTEM; MODEL AB Optical properties are presented for 66 samples of mica covering the range from annite --> biotite --> zinnwaldite --> ferroan lepidolite and ferroan muscovite from occurrences of granitic pegmatite (NYF type) throughout the Pikes Peak batholith (PPB) in Colorado. Chemical composition was determined for 34 of these samples. The optical data are correlated with composition, mode of occurrence, and relation to pegmatite paragenesis. Optical properties of the trioctahedral micas show a consistent trend of decreasing beta index of refraction, from an average of 1.693 in annite of the host granite to 1.577 in zinnwaldite and ferroan lepidolite of the miarolitic cavities, which correlates with a progressively decreasing content of Fe. A comparison of optical and compositional data for micas from localities throughout the PPB indicates a variation in geochemical evolution among pegmatites of different districts, and between the Pikes Peak Granite and its late satellite plutons. Analyses of mica samples taken from cross-sections through individual pegmatites reveal a decrease in index of refraction and total iron that unambiguously document a progressive geochemical evolution within a given pegmatite. Such data, in addition to field evidence, indicate that micas enclosed within massive quartz are paragenetically older than those within miarolitic cavities; minerals within miarolitic cavities represent the final stages of primary crystallization. A general model of pegmatite paragenesis is proposed that hypothesizes formation of miarolitic cavities as a consequence of pegmatite configuration and inclination, as well as early crystallization of massive quartz that confines the silicate melt and volatile phase, resulting in closed-system crystallization with a concomitant increase in pressure, consequent episodic cavity-rupture events, and corresponding changes in mica composition. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kile, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 408,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 44 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 2 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN, ONTARIO K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 BP 463 EP 482 PN 2 PG 20 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 112YT UT WOS:000075525000018 ER PT J AU Dodd, CK Cade, BS AF Dodd, CK Cade, BS TI Movement patterns and the conservation of amphibians breeding in small, temporary wetlands SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NOTOPHTHALMUS-VIRIDESCENS; SPOTTED NEWT; POND; ORIENTATION; MIGRATIONS; SALAMANDER; LARVAE AB Many amphibians breed in water but live most of their lives in terrestrial habitats Little is known, however, about the spatial distribution of these habitats or of the distances and directions amphibians move to reach breeding sites. The amphibian community at a small, temporary pond in northcentral Florida was monitored for 5 years. Based on captures and recaptures of more than 2500 striped newts (Notophthalmus perstriatus) and 5700 eastern narrow-mouthed tends (Gastrophryne carolinensis), we tabulated the angles of orientation that these amphibians entered and excited the pond basin. Our results showed that movements of these species between the pond and terrestrial habitats were nonrandom in orientation but that narrow corridors did not appear to be used. Differences between the species likely reflect differences in habitat preferences, whereas intraspecific differences among years and between the sexes likely reflect variation among individuals. For terrestrial buffer zones to be effective at conserving pond-breeding amphibian communities, they need both a distance and a directional component. The determination of a directional component may be obscured if studies are carried out over a short time span Conservation efforts for wetland-breeding amphibians that concentrate solely on the wetland likely will fail without consideration of the adjacent terrestrial habitat. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Dodd, CK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 61 TC 94 Z9 103 U1 4 U2 44 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 331 EP 339 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97183.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZJ433 UT WOS:000073215200011 ER PT J AU Angermeier, PL Winston, MR AF Angermeier, PL Winston, MR TI Local vs. regional influences on local diversity in stream fish communities of Virginia SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE community saturation; diversity relationships; environmental filters; fish, native vs. introduced species; introduced species; local vs, regional correlates of local diversity; regions, how to define; species diversity, local vs. regional; stream-fish communities; Virginia (USA) streams and fish communities ID SPECIES RICHNESS; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; BIOTIC INTERACTIONS; ABIOTIC FACTORS; SCALE PATTERNS; COMPETITION; ASSEMBLAGES; ECOLOGY; RIVERS; HETEROGENEITY AB Local species richness is a function of many factors operating at multiple spatial and temporal scales. We examined stream fish communities from regions throughout Virginia to assess (1) the relative influence of local vs, regional factors on local species richness, (2) evidence for community saturation, and (3) scale dependency of regional influences. We defined regions at four spatial scales: major drainages, drainage-physiography units, hydrologic-physiography units, and sites. We used multiple regression to identify key correlates of local native and introduced diversity for each regional scale. Both local (e.g., microhabitat diversity) and regional (e.g., species richness) factors were correlated with local diversity; regional diversity was the most consistent correlate. Plots of local vs, regional native diversity were asymptotic for the three largest regional definitions, thereby suggesting community saturation. However, analogous plots for introduced species were not asymptotic; local introduced diversity was a linear function of regional introduced diversity. Introduced populations were pervasive, but less abundant locally than native populations, thereby suggesting that native species are better adapted. Overall, stream fish communities in Virginia appeared to be neither completely saturated nor freely invadable. The ability of regression models and particular independent variables to account for variation in local diversity changed considerably with regional scale. Most regional correlates of local diversity were scale dependent. The concept of hierarchical environmental filters provides a useful framework for integrating the multiple scales over which ecological processes organize communities. Retrospective analyses of the impacts of introduced species on native communities provide some insight regarding community saturation, but conclusive evidence must await studies that couple comparative and experimental approaches. Clear interpretation of regional influences on local diversity will require careful definition of regions. Comparative analyses at multiple regional scales may be the most insightful approach to understanding the complete array of processes that organize communities. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Angermeier, PL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 65 TC 164 Z9 168 U1 5 U2 51 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 911 EP 927 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0911:LVRIOL]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG985 UT WOS:000073060300014 ER PT J AU Langtimm, CA O'Shea, TJ Pradel, R Beck, CA AF Langtimm, CA O'Shea, TJ Pradel, R Beck, CA TI Estimates of annual survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE life history traits; marine mammals; mark-recapture; open population models; photo-identification; sighting probabilities; survival probabilities; Trichechus manatus ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; LIFE-HISTORIES; MODEL SELECTION; MARKED ANIMALS; MAMMALS; RATES; PATTERNS; MORTALITY; IDENTIFICATION AB The population dynamics of large, long-lived mammals are particularly sensitive to changes in adult survival. Understanding factors affecting survival patterns is therefore critical for developing and testing theories of population dynamics and for developing management strategies aimed at preventing declines or extinction in such taxa. Few studies have used modern analytical approaches for analyzing variation and testing hypotheses about survival probabilities in large mammals. This paper reports a detailed analysis of annual adult survival in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), an endangered marine mammal, based on a mark-recapture approach. Natural and boat-inflicted scars distinctively "marked" individual manatees that were cataloged in a computer-based photographic system. Photo-documented resightings provided "recaptures." Using open population models, annual adult-survival probabilities were estimated for manatees observed in winter in three areas of Florida: Blue Spring, Crystal River, and the Atlantic coast. After using goodness-of-fit tests in Program RELEASE to search for violations of the assumptions of mark-recapture analysis, survival and sighting probabilities were modeled under several different biological hypotheses with Program SURGE. Estimates of mean annual probability of sighting varied from 0.948 for Blue Spring to 0.737 for Crystal River and 0.507 for the Atlantic coast. At Crystal River and Blue Spring, annual survival probabilities were best estimated as constant over the study period at 0.96 (95% CI = 0.951-0.975 and 0.900-0.985, respectively). On the Atlantic coast, where manatees are impacted more by human activities, annual survival probabilities had a significantly lower mean estimate of 0.91 (95% CI = 0.887-0.926) and varied unpredictably over the study period. For each study area, survival did not differ between sexes and was independent of relative adult age. The high constant adult-survival probabilities estimated for manatees in the Blue Spring and Crystal River areas were consistent with current mammalian life history theory and other empirical data available for large, long-lived mammals. Adult survival probabilities in these areas appeared high enough to maintain growing populations if other traits such as reproductive rates and juvenile survival were also sufficiently high. Lower and variable survival rates on the Atlantic coast are cause for concern. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. CNRS, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. RP Beck, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Sirenia Project, 412 NE 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RI PRADEL, Roger/A-8666-2008 NR 81 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 7 U2 24 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 981 EP 997 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0981:EOASPF]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG985 UT WOS:000073060300019 ER PT J AU Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Hines, JE Pollock, KH AF Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Sauer, JR Hines, JE Pollock, KH TI Estimating species richness: The importance of heterogeneity in species detectability SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; community ecology; detectability; heterogeneity; model selection; North American Breeding Bird Survey; species richness ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; BREEDING BIRD SURVEY; ROBUST ESTIMATION; RECAPTURE MODELS; PATCH SIZE; DIVERSITY; NUMBER; EXTRAPOLATION; ABUNDANCE AB Estimating species richness (i.e., the actual number of species present in a given area) is a basic objective of many field studies carried out in community ecology and is also of crucial concern when dealing with the conservation and management of biodiversity. In most studies, the total number of species recorded in an area at a given time is taken as a measure of species richness. Here we use a capture-recapture approach to species richness estimation with North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data in order to estimate species detectability and thus gain insight about its importance. In particular competing models making different assumptions about species detectability are available. We carried out analyses on all survey routes of four states, Arizona, Maryland, North Dakota, and Wisconsin, in two years, 1970 and 1990. These states were chosen to provide contrasting habitats, bird species composition, and survey quality. We investigated the effect of state, year, and observer ability on the proportions of different models selected, and on estimates of detectability and species richness. Our results indicate that model M-h, which assumes heterogeneous detection probability among species, is frequently appropriate for estimating species richness from BBS data. Species detectability varied among states and was higher for the more skilled observers. These results emphasize the need to take into account potential heterogeneities in detectability among species in studies of factors affecting species richness. C1 N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Inst Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Boulinier, T (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. OI Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 46 TC 304 Z9 319 U1 13 U2 96 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1998 VL 79 IS 3 BP 1018 EP 1028 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1018:ESRTIO]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG985 UT WOS:000073060300022 ER PT J AU Clark, DR Cantu, R Cowman, DF Maxson, DJ AF Clark, DR Cantu, R Cowman, DF Maxson, DJ TI Uptake of arsenic and metals by tadpoles at an historically contaminated Texas site SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; chromium; zinc; tadpoles; turtles AB On 14 May 1994, tadpoles were collected from Lateral Pond and Municipal Lake in Bryan, Texas. These waters are immediately downstream from Finfeather Lake which was directly contaminated during 53 years of industrial production of arsenic (As)-based cotton defoliants. The tadpoles contained elevated levels of arsenic, chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn). As far as it is known, the mean concentrations of As (6.87 p.p.m. wet weight) and Cr (6.91 p.p.m. wet weight) in cricket frog (Acris crepitans) tadpoles were the highest ever reported in tadpoles. The Zn in the tadpoles exceeded the levels found in sediments by six to 11 times. The concentrations of As, Cr and Zn in Finfeather Lake in 1994 may have been toxic because tadpoles could not be found there. Ranid tadpoles and a newly transformed ranid frog found dead in Lateral Pond and Municipal Lake in 1994 may indicate that the elements reached toxic levels in some individual amphibians. The concentrations of As, Cr and Zn found in the tadpoles in this study might be toxic to predators. Mortality of turtles showing symptoms linked to chronic exposure to As was reported in Finfeather Lake in 1973. Turtles were not reported in Finfeather Lake again until 1996. Observations at Municipal Lake in 1994-1996 showed abundant tadpoles and turtles but no snakes, which also have not been seen at Finfeather Lake. This absence of snakes may indicate that their sensitivity or exposure to the existing contaminants is greater than that of frogs and turtles. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Res Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr,Brazos Res Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Pk & Wildlife Dept, Environm Qual Branch, Resource Protect Div, Ft Worth, TX 76114 USA. RP Clark, DR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey,Biol Res Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr,Brazos Res Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1023/A:1008819132474 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZC604 UT WOS:000072598100001 ER PT J AU Mashima, TY Fleming, WJ Stoskopf, MK AF Mashima, TY Fleming, WJ Stoskopf, MK TI Metal concentrations in oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) during an outbreak of avian cholera, Chesapeake Bay, 1994 SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE metals; avian cholera; Pasteurella multocida; waterfowl; oldsquaw; Clangula hyemalis ID CADMIUM; LEAD AB Forty out of 41 oldsquaw carcasses collected during a 3 month avian cholera outbreak in Chesapeake Bay, USA, in 1994 were culture positive for Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella-positive birds collected in February had greater (p less than or equal to 0.05) mean (geometric) liver concentrations of cadmium (7.35 versus 3.71 mu g per g dry weight) and lower concentrations of selenium (9.90 versus 12.5 mu g per g dry weight) than Pasteurella-positive birds collected during March and April. The mercury content of the livers and cadmium content of the kidneys did not differ (p > 0.05) between birds collected early in the die-off and those collected in March and April. The liver and kidney concentrations of metals in the Pasteurella-positive birds collected in 1994 were compared to apparently healthy oldsquaw (n = 67) collected from Chesapeake Bay during 1985-1987, because healthy oldsquaw were not collected during the avian cholera outbreak in 1994. Compared to the apparently healthy oldsquaw collected in 1985-1987, the mean concentrations of cadmium (liver 4.32 versus 2.65 mu g per g dry weight and kidney 22.7 versus 11.5 mu g per g dry weight) were greater (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the oldsquaw which succumbed to avian cholera in 1994. In contrast, the liver concentrations of selenium (11.9 versus 17.8 mu g per g dry weight) and mercury (0.389 versus 1.83 mu g per g dry weight) were lower (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the birds from the 1994 die-off than for the apparently healthy oldsquaw collected in 1985-1987. Three birds from the 1985-1987 cohort and none of the birds from the 1994 cohort had liver lead concentrations greater than 4 mu g per g dry weight. The results of this study indicate a possible link between high cadmium tissue concentrations and susceptibility to avian cholera in oldsquaw. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Mashima, TY (reprint author), Natl Assoc Phys Environm, 6410 Rockledge Dr,Suite 412, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 107 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1008820004249 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZC604 UT WOS:000072598100006 ER PT J AU Waller, DL Rach, JJ Luoma, JA AF Waller, DL Rach, JJ Luoma, JA TI Acute toxicity and accumulation of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia : Unionidae) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE freshwater mussels; piscicide; accumulation; toxicity; uptake clearance ID LAMPREY PETROMYZON-MARINUS; CLAM CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; WATER MUSSELS; SEA LAMPREY; CADMIUM AB We compared the acute toxicity and initial accumulation of the piscicide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) in the freshwater unionacean mussels, Obliquaria reflexa and Fusconaia flava. Acute 48 h toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LC50 values for each species. The initial uptake clearances of TFM were measured by exposing the mussels to [C-14]-TFM and counting the radioactivity in four organ tissues (foot, gill, mantle and viscera) over 48 h. TFM was about 2-fold more toxic to O. reflexa (LC50 1.80 mg l(-1)) than to F. flava (LC50 3.81 mg L-1) and the difference was not explained by accumulation patterns. The initial uptake clearance rates (0-6 h) for the whole body were similar between the species (11.2 ml g(-1) h(-2) in O. reflexa and 9.5 ml g(-1) h(-1) in F. flava). The accumulation of TFM residues among the organ tissues was also similar between species. The uptake clearance rates (ml g(-1) h(-1)) of TFM equivalents were generally highest in the gill, but not significantly different than other organ tissues. The normalized concentration of TFM residues (mu g per g whole body) was highest in the viscera. The toxicity data suggest that the mortality of both species would be minimal from sea lamprey control treatments with TFM. However, the behavioural effects and accumulation rates also indicate that mussels do not effectively avoid TFM exposure by valve closure. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Waller, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Luoma, James/0000-0003-3556-0190 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1023/A:1008872021087 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZC604 UT WOS:000072598100007 ER PT J AU Gadomski, DM Barfoot, CA AF Gadomski, DM Barfoot, CA TI Diel and distributional abundance patterns of fish embryos and larvae in the lower Columbia and Deschutes rivers SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE ichthyoplankton; early life history; drift; reservoir; backwater; vertical distribution; nocturnal; introduced species ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; EARLY LIFE-HISTORY; VERTICAL MIGRATION; NORTHERN ANCHOVY; ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; BIOTIC FACTORS; DRIFT; DOWNSTREAM; GROWTH; ZOOPLANKTON AB Diel and distributional abundance patterns of free embryos and larvae of fishes in the lower Columbia River Basin were investigated. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected in 1993 during day and night in the main-channel and a backwater of the lower Columbia River, and in a tributary, the Deschutes River. Fish embryos and larvae collected in the main-channel Columbia River were primarily (85.6%) of native taxa (peamouth Mylocheilus caurinus, northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis, suckers Catostomus spp., and sculpins Cottus spp.), with two introduced species (American shad Alosa sapidissima and common carp Cyprinus carpio) comprising a smaller percentage of the catch (13.3%). Similarly, in the Deschutes River native taxa [lampreys (Petromyzontidae), minnows (Cyprinidae), and suckers Catostomus spp.] dominated collections (99.5% of the catch). In contrast, 83.5% of embryos and larvae in the Columbia River backwater were of introduced taxa [American shad, common carp, and sunfishes (Centarchidae)]. In all locations, all dominant taxa except sculpins were collected in significantly greater proportions at night. Taxon-specific differences in proportions of embryos and larvae collected at night can in some instances be related to life history styles. In the main-channel Columbia River, northern squawfish and peamouth were strongly nocturnal and high proportions still had yolksacs, suggesting that they had recently hatched and were drifting downriver to rearing areas. In contrast, sculpin abundances were similar during day and night, and sculpins mostly had depleted yolksacs, indicating sculpins were feeding and rearing in offshore limnetic habitats. Taxon-specific diel abundance patterns and their causes must be considered when designing effective sampling programs for fish embryos and larvae. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Gadomski, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501 A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM dena_gadomski@nbs.gov NR 55 TC 38 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 353 EP 368 DI 10.1023/A:1007485015830 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZF127 UT WOS:000072865300001 ER PT J AU Welsh, SA Perry, SA AF Welsh, SA Perry, SA TI Habitat partitioning in a community of darters in the Elk River, West Virginia SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE resource use; microhabitat; Percina; Etheostoma; fishes ID ETHEOSTOMA-FLABELLARE; MICROHABITAT USE; PERCIDAE; STREAM; RAINBOW; SELECTION; CAERULEUM; FISHES; PISCES; NIGRUM AB Microhabitat use and habitat partitioning for 10 darter species (Percidae: Etheostomatini) were studied by direct observation (snorkeling) at five sites in the Elk River drainage, Sl;est Virginia, U.S.A. We used canonical discriminant analysis and univariate tests to determine microhabitat variables that were important in segregating species. Darter species were segregated by-depth. substrate size, and water velocity. In addition, Percina typically occurred in the water column. whereas species of Etheostoma were benthic and segregated by occurring under, between, and on top of rocks. C1 W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, USGS, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Welsh, SA (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, USGS, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 22 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.1023/A:1007428930851 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZF127 UT WOS:000072865300007 ER PT J AU Walsh, SJ Haney, DC Timmerman, CM Dorazio, RM AF Walsh, SJ Haney, DC Timmerman, CM Dorazio, RM TI Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: conservation implications for an imperiled species SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE fish; Catostomidae; temperature; salinity; pH; hypoxia; conservation biology ID SUCKERS CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; NATURAL SOFT-WATER; HYPERSALINE EXPOSURE; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; KLAMATH BASIN; AMBIENT PH; ACID-BASE; FISHES; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL AB The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Teleostei: Catostomidae), is an imperiled sucker-native to large rivers of the Atlantic slope of the southeastern United States. Juvenile M. robostum were tested for tolerances to temperature, salinity pH, and hypoxia in order to evaluate basic early life-history requirements. Static (acute) tests resulted in estimates of mean lower temperature tolerances (5.3-19.4 degrees C) that varied with prior thermal acclimation and indicated no apparent difference in tolerance among fish 30, 60, and 90 days old. Fish acclimated to 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C had significantly different mean critical thermal maxima (34.9 degrees C and 37.2 degrees C, respectively) and exhibited pronounced increased opercular ventilation rates with elevated temperatures. Fish exposed to acute and chronic increases in salinity showed unusual patterns of mortality above the isosmotic point (9 ppt) that reflected possible differences in body mass and prior acclimation conditions (i.e., water ionic composition); small fish and those held in soft water were the least tolerant of increased salinity. Abrupt exposure to extreme pH values resulted in greater than 50% mortality at pH values below 4.3 and above 9.5 within a 96-hour period. Fish exposed to progressive hypoxja utilized aquatic surface respiration at a mean oxygen concentration of 0.72-0.80 mg O-2 I-1 (20 degrees C and 30 degrees C acclimated fish, respectively), and lost equilibrium at 0.54-0.57 mg O-2 I-1. Juvenile M. robustum are moderately tolerant of a wide range of ambient physicochemical parameters, but further research is needed to determine how both abiotic and biotic factors have contributed to population decline and extirpation of this species. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Furman Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, SC 29613 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Walsh, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 429 EP 444 DI 10.1023/A:1007486632102 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZF127 UT WOS:000072865300010 ER PT J AU Stuckless, JS Marshall, BD Vaniman, DT Dudley, WW Peterman, ZE Whelan, JF Taylor, EM Forester, RM O'Leary, DW AF Stuckless, JS Marshall, BD Vaniman, DT Dudley, WW Peterman, ZE Whelan, JF Taylor, EM Forester, RM O'Leary, DW TI Comments on "Overview of calcite/opal deposits at or near the proposed high-level nuclear waste site, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA pedogenic, hypogene, or both" SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN; UNITED-STATES; CARBONATE; MORPHOLOGY; SOILS; WATER; AREA C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stuckless, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 425, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Dublyansky, Yuri/0000-0003-1433-9999 NR 56 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 70 EP 78 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA ZK390 UT WOS:000073315900007 ER PT J AU Petty, JD Poulton, BC Charbonneau, CS Huckins, JN Jones, SB Cameron, JT Prest, HF AF Petty, JD Poulton, BC Charbonneau, CS Huckins, JN Jones, SB Cameron, JT Prest, HF TI Determination of bioavailable contaminants in the lower Missouri River following the flood of 1993 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; RESIDUES; EXPOSURE; SYSTEM; WATERS; SERUM; FISH; RISK AB The semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) technology was employed to determine the presence of bioavailable organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water of the main stem of the lower Missouri River and three of its tributaries. The SPMDs were deployed in 1994 following the extensive flood of 1993. Specifically, the SPMDs were deployed for 28 days at Wilson State Park, IA; Nebraska City, NE; Parkville, MO; the Kansas River in Kansas City, KS; Napoleon, MO; the Grand River; Glasgow, MO; the Missouri River upstream from the confluence of the Gasconade River; the Gasconade River; and Hermann, MO. Contaminant residues were found at all sites and at higher concentrations than found in the earlier pre-flood sampling. For example, in the present study, dieldrin was found to range from a low of 110 ng/sample in the Gasconade River to a high of 2000 ng/sample at Glasgow, while in the pre-flood sampling, dieldrin ranged from a low of 64 ng/sample at Sioux City to a high of 800 ng/sample at Glasgow. in contrast to the 1992 sampling, residues of PCBs were found at all 1994 sampling sites except the Gasconade River. Samples from Wilson State Park and the Grand River had 3100 and 2700 ng of PCBs/sample, respectively. These two concentrations are about an order of magnitude higher than the other sites and are likely indicative of point source inputs. PAHs were present in SPMD samples from three sites near Kansas City. The contaminant residues sequestered by the SPMDs represent an estimation of the bioavailable (via respiration) contaminants present in the main stem of the lower Missouri River and three of its major tributaries following an extensive flood event. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Unterior, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Petty, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM Jim_Petty@USGS.gov NR 34 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 7 BP 837 EP 842 DI 10.1021/es9707320 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE844 UT WOS:000072837300019 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Hesselberg, RJ Desorcie, TJ Schmidt, LJ Stedman, RM Quintal, RT Begnoche, LJ Passino-Reader, DR AF Madenjian, CP Hesselberg, RJ Desorcie, TJ Schmidt, LJ Stedman, RM Quintal, RT Begnoche, LJ Passino-Reader, DR TI Estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan lake trout from their prey SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; GREAT-LAKES; MODEL; FISH; ACCUMULATION; CONGENERS AB Most of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burden accumulated by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the Laurentian Great lakes is from their food. We used diet information, PCB determinations in both lake trout and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to estimate the efficiency with which Lake Michigan lake trout retain PCBs from their food. Our estimates were the most reliable estimates to date because (a) the lake trout and prey fish sampled during our study were all from the same vicinity of the lake, (b) detailed measurements were made on the PCB concentrations,of both lake trout and prey fish over wide ranges in fish size, and (c) lake trout diet was analyzed in detail over a wide range of lake trout size. Our estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to lake trout from their prey ranged from 0.73 to 0.89 for lake trout between the ages of 5 and 10 years old. There was no evidence of an upward or downward trend in our estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency for lake trout between the ages of 5 and 10 years old, and therefore this efficiency appeared to be constant over the duration of the lake trout's adult life in the lake. On the basis of our estimates, lake trout retained 80% of the PCBs that are contained within their food. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 22 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 7 BP 886 EP 891 DI 10.1021/es9708326 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZE844 UT WOS:000072837300026 ER PT J AU Prest, H Petty, JD Huckins, JN AF Prest, H Petty, JD Huckins, JN TI Validity of using semipermeable membrane devices for determining aqueous concentrations of freely dissolved PAHs SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; WATER; SPMDS; CONTAMINANTS; RIVER; AIR C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Prest, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 535 EP 536 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0535:VOUSMD>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZD357 UT WOS:000072677100001 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Melancon, MJ Klein, PN Eisemann, JD Spann, JW AF Hoffman, DJ Melancon, MJ Klein, PN Eisemann, JD Spann, JW TI Comparative developmental toxicity of planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens, American kestrels, and common terns SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE planar polychlorinated biphenyls; embryo; chicken; common tern; American kestrel ID CROWNED NIGHT HERONS; FISH-EATING BIRDS; GREAT-LAKES; BALD EAGLES; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT; STERNA-HIRUNDO; CASPIAN TERNS; INDUCTION; EMBRYOS AB The effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentaCB) and PCB 77 (3,3'4,4'-tetraCB), were examined in chicken (Gallus gallus), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), and common tern (Sterna hirundo) embryos through hatching, following air cell injections on day 4. PCB 126 caused malformations and edema in chickens starting at 0.3 ppb, in kestrels at 2.3 to 23 ppb, but in terns only at levels affecting hatching success (44 ppb). Extent of edema was most severe in chickens and least in terns. Defects of the beak were common in all species but with crossed beak most prevalent in terns. Effects on embryo growth were most apparent for PCB 126 in chickens and kestrels. The approximate 50% lethal dose (LD50) for PCB 126 in chickens was 0.4 ppb, in kestrels was 65 ppb, and in terns was 104 ppb. The approximate LD50 for PCB 77 in chickens was 2.6 ppb and in kestrels was 316 ppb. Induction of cytochrome P450 associated monooxygenase activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity) by PCB 126 in chick embryo liver was about 800 times more responsive than in tern and at least 1,000 times more responsive than in kestrel. High concentrations of PCB 126 found in bald eagle eggs are nearly 20-fold higher than the lowest toxic concentration tested in kestrels. Concentrations of PCB 126 causing low-level toxic effects in common tern eggs are comparable to highest levels in common terns and Forster's terns in the field, suggesting additional involvement of other compounds in the Great Lakes. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Hoffman, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM david_hoffman@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 747 EP 757 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0747:CDTOPP>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZD357 UT WOS:000072677100032 ER PT J AU Floss, C James, OB McGee, JJ Crozaz, G AF Floss, C James, OB McGee, JJ Crozaz, G TI Lunar ferroan anorthosite petrogenesis: Clues from trace element distributions in FAN subgroups SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; ION MICROPROBE; MAGMA OCEAN; CRUST; MOON; PLAGIOCLASE; ROCKS; CRYSTALLIZATION; COEFFICIENTS; EQUILIBRIUM AB The rare earth elements (REE) and selected other trace elements were measured in plagioclase and pyroxene from nine samples of the lunar ferroan anorthosite (FAN) suite of rocks. Samples were selected from each of four FAN subgroups previously defined by James et al. (1989). Plagioclase compositions are homogeneous within each sample, but high-and law-Ca pyroxenes from lithic clasts typically have different REE abundances from their counterparts in the surrounding granulated matrices. Measured plagioclase/low-Ca pyroxene concentration ratios for the REE have steeper patterns than experimentally determined plagioclase/low-Ca pyroxene partition coefficients in most samples. Textural and trace element evidence suggest that, although subsolidus equilibration may be responsible for some of the discrepancy, plagioclase compositions in most samples have been largely unaffected by intermineral redistribution of the REE. The REE systematics of plagioclase from the four subgroups are broadly consistent with their derivation through crystallization from a single evolving magma. However, samples from some of the subgroups exhibit a decoupling of plagioclase and pyroxene compositions that probably reflects the complexities inherent in crystallization from a large-scale magmatic system. For example, two anorthosites with very magnesian mafic minerals have highly evolved trace element compositions; major element compositions in plagioclase also do not reflect the evolutionary sequence recorded by their REE compositions. Finally, a noritic anorthosite breccia with relatively ferroan mafic minerals contains several clasts with high and variable REE and other trace element abundances. Although plagioclase REE compositions are consistent with their derivation from a magma with a KREEPy trace element signature, very shallow REE patterns in the pyroxenes suggest the addition of a component enriched in the light REE. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Floss, C (reprint author), Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM floss@howdy.wustl.edu NR 69 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 7 BP 1255 EP 1283 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00031-3 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZQ658 UT WOS:000073890100011 ER PT J AU Dunne, T Mertes, LAK Meade, RH Richey, JE Forsberg, BR AF Dunne, T Mertes, LAK Meade, RH Richey, JE Forsberg, BR TI Exchanges of sediment between the flood plain and channel of the Amazon River in Brazil SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ACCUMULATION; TRANSPORT; DISCHARGE; STORAGE; VALLEY; BUDGET AB Sediment transport through the Brazilian sector of the Amazon River valley, a distance of 2010 km, involves exchanges between the channel and the flood plain that in each direction exceed the annual nw of sediment out of the river at Obidos (similar to 1200 Mt yr(-1)). The exchanges occur through bans: erosion, bar deposition, settling from diffuse overbank flow, and sedimentation in flood-plain channels. We estimated the magnitude of these exchanges for each of 10 reaches of the valley, and combined them with calculations of sediment transport into and out of the reaches based on sediment sampling and now records to define a sediment budget for each reach, Residuals in the sediment budget of a reach include errors of estimation and erosion or deposition within the channel. The annual supply of sediment entering the channel from bank erosion was estimated to average 1570 Mt yr(-1) (1.3 x the Obidos flux) and the amount transferred from channel transport to the bars (380 Mt yr(-1)) and the flood plain (460 Mt yr(-1) in channelized flow; 1230 Mt yr(-1) in diffuse overbank now) totaled 2070 Mt yr(-1) (1.7 x the Obidos flux). Thus, deposition on the bars and flood plain exceeded bank erosion by 500 Mt yr(-1) over a 10-16 yr period. Sampling and calculation of sediment loads in the channel indicate a net accumulation in the valley floor of approximately 200 Mt yr(-1) over 16 yr, crudely validating the process-based calculations of the sediment budget, which in turn illuminate the physical controls on each exchange process, Another 300-400 Mt yr(-1) are deposited in a delta plain downstream of Obidos, The components of the sediment budget reflect hydrologic characteristics of the valley floor and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and flood plain, which In turn are influenced by tectonic features of the Amazon structural trough. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RP Dunne, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM tdunne@bren.ucsb.edu RI Dunne, Thomas/B-6374-2014 OI Dunne, Thomas/0000-0002-5281-6517 NR 56 TC 213 Z9 214 U1 6 U2 43 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1998 VL 110 IS 4 BP 450 EP 467 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0450:EOSBTF>2.3.CO;2 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZG997 UT WOS:000073061600004 ER PT J AU Lescinsky, DT Sisson, TW AF Lescinsky, DT Sisson, TW TI Ridge-forming, ice-bounded lava flows at Mount Rainier, Washington SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLOODS AB Large (0.3-4 km(3)) andesite and dacite lava flows at Mount Rainier, Washington, sit atop or are perched along the sides of high ridges separating deep valleys. Early researchers proposed that these ridge-forming lavas flowed into paleovalleys and displaced rivers to their margins; entrenchment of the rivers then left the lavas atop ridges, On the basis of exceptional flow thickness, ice-contact features, and eruption age measurements, we propose that the lavas flowed beside and between valley glaciers that filled the adjacent valleys in the Pleistocene, When the glaciers retreated, the flows were left high on the adjacent ridges. These lavas were never situated at valley floors and do not represent products of reversed topography, Instead, ridge-forming and perched lava flows at Mount Rainier and at many other high stratovolcanoes illustrate the ability of ice to dam, deflect, and confine flowing lava. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lescinsky, DT (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 17 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 351 EP 354 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0351:RFIBLF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZG996 UT WOS:000073061500016 ER PT J AU Julian, BR Pitt, AM Foulger, GR AF Julian, BR Pitt, AM Foulger, GR TI Seismic image of a CO2 reservoir beneath a seismically active volcano SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE earthquake; gas; seismology; structure; tomography; volcano ID LONG-VALLEY CALDERA; MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN; CALIFORNIA; UNREST; REGION AB Mammoth Mountain is a seismically active volcano 200 000 to 50 000 years old, situated on the southwestern rim of Long Valley caldera, California. Since 1989 it has shown evidence of unrest in the form of earthquake swarms (Hill et al. 1990), volcanic 'long-period' earthquakes (Pitt & Hill 1994), increased output of magmatic He-3 (Sorey et al. 1993) and the emission of about 500 tonnes day(-1) of CO2 (Farrar et al. 1995; Hill 1996; M. Sorey, personal communication, 1997), which has killed trees and poses a threat to human safety. Local-earthquake tomography shows that in mid-1989 areas of subsequent tree-kill were underlain by extensive regions where the ratio of the compressional and shear elastic-wave speeds V-P/V-S was about 9 per cent lower than in the surrounding rocks. Theory (Mavko & Mukerji 1995), experiment (Ito, DeVilbiss & Nur 1979), and experience at other geothermal/volcanic areas (Julian et al. 1996) and at petroleum reservoirs (Harris et al. 1996) indicate that V-P/V-S is sensitive to pore-fluid compressibility, through its effect on Vp. The observed V-P/V-S anomaly is probably caused directly by CO2, and seismic V-P/V-S tomography is thus a promising tool for monitoring gas concentration and movement in volcanoes, which may in turn be related to volcanic activity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Julian, BR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM julian@andreas.wr.usgs.gov NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD APR PY 1998 VL 133 IS 1 BP F7 EP F10 DI 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.1331540.x PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZH461 UT WOS:000073112600002 ER PT J AU Arnadottir, T Sigmundsson, F Delaney, PT AF Arnadottir, T Sigmundsson, F Delaney, PT TI Sources of crustal deformation associated with the Krafla, Iceland, eruption of September 1984 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE DEFORMATION; GEODETIC DATA; VOLCANO AB A decade-long plate-boundary rifting episode in northern Iceland ended with the September 1984 fissure eruption of Krafla volcano. We apply a nonlinear inversion method to geodetic data collected before and after the eruption to infer the location, geometry, and strengths of deformation sources associated with the eruption. The net outflow of magma from a 3-km-deep magma chamber beneath the Krafla caldera was 30 - 120 x 10(6) m(3). A similar volume of magma. 50 - 70 x 10(6) m(3), was emplaced in a 1-meter-wide, similar to 9-km-long dike extending from the surface to similar to 7 km depth. Furthermore, at least 110 x 10(6) m(3) of magma erupted. Accordingly, a surplus of magma must have been expelled from a second reservoir, the location of which, although uncertain, is likely to lie at depths greater than similar to 5 km beneath Krafla volcano. It would be difficult to detect this deeper source because of the narrow aperture of the geodetic networks. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Iceland, Nord Volcanol Inst, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Arnadottir, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Arnadottir, Thora/C-7183-2013; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn/F-7160-2015 OI Arnadottir, Thora/0000-0002-8275-8813; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn/0000-0001-9052-4665 NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 7 BP 1043 EP 1046 DI 10.1029/98GL50655 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZE646 UT WOS:000072815400029 ER PT J AU Briskey, JA AF Briskey, JA TI Communicating with Congress Part III. The home front SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 952, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Briskey, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 952, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 31 EP 33 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZF660 UT WOS:000072919300026 ER PT J AU Chapman, MG Zimbelman, JR AF Chapman, MG Zimbelman, JR TI Corona associations and their implications for Venus SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID RESURFACING HISTORY; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; THERMAL EVOLUTION; MAGELLAN DATA; MANTLE FLOW; MORPHOLOGY; FEATURES; ORIGIN; CLASSIFICATION; VOLCANISM AB Geologic mapping principles were applied to determine genetic relations between coronae and surrounding geomorphologic features within two study areas in order to better understand venusian coronae. The study areas contain coronae in a cluster versus a contrasting chain and are (1) directly west of Phoebe Regio (quadrangle V-40; centered at latitude 15 degrees S, longitude 250 degrees) and (2) west of Asteria and Beta Regiones (between latitude 23 degrees N, longitude 239 degrees and latitude 43 degrees N, longitude 275 degrees). Results of this research indicate two groups of coronae on Venus: (1) those that are older and nearly coeval with regional plains, and occur globally; and (2) those that are younger and occur between Beta, Atla, and Themis Regiones or along extensional rifts elsewhere, sometimes showing systematic age progressions. Mapping relations and Earth analogs suggest that older plains coronae may be related to a near-global resurfacing event perhaps initiated by a mantle superplume or plumes. Younger coronae of this study that show age progression may be related to (1) a tectonic junction of connecting rifts resulting from local mantle upwelling and spread of a quasi-stationary hotspot plume, and (2) localized spread of post-plains volcanism. We postulate that on Venus most of the young, post-resurfacing coronal plumes may be concentrated within an area defined by the bounds of Beta, Atla, and Themis Regiones. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Chapman, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM mchapman@flagmail.wr.usgs.gov NR 55 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD APR PY 1998 VL 132 IS 2 BP 344 EP 361 DI 10.1006/icar.1998.5899 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA ZP735 UT WOS:000073783200009 ER PT J AU Findley, DF Monsell, BC Bell, WR Otto, MC Chen, BC AF Findley, DF Monsell, BC Bell, WR Otto, MC Chen, BC TI New capabilities and methods of the X-12-ARIMA seasonal-adjustment program SO JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & ECONOMIC STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE model selection; RegARIMA models; trading-day models ID DATA-FILTERING PROCESS; TIME-SERIES; ARIMA MODELS; DIAGNOSTICS; OUTLIERS AB X-12-ARIMA is the Census Bureau's new seasonal-adjustment program. it provides four types of enhancements to X-11-ARIMA-(1) alternative seasonal, trading-day, and holiday effect adjustment capabilities that include adjustments for effects estimated with user-defined regressors; additional seasonal and trend filter options; and an alternative seasonal-trend-irregular decomposition; (2) new diagnostics of the quality and stability of the adjustments achieved under the options selected; (3) extensive time series modeling and model-selection capabilities for linear regression models with ARIMA errors, with optional robust estimation of coefficients; (4) a new user interface with features to facilitate batch processing large numbers of series. C1 US Bur Census, Div Stat Res, Washington, DC 20233 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Findley, DF (reprint author), US Bur Census, Div Stat Res, Washington, DC 20233 USA. EM dfindley@census.gov; bmonsell@census.gov; wbell@census.gov NR 75 TC 160 Z9 168 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0735-0015 J9 J BUS ECON STAT JI J. Bus. Econ. Stat. PD APR PY 1998 VL 16 IS 2 BP 127 EP 152 DI 10.2307/1392565 PG 26 WC Economics; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Business & Economics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences; Mathematics GA ZD816 UT WOS:000072727300001 ER PT J AU Hren, J Feltz, HR AF Hren, J Feltz, HR TI Effects of irrigation on the environment of selected areas of the Western United States and implications to world population growth and food production SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE irrigation drainage; selenium; population growth; food production ID SELENIUM; WATER AB Studies of irrigation drainage in the Western United States have documented some of the effects of irrigating land without first understanding and then considering implications from the interdependent relationships of hydrology, geology, geochemistry, biology, climatology, land use and socio-economic issues. In studies completed in 26 areas, selenium is the trace element found most often at elevated concentrations in water; bottom material and biota. Boron, arsenic, mercury and pesticide residues have also been found at elevated levels in some areas. Bioaccumulation of constituents associated with irrigation drainage is common. As the world experiences an explosive population growth, particularly in poorer countries, demands for food production from marginal, submarginal and newly irrigated soils are likely to cause severe adverse environmental impacts from allocation of limited water resources and contamination from irrigation drainwater. Cultivated marginal land is highly susceptible to degradation from soil erosion, salinization and waterlogging, not withstanding release of contaminants from application of irrigation water. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Hren, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 107, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 52 IS 4 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.1006/jema.1998.0182 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU436 UT WOS:000074196800005 ER PT J AU Yager, RM Kappel, WM AF Yager, RM Kappel, WM TI Infiltration and hydraulic connections from the Niagara River to a fractured-dolomite aquifer in Niagara Falls, New York SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; oxygen-18; deuterium; river infiltration; Niagara Falls ID HYDROGEN; WATER AB The spatial distribution of hydrogen and oxygen stable-isotope values in groundwater can be used to distinguish different sources of recharge and to trace groundwater flow directions from recharge boundaries. This method can be particularly useful in fractured-rock settings where multiple lines of evidence are required to delineate preferential flow paths that result from heterogeneity within fracture zones. Flow paths delineated with stable isotopes can be combined with hydraulic data to form a more complete picture of the groundwater flow system. In this study values of delta D and delta(18)O were used to delineate paths of river-water infiltration into the Lockport Group, a fractured dolomite aquifer, and to compute the percentage of river water in groundwater samples from shallow bedrock wells. Flow paths were correlated with areas of high hydraulic diffusivity in the shallow bedrock that were delineated from water-level fluctuations induced by diurnal stage fluctuations in man-made hydraulic structures. Flow paths delineated with the stable-isotope and hydraulic data suggest that river infiltration reaches an unlined storm sewer in the bedrock through a drainage system that surrounds aqueducts carrying river water to hydroelectric power plants. This finding is significant because the storm sewer is the discharge point for contaminated groundwater from several chemical waste-disposal sites and the cost of treating the storm sewer's discharge could be reduced if the volume of infiltration from the river were decreased. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Yager, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 903 Hanshaw Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 206 IS 1-2 BP 84 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00088-2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZR948 UT WOS:000074032400006 ER PT J AU Peleo-Alampay, A Bukry, D Liu, L Young, JR AF Peleo-Alampay, A Bukry, D Liu, L Young, JR TI Late Miocene calcareous nannofossil genus Catinaster: taxonomy, evolution and magnetobiochronology SO JOURNAL OF MICROPALAEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRILLING PROJECT LEG-73; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ISOTOPIC STRATIGRAPHY; SOUTH-ATLANTIC; SEA; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; NEOGENE; PACIFIC; OCEAN; MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY AB A systematic study on the evolution and stratigraphic distribution of the species of Catinaster from several DSDP/ODP sites with magnetostratigraphic records is presented. The evolution of Catinaster from Discoaster is established by documentation of a transitional nannofossil species, Discoaster transitus. Two new subspecies, Catinaster coalitus extensus and Catinaster calyculus rectus are defined which appear to be intermediates in the evolution of Catinaster coalitus coalitus to Catinaster calyculus calyculus. The first occurrence of C. coalitus is shown to be in the lower part of C5n.2n at 10.7-10.9 Ma in the low to mid-latitude Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The last occurrence of C. coalitus coalitus varies from the upper part of C5n.2n to the lower portion of C4A. Magnetobiostratigraphic evidence suggests that the FO of C. calyculus rectus is diachronous. Catinaster mexicanus occurs in the late Miocene and has been found only in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Paleontol & Stratig Branch, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Geol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England. RP Peleo-Alampay, A (reprint author), Univ Philippines, Natl Inst Geol Sci, Quezon 110, Philippines. OI Young, Jeremy/0000-0001-9320-9804 NR 45 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH, AVON, ENGLAND BA1 3JN SN 0262-821X J9 J MICROPALAEONTOL JI J. Micropalaentol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 BP 71 EP 85 PN 1 PG 15 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA ZP299 UT WOS:000073738400006 ER PT J AU Price, LC Newman, J Johnston, JH AF Price, LC Newman, J Johnston, JH TI Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in Eocene New Zealand vitrinite-rich coals - Reply SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USGS, Energy Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Canterbury, Dept Geol, CRL Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand. Univ Victoria, Res Sch Earth Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. RP Price, LC (reprint author), USGS, Energy Team, MS906, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCIENTIFIC PRESS LTD PI BEACONSFIELD PA PO BOX 21, BEACONSFIELD, BUCKS, ENGLAND HP9 1NS SN 0141-6421 J9 J PETROL GEOL JI J. Pet. Geol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 235 EP 238 DI 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1998.tb00656.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZQ774 UT WOS:000073901700006 ER PT J AU Morgan, GB London, D Luedke, RG AF Morgan, GB London, D Luedke, RG TI Petrochemistry of Late Miocene peraluminous silicic volcanic rocks from the Morococala field, Bolivia SO JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE andalusite; cordierite; melt inclusions; peraluminous; rhyolite; volcanic ID ELECTRON-MICROPROBE ANALYSIS; PLIOCENE MACUSANI VOLCANICS; FLUID INCLUSIONS; EXPERIMENTAL CALIBRATION; ZIRCON SATURATION; GRANITIC LIQUIDS; MELT COMPOSITION; IGNEOUS ROCKS; H2O CONTENTS; TIN BELT AB Late Miocene peraluminous volcanic rocks of the Morococala field, Bolivia, define a layered stratigraphy of basal andalusite-, biotite- (+/- muscovite)-bearing rhyolite tuffs (AR), overlain by cordierite-, biotite-bearing rhyolite tuffs (CR), and capped by biotite-bearing quartz latite tuffs, lavas, and late domal flows (QL). Mineral and whole-rock compositions become more evolved from top to bottom, with differentiation reflected by decreasing Ca, Ba, Mg, Fe, and rare earth elements (REE) versus increasing F, Na/K, and aluminosity from QL to AR. Mineral, whole-rock, and glass inclusion compositions are consistent with deviation of all three rock types from a single stratified magma reservoir, but age and spatial relations between the three units make this unlikely. Genesis of the QL involved biotite-dehydration melting of an aluminous source at T > 750 degrees C and P greater than or equal to 4-6 kbar. If not co-magmatic with QL, the other units were generated primarily by muscovite-dehydration melting at T = 730-750 degrees C and P greater than or equal to 3.5-4.5 kbar for CR, and T less than or equal to 750 degrees C for AR with pre-eruptive residence at low pressure (1.5-3.0 kbar). Low hematite contents (X-Hcm less than or equal to 0.06) of ilmenite grains in AR, CR, and early grains (as inclusions in plagioclase and sanidine cores) in QL indicate reduced conditions imposed by a graphite-bearing source. Compositional variability among texturally later oxides (ilmenite with X-Hcm = 0.06-0.50, primary magnetite), however, apparently records progressive increases in pre-eruptive f(O-2) in QL. Plagioclase-melt equilibria and electron microprobe analysis difference for quartz-hosted glass inclusions suggest pre-eruptive melt H2O contents greater than or equal to 5-7 wt % for the AR, similar to 4-6 wt % for the CR, and similar to 3-5 wt % for the QL. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Morgan, GB (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, 100 E Boyd St SEC810, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 67 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-3530 EI 1460-2415 J9 J PETROL JI J. Petrol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 39 IS 4 BP 601 EP 632 DI 10.1093/petrology/39.4.601 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZH446 UT WOS:000073111000002 ER PT J AU Lent, RM Waldron, MC Rader, JC AF Lent, RM Waldron, MC Rader, JC TI Multivariate classification of small order watersheds in the Quabbin Reservoir Basin, Massachusetts SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed management; water resources geography; water quality; reservoirs; multivariate analysis; wetlands ID APPLIED LAND CLASSIFICATION; QUALITY MANAGEMENT; SURFACE AB A multivariate approach was used to analyze hydrologic, geologic, geographic, and water-chemistry data from small order watersheds in the Quabbin Reservoir Basin in central Massachusetts. Eighty three small order watersheds were delineated and landscape attributes defining hydrologic, geologic, and geographic features of the watersheds were compiled from geographic information system data layers. Principal components analysis was used to evaluate 11 chemical constituents collected bi-weekly for 1 year at 15 surface-water stations in order to subdivide the basin into subbasins comprised of watersheds with similar water quality characteristics. Three principal components accounted for about 90 percent of the variance in water chemistry data. The principal components were defined as a biogeochemical variable related to wetland density, an acid-neutralization variable, and a road-salt variable related to density of primary roads. Three subbasins were identified. Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of means were used to identify significant differences in stream water chemistry and landscape attributes among subbasins. All stream water constituents were significantly different among subbasins. Multiple regression techniques were used to relate stream water chemistry to landscape attributes. Important differences in landscape attributes were related to wetlands, slope, and soil type. C1 US Geol Survey, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. US Geol Survey, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. RP Lent, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 26 Ganneston Dr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 439 EP 450 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04147.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZJ985 UT WOS:000073273500018 ER PT J AU Stehly, GR Meinertz, JR Gingerich, WH AF Stehly, GR Meinertz, JR Gingerich, WH TI Effect of temperature on the pharmacokinetics of benzocaine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after bath exposures SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FRESH-WATER; DEPENDENCE; METABOLISM; ETHANOL; FISH AB The pharmacokinetics of benzocaine during bath exposures at I mg/L were determined in rainbow trout acclimated at 6 degrees C, 12 degrees C or 18 degrees C for at least 1 month. Individual Gsh were exposed to benzocaine in a recirculating system for 4 h and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated in a unique manner from the concentration of benzocaine in the bath water vs. time curve. Elimination from plasma was also determined after the 4 h exposure. The uptake clearance and metabolic clearance increased with increased acclimatization temperatures (uptake clearance 581 +/- 179 mL/min/kg at 6 degrees C and 1154 +/- 447 mL/min/kg at 18 degrees C; metabolic clearance 15.2 +/- 4.1 ml/min/kg at 6 degrees C and 22.3 +/- 4.2 ml/min/kg at 18 degrees C). The apparent volume of distribution had a trend for increasing with temperature that was not significant at the 5% level (2369 +/- 678 mL/kg at 6 degrees C to 3260 +/- 1182 mL/kg at 18 degrees C). The elimination half-life of benzocaine in plasma was variable and did not differ significantly with temperature (60.8 +/- 30.3 min at 6 degrees C to 35.9 +/- 13.0 min at 12 degrees C). Elimination of benzocaine from rainbow trout is relatively rapid and even more rapid at higher acclimatization temperatures based on calculated metabolic clearances and measured plasma concentrations, but was not evident by measurement of terminal plasma half-lifes. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Stehly, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7783 J9 J VET PHARMACOL THER JI J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. PD APR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 121 EP 127 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Veterinary Sciences SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Veterinary Sciences GA ZJ930 UT WOS:000073268000006 PM 9597649 ER PT J AU Kuletz, KJ Kendall, SJ AF Kuletz, KJ Kendall, SJ TI A productivity index for marbled murrelets in Alaska based on surveys at sea SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; at-sea surveys; Brachyramphus marmoratus; juvenile, adult ratios; marbled murrelet; Prince William Sound; productivity; reproduction ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL AB Because the reproductive success of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) cannot be efficiently monitored directly, we investigated a productivity index for marbled murrelets in Alaska that uses at-sea counts of hatching-year (HY) birds and after-hatching-lear (AHY) birds. Our objectives were to define seasonal patterns of abundance by age class and to develop a protocol for estimating productivity. In Prince William Sound (PWS), we conducted replicate boat surveys at 2 sites in 1994 and 6 sites in 1995 (45-60 km of shoreline per survey). At all sites, numbers of AHY birds peaked in late July and declined throughout August, whereas HY birds appeared after 18 July and peaked between 28 July and 28 August Because AHY numbers decreased in August, the percentage of HY birds increased. Numbers of HY birds in July-August ranged among sites from 2-13% of total murrelets. Comparing HY densities among sites and) ears, rather than HY:AHY ratios, might avoid problems associated with postbreeding migration of adults. The HY densities in July-August were highly correlated with June AHY densities; thus, HY:AHY ratios derived from AHY densities during incubation phase may be more reliable than concurrent July-August HY:AHY ratios. We decreased variance in juvenile densities by selecting a "core" survey period of approximately 3 weeks, centered around peak juvenile abundance. One potential method of identifying the core period is the numbers of adults holding fish for deliver), to inland nests. Power to detect a 50% change in juvenile abundance generally was >80% when 5 surveys occur each lear for greater than or equal to 10 > ears (when CV = 0.4 and alpha = 0.1). Power to detect a 50% change in abundance in 5,ears is >80% when 8 surveys are conducted each year. The slope formed from the regression of June AHY versus July-August HY counts may also provide a regional index of marbled murrelet reproductive success. Our results suggest that marbled murrelet productivity in PWS is high compared to regions farther south. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kuletz, KJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 38 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 446 EP 460 DI 10.2307/3802319 PG 15 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200002 ER PT J AU Moore, JL Hohman, WL Stark, TM Weisbrich, GA AF Moore, JL Hohman, WL Stark, TM Weisbrich, GA TI Shot prevalences and diets of diving ducks five years after ban on use of lead shotshells at Catahoula Lake, Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anatidae; Aythya affinis; Aythya valisineria; canvasback; contamination; diet; ducks; lend shot; lesser scaup; nontoxic shot; winter ID WINTERING CANVASBACKS; NONTOXIC SHOT; WATERFOWL AB Catahoula Lake, central Louisiana, is a RAMSAR Convention Wetland of International Importance and among the most important wintering and staging areas for waterfowl in North America. To evaluate exposure rates in Catahoula Lake waterfowl 5 years after a ban on use of lead shot, we determined the prevalence of ingested shot and diets of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) and lesser scaup (A. affinis) salvaged from commercial fishing nets in winter 1992-93. Plant material composed >77% of the midwinter diet of canvasbacks. Consumption of belowground plant material (e.g., chufa flatsedge [Cyperus esculentus] and arrowhead [Sagittaria spp.] tubers) exceeded 47% in 1992-93, but was lower than in 1987-88. Male lesser scaup fed almost exclusively on plant material, especially bearded sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis) and millet (Echinochloa spp.). Prevalence of ingested lead or steel shot was similar in canvasbacks (38%) and lesser scaup (34%) in spite of differences in foraging behavior, suggesting that ducks actively selected shot as sit. Shot (lead or steel) prevalence in diving ducks at Catahoula Lake was similar in winters 1987-88 and 1992-93, but the proportion of birds with lead in their gizzards was greatly reduced in 1992-93 (6%) compared to 1987-88 (27%). Because ingestion of lead shot deposited in wetlands prior to steel shot regulations remains a problem at some sites, we suggest that provision of nontoxic grit may serve to reduce lend shot prevalence in waterfowl at contaminated sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Johnson Control World Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Moore, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 564 EP 569 DI 10.2307/3802330 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200013 ER PT J AU Gordon, DH Gray, BT Kaminski, RM AF Gordon, DH Gray, BT Kaminski, RM TI Dabbling duck-habitat associations during winter in coastal South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; Anas spp.; Atlantic Flyway; coastal wetlands; dabbling ducks; habitat; impoundments; saltmarsh; South Carolina; winter ID WATERBIRD USE; MARSH; MANAGEMENT; WETLANDS; CONSERVATION; IMPOUNDMENTS AB During winters of 1985-88, we conducted fixed-wing aerial surveys of randomly selected 200-x 400-m plots along the coast of South Carolina to evaluate relative use of managed coastal impoundments and unimpounded tidal wetlands by 7 species of wintering dabbling ducks. In general, occurrence of dabbling ducks in managed coastal wetland impoundments was greater (P < 0.005) than expected, and occurrence in unmanaged tidal wetlands was less (P < 0.005) than expected for all species except American black ducks (Anas rubripes). Macrohabitat variables varied in frequency of association, direction and degree of influence, and yearly occurrence as correlates with dabbling duck abundance, but several consistent patterns emerged. Most species-abundance indices exhibited a frequent positive association with macrohabitat variables descriptive of managed wetland impoundments. We discuss possible explanations for observed dabbling duck-habitat associations and implications for maintaining intensively managed coastal impoundments to support regional waterfowl populations, particularly in highly altered coastal landscapes. C1 Atlantic Flyway Substn, Delta Waterfowl & Wetlands REs, Georgetown, SC 29440 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Gordon, DH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 69, Wadmalaw Isl, SC 29487 USA. EM gordond@sccoast.net NR 48 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 569 EP 580 DI 10.2307/3802331 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200014 ER PT J AU Biggins, DE Godbey, JL Hanebury, LR Luce, B Marinari, PE Matchett, MR Vargas, A AF Biggins, DE Godbey, JL Hanebury, LR Luce, B Marinari, PE Matchett, MR Vargas, A TI The effect of rearing methods on survival of reintroduced black-footed ferrets SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black-footed ferret; captive breeding; Cynomys spp; endangered species; mark-recapture; Mustela nigripes; prairie dog; rearing; survival ID MUSTELA-NIGRIPES; MEETEETSE AB We estimated minimum survival rates for 282 young-of-year, captive-reared, black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) reintroduced into prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota. We used night surveys with spotlights to locale ferrets about 1 month and 9 months postrelease. We modeled minimum survival rates using gender, year, site, and 4 rearing methods. Minimum survival rates were highest (30% for 1 month, 20% for 9 months) for ferrets reared from early ages in outdoor pens with simulated prairie dog habitat; survival was lowest for cage-reared ferrets released without pen experience (11% for 1 month, 2% for 9 months), Rearing method and year influenced 1-month survival in a comparison of 3 levels of pen experience (pen rearing as defined above. transfer of kits from toes to pen facilities at age 60-90 da)rs, transfer at ape >90 days) during releases in 1994-95 in Montana. Higher survival was associated with intensive management of coyotes (Canis latrans) in 1995. Survival was not different (P > 0.05) between sites or sexes, regardless of model. We recommend routine use of outdoor pens for prerelease conditioning of black-footed ferret kits. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bowdoin Natl Wildlife Refuge, Malta, MT 59538 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Lander, WY 82520 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Badlands Natl Pk, Interior, SD 57750 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Charles M Russell Natl Wildlife Refuge, Lewiston, MT 59457 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Biggins, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 30 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 39 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 643 EP 653 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200023 ER PT J AU Kreeger, TJ Vargas, A Plumb, GE Thorne, ET AF Kreeger, TJ Vargas, A Plumb, GE Thorne, ET TI Ketamine-medetomidine or isoflurane immobilization of black-footed ferrets SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE atipamezole; black-footed ferret; body temperature; heart rate; immobilization; isoflurane; ketamine; medetomidine; Mustela nigripes; oxygen saturation; pulse oximetry ID GRAY WOLVES; ATIPAMEZOLE; YOHIMBINE AB Field immobilization of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) is required for examination, identification, and attachment of radiocollars, but ferrets must completely recover from anesthesia prior to release. We evaluated 2 anesthetic regimes: (1) a combination of ketamine (KET) and medetomidine (MED) with antagonism by atipamezole (An), and (2) isoflurane (ISO) gas anesthesia delivered by a portable anesthetic system. We used hybrid surrogates in dose titration trials for both MED-KET and ISO anesthesia and der eloped an intramuscular dose of 0.075 mg/kg MED and 3.0 mg/kg KET, or a maintenance ISO concentration of greater than or equal to 3%. The initial dose of MED-KET induced anesthesia in 11 of 14 ferrets in 7.5 +/- 1.6 min ((x) over bar +/- SE); boosters of 1.5 mg/kg KET were required to induce anesthesia in the other 3 ferrets in 12.3 +/- 1.3 min. Recovery time after administration of ATI was 6.9 +/- 0.6 min. Isoflurane induced anesthesia in 1.1 +/- 0.1 min and recovery occurred 16.3 +/- 1.4 min after cessation of ISO. Compared to MED-KET, ferrets anesthetized with ISO had faster induction times. slower arousal times, slower recovery times, higher oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), higher heart rate (HR), and higher body temperature (BT). Field trials confirmed that ferrets can be effectively and safely immobilized with MED-KET or ISO. Ferrets appeared more physiologically normal under ISO anesthesia, although there was no evidence of adverse effects from the use of MED-KET. With tither anesthetic regime, biologists are cautioned to monitor ferrets throughout anesthesia for both hypothermia and respiratory depression. C1 Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Sybille Wildlife Res & Conservat Educ Unit, Wheatland, WY 82201 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Badlands Natl Pk, Interior, SD 57750 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Kreeger, TJ (reprint author), Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Sybille Wildlife Res & Conservat Educ Unit, 2362 Highway 34, Wheatland, WY 82201 USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 654 EP 662 DI 10.2307/3802341 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200024 ER PT J AU Reynolds, PE AF Reynolds, PE TI Dynamics and range expansion of a reestablished muskox population SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic; calf production; distribution; emigration; muskox; Ovibos moschatus; population dynamics; range expansion; survival ID ALASKA AB Restoration of a large vertebrate to regions of former range was an opportunity to study processes of population expansion and colonization. Muskoxen (Ocibos moschatus) were returned to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR) in northeastern Alaska in 1969-70, after an absence of over 100 years., In 1982-95, I documented changes in distribution and abundance of muskoxen and determined the relative importance of calf production, survival, and emigration on abundance in regions first occupied. I used annual censuses, counts of sex and age classes, and radiotelemetry surveys to determine exponential rates of increase and range expansion. From 1977 to 1981, muskoxen increased ai an annual rate of 0.24, and calf production averaged 87 calves/100 adult females. From 1982 to 1986, mixed-sex groups still occupied the same regions, but annual rates of increase declined to 0.14 and calf production declined to 61 calves/100 adult females. After 1986, numbers of muskoxen in regions first occupied declined and may be stabilizing at <300 animals. Calf production continued to decline (49 calves/100 ad F in 1987-90 and 38 calves/100 ad F in 1991-96). Rates of calf and yearling survival did not decline but were negatively correlated with snow depth in late spring. After 1986, dispersal of mixed-sex groups into other regions also contributed to the decline in muskox numbers in regions first occupied. In 1995, 647 muskoxen were seen in the study area from the Sagavanirktok River to the Clarence River. Throughout the total range of mixed-sex groups, about 800 muskoxen were observed in the 500 km between the Itkillik River west of Prudhoe Bay and the Babbage River in northwestern Canada., Muskox range expansion, population trends, and interactions with caribou (Rangifer tarandus) should continue to be monitored. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arctic Natl Wildlife Refuge, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Reynolds, PE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arctic Natl Wildlife Refuge, 101 12th Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. EM patricia_reynolds@fws.gov NR 30 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 734 EP 744 DI 10.2307/3802350 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200033 ER PT J AU Udevitz, MS Ballachey, BE AF Udevitz, MS Ballachey, BE TI Estimating survival rates with age-structure data SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE age distribution; ages-at-death; age structure; Alaska; Enhydra lutris; growth rate; life table; mortality; population dynamics; rate-of-increase; sea otter; survival ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; LIVE-RECAPTURE DATA; SEA OTTERS; BAND-RECOVERY; LIFE-TABLES; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS; MORTALITY; ALASKA; MODEL AB We developed a general statistical model that provides a comprehensive framework for inference about survival rates based on standing age-structure and ages-at-death data. Previously available estimators are maximum likelihood under the general model, but they use only 1 type of data and require the assumption of a stable age structure and a known population growth rate. We used the general model to derive new survival rate estimators that use both types of data and require only the assumption of a stable age structure or a known population growth rate. Our likelihood-based approach allows use of standard model-selection procedures to test hypotheses about age-structure stability,; population growth rates, and age-related patterns in survival. We used this approach to estimate survival rates for female sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Udevitz, MS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM mark_udevitz@usgs.gov OI Udevitz, Mark/0000-0003-4659-138X NR 39 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 779 EP 792 DI 10.2307/3802355 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200038 ER PT J AU Gerard, PD Smith, DR Weerakkody, G AF Gerard, PD Smith, DR Weerakkody, G TI Limits of retrospective power analysis SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE interpretation of results; noncentrality parameter; statistical power; study design ID CAPTIVE MALLARDS; SAMPLE-SIZE; MODEL AB Power analysis after study completion has been suggested to interpret study results. We present 3 methods of estimating power and discuss their limitations. We use simulation studies to show that estimated power can be biased, extremely variable, and severely bounded. We endorse the practice of computing power to detect a biologically meaningful difference as a tool for study planning but suggest that calculation of confidence intervals on the parameters of interest is the appropriate way to gauge the strength and biological meaning of study results. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Expt Stat Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Gerard, PD (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Expt Stat Unit, Box 9653, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM pdg1@ra.msstate.edu NR 24 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 801 EP 807 DI 10.2307/3802357 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZJ057 UT WOS:000073175200040 ER PT J AU McHugh, CMG Ryan, WBF Eittreim, S Reed, D AF McHugh, CMG Ryan, WBF Eittreim, S Reed, D TI The influence of the San Gregorio fault on the morphology of Monterey Canyon SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE San Gregorio fault; Monterey Canyon; mass-wasting; brachiopods; chemosynthetic communities ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; BONIN FORE-ARC; SUBMARINE-CANYON; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; CALIFORNIA; SYSTEM; DEFORMATION; EVOLUTION; OFFSHORE AB A side-scan sonar survey was conducted of Monterey Canyon and the San Gregorio fault zone, off shore of Monterey Bay. The acoustic character and morphology of the sonar images, enhanced by SeaBeam bathymetry, show the path of the San Gregorio fault zone across the shelf, upper slope, and Monterey Canyon, High backscatter linear features a few kilometers long and 100 to 200 m wide delineate the sea-floor expression of the fault zone on the shelf. Previous studies have shown that brachiopod pavements and carbonate crusts are the source of the lineations backscatter. In Monterey Canyon, the fault zone occurs where the path of the canyon makes a sharp bend from WNW to SSW (1800 m), Here, the fault is marked by NW-SE-trending, high reflectivity lineations that cross the canyon floor between 1850 m and 1900 m, The lineations can be traced to ridges on the northwestern canyon wall where they have similar to 15 m of relief. Above the low-relief ridges, bowl-shaped features have been excavated on the canyon wall contributing to the widening of the canyon. We suggest that shear along the San Gregorio fault has led to the formation of the low-relief ridges near the canyon wall and that carbonate crusts, as along the shelf, may be the source of the high backscatter features on the canyon floor. The path of the fault zone across the upper slope is marked by elongated tributary canyons with high backscatter floors and 'U'-shaped cross-sectional profiles, Linear features and stepped scarps suggestive of recent crustal movement and mass-wasting, occur on the walls and floors of these canyons, Three magnitude-ii earthquakes have occurred within the last 30 years in the vicinity of the canyons that may have contributed to the observed features. As shown by others, motion along the fault zone has juxtaposed diverse lithologies that outcrop on the canyon walls. Gully morphology and the canyon's drainage patterns have been influenced by the substrate into which the gullies have formed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Geol, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Pacific Marine Geol, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP McHugh, CMG (reprint author), CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Geol, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. EM cmmqc@qcvaxa.acc.qc.edu NR 56 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 146 IS 1-4 BP 63 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00118-7 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA ZM941 UT WOS:000073591700005 ER PT J AU Suryan, RM Harvey, JT AF Suryan, RM Harvey, JT TI Tracking harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) to determine dive behavior, foraging activity, and haul-out site use SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOVEMENTS; PATTERNS C1 Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Suryan, RM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 26 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 20 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 361 EP 372 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00728.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA ZG014 UT WOS:000072956100018 ER PT J AU Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Beck, CA AF Mignucci-Giannoni, AA Beck, CA TI The diet of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Puerto Rico & Red Caribena de Varamientos, Dept Marine Sci, Caribbean Stranding Network, San Juan, PR 00937 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. RP Mignucci-Giannoni, AA (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico & Red Caribena de Varamientos, Dept Marine Sci, Caribbean Stranding Network, POB 38030, San Juan, PR 00937 USA. OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 394 EP 397 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00733.x PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA ZG014 UT WOS:000072956100023 ER PT J AU Knutson, MG Klaas, EE AF Knutson, MG Klaas, EE TI Floodplain forest loss and changes in forest community composition and structure in the Upper Mississippi river: A wildlife habitat at risk SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE floodplain forest; wildlife habitat; Upper Mississippi River; historical forests; Driftless Area ecoregion AB Large floodplain forests represent a threatened and endangered type of ecosystem in the United States. Estimates of cumulative losses of floodplain forest range from 57% to 95% at different locations within the continental United Stales. Floodplain forests of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) have significantly declined in extent due to agriculture, lock and dam construction, and urban development since European settlement. We collected data on shrubs, herbs, and trees from 56 floodplain forest plots in 1992 and compared our results with a previous analysis of historical tree data from the same area recorded by the General Land Office Survey in the 1840s. Acer saccharinum strongly dominates among mature trees and its relative dominance has increased over time. Salix spp. and Betula nigra have declined in relative dominance. Tree sizes are similar to those of presettlement forests, but present forests have fewer trees. The lack of early successional tree species and a trend toward an increasing monoculture of A. saccharinum in the mature stages indicate problems with regeneration. Because floodplain forests represent a rare habitat type, losses and changes in habitat quality could pose serious problems for wildlife that depend upon these habitats, especially birds. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Knutson, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd,POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. EM melinda_knutson@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 12 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD APR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 138 EP 150 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA ZL994 UT WOS:000073494200004 ER PT J AU Grundel, R Pavlovic, NB Sulzman, CL AF Grundel, R Pavlovic, NB Sulzman, CL TI The effect of canopy cover and seasonal change on host plant quality for the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE host plant quality; Lupinus perennis; phenology; shade; butterfly conservation ID EUPHYDRYAS-EDITHA; OAK SAVANNA; LEPIDOPTERA; LYCAENIDAE; SELECTION; DYNAMICS; HISTORY; ECOLOGY; INSECTS AB Larvae of the Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, feed solely on wild lupine, Lupinus perennis, from the emergence to summer senescence of the plant, Wild lupine is most abundant in open areas but Karner blue females oviposit more frequently on lupines growing in moderate shade. Can differences in lupine quality between open and shaded areas help explain this disparity in resource use? Furthermore, many lupines are senescent before the second larval brood completes development. How does lupine senescence affect larval growth? We addressed these questions by sr measuring growth rates of larvae fed lupines of different phenological stages and lupines growing under different shade conditions. The habitat conditions under which lupines grew and plant phenological stage did not generally affect final larval or pupal weight but did significantly affect duration of the larval period. Duration was shortest for larvae fed leaves from flowering lupines and was negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration. Ovipositing in areas of moderate shade should increase second-brood larval exposure to flowering lu pines. In addition, larval growth was significantly faster on shade-grown lupines that were in seed than on similar sun-grown lupines. These are possible advantages of the higher-than-expected oviposition rate on shade-grown lupines. Given the canopy-related trade-off between lupine abundance and quality, maintenance of canopy heterogeneity is an important conservation management goal. Larvae were also fed leaves growing in poor soil conditions and leaves with mildew infection. These and other feeding treatments that we anticipated would inhibit larval growth often did not. In particular, anttended larvae exhibited the highest weight gain per amount of lupine eaten and a relatively fast growth rate. This represents an advantage of ant tending to Karner blue larvae. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Grundel, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, 1100 N Mineral Springs Rd, Porter, IN 46304 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD APR PY 1998 VL 114 IS 2 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1007/s004420050442 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG592 UT WOS:000073019100013 PM 28307938 ER PT J AU Pan, YD Melillo, JM McGuire, AD Kicklighter, DW Pitelka, LF Hibbard, K Pierce, LL Running, SW Ojima, DS Parton, WJ Schimel, DS AF Pan, YD Melillo, JM McGuire, AD Kicklighter, DW Pitelka, LF Hibbard, K Pierce, LL Running, SW Ojima, DS Parton, WJ Schimel, DS CA VEMAP Members TI Modeled responses of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated atmospheric CO(2): a comparison of simulations by the biogeochemistry models of the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE global change; carbon dioxide; biogeochemistry; net primary production (NPP); Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; GENERAL-MODEL; GAS-EXCHANGE; SOIL CARBON; FOREST-BGC; WATER-USE AB Although there is a great deal of information concerning responses to increases in atmospheric CO(2) at the tissue and plant levels, there are substantially fewer studies that have investigated ecosystem-level responses in the context of integrated carbon, water, and nutrient cycles. Because our understanding of ecosystem responses to elevated CO(2) is incomplete, modeling is a tool that can be used to investigate the role of plant and soil interactions in the response of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated CO(2). In this study, we analyze the responses of net primary production (NPP) to doubled CO(2) from 355 to 710 ppmv among three biogeochemistry models in the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP): BIOME-BGC (BioGeochemical Cycles), Century, and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). For the conterminous United States, doubled atmospheric CO(2) causes NPP to increase by 5% in Century, 8% in TEM, and 11% in BIOME-BGC. Multiple regression analyses between the NPP response to doubled CO(2) and the mean annual temperature aid annual precipitation of biomes or grid cells indicate that there are negative relationships between precipitation and the response of NPP to doubled CO(2) for all three models. In contrast, there are different relationships between temperature and the response of NPP to doubled CO(2) for the three models: there is a negative relationship in the responses of BIOME-BGC, no relationship in the responses of Century, and a positive relationship in the responses of TEM. In BIOME-BGC, the NPP response to doubled CO(2) is controlled by the change in transpiration associated with reduced leaf conductance to water vapor. This change affects soil water, then leaf area development and, finally, NPP. In Century, the response of NPP to doubled CO(2) is controlled by changes in decomposition rates associated with increased soil moisture that results from reduced evapotranspiration. This change affects nitrogen availability for plants, which influences NPP. In TEM, the NPP response to doubled CO(2) is controlled by increased carboxylation which is modified by canopy conductance and the degree to which nitrogen constraints cause down-regulation of photosynthesis. The implementation of these different mechanisms has consequences for the spatial pattern of NPP responses, and represents, in part, conceptual uncertainly about controls over NPP responses. Progress in reducing these uncertainties requires research focused at the ecosystem level to understand how interactions between the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles influence the response of NPP to elevated atmospheric CO(2). C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Maryland, Appalachian Environm Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Pan, YD (reprint author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM yudepan@lupine.mbl.edu RI Kittel, Timothy/F-2792-2011; Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 OI Kittel, Timothy/0000-0002-4153-1006; NR 79 TC 96 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD APR PY 1998 VL 114 IS 3 BP 389 EP 404 DI 10.1007/s004420050462 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL119 UT WOS:000073400700013 PM 28307783 ER PT J AU Groves, DI Goldfarb, RJ Gebre-Mariam, M Hagemann, SG Robert, F AF Groves, DI Goldfarb, RJ Gebre-Mariam, M Hagemann, SG Robert, F TI Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mesothermal Gold Mineralisation in Space and Time CY JUL 11-12, 1996 CL UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA, PERTH, AUSTRALIA HO UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA DE orogenic gold deposits; lode-gold mineralisation; ore formation; terminology; nomenclature ID ABITIBI GREENSTONE-BELT; BEARING QUARTZ VEINS; PB AGE CONSTRAINTS; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; ISOTOPE EVIDENCE; PLATE-TECTONICS; REGIONAL DEFORMATION; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; STRUCTURAL CONTROLS; METAMORPHIC BELT AB The so-called 'mesothermal' gold deposits are associated with regionally metamorphosed terranes of all ages. Ores were formed during compressional to transpressional deformation processes at convergent plate margins in accretionary and collisional orogens. In both types of orogen, hydrated marine sedimentary and volcanic rocks have been added to continental margins during tens to some 100 million years of collision. Subduction-related thermal events, episodically raising geothermal gradients within the hydrated accretionary sequences, initiate and drive long-distance hydrothermal fluid migration. The resulting gold-bearing quartz veins are emplaced over a unique depth range for hydrothermal ore deposits, with gold deposition from 15-20 km to the near surface environment. On the basis of this broad depth range of formation, the term 'mesothermal' is not applicable to this deposit type as a whole. Instead, the unique temporal and spatial association of this deposit type with orogeny means that the vein systems are best termed orogenic gold deposits. Most ores are post-orogenic with respect to tectonism of their immediate host rocks, but are simultaneously syn-orogenic with respect to ongoing deep-crustal, subduction-related thermal processes and the prefix orogenic satisfies both these conditions. On the basis of their depth of formation, the orogenic deposits are best subdivided into epizonal (< 6 km), mesozonal (6-12 km) and hypozonal (> 12 km) classes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Western Australia, Ctr Teaching & Res Strateg Mineral Deposits, Dept Geol & Geophys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Wiluna Gold Mines Ltd, W Perth, WA 6005, Australia. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. RP Groves, DI (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Ctr Teaching & Res Strateg Mineral Deposits, Dept Geol & Geophys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. NR 145 TC 778 Z9 952 U1 22 U2 146 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD APR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1-5 BP 7 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00012-7 PG 21 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA ZY155 UT WOS:000074591800002 ER PT J AU Goldfarb, RJ Phillips, GN Nokleberg, WJ AF Goldfarb, RJ Phillips, GN Nokleberg, WJ TI Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim SO ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mesothermal Gold Mineralisation in Space and Time CY JUL 11-12, 1996 CL UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA, PERTH, AUSTRALIA HO UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA DE lode-gold mineralisation; synorogenic; Pacific Rim; ore-forming processes ID SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ALASKA CRUSTAL TRANSECT; BEARING QUARTZ VEINS; LACHLAN FOLD BELT; METAMORPHIC BELT; NEW-ZEALAND; FAULT SYSTEM; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS AB More than 420 million oz of gold were concentrated in circum-Pacific synorogenic quartz lodes mainly during two periods of continental growth, one along the Gondwanan margin in the Palaeozoic and the other in the northern Pacific basin between 170 and 50 Ma. These ores have many features in common and can be grouped into a single type of lode gold deposit widespread throughout elastic sedimentary-rock dominant terranes. The auriferous veins contain only a few percent sulphide minerals, have gold:silver ratios typically greater than 1:1, show a distinct association with medium grade metamorphic rocks, and may be associated with large-scale fault zones. Ore fluids are consistently of low salinity and are CO(2)-rich. In the early and middle Palaeozoic in the southern Pacific basin, a single immense turbidite sequence was added to the eastern margin of Gondwanaland. Deformation of these rocks in southeastern Australia was accompanied by deposition of at least 80 million oz of gold in the Victorian sector of the Lachlan fold belt mainly during the Middle and Late Devonian. Lesser Devonian gold accumulations characterized the more northerly parts of the Gondwanan margin within the Hodgkinson-Broken River and Thomson fold belts. Additional lodes were emplaced in this flyschoid sequence in Devonian or earlier Palaeozoic times in what is now the Buller terrane, Westland, New Zealand. Minor post-Devonian growth of Gondwanaland included terrane collision and formation of gold-bearing veins in the Permian in Australia's New England fold belt and in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous in New Zealand's Otago schists. Collision and accretion of dozens of terranes for a 100-m.y.-long period against the western margin of North America and eastern margin of Eurasia led to widespread, latest Jurassic to Eocene gold veining in the northern Pacific basin. In the former location, Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous veins and related placer deposits along the western margin of the Sierra Nevada batholith have yielded more than 100 million oz of gold. Additional significant ore-forming events during the development of North America's Cordilleran orogen included those in the Klamath Mountains region, California in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous; the Klondike district, Yukon by the Early Cretaceous; the Nome and Fairbanks districts, Alaska, and the Bridge River district, British Columbia in the middle Cretaceous; and the Juneau gold belt, Alaska in the Eocene. Gold-bearing veins deposited during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous terrane collision that formed the present-day Russian Far East have been the source for more than 130 million oz of placer gold. The abundance of gold-bearing quartz-carbonate veins throughout the Gondwanan, North American and Eurasian continental margins suggests the migration and concentration of large fluid volumes during continental growth. Such volumes could be released during orogenic heating of hydrous silicate mineral phases within accreted marine strata The common temporal association between gold veining and magmatism around the Pacific Rim reflects these thermal episodes. Melting of the lower thickened crust during are formation, slab rollback and extensional tectonism, and subduction of a slab window beneath the seaward part of the forearc region can all provide the required heat for initiation of the ore-forming processes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Great Cent Mines Ltd, Malvern, Vic 3145, Australia. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Goldfarb, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 118 TC 111 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1368 J9 ORE GEOL REV JI Ore Geol. Rev. PD APR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1-5 BP 185 EP 218 DI 10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00018-8 PG 34 WC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Geology; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA ZY155 UT WOS:000074591800008 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Bachand, RR Onami, Y Binkley, D AF Stohlgren, TJ Bachand, RR Onami, Y Binkley, D TI Species-environment relationships and vegetation patterns: effects of spatial scale and tree life-stage SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Colorado; Canonical correspondence analysis; Ecotones; Heterogeneous forest landscapes; Rocky Mountain National Park ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; SEQUOIA SEQUOIADENDRON-GIGANTEUM; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; NATIONAL-PARK; GRADIENT ANALYSIS; ENGELMANN SPRUCE; FOREST; CALIFORNIA; LANDSCAPE; ECOTONES AB Do relationships between species and environmental gradients strengthen or weaken with tree life-stage (i.e., small seedlings, large seedlings, saplings, and mature trees)? Strengthened relationships may lead to distinct forest type boundaries, or weakening connections could lead to gradual ecotones and heterogeneous forest landscapes. We quantified the changes in forest dominance (basal area of tree species by life-stage) and environmental factors (elevation, slope, aspect, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), summer soil moisture, and soil depth and texture) across 14 forest ecotones (n = 584, 10 m x 10 m plots) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Local, ecotone-specific species-environment relationships, based on multiple regression techniques, generally strengthened from the small seedling stage (multiple R-2 ranged from 0.00 to 0.26) to the tree stage (multiple R-2 ranged from 0.20 to 0.61). At the landscape scale, combined canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) among species and for all tree life-stages suggested that the seedlings of most species became established in lower-elevation, drier sites than where mature trees of the same species dominated. However, conflicting evidence showed that species-environment relationships may weaken with tree life-stage. Seedlings were only found in a subset of plots (habitats) occupied by mature trees of the same species. At the landscape scale, CCA results showed that species-environment relationships weakened somewhat from the small seedling stage (86.4% of the variance explained by the first two axes) to the tree stage (76.6% of variance explained). The basal area of tree species co-occurring with Pinus contorta Doug. ex. Loud declined more gradually than P. contorta basal area declined across ecotones, resulting in less-distinct forest type boundaries. We conclude that broad, gradual ecotones and heterogeneous forest landscapes are created and maintained by: (1) sporadic establishment of seedlings in suboptimal habitats; (2) survivorship of saplings and mature trees in a wider range of environmental conditions than seedlings presently endure; and (3) the longevity of trees and persistence of tree species in a broad range of soils, climates, and disturbance regimes. C1 Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 46 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 27 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 135 IS 2 BP 215 EP 228 DI 10.1023/A:1009788326991 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA ZK637 UT WOS:000073345300008 ER PT J AU Sharpe, CS Thompson, DA Blankenship, HL Schreck, CB AF Sharpe, CS Thompson, DA Blankenship, HL Schreck, CB TI Effects of routine handling and tagging procedures on physiological stress responses in juvenile Chinook salmon SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID COHO SALMON; CORTISOL; PLASMA; TROUT AB Juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were subjected to handling and tagging protocols typical of normal hatchery operations and monitored for their physiological response to stress. Treatments included coded-wire-tagging, counting, ventral fin clipping, adipose fin clipping, and a procedure simulating a pond split. Treatment fish were also subjected to a standardized stress challenge (1 h confinement) to evaluate their ability to deal with disturbances subsequent to a handling or tagging procedure. Circulating levels of cortisol and glucose were used as indicators of stress. Each of the treatments elicited very similar responses among treatment groups. Cortisol increased from resting levels of about 20 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL by 1 h poststress and returned to near resting levels by 8 h poststress. Glucose levels increased from 50 mg/dL to about 80 mg/dL by 1 h poststress and remained elevated for much of the experiment. The cortisol and glucose responses to the confinement stress did not differ over time or among treatments. However, the confinement stress results do suggest a small but significant cumulative response, indicating small residual effects of the original handling protocols. No deaths were noted among treatment groups. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Sharpe, CS (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NR 15 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0081:EORHAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZM982 UT WOS:000073596000001 ER PT J AU Ford, LA Barbash, PA Cipriano, RC AF Ford, LA Barbash, PA Cipriano, RC TI Control of furunculosis and enteric redmouth disease in sea-run Atlantic salmon broodstock in the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS; COLD-WATER VIBRIOSIS; SALAR L; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; YERSINIA-RUCKERI; CROSS-PROTECTION; VACCINATION; IMMUNITY; IMMUNIZATION; SERUM AB Adult sea-run Atlantic salmon Salmo salar captured and transported to Richard Cronin National Salmon Station (Sunderland, Massachusetts), Nashua National Fish Hatchery (Nashua, New Hampshire), and Whittemore State Fish Hatchery (Waterford, Connecticut) during 1986-1992 were treated with oxolinic acid and a bacterin. The bacterin was developed against furunculosis and enteric redmouth disease. Among the 2,552 fish that were treated since 1986, 362 died and 65 (18%) of those fish had furunculosis. Among 206 untreated fish that were maintained as controls, 109 died and 63 (57.8%) had furunculosis. The reduction in mortality could not be attributed to either vaccine or antibiotic alone without further study. A 3-year study was designed to investigate if adult Atlantic salmon, undergoing the stress of migration, handling, and spawning, could mount a protective humoral immune response. Although the salmon were able to produce an agglutinin response, evidence was not found for production of a protective humoral response by these vaccinated Atlantic salmon. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fish Hlth Unit, Lamar, PA 16848 USA. RP Ford, LA (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1998 VL 60 IS 2 BP 88 EP 94 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0088:COFAER>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZM982 UT WOS:000073596000002 ER PT J AU Joner, MD Hintz, EG Collier, MW AF Joner, MD Hintz, EG Collier, MW TI Photometric studies of delta Scuti stars. I. IP Virginis SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID EMPIRICAL CALIBRATIONS; CELESTIAL EQUATOR; STANDARD STARS; BETA-SYSTEMS; UVBY AB We report 15 new times of maximum light for the delta Scuti star IP Virginis (formerly known as SA 106-1024). An analysis of all times of maximum light indicates that IP Vir has been decreasing in period at a constant rate of -7.4 x 10(-9) days day(-1). Evidence is also presented that IP Vir is a double-mode variable with a period ratio of pi(1)/pi(0), = 0.774. This period ratio predicts a [Fe/H] value of -0.3. From photometric (uvby beta) observations, we find a foreground reddening of E(b - y) = 0.008 mag and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.05. It is shown that [Fe/H] = -0.3 is most likely the correct value. Intrinsic (b - y)- and c(1)-values, plotted in a model atmosphere grid, indicate a mean effective temperature, [T-eff] = 7400 K, and a mean surface gravity, [log g] = 3.89. All of these physical parameters support Landolt's initial conclusion that IP Vir is an ordinary delta Sct star. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Joner, MD (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, N281 ESC, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM jonerm@astro.byu.edu; doctor@tardis.byu.edu; mwcoll@usgs.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD APR PY 1998 VL 110 IS 746 BP 451 EP 457 DI 10.1086/316156 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA ZH807 UT WOS:000073149600010 ER PT J AU Johnson, JR Lucey, PG Horton, KA Winter, EM AF Johnson, JR Lucey, PG Horton, KA Winter, EM TI Infrared measurements of pristine and disturbed soils 1. Spectral contrast differences between field and laboratory data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID EMISSIVITY; MINERALS; IMAGES; ROCKS AB Comparison of emissivity spectra (8-13 mu m) of pristine soils in the field with laboratory reflectance spectra of the same soils showed that laboratory spectra tend to have less spectral contrast than field spectra (see following article). We investigated this phenomenon by measuring emission spectra of both undisturbed (in situ) and disturbed soils (prepared as if for transport to the laboratory). The disturbed soils had much less spectral contrast than the undisturbed soils in the resistrahlen region near 9 mu m. While the increased porosity of a disturbed soil can decrease spectral contrast due to multiple scattering, we hypothesize that the effect is dominantly the result of a difference in grain-site distribution of the optically active layer (i.e., fine particle coatings). This concept was proposed by Salisbury et al. (1994) to explain their observations that soils washed free of small particles adhering to larger grains exhibited greater spectral contrast than unwashed soils. Our laboratory reflectance spectra of wet- and dry-sieved soils returned from field sites also show greater spectral contrast for wet-sieved (washed) soils. We therefore propose that undisturbed soils in the field can be characterized as "clean" soils (washed free of fine particles at the surface due to rain and wind action) and that disturbed soils represent "dirty" soils (contaminated with fine particle coatings). The effect of packing soils in the field and laboratory also increases spectral contrast but not to the magnitude of that observed for undisturbed and wet-sieved soils. Since it is a common practice to use laboratory spectra of field samples to interpret spectra obtained remotely, we suggest that the influence of fine particle coatings on disturbed soils, if unrecognized, could influence interpretations of remote sensing data. Published by Elsevier Science Inc., 1998. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Tech Res Associates Inc, Camarillo, CA USA. RP Johnson, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RI Johnson, Jeffrey/F-3972-2015 NR 17 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD APR PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 34 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00166-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZB754 UT WOS:000072504400003 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Thompson, GA Smith, RP AF Parsons, T Thompson, GA Smith, RP TI More than one way to stretch: a tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID SNAKE RIVER PLAIN; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; PLATE MOTIONS; NORTHERN NEVADA; EAST-AFRICAN; DIXIE VALLEY; LAVA FLOWS; IDAHO; MANTLE; RIFT AB The eastern Snake River Plain of southern Idaho poses a paradoxical problem because it is nearly aseismic and unfaulted although it appears to be actively extending in a SWNE direction continuously with the adjacent block-faulted Basin and Range Province. The plain represents the 100-km-wide track of the Yellowstone hotspot during the last similar to 16-17 m.y., and its crust has been heavily intruded by mafic magma, some of which has erupted to the surface as extensive basalt flows. Outside the plain's distinct topographic boundaries is a transition zone 30-100 km wide that has variable expression of normal faulting and magmatic activity as compared with the surrounding Basin and Range Province. Many models for the evolution of the Snake River Plain have as an integral component the suggestion that the crust of the plain became strong enough through basaltic intrusion to resist extensional deformation. However, both the boundaries of the plain and its transition zone lack any evidence of zones of strike slip or other accommodation that would allow the plain to remain intact while the Basin and Range Province extended around it; instead, the plain is coupled to its surroundings and extending with them. We estimate strain rates for the northern Basin and Range Province from various lines of evidence and show that these strains would far exceed the elastic limit of any rocks coupled to the Basin and Range; thus, if the plain is extending along with its surroundings, as the geologic evidence indicates, it must be doing so by a nearly aseismic process. Evidence of the process is provided by volcanic rift zones, indicators of subsurface dikes, which trend across the plain perpendicular to its axis. We suggest that variable magmatic strain accommodation, by emplacement and inflation of dikes perpendicular to the least principal stress in the elastic crust, allows the crust of the plain to extend nearly aseismically. Dike injection releases accumulated elastic strain but generates only the small earthquakes associated with dike propagation. The rate of dike emplacement required to accommodate the estimated longitudinal strain rate of the plain is roughly a composite width of 10 m every 1000 years for the geologically youngest and most active part of the plain. The locus of most rapid intrusion and strain has migrated toward Yellowstone and is now in the northeastern 100-150 km of the plain. Reduced magmatic input in the transition zone of the plain causes the transitional expression of seismicity and faulting there. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM tparsons@octopus.wr.usgs.gov RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 78 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 221 EP 234 DI 10.1029/98TC00463 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZG245 UT WOS:000072981700006 ER PT J AU Dart, RL Swolfs, HS AF Dart, RL Swolfs, HS TI Contour mapping of relic structures in the Precambrian basement of the Reelfoot rift, North American midcontinent SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS; MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; EAST-AFRICA; CONTEMPORARY SEISMICITY; PLATE TECTONICS; DIAPIRIC ORIGIN; PASCOLA ARCHES; EVOLUTION AB A new contour map of the basement of the Reelfoot rift constructed from drill hole and seismic reflection data shows the general surface configuration as well as several major and minor structural features. The major features are two asymmetric intrarift basins, bounded by three structural highs, and the rift margins. The basins are oriented normal to the northeast trend of the rift. Two of the highs appear to be ridges of undetermined width that extend across the rift. The third high is an isolated dome or platform located between the basins. The minor features are three linear structures of low relief oriented subparallel to the trend of the rift. Two of these, located within the rift basins, may divide the rift basins into paired subbasins. These mapped features may be the remnants of initial extensional rifting, half graben faulting, and basement subsidence. The rift basins are interpreted as having formed as opposing half graben, and the structural highs are interpreted as having formed as associated accommodation zones. Some of these features appear to be reactivated seismogenic structures within the modem midcontinent compressional stress regime. A detailed knowledge of the geometries of the Reelfoot rift's basement features, therefore, is essential when evaluating their seismic risk potential. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Dart, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dart@gldvxa.cr.usgs.gov NR 89 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 235 EP 249 DI 10.1029/97TC03551 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZG245 UT WOS:000072981700007 ER PT J AU Cappellato, R Peters, NE Meyers, TP AF Cappellato, R Peters, NE Meyers, TP TI Above-ground sulfur cycling in adjacent coniferous and deciduous forests and watershed sulfur retention in the Georgia Piedmont, USA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; coniferous; deciduous; dendrochemistry; dry deposition; foliage; loblolly pine; precipitation; stemflow; sulfur; sulfur dioxide; throughfall ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; DRY-DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; CANOPY INTERACTIONS; PANOLA-MOUNTAIN; SULFATE; THROUGHFALL; SO2; SURFACES; TREES AB Atmospheric deposition and above-ground cycling of sulfur (S) were evaluated in adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Georgia, U.S.A. Total atmospheric S deposition (wet plus dry) was 12.9 and 12.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for the deciduous and coniferous forests, respectively, from October 1987 through November 1989. Dry deposition contributes more than 40% to the total atmospheric S deposition, and SO2 is the major source (similar to 55%) of total dry S deposition. Dry deposition to these canopies is similar to regional estimates suggesting that 60-km proximity to emission sources does not noticeably impact dry deposition at PMRW. Below-canopy S fluxes (throughfall plus stemflow) in each forest are 37% higher annually in the deciduous forest than in the coniferous forest. An excess in below-canopy S flux in the deciduous forest is attributed to leaching and higher dry deposition than in the coniferous forest. Total S deposition to the forest floor by throughfall, stemflow and litterfall was 2.4 and 2.8 times higher in the deciduous and coniferous forests, respectively, than annual S growth requirement for foliage and wood. Although S deposition exceeds growth requirement, more than 95% of the total atmospheric S deposition was retained by the watershed in 1988 and 1989. The S retention at PMRW is primarily due to SO42- adsorption by iron oxides and hydroxides in watershed soils. The S content in white oak and loblolly pine boles have increased more than 200% in the last 20 yr, possibly reflecting increases in emissions. C1 Emory Univ, Human & Nat Ecol Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Cappellato, R (reprint author), Emory Univ, Human & Nat Ecol Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 51 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD APR PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1-4 BP 151 EP 171 DI 10.1023/A:1004902816609 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZC638 UT WOS:000072601600011 ER PT J AU Harvey, JW Fuller, CC AF Harvey, JW Fuller, CC TI Effect of enhanced manganese oxidation in the hyporheic zone on basin-scale geochemical mass balance SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER EXCHANGE; MINE DRAINAGE; OXYGEN-UPTAKE; GROUND-WATER; STREAM; SURFACE; TRANSPORT; ADSORPTION; SEDIMENTS; BEHAVIOR AB We determined the role of the hyporheic zone (the subsurface zone where stream water and shallow groundwater mix) in enhancing microbially mediated oxidation of dissolved manganese (to form manganese precipitates) in a drainage basin contaminated by copper mining. The fate of manganese is of overall importance to water quality in Final Creek Basin, Arizona, because manganese reactions affect the transport of trace metals. The basiri-scale role of the hyporheic zone is difficult to quantify because stream-tracer; studies do not always reliably characterize the cumulative effects of the hyporheic zone. This study determined cumulative effects of hyporheic reactions in Final Creek basin by characterizing manganese uptake at several spatial scales (stream-reach scale, hyporheic-flow-path scale, and sediment-grain scale). At the stream-reach scale a one-dimensional stream-transport model (including storage zones to represent hyporheic flow paths) was used to determine a reach-averaged time constant for manganese uptake in hyporheic zones, 1/lambda(s), 1.3 hours, which was somewhat faster but still similar to manganese uptake time constants that were measured directly in centimeter-scale hyporheic flow paths (1/lambda(h) = 2.6 hours), and in laboratory batch experiments using streambed sediment (1/lambda = 2.7 hours). The modeled depths of subsurface storage zones (d(s) = 4-17 cm) and modeled residence times of water in storage zones (t(s) = 3-12 min) were both consistent with direct measurements in hyporheic flow paths (d(h) = 0-15 cm, and t(h) = 1-25 min). There was also good agreement between reach-scale modeling and direct measurements of the percentage removal of dissolved manganese in hyporheic flow paths (f(s) = 8.9%, and f(h) = 9.3%). Manganese uptake experiments in the laboratory using sediment from Final Creek demonstrated (through comparison of poisoned and unpoisoned treatments) that the manganese removal process was enhanced by microbially mediated oxidation. The cumulative effect of hyporheic exchange in Final Creek basin was to remove approximately 20% of the dissolved manganese flowing out of the drainage basin. Our results illustrate that the cumulative significance of reactive uptake in the hyporheic zone depends on the balance between chemical reaction rates, hyporheic porewater residence time, and turnover of streamflow through hyporheic flow paths. The similarity between the hyporheic reaction timescale (1/lambda(s) approximate to 1.3 hours), and the hyporheic porewater residence timescale (t(s) approximate to 8 min) ensured that there was adequate time for the reaction to progress. Furthermore, it was the similarity between the turnover length for stream water flow through hyporheic how paths (L-s = stream velocity/storage-zone exchange coefficient approximate to 1.3 km) and the length of Final Creek (L approximate to 7 km), which ensured that all stream water passed through hyporheic flow paths several times. As a means to generalize our findings to other sites where similar types of hydrologic and chemical information are available, we suggest a cumulative significance index for hyporheic reactions, R-s = lambda(s)t(s)L/L-s (dimensionless); higher values indicate a greater potential for hyporheic reactions to influence geochemical mass balance. Our experience in Final Creek basin suggests that values of R-s > 0.2 characterize systems where hyporheic reactions are likely to influence geochemical mass balance at the drainage-basin scale. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Harvey, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM ccfuller@usgs.gov; jwharvey@usgs.gov RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013; OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 35 TC 165 Z9 168 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 623 EP 636 DI 10.1029/97WR03606 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZE657 UT WOS:000072816600008 ER PT J AU Naff, RL Haley, DF Sudicky, EA AF Naff, RL Haley, DF Sudicky, EA TI High-resolution Monte Carlo simulation of flow and conservative transport in heterogeneous porous media 1. Methodology and flow results SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM GALERKIN TECHNIQUE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; MASS-TRANSPORT; DISPERSION; AQUIFERS; MACRODISPERSION; CONDUCTIVITY; GROUNDWATER; GENERATION AB In this, the first of two papers concerned with the use of numerical simulation to examine flow and transport parameters in heterogeneous porous media via Monte Carlo methods, various aspects of the modelling effort are examined. In particular, the need to save on core memory causes one to use only specific realizations that have certain initial characteristics; in effect, these transport simulations are conditioned by these characteristics. Also, the need to independently estimate length scales for the generated fields is discussed. The statistical uniformity of the flow field is investigated by plotting the variance of the seepage Velocity for vector components in the x, y, and z directions. Finally, specific features of the velocity field itself are illuminated in this first paper. In particular, these data give one the opportunity to investigate the effective hydraulic conductivity in a flow field which is approximately statistically uniform; comparisons are made with first-and second-order perturbation analyses. The mean cloud velocity is examined to ascertain whether it is identical to the mean seepage velocity of the model. Finally, the variance in the cloud centroid velocity Is examined for the effect of source size and differing strengths of local transverse dispersion. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80235 USA. Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Groundwater Res, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Naff, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 413,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80235 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 663 EP 677 DI 10.1029/97WR02712 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZE657 UT WOS:000072816600011 ER PT J AU Naff, RL Haley, DF Sudicky, EA AF Naff, RL Haley, DF Sudicky, EA TI High-resolution Monte Carlo simulation of flow and conservative transport in heterogeneous porous media 2. Transport results SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FICKIAN SUBSURFACE DISPERSION; QUASI-LINEAR THEORY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; AQUIFERS; MACRODISPERSION; GROUNDWATER; MOMENTS; MODEL AB In this, the second of two papers concerned with the use of numerical simulation to examine flow and transport parameters in heterogeneous porous media via Monte Carlo methods, results from the transport aspect df these simulations are reported on. Transport simulations contained herein assume a finite pulse input of conservative tracer, and the numerical technique endeavors to realistically simulate tracer spreading as the cloud moves through a heterogeneous medium. Medium heterogeneity is limited to the hydraulic conductivity held, and generation of this field assumes that the hydraulic-conductivity process is second-order stationary. Methods of estimating cloud moments, and the interpretation of these moments, are discussed. Techniques for estimation of large-time macrodispersivities from cloud second-moment data, and for the approximation of the standard errors associated with these macrodispersivities, are also presented. These moment and macrodispersivity estimation techniques were applied to tracer clouds resulting from transport scenarios generated by specific Monte Carlo simulations. Where feasible, moments and macrodispersivities resulting from the Monte Carlo simulations are compared with first-and second-order perturbation analyses. Some limited results concerning the possible ergodic nature of these simulations, and the presence of non-Gaussian behavior of the mean cloud, are reported on as well. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80235 USA. Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Groundwater Res, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Naff, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 413,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80235 USA. NR 24 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 4 BP 679 EP 697 DI 10.1029/97WR02711 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZE657 UT WOS:000072816600012 ER PT J AU Taylor, JP McDaniel, KC AF Taylor, JP McDaniel, KC TI Restoration of saltcedar (Tamarix sp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE saltcedar, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. #(3) TAARA; cottonwood, Populus fremontii S. Wats.; black willow, Salix nigra Marsh. # SAXNI; phreatophyte control; riparin restoration; Rio Grande; wildlife; imazapyr; Populus fremontii; TAARA; SAXNI ID BIRDS AB Vegetation development bordering the Middle Rio Grande, as with most major southwestern U.S, tributaries, has historically undergone rapid and dynamic change, The introduction of saltcedar (or Tamarisk, genus Tamarix) and other exotic species into this environment within the 20th century has contributed to this process. These plants are now an integral component of the riparian vegetation mix. Manpower, logistics, and financial resources constrain the degree to which a desired riparian habitat can be restored from saltcedar thickets on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge near Socorro, NM. Saltcedar clearing is accomplished using a combination of herbicide, burning, and mechanical control techniques costing from $750 to $1,300/ha. Soil salinity and depth to water are the principal physical features limiting revegetation efforts. Cottonwood and black willow plantings and natural regeneration after timed irrigations have produced diverse habitats that support a wide array of faunal species in ar-eas previously occupied by homogeneous saltcedar. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Taylor, JP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bosque Apache Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 1246, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. NR 34 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 15 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 345 EP 352 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 104GE UT WOS:000075005700024 ER PT J AU Parhar, IS Nagahama, Y Grau, EG Ross, RM AF Parhar, IS Nagahama, Y Grau, EG Ross, RM TI Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural identification of pituitary cell types in the protogynous Thalassoma duperrey during adult sexual ontogeny SO ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLASMA SOMATOLACTIN CONCENTRATIONS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GROWTH-HORMONE; RAINBOW-TROUT; GTH-II; POECILIA-LATIPINNA; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; TELEOST PITUITARY; GENE-EXPRESSION; SECRETING CELLS AB Protogynous wrasses (Thalassoma duperrey): females (F), primary males (PM) along with a few terminal-phase males (TM) and sex-changed males (SM), were used to characterize the topographical organization of the pituitary. In general, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features of the adenohypophyseal cell types of the saddleback wrasse pituitary resemble those of other teleosts. In the rostral pars distalis (RPD), corticotropic cells were found bordering the neurohypophysis (NH) and surrounding the centroventrally located prolactin cells. Thyrotropic cells formed a small group in the anteriodorsal part of the rostral and proximal pars distalis (PPD). The somatotropic cells were distributed in large clusters, mostly organized in cell cords around the interdigitations of the NH of the dorsal PPD. Cells containing gonadotropin Ip subunit were localized in the dorsal parts of the PPD, in close association with somatotropic cells and gonadotropin II beta subunit containing cells were seen in the centroventral parts of the PPD and along the periphery of the pars intermedia (PI). The pars intermedia was composed of melanotropic cells and somatolactin cells that lined the neurohypohysis. Distinct ultrastructural differences in corticotropic and somatotropic cells were not observed between the four groups. In all groups, prolactin cells in the ventral-most RPD could be immature cells or actively secreting prolactin. Gonadotropjc II cells of PM and F had relatively higher incidence of "nuclear budding" and cell organelles compared to TM and SM. Besides gonadotropic, the active melanotropic and somatolactin cells might be associated with some aspect(s) of reproduction. C1 Nippon Med Sch, Dept Physiol, Tokyo 113, Japan. Natl Inst Basic Biol, Reprod Biol Lab, Okazaki, Aichi 444, Japan. Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Parhar, IS (reprint author), Nippon Med Sch, Dept Physiol, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo 113, Japan. NR 62 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA TOSHIN-BUILDING, HONGO 2-27-2, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0289-0003 J9 ZOOL SCI JI Zool. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 263 EP 276 DI 10.2108/zsj.15.263 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZU837 UT WOS:000074240600012 ER PT J AU Kastner, M Kvenvolden, KA Lorenson, TD AF Kastner, M Kvenvolden, KA Lorenson, TD TI Chemistry, isotopic composition, and origin of a methane-hydrogen sulfide hydrate at the Cascadia subduction zone SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE gas hydrates; Ocean Drilling Program; methane; hydrogen sulfide; stable isotopes; Cascadia subduction zone ID ACCRETIONARY PRISM; GAS; SEDIMENTS; CARBON; OREGON; MARINE AB Although the presence of extensive gas hydrate on the Cascadia margin, offshore from the western U.S. and Canada, has been inferred from marine seismic records and pore water chemistry, solid gas hydrate has only been found at one location. At Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 892, offshore from central Oregon, gas hydrate was recovered close to the sediment-water interface at 2-19 m below the seafloor (mbsf) at 670 m water depth. The gas hydrate occurs as elongated platy crystals or crystal aggregates, mostly disseminated irregularly, with higher concentrations occurring in discrete zones, thin layers, and/or veinlets parallel or oblique to the bedding. A 2- to 3-cm thick massive gas hydrate layer, parallel to bedding, was recovered at similar to 17 mbsf. Gas from a sample of this layer was composed of both CH4 and H2S. This sample is the first mixed-gas hydrate of CH4-H2S documented in ODP; it also contains ethane and minor amounts of CO2. Measured temperatures of the recovered core ranged from 2 to -1.8 degrees C and are 6 to 8 degrees lower than in-situ temperatures. These temperature anomalies were caused by the partial dissociation of the CH4-H2S hydrate during recovery without a pressure core sampler. During this dissociation, toxic levels of H2S (delta(34)S, +27.4 parts per thousand) were released. The delta(13)C values of the CH4 in the gas hydrate, -64.5 to -67.5 parts per thousand((PDB)), together with delta D values of -197 to -199 parts per thousand((SMOW)) indicate a primarily microbial source for the CH4. The delta(18)O value of the hydrate H2O is +2.9 parts per thousand((SMOW)), comparable with the experimental fractionation factor for sea-ice. The unusual composition (CH4-H2S) and depth distribution (2-19 mbsf) of this gas hydrate indicate mixing between a methane-rich fluid with a pore fluid enriched in sulfide; at this site the former is advecting along an inclined fault into the active sulfate reduction zone. The facts that the CH4-H2S hydrate is primarily confined to the present day active sulfate reduction zone (2-19 mbsf), and that from here down to the BSR depth (19-68 mbsf) the gas hydrate inferred to exist is a greater than or equal to 99% CH4 hydrate, suggest that the mixing of CH4 and H2S is a geologically young process. Because the existence of a mixed CH4-H2S hydrate is indicative of moderate to intense advection of a methane-rich fluid into a near surface active sulfate reduction zone, tectonically active (faulted) margins with organic-rich sediments and moderate to high sedimentation rates are the most likely regions of occurrence. The extension of such a mixed hydrate below the sulfate reduction zone should reflect the time-span of methane advection into the sulfate reduction zone. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kastner, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 38 TC 51 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR 30 PY 1998 VL 156 IS 3-4 BP 173 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00013-2 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZL370 UT WOS:000073426100004 ER PT J AU Hay, LE AF Hay, LE TI Stochastic calibration of an orographic precipitation model SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE stochastic calibration; orographic precipitation; Colorado; geographic information system ID AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION AB In this study a stochastic approach to calibration of an orographic precipitation model (Rhea, 1978) was applied in the Gunnison River Basin of south-western Colorado. The stochastic approach to model calibration was used to determine: (1) the model parameter uncertainty and sensitivity; (2) the grid-cell resolution to run the model (10 or 5 km grids); (3) the model grid rotation increment; and (4) the basin subdivision by elevation band for parameter definition. Results from the stochastic calibration are location and data dependent. Uncertainty, sensitivity and range in the final parameter sets were found to vary by grid-cell resolution and elevation. Ten km grids were found to be a more robust model configuration than 5 km grids. Grid rotation increment, tested using only 10 km grids, indicated increments of less than 10 degrees to be superior. Basin subdivision into two elevation bands was found to produce 'optimal' results for both 10 and 5 km grids. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 412,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAR 30 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 613 EP 634 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19980330)12:4<613::AID-HYP609>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 22 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA ZH031 UT WOS:000073065200006 ER PT J AU Li, SL Mooney, WD AF Li, SL Mooney, WD TI Crustal structure of China from deep seismic sounding profiles SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Deep Seismic Profiling of the Continents CY SEP 12-15, 1996 CL ASILOMAR, CALIFORNIA SP Stanford Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Sci Fdn, Refract Technol Inc, Int Assoc Seismol & Phys Earths Interior, Int Lithsphere Program, Amer Assoc Petr Geologists, Soc Explorat Geophysicists DE China; crustal structure; deep seismic imaging; average crustal and P-n velocity ID BENEATH SOUTHERN TIBET; UPPER-MANTLE; PLATEAU; TECTONICS; PROPAGATION; EVOLUTION AB More than 36,000 km of Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profiles have been collected in China since 1958. However, the results of these profiles are not well known in the West due to the language barrier. In this paper, we summarize the crustal structure of China with a new contour map of crustal thickness, nine representative crustal columns, and maps showing profile locations, average crustal velocity, and P-n velocity. The most remarkable aspect of the crustal structure of China is the well known 70+ km thickness of the crust of the Tibetan Plateau. The thick (45-70 km) crust of western China is separated from the thinner (30-45 km) crust of eastern China by the north-south trending seismic belt (105 degrees E). The average crustal velocity of China ranges from 6.15 to 6.45 km/s, indicating a felsic-to-intermediate bulk crustal composition. Upper mantle (P-n) velocities are 8.0.+/-0.2 km/s, equal to the global continental average. We interpret these results in terms of the most recent thermo-tectonic events that have modified the crust. In much of eastern China, Cenozoic crustal extension has produced a thin crust with a low average crustal velocity, similar to western Europe and the Basin and Range Province, western USA. In western China, Mesozoic and Cenozoic arc-continent and continent-continent collisions have led to crustal growth and thickening. Inferences on the process of crustal thickening are provided by the deep crustal velocity structure as determined by DSS profiles and other seismological studies. A high velocity (7.0-7.4 km/s) lower-crustal layer has been reported in western China only beneath the southernmost Tibetan Plateau. We identify this high-velocity layer as the cold lower crust of the subducting Indian plate. As the Indian crust is injected northward into the Tibetan lower crust, it heats and assimilates by partial melting a process that results in a reduction in the seismic velocity of the lower crust in the central and northern Tibetan Plateau. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 State Seismol Bur, Res Ctr Explorat Geophys, Geophys Prospecting Brigade, Zhengzhou 450003, Peoples R China. RP Mooney, WD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 47 TC 109 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 30 PY 1998 VL 288 IS 1-4 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00287-4 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZK172 UT WOS:000073292600010 ER PT J AU Fuis, GS AF Fuis, GS TI West margin of North America - a synthesis of recent seismic transects SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Deep Seismic Profiling of the Continents CY SEP 12-15, 1996 CL ASILOMAR, CALIFORNIA SP Stanford Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Sci Fdn, Refract Technol Inc, Int Assoc Seismol & Phys Earths Interior, Int Lithsphere Program, Amer Assoc Petr Geologists, Soc Explorat Geophysicists DE crustal structure; plate boundary structures and processes; continental structures; North America ID CENTRAL CALIFORNIA MARGIN; MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; COPPER RIVER BASIN; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; CHUGACH MOUNTAINS AB A comparison of the deep structure along nine recent transects the west margin of North America shows many important similarities and differences, Common tectonic elements identified in the deep structure along these transects include actively subducting oceanic crust, accreted oceanic/arc (or oceanic-like) lithosphere of Mesozoic through Cenozoic ages. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, Mesozoic accretionary prisms, backstops to the Mesozoic prisms, and undivided lower crust. Not all of these elements are present along all transects. In this study, nine transects, including four crossing subduction zones and five crossing transform faults, are plotted at the same scale and vertical exaggeration (V.E. 1:1), using the above scheme for identifying tectonic elements. The four subduction-zone transects contain actively subducting oceanic crust, Cenozoic accretionary prisms, and bodies of basaltic rocks accreted in the Cenozoic, including remnants of a large, oceanic plateau in the Oregon and Vancouver Island transects. Rocks of age and composition (Eocene basalt) similar to the oceanic plateau are currently subducting in southern Alaska, where they are doubled up on top of Pacific oceanic crust and have apparently created a giant asperity, or impediment to subduction. Most of the subduction-zone transects also contain Mesozoic accretionary prisms, and two of them, Vancouver Island and Alaska, also contain thick, tectonically underplated bodies of late Mesozoic/early Cenozoic oceanic lithosphere, interpreted as fragments of the extinct Kula plate. In the upper crust, most of the five transform-fault transects (all in California) reflect: (1) tectonic wedging of a Mesozoic accretionary prism into a backstop, which includes Mesozoic/early Cenozoic forearc rocks and Mesozoic ophiolitic/arc basement rocks; and (2) shuffling of the subduction margin of California by strike-slip faulting. In the lower crust, they may reflect migration of the Mendocino triple junction northward (seen in rocks east of the San Andreas fault) and cessation of Farallon-plate subduction (seen in rocks west of the San Andreas fault). In northern California, lower-crustal rocks east of the San Andreas fault have oceanic-crustal velocity and thickness and contain patches of high reflectivity. They may represent basaltic rocks magmatically underplated in the wake of the migration of the Mendocino triple junction, or they may represent stalled, subducted fragments of the Farallon/Gorda plate. The latter alternative does not fit the accepted 'slabless window' model for the migration of the triple junction. This lower-crustal layer and the Moho are offset at the San Andreas and Maacama faults. In central California, a similar lower-crustal layer is observed west of the San Andreas fault. West of the continental slope, it is Pacific oceanic crust, but beneath the continent it may represent either Pacific oceanic crust, stalled, subducted fragments (microplates) of the Farallon plate, or basaltic rocks magmatically underplated during subduction of the Pacific/Farallon ridge or during breakup of the subducted Farallon plate,The transect in southern California is only partly representative of regional structure, as the structure here is 3-dimensional. In the upper crust, a Mesozoic prism has been thrust beneath crystalline basement rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains and Mojave Desert. In the mid-crust, a bright reflective zone is interpreted asa possible 'master' decollement that can be traced from the fold-and-thrust belt of the Los Angeles basin northward to at least the San Andreas fault. A Moho depression beneath the San Gabriel Mountains is consistent with downwelling of lithospheric mantle beneath the Transverse Ranges that appears to be driving the compression across the Transverse Ranges and Los Angeles basin. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Fuis, GS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM fuis@andreas.wr.usgs.gov OI Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 53 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 30 PY 1998 VL 288 IS 1-4 BP 265 EP + DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZK172 UT WOS:000073292600021 ER PT J AU Bonn, BA AF Bonn, BA TI Polychlorinated dihenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentration profiles in sediment and fish tissue of the Willamette Basin, Oregon SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATED DIOXINS; PCDD; SOIL; DEPOSITION; PATTERNS; FURANS; RIVER; WATER; UK AB Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) are highly hydrophobic compounds that have been implicated as carcinogens and, more recently, as estrogen disrupters. An occurrence and distribution study of these compounds in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Bed sediment was collected from 22 sites; fish tissue was collected from eight sites. PCDD/F were found to be ubiquitous in Willamette Basin sediment. A distinct homolog profile, dominated by octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was observed in sediment throughout the basin. The PCDD homolog profile was consistent at all sites, regardless of total PCDD/F concentration, presence of point sources, subbasin size, geographic location or land use. Principal components analysis revealed a gradient among the homolog profiles that showed increasing dominance of highly chlorinated congeners where human and industrial activity increased. Tissue and bed sediment obtained from the same site did not have similar PCDD/F concentrations or homolog profiles. Fish tissue showed enrichment in less chlorinated congeners and congeners with chlorine substitutions in the 2, 3, 7 and 8 positions. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Bonn, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. EM babonn@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 6 BP 729 EP 735 DI 10.1021/es9706099 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZC377 UT WOS:000072571800001 ER PT J AU Malin, MC Carr, MH Danielson, GE Davies, ME Hartmann, WK Ingersoll, AP James, PB Masursky, H McEwen, AS Soderblom, LA Thomas, P Veverka, J Caplinger, MA Ravine, MA Soulanille, TA AF Malin, MC Carr, MH Danielson, GE Davies, ME Hartmann, WK Ingersoll, AP James, PB Masursky, H McEwen, AS Soderblom, LA Thomas, P Veverka, J Caplinger, MA Ravine, MA Soulanille, TA TI Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars orbiter camera of Mars global surveyor SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH POLAR-CAP; VALLES-MARINERIS; LAYERED DEPOSITS; RESOLUTION; VOLCANISM; REGIONS; ORIGIN; VIKING; WATER; DUNES AB High-resolution images of the martian surface at scales of a few meters show ubiquitous erosional and depositional eolian landforms. Dunes, sandsheets, and drifts are prevalent and exhibit a range of morphology, composition (inferred from albedo), and age (as seen in occurrences of different dune orientations at the same location). Steep walls of topographic depressions such as canyons, valleys, and impact craters show the martian crust to be stratified at scales of a few tens of meters. The south polar layered terrain and superposed permanent ice cap display diverse surface textures that may reflect the complex interplay of volatile and non-volatile components, Low resolution regional views of the planet provide synoptic observations of polar cap retreat, condensate clouds, and the lifecycle of local and regional dust storms. C1 Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Rand Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Prama Corp, Pasadena, CA 91116 USA. RP Malin, MC (reprint author), Malin Space Sci Syst, POB 910148, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. NR 47 TC 171 Z9 171 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 13 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5357 BP 1681 EP 1685 DI 10.1126/science.279.5357.1681 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZB612 UT WOS:000072490000045 PM 9497280 ER PT J AU Christensen, PR Anderson, DL Chase, SC Clancy, RT Clark, RN Conrath, BJ Kieffer, HH Kuzmin, RO Malin, MC Pearl, JC Roush, TL AF Christensen, PR Anderson, DL Chase, SC Clancy, RT Clark, RN Conrath, BJ Kieffer, HH Kuzmin, RO Malin, MC Pearl, JC Roush, TL TI Results from the Mars global surveyor thermal emission spectrometer SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GREAT DUST STORMS; SOUTH POLAR-CAP; SNC METEORITES; ATMOSPHERE; VIKING; CLOUDS AB The Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra of low albedo surface materials suggests that a four to one mixture of pyroxene to plagioclase, together with about a 35 percent dust component provides the best fit to the spectrum. Qualitative upper limits can be placed on the concentration of carbonates (<10 percent), olivine (<10 percent), clay minerals (<20 percent), and quartz (<5 percent) in the limited regions observed. Limb observations in the northern hemisphere reveal low-lying dust hazes and detached water-ice clouds at altitudes up to 55 kilometers. At an aerocentric longitude of 224 degrees a major dust storm developed in the Noachis Terra region, The south polar cap retreat was similar to that observed by Viking. C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Colorado, Goleta, CA 93017 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. VI Vernadskii Inst Geochem & Analyt Chem, Moscow 117975, Russia. Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Santa Barbara Remote Sensing, Goleta, CA 93017 USA. RP Christensen, PR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM phil.christensen@asu.edu NR 30 TC 156 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 13 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5357 BP 1692 EP 1698 DI 10.1126/science.279.5357.1692 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZB612 UT WOS:000072490000047 PM 9497282 ER PT J AU Lockner, DA AF Lockner, DA TI A generalized law for brittle deformation of Westerly granite SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TIME-DEPENDENT SIMULATIONS; MULTIPLE-CRACK MODEL; STATIC FATIGUE; CONFINING PRESSURE; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; ROCK FRACTURE; STRESS; FRICTION; GROWTH; CREEP AB A semiempirical constitutive law is presented for the brittle deformation of intact Westerly granite. The law can be extended to larger displacements, dominated by localized deformation, by including a displacement-weakening break-down region terminating in a frictional sliding regime often described by a rate-and state-dependent constitutive law. The intact deformation law, based on an Arrhenius type rate equation, relates inelastic strain rate to confining pressure P-c, differential stress sigma(Delta), inelastic strain epsilon(i) and temperature T. The basic form of the law for deformation prior to fault nucleation is In (epsilon) over dot (i) = c - (E*/RT)+(sigma(Delta)/a sigma(0))sin(-alpha)(pi epsilon(i)/2 epsilon(0)) where sigma(0) and epsilon(0) are normalization constants (dependent on confining pressure), a is rate sensitivity of stress, and ais a shape parameter. At room temperature, eight experimentally determined coefficients are needed to fully describe the stress-strain-strain rate response for Westerly granite from initial loading to failure. Temperature dependence requires apparent activation energy (E* similar to 90 kJ/mol) and one additional experimentally determined coefficient. The similarity between the prefailure constitutive law for intact rock and the rate-and state-dependent friction laws for frictional sliding on fracture surfaces suggests a close connection between these brittle phenomena. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lockner, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM dlockner@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 54 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B3 BP 5107 EP 5123 DI 10.1029/97JB03211 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB383 UT WOS:000072466700015 ER PT J AU Klemperer, SL Mooney, WD AF Klemperer, SL Mooney, WD TI Special issue - Deep seismic profiling of the continents, I: General results and new methods - Preface SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Klemperer, SL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Klemperer, Simon/A-5919-2012 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 10 PY 1998 VL 286 IS 1-4 BP IX EP XIV DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00249-7 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZF890 UT WOS:000072943500001 ER PT J AU Ryberg, T Fuis, GS AF Ryberg, T Fuis, GS TI The San Gabriel mountains bright reflective zone: possible evidence of young mid-crustal thrust faulting in southern California SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Deep Seismic Profiling of the Continents CY SEP 12-15, 1996 CL ASILOMAR, CA SP Stanford Univ, US Geol Survey, Nat Sci Fdn, Refract Technol Inc, Int Assoc Seismol & Phys Earths Interior, Int Lithsphere Program, Amer Assoc Petr Geologists, Soc Explorat Geophysicists DE crystal structure; bright spot; San Andreas Fault Zone; brittle-ductile; transition; low-velocity zone; reflection seismics ID WHITTIER-NARROWS EARTHQUAKE; WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; SEISMOGRAMS; ATTENUATION; ROTATION; POLARITY; SECTION; BENEATH; AREA AB During the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE), a reflection/refraction survey was conducted along a line extending northeastward from Seal Beach, California, to the Mojave Desert, crossing the Los Angeles basin and San Gabriel Mountains. Shots and receivers were spaced most densely through the San Gabriel Mountains for the purpose of obtaining a combined reflection and refraction image of the crust in that area. A stack of common-midpoint (CMF) data reveals a bright reflective zone, 1-s thick, that dominates the stack and extends throughout most of the mid-crust of the San Gabriel Mountains. The top of this zone ranges in depth from 6 s (similar to 18-km depth) in the southern San Gabriel Mountains to 7.5 s (similar to 23-km depth) in the northern San Gabriel Mountains. The zone bends downward beneath the surface traces of the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults. It is brightest between these two faults, where it is given the name San Gabriel Mountains 'bright spot' (SGMBS), and becomes more poorly defined south of the San Gabriel fault and north of the San Andreas fault. The polarity of the seismic signal at the top of this zone is clearly negative, and our analysis suggests it represents a negative velocity step. The magnitude of the velocity step is approximately 1.7 km/s. In at least one location, an event with positive polarity can be observed 0.2 s beneath the top of this zone, indicating a thickness of the order of 500 m for the low-velocity zone at this location. Several factors combine to make the preferred interpretation of this bright reflective zone a young fault zone, possibly a 'master' decollement. (1) It represents a significant velocity reduction. If the rocks in this zone contain fluids, such a reduction could be caused by a differential change in fluid pressure between the caprock and the rocks in the SGMBS; near-lithostatic fluid pressure is required in the SGMBS, Such differential changes are believed to occur in the neighborhood of active fault zones, where 'fault-valve' action has been postulated. Less likely alternative explanations fur this velocity reduction include the presence of magma and a change in composition to serpentinite or metagraywacke. (2) It occurs at or near the brittle-ductile transition, at least in the southern San Gabriel Mountains, a possible zone of concentrated shear. (3) A thin reflection rising from its top in the southern San Gabriel Mountains projects to the hypocenter of the 1987 M 5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake, a blind thrust-fault earthquake with one focal plane subparallel to the reflection. Alternatively, one could argue that the bends or disruptions in the reflective zone seen at the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults are actually offsets and that the reflective zone is therefore an older feature, possibly an older fault zone. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM trond@gfz-potsdam.de RI Ryberg, Trond/H-4329-2013; OI Ryberg, Trond/0000-0001-7129-5596; Fuis, Gary/0000-0002-3078-1544 NR 39 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 EI 1879-3266 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 10 PY 1998 VL 286 IS 1-4 BP 31 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00253-9 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZF890 UT WOS:000072943500005 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Krouse, HR AF Coplen, TB Krouse, HR TI Sulphur isotope data consistency improved SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 4 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 8 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 5 PY 1998 VL 392 IS 6671 BP 32 EP 32 DI 10.1038/32080 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZA528 UT WOS:000072373000037 ER PT J AU Ryder, RT Burruss, RC Hatch, JR AF Ryder, RT Burruss, RC Hatch, JR TI Black shale source rocks and oil generation in the Cambrian and Ordovician of the central Appalachian basin, USA SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; MID-CONTINENT; ORIGIN; OHIO; VIRGINIA AB Nearly 600 million bbl of oil (MMBO) and 1 to 1.5 trillion ft(3) (tcf) Of gas have been produced from Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs (carbonate and sandstone) in the Ohio part of the Appalachian basin and on adjoining arches in Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario, Canada, Most of the oil and gas is concentrated in the giant Lima-Indiana field on the Findlay and Kankakee arches and in small fields distributed along the Knox unconformity. Based on new geochemical analyses of oils, potential source rocks, bitumen extracts, and previously published geochemical data, we conclude that the oils in both groups of fields originated from Middle and Upper Ordovician black shale (Utica and Antes shales) in the Appalachian basin, Moreover, we suggest that approximately 300 MMBO and many trillions of cubic feet of gas in the Lon er Silurian Clinton sands of eastern Ohio originated in these same source rocks. Oils from the Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs have similar saturated hydrocarbon compositions, biomarker distributions, and carbon isotope signatures, Regional variations in the oils are attributed to differences in thermal maturation rather than to differences in source, Total organic carbon content, genetic potential, regional extent, and bitumen extract geochemistry identify the black shale of the Utica and Antes shales as the most plausible source of the ails, Other Cambrian and Ordovician shale and carbonate units, such as the Wells Creek formation, which rests on the Knox unconformity, and the Rome Formation and Conasauga Group in the Rsme trough, are considered to be only local petroleum sources, T-max, CAI, and pyrolysis yields from drill-hole cuttings and core indicate that the Urica Shale in eastern and central Ohio is mature with respect to oil generation, Burial, thermal, and hydrocarbon-generation history models suggest that much of the oil was generated from the Utica-Antes source in the late Paleozoic during the Alleghanian orogeny. A pervasive fracture network controlled by basement tectonics aided in the distribution of oil from the source to the trap, This fracture network permitted oil to move laterally and stratigraphically downsection through eastward-dipping, impermeable carbonate sequences to carrier zones such as the Middle Ordovician Knox unconformity, and to reservoirs such as porous dolomite in the Middle Ordovician Trenton Limestone in the Lima-Indiana field, Some of the oil and gas from the Utica-Antes source escaped vertically through a partially fractured, leaky Upper Ordovician shale seal into widespread Lower Silurian sandstone reservoirs. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Ryder, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 62 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3 BP 412 EP 441 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZC489 UT WOS:000072584700003 ER PT J AU Morrison, AC Getis, A Santiago, M Rigau-Perez, JG Reiter, P AF Morrison, AC Getis, A Santiago, M Rigau-Perez, JG Reiter, P TI Exploratory space-time analysis of reported dengue cases during an outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico, 1991-1992 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; AEDES-AEGYPTI DIPTERA; 2ND-ORDER ANALYSIS; ANTIBODIES; PATTERNS; CULICIDAE; FAMILIES; MARKERS; VIRUSES; NUMBER AB The spatial and temporal distributions of dengue cases reported during a 1991-1992 outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico (population = 8,689), were studied by using a Geographic Information System. A total of 377 dengue cases were identified from a laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses on digital zoning and U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps. Weekly case maps were generated for the period between June and December 1991, when 94.2% of the dengue cases were reported. The temporal evolution of the epidemic was rapid, affecting a wide geographic area within seven weeks of the first reported cases of the season. Dengue cases were reported in 217 houses; of these 56 (25.8%) had between two and six reported cases. K-function analysis was used to characterize the spatial clustering patterns for all reported dengue cases (laboratory-positive and indeterminate) and laboratory-positive cases alone, while the Barton and David and Knox tests were used to characterize spatio-temporal attributes of dengue cases reported during the 1991-1992 outbreak. For both sets of data significant case clustering was identified within individual households over short periods of time (three days or less), but in general, the cases had spatial pattern characteristics much like the population pattern as a whole. The rapid temporal and spatial progress of the disease within the community suggests that control measures should be applied to the entire municipality, rather than to the areas immediately surrounding houses of reported cases. The potential for incorporating Geographic Information System technologies into a dengue surveillance system and the limitations of using surveillance data for spatial studies are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, 2 Calle Casia, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. NR 43 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 287 EP 298 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA ZF396 UT WOS:000072893300006 PM 9546405 ER PT J AU Peart, DB Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE Roth, DA Brinton, TI AF Peart, DB Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE Roth, DA Brinton, TI TI Re-evaluation and extension of the scope of elements in US Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Samples SO ANALYST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Geoanalysis 97 - 3rd International Conference on the Analysis of Geological and Environmental Materials CY JUN 01-05, 1997 CL VAIL, COLORADO DE reference materials; trace constituent analysis; inductively coupled plasma; emission spectrometry; mass spectrometry; cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY AB More than 100 US Geological Survey (USGS) Standard Reference Water Samples (SRWSs) were analyzed for numerous trace constituents, including Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, Te, TI, U, V, Zn and major elements (Ca, nag, Na, SiO2, SO4, CI) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. In addition, 15 USGS SRWSs and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (SRM) 1641b were analyzed for mercury using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Also USGS SRWS Hg-7 was analyzed using isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results were compared with the reported certified values of the following standard reference materials: NIST SRM 1643a, 1643b, 1643c and 1643d and National Research Council of Canada Riverine Water Reference Materials for Trace Metals SLRS-1, SLRS-2 and SLRS-3. New concentration values for trace and major elements in the SRWSs, traceable to the certified standards, are reported. Additional concentration values are reported for elements that were neither previously published for the SRWSs nor traceable to the certified reference materials. Robust statistical procedures were used that were insensitive to outliers. These data can be used for quality assurance/quality control purposes in analytical laboratories. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Taylor, HE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD MAR PY 1998 VL 123 IS 3 BP 455 EP 476 DI 10.1039/a706350d PG 22 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZC928 UT WOS:000072633100009 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Barrows, EM Perry, SA AF Griffith, MB Barrows, EM Perry, SA TI Lateral dispersal of adult aquatic insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera) following emergence from headwater streams in forested Appalachian catchments SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Plecoptera; Trichoptera; adults; dispersal; distances; headwater streams ID MONONGAHELA-NATIONAL-FOREST; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; SONORAN DESERT STREAM; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; WEST-VIRGINIA; MACROINVERTEBRATES; DIFLUBENZURON; LIMNEPHILIDAE; COLONIZATION; MOVEMENTS AB We monitored the lateral dispersal of adult Plecoptera and Trichoptera following emergence from 4 headwater streams that drain adjoining forested catchments on the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia We assessed these dispersal distances to examine the lateral distance traveled by particular taxa and the variation in these distances among streams. The number of adults captured decreased with distance from a stream for 16 of the 17 more common plecopteran and trichopteran taxa The 16 tara had mean maximal lateral dispersal distances of from 44.1 m for Homoplectra monticola (Flint) to 81.4 m for Leuctra spp. These distances are generally < 1/2 the median distance of 301 m between adjacent headwater streams in this region. This suggests that direct lateral dispersal of adults among headwater streams may be relatively uncommon for many species. C1 W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Lab Entomol & Anim Behav, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, POB 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 30 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 22 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 91 IS 2 BP 195 EP 201 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZT606 UT WOS:000074104700009 ER PT J AU Larson, GL Buktenica, MW AF Larson, GL Buktenica, MW TI Variability of Secchi disk readings in an exceptionally clear and deep caldera lake SO ARCHIV FUR HYDROBIOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID WATERS AB The variability of Secchi disk readings was explored in Crater Lake, an exceptionally clear and deep subalpine caldera lake. The primary objective was to document summer monthly and annual variability in Secchi disk readings, and variation caused by observers, disk size, and surface condition of the lake. An additional objective was to determine differences between descending and ascending disk readings (the averages of the two readings representing the disk readings) relative to the depth of the Secchi disk readings, lake surface conditions, and disk size. Secchi disk data were collected from June through September, 1978-1995. Secchi disk depths typically were in the high 20- to low 30-m range. Secchi disk readings were deepest in June and shallowest in August. Average monthly disk readings exhibited considerable variation among years (9.4 m in June, 13.4 m in July, 13.0 m in August, and 8.2 m in September). On average, variation in Secchi disk readings among observers was Im or less. When the lake surface was calm and skies were clear or had high haze, differences between descending and ascending observations decreased slightly with increased disk depth. Waves from tour boats, drips of water from the research vessel, and wind generated ripples and chop decreased disk readings as much as 5 m relative to readings recorded when the lake surface was calm. Clarity readings using a 100-cm disk were 7.0 m deeper than were 20-cm disk readings. Documentation of the extensive variation in Secchi disk clarity is needed to determine "normal" conditions and to judge the long-term status and trends of lake clarity. Furthermore, documenting the variation caused by slightly disturbed lake surface conditions relative to calm surface conditions and among trained observers ensures consistent interpretation of the long-term data base. C1 Oregon State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Crater Lake Natl Pk, Natl Pk Serv, Crater Lake, OR 97604 USA. RP Larson, GL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGS PI STUTTGART PA NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0003-9136 J9 ARCH HYDROBIOL JI Arch. Hydrobiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 141 IS 4 BP 377 EP 388 PG 12 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZG270 UT WOS:000072984200001 ER PT J AU Landa, ER Reimnitz, E Beals, DM Pochkowski, JM Winn, WG Rigor, I AF Landa, ER Reimnitz, E Beals, DM Pochkowski, JM Winn, WG Rigor, I TI Transport of Cs-137 and Pu-239,Pu-240 with ice-rafted debris in the Arctic Ocean SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE sea ice; ice-rafted debris; radionuclides; cesium-137; plutonium ID FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENT; MARINE SAMPLES; SEA-ICE; PLUTONIUM; RADIONUCLIDES; CESIUM-137; ELEMENTS; ALASKA; PU-239 AB Ice rafting is the dominant mechanism responsible for the transport of fine-grained sediments from coastal zones to the deep Arctic Basin. Therefore, the drift of ice-rafted debris (IRD) could be a significant transport mechanism from the shelf to the deep basin for radionuclides originating from nuclear fuel cycle activities and released to coastal Arctic regions of the former Soviet Union. In this study, 28 samples of IRD collected from the Arctic ice pack during expeditions in 1989-95 were analyzed for Cs-137 by gamma spectrometry and for Pu-239 and Pu-240 by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Cs-137 concentrations in the IRD ranged from less than 0.2 to 78 Bq . kg(-1) (dry weight basis). The two samples with the highest Cs-137 concentrations were collected in the vicinity of Franz Josef Land, and their backward trajectories suggest origins in the Kara Sea. Among the lowest Cs-137 values are seven measured on sediments entrained on the North American shelf in 1989 and 1995, and sampled on the shelf less than six months later. Concentrations of Pu-239 + Pu-240 ranged from about 0.02 to 1.8 Bq . kg(-1). The two highest values came from samples collected in the central Canada Basin and near Spitsbergen; calculated backward trajectories suggest at least 14 years of circulation in the Canada Basin in the former case, and an origin near Severnaya Zemlya (at the Kara Sea/Laptev Sea boundary) in the latter case. While most of the IRD samples showed Pu-240/Pu-239 ratios near the mean global fallout value of 0.185, five of the samples had lower ratios, in the 0.119 to 0.166 range, indicative of mixtures of Pu from fallout and from the reprocessing of weapons-grade Pu. The backward trajectories of these five samples suggest origins in the Kara Sea or near Severnaya Zemlya. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Environm Technol Sect, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Landa, ER (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 61 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1 BP 27 EP 39 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA ZF988 UT WOS:000072953300005 ER PT J AU Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Cleckner, LB Olson, ML Aiken, GR Rawlik, PS AF Hurley, JP Krabbenhoft, DP Cleckner, LB Olson, ML Aiken, GR Rawlik, PS TI System controls on the aqueous distribution of mercury in the northern Florida Everglades SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS DE aqueous mercury species; bioaccumulation; methyl mercury; marshes; wetland systems ID CONSERVATION AREA 2A; METHYL MERCURY; SUB-NANOGRAM; WATER; ECOSYSTEMS; WISCONSIN; CHROMATOGRAPHY; NUTRIENTS; LEVEL; LAKES AB The forms and partitioning of aqueous mercury species in the canals and marshes of the Northern Florida Everglades exhibit strong spatial and temporal variability. In canals feeding Water Conservation Area (WCA) 2A, unfiltered total Hg (HgTu) is less than 3 ng L-1 and relatively constant. In contrast, methyl mercury (MeHg) exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with highest levels entering WCA-2A marshes during July. Stagnation and reduced flows also lead to particle enrichment of MeHg. In the marshes of WCA-2A, 2B and 3A, HgTu is usually <5 ng L-1 with no consistent north-south patterns. However, for individual dates, aqueous unfiltered MeHg (MeHgu) levels increase from north to south with generally lowest levels in the eutrophied regions of northern WCA-2A. A strong relationship between filtered Hg species and dissolved organic carbon (DOG), evident for rivers draining wetlands in Wisconsin, was not apparent in the Everglades, suggesting either differences in the binding sites of DOC between the two regions, or non-organic Hg complexation in the Everglades. C1 Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53176 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53719 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. RP Hurley, JP (reprint author), Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, 1350 Femrite Dr, Monona, WI 53176 USA. EM hurley@engr.wisc.edu RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 37 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2-3 BP 293 EP 310 DI 10.1023/A:1005928927272 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA ZB772 UT WOS:000072506500016 ER PT J AU Krabbenhoft, DP Hurley, JP Olson, ML Cleckner, LB AF Krabbenhoft, DP Hurley, JP Olson, ML Cleckner, LB TI Diel variability of mercury phase and species distributions in the Florida Everglades SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS DE diel variability; Everglades; mercury cycling; methyl mercury; photochemical processes ID FAMS PROJECT 1992-1994; GASEOUS MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY; WATERS; LAKE AB Preliminary studies of mercury (Hg) cycling in the Everglades revealed that dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM), total mercury (Hg-T), and reactive mercury (Hg-R) show reproducible, diel trends. Peak water-column DGM concentrations were observed on or about noon, with a 3 to 7 fold increase over night-time concentrations. Production of DGM appears to cease during dark periods, with nearly constant water column concentrations that were at or near saturation with respect to the overlying air. A simple mass balance shows that the flux of Hg to the atmosphere from diel DGM production and evasion represents about 10% of the annual input from atmospheric deposition. Production of DGM is likely the result of an indirect photolysis reaction that involves the production of reductive species and/or reduction by electron transfer. Diel variability in Hg-T and Hg-R appears to be controlled by two factors: inputs from rainfall and photolytic sorption/desorption processes. PI possible mechanism involves photolysis of chromophores on the surface of a solid substrate (e.g., the periphyton mat) giving rise to destabilization of sorbed mercury and net desorption during daylight. At night, the sorption reactions predominate and the water-column Hg-T decreases. Methylmercury (MeHg) also showed diel trends in concentration but were not clearly linked to the solar cycle or rainfall at the study site. C1 US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53719 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Reosurces, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53176 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Krabbenhoft, DP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6417 Normandy Lane, Madison, WI 53719 USA. RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 26 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2-3 BP 311 EP 325 DI 10.1023/A:1005938607225 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA ZB772 UT WOS:000072506500017 ER PT J AU Cleckner, LB Garrison, PJ Hurley, JP Olson, ML Krabbenhoft, DP AF Cleckner, LB Garrison, PJ Hurley, JP Olson, ML Krabbenhoft, DP TI Trophic transfer of methyl mercury in the northern Florida Everglades SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP Aluminium Co Amer (ALCOA), BSL Olefinverbund GMBH, City Hamburg, Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Elect Power Res Inst, Environm Canada, AES, European Commiss, SM&T, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Frontier Geosci, USA, GKSS Res Ctr, Hlth Canada, MSB, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US DOE, US EPA, Verein Freunde Forderer GKSS DE Everglades; Hg transfer; methyl mercury; periphyton ID LAKES; METHYLMERCURY; ACCUMULATION; ECOSYSTEM; CANADA AB There are spatial differences in methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in biota in Water Conservation Areas 2 and 3 in the Everglades, with higher concentrations generally found in the southern areas. Fish and hemipterans had the most MeHg on a wet weight basis, with levels exceeding 30 ng g(-1). The magnitude of MeHg accumulation in biota varies seasonally and does not always appear to be associated with changes in water column concentration. This is exemplified by periphyton, the base of the foodweb in the Everglades, at a high nutrient sampling site. Although limited in scope, MeHg concentrations presented for biota provide insight into beginning to understand the dynamic nature of Hg transfer in the Everglades foodweb on a spatial and temporal basis. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Integrated Sci Serv, Monona, WI 53716 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Madison, WI 53719 USA. RP Cleckner, LB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Water Chem Program, 660 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM cleckner@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 36 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2-3 BP 347 EP 361 DI 10.1023/A:1005918101773 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA ZB772 UT WOS:000072506500019 ER PT J AU Vilella, FJ AF Vilella, FJ TI Biology of the mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) in a rain forest of Puerto Rico SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE Anolis; Herpestes javanicus; mongoose; Moraceae; Puerto Rico; rain forest; Scolopendra AB Ecological aspects of the mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) were studied in the Luquillo Mountains, a rain forest region in eastern Puerto Rico. Information was obtained by removal trapping of mongoose from grids placed in tree plantations, colorado and tabonuco forests. Trapping efficiency was two mongoose per 100 trap-days, suggesting mongoose abundance is low in wet montane forests of Puerto Rico. Sex ratio was biased (2.6:1) in favor of males. Body masses of male mongoose inhabiting rain forests of the Luquillo Mountains were larger than those in dry forests at Guanica (P < 0.0001). Stomach contents from 18 mongoose were examined, animal matter comprised 75 percent of the total food items encountered. Of these, 33 percent were from vertebrates. The food items most frequently encountered were lizards (Anolis spp.), centipedes (Scolopendra spp.), and cockroaches (Blatellidae). C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Puerto Rican Parrot Field Off, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. RP Vilella, FJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mail Stop 9691, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD MAR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00374.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZG159 UT WOS:000072972300011 ER PT J AU Howell, JA Barrett, RH AF Howell, JA Barrett, RH TI California wildlife habitat relationships system: A test in coastal scrub and annual grassland habitats SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AB We tested predictions of the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (CWHR) System in coastal scrub and annual grassland. We detected a total of 28 species of terrestrial vertebrates: 18 mammals, 9 reptiles, and 1 amphibian. The CWHR System prediction omitted 4 of these species: 3 domestic mammals and 1 reptile. For the 2 habitats combined, CWHR predicted a total of 38 species: 23 mammals, 13 reptiles, and 2 amphibians. We detected 64% of these predicted grassland species and 71% of predicted coastal scrub species. For the habitats combined, we detected 65% of the species predicted to be present by the CWHR System. We detected 68% of the mammals, 62% of the reptiles, and 50% of the amphibians predicted for these habitats. The CWHR System theoretically predicts absence rather than presence, since it is assumed that all 288 regularly occurring mammals, reptiles, and amphibians occur anywhere unless one can argue that a specific habitat, location, or habitat element is not available. By including predictions of species absence in the assessment of model performance, observed accuracy of the CWHR model predictions increased to 96% for both habitats. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Golden Gate Field Stn, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. RP Howell, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Golden Gate Field Stn, Ft Cronkhite,Bldg 1063, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SPR PY 1998 VL 84 IS 2 BP 74 EP 87 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 141NM UT WOS:000077150100002 ER PT J AU Reinert, TR Wallin, J Griffin, MC Conroy, MJ Van den Avyle, MJ AF Reinert, TR Wallin, J Griffin, MC Conroy, MJ Van den Avyle, MJ TI Long-term retention and detection of oxytetracycline marks applied to hatchery-reared larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GROWTH INCREMENTS; OTOLITHS; TETRACYCLINE; IMMERSION; FISH; VALIDATION; AURATUS; RATES AB Hatchery-reared larval striped bass, Mot-one saxatilis, destined for stocking in the Savannah River, Georgia, were immersed in oxytetracycline (OTC) to mark bony structures for later identification. Approximately 170000 of these fish were raised to larger sizes and tagged with micromagnetic coded-wire tags (CWT). Recaptures of OTC-marked (OTC only) and marked and tagged (OTC and CWT) fish allowed us to determine retention of the OTC mark in otoliths to 3 years of age and to evaluate reader ability to detect those marks. The estimated retention rate was 80.2% for the first year, with no detectable change in additional years. Detection of OTC was age independent and estimated at 72.6% when one otolith was examined versus 92.5% when both otoliths were examined. Only 74.2% (retention x detection) of recaptures in this study would have been correctly identified as stocked fish if OTC alone was used as the marking method. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Georgia Coopeart Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Reinert, TR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Georgia Coopeart Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM treinert@smokey.forestry.uga.edu NR 30 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 55 IS 3 BP 539 EP 543 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-3-539 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZR921 UT WOS:000074029600001 ER PT J AU Barbin, GP AF Barbin, GP TI The role of olfaction in homing and estuarine migratory behavior of yellow-phase American eels SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ANGUILLA-ANGUILLA L; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; GLASS-EELS; WATER ODOR; SALMON; ROSTRATA; RESPONSES; FISHES; TROUT AB The role of olfaction in homing migrations of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) was examined in the Penobscot Estuary, Maine, U.S.A. Ultrasonic telemetry was used to track continuously (65 +/- 12 h) 16 yellow eels displaced from a capture site. Four eels were not treated, eight rendered anosmic, and four rendered partially anosmic. All normal, only three anosmic, and two partially anosmic eels homed. Normal eels expressed a singular behavioral pattern, selective tidal stream transport (STST). STST was also displayed by three anosmic eels and one partially anosmic eel. Three alternative behavioral patterns ("sporadic vertical excursions," "sloshing," and "directed swimming") were displayed by the remainder of the anosmic and partially anosmic eels. Eels that displayed STST used the water column differently (moving at depths shallower than the thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline) from those that displayed other behaviors. Olfaction seems to be important for discrimination of the appropriate tide for transport and location of a home site but is not the only orientational mechanism used in estuaries. Mechanisms used to detect rates of change of water mass characteristics are probably important for guidance of estuarine migrations. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Barbin, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, 1 Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 29 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 55 IS 3 BP 564 EP 575 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-3-564 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZR921 UT WOS:000074029600004 ER PT J AU Dittman, AH Brown, GS Foote, CJ AF Dittman, AH Brown, GS Foote, CJ TI The role of chemoreception in salmon-egg predation by coastrange (Cottus aleuticus) and slimy (C-cognatus) sculpins in Iliamna Lake, Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; MOTTLED SCULPIN; SOCKEYE-SALMON; REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR; ARCTIC LAKE; BAIRDI; CUES; SUBSTRATE; COTTIDAE; SIZE AB Egg predation by coastrange sculpins (Cottus aleuticus) and slimy sculpins (C. cognatus) may be a major factor affecting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) production in Iliamna Lake, Alaska. In this study, we examined the potential roles of visual and chemosensory cues in egg predation by sculpins. A field study tested whether sculpins were differentially attracted to minnow traps baited with eggs that were (i) visible with no odours present, (ii) visible with odours present, or (iii) not visible with odours present. Our results indicated that sculpins do not require visual cues for detecting salmon eg: However, attraction to sockeye eggs did require chemical cues emanating from the eggs. To characterize the chemical attractants that emanate from salmon eggs, we tested whether sculpins were attracted to test odours in a two-choice maze. Test odours were prepared by soaking eggs in lake water. Sculpins preferred egg wash to lake water but demonstrated no attraction to ovarian fluid versus lake water, suggesting that the attractive substances are derived directly from egg material. These results are discussed in relation to the known sensory mechanisms involved in feeding by sculpins as well as to the ecological relationship between spawning sockeye salmon and sculpins. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US Geol Survey, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Dittman, AH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 269 Life Sci Addit, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 49 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 76 IS 3 BP 406 EP 413 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZZ342 UT WOS:000074719800003 ER PT J AU Nelson, ME AF Nelson, ME TI Development of migratory behavior in northern white-tailed deer SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA; MULE DEER; MOVEMENTS AB examined the development of migratory behavior in northern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 1975 to 1996 by radio-tracking adult females and their fawns. Of 40 migratory fawns with radio-collared mothers, all returned from winter ranges to their mothers' summer ranges, as did 36 fawns with unknown mothers. Of 1.5- to 3.0-year-old daughters with radio-collared mothers, 67-80% continued migrating with mothers to their traditional summer ranges. Eighty-four percent (16/19) of yearling dispersers continued migratory behavior after replacing their natal summer ranges with their dispersal ranges, and 88% (14/16) of these continued migrating to their natal winter ranges, some through at least 6.5 years of age. Twenty percent (4/20) of nonmigratory fawns dispersed as yearlings, and two became migratory between their dispersal summer ranges and new winter ranges, one through 4.9 years of age and another through 6.5 years. Seven fawns changed their movement behavior from migratory to nonmigratory or vice versa as yearlings or when older, indicating that migratory behavior is not under rigid genetic control. Thus, the adaptiveness of migration must depend upon natural selection operating upon varying capacities and propensities to learn and mimic long-distance movements and not upon migratory behavior directly. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Nelson, ME (reprint author), Kawishiwi Field Lab, SR 1,Box 7200, Ely, MN 55731 USA. NR 30 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 19 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 76 IS 3 BP 426 EP 432 DI 10.1139/cjz-76-3-426 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZZ342 UT WOS:000074719800006 ER PT J AU Xu, JP AF Xu, JP TI Wave-current bottom shear stresses and sediment resuspension in Cleveland Bay, Australia, by Lou and Ridd: Comments SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Xu, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jpx@octopus.wr.usgs.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0378-3839(97)00035-5 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA ZT733 UT WOS:000074119700004 ER PT J AU Giuliano, WM Patino, R Lutz, RS AF Giuliano, WM Patino, R Lutz, RS TI Comparative reproductive and physiological responses of northern bobwhite and scaled quail to water deprivation SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body mass; kidney mass; northern bobwhite; osmoregulation; physiology; quail; reproduction; scaled quail; water deprivation ID EGG SIZE; SURVIVAL AB We compared reproductive and physiological responses of captive female northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) under control and water deprivation conditions. Scaled quail required less food and water to reproduce successfully under control conditions than northern bobwhite. Additionally, in scaled quail, serum osmolality levels and kidney mass were unaffected by water deprivation, whereas in northern bobwhite, serum osmolality levels increased and kidney mass declined. This finding indicates that scaled quail may have osmoregulatory abilities superior to those of northern bobwhite. Under control conditions, northern bobwhite gained more body mass and produced more but smaller eggs than scaled quail. Under water deprivation conditions, northern bobwhite lost more body mass but had more laying hens with a higher rate of egg production than scaled quail. Our data suggest that northern bobwhite allocated more resources to reproduction than to body maintenance, while scaled quail apparently forego reproduction in favor of body maintenance during water deprivation conditions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, US Geol Survey, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range & Wildlife Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Giuliano, WM (reprint author), Calif Univ Penn, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, 250 Univ Ave, California, PA 15419 USA. EM giuliano@cup.edu NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 119 IS 3 BP 781 EP 786 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(98)01015-0 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA ZL231 UT WOS:000073411900017 ER PT J AU Wagner, TP Clague, DA Hauri, EH Grove, TL AF Wagner, TP Clague, DA Hauri, EH Grove, TL TI Trace element abundances of high-MgO glasses from Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala volcanoes, Hawaii SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OCEANIC BASALTS; MAGMA SOURCES; MANTLE; ORIGIN; CONSTRAINTS; RIDGE; PB; GEOCHEMISTRY; PETROGENESIS; GRENADA AB We performed an ion-microprobe study of eleven high-MgO (6.7-14.8 wt%) tholeiite glasses from the Hawaiian volcanoes Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala. We determined the rare earth (RE), high field strength, and other selected trace element abundances of these glasses, and used the data to establish their relationship to typical Hawaiian shield tholeiite and to infer characteristics of their source. The glasses have trace element abundance characteristics generally similar to those of typical shield tholeiites, e.g. L(light)REE/ H(heavy)REE(Cl) > 1. The Kilauea and Mauna Loa glasses, however, display trace and major element characteristics that cross geochemical discriminants observed between Kilauea and Mauna Loa shield lavas. The glasses contain a blend of these discriminating chemical characteristics. and are not exactly like the typical shield lavas from either volcano. The production of these hybrid magmas likely requires a complexly zoned source, rather than two unique sources. When corrected for olivine fractionation, the glass data show correlations between CaO concentration and incompatible trace element abundances? indicating that CaO may behave incompatibly during melting of the tholeiite source. Furthermore, the tholeiite source must contain residual garnet and clinopyroxene to account for the variation in trace element abundances of the Kilauea glasses. Inversion modeling indicates that the Kilauea source is flat relative to Cl chondrites, and has a higher bulk distribution coefficient for the HREE than the LREE. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Hawaiian Volcano Observ, USGS, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Wagner, TP (reprint author), Univ Papua New Guinea, Dept Geol, Box 414 Univ PO,NCD, Port Moresby, Papua N Guinea. EM 100253.1545@compuserve.com RI Grove, Timothy/M-9638-2013; Facility, NENIMF/B-8811-2015 OI Grove, Timothy/0000-0003-0628-1969; NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 131 IS 1 BP 13 EP 21 DI 10.1007/s004100050375 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA ZG560 UT WOS:000073015900002 ER PT J AU Silva, E AF Silva, E TI Copper - Good fundamentals, but a very low price SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Int Magnesium Assn, Mclean, VA USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. HSBC Secur, New York, NY USA. Fordham Univ, Ind Econ Res Inst, Bronx, NY 10458 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACLEAN HUNTER PUBLISHING CORP PI CHICAGO PA 29 NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, IL 60606 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 199 IS 3 BP 34 EP 78 PG 45 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA ZD101 UT WOS:000072651500011 ER PT J AU Haig, SM AF Haig, SM TI Molecular contributions to conservation SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE conservation genetics; genetic diversity; microsatellites; mitochondrial DNA; molecular ecology; PCR (polymerase chain reaction) ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA POLYMORPHISM; POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE; CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMS; DUSKY SEASIDE SPARROW; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; NEW-ZEALAND; BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS AB Recent advances in molecular technology have opened a new chapter in species conservation efforts, as well as population biology. DNA sequencing, MHC (major histocompatibility complex), minisatellite, microsatellite, and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) procedures allow for identification of parentage, more distant relatives, founders to new populations, unidentified individuals, population structure, effective population size, population-specific markers, etc. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and other systems provide for more sophisticated analyses of metapopulation structure, hybridization events, and delineation of species, subspecies, and races, all of which aid in setting species recovery priorities. Each technique can be powerful in its own right but is most credible when used in conjunction with other molecular techniques and, most importantly, with ecological and demographic data collected from the field. Surprisingly few taxa of concern have been assayed with any molecular technique. Thus, rather than showcasing exhaustive details from a few well-known examples, this paper attempts to present a broad range of cases in which molecular techniques have been used to provide insight into conservation efforts. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Haig, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 114 TC 198 Z9 223 U1 8 U2 68 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 79 IS 2 BP 413 EP 425 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZA653 UT WOS:000072387600005 ER PT J AU Irons, DB AF Irons, DB TI Foraging area fidelity of individual seabirds in relation to tidal cycles and flock feeding SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Black-legged Kittiwakes; foraging behavior and area fidelity; foraging flocks; information transfer; parental care; Prince William Sound, Alaska; Rissa tridactyla; tidal cycles ID WANDERING ALBATROSSES; TRANSMITTER LOADS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; BREEDING-SEASON; BERING SEA; BIRDS; ASSEMBLAGES; ECOLOGY; ISLAND; GULLS AB I studied the foraging behavior of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) using radio transmitters, remote receiving stations, and a boat to track individuals. I tested the hypothesis that individual birds exhibit foraging area fidelity. I also investigated evidence for information transfer among birds and the role of tidal cycles in foraging behavior. Flight speed, feeding methods, chick growth rates, and hedging success were similar for radio-tagged birds and birds without radio-tags, suggesting that radio-tags had no significant effect. Birds made an average of two foraging trips per day for 13 d, during a spring and a neap tide series. Twenty-four of 26 birds returned repeatedly ((X) over bar = 19.2 trips) to particular areas to feed; these birds were considered faithful to a foraging area. During spring and neap tides, 17 and 14 birds, repsectively, times their foraging trips to coincide with daily tidal cycles. Foraging area fidelity indicates that kittiwakes learn and remember when and where to forage and therefore may gain local knowledge of their foraging area. Individuals possessing such knowledge may have an advantage over individuals without local knowledge. Foraging area fidelity in individuals indicates that information transfer among colonial seabirds may be less important than previously expected. Birds were selective in joining feeding flocks (13 of 35 flocks were joined). Those that were joined most often were large feeding flocks that occurred in the birds' preferred feeding areas. Birds often fed alone (n = 26 observations) rather than with feeding flocks (n = 9 observations). Individuals of a mated pair did not forage in the same area, suggesting that information transfer regarding foraging did not occur between mates. Some mates were unable to coordinate their tidally timed foraging with nesting activities, and chicks were left unattended, which may have reduced the number of chicks fledged. Such gaps in attendance may reflect why birds such as kittiwakes have delayed maturation and poor reprodctive success during the first few years of breeding. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Irons, DB (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 54 TC 124 Z9 128 U1 2 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 79 IS 2 BP 647 EP 655 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0647:FAFOIS]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZA653 UT WOS:000072387600023 ER PT J AU Richardson, WB Zigler, SJ Dewey, MR AF Richardson, WB Zigler, SJ Dewey, MR TI Bioenergetic relations in submerged aquatic vegetation: an experimental test of prey use by juvenile bluegills SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE bioenergetics; Vallisneria; vegetation; prey; bluegill ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; HABITAT USE; OVERWINTER MORTALITY; LARGEMOUTH BASS; BACKWATER LAKE; BODY SIZE; FISH; WISCONSIN; MACROPHYTE AB We experimentally tested the hypotheses that bluegills in vegetated habitats grow more rapidly than in nonvegetated habitats because (1) vegetated habitats contain a greater caloric density and (2) are less susceptible to energetic depletion. The 10-week experiment was conducted in enclosures containing factorial combinations of the presence or absence of Vallisneria americana and juvenile bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. After 6 weeks, Vallisneria-only treatments contained a mean of 1048 cal/m(2) in the benthos, whereas treatments with both Vallisneria and bluegills contained 610 cal/m(2). Hyalella azteca, a preferred prey of bluegill, were nearly depleted in nonvegetated enclosures, whereas Hyalella densities in enclosures with Vallisneria were much less effected by fish. Bluegill growth was significantly greater with Vallisneria than without but declining water temperatures after week 6 resulted in slower growth despite abundant prey. Ultimately, growth of bluegill resulted from an interaction between availability and ingestion of prey, and water temperature. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Richardson, WB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Zigler, Steven/0000-0002-4153-0652 NR 57 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1998.tb00167.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZB080 UT WOS:000072433300001 ER PT J AU Lambert, DD Foster, JG Frick, LR Ripley, EM Zientek, ML AF Lambert, DD Foster, JG Frick, LR Ripley, EM Zientek, ML TI Geodynamics of magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposits: New insights from the Re-Os isotope system SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS; RB-SR ISOTOPE; STILLWATER-COMPLEX; DULUTH COMPLEX; SM-ND; BUSHVELD COMPLEX; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS; VOLATILE TRANSPORT; LAYERED INTRUSIONS AB In this study, we reassess crustal contamination and sulfide ore-forming processes in some of the largest magmatic ore deposits, using published Re-Os isotope data and a modeling methodology that incorporates the R factor, defined as the effective mass of silicate magma with which a given mass of sulfide magma has equilibrated, in an Re-Os isotope mixing equation. We show that there is less disparity between conclusions based on Re-Os isotope data compared to other isotopic systems if the R factor is considered. Komatiite-associated Ni sulfide ore systems typically have high Os concentrations, low Re/Os ratios, and near-chondritic initial Os isotope compositions. For magmatic sulfide ores that are interpreted to have experienced relatively low A factors (less-than-500), such as those at Kambalda, this severely limits the amount of wholesale crustal contamination as well as selective contamination of komatiitic magma by sedimentary sulfide components. The Re-Os geochemistry of these ores is most consistent with derivation from uncontaminated komatiites unless A factors are much higher (greater-than-2,000). Sulfide saturation in these ore systems may, therefore, have been achieved via changes in intensive parameters of the komatiite lavas (cooling or decompression) or changes in compositional parameters transparent to the Re-Os isotope system (eg, f(o2)/f(s2)/f(H2o)) Basalt-gabbro-associated Cu-Ni sulfide ore systems at Duluth, Sudbury, and Stillwater are quite distinct from those at Kambalda by having comparatively low Os concentrations, high Re/Os ratios, and high initial Os isotope compositions. These chemical and isotopic characteristics are indicative of significant interactions between their parental basaltic magmas and old crust because there are no known mantle reservoirs with such extreme geochemical characteristics. Our modeling suggests that for Cu-Ni sulfide ores at Duluth, Sudbury, and Stillwater to maintain the observed high initial Os isotope compositions inherited from a crustal contaminant, R factors for these systems must have been low (less-than-10,000), consistent with their low metal concentrations. Thus, we interpret this style of base metal sulfide mineralization to be derived from crustally contaminated but less dynamic magmatic systems that did not permit extensive equilibration of sulfide magma with silicate magma. For basalt-gabbro-associated Cu-Ni-PGE-rich sulfide ore systems that have Re-Os geochemical characteristics more similar to those associated with komatiites, R factors must have been high (greater-than-or-equal-to-10,000 for Noril'sk-Talnakh and the J-M reef, Stillwater Complex). In these very dynamic magmatic ore systems, crustal contamination processes are more difficult to assess using Re-Os isotopes as the effects of contamination are masked by the R factor process in which sulfide magma equilibrates with extensive amounts of asthenospheric mantle-derived magma. Sulfide protore for these systems may, then, have been very-radiogenic and of crustal origin prior to R factor processes that occurred during transport in feeder conduits and in upper crustal magma chambers. This study, therefore, highlights the need for caution when interpreting the Re-Os isotope geochemistry of sulfide ores from dynamic magmatic systems. The results of our reinvestigation of these giant ore deposits suggest that geodynamic processes associated with large magmatic systems, including major lithospheric pathways to the surface, changes in flow regime, coupled magma flow-through and magma mixing (providing enhanced R factors), may be critical to our understanding of the emplacement, localization, and quality of magmatic sulfide deposits. Thus, the timing and exact mechanism of sulfide saturation may be subordinate to dynamic magmatic processes in die localization of economic concentrations of magmatic sulfides. C1 Monash Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Victorian Inst Earth & Planetary Sci, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Spokane, WA 99201 USA. RP Lambert, DD (reprint author), Monash Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Victorian Inst Earth & Planetary Sci, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. EM dlambert@earth.monash.edu.au NR 96 TC 59 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 14 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 93 IS 2 BP 121 EP 136 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZF321 UT WOS:000072885800001 ER PT J AU Force, ER AF Force, ER TI Laramide alteration of Proterozoic diabase: A likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the Dripping Spring mountains area, southeastern Arizona SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS AB Proterozoic diabase of the Dripping Spring range occurs as sills in the Proterozoic Apache Group and the Troy Quartzite and as intrusive sheets in basement rocks. The aggregate thickness of the diabase sills and intrusive sheets averages about 450 m in the part of the range showing little mid-Tertiary extension. Laramide alteration is of two types, dominated by chlorite and actinolite, respectively, and formed mostly from clinopyroxene. Actinolite-dominated assemblages are higher in Na and Ca. Hydrothermal biotite is common in the central areas of both alteration types. Laramide alteration forms two distribution patterns: a subequant pattern centered on Laramide intrusions and small porphyry deposits, characterized by actinolitic alteration, and a more extensive branching linear pattern that follows Laramide structures, centered on the larger Ray porphyry deposit, extending toward other Laramide districts and showing both alteration types. Alteration has apparently mobilized copper and other metals from diabase. The freshest diabase samples average about 120 ppm copper with little variation. In chloritic alteration, about 100 ppm of this copper is expelled in the most completely altered rocks. In actinolitic alteration, diabase may either gain or lose copper during alteration. Chloritic alteration constitutes roughly 70 percent of the diabase alteration in the study area, where alteration averages 41 percent complete. This implies liberation of about 9 x 10(6) tons (t) copper from diabase alteration, significantly less than the 16 x 10(6) t copper in Laramide mineral deposits of the superdistrict (Ray, Superior, Chilito, Christmas). However, diabase alteration may have been a significant component of the supply of copper to the Laramide mineral districts of the area. Synmineral magmatic sources of copper are not documented in this area. The distribution of Proterozoic diabase coincides with the central part of the southeastern Arizona copper province, which may thus owe much copper availability to an unusual abundance of diabase. However, many unanswered questions remain about metal supply from altering diabase. C1 Univ Arizona, Ctr Mineral Resources, US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Force, ER (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Ctr Mineral Resources, US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 51 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 93 IS 2 BP 171 EP 183 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZF321 UT WOS:000072885800003 ER PT J AU Stern, LA Kirby, SH Durham, WB AF Stern, LA Kirby, SH Durham, WB TI Polycrystalline methane hydrate: Synthesis from superheated ice, and low-temperature mechanical properties SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Division-of-Fuel-Chemistry Symposium on Gas Hydrates at the American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Fuel Chem ID WATER ICE; SYSTEM; FLOW AB We describe a new and efficient technique to grow aggregates of pure methane hydrate in quantities suitable for physical and material properties testing. Test specimens were grown under static conditions by combining cold, pressurized CH4 gas with granulated H2O ice, and then warming the reactants to promote the reaction CH4(g) + 6H(2)O(s --> 1) --> CH4 . 6H(2)O (methane hydrate). Hydrate formation evidently occurs at the nascent ice/liquid water interface on ice grain surfaces, and complete reaction was achieved by warming the system above the ice melting point and up to 290 K, at 25-30 MPa, for approximately 8 h. The resulting material is pure, cohesive, polycrystalline methane hydrate with controlled grain size and random orientation. Synthesis conditions placed the H2O ice well above its melting temperature while reaction progressed, yet samples and run records showed no evidence for bulk melting of the unreacted portions of ice grains. Control experiments using Ne, a non-hydrate-forming gas, showed that under otherwise identical conditions, the pressure reduction and latent heat associated with ice melting are easily detectable in our fabrication apparatus. These results suggest that under hydrate-forming conditions, H2O ice can persist metastably to temperatures well above its ordinary melting point while reacting to form hydrate. Direct observations of the hydrate growth process in a small, high-pressure optical cell verified these conclusions and revealed additional details of the hydrate growth process. Methane hydrate samples were then tested in constant-strain-rate deformation experiments at T = 140-200 K, P-c = 50-100 MPa, and (epsilon) over dot 10(-4)-10(-6) s(-1). Measurements in both the brittle and ductile fields showed that methane hydrate has measurably different strength than H2O ice, and work hardens to an unusually high degree compared to other ices as well as to most metals and ceramics at high homologous temperatures. This work hardening may be related to a changing stoichiometry under pressure during plastic deformation; X-ray analyses showed that methane hydrate undergoes a process of solid-state disproportionation or exsolution during deformation at conditions well within its conventional stability field. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Eaertquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stern, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Eaertquake Hazards Team, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM lstern@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov; skirby@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov; durham1@llnl.gov NR 28 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 201 EP 211 DI 10.1021/ef970167m PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZD102 UT WOS:000072651600004 ER PT J AU Reiter, LW DeRosa, C Kavlock, RJ Lucier, G Mac, MJ Melillo, J Melnick, RL Sinks, T Walton, BT AF Reiter, LW DeRosa, C Kavlock, RJ Lucier, G Mac, MJ Melillo, J Melnick, RL Sinks, T Walton, BT TI The US federal framework for research on endocrine disruptors and an analysis of research programs supported during fiscal year 1996 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE carcinogenicity; developmental toxicity; endocrine disruptor; immunotoxicity; neurotoxicity; risk assessment AB The potential health and ecological effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals has become a high visibility environmental issue. The 1990s have witnessed a growing concern, both on the part of the scientific community and the public, that environmental chemicals may be causing widespread effects in humans and in a variety of fish and wildlife species. This growing concern led the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) of the National Science and Technology Council to identify the endocrine disrupter issue as a major research initiative in early 1995 and subsequently establish an ad hoc Working Group on Endocrine Disrupters. The objectives of the working group are to 1) develop a planning framework for federal research related to human and ecological health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: 2) conduct an inventory of ongoing federal research programs; and 3) identify research gaps and develop a coordinated interagency plan to address priority research needs. This communication summarizes the activities of the federal government in defining a common framework for planning an endocrine disruptor research program and in assessing the status of the current effort. After developing the research framework and compiling an inventory of active research projects supported by the federal government in fiscal year 1996, the CENR working group evaluated the current federal effort by comparing the ongoing activities with the research needs identified in the framework The analysis showed that the federal government supports considerable research on human health effects, ecological effects, and exposure assessment, with a predominance of activity occurring under human health effects. The analysis also indicates that studies on reproductive development and carcinogenesis are more prevalent than studies on neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity, that mammals (mostly laboratory animals) are the main species under study, and that chlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls are the most commonly studied chemical classes. Comparison of the inventory with the research needs should allow identification of underrepresented research areas in need of attention. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Agcy Tox Substance & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Execut Off President, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC 20500 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reiter, LW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 106 IS 3 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106105 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110JX UT WOS:000075378600014 PM 9443998 ER PT J AU Ribic, CA Warner, RE Mankin, PC AF Ribic, CA Warner, RE Mankin, PC TI Changes in upland wildlife habitat on farmland in Illinois 1920-1987 SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE upland wildlife; habitat; agriculture; Illinois ID CONSERVATION; OHIO AB An index of upland wildlife habitat was developed to investigate patterns and changes in habitat over time, using four years (1920, 1940, 1964, 1987) and the state of Illinois as an example. The index was composed of two subdivisions that described, at the county level, the quantity of wildlife habitat and a third subdivision that described farming disturbances that impacted the quality of the habitat. Data came from the US Census of Agriculture. The first subdivision that reflected quantity of habitat was called the wildlife habitat subdivision and was the sum of percentage woodland on farms, percentage farmland in nonrow crops, and percentage farmland in set-aside programs. The second subdivision that reflected the quantity of habitat was termed the soil-related features subdivision and was the sum of the percentage of farmland that was not highly erodible, the percentage of farmland in soil-protecting crops, and the percentage of farmland in conservation tillage. The third subdivision, reflecting the quality of the habitat, was the farming disturbance subdivision and was the sum of the percentage of grazing and the percentage of land on which fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides were applied. Overall, major decreases occurred between 1920 and 1987 in the subdivisions reflecting the quantity of wildlife habitat and a major increase occurred in the subdivision associated with farming disturbance, reflecting the intensification of agriculture in the state. However, there was variability throughout the stale, with some counties being more favorable to wildlife (as measured by the subdivisions) than others. Most of the changes within the state for the subdivisions reflecting quantity of upland wildlife habitat occurred during 1940 while changes in the farming disturbance subdivision (reflecting habitat quality) occurred in 1964. By 1987, the western and southern parts of Illinois were the most favorable for wildlife as reflected in all three subdivisions. Upland wildlife harvest indices were related to the subdivisions in 1964 and 1987, when harvest indices were available. Cottontail and northern bobwhite harvests were higher in counties with higher amounts of the wildlife habitat subdivision in both years. Cottontail harvest was also higher in counties with lower levels of the farming disturbance subdivision in 1964 and higher levels of soil-related features subdivision in 1987. Indices at the county level have the potential to be used in a multiscale analysis to investigate the impact of policy changes on large-scale areas of the Midwest and to develop regional perspectives of the impacts of agriculture on upland wildlife and their habitats. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ribic, CA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, USGS, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 54 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2 BP 303 EP 313 DI 10.1007/s002679900106 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX163 UT WOS:000072012700014 ER PT J AU Hothem, RL Lonzarich, DG Takekawa, JE Ohlendorf, HM AF Hothem, RL Lonzarich, DG Takekawa, JE Ohlendorf, HM TI Contaminants in wintering canvasbacks and scaups from San Francisco Bay, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE canvasbacks; greater scaups; lesser scaups; metals; organochlorines; San Francisco Bay ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; MALLARD DUCKS; HEAVY-METALS; SELENIUM; BIRDS; ORGANOCHLORINES; BIOACCUMULATION; MORTALITY; RESIDUES; TISSUES AB Organochlorines, metals, and trace elements were measured in liver, kidney, or whole-body tissues of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), lesser scaups (A. affinis), and greater scaups (A. marila) collected from San Francisco Bay and three coastal areas of California during the winter of 1986-1987. Potentially toxic concentrations of mercury (mean less than or equal to 10.4 mu g/g, dry weight) and selenium (mean less than or equal to 32.7 mu g/g, dry weight) were found in Livers of scaups and canvasbacks from several San Francisco Bay sites. These elements varied spatially, temporally, and between species, with the highest concentrations found in late winter. Mean concentrations of mercury, selenium, and cadmium were generally higher in scaups than in canvasbacks. Of all the organochlorines included in the analyses, only p,p'-DDE and total PCBs were detected in all samples in this study. Mean whole-body concentrations of DDE and PCBs from San Francisco Bay ducks collected in late winter varied spatially and between species, but the concentrations were not considered toxic. Causes for inter-specific differences are unclear, but may be attributable to differences in diet, movement, or physiology. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Pacific Res Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hothem, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, WFCB, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div,Calif Sci Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 41 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 50 IS 1 BP 67 EP 84 DI 10.1023/A:1005759907211 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZA316 UT WOS:000072351300005 ER PT J AU Loague, K Corwin, DL Ellsworth, TR AF Loague, K Corwin, DL Ellsworth, TR TI The challenge of predicting nonpoint source pollution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER; ASSESSMENTS; HAWAII C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. USGS, Ctr Earth Sci Informat Res, Stanford, CA USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL USA. RP Loague, K (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 130A EP 133A PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YZ913 UT WOS:000072307100023 PM 21662151 ER PT J AU Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH AF Bradley, PM Chapelle, FH TI Effect of contaminant concentration on aerobic microbial mineralization of DCE and VC in stream-bed sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE AB Discharge of DCE and VC to an aerobic surface water system simultaneously represents a significant environmental concern and, potentially, a non-engineered opportunity for efficient contaminant bioremediation. The potential for bioremediation, however, depends on the ability of the stream-bed microbial community to efficiently and completely degrade DCE and VC over a range of contaminant concentrations. The purposes of the studies reported here were to assess the potential for aerobic DCE and VC mineralization by stream-bed microorganisms and to evaluate the effects of DCE and VC concentrations on the apparent rates of aerobic mineralization. Bed-sediment microorganisms indigenous to a creek, where DCE-contaminated groundwater continuously discharges, demonstrated rapid mineralization of DCE and VC under aerobic conditions. Over 8 days, the recovery of [1,2-(14)C]DCE radioactivity as (14)CO(2) ranged from 17% to 100%, and the recovery of [1,2-(14)C]VC radioactivity as (14)CO(2) ranged from 45% to 100%. Rates of DCE and VC mineralization increased significantly with increasing contaminant concentration, and the response of apparent mineralization rates to changes in DCE and VC concentrations was adequately described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Bradley, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM pbradley@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 553 EP 557 DI 10.1021/es970498d PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YZ913 UT WOS:000072307100026 ER PT J AU Kolpin, DW Barbash, JE Gilliom, RJ AF Kolpin, DW Barbash, JE Gilliom, RJ TI Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: Initial results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; ATRAZINE; HERBICIDES; DEGRADATION; ALACHLOR; IRRIGATION; TRANSPORT; PRODUCTS; SOIL AB The first phase of intensive data collection for the National Water-Ouality Assessment (NAWQA) was completed during 1993-1995 in 20 major hydrologic basins of the United States. Groundwater land-use studies, designed to sample recently recharged groundwater (generally within 10 years) beneath specific land-use and hydrogeologic settings, are a major component of the groundwater quality assessment for NAWQA. Pesticide results from the 41 land-use studies conducted during 1993-1995 indicate that pesticides were commonly detected in shallow groundwater, having been found at 54.4% of the 1034 sites sampled in agricultural and urban settings across the United States. Pesticide concentrations were generally low, with over 95% of the detections at concentrations less than 1 mu g/L. Of the 46 pesticide compounds examined, 39 were detected. The compounds detected most frequently were atrazine (38.2%), deethylatrazine (34.2%), simazine (18.0%), metolachlor (14.6%), and prometon (13.9%). Statistically significant relations were observed between frequencies of detection and the use, mobility, and persistence of these compounds. Pesticides were commonly detected in both agricultural (56.4%; 813 sites) and urban (46.6%; 221 sites) settings. Frequent detections of pesticides in urban areas indicate that, as is the case with agricultural pesticide use in agricultural areas, urban and suburban pesticide use significantly contribute to pesticide occurrence in shallow groundwater. Although pesticides were detected in groundwater sampled in urban areas and all nine of the agricultural land-use categories examined, significant variations in occurrence were observed among these categories. Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water were exceeded for only one pesticide (atrazine, 3 mu g/L) at a single location. However, MCLs have been established for only 25 of the 46 pesticide compounds examined, do not cover pesticide degradates, and, at present, do not take into account additive or synergistic effects of combinations of pesticide compounds or potential effects on nearby aquatic ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Kolpin, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 400 S Clinton St,Box 1230, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. NR 77 TC 200 Z9 205 U1 5 U2 53 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 5 BP 558 EP 566 DI 10.1021/es970412g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YZ913 UT WOS:000072307100027 ER PT J AU Crain, DA Guillette, LJ Pickford, DB Percival, HF Woodward, AR AF Crain, DA Guillette, LJ Pickford, DB Percival, HF Woodward, AR TI Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alligator; endocrine disruption; contaminants; steroid hormones; thyroid hormones ID KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; WHITE SUCKER; TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; REDUCTION; EMBRYOS; SIZE; PCBS AB Sex-steroid and thyroid hormones are critical regulators of growth and reproduction in all vertebrates, and several recent studies suggest that environmental chemicals can alter circulating concentrations of these hormones. This study examines plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (E-2), testosterone (T), triiodothyronine (T-3), and thyroxine (T-4) in juvenile alligators (60-140 cm total length) from two contaminated lakes and one reference lake in Florida. First, the data were analyzed by comparing hormone concentrations among males and females from the different lakes. Whereas there were no differences in plasma E-2 concentrations among animals of the three lakes, male alligators from the contaminated lakes (Lake Apopka and Lake Okeechobee) had significantly lower plasma T concentrations compared to males from the reference lake (Lake Woodruff). Concentrations of thyroid hormones also differed in animals of the three lakes. with T-4 concentrations being elevated in Lake Okeechobee males compared to Lake Woodruff males. Second, the relationship between body size and hormone concentration was examined using regression analysis. Most notably for steroid hormones, no clear relationship was detected between E-2 and total length in Apopka females (r(2) = 0.09, p = 0.54) or between T and total length in Apopka males (r(2) = 0.007, p = 0.75). Females from Apopka (r(2) = 0.318, p = 0.09) and Okeechobee (r(2) = 0.222, p = 0.09) exhibited weak correlations between T-3 and total length. Males from Apopka (r(2) = 0.015, p = 0.66) and Okeechobee (r(2) = 0.128, p = 0.19) showed no correlation between T-4 and total length. These results indicate: some of the previously reported abnormalities in steroid hormones of hatchling alligators persist, at least, through the juvenile years; steroid and thyroid hormones are related to body size in juvenile alligators from the reference lake, whereas alligators living in lakes Apopka and Okeechobee experience alterations in circulating thyroid and steroid hormones in relationship to body size; and a number of the hormone abnormalities reported previously for Lake Apopka alligators are observed in alligators from Lake Okeechobee-a lake associated with numerous contaminant sources but no major chemical spill. The endocrine alterations reported in this study are hypothesized to be a response to embryonic exposure to endocrine-disrupting contaminants. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commiss, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA. RP Crain, DA (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Pickford, Daniel/D-5391-2014 OI Pickford, Daniel/0000-0002-5778-4630 NR 45 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 17 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 446 EP 452 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0446:SSATHC>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500015 ER PT J AU Howe, GE Gillis, R Mowbray, RC AF Howe, GE Gillis, R Mowbray, RC TI Effect of chemical synergy and larval stage on the toxicity of atrazine and alachlor to amphibian larvae SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; alachlor; amphibians; toxicity; synergy ID UNITED-STATES; RISK ASSESSMENT; POPULATIONS; PESTICIDE; WATER; PERSPECTIVE; DECLINE AB We determined the acute toxicity of field-grade formulations of atrazine, alachlor, and a 50:50 mixture of the chemicals to early and late larval stages of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and American toads (Bufo americanus). We conducted identical tests with rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctalus) to compare their sensitivity as bioindicators. The acute toxicity (96-h median lethal concentrations [LC50s]) of herbicides to amphibian larvae ranged from 47.6 mg/L for early-stage R. pipiens exposed to atrazine to 3.3 mg/L for late-stage B. americanus exposed to alachlor. The toxicity of a 50:50 mixture of atrazine and alachlor after a 96-h exposure was greater than additive (chemical synergy present) for most species and life stages tested, with 96-h LC50s as low as 1.5 mg/L for late-stage B. americanus larvae. Older amphibian larvae appeared to be more sensitive than younger larvae for both species and chemicals tested. Overall, rainbow trout and channel catfish appeared to be less sensitive than amphibian larvae. The 96-h LC50s ranged from 23.8 mg/L for channel catfish exposed to atrazine to 9.1 mg/L for rainbow trout exposed to alachlor. A noteworthy sublethal effect observed in amphibian larvae exposed to atrazine was edema, probably caused by renal disfunction. Chronic predicted no-observed-effect concentrations (PNOECs) for lethality after a 30-d exposure were estimated from mortality data at 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h and found to be approximately 10- to 20-fold lower than 96-h LC50s. The calculated PNOECs are close enough to concentrations actually found in the environment to warrant concern and further tests. Additional research on environmental concentrations, chronic effects, and the effects of chemical synergy is needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn. Chemical synergy and life-stage sensitivity should be addressed to properly assess the toxicity of herbicides to nontarget organisms. C1 US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Howe, GE (reprint author), US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 40 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 17 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0519:EOCSAL>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YZ916 UT WOS:000072307500024 ER PT J AU Zielinski, RA Budahn, JR AF Zielinski, RA Budahn, JR TI Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry SO FUEL LA English DT Article DE radionuclide; fly ash; composition ID FUEL COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FIRED POWER-PLANT; TRACE-ELEMENTS; INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS; COAL; MOBILIZATION; EMANATION; IMPACT; RN AB Two radiation-based techniques for determining the distribution and relative abundance of radionuclides are described, and applied to a suite of fly ash and bottom ash samples from a Kentucky power plant. The technique of fission-track radiography provides new observations of the variety of uranium hosts and of uranium distribution in individual particles of fly ash, and thus aids prediction of the leachability of uranium during long-term disposal or utilization of fly ash. Uranium is largely dispersed within glassy components of fly ash particles and shows little evidence for obvious surface enrichment that could be attributed to secondary adsorption. The technique of low energy gamma-ray spectrometry provides simultaneous, non-destructive determination of the relative abundance of U-238, Ra-226, Ra-228 and Pb-210 in representative 150-250 g samples. The measurements provide a means for screening samples to determine if the combustion process causes significant preferential redistribution of radionuclides that could affect their subsequent mobility. Results indicate that radium isotopes are not significantly (within 10-15%) fractionated from parent Ru-238 and Th-232 during coal combustion. In contrast, Pb-210 appears to be preferentially enriched in some samples of fly ash, and depleted in bottom ash relative to U-238 and Ra-226. In this application Pb-210 acts as a tracer for elemental lead, and confirms the expected greater volatility of Pb compared to more refractory elements during coal combustion. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Zielinski, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD MAR PY 1998 VL 77 IS 4 BP 259 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00194-4 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA ZH972 UT WOS:000073166800005 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Ramendik, GI AF Coplen, TB Ramendik, GI TI Summary of the IUPAC recommendations for the publication of "delta" values for H, C, and O stable isotope ratios SO GEOKHIMIYA LA Russian DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NS Kurnakov Gen & Inorgan Chem Inst, Moscow 117907, Russia. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROSSIISKAYA AKADEMIYA NAUK PI MOSCOW PA SAVELEVSKII PER., 13 OCTOZHENKA, 119034 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0016-7525 J9 GEOKHIMIYA+ JI Geokhimiya PD MAR PY 1998 IS 3 BP 334 EP 336 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZJ974 UT WOS:000073272400012 ER PT J AU Izett, GA Cobban, WA Dalrymple, GB Obradovich, JD AF Izett, GA Cobban, WA Dalrymple, GB Obradovich, JD TI Ar-40/Ar-39 age of the Manson impact structure, Iowa, and correlative impact ejecta in the Crow Creek member of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), South Dakota and Nebraska SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID INTENSE WINTER STORMS; TERTIARY BOUNDARY; HUMMOCKY STRATIFICATION; TROPICAL HURRICANES; CHICXULUB CRATER; EVENT; HAITI; EXTINCTION; TEKTITES; GLASS AB A set of 34 laser total-fusion Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses of sanidine from a melt layer in crater-ill deposits of the Manson impact structure in Iowa has a weighted-mean age of 74.1 +/- 0.1 Ma, This age is about 9.0 m.y. older than Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of shocked microcline from the Manson impact structure reported previously by others. The 74.1 Ma age of the sanidine, which is a melt product of Precambrian microcline clasts, indicates that the Manson impact structure played no part in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction at 64.5 Ma, Moreover, incremental-heating Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of the sanidine show that it is essentially free of excess Ar-40 and has not been influenced by postcrystallization heating or alteration, An age spectrum of the matrix of the melt layer shows effects of Ar-39 recoil, including older ages in the low-temperature increments and younger ages in the high-temperature increments, At 17 places in eastern South Dakota and Nebraska, shocked quartz and feldspar grains are concentrated in the lower part of the Crow Creek Member of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), The grains are largest (3.2 mm) in southeastern South Dakota and decrease in size (0.45 mm) to the northwest, consistent with the idea that the Manson impact structure was their source, The ubiquitous presence of shocked grains concentrated in a thin calcarenite at the base of the Crow Creek Member suggests it is an event bed recording an instant of geologic time. Ammonites below and above the Crow Creek Member limit its age to the zone of Didymoceras nebrascense of earliest late Campanian age, Plagioclase from a bentonite bed in this zone in Colorado has a Ar-40/Ar-39 age of 74.1 +/- 0.1 Ma commensurate with our sanidine age of 74.1 Ma for the Manson impact structure, Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of bentonite beds below and above the Crow Creek are consistent with our 74.1 +/- 0.1 Ma age for the Manson impact structure and limit its age to the interval +/-74.5 0.1 to 73.8 +/- 0.1 Ma, Recently, two origins for the Crow Creek have been proposed-eastward transgression of the Late Cretaceous sea and a Manson impact-triggered tsunami, We conclude that most data are in accord,vith an impact origin for the Crow Creek Member and are at odds with the marine transgression hypothesis. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Geol, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Izett, GA (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Geol, 3012 E Whittaker Close, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA. EM gai@widomaker.com NR 95 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 110 IS 3 BP 361 EP 376 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0361:AAAOTM>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZB102 UT WOS:000072435900006 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Trehu, AM Luetgert, JH Miller, K Kilbride, F Wells, RE Fisher, MA Flueh, E ten Brink, US Christensen, NI AF Parsons, T Trehu, AM Luetgert, JH Miller, K Kilbride, F Wells, RE Fisher, MA Flueh, E ten Brink, US Christensen, NI TI A new view into the Cascadia subduction zone and volcanic arc: Implications for earthquake hazards along the Washington margin SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHWEST CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; COLUMBIA PLATEAU; OREGON; DEFORMATION; CONSTRAINTS; ROTATIONS; TECTONICS AB In light of suggestions that the Cascadia subduction margin may pose a significant seismic hazard for the highly populated Pacific Northwest region of the United States, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Research Center for Marine Geosciences (GEOMAR), and university collaborators collected and interpreted a 530-km-long wide-angle onshore-offshore seismic transect across the subduction zone and volcanic are to study the major structures that contribute to seismogenic deformation, We observed (1) an increase in the dip of the Juan de Fuca slab from 2 degrees-7 degrees to 12 degrees where it encounters a 20-km-thick block of the Siletz terrane or other accreted oceanic crust, (2) a distinct transition from Siletz crust into Cascade are crust that coincides with the Mount St. Helens seismic zone, supporting the idea that the mafic Siletz block focuses seismic deformation at its edges, and (3) a crustal root (35-45 km deep) beneath the Cascade Range, with thinner crust (30-35 km) east of the volcanic are beneath the Columbia Plateau flood basalt province. From the measured crustal structure and subduction geometry, we identify two zones that may concentrate future seismic activity: (1) a broad (because of the shallow dip), possibly locked part of the interplate contact that extends from similar to 25 km depth beneath the coastline to perhaps as far west as the deformation front similar to 120 km offshore and (2) a crustal zone at the eastern boundary between the Siletz terrane and the Cascade Range. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Sci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; Miller, Kate/E-6800-2012; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; ten Brink, Uri/A-1258-2008; OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; ten Brink, Uri/0000-0001-6858-3001; Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 33 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 10 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 199 EP 202 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0199:ANVITC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZB103 UT WOS:000072436000002 ER PT J AU Kelsey, HM Witter, RC Hemphill-Haley, E AF Kelsey, HM Witter, RC Hemphill-Haley, E TI Response of a small Oregon estuary to coseismic subsidence and postseismic uplift in the past 300 years SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE; EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; WASHINGTON; BASE AB The Sixes River estuary, south coastal Oregon, sits above the locked portion of the Cascadia subduction zone, which intermittently releases in subduction-zone earthquakes. One such Cascadia earthquake similar to 300 years ago caused subsidence and a tsunami at the Sixes estuary. The subsidence raised the river's base level, resulting in an similar to 3 km upstream shift of the head of tide of the estuary. At the upper end of the expanded estuary, more than 4 m of overbank sediment was deposited in the first decades or century after subsidence. Subsequent incision through the overbank deposits accompanied the gradual emergence of the estuary, and attendant downstream shift of the head of tide, as relative sea level fell in response to interseismic uplift. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, US Geol Survey, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Kelsey, HM (reprint author), Humboldt State Univ, Dept Geol, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 231 EP 234 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0231:ROASOE>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZB103 UT WOS:000072436000010 ER PT J AU McGee, KA Gerlach, TM AF McGee, KA Gerlach, TM TI Airborne volcanic plume measurements using a FTIR spectrometer, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TOOL; SO2; GAS AB A prototype closed-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer system (FTIR), operating from battery power and with a Stirling engine microcooler for detector cooling, was successfully used for airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide at Kilauea volcano. Airborne profiles of the volcanic plume emanating from the erupting Pu`u 'O'o vent on the East Rift of Kilauea revealed levels of nearly 3 ppm SO2 in the core of the plume. An emission rate of 2,160 metric tons per day of sulfur dioxide was calculated from the FTIR data, which agrees closely with simultaneous measurements by a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC). The rapid spatial sampling possible from an airborne platform distinguishes the methodology described here from previous FTIR measurements. C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP McGee, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM kenmcgee@usgs.gov; gerlach@uses.gov NR 8 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 5 BP 615 EP 618 DI 10.1029/98GL00356 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZA533 UT WOS:000072373800010 ER PT J AU Pratt, TL Dolan, JF Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Templeton, ME AF Pratt, TL Dolan, JF Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Templeton, ME TI Multiscale seismic imaging of active fault zones for hazard assessment: A case study of the Santa Monica fault zone, Los Angeles, California SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WHITTIER-NARROWS EARTHQUAKE; WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CROSS-SECTION; VENTURA BASIN; REFLECTION; DEFORMATION; VALLEY; AREA; UTAH AB High-resolution seismic reflection profiles at two different scales were acquired across the transpressional Santa Monica Fault of north Los Angeles as part of an integrated hazard assessment of the fault. The seismic data confirm the location of the fault and related shallow faulting seen in a trench to deeper structures known from regional studies. The trench shows a series of near-vertical strike-slip faults beneath a topographic scarp inferred to be caused by thrusting on the Santa Monica fault. Analysis of the disruption of soil horizons in the trench indicates multiple earthquakes have occurred on these strike-slip faults within the past 50000 years, with the latest being 1000 to 3000 years ago. A 3.8-km-long, high-resolution seismic reflection profile shows reflector truncations that constrain the shallow portion of the Santa Monica Fault (upper 300 m) to dip northward between 30 degrees and 55 degrees, most likely 30 degrees to 35 degrees, in contrast to the 60 degrees to 70 degrees dip interpreted for the deeper portion of the fault. Prominent, nearly continuous reflectors on the profile are interpreted to be the erosional unconformity between the 1.2 Ma and older Pico Formation and the base of alluvial fan deposits. The unconformity lies at depths of 30-60 m north of the fault and 110-130 m south of the fault, with about 100 m of vertical displacement (180 m of dip-slip motion on a 30 degrees-35 degrees dipping fault) across the fault since deposition of the upper Pico Formation. The continuity of the unconformity on the seismic profile constrains the fault to lie in a relatively narrow (50 m) zone: and to project to the surface beneath Ohio Avenue immediately south of the trench. A very high-resolution seismic profile adjacent to the trench images reflectors in the 15 to 60 m depth range that are arched slightly by folding just north of the fault. A disrupted zone on the profile beneath the south end of the trench is interpreted as being caused by the deeper portions of the trenched strike-slip faults where they merge with the thrust fault. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, So Calif Earthquake Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Geol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA. RP Pratt, TL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM tpratt@ravenna.ocean.washington.edu; dolan@earth.usc.edu; odom@gldvxa.cr.usgs.gov; stephens@gldvxa.cr.usgs.gov; williams@gldvxa.cr.usgs.gov; maryt@bounce.fullerton.edu NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 63 IS 2 BP 479 EP 489 DI 10.1190/1.1444349 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZD883 UT WOS:000072734000018 ER PT J AU Zhang, M Takahashi, M Morin, RH Esaki, T AF Zhang, M Takahashi, M Morin, RH Esaki, T TI Theoretical evaluation of the transient response of constant head and constant flow-rate permeability tests SO GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE low permeability; hydraulic gradient; theoretical analyses; constant head; flow pump; permeability test ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOILS; CLAY AB A theoretical analysis is presented that compares the response characteristics of the constant head and the constant flowrate (flow pump) laboratory techniques for quantifying the hydraulic properties of geologic materials having permeabilities less than 10(-10) m/s. Rigorous analytical solutions that describe the transient distributions of hydraulic gradient within a specimen are developed, and equations are derived for each method. Expressions simulating the inflow and outflow rates across the specimen boundaries during a constant-head permeability test are also presented. These solutions illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each method, including insights into measurement accuracy and the validity of using Darcy's law under certain conditions. The resulting observations offer practical considerations in the selection of an appropriate laboratory test method for the reliable measurement of permeability in low-permeability geologic materials. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Ibaraki, Osaka 305, Japan. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Engn, Fukuoka 81281, Japan. RP Zhang, M (reprint author), Geol Survey Japan, Higashi 1-1-3, Ibaraki, Osaka 305, Japan. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0149-6115 J9 GEOTECH TEST J JI Geotech. Test. J. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 52 EP 57 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA YY809 UT WOS:000072187600007 ER PT J AU Bekins, BA Warren, E Godsy, EM AF Bekins, BA Warren, E Godsy, EM TI A comparison of zero-order, first-order, and Monod biotransformation models SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BIODEGRADATION; KINETICS; TOLUENE; AQUIFER; DEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; BENZENE; MINERALIZATION; CONTAMINANTS AB Under some conditions, a first-order kinetic model is a poor representation of biodegradation in contaminated aquifers, Although it is well known that the assumption of first-order kinetics is valid only when substrate concentration, S, is much less than the half-saturation constant, K-S, this assumption is often made without verification of this condition. We present a formal error analysis showing that the relative error in the first-order approximation is S/K-S and in the zero-order approximation the error is K-S/S. We then examine the problems that arise when the first-order approximation is used outside the range for which it is valid. A series of numerical simulations comparing results of first-and zero-order rate approximations to Monod kinetics for a real data set illustrates that if concentrations observed in the field are higher than K-S, it may be better to model degradation using a zero-order rate expression. Compared with Monod kinetics, extrapolation of a first-order rate to lower concentrations under-predicts the biotransformation potential, while extrapolation to higher concentrations may grossly over-predict the transformation rate. A summary of solubilities and Monod parameters for aerobic benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) degradation shows that the a priori assumption of first-order degradation kinetics at sites contaminated with these compounds is not valid. In particular, out of six published values of K-S for toluene, only one is greater than 2 mg/L, indicating that when toluene is present in concentrations greater than about a part per million, the assumption of first-order kinetics may be invalid. Finally, we apply an existing analytical solution for steady-state one-dimensional advective transport with Monod degradation kinetics to afield data set. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Bekins, BA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 31 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01091.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YZ695 UT WOS:000072281600014 ER PT J AU Greene, EA Shapiro, AM AF Greene, EA Shapiro, AM TI AIRSLUG: A Fortran program for the computation of type curves to estimate transmissivity and storativity from prematurely terminated air-pressurized slug tests SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The Fortran code AIRSLUG can be used to generate the type curves needed to analyze the recovery data from prematurely terminated air-pressurized slug tests. These type curves, when used with a graphical software package, enable the engineer or scientist to analyze field tests to estimate transmissivity and storativity. Prematurely terminating the slug test can significantly reduce the overall time needed to conduct the test, especially at low-permeability sites, thus saving time and money. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Greene, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 373 EP 376 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01103.x PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YZ695 UT WOS:000072281600026 ER PT J AU Mayo, DP Anderson, JL Wooden, JL AF Mayo, DP Anderson, JL Wooden, JL TI Isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of Jurassic plutons, southeastern California SO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EASTERN CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; ASSIMILATION; NEODYMIUM; CRUST; USA AB The 165 Ma Eagle Mountain intrusion is a heterogeneous, enclave-bearing, metaluminous remnant of the Cordilleran Jurassic are that cuts regionally metamorphosed pre-Mesozoic rocks in the southeastern Mojave Desert of California. The main phase of the intrusion consists of granodiorite to tonalite host facies, diorite mixed facies, and homogeneous monzogranite facies. The host facies contains microdiorite enclaves interpreted as intermingled masses of mafic magma. Late-phase leucogranite stocks cut the main phase. Mineral equilibria indicate emplacement at similar to 6.5 km depth, with solidus temperatures ranging from 760 degrees C for diorite to 700 degrees C for felsic granodiorite. Although uniform radiogenic-isotope compositions (Sr(i) = 0.7085, epsilon Nd(i) = -9.4) suggest derivation from a single source, no known source has the composition required. A hybrid source is proposed, consisting of various proportions of juvenile mantle and recycled lower crust. Calculations indicate that the source of the Eagle Mountain intrusion comprised >60% juvenile mantle and <40% recycled crust. On the basis of their isotopic compositions, other mafic Jurassic plutons in the region were derived from sources containing different proportions of mantle and crustal components. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. US Geol Survey, Branch Isotope Geol, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Mayo, DP (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0020-6814 J9 INT GEOL REV JI Int. Geol. Rev. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 3 BP 257 EP 278 PG 22 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZK893 UT WOS:000073374400004 ER PT J AU Edwards, M Patel, S McNeill, L Chen, HW Frey, M Eaton, AD Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE AF Edwards, M Patel, S McNeill, L Chen, HW Frey, M Eaton, AD Antweiler, RC Taylor, HE TI Considerations in As analysis and speciation SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS AB Several problems with commonly used techniques that analyze for arsenic are reported, and solutions are proposed. Analytical techniques can accurately detect <0.5 mu g/L total arsenic if certain conditions are met: iron, nitrate, and other interferences are overcome in hydride generation techniques, poor recoveries are overcome in graphite furnace atomic adsorption techniques, and chloride interferences are accounted for in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. Because no techniques adequately preserve arsenic species during storage, a speciation protocol that is fast (about 5 min/sample), relatively inexpensive (about $10/resin column), and user-friendly and that can be applied in the field was developed. Particulate arsenic represents a significant fraction of total arsenic in drinking water. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Integrated Sensing Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Hagler Bailly Serv, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Montgomery Watson Labs, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Edwards, M (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 407 NEB, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Edwards, Marc/J-3557-2012 NR 21 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 103 EP 113 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA ZB589 UT WOS:000072487700016 ER PT J AU Miller, RL Jackson, LE AF Miller, RL Jackson, LE TI Survey of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in lettuce production in relation to management and soil factors SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS SPORE POPULATIONS; TRIFOLIUM-SUBTERRANEUM L; PLANT-GROWTH RESPONSES; EXTERNAL HYPHAE; ORGANIC-MATTER; LOW-INPUT; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION; DIFFERENT ENDOPHYTES; SOYBEAN ROTATION AB The occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) root colonization and spore number in soil was assessed for 18 fields under intensive lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in California during July and August of 1995. Data on management practices and soil characteristics were compiled for each field, and included a wide range of conditions. The relationship between these factors and the occurrence of VAM in these fields was explored with multivariate statistical analysis. VAM colonization of lettuce tended to decrease with the use of chemical inputs, such as pesticides and high amounts of P and N fertilizers. Addition of soil organic matter amendments, the occurrence of other host crops in the rotation, and soil carbon:phosphorus and carbon:nitrogen ratios, were positively associated with VAM colonization of lettuce roots. The number of VAM spores in soil was strongly correlated with the number of other host crops in the rotation, the occurrence of weed hosts and sampling date, but was more affected by general soil conditions than by management inputs. Higher total soil N, C and P, as well as CEC, were inversely related to soil spore number. A glasshouse study of the two primary lettuce types sampled in the field showed no significant differences in the extent of root colonization under similar growing conditions. The results of this study are compared with other studies on the effects of management and soil conditions on mycorrhizal occurrence in agriculture. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Miller, RL (reprint author), USGS WRD, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RI Jackson, Louise/A-3562-2010 NR 60 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 14 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-8596 J9 J AGR SCI JI J. Agric. Sci. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 130 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1017/S0021859697005212 PN 2 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA ZD995 UT WOS:000072746500007 ER PT J AU Howe, GE Rach, JJ Olson, JJ AF Howe, GE Rach, JJ Olson, JJ TI Method for inducing saprolegniasis in channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WINTER SAPROLEGNIOSIS AB A method was developed to uniformly and systematically induce saprolegniasis in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Three different methods for inducing saprolegniasis were evaluated in waters containing known zoospore concentrations of Saprolegnia parasitica (1) low-temperature shock to induce immunosuppression: (2) physical abrasion stress; and (3) a combination of both low temperature shock and abrasion stress. Low-temperature shock or abrasion stress alone were not effective for inducing saprolegniasis. Only 10% of fish stressed by low-temperature shock alone became infected. No fish receiving abrasion stress treatments alone became infected even though these fish were subject to significant abrasion and dewatering stress. A combination of low-temperature and abrasion stress, however, was sufficient to induce saprolegniasis in 100% of fish tested and resulted in 90% mortality. No fish became infected in the positive control group (exposed to zoospores of S. parasitica without stress) or in the negative control group. The combined-stress method should enable researchers to induce saprolegniasis in channel catfish at will to study its pathogenesis or to test the efficacy of candidate antifungal treatments. In conducting efficacy studies, therapeutic treatments must begin immediately when the first signs of saprolegniasis are observed because the disease progresses quickly and is deadly. C1 US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Howe, GE (reprint author), US Geol Serv, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0062:MFISIC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA ZK594 UT WOS:000073340800008 ER PT J AU Jenkins, JA Klesius, PH AF Jenkins, JA Klesius, PH TI Elicitation of macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LEUKOCYTES; SEPARATION; GRADIENT AB Four chemicals were evaluated for elicitation of macrophages in peritoneal cavities of 250-300g healthy channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Cellular exudates were collected at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 20 d following intraperitoneal injections with squalene, Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), goat serum, thioglycollate, or as a control, phosphate-buffered saline. Injection with either squalene or FIA induced significantly greater (P less than or equal to 0.0001) macrophage recruitment than the other chemicals. The effectiveness of squalene and FIA was compared further by macrophage collection daily for 7 d. Squalene and FIA elicited similarly high macrophage responses (P less than or equal to 0.0450), the highest being 3.43 x 10(6) macrophages/mL (SE, 2.4 x 10(6)) at 99% purity at day 2 and 2.1 x 10(6) macrophages/mL (SE, 0.7 x 10(6)) at day 14 at 80% purity, respectively. In both experiments, the time after injection was not statistically significant, nor was there an interaction between time and chemicals. The occurrence of cells other than macrophages decreased with time to yield macrophage recoveries of 47-99% for squalene and 30-80% for FIA. Two subsets of macrophages were observed by means of flow cytometry. As demonstrated by chemiluminescence, the squalene-elicited cells produced high-energy oxygen compounds important to the phagocytic process. C1 US Dept Interior, Natl Biol Serv, SE Fish Cultural Lab, Route 3,Box 86, Marion, AL 36756 USA. USDA, ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Jenkins, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0069:EOMFTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA ZK594 UT WOS:000073340800009 ER PT J AU Cheng, CI Ling, CH AF Cheng, CI Ling, CH TI Rheological equations in asymptotic regimes of granular flow SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE SHEAR FLOWS; SPHERICAL-PARTICLES; STRESS TENSOR; CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS; COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS; KINETIC-THEORY; SPHERES; ROUGH; SIMULATION; VISCOSITY AB This paper assesses the validity of the generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model in light of the established constitutive relations in two asymptotic flow regimes, namely, the macroviscous and grain-inertia regimes. A comprehensive review of the literature on constitutive relations in both regimes reveals that except for some material constants, such as the coefficient of restitution, the normalized shear stress in both regimes varies only with the grain concentration, C. It is found that Krieger-Dougherty's relative viscosity, mu*(C), is sufficiently coherent among the monotonically nondecreasing functions of C used in describing the variation of the shear stress with C in both regimes. It not only accurately represents the C-dependent relative viscosity of a suspension in the macroviscous regime, but also plays a role of the radial distribution function that describes the statistics of particle collisions in the grain-inertia regime. Use of mu*,(C) alone, however, cannot link the two regimes. Another parameter, the shear-rate number, N, is needed in modeling the rheology of neutrally buoyant granular flows in transition between the two asymptotic regimes. The GVF model proves compatible with most established relations in both regimes. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cheng, CI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-439, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 83 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1998 VL 124 IS 3 BP 301 EP 310 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:3(301) PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA YX291 UT WOS:000072025500008 ER PT J AU Ebbert, JC Kim, MH AF Ebbert, JC Kim, MH TI Relation between irrigation method, sediment yields, and losses of pesticides and nitrogen SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; WATER AB Yields of suspended sediment from watersheds in the Quincy and Pasco Basins of Washington State have been reduced by the use of sprinkler irrigation on cropland previously in furrow irrigation. Mean daily yields of suspended sediment from nine watersheds sampled during April and May 1994 ranged from 0.4 kg/ha of irrigated cropland in a watershed with no furrow irrigation to 19 kg/ha in a watershed where 58% of irrigated cropland was in furrow irrigation. About 67% of the variation in the yields can be attributed to irrigation method. Temporal trends also indicated that use of sprinkler irrigation reduced sediment yields. Mean daily yields of suspended solids from one of the watersheds decreased from 0.3 kg/ha in 1975 to <0.2 kg/ha in 1988, corresponding with a decrease from about 65% to <50% in the use of furrow irrigation. Sampling in two watersheds suggests that the use of sprinkler irrigation reduces runoff losses of pesticides and N. For 10 of 13 pesticides and N, runoff losses from a watershed with mostly furrow irrigation exceeded runoff losses from a watershed with mostly sprinkler irrigation. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. RP Ebbert, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM jcebbert@usgs.gov NR 27 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 372 EP 380 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD782 UT WOS:000072723300018 ER PT J AU Wall, GR Phillips, PJ Riva-Murray, K AF Wall, GR Phillips, PJ Riva-Murray, K TI Seasonal and spatial patterns of nitrate and silica concentrations in Canajoharie Creek, New York SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PERIPHYTON AB The impart of nonpoint-source pollution on surface waters in agricultural watersheds is an emerging environmental issue, As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment program in the Hudson River Basin, Canajoharie Creek was monitored for seasonal and spatial patterns of nutrient chemistry from March 1993 to January 1996. Nitrate and silica concentrations in Canajoharie Creek suggest that seasonal and spatial variations of these nutrients are dominated by biological processes, particularly uptake by phytoplankton, Observed concentration patterns were more typical of those observed in much larger, low-gradient streams, The median nitrate and silica concentrations in Canajoharie Creek were significantly lower from April through November than during winter. Concentrations of both constituents declined downstream from the headwaters during base-now conditions in June 1995. Groundwater and surface water chemistry data support biological causes for downstream decreases in silica. The strong correlation between nitrate and silica in samples collected along the mainstem suggests that most of the nitrate decrease is due to uptake by diatoms. Downstream patterns of chlorophyll-a in phytoplankton strongly suggest the conversion of in-stream nutrients to algal biomass, Data collected from Canajoharie Creek outlet during the northeast drought of 1995 indicate that silica concentrations in May had possibly declined to a level that adversely affected the diatom community, This decline in the diatom population and subsequent resurgence is inferred from a sharp rise in silica concentrations between May and July and a reversal of this trend from mid-July through October without associated changes in hydrology. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Wall, GR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 381 EP 389 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD782 UT WOS:000072723300019 ER PT J AU Ostrand, WD Meyers, PM Bissonette, JA Conover, MR AF Ostrand, WD Meyers, PM Bissonette, JA Conover, MR TI Changes in land use as a possible factor in mourning dove population decline in central Utah SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) population indices for the western United States have declined significantly since 1966. Based on data collected in 1951-1952, in Fillmore, Utah, we examined whether there had been a local decline in the dove population index since the original data were collected. We then determined whether habitat had been altered, identified which foraging habitats doves preferred, and assessed whether changes in land use could be responsible, in part, for a decline in the local population index. We found that dove population indices declined 72% and 82% from 1952-1992 and 1952-1993, respectively. The most dramatic change in habitat was an 82% decline in land devoted to dry land winter wheat production and a decline in livestock feed pens. Doves foraged primarily in harvested wheat fields, feed pens, and weedy patches. We hypothesize that a decrease in wheat availability during the spring and the consolidation of the livestock industry have contributed to a population decline of Mourning Doves in central Utah. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Ostrand, WD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 192 EP 200 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZT987 UT WOS:000074150000005 ER PT J AU Lehman, RN Carpenter, LB Steenhof, K Kochert, MN AF Lehman, RN Carpenter, LB Steenhof, K Kochert, MN TI Assessing relative abundance and reproductive success of shrubsteppe raptors SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB From 1991-1994, we quantified relative abundance and reproductive success of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia), and Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) on the shrubsteppe plateaus (benchlands) in and near the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in southwestern Idaho. To assess relative abundance, we searched randomly selected plots using four sampling methods: point counts, line transects, and quadrats of two sizes. On a per-sampling-effort basis, transects were slightly more effective than point counts and quadrats for locating raptor nests (3.4 pairs detected/100 h of effort vs. 2.2-3.1 pairs). Random sampling using quadrats failed to detect a Short-eared Owl population increase from 1993 to 1994. To evaluate nesting success, we tried to determine reproductive outcome for all nesting attempts located during random, historical, and incidental nest searches. We compared nesting success estimates based on all nesting attempts, on attempts found during incubation, and the Mayfield model. Most pairs used to evaluate success were pairs found incidentally. Visits to historical nesting areas yielded the highest number of pairs per sampling effort (14.6/100 h), but reoccupancy rates for most species decreased through time. Estimates based on all attempts had the highest sample sizes but probably overestimated success for all species except the Ferruginous Hawk. Estimates of success based on nesting attempts found during incubation had the lowest sample sizes. All three methods yielded biased nesting success estimates for the Northern Harrier and Short-eared Owl. The estimate based on pairs found during incubation probably provided the least biased estimate for the Burrowing Owl. Assessments of nesting success were hindered by difficulties in confirming egg laying and nesting success for all species except the Ferruginous hawk. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Lehman, RN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 244 EP 256 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZT987 UT WOS:000074150000011 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Afton, AD AF Cox, RR Afton, AD TI Effects of capture and handling on survival of female Northern Pintails SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; WINTER SURVIVAL; NUTRIENT RESERVES; MALLARDS; RATES AB Identification of capture and handling procedures that influence survival of waterfowl has important research and management implications. We captured 347 female Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) using rocket nets, fitted them with harness (backpack-type) radio transmitters, and monitored their survival during the first 10 d following release. Fe males were 16 times more likely to die during the first 4 d of exposure than during days 5-10. Survival of females captured with small numbers of waterfowl (n less than or equal to 172) was nor related to holding time (time from capture until release), but survival of females captured with large numbers of waterfowl (n = 594) declined as holding time increased. Survival did not vary with age (immature or adult) or body condition (body mass adjusted for bed?; size) of females. Survival was positively related to flight quality (scored as poor, moderate, or good) of females upon release; poor and moderate fliers were twice as likely to die as those scored in the next higher level of flight quality. Flight quality of females captured with small numbers of waterfowl was unrelated to holding lime, but that of females captured with large numbers of waterfowl declined as holding time increased. In all cases where cause of mortalities could be determined (n = 12), we attributed proximate cause of death to predation. We recommend that holding time of ducks be minimized, particularly for those captured with large numbers of waterfowl in rocket nets. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Cox, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 33 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 13 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 276 EP 287 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZT987 UT WOS:000074150000015 ER PT J AU Drobney, RD Schulz, JH Sheriff, SL Fuemmeler, WJ AF Drobney, RD Schulz, JH Sheriff, SL Fuemmeler, WJ TI Mourning dove nesting habitat and nest success in central Missouri SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Previous Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) nesting studies conducted in areas containing a mixture of edge and continuous habitats have focused on edge habitats. Consequently, little is known about the potential contribution of continuous habitats to dove production. In this study we evaluated the relative importance of these two extensive habitat types by monitoring the habitat use and nest success of 59 radio-marked doves during 1990-1991 in central Missouri. Of 83 nests initiated by our marked sample, most (81.9%) were located in edge habitats. Although continuous habitats were selected less as nest sites, the proportion of successful nests did not differ significantly from chat in edge habitats. Our data indicate that continuous habitats should not be considered marginal nesting habitat. If the intensify of use and nest success that we observed are representative regionally or nationally, continuous habitats could contribute substantially to annual Mourning Dove production because of the high availability of these habitats throughout much of the Mourning Dove breeding range. C1 Univ Missouri, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Drobney, RD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 112 Stephens Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 299 EP 305 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZT987 UT WOS:000074150000017 ER PT J AU Powell, LA Krementz, DG Lang, JD Conroy, MJ AF Powell, LA Krementz, DG Lang, JD Conroy, MJ TI Effects of radio transmitters on migrating Wood Thrushes SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; ENERGETIC CONDITION; SOUTHERN VERACRUZ; SMALL PASSERINES; HARNESS; MOVEMENTS; REPRODUCTION; ATTACHMENT; SURVIVAL; BEHAVIOR AB We quantified the effects of radio transmitters on Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) using 4 yr of banding and telemetry data from Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia. Flight performance models suggest that the 1.6-g transmitter shortens the migratory range of wood thrushes by only 60 km, and the estimated migratory range is adequate to accomplish migration even with limited fat stores. We used two strengths of line, 5- and 9-kg test-strength braided Dacron, to attach the transmitters using the thigh-harness method. We recaptured 13 returning radio-marked wood thrushes, seven of which were still marked. Six of the seven birds marked with the 5-kg rest harnesses lost their transmitters within 1 yr while all six of the 9-kg test harnesses were still attached up to 21 mo later. Radio-marking did not reduce the return rates of adults and immatures, and the transmitters did not cause radio-marked birds to lose more mass than banded-only birds. Wood Thrushes can successfully carry a transmitter during migration with no detectable negative effects. We recommend continued use of the thigh-harness method, but we encourage the use of 5-kg cotton line. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, USGS,DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Div Biol Resources, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Powell, LA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Powell, Larkin/G-4570-2010 NR 32 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 306 EP 315 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZT987 UT WOS:000074150000018 ER PT J AU Link, J Hoff, MH AF Link, J Hoff, MH TI Relationships of Lake Herring (Coregonus artedi) gill raker characteristics to retention probabilities of zooplankton prey SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; FEEDING FISH; MORPHOLOGY; PREDATION; SUPERIOR; ALEWIFE AB We measured morphometric and meristic parameters of gill rakers from the first gill arch of 36 adult lake herring (Coregonus artedi) from Lake Superior that ranged in length from 283-504 mm. These data, coupled with the mean of the smallest two body dimensions (length, width, or breadth) of various zooplankton prey, allowed us to calculate retention probabilities for zooplankton taxa that are common in Lake Superior. The mean of the smallest two body dimensions was positively correlated with body length for cladocerans and copepods. The large cladoceran, Daphnia g. mendotae, is estimated to be retained at a greater probability (74%) than smaller cladocerans (18%-38%). The same is true for the large copepod, Limnocalanus macrurus (60%), when compared to smaller copepods (6-38%). Copepods have a lower probability of being retained than cladocerans of similar length. Lake herring gill rakers and total filtering area are also positively correlated with fish total length. These data provide further evidence that lake herring are primarily planktivores in Lake Superior, and our data show that lake herring can retain a broad range of prey sizes. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Superior Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Link, J (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663591 PG 11 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YZ929 UT WOS:000072309100008 ER PT J AU Dodd, CK AF Dodd, CK TI Biomass of an island population of Florida box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Dodd, CK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 150 EP 152 DI 10.2307/1565500 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZF094 UT WOS:000072862000029 ER PT J AU Burns, DA McDonnell, JJ AF Burns, DA McDonnell, JJ TI Effects of a beaver pond on runoff processes: comparison of two headwater catchments SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE storm runoff; snowmelt; isotopic tracers; beaver ponds; groundwater dating; evaporation ID HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION; LAKE ACIDIFICATION; ILWAS WATERSHEDS; ISOTOPE; GENERATION; MODEL; STREAMFLOW; OXYGEN-18; CHEMISTRY; SNOWMELT AB Natural variations in concentrations of O-18, D, and H4SiO4 in two tributary catchments of Woods Lake in the west-central Adirondack Mountains of New York were measured during 1989-91 to examine runoff processes and their implications for the neutralization of acidic precipitation by calcium carbonate treatment. The two catchments are similar except that one contained a 1.3 ha beaver pond. Evaporation from the beaver pond caused a seasonal decrease in the slope of the meteoric water line in stream water from the catchment with a beaver pond (WO2). No corresponding change in slope of the meteoric water line was evident in stream water from the other catchment (WO4), nor in ground water nor soil water from either catchment, indicating that evaporative fractionation was not significant. Application of a best-fit sine curve to delta(18)O data indicated that base how in both catchments had a residence time of about 100 days, Ground water from a well finished in thick till had the longest residence time (160 days); soil water from the O-horizon and B-horizon had residence times of 63 and 80 days, respectively. Water previously stored within each catchment (pre-event water) was the predominant component of streamflow during spring snowmelt and during spring and autumn rainfall events, but the proportion of streamflow that consisted of pre-event water differed significantly in the two catchments. The proportion of event water (rain and snowmelt) in WO2 was smaller than at WO4 early in the spring snowmelt of March 13-17, 1990, but the proportions of source water components for the two catchments were almost indistinguishable by the peak flow on the third day of the melt. The event water was further separated into surface-water and subsurface-water components by utilizing measured changes in H4SiO4 concentrations in stream water during the snowmelt. Results indicated that subsurface flow was the dominant pathway by which event water reached the stream except during the peak flow of a rain-on-snow event on the last day of the melt. Streamflow from a spring rain storm with dry antecedent conditions two months later (May 16-18, 1990), was less than 5% event water at peak flow in WO2 and 26% in WO4. This change from the runoff pattern in March is attributed to retention of event water in the beaver pond favored by relatively low pre-event storage and isothermal (nonstratified) conditions in the pond that allowed mixing. Streamflow during several autumn storms was about 15-25% event water at peak flow in WO4; the highest values for event water were associated with wet antecedent moisture conditions. These results indicate that a beaver pond can significantly affect the downstream delivery of event water through evaporation and mixing, but provides minimal retention during large runoff events such as snowmelt. Beaver ponds are expected to provide greater opportunity for neutralization of acidic waters during most of the year in catchments treated with calcium carbonate, but little neutralization effect during snowmelt. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 205 IS 3-4 BP 248 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00081-X PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZK229 UT WOS:000073298300007 ER PT J AU Lucas, LV Cloern, JE Koseff, JR Monismith, SG Thompson, JK AF Lucas, LV Cloern, JE Koseff, JR Monismith, SG Thompson, JK TI Does the Sverdrup critical depth model explain bloom dynamics in estuaries? SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; LAWRENCE ESTUARY; RIVER ESTUARY; SPRING BLOOM; STRATIFICATION; TURBULENCE; POPULATIONS; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY AB In this paper we use numerical models of coupled biological-hydrodynamic processes to search for general principles of bloom regulation in estuarine waters. We address three questions: What are the dynamics of stratification in coastal systems as influenced by variable freshwater input and tidal stirring? How does phytoplankton growth respond to these dynamics? Can the classical Sverdrup Critical Depth Model (SCDM) be used to predict the timing of bloom events in shallow coastal domains such as estuaries? We present results of simulation experiments which assume that vertical transport and net phytoplankton growth rates are horizontally homogeneous. In the present approach the temporally and spatially varying turbulent diffusivities for various stratification scenarios are calculated using a hydrodynamic code that includes the Mellor-Yamada 2.5 turbulence closure model. These diffusivities are then used in a time-and depth-dependent advection-diffusion equation, incorporating sources and sinks, for the phytoplankton biomass. Our modeling results show that, whereas persistent stratification greatly increases the probability of a bloom, semidiurnal periodic stratification does not increase the Likelihood of a phytoplankton bloom over that of a constantly unstratified water column. Thus, for phytoplankton blooms, the physical regime of periodic stratification is closer to complete mixing than to persistent stratification. Furthermore, the details of persistent stratification are important: surface layer depth, thickness of the pycnocline, vertical density difference, and tidal current speed all weigh heavily in producing conditions which promote the onset of phytoplankton blooms. Our model results for shallow tidal systems do not conform to the classical concepts of stratification and blooms in deep pelagic systems. First, earlier studies (Riley, 1942, for example) suggest a monotonic increase in surface layer production as the surface layer shallows. Our model results suggest, however, a nonmonotonic relationship between phytoplankton population growth and surface layer depth, which results from a balance between several "competing" processes, including the interaction of sinking with turbulent mixing and average net growth occurring within the surface layer. Second, we show that the traditional SCDM must be refined for application to energetic shallow systems or for systems in which surface layer mixing is not strong enough to counteract the sinking loss of phytoplankton. This need for refinement arises because of the leakage of phytoplankton from the surface layer by turbulent diffusion and sinking, processes not considered in the classical SCDM. Our model shows that, even for low sinking rates and small turbulent diffusivities: a significant percentage of the phytoplankton biomass produced in the surface layer can be lost by these processes. C1 Stanford Univ, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Lucas, LV (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 54 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 56 IS 2 BP 375 EP 415 DI 10.1357/002224098321822357 PG 41 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZN407 UT WOS:000073642800004 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Bull, KA Otsuki, Y AF Stohlgren, TJ Bull, KA Otsuki, Y TI Comparison of rangeland vegetation sampling techniques in the central grasslands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE multi-scale vegetation sampling design; species richness; transect methods; exotic and rare species detection ID SEMIARID GRASSLAND; BUFFALO WALLOWS; PRAIRIE; DISTURBANCES; ECOLOGY; GROWTH AB Maintaining native plant diversity, detecting exotic species, and monitoring rare species are becoming important objectives in rangeland conservation. Four rangeland vegetation sampling techniques were compared to see how well they captured local plant diversity. The methods tested included the commonly used Parker transects, Daubenmire transects as modified by the USDA Forest Service, a new transect and "large quadrat" design proposed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and the Modified-Whittaker multi-scale vegetation plot. The 4 methods were superimposed in shortgrass steppe, mixed grass prairie, northern mixed prairie, and tallgrass prairie in the Central Grasslands of the United States with 4 replicates in each prairie type. Analysis of variance tests showed significant method effects and prairie type effects, but no significant method X type interactions for total species richness, the number of native species, the number of species with less than 1% cover, and the time required for sampling. The methods behaved similarly in each prairie type under a wide variety of grazing regimes. The Parker, large quadrat, and Daubenmire transects significantly underestimated the total species richness and the number of native species in each prairie type, and the number of species with less than 1% cover in all but the tallgrass prairie type. The transect techniques also consistently missed half the exotic species, including noxious weeds, in each prairie type. The Modified-Whittaker method, which included an exhaustive search for plant species in a 20 x 50 m plot, served as the baseline for species richness comparisons. For all prairie types, the Modified-Whittaker plot captured an average of 42.9 (+/- 2.4; 1 S.E.) plant species per site compared to 15.9 (+/- 1.3), 18.9 (+/- 1.2), and 22.8 (+/- 1.6) plant species per site using the Parker, large quadrat, and Daubenmire transect methods, respectively. The 4 methods captured most of the dominant species at each site and thus produced similar results for total foliar cover and soil cover. The detection and measurement of exotic plant species were greatly enhanced by using ten 1 m(2) subplots in a multi-scale sampling design and searching a larger area (1,000 m(2)) at each site. Even with 4 replicate sites, the transect methods usually captured, and thus would monitor, 36 to 66% of the plant species at each site. To evaluate the status and trends of common, rare, and exotic plant species at local, regional, and national scales, innovative, multi-scale methods must replace the commonly used transect methods of the past. C1 Colorado State Univ, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 53 TC 105 Z9 113 U1 4 U2 50 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 164 EP 172 DI 10.2307/4003202 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700007 ER PT J AU Davenport, DW Breshears, DD Wilcox, BP Allen, CD AF Davenport, DW Breshears, DD Wilcox, BP Allen, CD TI Viewpoint: Sustainability of pinon-juniper ecosystems - a unifying perspective of soil erosion thresholds SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE pinyon; pinon; juniper; soil erosion; threshold; site erodibility; percolation theory; catastrophe theory; scale dependence; runoff; grazing; drought; understory; canopy; intercanopy ID NEW-MEXICO; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; CATASTROPHE-THEORY; SPATIAL PATTERN; RANGE CONDITION; WOODLANDS; WATER; INFILTRATION; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS AB Many pinon-juniper ecosystems in the western U.S. are subject to accelerated erosion while others are undergoing little or no erosion. Controversy has developed over whether invading or encroaching pinon and juniper species are inherently harmful to rangeland ecosystems. We developed a conceptual model of soil erosion in pinon-juniper ecosystems that is consistent with both sides of the controversy and suggests that the diverse perspectives on this issue arise from threshold effects operating under very different site conditions. Soil erosion rate can be viewed as a function of (1) site erosion potential (SEP), determined by climate, geomorphology and soil erodibility; and (2) ground cover. Site erosion potential and cover act synergistically to determine soil erosion rates, as evident even from simple USLE predictions of erosion. In pinion-juniper ecosystems with high SEP, the erosion rate is highly sensitive to ground cover and can cross a threshold so that erosion increases dramatically in response to a small decrease in cover. The sensitivity of erosion rate to SEP and cover can be visualized as a cusp catastrophe surface on which changes may occur rapidly and irreversibly. The mechanisms associated with a rapid shift from low to high erosion rate can be illustrated using percolation theory to incorporate spatial, temporal, and scale-dependent patterns of water storage capacity on a hillslope. Percolation theory demonstrates how hillslope runoff can undergo a threshold response to a minor change in storage capacity. Our conceptual model suggests that pinon and juniper contribute to accelerated erosion only under a limited range of site conditions which, however, may exist over large areas. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US Geol Survey, Jemez Mt Field Stn, Bandelier Natl Monument, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Davenport, DW (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Sci Grp, Mail Stop J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Breshears, David/B-9318-2009 OI Breshears, David/0000-0001-6601-0058 NR 82 TC 136 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 26 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 2 BP 231 EP 240 DI 10.2307/4003212 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZD323 UT WOS:000072673700017 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Norcross, BL AF Abookire, AA Norcross, BL TI Depth and substrate as determinants of distribution of juvenile flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) and rock sole (Pleuronectes bilineatus), in Kachemak Bay, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Flatfish CY NOV 02-08, 1996 CL NETHERLANDS INST SEA RES, TEXEL, NETHERLANDS HO NETHERLANDS INST SEA RES DE flatfish; depth; sediment; habitat; Alaska ID NURSERY AREA; PLATESSA L; RECRUITMENT; FLATFISHES; PACIFIC; PLAICE; USA AB Three transects in Kachemak Bay, Alaska, were sampled in September 1994, May and August 1995, and February, May, and August 1996. Juvenile flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon, and rock sole, Pleuronectes bilineatus, were the most abundant flatfishes, comprising 65-85% of all flatfishes captured at any period. Collections of fish and sediments were made at regular depth contour intervals of 10 m. Habitat distribution was described by depth at 10 m increments and sediment percent weights of gravel, sand, and mud. Year-round habitat of flathead sole age-0 was primarily from 40 to 60 m, and age-1 habitat was primarily from 40 to 80 m. Summer habitat of rock sole age-0 and -1 was from 10 to 30 m, and in winter they moved offshore to depths of up to 150 m. Both age classes of flathead sole were most abundant on mixed mud sediments, while age-1 were also in high abundance on muddy sand sediments. Rock sole age-0 and -1 were most abundant on sand, though age-1 were also found on a variety of sediments both finer and coarser grained than sand. Flathead sole and rock sole had distinctive depth and sediment habitats. When habitat overlap occurred between the species, it was most often due to rock sole moving offshore in the winter. Abundances were not significantly different among seasons for age-1 flatfishes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 31 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 113 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S1385-1101(97)00058-0 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZE466 UT WOS:000072795700009 ER PT J AU Lidz, BH McNeill, DF AF Lidz, BH McNeill, DF TI New allocyclic dimensions in a prograding carbonate bank: Evidence for eustatic, tectonic, and paleoceanographic control (late neogene, Bahamas) SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS; PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERA; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CARIBBEAN PLATE; FLORIDA; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; TERTIARY; PLATFORM; ATLANTIC; HISTORY AB The deep sea record, examined recently for the first time in a shallow-depocenter setting, has unveiled remarkable evidence for new sedimentary components and allocyclic complexity in a large, well-studied carbonate bank, the western Great Bahama Bank, The evidence is a composite foraminiferal signature-Paleocene to early Miocene (allogenic or reworked) and late Miocene to late Pliocene (host) planktic taxa, and redeposited middle Miocene shallow benthic faunas, Ages of the oldest and youngest planktic groups range from similar to 66 to similar to 2 Ma. The reworked and redeposited taxa are a proxy for significant sediment components that otherwise have no lithofacies or seismic resolution, The composite signature, reinforced by a distinctive distribution of the reworked and redeposited faunas, documents a much more complex late Neogene depositional system than previously known, The system is more than progradational. The source sequences that supplied the constituent bank-margin grains formed at different water depths and over hundreds of kilometers and tens of millions of years apart. New evidence from the Literature and from data obtained during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 166 in the Santaren Channel (Bahamas) support early interpretations based on the composite fossil record and provide valuable new dimensions to regional allocyclicity, The middle Miocene taxa were confined to the lower part of the section by the latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene(?) lowstand of sea level, An orderly occurrence of the allogenic taxa is unique to the global reworked geologic record and appears to have been controlled by a combination of Paleogene-early Neogene tectonics at the source, eustatic changes, and late Neogene current activity at the source and across the bank, The allogenic taxa expand the spatial and temporal range of information in the northern Bahamas by nearly an order of magnitude, In essence, some of the major processes active in the region during similar to 64 m.y. of the Cenozoic can be viewed from within a narrow (similar to 6 m.y.) late Neogene window, In this case, the fossil record also serves to demonstrate the potential and significance in evaluating reworked and redeposited assemblages. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lidz, BH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 78 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 USA SN 1073-130X J9 J SEDIMENT RES JI J. Sediment. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 68 IS 2 BP 269 EP 282 PN B PG 14 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZC532 UT WOS:000072589800003 ER PT J AU Naimo, TJ Damschen, ED Rada, RG Monroe, EM AF Naimo, TJ Damschen, ED Rada, RG Monroe, EM TI Nonlethal evaluation of the physiological health of unionid mussels: methods for biopsy and glycogen analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Unionidae; nonlethal sampling; glycogen; foot biopsy; freshwater mussels; Amblema; physiological condition ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; HEAVY-METALS; CONSERVATION; SURVIVAL; BIVALVES AB In long-lived unionid mussels, many short-term measures of growth are of limited value. Changes in physiological condition may be an early indication of stress, because the increased energy demand associated with stress often results in a depletion of glycogen reserves, the principal storage form of carbohydrates in unionid mussels. Our goal was to nonlethally extract tissue from freshwater mussels and then to develop a rapid and dependable method for the analysis of glycogen in the tissue extracts. A biopsy technique was developed to remove between 5 and 10 mg of foot tissue in Amblema plicata plicata. The survival rate did not differ between biopsied and non-biopsied mussels during a 581-d observation period, demonstrating that the biopsy technique Mill allow nonlethal evaluation of the physiological condition of individual mussels through measurement of changes in contaminant, genetic, and biochemical indicators in tissue. We also modified th? standard alkaline digestion and phenol-sulfuric acid analysis of glycogen for use on the small samples of biopsied tissue and to reduce analysis time and cost. We present quality control data, including method detection limits and estimates of precision and bias. The modified analytical method is rapid and accurate and has a method detection limit of 0.014 mg glycogen. Glycogen content in the biopsied samples was well above the method detection limit; it ranged from 0.09 to 0.36 mg, indicating that the method should be applicable to native mussels. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Naimo, TJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Coll Engn, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. NR 27 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 12 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.2307/1468056 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZL298 UT WOS:000073418600009 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC Klein, PN Danforth, HD AF Augustine, PC Klein, PN Danforth, HD TI Use of monoclonal antibodies against chicken coccidia to study invasion and early development of Eimeria gruis in the Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE crane; coccidia; Eimeria gruis; invasion; development; monoclonal antibodies ID DISSEMINATED VISCERAL COCCIDIOSIS AB Eimeria gruis and E. reichenowi are common coccidial parasites of a number of crane species. In the present study, monoclonal antibodies (McAbs), elicited against Eimeria spp. of chickens and turkeys, cross-reacted with sporozoites and developmental stages of E. gruis in the tissues of Florida sandhill cranes. These McAbs were used to define the area of the intestine that was invaded by sporozoites of E. gruis and to demonstrate the feasibility of using McAbs to study the early development of E. gruis in the intestines and visceral organs of cranes. At 6 hr postinoculation (PI), E. gruis sporozoites were found primarily from just proximal to Meckle's diverticulum in the jejunum to the ileocecal juncture. Fewer sporozoites were found in the ceca and rectum, and none were found in the duodenum. Most of the sporozoites were in the middle third of the villi and within the lamina propria. At 14 days PI, developmental stages were detected in the ceca, jejunum, liver, and lungs but not in the heart, kidney, or brain. In the ceca and jejunum, the number, location, and maturity of the stages differed markedly. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZV743 UT WOS:000074336700005 PM 9638620 ER PT J AU Encalada, SE Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Zurita, JC Schroeder, B Possardt, E Sears, CJ Bowen, BW AF Encalada, SE Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Zurita, JC Schroeder, B Possardt, E Sears, CJ Bowen, BW TI Population structure of loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting colonies in the Atlantic and Mediterranean as inferred from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; MARINE TURTLES; SEA-TURTLES; GENE FLOW; RARE ALLELES; CONSERVATION; MARKERS; GREEN; GROWTH; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AB Mitochondrial (Int) DNA control region sequences were analyzed for 249 Atlantic and Mediterranean loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) to elucidate nesting population structure and phylogeographic patterns. Ten haplotypes were resolved among individuals sampled between 1987 and 1993, from ten major loggerhead nesting areas in the region. Two distinct phylogenetic lineages were distinguished, separated by an average of 5.1% sequence divergence. Haplotype frequency comparisons between pairs of populations showed significant differentiation between most regional nesting aggregates and revealed six demographically independent groups, corresponding to nesting beaches from: (1) North Carolina: South Carolina, Georgia and northeast Florida, USA; (2) southern Florida, USA; (3) northwest Florida, USA; (4) Quintana Roo, Mexico; (5) Bahia, Brazil; and (6) Peloponnesus Island, Greece. The distribution of mtDNA haplotypes is consistent with a natal homing scenario, in which nesting colonies separated by a few hundred kilometers represent isolated reproductive aggregates. However, a strong exception to this pattern was observed in the first group defined by mtDNA data (North Carolina to northeast Florida), which included samples from four nesting locations spread across thousands of kilometers of coastline. These locations were characterized by a single haplotype in 104 out of 105 samples, providing inadequate resolution of population divisions. In view of the subdivisions observed elsewhere, we attribute the lack of differentiation between North Carolina and northeast Florida to recent colonization of these warm temperate coastlines (after the Wisconsin glaciation) not to ongoing gene flow among spatially distinct nesting locations. The relationships among observed haplotypes suggest a biogeographic scenario defined by climate, natal homing, and rare dispersal events. The redefined relationships among nesting aggregations in the western Atlantic region (southeastern USA and adjacent Mexico) prompt a reconsideration of management strategies for nesting populations and corresponding habitats in this region. C1 Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ctr Invest Colegio Frontera Quintana Roo, ECOSUR, Chetumal 77000, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Florida Marine Res Inst, Tequesta Field Lab, Tequesta, FL 33469 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Realty, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Battery Creek High Sch, Beaufort, SC 29902 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Encalada, SE (reprint author), Univ Oregon 1210, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 54 TC 105 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 24 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 130 IS 4 BP 567 EP 575 DI 10.1007/s002270050278 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZG661 UT WOS:000073026500002 ER PT J AU Bothner, MH ten Brink, MB Manheim, FT AF Bothner, MH ten Brink, MB Manheim, FT TI Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor - Changes with time SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE metals; sediments; Boston Harbor; temporal change; contamination; lead; silver; mercury ID LONG-ISLAND SOUND; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; PB-210; MASSACHUSETTS; ENVIRONMENTS; CONTAMINATION; CALIFORNIA; COASTAL; MARINE AB The concentrations of metals in surface sediments of Boston Harbor have decreased during the period 1977-1993. This conclusion is supported by analysis of: (I) surface sediments collected at monitoring stations in the outer harbor between 1977 and 1993; (2) metal concentration profiles in sediment coresfrom depositional al eas of the harbor; and (3) historical data from a contaminated-sediment database, which includes information on metal and organic contaminants and sediment texture. The background and matrix-connected concentrations of lead (Pb) measured in the surficial layer (0-2 cm) of cores decreased by an average of 46% +/- 12% among four locations in the outer harbor during the 16 y period. Chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) exhibited similar trends. Results from our sediment sampling are supported by historical data that were compiled from diverse sources into a regional sediment database. This sediment database contains approximately 3000 samples; of these, about 460 samples were collected and analyzed for Cu, Hg, or Zn and many other sediment parameters in Boston Harbor surface sediments between 1971-1993. The database indicates that the concentrations of these three metals also decreased with time in Boston's Inner Harbor. The decreases in metal concentrations that are observed in more recent years parallel a general decrease in the flux of metals to the harbor, implemented by: (1) ending the sewage sludge discharge to the Harbor in December, 1991; (2) greater source reduction (e.g. recovery of silver front photographic processing) and closing or moving of industries, (3) improvements in wastewater handling and sewage treatment; and (4) diminishing use of lead in gasoline beginning about 1973. Despite the general decrease in metal concentrations in Boston Harbor surface sediments, the concentrations of Ag and Hg measured at some outer harbor stations in 1993 rr!ere still at, or above, the level associated with frequent adverse effects to marine organisms (guidelines are: Ag 3.7 mu g g(-1), Hg 1.17 mu g g(-1), from Long et al., 1995). Concentrations of the other metals listed were in the range considered to occasionally induce adverse biological effects. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Bothner, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 59 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 45 IS 2 BP 127 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA YZ256 UT WOS:000072235900003 ER PT J AU Thornton, EB Swayne, JL Dingler, JR AF Thornton, EB Swayne, JL Dingler, JR TI Small-scale morphology across the surf zone SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE small-scale morphology; ripples; morphology; bedforms; nearshore bedforms; surf zone; waves and currents ID NEARSHORE; GEOMETRY AB Small-scale (<5 m horizontal length) nearshore morphologic height variations were measured by combining CRAB surveys with bed elevations acquired with a 1 MKz sonic altimeter mounted on the CRAB during the October Phase of the DUCK94 experiment. Bedform plan views were recorded simultaneously using a 500 kHz side-scan sonar mounted on the CRAB. Waves and currents were measured at the same time. Significant temporal and spatial variations in the small-scale morphology were measured in response to changing waves and currents during the 2 weeks examined. Three cases are examined in detail: (1) mild waves and weak longshore currents resulting in wave ripples throughout the study area; (2) storm waves with strong longshore currents resulting in lunate and straight-crested mega-ripples in the trough of the barred beach; and (3) narrow-band, normally incident waves with a strong rip current resulting in a planar bed except in the throat of the rip where mega-ripples were measured. Wavenumber spectra of the bed were generally broad, indicating newly formed ripples coexisted with residual ripples from the past to form complex, multi-scaled ripple patterns. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Thornton, EB (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 145 IS 3-4 BP 173 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00114-X PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA ZH755 UT WOS:000073144400002 ER PT J AU Deutsch, CJ Bonde, RK Reid, JP AF Deutsch, CJ Bonde, RK Reid, JP TI Radio-tracking manatees from land and space: Tag design, implementation, and lessons learned from long-term study SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WEST-INDIAN MANATEES; TRICHECHUS-MANATUS; FLORIDA; TELEMETRY; PATTERNS AB West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) were tracked along the Atlantic coast of Florida and Georgia (N = 83 manatees, n = 439 tag deployments, 1986-1996) and in eastern Puerto Rico (N = 8, n = 43, 1992-1996) using conventional and satellite-based radio-telemetry systems. A floating radio-tag, attached by a flexible tether to a padded belt around the base of the tail, enabled us to track manatees in saltwater environments. The tag incorporated VHF (very high frequency) and ultrasonic transmitters for field tracking and tag recovery, and an Argos satellite-monitored transmitter for remote tracking. We located each animal in the field about twice per week, received more than 60,000 good-quality Argos locations, and recovered tags in over 90 percent of deployments. The tag was designed to detach from the belt when entangled to prevent injury or drowning, and this often led to premature termination of tracking bouts. We had considerable success, however, in retagging belted manatees without recapture (97 percent of 392 retagging events). Most individuals were radio-tagged more than once (median = 3.0, maximum = 43) for a median total duration of 7.5 months (maximum = 6.8 years). Data obtained through Argos have been valuable in addressing questions relating to long-distance movements, site fidelity, and identification of high-use areas. Fine-scale analyses of manatee habitat use and movements may require restricting the data set to the highest location quality or developing new analytical techniques to incorporate locational error. Field tracking provided useful ancillary data on life-history parameters, but sample sizes were small and survival estimates imprecise. Modification of the existing tag design to include Global Positioning System (GPS) functionality, with its finer spatial and temporal resolution, will offer new opportunities to address critical research and management problems facing this endangered species. C1 US Geol Survey, BRD, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Deutsch, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, BRD, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL USA. OI Reid, James/0000-0002-8497-1132; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 NR 40 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 14 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 18 EP 29 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA ZP227 UT WOS:000073730700004 ER PT J AU Frederiksen, NO AF Frederiksen, NO TI Upper Paleocene and lowermost Eocene angiosperm pollen biostratigraphy of the eastern Gulf Coast and Virginia SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXTINCTION AB Strata comprising most of the upper Paleocene in eastern North America are divided into two new pollen zones, the Carya and Platycarya platycaryoides Interval Zones. Pollen data have proven to be important for correlations between Alabama-western Georgia and eastern Mississippi and between the eastern Gulf Coast and Virginia. Migration of tropical plant taxa from the Caribbean to the Gulf Coast began at least 4 m.y. before the end of the Paleocene. The Terminal Paleocene Extinction Event, accompanied by a distinct pulse of plant immigration from Europe, began several hundred thousand years before the end of the Paleocene. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22091 USA. RP Frederiksen, NO (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22091 USA. NR 74 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 2 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD SPR PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 45 EP 68 DI 10.2307/1486084 PG 24 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA ZL579 UT WOS:000073448500002 ER PT J AU Campbell, WB Emlen, JM Hershberger, WK AF Campbell, WB Emlen, JM Hershberger, WK TI Thermally induced chronic developmental stress in coho salmon: integrating measures of mortality, early growth, and developmental instability SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ENZYME HETEROZYGOSITY; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; GENETIC-VARIATION; STABILITY; COMPONENTS; PATTERNS; FITNESS; STRAIN; EGGS AB Developmental stability, or homeostasis, facilitates the production of consistent phenotypes by buffering against stress. Fluctuating asymmetry is produced by developmental instability and is manifested as small random departures from bilateral symmetry. Increased fluctuating asymmetry is thought to parallel compromised fitness, in part, because stress promotes energy dissipation. Compensatory energy expenditures within the organism are required to complete development, thus promoting instability through reductions in homeostasis. Increased heterozygosity may enhance developmental stability by reducing energy dissipation from stress through increased metabolic efficiency, possibly by providing greater flexibility in metabolic pathways. Traditionally, fluctuating asymmetry has been used as a bioindicator of chronic stress, provided that selective mortality of less fit individuals did not reduce stress-mediated increases in fluctuating asymmetry to background levels produced by natural developmental error, or create data inconsistencies such as higher asymmetry in groups exposed to lower stress. Unfortunately, absence of selective mortality and its effects, while often assumed, can be difficult to substantiate. We integrated measures of early growth, mortality, fluctuating asymmetry (mandibular pores, pectoral finrays, pelvic finrays, and gillrakers on the upper and lower arms of the first branchial arch) and directional asymmetry (branchiostegal rays) to assess chronic thermal stress (fluctuating temperatures as opposed to ambient temperatures) in developing eggs from two different coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocks and their reciprocal hybrids. Hybridization provided insight on the capacity of heterozygosity to reduce stress during development. Although egg losses were consistently higher in crosses exposed to fluctuating temperatures, egg mortality was predominantly a function of maternal stock of origin. Post-hatch losses were higher in crosses exposed to ambient temperatures than in crosses exposed to fluctuating temperatures during embryogenesis. Observed patterns of early growth revealed no heterosis. but instead reflected maternal effects, with some crosses slowing growth and yolk utilization when exposed to fluctuating temperatures. Analyses of fluctuating asymmetry also showed no effects from heterosis. While analyses of composite asymmetry scores and branchiostegal rays were inconclusive, analyses of individual characters showed significantly higher fluctuating asymmetry in pelvic finray counts and a marginal change in the numbers of fish asymmetric for this character in crosses exposed to chronic thermal stress. In contrast, the fluctuating asymmetry. in lower gillraker counts was significantly higher in crosses exposed to ambient temperatures and there were significantly more fish asymmetric for this character. Data on mortalities and fluctuating asymmetry indicate pelvic finray development was thermally stressed, while the heightened fluctuating asymmetry in lower gillraker counts under ambient temperatures was due to a greater frequency of less fit fish that had not been culled by thermal stress. Changes in early growth patterns in response to developmental stress yielded no parallel responses in meristic characters. We conclude that chronic thermal stress produced both selectively lethal and sublethal effects that directly shaped fluctuating asymmetry and fitness profiles in these crosses. Implicit in this conclusion is that developmental instability analyses can detect more than just chronic sublethal stress, thus providing substantial credence for using instability studies as proactive bioassessment methodologies. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Campbell, WB (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM camp3972@novell.uidaho.edu NR 50 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD MAR PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 398 EP 410 DI 10.2307/3547059 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YW295 UT WOS:000071918100018 ER PT J AU Neymark, LA Larin, AM Nemchin, AA Ovchinnikova, GV Rytsk, EY AF Neymark, LA Larin, AM Nemchin, AA Ovchinnikova, GV Rytsk, EY TI Anorogenic nature of magmatism in the Northern Baikal volcanic belt: Evidence from geochemical, geochronological (U-Pb), and isotopic (Pb, Nd) data SO PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAPAKIVI GRANITE; TRACE-ELEMENT; AGE; SR; DISCRIMINATION; ROCKS; SM; PETROGENESIS; ASSOCIATIONS; CONSTRAINTS AB The Northern Baikal volcanic belt has an age of 1.82-1.87 Ga and extends along the boundary between the Siberian Platform and the Baikal foldbelt. The volcanic belt is composed of volcanics of the Akitkan Group and granitic rocks of the Irel and Primorsk complexes. The geochemistry of the rocks points to the intraplate anorogenic nature of the belt. U-Pb zircon dating of the Chuya granitoids revealed that they are older (2020-2060 Ma) than the Northern Baikal volcanic belt and, thus, cannot be regarded as its component. Data on the ph isotopic system of feldspars from the granitoids confirm the contemporaneity of all volcanic rocks of the belt except the volcanics of the upper portion of the Akitkan Group (Chaya Formation). Our data suggest its possibly younger (similar to 1.3 Ga) age. The isotopic Nd and Pb compositions of the acid volcanic rocks provide evidence of the heterogeneity of their crustal protoliths. The volcanics of the Malaya Kosa Formation have epsilon(Nd)(T) = -6.1, mu(2) = 9.36, and were most probably produced with the participation of the U-depleted lower continental crust of Archean age. Other rocks of the complex show epsilon(Nd)(T) from -0.1 to -2.4, mu(2) = 9.78, and could have been formed by the recycling of the juvenile crust. The depletion of the Malaya Kosa volcanics in most LILEs and HFSEs compared with other acid igneous rocks of the belt possibly reflects compositional differences between the Late Archean and Early Proterozoic crustal sources. The basaltic rocks of the Malaya Kosa Formation (epsilon(Nd) varies from -4.6 to -5.4) were produced by either the melting of the enriched Lithospheric mantle or the contamination of derivatives of the depleted mantle by Early Archean lower crustal rocks, which are not exposed within the area. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Precambrian Geol & Geochronol, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Appl Geol, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Neymark, LA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Precambrian Geol & Geochronol, Nab Makarova 2, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. EM tur@ger.ras.spb.ru; anemchin@alphaz.curtin.edu.au NR 70 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 0869-5911 J9 PETROLOGY JI Petrology PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 124 EP 148 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Geology; Mineralogy GA ZE095 UT WOS:000072757200002 ER PT J AU Levine, RM Bond, AR AF Levine, RM Bond, AR TI Prospects for Ukrainian ferrous metals in the post-Soviet period SO POST-SOVIET GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID RUSSIA AB Two specialists on the mineral industries of the countries of the former USSR survey current problems confronting producers of ferrous metals in Ukraine and future prospects for domestic production and exports. A series of observations documenting the importance of ferrous metals production to Ukraine's economy is followed by sections describing investment plans and needs in the sector, and the role played by Ukraine within the iron and steel industry of the Soviet Union. The focus then turns to assessment of the current regional and global competitive position of Ukrainian producers for each of the major commodities of the sector-iron ore, manganese ore, ferroalloys, steel, and the products of the machine manufacturing and metal working industries. In conclusion, the paper discusses a potential regional industrial integration strategy analogous to that employed in the United States' Great Lakes/Midwest region, which possesses similar types of iron ore deposits and similar transport cost advantages and metallurgical and manufacturing industries. C1 US Geol Survey, Minerals Informat Team, Natl Ctr 991, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Bellwether Publ Ltd, Columbia, MD 21046 USA. RP Levine, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Minerals Informat Team, Natl Ctr 991, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 1088-9388 J9 POST-SOV GEOGR ECON JI Post-Sov. Geogr. Econ. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 151 EP 163 PG 13 WC Economics; Geography SC Business & Economics; Geography GA ZV490 UT WOS:000074309800002 ER PT J AU Quade, J Forester, RM Pratt, WL Carter, C AF Quade, J Forester, RM Pratt, WL Carter, C TI Black mats, spring-fed streams, and late-glacial-age recharge in the southern Great Basin SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NEVADA; GROUNDWATER; VALLEY AB Black mats are prominent features of the late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphic record in the southern Great Basin. Faunal, geochemical, and sedimentological evidence shows that the black mats formed in several microenvironments related to spring discharge, ranging from wet meadows to shallow ponds. Small land snails such as Gastrocopta tappaniana and Vertigo berryi are the most common mollusk tars present. Semiaquatic and aquatic taxa are less abundant and include Catinellids, Fossaria parva, Gyraulus parvus, and others living today in and around perennial seeps and ponds. The ostracodes Cypridopsis okeechobi and Scottia tumida, typical of seeps and low-discharge springs today, as well as other taxa typical of springs and wetlands, are common in the black mats. Several new species that lived in the saturated subsurface also are present, but lacustrine ostracodes are absent. The delta(13)C values of organic matter in the black mats range from -12 to -26 parts per thousand, reflecting contributions of tissue from both C-3 (sedges, most shrubs and trees) and C-4 (saltbush, saltgrass) plants. Carbon-14 dates on the humate fraction of 55 black mats fall between 11,800 to 6300 and 2300 C-14 yr B.P. to modern. The total absence of mats in our sample between 6300 and 2300 C-14 yr B.P. likely reflects increased aridity associated with the mid-Holocene Altithermal. The oldest black mats date to 11,800-11,600 C-14 yr B.P., and the peak in the C-14 black mat distribution falls at similar to 10,000 C-14 yr B.P. As the formation of black mats is spring related, their abundance reflects refilling of valley aquifers starting no later than 11,800 and peaking after 11,000 C-14 yr B.P. Reactivation of spring-fed channels shortly before 11,200 C-14 yr B.P. is also apparent in the stratigraphic records from the Las Vegas and Pahrump Valleys. This age distribution suggests that black mats and related spring-fed channels in part may have formed in response to Younger Dryas (YD)-age recharge in the region. However, the inception of black mat formation precedes that of the YD by at least 400 C-14 yr, and hydrological change is gradual, not rapid. (C) 1998 University of Washington. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Nevada, Museum Nat Hist, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Quade, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 41 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 49 IS 2 BP 129 EP 148 DI 10.1006/qres.1997.1959 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA ZM315 UT WOS:000073526200001 ER PT J AU Choi, YD Pavlovic, NB AF Choi, YD Pavlovic, NB TI Experimental restoration of native vegetation in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER; FIRE; COMPETITION; RESPONSES; GRASSES; PLANTS AB We investigated the effects of prescribed fire, herbicide treatment, and sod removal on the eradication of exotic grasses and the establishment of native plant species in 24 experimental restoration plots in three razed residential sites within the boundary of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. During 1992-1995, herbicide treatment and sod removal decreased the combined cover of Poa pratensis (Kentucky blue grass) and Agropyron repens (quackgrass) significantly (from 82% to 13%, and 85% to 8%, respectively), whereas fire did not suppress such exotic lawn grasses. In 1993, several opportunistic species, represented by Cyperus spp. (umbrella sedges), Digitaria sanguinalis (crab grass), and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), filled the gaps left by the removal of lawn grasses. For the same period, Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed a clear vegetation divergence between the control-fire plots and the herbicide-sod removal plots. While Poa pratensis and Agropyron repens continued to dominate the control and fire plots, the planted native species, represented by Schizachyrium scoparium (little blue-stem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed Susan), and Monarda punctata (horsemint), began to dominate in the herbicide and sod removal plots from 1994. In both herbicide and sod removal plots, the ground cover of grasses (68%) was much higher than the forbs (10%). The herbicide plots, where exotic species were removed but nitrogen-rich top soils were not removed, showed a higher diversity of planted native species than the sod removal plots (where both exotic species and top soils were removed) and the control-fire plots (where neither was removed). This finding suggests that an optimum but not excessive concentration of soil nitrogen is needed to support a maximum species diversity in such infertile substrate as sandy soil. In addition, the decrease in potassium in all plots, regardless of treatment, suggests that potassium may become a limiting factor for our restored native vegetation. C1 Purdue Univ Calumet, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, IN 46323 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. RP Choi, YD (reprint author), Purdue Univ Calumet, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, IN 46323 USA. NR 67 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 6 IS 1 BP 118 EP 129 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06114.x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZB745 UT WOS:000072503300014 ER PT J AU Muths, E AF Muths, E TI An observation on caching of prey by a long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article C1 Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Muths, E (reprint author), Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, USGS Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP001 UT WOS:000073705300019 ER PT J AU Cabaniss, SE Leenheer, JA McVey, IF AF Cabaniss, SE Leenheer, JA McVey, IF TI Aqueous infrared carboxylate absorbances: aliphatic di-acids SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE aliphatic di-carboxylic acids; aqueous carboxylates; ATR-FTIR ID PHENOLIC COMPLEXES; SPECTROSCOPY AB Aqueous attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of 18 aliphatic di-carboxylic acids are reported as a function of pH. The spectra show isosbestic points and intensity changes which indicate that Beer's law is obeyed, and peak frequencies lie within previously reported ranges for aqueous carboxylates and pure carboxylic acids. Intensity sharing from the symmetric carboxylate stretch is evident in many cases, so that bands which are nominally due to alkyl groups show increased intensity at higher pH. The asymmetric stretch of the HA(-) species is linearly related to the microscopic acidity constant of the H(2)A species, with sigma(pK) < 0.25 log units; this relationship falls on the same line as previously observed for mono-carboxylic acids. The linear relationship applies to the acidity constant of the HA(-) species only when the two acid groups are well separated (> 2 intervening atoms). The results suggest that aqueous ATR-FTIR may be able to estimate 'intrinsic' pK(a) values of carboxylic acids, in addition to providing quantitative estimates of ionization. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. US Geol Survey, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. RP Cabaniss, SE (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1386-1425 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA A JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 54 IS 3 BP 449 EP 458 DI 10.1016/S1386-1425(97)00258-8 PG 10 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA ZF040 UT WOS:000072856700006 ER PT J AU Markey, R Stein, H Morgan, J AF Markey, R Stein, H Morgan, J TI Highly precise Re-Os dating for molybdenite using alkaline fusion and NTIMS SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE alkaline fusion; molybdenite; negative thermal ion mass spectrometry ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; IRON-METEORITES; OSMIUM; RHENIUM; SYSTEMATICS; SEPARATION AB The technique described in this paper represents the modification and combination of two previously existing methods, alkaline fusion and negative thermal ion mass spectrometry (NTIMS). We have used this technique to analyze repeatedly a homogeneous molybdenite powder used as a reference standard in our laboratory. Analyses were made over a period of 18 months, using four different calibrations of two different spike solutions. The age of this standard reproduces at a level of +/- 0.13%. Each individual age analysis carries an uncertainty of about 0.4% that includes the uncertainty in the decay constant for Re-187. This new level of resolution has allowed us to recognize real differences in ages for two grain-size populations of molybdenite from some Archean samples. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, AIRIE Grp, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 910, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Markey, R (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, AIRIE Grp, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM rmarkey@CNR.colostate.edu NR 20 TC 138 Z9 169 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD MAR PY 1998 VL 45 IS 5 BP 935 EP 946 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00198-7 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YX918 UT WOS:000072093700021 PM 18967081 ER PT J AU Dong, QA DeAngelis, DL AF Dong, QA DeAngelis, DL TI Consequences of cannibalism and competition for food in a smallmouth bass population: An individual-based modeling study SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BLUEGILL LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; MICROPTERUS-DOLOMIEUI PISCES; YOUNG MIGRATORY TROUT; ONTOGENETIC NICHE; PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; RAINBOW SMELT; SALMO-TRUTTA; AGE-CLASSES; FISH; SIZE AB We used an individual-based modeling approach to study the consequences of cannibalism and competition for food in a freshwater fish population. We simulated the daily Foraging, growth, and survival of the age-0 fish and older juvenile individuals of a sample population to reconstruct patterns of density dependence in the age-0 fish during the growth season. Cannibalisin occurs as a part of the foraging process. For age-0 fish, older juvenile fish are both potential cannibals and competitors of food. We found that competition and cannibalism produced intraclass and interclass density dependence. Our modeling results suggested the following, (I) With low density of juvenile fish and weak interclass interactions, the age-0 fish recruitment shows a Beverton-Holt type of density dependence. (2) With high density of juvenile fish and strong interclass interactions. the age-0 fish recruitment shows a Ricker type of density dependence, and overcompensation occurs. (3) Interclass competition of food is responsible for much of the overcompensation. (3) Cannibalism intensifies the changes in the recruitment that ore brought about by competition. Cannibalism can (a) generally reduce the recruitment, (b) particularly reduce the maximum level of recruitment, (c) cause overcompensation to occur at lower densities, and (d) produce a stronger overcompensation. (5) Growth is also a function of density, Cannibalism generally improves average growth of cannibals. (6) Variation in the lengths of age-0 fish increases with density and with a decreased average growth. These results imply that cannibalism and competition for food could strongly affect recruitment dynamics. Our model also showed that the rate of cannibalism either could be fairly even through the whole season or could vary dramatically. The individual-based modeling approach can help ecologists understand the mechanistic connection between daily behavioral and physiological processes operating at the level of individual organisms and seasonal patterns of population structure and dynamics. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Dong, QA (reprint author), S Florida Water Management Dist, Everglades Res Div, 3301 Gun Club Rd, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RI Dong, Quan/G-5005-2010 OI Dong, Quan/0000-0002-9353-9288 NR 87 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 127 IS 2 BP 174 EP 191 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0174:COCACF>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 135GF UT WOS:000076792000002 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP DeSorcie, TJ Stedman, RM AF Madenjian, CP DeSorcie, TJ Stedman, RM TI Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; YELLOW PERCH; PREY SIZE; CONSUMPTION; POPULATION; FISHERIES; PREDATION; ALEWIVES; DYNAMICS AB Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in nearshore waters of Lake Michigan grow faster than lake trout residing offshore on Sheboygan Reef, which is in midlake. We examined the stomachs of lake trout, spanning ages 1 through 16, caught in both nearshore and offshore environments of Lake Michigan during 1994 and 1995 to determine whether diet differences may be responsible for the difference in growth rate. A comparison of the diets, coupled with bioenergetics modeling, indicated that juvenile lake trout on Sheboygan Reef experienced slow growth due to low food availability rather than to cold water temperatures. The availability of appropriate-size prey appeared to regulate lake trout growth. Small prey fish were probably not readily available to small (200- to 399-mm total length) lake trout on Sheboygan Reef, a substantial portion of whose diet consisted of invertebrates: in contrast, nearshore juveniles had a nearly 100% fish dirt. Growth rate on the reef remained slow through intermediate lake trout sizes (400-599 mm total length), presumably due to low availability of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax on the reef. Once lake trout achieved total lengths of approximately 600 mm, they grew slightly faster on Sheboygan Reef than near shore, indicating that large (>170-mm total length, prey fish were readily available to lake trout in the reef area. On a wet-weight basis, alewife Aloso pseudoharengus dominated the diet of large (600 mm total length) lake trout from both the nearshore and offshore regions of the lake, although bloater Coregonus hoyi composed over 30% of the diet on Sheboygan Reef and in southeastern nearshore Lake Michigan. Size of alewife prey increased with lake trout size. The bloater population currently represents the bulk of the biomass of the adult prey fish community, so our diet analysis suggests that large lake trout are continuing to select alewives. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 41 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 127 IS 2 BP 236 EP 252 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0236:OASPID>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 135GF UT WOS:000076792000007 ER PT J AU Carmichael, JT Haeseker, SL Hightower, JE AF Carmichael, JT Haeseker, SL Hightower, JE TI Spawning migration of telemetered striped bass in the Roanoke River, North Carolina SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALBEMARLE SOUND; TRANSMITTERS; MOVEMENTS; SHORTNOSE; STURGEON AB The spring spawning migration is a key period for effective management of anadromous populations of striped bass Morone saxatilis. Information on migratory behavior is needed in order to develop appropriate harvest regulations and to conduct effective surveys while fish are on the spawning grounds. We used ultrasonic telemetry to estimate the timing and duration of the upriver spawning migration for the Roanoke River, North Carolina, population and to evaluate whether a short-term fluctuation in temperature or flow would alter the distribution of telemetered fish on the spawning grounds. Seventy-eight fish implanted with transmitters were released during 1993 and 1994. Twenty-nine telemetered fish migrated upriver in 1994, and 14 telemetered fish entered the river in 1995. Migration of telemetered fish began in mid- to late April when water temperatures in the lower river reached 17-18 degrees C. Males began their spawning migration significantly earlier than females in 1994; the difference was not significant in 1995. The 165-km upriver migration took about a week, as did the downriver migration after the spawning season. In 1994 and 1995 respectively, males remained on the spawning grounds for averages of 22 and 21 d, females for 8 and 11 d. Because of shorter residency times only about half the telemetered females were on the spawning grounds at any one time during the peak of the spawning season. Striped boss remained on the spawning grounds during a short-term temperature decrease of about 4 degrees C (over 5 d) and an increase in flow from about 190 to 390 m(3)/s (over 1 d). C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hightower, JE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 127 IS 2 BP 286 EP 297 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0286:SMOTSB>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 135GF UT WOS:000076792000011 ER PT J AU Gryska, AD Hubert, WA Gerow, KG AF Gryska, AD Hubert, WA Gerow, KG TI Relative abundance and lengths of Kendall Warm Springs dace captured from different habitats in a specially designed trap SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MINNOW RHINICHTHYS-CATARACTAE; BEHAVIOR; SIZE AB A trap was designed to capture endangered Kendall Warm Springs dace Rhinichthys osculus thermalis (a subspecies of speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus) without being destructive to the habitat of the fish in Kendall Warm Springs Creek, Wyoming. Four experiments were conducted to determine differences in catch per unit effort (CPUE) and length frequencies of fish among differing habitat types. The CPUE was highest in channel habitats with current, and one experiment indicated that it was particularly high at vertical interfaces with vegetation. Longer fish were captured in channel habitats away from vegetation than in vegetated areas. The CPUE was significantly greater during the day than at night during one experiment, but no significant differences were observed among the other three experiments. The traps were easy and inexpensive to construct, could be used in a variety of stream habitats, and may have applications in other small streams for sampling small, benthic fishes. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hubert, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 127 IS 2 BP 309 EP 315 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0309:RAALOK>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 135GF UT WOS:000076792000013 ER PT J AU Counihan, TD Miller, AI Mesa, MG Parsley, MJ AF Counihan, TD Miller, AI Mesa, MG Parsley, MJ TI The effects of dissolved gas supersaturation on white sturgeon larvae SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURES; TROUT; WATER AB Spill at dams has caused supersaturation of atmospheric gas in waters of the Columbia and Snake rivers and raised concerns about the effects of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) on white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus. The timing and location of white sturgeon spawning and the dispersal of white sturgeon larvae from incubation areas makes the larval stage potentially vulnerable to the effects of DGS. To assess the effects of DGS on white sturgeon larvae, we exposed larvae to mean total dissolved gas (TDG) levels of 118% and 131% saturation in laboratory bioassay tests. Gas bubble trauma (GBT) uas manifested as a gas hubble in the buccal cavity. nares, or both and it first occurred at developmental stages characterized by the formation of the mouth and gills. Exposure times of 15 min were sufficient to elicit these signs in larvae in various stages of development. No mortality was observed in larvae exposed to 118% TDG for 10 d, but 50% mortality occurred after a 13-d exposure to 131% TDG. The signs of GET we observed resulted in positive buoyancy and alterations in behavior that may affect the dispersal and predation vulnerability of white sturgeon larvae. The exact depth distribution of dispersing white sturgeon larvae in the Columbia River currently is unknown. Thus, our results may represent a worst-case scenario if white sturgeon larvae are dispersed at depths with insufficient hydrostatic pressure to compensate for high TDG levels. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Counihan, TD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, NW Biol Sci Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 127 IS 2 BP 316 EP 322 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0316:TEODGS>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 135GF UT WOS:000076792000014 ER PT J AU Ford, MA Grace, JB AF Ford, MA Grace, JB TI The interactive effects of fire and herbivory on a coastal marsh in Louisiana SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE fire; herbivory; coastal marsh; species density; plant cover; plant biomass; nutria ID PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; COMPETITION; LAKE; USA AB Both vertebrate herbivores and fire have long been known to have dramatic and important effects on wetland vegetation. However, the interactive effects of burning and herbivory have received less attention. In this study, conducted in the coastal marshes of the Pearl River Basin in Louisiana, USA, both the effects of herbivory and fire as well as the interaction between these effects were examined in three marsh community types: Sagittaria lancifolia, Panicum virgatum, and Spartina patens. At five sites for each of the three community types, the effects of burning and fencing to exclude herbivores were determined over two years. Results showed that total biomass was reduced by burning bur increased by fencing, with no interactive effects on total biomass. Species density (the number of species per unit area) was enhanced in plots that were both burned and fenced. Spartina patens was an important component in all three communities. Cover estimates indicated that S. patens responded to burning and fencing differently from the other dominant species. In the Panicum virgatum community, P. virgatum cover was enhanced by burning and fencing while S. patens cover was reduced. In the Sagittaria lancifolia community, S. lancifolia and Vigna luteola were enhanced by burning and fencing while S. patens was reduced. In the S. patens community, Scirpus americanus was enhanced by fencing, but burning had no significant effect on cover of either dominant species. These and other data are generally consistent with the hypothesis that herbivory favors S. patens while burning favors other dominant species. Thus, the relative effects of fire and herbivory have an influence(along with other factors such as salinity) on the dominance of S. patens in coastal marshes. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Ford, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZF726 UT WOS:000072925900001 ER PT J AU Svingen, D Anderson, SH AF Svingen, D Anderson, SH TI Waterfowl management on grass-sage stock ponds SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE waterfowl; stock ponds; grass-sage; aquatic macroinvertebrates; breeding ducks; broods AB We studied waterfowl use of grass-sage stock ponds in north-central Wyoming during the 1988 and 1989 breeding seasons. Dabbling ducks, particularly mallards, were the most common breeders. indicated breeding pair density averaged 2.7 pairs/ha of wetland surface, while brood density averaged 1.0 brood/ha of wetland surface. Waterfowl use and productivity were greatest on large (>3 ha), clear, deep ponds with grass shorelines and abundant submergent macrophytes. Pair use was positively correlated with water clarity, pond area, and macroinvertebrate diversity. Brood use was related to macroinvertebrate diversity, pond depth, and Shoreline Development index. We recommend management priority be given to ponds that are deeper than 1 m to provide more water that is clear so macrophytes can be established. Macroinvertebrates should be artificially introduced into ponds. Fencing should be used to improve ponds for waterfowl use and brood rearing. C1 Univ Wyoming, US Geol Survey, Wyoming Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Svingen, D (reprint author), POB 271, Springfield, CO 81073 USA. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 84 EP 89 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZF726 UT WOS:000072925900010 ER PT J AU Deller, AS Baldassarre, GA AF Deller, AS Baldassarre, GA TI Effects of flooding on the forest community in a greentree reservoir 18 years after flood cessation SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE flooding; forested wetland; green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica); greentree reservoir; habitat management; Montezuma; red maple (Acer rubrum); waterfowl habitat ID HARDWOOD FOREST; DYNAMICS; SEEDLINGS; PLANT AB Greentree reservoir (GTR) management is a common waterfowl habitat management technique used in both the northeastern and southeastern United States. However, this management technique is controversial because greentree reservoir management can cause changes in forest composition and structure. We studied the effects of GTR management at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge in central New York by comparing vegetation in permanent plots in two GTRs and a natural forested wetland over a 30-year period (preflood and 2 years and 18 years after flood cessation). We detected long-term effects of GTR management on vegetation composition and structure. Red maple and green ash remained the dominant overstory species, but density of green ash saplings was higher (P = 0.026) in a natural forested wetland (300 trees/ha) compared to the two GTRs (30-90 trees/ha). Age determination of several green ash saplings suggests these changes were Likely caused by reduced regeneration in the GTRs. Mortality of green ash seedlings in 1996 was greatest in a GTR flooded for 1 year (60%) versus an unflooded GTR (12%) and a natural forested wetland (27%). Overall, shrub density was similar 18 years post-flooding and preflooding, but several species had lower densities (P = 0.001-0.031) than a natural forested wetland. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (1.8-2.0) and richness (29-31) of herbaceous species were similar among all sites 18 years after flood cessation. However, two species of fern remained at lower densities (P=0.0001-0.026), while three herbaceous species remained at higher densities (P=0.0001-0.015) 18 years after flood cessation as compared to preflood densities and densities in a natural forested wetland. It is unknown after which year of flooding these changes occurred, but 12 years of GTR management did cause long-term effects on the forest community. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Deller, AS (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 90 EP 99 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZF726 UT WOS:000072925900011 ER PT J AU Fischer, RA King, SL AF Fischer, RA King, SL TI Suggestions for new and aspiring graduate students in wildlife science SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE college; education; employment opportunities; graduate school preparation; research and teaching assistantships; university C1 USA, Engineer Waterways Expt Stn, Environm Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Fischer, RA (reprint author), USA, Engineer Waterways Expt Stn, Environm Lab, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 41 EP 50 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500008 ER PT J AU Burn, DM AF Burn, DM TI Estimation of hunter compliance with the Marine Mammal Marking, Tagging, and Reporting Program for walrus SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Alaska; harvest statistics; marine mammal; native; Odobenus rosmarus divergens; Pacific; walrus AB The harvest of Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) by Alaska Natives has been monitored since 1988 by the Marine Mammal Marking, Tagging, and Reporting Program (MTRP) administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). I compared MTRP data with information from the Walrus Harvest Monitoring Project (WHMP) to estimate the level of compliance with the MTRP in Diomede, Gambell, and Savoonga, 3 major villages where walrus hunting occurs in Alaska. During the 1994 and 1995 spring harvests of walrus, estimated maximum compliance in Diomede was 99 and 99%; in Gambell, 77 and 64%; and in Savoonga, 69 and 66%, respectively. OF those tusks that were ragged, >50% were tagged within the required 30-day period, with the majority of those tagged within 1-2 weeks. Walrus calves generally were unreported to the MTRP. Estimates of the walrus harvest from MTRP data should be considered biased low. Continued information and education efforts are necessary to improve understanding and acceptance of this program. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management Off, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Burn, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management Off, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500011 ER PT J AU Smith, TS AF Smith, TS TI Attraction of brown bears to red pepper spray deterrent: caveats for use SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE brown bear; deterrents; oleoresin capsicum; red pepper spray; repellents; Ursus arctos C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Smith, TS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 92 EP 94 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500014 ER PT J AU Seaman, DE Griffith, B Powell, RA AF Seaman, DE Griffith, B Powell, RA TI KERNELHR: a program for estimating animal home ranges SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Software Review DE core area; home range; kernel method; nonparametric density estimation; utilization distribution ID MODELS AB Kernel methods are state of the art for estimating animal home-range area and utilization distribution (UD). The KERNELHR program was developed to provide researchers and managers a tool to implement this extremely flexible set of methods with many variants. KERNELHR runs interactively or from the command line on any personal computer (PC) running DOS. KERNELHR provides output of fixed and adaptive kernel home-range estimates, as well as density values in a format suitable for in-depth statistical and spatial analyses. An additional package of programs creates contour files for plotting in geographic information systems (GIS) and estimates core areas of ranges. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362, Australia. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Seaman, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, 600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362, Australia. NR 11 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 5 U2 22 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500015 ER PT J AU Ellis, DH Hjertaas, D Johns, BW Urbanek, RP AF Ellis, DH Hjertaas, D Johns, BW Urbanek, RP TI Use of a helicopter to capture flighted cranes SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE capture techniques; Grus canadensis; helicopter capture; sandhill crane AB Using a helicopter, we pursued 12 sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and captured 6. In forested habitat, cranes could be forced down, but we were unable to deploy the pursuit team, so cranes could not be captured. In open habitat, every crane we pursued was captured. Target cranes were forced to the ground in 0.3-14 minutes ((x) over bar = 6 minutes). Adjusting pursuit distance (50-150 m) was essential in promoting fatigue and in preventing escape of target cranes. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Saskatchewan Environm & Resource Management, Regina, SK S4S 5W6, Canada. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Seney Natl Wildlife Refuge, Seney, MI 49883 USA. RP Ellis, DH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, HCR 1 Box 4420, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 103 EP 107 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500017 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Afton, AD AF Cox, RR Afton, AD TI Use of mini-refuges by female northern pintails wintering in southwestern Louisiana SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Anas acuta; habitat use; Louisiana; mini-refuges; northern pintail; pools; radiotelemetry; refuges; waterfowl; winter AB The Gulf Coast Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan began contracting private agricultural lands (hereafter mini-refuges) in 1988 to expand existing sanctuaries for northern pint ails (Anas acuta) in southwestern Louisiana. Previous research suggested that mini-refuges may prove more attractive to pintails than permanent, open-water pools (pools) on refuges because mini-refuges provide sanctuary and food during the day, whereas pools generally provide only sanctuary (Rave and Cordes 1993). We used radiotelemetry to compare diel use of mini-refuges and pools (Lacassine Pool and Amoco Pool) by female pintails in southwestern Louisiana during winters of 1991-1992 and 1992-1993. We examined variation in use of these areas in relation to female age (immature or adult), time period (prehunting season, first hunting season, time between split hunting seasons, second hunting season, and posthunting season), and winter (1991-1992 and 1992-1993). Diurnal use of mini-refuges and peals differed among time periods, but differences were not consistent between winters. Mini-refuges accounted for <2% of diurnal use by pintails in 7 of 10 time-period and winter comparisons. Diurnal use of mini-refuges was lower than that of Lacassine Pool in 8 of 10 time-period and winter comparisons. Diurnal use of mini-refuges was lower than that of Amoco Pool during first hunting season in 1992-1993, but use of these areas did not differ within other rime periods and winters. Nocturnal use of mini-refuges and pools did not differ in relation to female age, time period, winter, or individual bird. Nocturnal use of mini-refuges ((x) over bar +/- SE = 2.6 +/- 0.8%) did not differ from that of Lacassine Pool (2.2 +/- 0.7%), but females used both of these areas at night more than Amoco Pool (0.6 +/- 0.3%). In contrast to predictions and findings by Rave and Cordes (1993), we found that: (1) female pintails did not use mini-refuges more than pools, and (2) female pintails used mini-refuges at night. We believe that use of mini-refuges by pintails could be increased if mini-refuges were: (1) located in areas of traditionally high pintail use, (2) increased in size, (3) flooded immediately prior to hunting season, and (4) cleared of dense vegetation by rolling, disking, or burning. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Cox, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 130 EP 137 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 106QZ UT WOS:000075141500022 ER PT J AU Conant, S Pratt, HD Shallenberger, RJ AF Conant, S Pratt, HD Shallenberger, RJ TI Reflections on a 1975 expedition to the lost world of the Alaka'i and other notes on the natural history, systematics, and conservation of Kaua'i birds SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID HAWAIIAN HONEYCREEPER; DREPANIDINAE; AVES; LOXOPS AB We observed, tape recorded, and photographed birds of the Alaka'i Plateau on Kaua'i, Hawai'i for one week during the summer of 1975. We observed all but one of the island's historically known species and compared the Alaka'i Plateau with the more accessible Koke'e area. Ours were the last studies before catastrophic changes in the Kaua'i avifauna and included many observations that cannot now be repeated. This retrospective report presents our findings in the light of subsequent events. Because our Alaka'i studies were seminal in the development of the current AOU classification of Hawaiian native passerines, we defend that classification against recent challenges and further refine it. The controversial genus Hemignathus is shown to be supported by a suite of synapomorphies of plumage, bill morphology, and vocalizations. We advocate removal of the 'Anianiau from Hemignathus and classify it as Magumma parva. Our studies of foraging behavior and vocalizations support the recent recognition of the Kaua'i 'Amakihi (H. kauaiensis) as a separate species and suggest that the 'Elepaio (Chasiempis) is best split into three species (sclateri, ibidis, and sandwichensis). Major hurricanes in 1983 and 1992 appear to have severely impacted Alaka'i bird populations with the subsequent extinction of the Kaua'i 'O'o (Moho braccatus) and possibly the Kama'o (Myadestes myadestinus), and the island population of 'O'u (Psittirostra psinacea). We report some of the last natural history observations on these species. Formerly adaptive strategies for storm survival, including taking refuge in valleys, are no longer effective because the lowlands are now infested with mosquito-borne avian diseases. The Puaiohi (M. palmeri), a ravine specialist, suffered less from the storms although its population remains perilously low. Other forest birds, especially the `Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi), show noticeable declines since 1975. We speculate that introduced organisms such as alien plants can have a deleterious effect on ecosystems by altering feeding methods of birds even in areas where the weeds do not occur. We caution against the overly conservative use of species-level taxa for setting conservation priorities on remote islands. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Midway Atoll Natl Wildlife Refuge, FPO, AP 96516 USA. RP Conant, S (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, 2538 Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM conant@hawaii.edu NR 108 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 110 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 PG 22 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZD638 UT WOS:000072706900001 ER PT J AU LeSchack, CR Afton, AD Alisauskas, RT AF LeSchack, CR Afton, AD Alisauskas, RT TI Effects of male removal on female reproductive biology in Ross' and Lesser Snow Geese SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WILLOW PTARMIGAN; CANADA GEESE; INCUBATION BEHAVIOR; NUTRIENT RESERVES; PARENTAL CARE; GOOSE; PERFORMANCE; ENERGETICS; DUCKS; SIZE AB We studied effects of mate removal on nesting and hatching success, incubation behavior, body mass, and post-hatch dispersal distance of female Ross' (Chen rossii) and Lesser Snow Geese (C. caerulescens caerulescens) at Karrak Lake, N.W.T., Canada. Male geese were removed during early incubation (days 1-8), and widowed and paired control females were monitored through post-hatch dispersal. Nesting and hatching success did not differ between species or treatments (widowed vs paired) and averaged 77.5 +/- 3.8% and 64.0 +/- 3.6% (+/-SE). respectively. Paired females spent more time with their bills tucked (23.7 +/- 3.3% vs 9.1 +/- 4.0%) and less time alert (8.6 +/- 2.9% vs 22.9 +/- 3.5%) while on nests than did widowed females. Snow widowed females (31.1 +/- 4.7%) and Ross' widowed females (20.6 +/- 6.0%) generally spent more time each day in head-up alert than did Snow paired females (7.1 +/- 3.8%), Snow paired males (11.8 +/- 3.8%), Ross' paired females (9.4 +/- 3.6%), and Ross' paired males (7.9 +/- 3.6%). Body mass of paired and widowed female Ross' Geese did not differ at hatch or at time of post-hatch recapture; however, mean distance recaptured from the breeding colony was greater for paired (50.9 +/- 6.1 km) than for widowed females (27.3 +/- 6.6 km). Total mass gain (276 +/- 19 g) and rate of mass gain (8.4 +/- 0.5 g/day), from hatch until post-hatch recapture (33.1 +/- 1.2 days), were similar for widowed and paired female Ross' Geese. Male removal experiments in monogamous, precocial species generally have produced few effects on female nesting success or incubation behavior We suggest that male parental care in arctic-nesting geese is more critical during laying and the post-hatch period than during incubation. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. RP Afton, AD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM AAfton@LSU.EDU NR 42 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 110 IS 1 BP 56 EP 64 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZD638 UT WOS:000072706900005 ER PT J AU Sisson, TW Bronto, S AF Sisson, TW Bronto, S TI Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ALUMINA BASALTS; PHASE-RELATIONS; THERMAL STRUCTURE; 1982-83 ERUPTION; SUBDUCTION ZONES; GENERATION; VOLCANO; WATER; H2O; GEOCHEMISTRY AB The melting of peridotite in the mantle wedge above subduction zones is generally believed to involve hydrous fluids derived from the subducting slab(1). But if mantle peridotite is upwelling within the wedge, melting due to pressure release could also contribute to magma production. Here we present measurements of the volatile content of primitive magmas from Galunggung volcano in the Indonesian are which indicate that these magmas were derived from the pressure-release melting of hot mantle peridotite. The samples that we have analysed consist of mafic glass inclusions in high-magnesium basalts. The inclusions contain uniformly low H2O concentrations (0.21-0.38 wt%), yet relatively high levels of CO2 (up to 750 p.p.m.) indicating that the low H2O concentrations are primary and not due to degassing of the magma. Results from previous anhydrous melting experiments on a chemically similar Aleutian basalts(2) indicate that the Galunggung high-magnesium basalts were last in equilibrium with peridotite at similar to 1,320 degrees C and 1.2 GPa. These high temperatures at shallow sub-crustal levels (about 300-600 degrees C hotter than predicted by geodynamic models(1-3)), combined with the production of nearly H2O-free basaltic melts, provide strong evidence that pressure-release melting due to upwelling in the sub-are mantle has taken place. Regional low-potassium(4) and low-H2O (ref. 5) basalts found in the Cascade are indicate that such upwelling-induced melting can be widespread. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Volcanol Survey Indonesia, Bandung 40122, Indonesia. RP Sisson, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 27 TC 141 Z9 143 U1 2 U2 19 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 26 PY 1998 VL 391 IS 6670 BP 883 EP 886 DI 10.1038/36087 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YZ206 UT WOS:000072230900049 ER PT J AU Schmoker, JW Dyman, TS AF Schmoker, JW Dyman, TS TI How perceptions have changed of world oil, gas resources SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Schmoker, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD FEB 23 PY 1998 VL 96 IS 8 BP 77 EP 79 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YZ160 UT WOS:000072226300025 ER PT J AU Xu, F Vidale, JE Earle, PS Benz, HM AF Xu, F Vidale, JE Earle, PS Benz, HM TI Mantle discontinuities under southern Africa from precursors to P ' P '(df) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES; SYSTEM MG2SIO4-FE2SIO4; STRUCTURE BENEATH; MODIFIED SPINEL; REFLECTIONS; SHARPNESS; PHASE; OLIVINE; TRANSFORMATIONS; EARTHQUAKE AB We investigate the reflection properties of upper-mantle discontinuities beneath southern Africa using precursors to the df branch of PKPPKP (P'P'). The P'P' df branch is weaker than the ab and be branches, but it does not have the complication of a caustic and appears across a wider distance range. Stacks from hundreds of short-period seismograms recorded in California from the March 9, 1994 Tonga earthquake (M-w = 7.6) show an similar to 5% reflection (at 3.5 s dominate period) from 660-km depth indicating a sharp "660" under southern Africa. A 3.5 s period reflection from 410-km depth is also visible in these stacks, but only similar to 2% the strength of P'P'(df). This result contrasts with the observation of the "410" and the "660" reflecting comparable amounts of high-frequency energy under the Indian Ocean [Bent and Vidale, 1993a], indicating either a diffuse "410" boundary under southern Africa or global variations in the impedance change across the "410". A 1.5 s period reflection may indicate the existence of fine-scale heterogeneity near 320-km depth. Reflectivity synthetic seismograms also show that a previously claimed reflection from 785-km depth has the more likely explanation as PcPPKP. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. USGS, Golden, CO 80410 USA. RP Xu, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 571 EP 574 DI 10.1029/98GL00122 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YY192 UT WOS:000072122500042 ER PT J AU Savage, JC AF Savage, JC TI Displacement field for an edge dislocation in a layered half-space SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID THRUST-FAULT; MODEL; EARTH AB The displacement field for an edge dislocation in an Earth model consisting of a layer welded to a half-space of different material is found in the form of a Fourier integral following the method given by Weeks et al. [1968]. There are four elementary solutions to be considered: the dislocation is either in the half-space or the layer and the Burgers vector is either parallel or perpendicular to the layer. A general two-dimensional solution for a dip-slip faulting or dike injection (arbitrary dip) can be constructed from a superposition of these elementary solutions. Surface deformations have been calculated for an edge dislocation located at the interface with Burgers vector inclined 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees to the interface for the case where the rigidity of the layer is half of that of the half-space and the Poisson ratios are the same. Those displacement fields have been compared to the displacement fields generated by similarly situated edge dislocations in a uniform half-space. The surface displacement field produced by the edge dislocation in the layered half-space is very similar to that produced by an edge dislocation at a different depth in a uniform half-space. In general, a low-modulus (high-modulus) layer causes the half-space equivalent dislocation to appear shallower (deeper) than the actual dislocation in the layered half-space. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jsavage@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 17 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B2 BP 2439 EP 2446 DI 10.1029/97JB02562 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YW382 UT WOS:000071929600003 ER PT J AU Gehrels, GE Stewart, JH AF Gehrels, GE Stewart, JH TI Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; SPECULATIVE RECONSTRUCTION; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; MOJAVE DESERT; UNITED-STATES; REGION; PROVENANCE; CORDILLERA; LAURENTIA; COAHUILA AB One hundred and eighty two individual detrital zircon grains from Cambrian through Permian miogeoclinal strata, Ordovician eugeoclinal rocks, and Triassic post-orogenic sediments in northwestern Sonora have been analyzed. During Cambrian, Devonian, Permian, and Triassic time, most zircons accumulating along this part of the Cordilleran margin were shed from 1.40-1.45 and 1.62-1.78 Ga igneous rocks that are widespread in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Zircons with ages of approximately 1.11 Ga are common in Cambrian strata and were apparently shed from granite bodies near the sample site. The sources of 225-280 Ma zircons in our Triassic sample are more problematic, as few igneous rocks of these ages are recognized in northwestern Mexico: Such sources may be present but unrecognized, or the grains could have been derived from igneous rocks of the appropriate ages to the northwest in the Mojave Desert region, to the east in Chihuahua and Coahuila, or to the south in accreted(?) are-type terranes. Because the zircon grains in our Cambrian and Devonian to Triassic samples could have accumulated in proximity to basement rocks near their present position or in the Death Valley region of southern California, our data do not support or refute the existence of the Mojave-Sonora megashear. Ordovician strata of both miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal affinity are dominated by >1.77 Ga detrital zircons, which are considerably older than most basement rocks in the region. Zircon grains in the miogeoclinal sample were apparently derived from the Peace River arch area of northwestern Canada and transported southward by longshore currents. The eugeoclinal grains may also have come from the Peace River arch region, with southward transport by either sedimentary or tectonic processes, or they may have been shed from off-shelf slivers of continents (perhaps Antarctica?) removed from the Cordilleran margin during Neoproterozoic rifting. It is also possible that the Ordovician eugeoclinal strata are far traveled and exotic to North America. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Gehrels, GE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM ggehrels@geo.arizona.edu; stewart@mojave.wr.usgs.gov NR 62 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD FEB 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B2 BP 2471 EP 2487 DI 10.1029/97JB03251 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YW382 UT WOS:000071929600006 ER PT J AU Carter, LS Kelley, SA Blackwell, DD Naeser, ND AF Carter, LS Kelley, SA Blackwell, DD Naeser, ND TI Heat flow and thermal history of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID FISSION TRACKS; VITRINITE REFLECTANCE; SOUTH TEXAS; APATITE; TEMPERATURE; BIAS; USA; CALIBRATION; SUBSURFACE; MATURATION AB New heat-flow values for seven sites in the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma, were determined using high-precision temperature logs and thermal conductivity measurements from nearly 300 core plugs, Three of the sites are on the not-them shelf, three sites are in the deep basin, and one site is in the frontal fault zone of the northern Wichita Mountains. The heat flow decreased from 55 to 64 mW/m(2) in the north, and from 39 to 54 mW/m(2) in the south, due to a decrease in heat generation in the underlying basement rock toward the south, Lateral lithologic changes in the basin, combined with the change in heat flow across the basin, resulted in an unusual pattern of thermal maturity, The vitrinite reflectance values of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Woodford formation are highest 30-40 km north-northwest of the deepest part of the basin, The offset in highest reflectance values is due to the contrast in thermal conductivity between the Pennsylvanian "granite wash" section adjacent to the Wichita uplift and the Pennsylvanian shale section to the north, The geothermal gradient in the low-conductivity shale section is elevated relative to the geothermal gradient in the high-conductivity "granite wash" section, thus displacing the highest temperatures to the north of the deepest: part of the basin. Apatite fission-track, vitrinite reflectance, and heat-flow data were used to constrain regional aspects of the burial history of the Anadarko basin, By combining these data sets, we infer that at least 1.5 km of denudation has occurred at two sites in the deep Anadarko basin since the early to middle Cenozoic (40 +/- 10 m.y.). The timing of the onset of denudation in the southern Anadarko basin coincides with the period of late Eocene erosion observed in the southern Rocky Mountains and in the northern Great Plains, Burial history models for two wells from the deep Anadarko basin predict that shales of the Woodford formation passed through the hydrocarbon maturity window by the end of the Permian, The Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian section in the deep basin moved into the hydrocarbon maturity window during Mesozoic burial of the region, Presently, the depth interval of the main zone of oil maturation (% R-o = 0.7-0.9) is approximately 2800-3800 m in the eastern deep basin and 2200-3000 m in the western deep basin, The greater depth to the top of the oil maturity zone and larger depth range of the Zone in the eastern part of the deep basin are due to the lower heat flow associated with more mafic basement toward the east, The burial history model for the northern shelf indicates that the Woodford formation has been in the early oil maturity zone since the Early Permian. C1 Marathon Oil Co, Tyler, TX 75713 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Carter, LS (reprint author), Marathon Oil Co, 909 ESE Loop 323,Suite 500, Tyler, TX 75713 USA. NR 85 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 82 IS 2 BP 291 EP 316 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YZ201 UT WOS:000072230400006 ER PT J AU Healy, RW Russell, TF AF Healy, RW Russell, TF TI Solution of the advection-dispersion equation in two dimensions by a finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE finite-volume method; Eulerian-Lagrangian method; advection-dispersion equation; mass conservation; method of characteristics; forward tracking; backtracking ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW MODELS; COMPUTATION; TRANSPORT; ELEMENT AB We extend the finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (FVELLAM) for solution of the advection-dispersion equation to two dimensions. The method can conserve mass globally and is not limited by restrictions on the size of the grid Peclet or Courant number. Therefore, it is well suited for solution of advection-dominated ground-water solute transport problems. In test problem comparisons with standard finite differences, FVELLAM is able to attain accurate solutions on much coarser space and time grids. On fine grids, the accuracy of the two methods is comparable, A critical aspect of FVELLAM (and all other ELLAMs) is evaluation of the mass storage integral from the preceding time level. In FVELLAM this may be accomplished with either a forward or backtracking approach. The forward tracking approach conserves mass globally and is the preferred approach. The backtracking approach is less computationally intensive, but not globally mass conservative. Boundary terms are systematically represented as integrals in space and time which are evaluated by a common integration scheme in conjunction with forward tracking through time. Unlike the one-dimensional case, local mass conservation cannot be guaranteed, so slight oscillations in concentration can develop, particularly in the vicinity of inflow or outflow boundaries. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Healy, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 413,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 11 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(96)00033-4 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA WQ509 UT WOS:A1998WQ50900002 ER PT J AU Curnutt, JL Mayer, AL Brooks, TM Manne, L Bass, OL Fleming, DM Nott, MP Pimm, SL AF Curnutt, John L. Mayer, Audrey L. Brooks, Thomas M. Manne, Lisa Bass, Oron L., Jr. Fleming, D. Martin Nott, M. Philip Pimm, Stuart L. TI Population dynamics of the endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB The Cape Sable seaside-sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) has disappeared from its only known breeding areas episodically since its discovery early this century. Systematic surveys across its range in the southern Everglades find the sparrow's range to be fragmented into six subpopulations. The sparrow population decreased by 58% between 1992 and 1995, with the near extinction of the western half of the population and the temporary local extinction of some eastern populations. Other similar grassland sparrows have populations that vary considerably from year to year. Yet the decline in the western subpopulation and the local extinction of some of the peripheral populations cannot be explained by natural variability alone. Hurricane Andrew passed over several subpopulations prior to the particularly poor year of 1993. However, the geographical and temporal patterns of subpopulation decline are not consistent with what would be expected following a hurricane. Frequent fires prevent successful breeding as does flooding during the breeding season. Better management can prevent frequent fires and episodic flooding. However, the long-term survival of the sparrow depends on managing the unanticipated risks that attend its small, fragmented population. C1 [Curnutt, John L.; Mayer, Audrey L.; Brooks, Thomas M.; Manne, Lisa; Nott, M. Philip; Pimm, Stuart L.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Bass, Oron L., Jr.] S Florida Nat Resources Ctr, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. [Fleming, D. Martin] USGS, Biol Resources Div, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Pimm, SL (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM stuartpimm@aol.com OI Brooks, Thomas/0000-0001-8159-3116; Mayer, Audrey/0000-0003-3278-1182 FU National Biological Service; National Park Service; Fish and Wildlife Service; Army Corps of Engineers; Pew Scholarship in Conservation; Environment awarded FX This project was funded by the National Biological Service, the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Army Corps of Engineers and by a Pew Scholarship in Conservation and the Environment awarded to S. L. Pimm. We thank Karla Balent and Ester Stanton and Americorps volunteers Tabby Fenn, Alison Hayden, Laura McMahon, Barron Moody, Sarah Richart, Debbie Rosenthal, Mervin Stringer III, and Jan Yacabucci. We also thank Tom Armentano, Jim Snyder and two anonymous reviewers for comments. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 11 EP 21 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00221.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V71EC UT WOS:000204810200003 ER PT J AU Nott, MP Bass, OL Fleming, DM Killeffer, SE Fraley, N Manne, L Curnutt, JL Brooks, TM Powell, R Pimm, SL AF Nott, M. Philip Bass, Oron L., Jr. Fleming, D. Martin Killeffer, Stephen E. Fraley, Nancy Manne, Lisa Curnutt, John L. Brooks, Thomas M. Powell, Robert Pimm, Stuart L. TI Water levels, rapid vegetational changes, and the endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB The legally endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) is restricted to short-hydroperiod, marl prairies within Florida's Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. Marl prairies are typified by dense, mixed stands of graminoid species usually below 1 m in height, naturally inundated by freshwater for 3-7 months annually. Water levels affect the birds directly, by flooding their nests, and indirectly by altering the habitat on which they depend. Managed redistribution of water flows flooded nearly half of the sparrow's geographical range during several consecutive breeding seasons starting in 1993. Furthermore, these high water levels rapidly changed plant communities, so jeopardizing the sparrow's survival by reducing the availability of nesting habitat. C1 [Nott, M. Philip; Killeffer, Stephen E.; Fraley, Nancy; Manne, Lisa; Curnutt, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M.; Powell, Robert; Pimm, Stuart L.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Bass, Oron L., Jr.] S Florida Nat Resources Ctr, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. [Fleming, D. Martin] USGS, Biol Resources Div, Homestead, FL 33034 USA. RP Pimm, SL (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM stuartpimm@aol.com OI Brooks, Thomas/0000-0001-8159-3116 FU National Biological Survey; Army Corps of Engineer,; National Park Service; Pew Charitable Trust; Americorps FX We thank the National Biological Survey, Army Corps of Engineer, and the National Park Service for their financial suppor and the Pew Charitable Trust for a fellowship to Stuart Pimm. We thank Julie Lockwood, Karla Balent, Audrey Mayer, Ester Stanton and Gareth Russel for their help and William Robertson Jr, Larry Harris, Tom Armentano, David Bush, Robert Fennema, Thomas van Lent, George Schardt and two anonymous reviewers for suggestions. We thank the Americorps volunteers Tabby Fenn, Alison Hayden, Laura McMahon, Barron Moody, Sarah Richart, Debbie Rosenthal, Mervin Stringer III, and Jan Yacabucci for their invaluable help. The Americorps programme supported them. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 23 EP 32 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00222.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V71EC UT WOS:000204810200004 ER PT J AU Kinner, NE Harvey, RW Blakeslee, K Novarino, G Meeker, LD AF Kinner, NE Harvey, RW Blakeslee, K Novarino, G Meeker, LD TI Size-selective predation on groundwater bacteria by nanoflagellates in an organic-contaminated aquifer SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE PHAGOTROPHIC PROTOZOA; FRESH-WATER; SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; NATURAL ASSEMBLAGES; PELAGIC BACTERIA; ESTUARINE WATER; SPUMELLA SP; RATES; BACTERIOPLANKTON; FLAGELLATE AB Time series incubations were conducted to provide estimates for the size selectivities and rates of protistan grazing that may be occurring in a sandy, contaminated aquifer. The experiments involved four size classes of fluorescently labeled groundwater bacteria (FLB) and 2- to 3-mu m long nanoflagellates, primarily Spumella guttula (Ehrenberg) Kent, that were isolated from contaminated aquifer sediments (Cape Cod, Mass.). The greatest uptake and clearance rates (0.77 bacteria.flagellate(-1).h(-1) and 1.4 nl.flagellate(-1).h(-1), respectively) were observed for 0.8- to 1.5-mu m-long FLB (0.21-mu m(3) average cell volume), which represent the fastest growing bacteria within the pore fluids of the contaminated aquifer sediments. The 19:1 to 67:1 volume ratios of nanoflagellate predators to preferred bacterial prey were in the lower end of the range commonly reported for other aquatic habitats. The grazing data suggest that the aquifer nanoflagellates can consume as much as 12 to 74% of the unattached bacterial community in 1 day and are likely to have a substantive effect upon bacterial degradation of organic groundwater contaminants. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Environm Res Grp, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Math, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO USA. Nat Hist Museum, Protozool Sect, London SW7 5BD, England. RP Kinner, NE (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Environm Res Grp, Kingsbury Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 68 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 64 IS 2 BP 618 EP 625 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA YV746 UT WOS:000071858600038 PM 9464400 ER PT J AU Kannan, K Smith, RG Lee, RF Windom, HL Heitmuller, PT Macauley, JM Summers, JK AF Kannan, K Smith, RG Lee, RF Windom, HL Heitmuller, PT Macauley, JM Summers, JK TI Distribution of total mercury and methyl mercury in water, sediment, and fish from south Florida estuaries SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; FRESH-WATER; SURFACE WATERS; OCEAN WATERS; NORTH-SEA; LAKES; METHYLMERCURY; SPECIATION; CONTAMINATION; ACCUMULATION AB Concentrations of total mercury and methyl mercury were determined in sediment and fish collected from estuarine waters of Florida to understand their distribution and partitioning. Total mercury concentrations in sediments ranged from 1 to 219 ng/g dry wt. Methyl mercury accounted for, on average, 0.77% of total mercury in sediment. Methyl mercury concentrations were not correlated with total mercury or organic carbon content in sediments. The concentrations of total mercury in fish muscle were between 0.03 and 2.22 (mean: 0.31) mu g/g, wet wt, with methyl mercury contributing 83% of total mercury. Methyl mercury concentrations in fish muscle were directly proportional to total mercury concentrations. The relationship of total and methyl mercury concentrations in fish to those of sediments from corresponding locations was fish-species dependent, in addition to several abiotic factors. Among fish species analyzed, hardhead catfish, gafftopsail catfish, and sand seatrout contained the highest concentrations of mercury. Filtered water samples from canals and creeks that discharge into the Florida Bay showed mercury concentrations of 3-7.4 ng/L, with methyl mercury accounting for <0.03-52% of the total mercury. Consumption of fish containing 0.31 mu g mercury/g wet wt, the mean concentration found in this study, at rates greater than 70 g/day, was estimated to be hazardous to human health. C1 Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Gulf Breeze Project Ctr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Guif Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Pesticide Res Ctr 201, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM kuruntha@pilot.msu.edu RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 49 TC 173 Z9 185 U1 6 U2 46 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU296 UT WOS:000071702400001 PM 9469852 ER PT J AU Farag, AM Woodward, DF Goldstein, JN Brumbaugh, W Meyer, JS AF Farag, AM Woodward, DF Goldstein, JN Brumbaugh, W Meyer, JS TI Concentrations of metals associated with mining waste in sediments, biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINANT-BIOMONITORING-PROGRAM; CLARK-FORK RIVER; FRESH-WATER FISH; ARKANSAS RIVER; RAINBOW-TROUT; TRACE-METALS; BROWN TROUT; MONTANA; LEAD; BIOACCUMULATION AB Arsenic, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn were measured in sediments, biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish from the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River to characterize the pathway of metals transfer between these components. Metals enter the CDA Basin via tributaries where mining activities have occurred. In general, the ranking of food-web components from the greatest to smallest concentrations of metals was as follows: biofilm (the layer of abiotic and biotic material on rock surfaces) and sediments > invertebrates > whole fish. Elevated Pb was documented in invertebrates, and elevated Cd and Zn were documented in sediment and biofilm approximately 80 km; downstream to the Spokane River. The accumulation of metals in invertebrates was dependent on functional feeding group and shredders-scrapers that feed on biofilm accumulated the largest concentrations of metals. Although the absolute concentrations of metals were the largest in biofilm and sediments, the metals have accumulated in fish approximately 50 km downstream from Kellogg, near the town of Harrison. While metals do not biomagnify between trophic levels, the metals in the CDA Basin are bioavailable and do biotransfer. Trout less than 100 mm long feed exclusively on small invertebrates, and small invertebrates accumulate greater concentrations of metals than large invertebrates. Therefore, early-lifestage fish may be exposed to a larger dose of metals than adults. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm Contaminants & Res Ctr, Jackson Field Stn, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. RP Farag, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Environm Contaminants & Res Ctr, Jackson Field Stn, POB 1089, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. NR 34 TC 137 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 54 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 119 EP 127 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU296 UT WOS:000071702400002 PM 9469853 ER PT J AU Hui, A Takekawa, JY Baranyuk, VV Litvin, KV AF Hui, A Takekawa, JY Baranyuk, VV Litvin, KV TI Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; HEAVY-METALS; DIVING DUCKS; COPPER; CONTAMINANTS; MANGANESE; IRON; CALIFORNIA; EXCRETION; CADMIUM AB Lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) from the Wrangel Island, Russia breeding colony spend the winter in two widely separated areas: the northern subpopulation in southern British Columbia and northern Washington and the southern subpopulation in the Central Valley of California. We examined 19 trace elements in the eggs and livers of geese from these two subpopulations to examine whether geese from the different wintering areas have similar trace element I,burdens. Eggs collected at the breeding colony from geese of the southern subpopulation had slightly higher levels of manganese, an element that can cause neurological damage and behavioral changes in chicks, than geese of the northern subpopulation. Livers from adult geese collected on the two wintering areas showed significant differences in trace elements including copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, and tint. Copper concentrations in the livers of geese from the southern subpopulation were much higher than those from the northern subpopulation ((x) over bar=116 vs. 46 ppm; dry weight). Elevated levels of copper may induce anemia in birds. The differences in trace element concentrations of these two subpopulations may be related to farming practices in their wintering areas. Geese from the northern subpopulation feed in pastures and coastal marshes and migrate along the coast, but geese from the southern subpopulation feed predominantly in rice fields and migrate over farm land. Copper and manganese are major components of fertilizers and fungicides commonly applied during rice cultivation. C1 Univ Calif, USGS Biol Resources Div, Calif Sci Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Calif Sci Ctr, San Francisco Bay Estrary Field Stn, USGS Biol Resources Div, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Wrangel Isl Nat Reserve, Ushakovskoye, Magadan Region, Russia. Russian Minist Environm, Wrangel Isl Nat Reserve, Moscow 117192, Russia. RP Hui, A (reprint author), Univ Calif, USGS Biol Resources Div, Calif Sci Ctr, Davis Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 66 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 197 EP 203 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU296 UT WOS:000071702400011 ER PT J AU Williams, MW Brooks, PD Seastedt, T AF Williams, MW Brooks, PD Seastedt, T TI Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, USA SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ALPINE TUNDRA; NIWOT RIDGE; OXIDE FLUX; COLORADO; CATCHMENT; METHANE; FOREST; LITTER AB We have implemented a long-term snow-fence experiment at the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research (NWT) site in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., to assess the effects of climate change on alpine ecology and biogeochemical cycles, The responses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in high-elevation mountains to changes in climate ate investigated by manipulating the length and duration of snow cover with the 2.6 X 60 m snow fence, providing a proxy for climate change. Results from the first year of operation in 1994 showed that the period of continuous snow cover was increased by 90 d. The deeper and earlier snowpack behind the fence insulated soils from winter air temperatures, resulting in a 9 degrees C increase in annual minimum temperature at the soil surface. The extended period of snow cover resulted in subnivial microbial activity playing a major role in annual C and N cycling. The amount of C mineralized under the snow as measured by CO2 production was 22 g m(-2) in 1993 and 35 g m(-2) in 1994, accounting for 20% of annual net primary aboveground production before construction of the snow fence in 1993 and 31% after the snow fence was constructed in 1994. In a similar fashion, maximum subnivial N2O flux increased 3-fold behind the snow fence, from 75 mu g N m(-2) d(-1) in 1993 to 250 mu g N m(-2) d(-1) in 1994. The amount of N lost from denitrification was greater than the annual atmospheric input of N in snowfall. Surface litter decomposition studies show that there was a significant increase in the litter mass loss under deep and early snow, with no significant change under medium and little snow conditions. Changes in climate that result in differences in snow duration, depth, and extent may therefore produce large changes in the C and N soil dynamics of alpine ecosystems. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Williams, MW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 22 TC 73 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 24 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 26 EP 30 DI 10.2307/1551742 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA ZA922 UT WOS:000072415500004 ER PT J AU Pruess, J Wohl, EE Jarrett, RD AF Pruess, J Wohl, EE Jarrett, RD TI Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, USA SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CREEK; FLOOD; MAGNITUDE; ARIZONA AB Historical and geologic records may be used to enhance magnitude estimates for extreme floods along mountain channels, as demonstrated in this study from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. Historical photographs and local newspaper accounts from the October 1911 flood indicate the likely extent of flooding and damage. A checklist designed to organize and numerically score evidence of flooding was used in 15 field reconnaissance surveys in the upper Animas River valley of southwestern Colorado. Step-backwater flow modeling estimated the discharges necessary to create longitudinal flood bars observed at 6 additional field sites. According to these analyses, maximum unit discharge peaks at approximately 1.3 m(3) s(-1) km(-2) around 2200 m elevation, with decreased unit discharges at both higher and lower elevations. These results (1) are consistent with Jarrett's (1987, 1990, 1993) maximum 2300-m elevation limit for flash-flooding in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and (2) suggest that current Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) estimates based on a 24-h rainfall of 30 cm at elevations above 2700 m are unrealistically large. The methodology used for this study should be readily applicable to other mountain regions where systematic streamflow records are of shea duration or nonexistent. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Pruess, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Earth Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM ellenw@cnr.colostate.edu NR 50 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 40 EP 50 DI 10.2307/1551744 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA ZA922 UT WOS:000072415500006 ER PT J AU Lodge, DM Stein, RA Brown, KM Covich, AP Bronmark, C Garvey, JE Klosiewski, SP AF Lodge, DM Stein, RA Brown, KM Covich, AP Bronmark, C Garvey, JE Klosiewski, SP TI Predicting impact of freshwater exotic species on native biodiversity: Challenges in spatial scaling SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE crayfish; diet selection; fish; Lepomis; nonindigenous; Orconectes; predation; prediction; pumpkinseed sunfish; snails ID CRAYFISH ORCONECTES-RUSTICUS; MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; WATER SNAIL; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; OMNIVOROUS CRAYFISH; CONSERVATION STATUS; MARINE ORGANISMS; FISH PREDATION; UNITED-STATES AB Global homogenization of biota is underway through worldwide introduction and establishment of nonindigenous (exotic) species. Freshwater ecologists should devote more attention to exotic species for two reasons. First, exotics provide an opportunity to test hypotheses about what characteristics of species or habitats are related to successful establishment or invasibility, respectively. Second, predicting which species will cause large ecological change is an important challenge for natural resource managers. Rigorous statistical relationships linking species characteristics to probability of establishment or of causing ecological impacts are needed. In addition, it is important to know how reliable different sorts of experiments are in guiding predictions. We address this issue with different spatial scales of experiments testing the impact of two predators on native snail assemblages in northern Wisconsin USA lakes: an exotic crayfish, the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus); and a native fish predator, the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibossus). For the crayfish; laboratory experiments, a field cage experiment, and a snapshot survey of 21 lakes gave consistent results: the crayfish reduced abundance and species richness of native snails. Laboratory and field experiments suggested that pumpkinseed sunfish should have a similar impact, but the lake survey suggested little impact. Unfortunately, no algorithms exist to guide scaling up from small-scale experiments to the whole-lake, long-term management scale. To protect native biodiversity, management of freshwater exotic species should be targeted on lakes or drainages that are both vulnerable to colonization by an exotic, and that harbour endemic species. Management should focus on preventing introduction because eradication after establishment is usually not possible. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Zool & Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Lund, Dept Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Ohio State Univ, Dept Zool, Aquat Ecol Lab, Columbus, OH 43212 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Lodge, DM (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Garvey, Jim/A-4919-2012 OI Garvey, Jim/0000-0001-5393-9351 NR 105 TC 178 Z9 185 U1 7 U2 73 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0307-692X J9 AUST J ECOL JI Aust. J. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 53 EP 67 DI 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1998.tb00705.x PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YZ087 UT WOS:000072219000005 ER PT J AU Gende, SM Willson, MF Marston, BH Jacobson, M Smith, WP AF Gende, SM Willson, MF Marston, BH Jacobson, M Smith, WP TI Bald eagle nesting density and success in relation to distance from clearcut logging in Southeast Alaska SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Southeast Alaska; nesting success; clearcut logging; conservation ID COMMUNAL ROOSTS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; KLAMATH BASIN; OREGON AB The density of active nests of bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus decreased with increasing proximity to clearcuts, nesting success (number of chicks/nest) did not vary with density and proximity to clearcuts. Our results indicate that buffer zones around eagle nests probably should be at least 300 m wide to maintain eagle nesting density. Still wider buffers might be needed to include adequate alternative nest sites and perch trees, but the optimal width of the buffer strip may vary with other locally important factors, such as food availability. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, OFF RAPTOR MANAGEMENT, JUNEAU, AK 99801 USA. PACIFIC NW RES STN, TONGRASS LAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING TEAM, JUNEAU, AK 99801 USA. RP Gende, SM (reprint author), PACIFIC NW RES STN, FORESTRY SCI LAB, 2770 SHERWOOD LANE, JUNEAU, AK 99801 USA. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 EI 1873-2917 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 83 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00078-5 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YJ193 UT WOS:A1998YJ19300001 ER PT J AU Michael, AJ Jones, LM AF Michael, AJ Jones, LM TI Seismicity alert probabilities at Parkfield, California, revisited SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY STRUCTURE; EARTHQUAKES; FORESHOCKS; FAULT AB For a decade, the U.S. Geological Survey has used the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment scenario document to estimate the probability that earthquakes observed on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield will turn out to be foreshocks followed by the expected magnitude 6 mainshock. During this time, we have learned much about the seismogenic process at Parkfield, about the long-term probability of the Parkfield mainshock, and about the estimation of these types of probabilities. The probabilities for potential foreshocks at Parkfield are reexamined and revised in light of these advances. As part of this process, we have confirmed both the rate of foreshocks before strike-slip earthquakes in the San Andreas physiographic province and the uniform distribution of foreshocks with magnitude proposed by earlier studies. Compared to the earlier assessment, these new estimates of the long-term probability of the Parkfield mainshock are lower, our estimate of the rate of background seismicity is higher, and we find that the assumption that foreshocks at Parkfield occur in a unique way is not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. While the exact numbers vary depending on the assumptions that are made, the new alert probabilities are lower than previously estimated. Considering the various assumptions and the statistical uncertainties in the input parameters, we also compute a plausible range for the probabilities. The range is large, partly due to the extra knowledge that exists for the Parkfield segment, making us question the usefulness of these numbers. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Michael, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 23 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 1 BP 117 EP 130 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB776 UT WOS:000072506900010 ER PT J AU Van Arsdale, R Purser, J Stephenson, W Odum, J AF Van Arsdale, R Purser, J Stephenson, W Odum, J TI Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MADRID SEISMIC ZONE; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES AB The Reelfoot Lake basin, Tennessee, is structurally complex and of great interest seismologically because it is located at the junction of two seismicity trends of the New Madrid seismic zone. To better understand the structure at this location, a 7.5-km-long seismic reflection profile was acquired on roads along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake. The seismic Line reveals a westerly dipping basin bounded on the west by the Reelfoot reverse fault zone, the Ridgely right-lateral transpressive fault zone on the east, and the Cottonwood Grove right-lateral strike-slip fault in the middle of the basin. The displacement history of the Reelfoot fault zone appears to be the same as the Ridgely fault zone, thus suggesting that movement on these fault zones has been synchronous, perhaps since the Cretaceous. Since the Reelfoot and Ridgely fault systems are believed responsible for two of the main-shocks of 1811-1812, the fault history revealed in the Reelfoot Lake profile suggests that multiple mainshocks may be typical of the New Madrid seismic zone. The Ridgely fault zone consists of two northeast-striking faults that lie at the base of and within the Mississippi Valley bluff Line. This fault zone has 15 m of post-Eocene, up-to-the-east displacement and appears to locally control the eastern limit of Mississippi River migration. The Cottonwood Grove fault zone passes through the center of the seismic line and has approximately 5 m of up-to-the-east displacement. Correlation of the Cottonwood Grove fault with a possible fault scarp on the floor of Reelfoot Lake and the New Markham fault north of the lake suggests the Cottonwood Grove fault may change to a northerly strike at Reelfoot Lake, thereby linking the northeast-trending zones of seismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Geol Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Van Arsdale, R (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Dept Geol Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 1 BP 131 EP 139 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB776 UT WOS:000072506900011 ER PT J AU Margaris, BN Boore, DM AF Margaris, BN Boore, DM TI Determination of Delta sigma and kappa(0) from response spectra of large earthquakes in Greece SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREECE; GROUND MOTION; ATTENUATION; ACCELERATION; SEQUENCE; RECORDS AB We fit an omega(-2) model to response spectra from eight recent Greek earthquakes ranging in size from M = 5.8 to M = 6.9. The diminution parameter kappa(0) was determined for each site, with a value near 0.06 for a typical soil site. The stress parameter (Delta sigma) showed little variation from earthquake to earthquake and had a mean value of 56 bars over all earthquakes. Predictions of peak velocity, peak acceleration, rupture duration, and fault length using the derived stress parameters are consistent with observations. Frequency-dependent site amplifications were included in all estimates; the combined effect of amplification and attenuation had a maximum value close to a factor of 2.5 for a typical soil site, relative to the motions at the surface of a perfectly elastic uniform half-space composed of materials near the source. The results form the foundation for predictions of strong motions in Greece for distances and magnitudes other than those for which data are available. C1 Inst Engn Seismol & Earthquake Engn, ITSAK, GR-55102 Salonika, Greece. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Margaris, BN (reprint author), Inst Engn Seismol & Earthquake Engn, ITSAK, POB 53, GR-55102 Salonika, Greece. NR 57 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 1 BP 170 EP 182 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB776 UT WOS:000072506900014 ER PT J AU Mothes, PA Hall, ML Janda, RJ AF Mothes, PA Hall, ML Janda, RJ TI The enormous Chillos Valley Lahar: an ash-flow-generated debris flow from Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE debris flow; pyroclastic flow; Cotopaxi; Ecuador; North Andes ID SNOW-CLAD VOLCANOS; MOUNT-ST-HELENS; AVALANCHE AB The Chillos Valley Lahar (CVL), the largest Holocene debris flow in area and volume as yet recognized in the northern Andes, formed on Cotopaxi volcano's north and northeast slopes and descended river systems that took it 326 km north-northwest to the Pacific Ocean and 130+ km east into the Amazon basin. In the Chillos Valley, 40 km downstream from the volcano, depths of 80-160 m and valley cross sections up to 337000 m(2) are observed, implying peak flow discharges of 2.6-6.0 million m(3)/s. The overall volume of the CVL is estimated to be approximate to 3.8 km(3). The CVL was generated approximately 4500 years BP by a rhyolitic ash flow that followed a small sector collapse on the north and northeast sides of Cotopaxi, which melted part of the volcano's icecap and transformed rapidly into the debris flow. The ash flow and resulting CVL have identical components, except for foreign fragments picked up along the flow path. Juvenile materials, including vitric ash? crystals, and pumice, comprise 80-90% of the lahar's deposit, whereas rhyolitic, dacitic, and andesitic lithics make up the remainder. The sand-size fraction and the 2- to 10-mm fraction together dominate the deposit, constituting approximate to 63 and approximate to 15 wt.% of the matrix, respectively, whereas the silt-size fraction averages less than approximate to 10 wt.% and the clay-size fraction less than 0.5 wt.%. Along the 326-km runout, these particle-size fractions vary little, as does the sorting coefficient (average = 2.6). There is no tendency toward grading or improved sorting. Limited bulking is recognized. The CVL was an enormous non-cohesive debris flow, notable for its ash-flow origin and immense volume and peak discharge which gave it characteristics and a behavior akin to large cohesive mudflows. Significantly, then, ash-flow-generated debris flows can also achieve large volumes and cover great areas; thus, they can conceivably affect large populated regions far from their source. Especially dangerous, therefore, are snow-clad volcanoes with recent silicic ash-flow histories such as those found in the Andes and Alaska. C1 Escuela Politec Nacl, Inst Geofis, Quito, Ecuador. US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA USA. RP Mothes, PA (reprint author), Escuela Politec Nacl, Inst Geofis, Quito, Ecuador. EM instgeof@uio.satnet.net NR 31 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 59 IS 4 BP 233 EP 244 DI 10.1007/s004450050188 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YX647 UT WOS:000072062200001 ER PT J AU Wright, TL Takahashi, TJ AF Wright, TL Takahashi, TJ TI Hawaii bibliographic database SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bibliography; computer; Hawaiian-Emperor chain; volcanology; eruption; earthquake; landslide AB The Hawaii bibliographic database has been created to contain all of the literature, from 1779 to the present, pertinent to the volcanological history of the Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain. References are entered in a PC- and Macintosh-compatible EndNote Plus bibliographic database with keywords and abstracts or (if no abstract) with annotations as to content. Keywords emphasize location. discipline, process, identification of new chemical data or age determinations. and type of publication. The database is updated approximately three times a year and is available to upload from an ftp site. The bibliography contained 8460 references at the time this paper was submitted for publication. Use of the database greatly enhances the power and completeness of library searches for anyone interested in Hawaiian volcanism. C1 US Geol Survey, Smithsonian Inst, NMNH, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Wright, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Smithsonian Inst, NMNH, NHB-119, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 59 IS 4 BP 276 EP 280 DI 10.1007/s004450050191 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YX647 UT WOS:000072062200004 ER PT J AU Allen, DL Otis, DL AF Allen, DL Otis, DL TI Relationship between deer mouse population parameters and dieldrin contamination in the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS AB A small-mammal capture-recapture study was conducted in the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge to quantify the effects of soil contamination with dieldrin on demographic parameters of deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) populations. Increased dieldrin concentrations were significantly associated with larger deer mouse populations, although the size of populations on contaminated sites decreased during the study. The most parsimonious model for estimating survival rates was one in which survival was a decreasing function of dieldrin concentration. A significantly higher proportion of female deer mice in the populations residing on the more highly contaminated sites exhibited signs of reproductive activity. Development of genetic resistance in P. maniculatus to chronic chemical exposure is suggested as a possible mechanism responsible for the species' observed dominance and relatively high densities on contaminated sites. Under the additional stress of unfavorable environmental conditions, however, these populations may suffer disproportionately greater mortality. The design and analytical methods presented offer a rigorous statistical approach to assessing the effects of environmental contamination on small mammals at the population level. C1 Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Clemson Univ, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM daveo@clemson.edu NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1139/cjz-76-2-243 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZT144 UT WOS:000074053500006 ER PT J AU White, D Kendall, KC Picton, HD AF White, D Kendall, KC Picton, HD TI Grizzly bear feeding activity at alpine army cutworm moth aggregation sites in northwest Montana SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article AB Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos, horribilis) consume army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from late June through mid-September at alpine moth aggregation sites in Glacier National Park, Montana. To better understand the importance of army cutworm moths to grizzly bears, we determined the sex and age classes and minimum numbers of grizzly bears foraging at known alpine moth aggregation sites, and documented the timing and use patterns of grizzly bears foraging in these areas. A minimum of 36 grizzly bears were observed 106 times feeding at 6 of 9 known moth aggregation sites from late June through mid-September in 1992-1995; no bears were observed on moth sites in 1993. Bears fed on moth aggregations disproportionately more at elevations >2561 m, on slopes between 31 degrees and 45 degrees, and on southwest-facing aspects. Lone adult grizzly bears appeared to be underrepresented and subadults overrepresented at moth sites. Moths are highly digestible; all parts are digested except for the exoskeleton. We propose that army cutworm moths are an important, high-quality, preferred summer and early-fall food for grizzly bears in Glacier National Park. We do not present any data that demonstrate an increase in the importance of moths when other foods fail. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Butte, MT 59717 USA. Glacier Natl Pk, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, W Glacier, MT 59937 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Fish & Wildlife Management & Res, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP White, D (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Butte, MT 59717 USA. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 221 EP 227 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZT144 UT WOS:000074053500003 ER PT J AU Laurs, BM Dilles, JH Wairrach, Y Kausar, AB Snee, LW AF Laurs, BM Dilles, JH Wairrach, Y Kausar, AB Snee, LW TI Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Review DE granitic pegmatite; volatile saturation; miarolitic cavity; elbaite tourmaline; hydrothermal alteration; albitization; Stak Nala; Nanga Prabat-Haramosh massif, Pakistan ID RARE-ELEMENT PEGMATITE; SAN-DIEGO COUNTY; RAPID DENUDATION; HYDROXYL EXCHANGE; EVOLUTION; HIMALAYA; FLUORINE; RICH; CRYSTALLIZATION; CALIFORNIA AB Miarolitic granitic pegmatites in the Stak valley in the northeast part of the Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, in northern Pakistan, locally contain economic quantities of bi- and tricolored tourmaline. The pegmatites form flat-lying sills that range from less than 1 m to more than 3 m thick and show symmetrical internal zonation. A narrow outer or border zone of medium- to coarse-grained oligoclase - K-feldspar - quartz grades inward to a very coarse-grained wall zone characterized by K-feldspar - oligoclase - quartz - schorl tourmaline. Radiating sprays of schorl and flaring megacrysts of K-feldspar (intermediate microcline) point inward, indicating progressive crystallization toward the core. The core zone consists of variable mixtures of blocky K-feldspar (intermediate microcline), oligoclase, quartz, and sparse schorl or elbaite, with local bodies of sodic aplite and miarolitic cavities of "pockets". The pockets contain well-formed crystals of albite, quartz, K-feldspar (maximum microcline +/- orthoclase overgrowths), schorl-elbaite tourmaline, muscovite or lepidolite, topaz, and small amounts of other minerals. Elbaite is color-zoned from core to rim: green (Fe2+- and Mn2+-bearing), colorless (Mn2+-bearing), and light pink (trace Mn2+). Within similar to 10 cm of the pegmatites, the granitic gneiss wallrock is bleached owing to conversion of biotite to muscovite, with local quartz and albite added. Schorl is disseminated through the altered gneiss, and veins of schorl with bleached selvages locally traverse the wallrock up to 1 m from the pegmatite contact. The schorl veins can be traced into the outer part of the wall zone, which suggests that they formed from aqueous fluids derived during early saturation of the pegmatite-forming leucogranitic magma rich in H2O, F, B, and Li. Progressive crystallization resulted in a late-stage sodic magma and abundant aqueous fluids. Two late stages of volatile escape are recognized: the first stage caused pressure-quenching of the last magma, which produced aplite and caused albitization (An(3) to An(8)) of earlier crystallized K-feldspar and oligoclase, The second stage, released during the rupture of miarolitic cavities, produced platy albite ("cleavelandite," An(1)) locally associated with F-rich muscovite and elbaite. Albitization is likely due to cooling of alkali-fluoride-dominated fluids at less than 2 kbar pressure. The pegmatites are derived from Himalayan leucogranitic magma emplaced prior to 5 Ma into granulitic gneiss that was at 300 degrees to 550 degrees C and 1.5 to 2 kbar. The pegmatites were emplaced during uplift of the Haramosh Massif, since they cross-cut ductile normal faults but are cut by brittle normal faults. Economically important pink tourmaline mineralization formed in pockets concentrated near the crest of a broad antiform, as a result of trapping of late magmatic aqueous fluids that had become Fe-poor owing to the prior crystallization of schorl. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Geol Survey Pakistan, Geosci Lab, Islamabad, Pakistan. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Laurs, BM (reprint author), Gemol Inst Amer, 5345 Armada Dr, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 110 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN, ONTARIO K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 BP 1 EP 47 PN 1 PG 47 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA ZW961 UT WOS:000074466400001 ER PT J AU Drits, VA Eberl, DD Srodon, J AF Drits, VA Eberl, DD Srodon, J TI XRD measurement of mean thickness, thickness distribution and strain for illite and illite-smectite crystallites by the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE crystallite; fundamental illite particles; illite; illite-smectite; MacEwan crystallites; mixed-layer clay; thickness distributions; Warren-Averbach method ID RAY-POWDER DIFFRACTION; FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES; IDENTIFICATION; CHEMISTRY; MINERALS; CLAYS; SIZE AB A modified version of the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (BWA) technique (Bertaut 1949, 1950; Warren and Averbach 1950) has been developed to measure coherent scattering domain (CSD) sizes and strains in minerals by analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. This method is used to measure CSD thickness distributions for calculated and experimental XRD patterns of illites and illite-smectites (IS). The method almost exactly recovers CSD thickness distributions for calculated illite XRD patterns. Natural I-S samples contain swelling layers that lead to nonperiodic structures in the c* direction and to XRD peaks that are broadened and made asymmetric by mixed layering. Therefore, these peaks cannot be analyzed by the BWA method. These difficulties are overcome by K-saturation and heating prior to X-ray analysis in order to form 10-Angstrom periodic structures. BWA analysis yields the thickness distribution of mixed-layer crystals (coherently diffracting stacks of fundamental illite particles). For most IS samples, CSD thickness distributions can be approximated by lognormal functions. Mixed-layer crystal mean thickness and expandability then can be used to calculate fundamental illite particle mean thickness. Analyses of the dehydrated, K-saturated samples indicate that basal XRD reflections are broadened by symmetrical strain that may be related to local variations in smectite interlayers caused by dehydration, and that the standard deviation of the strain increases regularly with expandability. The 001 and 002 reflections are affected only slightly by this strain and therefore are suited for CSD thickness analysis. Mean mixed-layer crystal thicknesses for dehydrated I-S measured by the BWA method are very close to those measured by an integral peak width method. C1 RAN, Inst Geol, Moscow 109017, Russia. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. PAN, Inst Geol Sci, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland. RP Drits, VA (reprint author), RAN, Inst Geol, Pyzhevsky 7, Moscow 109017, Russia. NR 32 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 19 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 38 EP 50 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460105 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA ZD580 UT WOS:000072700800005 ER PT J AU Eberl, DD Nuesch, R Sucha, V Tsipursky, S AF Eberl, DD Nuesch, R Sucha, V Tsipursky, S TI Measurement of fundamental illite particle thicknesses by X-ray diffraction using PVP-10 intercalation SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE Bertaut; fundamental illite particles; illite; illite-smectite; mixed-layering; peak broadening; polyvinylpyrrolidone; Warren-Averbach; X-ray diffraction ID SMECTITE CLAY-MINERALS; INTERSTRATIFIED CLAYS; XRD CHARACTERISTICS; POWDER DIFFRACTION; CRYSTALLITE SIZE; IDENTIFICATION; SHAPE AB The thicknesses of fundamental illite particles that compose mixed-layer illite-smectite (IS) crystals can be measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak broadening techniques (Bertaut-Warren-Averbach [BWA] method and integral peak-width method) if the effects of swelling and XRD background noise are eliminated from XRD patterns of the clays. Swelling is eliminated by intercalating Na-saturated I-S with polyvinylpyrrolidone having a molecular weight of 10,000 (PVP-10). Background is minimized by using polished metallic silicon wafers cut perpendicular to (100) as a substrate for XRD specimens, and by using a single-crystal monochromator. XRD measurements of PVP-intercalated diagenetic, hydrothermal and low-grade metamorphic I-S indicate that there are at least 2 types of crystallite thickness distribution shapes for illite fundamental particles, lognormal and asymptotic; that measurements of mean fundamental illite particle thicknesses made by various techniques (Bertaut-Warren-Averbach, integral peak width, fixed cation content, and transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) give comparable results; and that strain (small differences in layer thicknesses) generally has a Gaussian distribution in the log-normal-type illites, but is often absent in the asymptotic-type illites. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. ETH Zurich, IGT, ClayLab, Inst Geotech, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. Nanocor, Chicago, IL USA. RP Eberl, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 27 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460110 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA ZD580 UT WOS:000072700800010 ER PT J AU Schmutz, JA Hobson, KA AF Schmutz, JA Hobson, KA TI Geographic, temporal, and age-specific variation in diets of Glaucous Gulls in western Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; carbon-13; foraging ecology; geese; Glaucous Gull; Larus hyperboreus; nitrogen-15; predation; stable isotopes ID STABLE ISOTOPES; TROPHIC LEVEL; PREDATION; SEABIRDS; CARBON; CANADA; MARINE; DELTA; SEA AB We collected boluses and food remains of adult Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) at or near nests and chicks, and digestive tracts from adults at three sites on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska that differed in proximity to marine and terrestrial foods. We observed both geographic and temporal variation in diet; gulls consumed proportionately more terrestrial prey after peak hatch in late June, and gulls near the coast consumed proportionately more marine prey than gulls at two inland areas. Goslings occurred in > 60% of all samples from these inland areas. We compared these data to those from a previous study in western Alaska and found no marked differences. Evidence for similar patterns of geographic and temporal variation in diet was found using measurements of stable-carbon and nitrogen isotopes in gull and prey tissues. Stable isotope analysis further revealed that adult gulls consumed proportionately more marine prey (saffron cod, Eleginus gracilis) than they fed to their young. Using isotopic models, we estimated that 7-22% and 10-23% of the diet of adult and juvenile Glaucous Gulls, respectively, was comprised of terrestrial species. In addition to significant age-related variation, dietary estimates varied among geographic areas and between pre-and post-hatch periods. Overall, our isotopic estimates of the contribution of terrestrial prey to the diet of Glaucous Gulls was less than what may be inferred from conventional methods of diet analysis. Our study emphasizes the benefit of combining stable-isotope and conventional analyses to infer temporal and geographic changes in diet of wild birds and other organisms. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. RP Schmutz, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM joel_schmutz@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 13 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1998 VL 100 IS 1 BP 119 EP 130 DI 10.2307/1369903 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YX527 UT WOS:000072049500013 ER PT J AU Sykes, PW Sonneborn, DW AF Sykes, PW Sonneborn, DW TI First breeding records of Whooper Swan and Brambling in North America at Attu Island, Alaska SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Attu Island; Brambling; breeding record; Cygnus cygnus; Fringilla montifringilla; Whooper Swan AB We document the first breeding records of Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) and Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) in Alaska and North America on Attu Island in the Western Aleutians in the spring of 1996. Five cygnets were seen with adults and the nest located, and a territorial pair of Bramblings was observed and a nest with eggs found. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources,Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Sykes, PW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources,Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1998 VL 100 IS 1 BP 162 EP 164 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YX527 UT WOS:000072049500019 ER PT J AU Meyers, PM Hatch, SA Mulcahy, DM AF Meyers, PM Hatch, SA Mulcahy, DM TI Effect of implanted satellite transmitters on the nesting behavior of murres SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE implantation; Murre; nesting behavior; satellite transmitter; seabird; Uria aalge; Uria lomvia ID RADIO TRANSMITTERS; TRACKING; ALCIDS AB We implanted 6 Common Murres (Uria aalge) and 10 Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) with satellite transmitters and compared subsequent presence at the colony, nesting status, and provisioning to a control group that underwent a simple surgical procedure. In the 10 days following implantation, we resighted 10 of 11 control birds at the colony and 6 of 16 implanted birds. Of the birds that returned, 7 of 10 control birds retained breeding status, whereas zero of six implanted birds retained breeding status. We conclude that abdominal implantations alter murre nesting behavior. C1 USGS, Div Biol Resources, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Hatch, SA (reprint author), USGS, Div Biol Resources, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 9 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1998 VL 100 IS 1 BP 172 EP 174 DI 10.2307/1369912 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YX527 UT WOS:000072049500022 ER PT J AU Allen-Wardell, G Bernhardt, P Bitner, R Burquez, A Buchmann, S Cane, J Cox, PA Dalton, V Feinsinger, P Ingram, M Inouye, D Jones, CE Kennedy, K Kevan, P Koopowitz, H Medellin, R Medellin-Morales, S Nabhan, GP Pavlik, B Tepedino, V Torchio, P Walker, S AF Allen-Wardell, G Bernhardt, P Bitner, R Burquez, A Buchmann, S Cane, J Cox, PA Dalton, V Feinsinger, P Ingram, M Inouye, D Jones, CE Kennedy, K Kevan, P Koopowitz, H Medellin, R Medellin-Morales, S Nabhan, GP Pavlik, B Tepedino, V Torchio, P Walker, S TI The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; PLANT; FOREST; BATS; REPRODUCTION; POPULATION; FERTILITY; COSTS AB Following reports of dramatic declines in managed and feral honey bees from nearly every region of North America, scientists and resource managers from the U.S., Mexico, and Canada come together to review the quality of the evidence that honey bees as well as other pollinators are in long-term decline and to consider the potential consequences of these losses on the conservation of biodiversity and the stability of the yield of food crops. These experts in pollination ecology confirmed that the last 5 years of losses of honeybee colonies in North America leaves us with fewer managed pollinators than at any time in the last 50 years and that the management and protection of wild pollinators is an issue of paramount importance to our food supply system. Although there are conclusive data that indicate 1200 wild vertebrate pollination may be at risk, data on the status of most invertebrate species that act as pollination agents is lacking. The recommendations from a working group of over 20 field scientists, presented here, have been endorsed by 14 conservation and sustainable agriculture organizations, research institutes, and professional societies including the Society for Conservation Biology. Among the most critical priorities for future research and conservation of pollinator species are (1) increased attention to invertebrate systematics, monitoring, and reintroduction as part of critical habitat management and restoration plans. (2) multi-year assessments of the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides, herbicides, and habitat fragmentation on the wild pollinator populations in and near croplands; (3) inclusion of the monitoring of seed and fruit set and floral visitation rates in endangered plant management and recovery plans; (4) inclusion of habitat needs for critically-important pollinators in the critical habitat designations for endangered plants; (5) identification and protection of floral reserves near roost sites along the "nectar corridors" of threatened migratory pollinators; and (6) investment in the restoration and management of a diversity of pollinators and their habitats adjacent to croplands in order to stabilize or improve crop yields The work group encourages increased education and training to ensure that both the lay, public and resource managers understand that pollination is one of the most important ecological services provided to agriculture through the responsible management and protection of wildland habitats and their populations of pollen-vectoring animals and nectar-producing plants. C1 Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. BeeMaster Inc, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63101 USA. Int Pollinat Syst, Caldwell, ID 83605 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. USDA, ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Natl Trop Bot Garden, Kauai, HI 96765 USA. Pima Coll W, Dept Sci, Tucson, AZ 85709 USA. Northern Univ, Dept Biol, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Sustainable Dev & Conservat Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Biol Serv, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Austin, TX 78716 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Terra Nostra, Ciudad Victoria 887040, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Mills Coll, Dept Biol, Oakland, CA 94610 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Bat Conservat Int, Austin, TX USA. RP Nabhan, GP (reprint author), Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 N Kinney Rd, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. EM fpollen@azstarnet.com NR 61 TC 371 Z9 402 U1 67 U2 586 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 8 EP 17 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300003 ER PT J AU Tyler, T Liss, WJ Ganio, LM Larson, GL Hoffman, R Deimling, E Lomnicky, G AF Tyler, T Liss, WJ Ganio, LM Larson, GL Hoffman, R Deimling, E Lomnicky, G TI Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION; NOTOPHTHALMUS-VIRIDESCENS; DIFFERENTIAL PREDATION; FISH PREDATION; SIERRA-NEVADA; REFUGE USE; CALIFORNIA; COMPETITION; GRACILE AB The larval stage of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) is the top vertebrate predator in high-elevation fishless lakes in the North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington (U.S.A). Although most of these high-elevation lakes were naturally fishless, trout have been stocked in many of them. We sought to determine the effects of physiochemical factors and introduced trout on abundance and behavior of A. macrodactylum larvae. Larval salamander densities were estimated by snorkeling. Snorkelers carefully searched through substrate materials within 2 m of the shoreline and recorded the number of larvae observed and if larvae were hidden in benthic substrates. Physicochemical factors were measured in each lake on the same day that snorkel surveys were conducted. In fishless lakes, larval salamander densities were positively related to total Kjeldahl-N concentration and negatively related to lake elevation. Crustacean zooplankton, especially cladocerans, were important food resources for larval A. macrodactylum. Crustacean zooplankton and cladoceran densities were positively related to total Kjeldahl-N, suggesting that increased food resources contributed to increased densities of larval A. macrodactylum. Differences in larval salamander densities between fish and fishless lakes were related to total Kjeldahl-N concentrations and the reproduction status of trout. Mean larval salamander densities for fishless lakes with total Kjeldahl-N < 0.045 mg/L were not significantly different from mean larval densities in lakes with reproducing trout or in lakes with nonreproducing trout. In fishless lakes with total Kjeldahl-N greater than or equal to 0.045 mg/L, however, mean larval densities were significantly higher than in lakes with reproducing trout where fish reached high densities. In fishless lakes with total Kjeldahl-N greater than or equal to 0.095 mg/L, mean larval densities were significantly higher than in lakes with nonreproducing trout where trout fry were stocked at low densities. Reduced larval salamander densities in lakes with trout likely resulted from trout predation. There were no significant differences in the percentage of larvae hidden in benthic substrates between fishless lakes and lakes with fish. Our results imply that assessment of the effects of fish on amphibians requires and understanding of natural abiotic and biotic factors and processes influencing amphibian distribution and abundance. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Dynamac Int Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Tyler, T (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Nash Hall 104, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM tylert@ucs.orst.edu NR 65 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 94 EP 105 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96274.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300011 ER PT J AU Dobkin, DS Rich, AC Pyle, WH AF Dobkin, DS Rich, AC Pyle, WH TI Habitat and avifaunal recovery from livestock grazing in a riparian meadow system of the northwestern Great Basin SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSECT COUNTS; MITIGATION; DENSITIES; GRASSES; ARIZONA; BIRDS AB Riparian habitats are centers of biological diversity in arid and semiarid portions of western North America, but despite widespread loss and degradation of these habitats there is little quantitative information concerning restoration of native riparian biota. We examined the recovery of a riparian meadow system in the context of long-term versus short-term release from livestock grazing. We compared the structure and dynamics of plant and avian communities on 1.5-ha plots inside a long-term (<30 years) livestock exclosure ("exclosure plots"), with adjacent plots outside the exclosure ("open plots") for 4 years following removal of livestock from open plots. Throughout the study, sedge cover, forb cover, and foliage height diversity of herbs were greater on exclosure plots; bare ground, litter cover, shrub cover, and shrub foliage height diversity were greater on open plots. Forb, rush, and cryptogamic cover increased on open plots but not on exclosure plots. Grass cover increased, whereas litter and bare ground decreased on all plots in conjunction with increased availability of moisture. Sedge cover did not change. Avian species richness and relative abundances were greater on exclosure plots; species composition differed markedly between exclosure and open plots (Jaccard Coefficient = 0.23=0.46), with exclosure plots dominated by wetland and riparian birds and open plots dominated by upland species. The appearance of key species of wet-meadow birds on open plots in the third and fourth years following livestock removal signaled the beginning of restoration of the riparian avifauna. We interpret the recovery of riparian vegetation and avifaunal composition inside the exclosure as a consequence of livestock removal, which led to a rise in the water table and an expansion of the hyporbeic zone laterally from the stream channel. The lack of change in sedge and shrub cover on open plots suggests that restoration to a sedge-dominated meadow will not happen quickly. C1 High Desert Ecol Res Inst, Bend, OR 97702 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lakeview, OR 97630 USA. RP Dobkin, DS (reprint author), High Desert Ecol Res Inst, 15 SW Colorado Ave,Suite 300, Bend, OR 97702 USA. NR 49 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 44 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 209 EP 221 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96349.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300022 ER PT J AU Buchanan, JB Fredrickson, RJ Seaman, DE AF Buchanan, JB Fredrickson, RJ Seaman, DE TI Mitigation of habitat "take" and the core area concept SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL; HOME-RANGE C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Management Program, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olypm Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Buchanan, JB (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Management Program, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 238 EP 240 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97278.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX924 UT WOS:000072094300026 ER PT J AU Corn, PS AF Corn, PS TI Effects of ultraviolet radiation on boreal toads in Colorado SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibian population declines; amphibians; Bufo boreas; ozone depletion; Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, US; ultraviolet radiation and amphibian declines ID UV-B RADIATION; AMPHIBIAN DECLINES; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; SOLAR; EGGS; ACIDIFICATION; RESISTANCE; POPULATION; MORTALITY; MOUNTAINS AB Field exposures of Bufo boreas embryos to fractions of ambient UV-B radiation at two sites in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, were conducted to evaluate UV-B as a possible cause of recent severe declines of this species. There were no differences in hatching success of B. boreas embryos exposed to 0-100% of ambient UVB radiation at either study site, results that are different from those of recent studies in Oregon that found increased mortality of B. boreas embryos exposed to ambient UV-B. The reasons for these differing results are not apparent, and several possible explanations exist, including differences in experimental design, presence or absence of a pathogenic fungus, and geographic genetic variation. Bufo boreas embryos were probably not receiving higher doses of UV-B radiation during the experiments in Oregon compared to the experiments in this study. Results of this study do not support UV-B radiation alone as the cause of the decline of B. boreas during the past 20 yr in the southern Rocky Mountains, but UV-B cannot be dismissed because of the contradictory results from other studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Corn, PS (reprint author), Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 39 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 18 EP 26 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX701 UT WOS:000072068200003 ER PT J AU Miller, SG Knight, RL Miller, CK AF Miller, SG Knight, RL Miller, CK TI Influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bird communities; Brown-headed Cowbird; Colorado; edge effects; Molothrus ater; nest parasitism; nest predation; recreation; recreational trails ID NEST PREDATION; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; SUCCESS; IMPACT; DISPERSION; CORRIDORS; LANDSCAPE; SONGBIRDS; WARBLERS; ECOTONES AB We investigated the influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities in forest and mixed-grass prairie ecosystems in Boulder County, Colorado, United States. during 1994 and 1995. Species composition, nest predation, and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were examined near and away from existing recreational trails. Bird species composition was altered adjacent to trails in both ecosystems. Generalist species were more abundant near trails, whereas specialist species were less common. Within the grassland ecosystem, birds were less likely to nest near trails. Within both ecosystems, nest predation was greater near trails. In forests, the rate of brood parasitism was not influenced by trails. No brood parasitism was found in the grassland ecosystem. Our results may be useful to natural-lands managers who must implement management policies regarding the spatial arrangement of trails and trail-use restrictions. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Dept Open Space, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Miller, SG (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alamosa Monte Vista Natl Wildlife Refuge, 9383 Rancho Lane, Alamosa, CO 81101 USA. NR 42 TC 100 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 39 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 162 EP 169 DI 10.2307/2641318 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YX701 UT WOS:000072068200013 ER PT J AU Chiou, CT Kile, DE AF Chiou, CT Kile, DE TI Deviations from sorption linearity on soils of polar and nonpolar organic compounds at low relative concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; ADSORPTION POTENTIAL THEORY; CHEMICAL PARTITION; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; ACTIVATED CARBON; WATER; THERMODYNAMICS; EQUILIBRIA; POLLUTANTS; ATRAZINE AB A series of single-solute and binary-solute sorption data have been obtained on representative samples of polar compounds (substituted ureas and phenolic compounds) and of nonpolar compounds (e.g., EDB and TCE) on a peat soil and a mineral (Woodburn) soil; the data extend to low relative solute concentrations (C-e/S-w). At relatively low C-e/S-w both the nonpolar and the polar solutes exhibit nonlinear sorption. The sorption nonlinearity approaches apparent saturation at about C-e/S-w = 0.010-0.015 for the nonpolar solutes and at about C-e/S-w = 0.10-0.13 for the polar solutes; above these C-e/S-w regions, the isotherms are practically linear. The nonlinear sorption capacities are greater for polar solutes than for nonpolar solutes and the peat soil shows a greater effect than the Woodburn soil. The small nonlinear sorption capacity for a nonpolar solute is suppressed indiscriminately by either a nonpolar or a polar cosolute at relatively low C-e/S-w of the cosolute. By contrast, the abilities of different cosolutes to suppress the nonlinear capacity of a nominal polar solute differ drastically. For polar solutes, a nonpolar cosolute exhibits a limited suppression even at high cosolute C-e/S-w; effective suppression occurs when the cosolute is relatively polar and at various C-e/S-w. These differences suggest that more than a single mechanism is required to account for the nonlinear sorption of both nonpolar and polar compounds at low C-e/S-w. Mechanistic processes consistent with these observations and with soil surface areas are discussed along with other suggested models. Some important consequences of the nonlinear competitive sorption to the behavior of contaminants in natural systems are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 33 TC 206 Z9 245 U1 4 U2 47 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 3 BP 338 EP 343 DI 10.1021/es970608g PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YU561 UT WOS:000071730200024 ER PT J AU Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ AF Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ TI Methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine interactions on health and reproduction in mallards SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Wildlife Mercury Conference CY APR 12-13, 1996 CL FAIRFAX, VA DE mallards; bird; selenium; mercury; interaction ID SELENO-DL-METHIONINE; JAPANESE-QUAIL; HEAVY-METALS; MERCURY; DUCKS; SURVIVAL; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; WHEAT; YEAST AB Adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed a control diet or diets containing 10 ppm mercury as methylmercury chloride, 10 ppm selenium as seleno-DL-methionine, or 10 ppm mercury plus 10 ppm selenium. One of 12 adult males fed 10 ppm mercury died, and eight others suffered paralysis of the legs by the time the study was terminated. However, when the diet contained 10 ppm selenium in addition to the 10 ppm mercury, none of 12 males became sick. In contrast to the protective effect of selenium against mercury poisoning in males, selenium plus mercury was worse than selenium or mercury alone for some measurements of reproductive success. Both selenium and mercury lowered duckling production through reductions in hatching success and survival of ducklings, but the combination of mercury plus selenium was worse than either mercury, or selenium alone. Controls produced an average of 7.6 young per female, females fed 10 ppm selenium produced an average of 2.8 young, females fed 10 ppm mercury produced 1.1 young, and females fed both mercury and selenium produced 0.2 young. Teratogenic effects also were worse for the combined mercury plus selenium treatment; deformities were recorded in 6.1% of the embryos of controls, 16.4% for those fed methylmercury chloride, 36.2% for those fed selenomethionine, and 73.4% for those fed methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine. The presence of methylmercury in the diet greatly enhanced the storage of selenium in tissues. The livers of males fed 10 ppm selenium contained a mean of 9.6 ppm selenium, whereas the livers of males fed 10 ppm selenium plus 10 ppm mercury contained a mean of 114 ppm selenium. However, selenium did not enhance the storage of mercury. The results show that mercury and selenium may be antagonistic to each other for adults and synergistic to young, even within the same experiment. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Heinz, GH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 11510 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM gary-heinz@nbs.gov NR 32 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 139 EP 145 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700002 ER PT J AU Wolfe, MF Schwarzbach, S Sulaiman, RA AF Wolfe, MF Schwarzbach, S Sulaiman, RA TI Effects of mercury on wildlife: A comprehensive review SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Wildlife Mercury Conference CY APR 12-13, 1996 CL FAIRFAX, VA DE review; wildlife; methylmercury; analytical methods ID SEMIAUTOMATED HEADSPACE ANALYSIS; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; PRIMARY ASTROCYTE CULTURES; BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER; METHYL MERCURY; MACACA-FASCICULARIS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; INORGANIC MERCURY; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES AB Wildlife may be exposed to mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) from a variety of environmental sources, including mine tailings, industrial effluent, agricultural drainwater, impoundments, and atmospheric deposition from electric power generation. Terrestrial and aquatic wildlife may be at risk from exposure to waterborne Hg and MeHg. The transformation of inorganic Hg by anaerobic sediment microorganisms in the water column produces MeHg, which bioaccumulates at successive trophic levels in the food chain. If high trophic level feeders, such as piscivorous birds and mammals, ingest sufficient MeHg in prey and drinking water, Hg toxicoses, including damage to nervous, excretory and reproductive systems, result. Currently accepted no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for waterborne Hg in wildlife have been developed from the piscivorous model in which most dietary Hg is in the methyl form. Such model are not applicable to omnivores, insectivores, and other potentially affected groups, and have not incorpotated data from other important matrices, such as eggs and muscle. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the Hg literature as it relates to effects on wildlife, including previously understudied groups. We present a critique of the current state of knowledge about effects of Hg on wildlife as an aid to identifying missing information and to planning research needed for conducting a complete assessment of Hg risks to wildlife. This review summarizes the toxicity of Hg to birds and mammals, the mechanisms of Hg toxicity, the measurement of Hg in biota, and interpretation of residue data. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Inst Toxicol & Environm Hlth, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. Toxicol Task Force, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. RP Wolfe, MF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Inst Toxicol & Environm Hlth, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mfwolfe@ucdavis.edu NR 147 TC 388 Z9 400 U1 21 U2 173 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 146 EP 160 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0146:EOMOWA>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700003 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Heinz, GH AF Hoffman, DJ Heinz, GH TI Effects of mercury and selenium on glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress in Mallard ducks SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Wildlife Mercury Conference CY APR 12-13, 1996 CL FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA DE Mallard; selenium; mercury; interaction; oxidative stress ID AMERICAN KESTRELS; AQUATIC BIRDS; SELENOMETHIONINE; METHYLMERCURY; REPRODUCTION; PEROXIDASE; DUCKLINGS; INGESTION; REDUCTASE; TISSUE AB Earlier studies have reported on the toxicity and related oxidative stress of different forms of Se, including seleno-D,L-methionine, in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). This study compares the effects of Se (seleno-D,L-methionine) and Hg (methylmercury chloride) separately and in combination. Mallard drakes received one of the following diets: untreated feed (controls), or feed containing 10 ppm Se, 10 ppm Hg, or 10 ppm Se in combination with 10 ppm Hg. After 10 weeks, blood, liver, and brain samples were collected for biochemical assays. The following clinical and biochemical alterations occurred in response to Hg exposure: hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations decreased; activities of the enzymes glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (plasma and liver), glutathione-S-transferase (liver), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) (liver and brain) decreased; hepatic oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration increased relative to reduced glutathione (GSH); and lipid peroxidation in the brain was detected by increased thiobarbituric reactive substances (TEARS). Effects of Se alone included increased hepatic GSSG reductase activity and brain TEARS concentration. Selenium in combination with Hg partially or totally alleviated effects of Hg on GSH peroxidase, G-6-PDH, and GSSG. These findings are compared in relation to field observations for diving ducks and other aquatic birds. It is concluded that since both Hg and excess Se can affect thiol status, measurement of associated enzymes in conjunction with thiol status may be a useful bioindicator to discriminate between Hg and Se effects. The ability of Se to restore the activities of G-6-PDH, GSH peroxidase, and glutathione status involved in antioxidative defense mechanisms may be crucial to biological protection from the toxic effects of methylmercury. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Hoffman, DJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM david-hoffman@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 17 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0161:EOMASO>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700004 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DJ Ohlendorf, HM Marn, CM Pendleton, GW AF Hoffman, DJ Ohlendorf, HM Marn, CM Pendleton, GW TI Association of mercury and selenium with altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress in diving ducks from the San Francisco Bay region, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Wildlife Mercury Conference CY APR 12-13, 1996 CL FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA DE diving ducks; selenium; mercury; glutathione; metabolism ID HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE; MALLARD DUCKS; SELENOMETHIONINE; METHYLMERCURY; PEROXIDASE; REDUCTASE AB Adult male greater scaup (Aythya marila), surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), and ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) were collected from Suisun Bay and coastal Tomales Bay in the greater San Francisco Bay area to assess exposure to inorganic contaminants. Hepatic Se concentrations were highest in greater scaup (geometric mean = 67 ppm dry weight) and surf scoters (119 ppm) in Suisun Bay, whereas hepatic Hg was highest (19 ppm) in greater scaup and surf scoters from Tomales Bay. Hepatic Se and Hg were lower in ruddy ducks and did not differ between locations. Hepatic supernatants were assayed for enzymes related to glutathione metabolism and antioxidant activity, including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH peroxidase), glutathione reductase (GSSG reductase), and glutathione-S-transferase (GSH transferase). Glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in surf scoters and ruddy ducks, and G-6-PDH was higher in greater scaup and surf scoters from Suisun Bay than Tomales Bay. Glutathione reductase (GSSG) was higher in SS from Suisun Bay. The ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) was greater in all species from Tomales Bay. The following significant relationships were found in one or more species with increasing hepatic Hg concentration: lower body, liver, and heart weights; decreased hepatic GSH concentration and G-6-PDH and GSH peroxidase activities; increased ratio of GSSG to GSH; and increased GSSG reductase activity. With increasing hepatic Se concentration, GSH peroxidase increased, but GSH decreased. It is concluded that measurement of associated enzymes in conjunction with thiol status may be a useful bioindicator to discriminate between Hg and Se effects. Concentrations of Hg and Se and the above variables affected have been associated with adverse effects on reproduction and neurological function in experimental studies with mallards. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Pacific Coast Field Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hoffman, DJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM david-hoffman@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 18 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0167:AOMASW>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700005 ER PT J AU Evers, DC Kaplan, JD Meyer, MW Reaman, PS Braselton, WE Major, A Burgess, N Scheuhammer, AM AF Evers, DC Kaplan, JD Meyer, MW Reaman, PS Braselton, WE Major, A Burgess, N Scheuhammer, AM TI Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Wildlife Mercury Conference CY APR 12-13, 1996 CL FAIRFAX, VA DE loon; mercury; avian exposure; bioaccumulation; biomagnification ID METHYL MERCURY; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; GAVIA-IMMER; LAKES; FISH; ACCUMULATION; TISSUE; METAL; AGE; DEPOSITION AB The common loon (Gavia immer) is a high-trophic-level, long-lived, obligate piscivore at risk from elevated levels of Hg through biomagnification and bioaccumulation. From 1991 to 1996 feather (n = 455) and blood (n = 381) samples from adult loons were collected between June and September in five regions of North America: Alaska, northwestern United States, Upper Great Lakes, New England, and the Canadian Maritimes. Concentrations of Hg in adults ranged from 2.8 to 36.7 mu g/g (fresh weight) in feathers and from 0.12 to 7.80 mu g/g (wet weight) in whole blood. Blood Kg concentrations in 3 to 6-week-old juveniles ranged from 0.03 to 0.78 mu g/g (wet weight) (n = 183). To better interpret exposure data, relationships between blood and feather Hg concentrations were examined among age and sex classes. Blood and feather Hg concentrations from the same individuals were significantly correlated and varied geographically (r(2) ranged from 0.03 to 0.48). Blood and feather Hg correlated strongest in areas with the highest blood Kg levels, indicating a possible carryover of breeding season Hg that is depurated during winter remigial molt. Mean blood and feather Hg concentrations in males were significantly higher than concentrations in females for each region. The mean blood Hg concentration in adults was 10 times higher than that in juveniles, and feather Hg concentrations significantly increased over 1 to 4-year periods in recaptured individuals. Geographic stratification indicates a significant increasing regional trend in adult and juvenile blood Hg concentrations from west to east. This gradient resembles U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-modeled predictions of total anthropogenic Hg deposition across the United States. This gradient is dearest across regions. Within-region blood Hg concentrations in adults and juveniles across nine sites of one region, the Upper Great Lakes, were less influenced by variations in geographic Hg deposition than by hydrology and lake chemistry. Loons breeding on low-pH lakes in the Upper Great Lakes and in all lake types of northeastern North America are most at risk from Hg. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. BioDivers Inc, Freeport, ME 04032 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Res, Monona, WI 53716 USA. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Environm Canada, Sackville, NB E0A 3C0, Canada. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Evers, DC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 200 Hodson Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM bdloon@aol.com RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; OI Burgess, Neil/0000-0001-6084-2048 NR 69 TC 143 Z9 146 U1 5 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 173 EP 183 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0173:GTIMMI>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700006 ER PT J AU Augspurger, T Franson, JC Converse, KA Spitzer, PR Miller, EA AF Augspurger, T Franson, JC Converse, KA Spitzer, PR Miller, EA TI An epizootic of common loons in coastal waters of North Carolina: Concentrations of elemental contaminants and results of necropsies SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Wildlife Mercury Conference CY APR 12-13, 1996 CL FAIRFAX, VA DE common loon; Gavia immer; mercury; selenium; epizootic ID MERCURY; SEABIRDS; METHYLMERCURY; FEATHERS; WEIGHTS; LESIONS AB A 1993 die-off of common loons (Gavia immer) in the coastal waters of North Carolina was investigated with emphasis on comparing mercury, selenium, arsenic, and lead between birds from the epizootic and reference specimens. Die-off specimens were emaciated but contained no ingested foreign bodies and no lesions suggestive of infectious disease. Results of bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and botulism testing were unremarkable. The geometric mean concentrations (wet weight) of liver mercury (10.9 ppm), and arsenic (0.96 ppm) did not differ between specimens from the die-off and reference loons from the same area that died of other causes. The geometric mean liver selenium concentration of die-off specimens (10.4 ppm) was significantly higher than that of reference loons. Liver lead concentrations were <0.20 ppm in all but one sample (5.83 ppm). The geometric mean mercury concentration in the primary remiges of die-off specimens (5.44 ppm dry weight) was significantly lower than in reference birds. Liver mercury significantly correlated with liver selenium on a molar concentration basis. We interpret the range of liver mercury concentrations in birds from the epizootic, similar liver mercury concentrations in reference loons, and higher mercury concentrations in reference loon feathers as evidence that factors other than mercury were primarily responsible for the emaciation diagnosed as the cause of mortality. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. Outer Banks Wildlife Shelter, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Augspurger, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, POB 33726, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. EM tom.augspurger@fws.gov OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 205 EP 209 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0205:AEOCLI>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700011 ER PT J AU Stumpf, RP Haines, JW AF Stumpf, RP Haines, JW TI Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sea-level rise; tides; wetlands; salt marsh; Gulf of Mexico ID MEAN SEA-LEVEL; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; NORTHERN GULF; KEY-WEST; MARSH; VEGETATION; RISE; FLUCTUATIONS; LOUISIANA; ANOMALIES AB Tidal wetland environments have an ecological zonation that corresponds with tide levels, in particular with mean high water. However, mean sea level (MSL), which has shown a persistent rise in the Gulf of Mexico during this century, is the most common reference for water level change. We examine here the relationship between mean sea level and mean high water in describing water level changes in the Gulf of Mexico. The records of monthly mean water level for four stations, Galveston, Pensacola, Cedar Key and Key West, are partitioned into the annual cycle, the long-term trend, and a low-frequency (>10 year period) fluctuation. The trend is the same for MSL and mean, higher high water (MHHW) for all stations investigated except Cedar Key, Florida, where MHHW has increased more rapidly than MSL. The low-frequency fluctuations are similar between the stations and the tidal datums. MSL can predict MHHW with discrepancies of up to 5 cm owing to the lunar nodal cycle and an annual tidal signal. Low-frequency climatic fluctuations produce greater variations than the nodal cycle, but the difference in frequency can lead to interference between the two in MHHW. The combination of the two can produce sea-level rises in excess of 1 cm year(-1) over several year periods, even in areas having long-term trends of 0.2 cm year(-1) or: less. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 EI 1096-0015 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1006/ecss.1997.0276 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YY333 UT WOS:000072136600001 ER PT J AU Saccocia, PJ Seewald, JS Shanks, WC AF Saccocia, PJ Seewald, JS Shanks, WC TI Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation between brucite and aqueous NaCl solutions from 250 to 450 degrees C SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID LIQUID WATER EQUILIBRATION; SALT-SOLUTIONS; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; 100-DEGREES-C; PRESSURES; KINETICS; EXCHANGE; MINERALS AB Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation factors between brucite and aqueous NaCl solutions (10001n alpha(br-sw)) have been calibrated by experiment from 250 to 450 degrees C at 0.5 Kb. For D/H fractionation, 10001n alpha(br-sw) values are as follows: -32 +/- 6 parts per thousand (250 degrees C, 3.2 wt% NaCl), -21 +/- 2 parts per thousand (350 degrees C, 10.0 wt% NaCl), and -22 +/- 2 parts per thousand (450 degrees C, 3.2 wt% NaCl), indicating that brucite is depleted in D relative to coexisting aqueous NaCl solutions. These results are in good agreement with previous D/H fractionation factors determined in the brucite-water system, indicating that any effects of dissolved salt on D/H fractionation are relatively small, particularly in solutions with near seawater salinity. The maximum salt effect (+4 parts per thousand) was observed in 10.0 wt% NaCl solutions at 350 degrees C, suggesting that the addition of dissolved NaCl increases the amount of deuterium fractionated into mineral structures. For O-18/O-16 fractionation, 1001n alpha(br-sw) values in 3.0 wt% NaCl solutions are -6.0 +/- 1.3 parts per thousand, -5.6 +/- 0.7 parts per thousand and -4.1 +/- 0.2 parts per thousand, at 250, 350, and 450 degrees C, respectively, and -5.8 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand in 10.0 wt % NaCl at 350 degrees C. These data indicate that brucite is depleted in O-18 relative to coexisting aqueous NaCl solutions and that the degree of depletion decreases slightly with increasing temperature and is not strongly dependent on salinity. We calculated O-18/O-16 brucite-water fractionation factors from available calibrations of the salt-effect on O-18/O-16 fractionation between coexisting phases. The resulting values were fit to the following equation that is valid from 250 to 450 degrees C 1001n alpha(br-w) = 9.54x10(6)T(-2) - 3.53 x 10(4)T(-1) + 26.58 where T is temperature in Kelvins. These new data have been used to improve the prediction of O-18/O-16 fractionation factors in the talc-water and serpentine-water systems by modifying existing empirical bond-water models. The results of this analysis indicate that the delta(18)O composition of talc-brucite and serpentine-brucite pairs could be used as a geothermometer and that these coexisting phases should display the following order of O-18 enrichment: talc > serpentine > brucite. Copyright O 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Saccocia, PJ (reprint author), Bridgewater State Coll, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Bridgewater, MA 02325 USA. EM psaccocia@topcat.bridgw.edu NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 485 EP 492 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00346-3 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZE645 UT WOS:000072815300009 ER PT J AU Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Shedlock, KM Pratt, TL AF Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Shedlock, KM Pratt, TL TI Near-surface structural model for deformation associated with the February 7, 1812, New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC ZONE; FAULT; TECTONICS AB The February 7, 1812, New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake (M [moment magnitude] 8) was the third and final large-magnitude event to rock the northern Mississippi Embayment during the winter of 1811-1812, Although ground shaking was so strong that it rang church bells, stopped clocks, buckled pavement, and rocked buildings up and down the eastern seaboard, little coseismic surface deformation exists today in the New Madrid area. The fault(s) that ruptured during this event have remained enigmatic. We have integrated geomorphic data documenting differential surficial deformation (supplemented by historical accounts of surficial deformation and earthquake-induced Mississippi River waterfalls and rapids) with the interpretation of existing and recently acquired seismic reflection data, to develop a tectonic model of the near-surface structures in the New Madrid, Missouri, area, This model consists of two primary components: a north-northwest-trending thrust fault and a series of northeast-trending, strike-slip, tear faults, We conclude that the Reelfoot fault is a thrust fault that is at least 30 km long. We also infer that tear faults in the near surface partitioned the hanging wall into subparallel blocks that have undergone differential displacement during episodes of faulting, The northeast-trending tear faults bound an area documented to have been uplifted at least 0.5 m during the February 7, 1812, earthquake. These faults also appear to bound changes in the surface density of epicenters that are within the modern seismicity, which is occurring in the stepover zone of the Left-stepping right-lateral strike-slip fault system of the modern New Madrid seismic zone. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Odum, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 72 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 149 EP 162 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0149:NSSMFD>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YW333 UT WOS:000071924200002 ER PT J AU Hansen, VL Dusel-Bacon, C AF Hansen, VL Dusel-Bacon, C TI Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN ASSEMBLAGE; TESLIN SUTURE ZONE; NORTHERN COAST MOUNTAINS; SOUTH-CENTRAL YUKON; CANADIAN-CORDILLERA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; SOUTHEASTERN YUKON; SUSPECT TERRANES AB The Yukon-Tanana terrane, the largest tectonostratigraphic terrane in the northern North American Cordillera, is polygenetic and not a single terrane, Lineated and foliated (L-S) tectonites, which characterize the Yukon-Tanana terrane, record multiple deformations and formed at different times, We document the polyphase history recorded by L-S tectonites within the Yukon-Tanana upland, east-central Alaska, These upland tectonites compose a heterogeneous assemblage of deformed igneous and metamorphic rocks that farm the Alaskan part of what has been called the Yukon-Tanana composite terrane. We build on previous kinematic data and establish the three-dimensional architecture of the upland tectonites through kinematic and structural analysis of more than 250 oriented samples, including quartz c-axis fabric analysis of 39 samples. Through this study we distinguish allochthonous tectonites from parautochthonous tectonites within the Yukon-Tanana upland, The upland tectonites define a regionally coherent stacking order: from bottom to top, they are lower plate North American parautochthonous attenuated continental margin; continentally derived marginal-basin strata; and upper plate ocean-basin and island-are rocks, including some continental basement rocks, We delineate three major deformation events in time, space, and structural level across the upland from the United States-Canada border to Fairbanks, Alaska: (1) pre-Early Jurassic (> 212 Ma) northeast-directed, apparent margin-normal contraction that affected oceanic rocks; (2) late Early to early Middle Jurassic (> 188-185 Ma) northwest-directed, apparent margin-parallel contraction and imbrication that resulted in juxtaposition of the allochthonous tectonites with parautochthonous continental rocks; and (3) Early Cretaceous (135-110 Ma) southeast-directed crustal extension that resulted in exposure of the structurally deepest, parautochthonous continental rocks, The oldest event represents deformation within a west-dipping (present coordinates) Permian-Triassic subduction zone. The second event records Early to Middle Jurassic collision of the are and subduction complex with North American crust, and the third event reflects mid-Cretaceous southeast-directed crustal extension, Events one and two can be recognized and correlated through southern Yukon, even though this region was affected by mid-Cretaceous dextral shear along steep northwest-striking faults, Our data support a model of crustal assembly originally proposed by D. Tempelman-Kluit in which previously deformed allochthonous rocks were thrust over parautochthonous rocks of the attenuated North American margin in Middle Jurassic time. Approximately 50 m.y. after tectonic accretion, east-central Alaska was dissected by crustal extension, exposing overthrust parautochthonous strata. C1 So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Hansen, VL (reprint author), So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. EM vhansen@mail.smu.edu NR 108 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 211 EP 230 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0211:SAKEOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YW333 UT WOS:000071924200006 ER PT J AU Rubin, DM Nelson, JM Topping, DJ AF Rubin, DM Nelson, JM Topping, DJ TI Relation of inversely graded deposits to suspended-sediment grain-size evolution during the 1996 flood experiment in Grand Canyon SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUME AB Before Glen Canyon Dam was completed upstream from Grand Canyon, floods scoured sand from the channel bed and deposited sand on bars within recirculating eddies, After completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, peak discharge of the mean annual floods dropped from about 2600 to 900 m(3)/s, and 85% of the sediment supply was eliminated, Under the postdam flow regime, sand bars in eddies have degraded, In an experiment to study, in part, the effects of floods in rebuilding these bars, a controlled flood was released from Glen Canyon Dam in late March and early April 1996, Although fluvial sequences characteristically fine upward, the deposits of the experimental flood systematically coarsen upward, Measurements of suspended-sediment concentration and grain size and of bed-material grain size suggest that the upward coarsening results from the channel becoming relatively depleted of fine-grained sediment during the seven days of the high-flow experiment, Predam flood beds of the Colorado River also coarsen upward, indicating that supply-limitation and grain-size evolution are natural processes that do not require the presence of a dam. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Rubin, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 99 EP 102 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0099:ROIGDT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YW331 UT WOS:000071924000001 ER PT J AU Ellsworth, WL Beroza, GC AF Ellsworth, WL Beroza, GC TI Observation of the seismic nucleation phase in the Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SLOW INITIAL PHASE; MICROEARTHQUAKES; RUPTURE AB Near-source observations of five M 3.8-5.2 earthquakes near Ridgecrest, California are consistent with the presence of a seismic nucleation phase. These earthquakes start abruptly, but then slow or stop before rapidly growing again toward their maximum rate of moment release. Deconvolution of instrument and path effects by empirical Green's functions demonstrates that the initial complexity at the start of the earthquake is a source effect. The rapid growth of the P-wave arrival at the start of the seismic nucleation phase supports the conclusion of Mori and Kanamori [1996] that these earthquakes begin without a magnitude-scaled slow initial phase of the type observed by Iio [1992, 1995]. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Ellsworth, WL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS-977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM ellswrth@andreas.wr.usgs.gov; beroza@pangea.stanford.edu NR 13 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 401 EP 404 DI 10.1029/97GL53700 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YV640 UT WOS:000071848000045 ER PT J AU Harris, RA AF Harris, RA TI Earthquake seismology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP Harris, RA (reprint author), Mail Stop 977,USGS,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 21 EP 22 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YV281 UT WOS:000071807500025 ER PT J AU Neuzil, CE AF Neuzil, CE TI Hydrogeology SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Neuzil, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD FEB PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 38 EP 39 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YV281 UT WOS:000071807500044 ER PT J AU Flores, RM AF Flores, RM TI Coalbed methane: From hazard to resource SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Review DE coal gas outburst; coalbed methane; hazard; resource assessment; recoverability AB Coalbed gas, which mainly consists of methane, has remained a major hazard affecting safety and productivity in underground coal mines for more than 100 years. Coalbed gas emissions have resulted in outbursts and explosions where ignited by open lights, smoking or improper use of black blasting powder, and machinery operations. Investigations of coal gas outbursts and explosions during the past century were aimed at predicting and preventing this mine hazard. During this time, gas emissions were diluted with ventilation by airways (e.g., tunnels, vertical and horizontal drillholes, shafts) and by drainage boreholes. The 1970's 'energy crisis' led to studies of the feasibility of producing the gas for commercial use. Subsequent research on the origin, accumulation, distribution, availability, and recoverability has been pursued vigorously during the past two decades. Since the 1970's research investigations on the causes and effects of coal mine outbursts and gas emissions have led to major advances towards the recovery and development of coalbed methane for commercial use. Thus, coalbed methane as a mining hazard was harnessed as a conventional gas resource. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Flores, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 116 TC 111 Z9 134 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1-4 BP 3 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00043-8 PG 24 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZR777 UT WOS:000074012700002 ER PT J AU Clayton, JL AF Clayton, JL TI Geochemistry of coalbed gas - A review SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coal; gas; carbon isotope; methane; pyrolysis ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; GENERATION; ORIGIN; BASIN; CO2 AB Coals are both sources and reservoirs of large amounts of gas that has received increasing attention in recent years as a largely untapped potential energy resource. Coal mining operations, such as ventilation of coalbed gas from underground mines, release coalbed CH, into the atmosphere, an important greenhouse gas whose concentration in the atmosphere is increasing. Because of these energy and environmental issues, increased research attention has been focused on the geochemistry of coalbed gas in recent years. This paper presents a summary review of the main aspects of coalbed gas geochemistry and current research advances. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clayton, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM clayton@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 74 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1-4 BP 159 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00017-7 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZR777 UT WOS:000074012700008 ER PT J AU Johnson, RC Flores, RM AF Johnson, RC Flores, RM TI Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook inlet Matanuska basin, Alaska, USA and Canada SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Rocky Mountains; Alaska; Canada; deep and shallow basins; gas development ID SAN-JUAN-BASIN; THERMAL MATURITY PATTERNS; NEW-MEXICO; ORGANIC METAMORPHISM; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LOW-PERMEABILITY; GAS; COLORADO; GENERATION; ORIGIN AB The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 m (150 ft) to 1,981 m (6,500 ft) from coal of lignite to low-volatile bituminous rank. Although some production has been established in almost all Rocky Mountain basins, commercial production occurs in only a few. Despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in the Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Commonly cited problems include low permeabilities, high water production, and coals that are significantly undersaturated with respect to methane. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the early stages of coalification, thermogenic, formed during the main stages of coalification, or late stage biogenic, formed as a result of the reintroduction of methane-generating bacteria by groundwater after uplift and erosion. Examples of all three types of coalbed gases, and combinations of more than one type, can be found in the Rocky Mountain region. Coals in the Rocky Mountain region achieved their present ranks largely as a result of burial beneath sediments that accumulated during the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through the end of the Eocene) or shortly after. Thermal events since the end of the orogeny have also locally elevated coal ranks. Coal beds in the upper part of high-volatile A bituminous rank or greater commonly occur within much more extensive basin-centered gas deposits which cover large areas of the deeper parts of most Rocky Mountain basins. Within these basin-centered deposits all lithologies, including coals, sandstones, and shales, are gas saturated, and very little water is produced. The interbedded coals and carbonaceous shales are probably the source of much of this gas. Basin-centered gas deposits become overpressured from hydrocarbon generation as they form, and this overpressuring is probably responsible for driving out most of the water. Sandstone permeabilities are low, in part because of diagenesis caused by highly reactive water given off during the early stages of coalification. Coals within these basin-centered deposits commonly have high gas contents and produce Little water, but they generally occur at depths greater than 5,000 ft and have low permeabilities. Significant uplift and removal of overburden has occurred throughout the Rocky Mountain region since the end of the Eocene, and much of this erosion occurred after regional uplift began about 10 Ma. The removal of overburden generally causes methane saturation levels in coals to decrease, and thus a significant drop in pressure is required to initiate methane production. The most successful coalbed methane production in the Rocky Mountain region occurs in areas where gas contents were increased by post-Eocene thermal events and/or the generation of late-stage biogenic gas. Methane-generating bacteria were apparently reintroduced into the coals in some areas after uplift and erosion, and subsequent changes in pressure and temperature, allowed surface waters to rewater the coals. Groundwater may also help open up cleat systems making coals more permeable to methane. If water production is excessive, however, the economics of producing methane are impacted by the cost of water disposal. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Flores, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 129 TC 16 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1-4 BP 241 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5 PG 42 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA ZR777 UT WOS:000074012700011 ER PT J AU Barron, JA AF Barron, JA TI Late Neogene changes in diatom sedimentation in the North Pacific SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Oji Seminar on Neogene Evolution of Pacific Ocean Gateways CY OCT 23-26, 1995 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Oji Seminar, Int Geol Correlat Programme Project 355 ID ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; LEG 90; MIOCENE; MIDDLE; PANAMA AB During the late Neogene, North Pacific diatom sedimentation underwent major changes in response to high-latitude cooling and changes in surface and deep water circulation. At 9 Ma diatom mass accumulation rates (MARs) increased in the NW Pacific and off northeast Japan, possibly due to shoaling of the Isthmus of Panama, which lead to an enrichment of nutrients in North Pacific deep waters. During the latest Miocene, diatom MARs increased progressively off southern California (6.5 Ma), at high latitudes of the North Pacific (6.2 Ma), and off northeastern Japan (5.5 Ma), presumably in response to high latitude cooling. At about 4.5 Ma diatom sedimentation abruptly increased in the NW Pacific but declined off Japan and California, coincident with the onset of a prolonged period of high-latitude warmth. Enhanced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters in the NW Pacific probably stimulated diatom production there. A major step in high latitude cooling at 2.7 Ma caused a reversal of these mid Pliocene diatom sedimentation patterns. Upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich waters waned at higher latitudes, leading to a decline in diatom productivity; while wind-driven, coastal upwelling increased off southern California and stimulated diatom growth. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Barron, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 49 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1367-9120 J9 J ASIAN EARTH SCI JI J. Asian Earth Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00046-9 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZP976 UT WOS:000073808000010 ER PT J AU Adams, LG Dale, BW AF Adams, LG Dale, BW TI Timing and synchrony of parturition in Alaskan caribou SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Rangifer tarandus; caribou; reproduction; Cervidae; nutritional condition; parturition ID WILD REINDEER; RED DEER; SCENT-URINATION; DENSITY; HYPOTHESES; SURVIVAL; ESTRUS; SHEEP; MOOSE; HERD AB Timing of parturition of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) varies within populations, but the relative influences of nutritional condition of females during the autumn breeding season and during gestation on that variation is not known. We determined timing of parturition of caribou in Denali National Park, Alaska, during 1984 - 1995, which had wide variation in snowfall that influenced nutritional condition and productivity of females. The first young were observed each year between 4 and 15 May. Annual median dates of parturition for radiocollared females during 1987 - 1995 varied from 13 to 21 May. Synchrony of births (i.e., proportion of births during 7 days centered on the median date) did not vary significantly among years (P > 0.05). Females less than or equal to 4 years old were more likely to give birth after the annual median date than older females (P = 0.005). Dates of parturition were significantly correlated with masses of females in the previous autumn (P = 0.034) but not in late winter (P = 0.155). Births tended to be earlier for parous females that were not lactating during the previous breeding season compared to those that were lactating (P = 0.030). Annual onsets of parturition-varied significantly with snowfall in late winter prior to conception (P = 0.012) but not with snowfall during gestation. Timing of parturition in our study appeared to be a function of physical condition of breeding females in autumn. C1 Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Natl Pk Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Adams, LG (reprint author), Alaska Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 52 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 79 IS 1 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.2307/1382865 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YY857 UT WOS:000072193900028 ER PT J AU Shertzer, RH Hall, DW Steffy, SA Kime, RA AF Shertzer, RH Hall, DW Steffy, SA Kime, RA TI Relationships between land uses and rainwater quality in a southcentral Pennsylvania watershed SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE acid deposition; water quality; nonpoint source pollution; land use; citizen monitoring; nutrients; herbicides ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION AB Spatial and temporal variability in rainfall concentrations of nutrients, major ions, and herbicides was monitored at 7 locations in or near the Conodoguinet Creek watershed in southcentral Pennsylvania from 1991-1993. Results were used to (1) compare precipitation quality in forested, agricultural and urban areas, and (2) assess the practicality of using volunteer citizen monitoring in such a study. As indicated in previous studies, sulfate and nitrogen concentrations in precipitation were linked to sample pH. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation appeared to relate more to regional influences rather than local influences. However, concentrations of herbicides in precipitation may have been influenced by both regional and local use which caused compounds like atrazine, deethylatrazine, propazine, simazine, metolachlor, alachlor, ametryn, and prometon to be present in detectable concentrations in rainfall. Seasonality was evident in nitrogen, sulfate, pH, and herbicide data and was suggested in calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, orthophosphate, and chloride data. Agricultural weed control activities were probably responsible for the seasonal pattern in pesticide data which peaked in May and June. Tropical storm Danielle may have caused the apparent seasonal patterns for the other nine parameters. This storm did not follow the typical west to east movement pattern and consequently produced rainfall of relative high quality. A variety of quality assurance checks indicated that trained volunteer citizen monitors were successful participants in this intensive and extensive scientific study, collecting good quality samples in a timely manner. Without this kind of volunteer help, it is extremely difficult to complete studies that require sampling in response to natural events such as rainfall. C1 Penn Dept Environm Protect, Bur Watershed Conservat, Harrisburg, PA 17105 USA. US Geol Survey, WRD, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Alliance Chesapeake Bay, Harrisburg, PA 17101 USA. Penn Dept Environm Protect, Bur Watershed Conservat, Harrisburg, PA 17105 USA. RP Shertzer, RH (reprint author), Penn Dept Environm Protect, Bur Watershed Conservat, POB 8555, Harrisburg, PA 17105 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1093-474X EI 1752-1688 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 13 EP 26 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05957.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZB945 UT WOS:000072524100003 ER PT J AU Hay, LE McCabe, GJ AF Hay, LE McCabe, GJ TI Verification of the Rhea-orographic-precipitation model SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE precipitation modeling; orographic precipitation; water balance; western United States AB Observed April 1 snowpack accumulations within and near the Gunnison River basin in southwestern Colorado are compared with simulations from the Rhea-orographic-precipitation model to determine if the model simulates reliable magnitudes and temporal and spatial variability in winter precipitation for the basin. Twenty simulations of the Rhea model were performed using 'optimal' parameter sets determined for 10-kilometer (km) grids (10-km by 10-km grid cells) through stochastic calibration. Comparisons of Rhea-model simulations of winter precipitation with April 1 snowpack accumulations at 32 snowcourse stations were performed for the years 1972-1990. For most stations and most years the Rhea model reliably simulates the temporal and spatial veriability in April 1 snowpack accumulations. However, in general, the Rhea-model underestimates April 1 snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin area, and the underestimation is greatest for locations that receive the largest amount of snow. A significant portion of the error in Rhea-model simulations is due to the calibration of the Rhea model using gauge-catch precipitation measurements which can be as much as 50 percent below actual snowfall accumulations. Additional error in the Rhea-model simulations is a result of the comparison of gridded precipitation values to observed values measured at points. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hay, LE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Div Water Resources, MS 412,POB 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05963.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZB945 UT WOS:000072524100009 ER PT J AU Hutchins, DA Stupakoff, I Hook, S Luoma, SN Fisher, NS AF Hutchins, DA Stupakoff, I Hook, S Luoma, SN Fisher, NS TI Effects of arctic temperatures on distribution and retention of the nuclear waste radionuclides (241)Am, (57)Co, and (137)Cs in the bioindicator bivalve Macoma balthica SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; FOOD COMPOSITION; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BIOKINETICS; AMERICIUM; ORGANISMS; METALS; AG; BIOAVAILABILITY AB The disposal of radioactive wastes in Arctic seas has made it important to understand the processes affecting the accumulation of radionuclides in food webs in coldwater ecosystems. We examined the effects of temperature on radionuclide assimilation and retention by the bioindicator bivalve Macoma balthica using three representative nuclear waste components, (241)Am, (57)Co, and (137)Cs. Experiments were designed to determine the kinetics of processes that control uptake from food and water, as well as kinetic constants of loss. (137)Cs was not accumulated in soft tissue from water during short exposures, and was rapidly lost from shell with no thermal dependence. No effects of temperature on (57)Co assimilation or retention from food were observed. The only substantial effect of polar temperatures was that on the assimilation efficiency of (241)Am from food, where 10% was assimilated at 2 degrees C and 26% at 12 degrees C, For all three radionuclides, body distributions were correlated with source, with most radioactivity obtained from water found in the shell and food in the soft tissues. These results suggest that in general Arctic conditions had relatively small effects on the biological processes which influence the bioaccumulation of radioactive wastes, and bivalve concentration factors may not be appreciably different between polar and temperate waters. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Hutchins, DA (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. RI Hook, Sharon/D-9067-2011; Hutchins, David/D-3301-2013 NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 45 IS 1 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00019-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA YT696 UT WOS:000071633900002 ER PT J AU Poag, CW Poppe, LJ AF Poag, CW Poppe, LJ TI The Toms Canyon structure, New Jersey outer continental shelf: A possible late Eocene impact crater SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crater; impact; seismic reflection; stratigraphy; structure ID DRILLING PROJECT SITE-612; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY; EAST-COAST; TRANSECT; SEA; FRAMEWORK; SLOPE AB The Toms Canyon structure (similar to 20-22 km wide) is located on the New Jersey outer continental shelf beneath 80-100 m of water, and is buried by similar to 1 km of upper Eocene to Holocene sedimentary strata. The structure displays several characteristics typical of terrestrial impact craters (flat floor; upraised faulted rim; brecciated sedimentary fill), but several other characteristics are atypical (an unusually thin ejecta blanket; lack of an inner basin, peak ring, or central peak; being nearly completely filled with breccia). Seismostratigraphic and biostratigraphic analyses show that the structure formed during planktonic foraminiferal biochron P15 of the early to middle late Eocene. The fill unit is stratigraphically correlative with impact ejecta cored nearby at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 612 and at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 903 and 904 (22-35 km southeast of the Toms Canyon structure). The Toms Canyon fill unit also correlates with the Exmore breccia, which fills the much larger Chesapeake Bay impact crater (90-km diameter; 335 km to the southwest). On the basis of our analyses, we postulate that the Toms Canyon structure is an impact crater, formed when a cluster of relatively small meteorites approached the target site bearing similar to N 50 degrees E, and struck the sea floor obliquely. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Poag, CW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 50 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 145 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00113-8 PG 38 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA ZH756 UT WOS:000073144500002 ER PT J AU O'Shea, TJ Brownell, RL AF O'Shea, TJ Brownell, RL TI California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) populations and Sigma DDT contamination SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; REPRODUCTIVE TRANSFER; PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR SEALS; HARP SEALS; RESIDUES; WHALES; POLLUTANTS; GREENLAND; BIPHENYLS C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, 4512 McMurry Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 49 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 159 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00102-1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZM703 UT WOS:000073567400014 ER PT J AU Flint, PL Fowler, AC AF Flint, PL Fowler, AC TI A drift experiment to assess the influence of wind on recovery of oiled seabirds on St Paul Island, Alaska SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SPILL AB We used wooden blocks to estimate the proportion of oiled seabird carcasses that were likely to be recovered on beaches of St Paul Island, Alaska following a near-shore oil spill. We released a total of 302 blocks 6 km north of the island in 1997 at the site of a 17 II 1996 oil spill. We used a paired design and released half the blocks when the winds were onshore and released the second half when the winds were offshore. We systematically searched beaches after the second release to recover blocks. We recovered 93 of 152 (61%) blocks released when winds were onshore but only 1 of 150 (0.7%) blocks released when winds were offshore, Given that winds following the 1996 spill were offshore, we conclude that most birds killed at sea following the 1996 spill were likely not recovered on beaches. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 NR 11 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 165 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00178-1 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZM703 UT WOS:000073567400015 ER PT J AU Foord, EE Taggart, JE AF Foord, EE Taggart, JE TI A reexamination of the turquoise group: the mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE turquoise group; planerite; aheylite; 'coeruleolactite'; X-ray diffraction data AB The turquoise group has the general formula: A(0-1)B(6)(PO4)(4-x)(PO3OH)(x)(OH)(8) . 4H(2)O, where x = 0-2, and consists of six members: planerite, turquoise, faustite, aheylite, chalcosiderite and an unnamed Fe2+-Fe3+ analogue. The existence of 'coeruleolactite' is doubtful. Planerite is revalidated as a species and is characterized by a dominant A-site vacancy. Aheylite is established as a new member of the group, and is characterized by having Fe2+ dominant in the A-site. Chemical analyses of 15 pure samples of microcrystalline planerite, turquoise, and aheylite show that a maximum of two of the (PO4) groups are protonated (PO3OH) in planerite. Complete solid solution exists between planerite and turquoise. Other members of the group show variable A-site vacancy as well. Most samples of 'turquoise' are cation-deficient or are planerite. Direct determination of water indicates that there are 4 molecules of water. Planerite, ideally square Al-6(PO4)(2)(PO3OH)(2)(OH)(8) . 4H(2)O, is white, pale blue or pale green, and occurs as mamillary, botryoidal crusts as much as several mm thick; may also be massive; microcrystalline, crystals typically 2-4 micrometres, luster chalky to earthy, H. 5, somewhat brittle, no cleavage observed, splintery fracture, D-m 2.68(2), D-c 2.71, not magnetic, not fluorescent, mean RI about 1.60. a 7.505(2), b 9.723(3), c 7.814(2) Angstrom, alpha 111.43 degrees, beta 115.56 degrees, gamma 68.69 degrees, V 464.2(1) Angstrom(3), Z = 1. Aheylite, ideally Fe2+Al6(PO4)(4)(OH)(8) . 4H(2)O, is pale blue or green, and occurs as isolated and aggregate clumps of hemispherical or spherical, radiating to interlocked masses of crystals that average 3 micrometres in maximum dimension; porcelaneous-subvitreous luster, moderate to brittle tenacity, no cleavage observed, hackly to splintery fracture, not magnetic, not fluorescent, biax. (+), mean RI is about 1.63, D-m 2.84(2), D-c 2.90. a 7.400(1), b 9.896(1), c 7.627(1) Angstrom, alpha 110.87 degrees, beta 115.00 degrees, gamma 69.96 degrees, V 460.62(9) Angstrom(3), Z = 1. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Foord, EE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 905, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 47 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 14 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1180/002646198547495 PG 19 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA ZA571 UT WOS:000072377900008 ER PT J AU Woodward, A AF Woodward, A TI Relationships among environmental variables and distribution of tree species at high elevation in the Olympic mountains SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; WASHINGTON; TOPOGRAPHY; CLIMATE; FIRE AB Relationships among environmental variables and occurrence of tree species were investigated at Hurricane Ridge in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. A transect consisting of three plots was established down one north-and one south-facing slope in stands representing the typical elevational sequence of tree species. Tree species included subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). Air and soil temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture were measured during three growing seasons. Snowmelt patterns, soil carbon and moisture release curves were also determined. The plots represented a wide range in soil water potential, a major determinant of tree species distribution (range of minimum values = -1.1 to -8.0 MPa for Pacific silver fir and Douglas-fir plots, respectively). Precipitation intercepted at plots depended on topographic location, storm direction and storm type. Differences in soil moisture among plots was related to soil properties, while annual differences at each plot were most often related to early season precipitation. Changes in climate due to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will likely shift tree species distributions within, but not among aspects. Change will be buffered by innate tolerance of adult trees and the inertia of soil properties. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Field Stn Protected Area Res, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Woodward, A (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olymp Field Stn, 600 E Pk Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 5 U2 11 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 72 IS 1 BP 10 EP 22 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZJ565 UT WOS:000073229500002 ER PT J AU Normark, WR Piper, DJW Hiscott, RN AF Normark, WR Piper, DJW Hiscott, RN TI Sea level controls on the textural characteristics and depositional architecture of the Hueneme and associated submarine fan systems, Santa Monica Basin, California SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND; TURBIDITY CURRENTS; CENTURIES; FLOW AB Hueneme and Dume submarine fans in Santa Monica Basin consist of sandy channel and muddy levee facies on the upper fan, lenticular sand sheets on the middle fan, and thinly bedded turbidite and hemipelagic facies elsewhere. Fifteen widely correlatable key seismic reflections in high-resolution airgun and deep-towed boomer profiles subdivide the fan and basin deposits into time-slices that show different thickness and seismic-facies distributions, inferred to result from changes in Quaternary sea level and sediment supply. At times of low sea level, highly efficient turbidity currents generated by hyperpycnal flows or sediment failures at river deltas carry sand well out onto the middle-fan area. Thick, muddy flows formed rapidly prograding high levees mainly on the western (right-hand) side of three valleys that fed Hueneme fan at different times; the most recently active of the lowstand fan valleys, Hueneme fan valley, now heads in Hueneme Canyon. At times of high sea level, fans receive sand from submarine canyons that intercept littoral-drift cells and mixed sediment from earthquake-triggered slumps. Turbidity currents are confined to 'underfit' talweg channels in fan valleys and to steep, small, basin-margin fans like Dume fan. Mud is effectively separated from sand at high sea level and moves basinward across the shelf in plumes and in storm-generated lutite flows, contributing to a basin-floor blanket that is locally thicker than contemporary fan deposits and that onlaps older fans at the basin margin. The infilling of Santa Monica Basin has involved both fan and basin-floor aggradation accompanied by landward and basinward facies shifts. Progradation was restricted to the downslope growth of high muddy levees and the periodic basinward advance of the toe of the steeper and sandier Dume fan. Although the region is tectonically active, major sedimentation changes can be related to eustatic sea-level changes. The primary controls on facies shifts and fan growth appear to be an interplay of texture of source sediment, the efficiency with which turbidity currents transport sand, and the effects of delta distributary switching, all of which reflect sea-level changes. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Atlantic Geosci Ctr, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Earth Sci, St Johns, NF A1B 3X5, Canada. RP Normark, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-999,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 46 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 45 IS 1 BP 53 EP 70 PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA ZD470 UT WOS:000072689200004 ER PT J AU Dettinger, MD Ghil, M AF Dettinger, MD Ghil, M TI Seasonal and interannual variations of atmospheric CO2 and climate SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS; SINGULAR-SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EL-NINO; GLOBAL TEMPERATURE; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; LAND BIOSPHERE AB Interannual variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Mauna Loa are almost masked by the seasonal cycle and a strong trend; at the South Pole, the seasonal cycle is small and is almost lost in the trend and interannual variations. Singular-spectrum analysis (SSA) is used here to isolate and reconstruct interannual signals at both sites and to visualize recent decadal changes in the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle. Analysis of the Mauna Loa CO2 series illustrates a hastening of the CO2 seasonal cycle, a close temporal relation between Northern Hemisphere (NH) mean temperature trends and the amplitude of the seasonal CO2 cycle, and tentative ties between the latter and seasonality changes in temperature over the NH continents. Variations of the seasonal CO2 cycle at the South Pole differ from those at Mauna Loa: it is phase changes of the seasonal cycle at the South Pole, rather than amplitude changes, that parallel hemispheric and global temperature trends. The seasonal CO2 cycles exhibit earlier occurrences of the seasons by 7 days at Mauna Loa and 18 days at the South Pole. Interannual CO2 variations are shared at the two locations, appear to respond to tropical processes, and can be decomposed mostly into two periodicities, around (3 years)(-1) and (4 years)(-1), respectively. Joint SSA analyses of CO2 concentrations and tropical climate indices isolate a shared mode with a quasi-triennial (QT) period in which the CO2 and sea-surface temperature (SST) participation are in phase opposition. The other shared mode has a quasi-quadrennial (QQ) period and CO2 variations are in phase with the corresponding tropical SST variations throughout the tropics. Together these interannual modes exhibit a mean lag between tropical SSTs and CO2 variations of about 6-8 months, with SST leading. Analysis of the QT and QQ signals in global gridded SSTs, joint SSA of CO2 and delta(13)C isotopic ratios, and SSA of CO2 and NH-land temperatures indicate that the QT variations in CO2 mostly reflect upwelling variations in the eastern tropical Pacific. QQ variations are dominated by the CO2 signature of terrestrial-ecosystem response to global QQ climate variations. Climate variations associated with these two interannual components of tropical variability have very different effects on global climate and, especially, on terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle. C1 US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Dettinger, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5735 Kearny Villa Rd,Suite O, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. EM mddettin@usgs.gov NR 68 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 14 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 50 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.00001.x PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YY392 UT WOS:000072142500001 ER PT J AU DeSimone, LA Howes, BL AF DeSimone, LA Howes, BL TI Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OXIDE REDUCTION; COASTAL AQUIFER; DENITRIFICATION; GROUNDWATER; SAND; GRAVEL; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS AB Nitrogen transport and transformations were followed over the initial 3 years of development of a plume of wastewater-contaminated groundwater in Cape God, Massachusetts. Ammonification and nitrification in the unsaturated zone and ammonium sorption in the saturated zone were predominant, while loss of fixed nitrogen through denitrification was minor. The major effect of transport was the oxidation of discharged organic and inorganic forms to nitrate, which was the dominant nitrogen form in transit to receiving systems. Ammonification and nitrification in the unsaturated zone transformed 16-19% and 50-70%, respectively, of the total nitrogen mass discharged to the land surface during the study but did not attenuate the nitrogen loading. Nitrification in the unsaturated zone also contributed to a pH decrease of 2 standard units and to an N2O increase (46-660 mu g NIL in the plume). Other processes in the unsaturated zone had little net effect: Ammonium sorption removed <1% of the total discharged nitrogen mass; filtering of particulate organic nitrogen was less than 3%; ammonium and nitrate assimilation was less than 6%; and ammonia volatilization was less than 0.25%. In the saturated zone a central zone of anoxic groundwater (DO less than or equal to 0.05 mg/L) was first detected 17 months after effluent discharge to the aquifer began, which expanded at about the groundwater-flow velocity. Although nitrate was dominant at the water table, the low, carbon-limited rates of denitrification in the anoxic zone (3.0-9.6 (ng N/cm(3))/d) reduced only about 2% of the recharged nitrogen mass to N-2. In contrast, ammonium sorption in the saturated zone removed about 16% of the recharged nitrogen mass from the groundwater. Ammonium sorption was primarily limited to anoxic zone, where nitrification was prevented, and was best described by a Langmuir isotherm in which effluent ionic concentrations were simulated. The initial nitrogen load discharged from the groundwater system may depend largely on the growth and stability of the sorbed ammonium pool, which in turn depends on effluent-loading practices, subsurface microbial processes, and saturation of available exchange sites. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP DeSimone, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 28 Lord Rd,Suite 200, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. EM ldesimon@usgs.gov NR 51 TC 65 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 271 EP 285 DI 10.1029/97WR03040 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA YU041 UT WOS:000071673900011 ER PT J AU Mueller, RJ Johnston, MJS AF Mueller, RJ Johnston, MJS TI Review of magnetic field monitoring near active faults and volcanic calderas in California: 1974-1995 SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IASPEI IUGG XXI General Assembly on Electromagnetic Effects of Earthquakes and Volcanoes CY JUL 02-14, 1995 CL BOULDER, COLORADO SP Int Assoc Volcanol & Chem Earth Interior, Int Assoc Seismol & Phys Earth Interior DE volcano; earthquake; San Andreas fault; calderas; California ID LONG VALLEY CALDERA; NORTH PALM-SPRINGS; M(W) 7.3 LANDERS; 28 JUNE 1992; LOMA-PRIETA; EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE; JULY 1986; HOLLISTER; MODEL; SLIP AB Differential magnetic fields have been monitored along the San Andreas fault and the Long Valley caldera since 1974. At each monitoring location. proton precession magnetometers sample total magnetic field intensity at a resolution of 0.1 nT ol 0.25 nT. Every 10 min, data samples are transmitted via satellite telemetry to Menlo Path, CA for processing and analysis. The number of active magnetometer sites has varied during the past 21 years from 6 to 25, with 12 sites currently operational. We use this network to identify magnetic field changes generated by earthquake and volcanic processes. During the two decades of monitoring, five moderate earthquakes (M5.9 to M7.3) have occurred within 20 hrm of magnetometer sites, located along the San Andreas fault and only one preseismic signal of 1.5 nT has been observed. During moderate earthquakes, coseismic magnetic signals, with amplitudes from 0.7 nT to 1.3 nT, have been identified for 3 of the 5 events. There observations are generally consistent with those calculated from simple seismomagnetic models of these earthquakes and near-fault coseismic magnetic field disturbances rarely exceed one nanotesla. These data are consistent with the concept of low shear stress and relatively uniform displacement of the San Andreas fault system as expected due to high pore fluid pressure on the fault. A systematic decrease of 0.8-1 nT/year in magnetic field has occurred in the Long Valley caldera since 1989. These magnetic field data are similar in form to observed geodetically measured displacements from inflation of the resurgent dome. A simple volcanomagnetic model involving pressure increase of 50 MPa/a at a depth of 7 km under the resurgent dome can replicate these magnetic field observations. This model is derived from the intrusion model that best fits the surface deformation data. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Mueller, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD JAN 31 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 3-4 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00086-1 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZL557 UT WOS:000073446300004 ER PT J AU Carr, MH Belton, MJS Chapman, CR Davies, AS Geissler, P Greenberg, R McEwen, AS Tufts, BR Greeley, R Sullivan, R Head, JW Pappalardo, RT Klaasen, KP Johnson, TV Kaufman, J Senske, D Moore, J Neukum, G Schubert, G Burns, JA Thomas, P Veverka, J AF Carr, MH Belton, MJS Chapman, CR Davies, AS Geissler, P Greenberg, R McEwen, AS Tufts, BR Greeley, R Sullivan, R Head, JW Pappalardo, RT Klaasen, KP Johnson, TV Kaufman, J Senske, D Moore, J Neukum, G Schubert, G Burns, JA Thomas, P Veverka, J TI Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GALILEAN SATELLITES; ICE SHELL AB Ground-based spectroscopy of Jupiter's moon Europa, combined with gravity data, suggests that the satellite has an icy crust roughly 150 km thick and a rocky interior(1-4). In addition, images obtained by the voyager spacecraft revealed that Europa's surface is crossed by numerous intersecting ridges and dark bands (called lineae) and is sparsely cratered, indicating that the terrain is probably significantly younger than that of Ganymede and Callisto(5). It has been suggested that Europa's thin outer ice shell might be separated from the moon's silicate interior by a liquid water layer, delayed or prevented from freezing by tidal heating(6-10); in this model, the lineae could be explained by repetitive tidal deformation of the outer ice shell(11-13). However, observational confirmation of a subsurface ocean was largely frustrated by the low resolution (>2 km per pixel) of the Voyager images(14). Here we present high-resolution (54 m per pixel) Galileo spacecraft images of Europa, in which we find evidence for mobile 'icebergs'. The detailed morphology of the terrain strongly supports the presence of liquid water at shallow depths below the surface, either today or at some time in the past. Moreover, lower-resolution observations of much larger regions suggest that the phenomena reported here are widespread. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Rand Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91909 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. DLR, Inst Planetenerkundung, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Carr, MH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM carr@astmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 24 TC 258 Z9 265 U1 15 U2 93 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 22 PY 1998 VL 391 IS 6665 BP 363 EP 365 DI 10.1038/34857 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YT444 UT WOS:000071604200045 PM 9450749 ER PT J AU Pappalardo, RT Head, JW Greeley, R Sullivan, RJ Pilcher, C Schubert, G Moore, WB Carr, MH Moore, JM Belton, MJS Goldsby, DL AF Pappalardo, RT Head, JW Greeley, R Sullivan, RJ Pilcher, C Schubert, G Moore, WB Carr, MH Moore, JM Belton, MJS Goldsby, DL TI Geological evidence for solid-state convection in Europa's ice shell SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SATELLITES; WATER AB The ice-rich surface of the jovian satellite Europa is sparsely cratered, suggesting that this moon might be geologically active today(1). Moreover, models of the satellite's interior indicate that tidal interactions with Jupiter might produce enough heat to maintain a subsurface liquid water layer(2-5). But the mechanisms of interior heat loss and resurfacing are currently unclear, as is the question of whether Europa has (or had at one time) a liquid water ocean(6,7). Here we report on the morphology and geological interpretation of distinct surface features-pits, domes and spots-discovered in high-resolution images of Europa obtained by the Galileo spacecraft. The features are interpreted as the surface manifestation of diapirs, relatively warm localized ice masses that have risen buoyantly through the subsurface. We find that the formation of the features can be explained by thermally induced solid-state convection within an ice shell, possibly overlying a liquid water layer. Our results are consistent with the possibility that Europa has a liquid water ocean beneath a surface layer of ice, but further tests and observations are needed to demonstrate this conclusively. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. RP Pappalardo, RT (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NR 29 TC 203 Z9 205 U1 1 U2 25 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 22 PY 1998 VL 391 IS 6665 BP 365 EP 368 DI 10.1038/34862 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YT444 UT WOS:000071604200046 PM 9450750 ER PT J AU Sullivan, R Greeley, R Homan, K Klemaszewski, J Belton, MJS Carr, MH Chapman, CR Tufts, R Head, JW Pappalardo, R Moore, J Thomas, P AF Sullivan, R Greeley, R Homan, K Klemaszewski, J Belton, MJS Carr, MH Chapman, CR Tufts, R Head, JW Pappalardo, R Moore, J Thomas, P CA Galileo Imaging Team TI Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa SO NATURE LA English DT Article AB Images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft revealed dark, wedge-shaped bands on Europa that were interpreted as evidence that surface plates, 50-100 km across, moved and rotated relative to each other(1). This implied that they may be mechanically decoupled from the interior by a layer of warm ice or Liquid water(2,3). Here we report similar features seen in higher resolution images (420 metres per pixel) obtained by the Galileo spacecraft that reveal new details of wedge-band formation. In particular, the interior of one dark band shows bilateral symmetry of parallel lineaments and pit complexes which indicates that plate separation occurred in discrete episodes from a central axis. The images also show that this style of tectonic activity involved plates < 10 km across. Although this tectonic style superficially resembles aspects of similar activity on Earth, such as sea-floor spreading and the formation of ice leads in polar seas, there are significant differences in the underlying physical mechanisms: the wedge-shaped bands on Europa most probably formed when lower material (ice or water) rose to fill the fractures that widened in response to regional surface stresses. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Sullivan, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, 308 Space Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 13 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 13 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 22 PY 1998 VL 391 IS 6665 BP 371 EP 373 DI 10.1038/34874 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YT444 UT WOS:000071604200048 PM 9450752 ER PT J AU Chiou, CT McGroddy, SE Kile, DE AF Chiou, CT McGroddy, SE Kile, DE TI Partition characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IONIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; WATER; SORPTION; MATTER; SOLUBILITIES; EQUILIBRIA; POLLUTANTS; ADSORPTION; SYSTEMS; PYRENE AB The partition behavior was determined for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, from water to a range of soil and sediment samples. The measured partition coefficients of the individual PAHs between soil/sediment organic matter (SOM) and water (i.e., K-OC values) are relatively invariant either for the "clean" (un contaminated) soils or for the clean sediments; however, the mean K-OC values on the sediments are about twice the values on the soils. This disparity is similar to the earlier observation for other nonpolar solutes and reflects the compositional differences between soil and sediment organic matters. No significant differences in K-OC are observed between a clean coastal marine sediment and freshwater sediments. The coastal sediments that are significantly impacted by organic contaminants exhibit higher K-OC values. At given K-OW values (octanol-water), the PAHs exhibit much higher K-OC values than other relatively nonpolar solutes (e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons). This effect is shown to result from the enhanced partition of PAHs to SOM rather than from lower K-OW values of PAHs at given supercooled liquid solute solubilities in water. The enhanced partition of PAHs over other nonpolar solutes in SOM provides an account of the markedly different correlations between log K-OC and log K-OW for PAHs and for other nonpolar solutes. The improved partition of PAHs in SOM stems apparently from ii the enhanced compatibility of their cohesive energy densities with those of the aromatic components in SOM. The approximate aromatic fraction in soil/sediment organic matter has been assessed by solid-state C-13-NMR spectroscopy. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Chiou, CT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 408, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 23 TC 384 Z9 454 U1 8 U2 111 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 264 EP 269 DI 10.1021/es970614c PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YR900 UT WOS:000071542800011 ER PT J AU Blanpied, ML Tullis, TE Weeks, JD AF Blanpied, ML Tullis, TE Weeks, JD TI Effects of slip, slip rate, and shear heating on the friction of granite SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ROCK FRICTION; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; DEPENDENT FRICTION; WESTERLY GRANITE; UNSTABLE SLIP; NORMAL STRESS; FAULT; TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIOR; GOUGE AB The stability of fault slip is sensitive to the way in which frictional strength responds to changes in slip rate and in particular to the effective velocity dependence of steady state friction Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V. This quantity can vary substantially with displacement, temperature and slip rate. To investigate the physical basis for this behavior and the possible influence of shear heating, we slid initially bare granite surfaces in unconfined rotary shear to displacements of hundreds of millimeters at normal stresses, sigma(n), of 10 and 25 MPa and at room temperature. We imposed step changes in slip rate within the range 10(-)2 to 10(3.5) mu m/s and also monitored frictional heating with thermistors embedded in the granite. The transient response of mu to slip rate steps was fit to a rate- and state-dependent friction law using two state variables to estimate the values of several parameters in the constitutive law. The first 20 mm of slip shows rising friction and falling Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V; further slip shows roughly constant friction, Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V and parameter values, suggesting that a steady state condition is reached on the fault Surface. At V less than or equal to 10 mu m/s, Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V = -0.004 +/- 0.001. At higher rates the response is sensitive to normal stress: At sigma(n) = 25 MPa granite shows a transition to effective velocity strengthening (Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V = 0.008 +/- 0.004) at the highest slip rates tested. At 10 MPa granite shows a less dramatic change to Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V approximate to 0 at the highest rates. The maximum temperature measured in the granite is similar to 60 degrees C at 25 MPa and 10(3.5) mu m/s. Temperatures are in general agreement with a numerical model of heat conduction which assumes spatially homogeneous frictional heating over the sliding surface. The simplest interpretation of our measurements of Delta mu(ss)/Delta ln V is that the granite is inherently velocity weakening (partial derivative mu(ss)/partial derivative) ln V < 0) and temperature strengthening (partial derivative mu(ss)/partial derivative T-1 < 0) at all velocities. At high slip rates the response of CL to changes in temperature from shear heating may outweigh the response to changing velocity, such that the net effect Delta mu(ss)/Delta > 0 mimics velocity strengthening. These results have implications for the frictional behavior of faults during earthquakes. High slip rates may cause a switch to effective velocity strengthening which could limit peak coseismic slip rate and stress drop. For fluid-saturated faults, strengthening by this mechanism may be partly or fully offset by weakening due to thermal pressurization of a poorly drained pore fluid. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Blanpied, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mblanpied@usgs.gov; tet@westerly.geo.brown.edu; john@wavemetrics.com NR 55 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B1 BP 489 EP 511 DI 10.1029/97JB02480 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ653 UT WOS:000071409800001 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, JT Jones, DL AF Hagstrum, JT Jones, DL TI Paleomagnetism, paleogeographic origins, and uplift history of the coast range ophiolite at Mount Diablo, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID JURASSIC RADIOLARIAN CHERT; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; FRANCISCAN COMPLEX; STANLEY MOUNTAIN; REMAGNETIZATION; MEXICO; PALEOLATITUDES; ACCRETION; PENINSULA AB Divergent paleogeographic origins have been proposed for the Coast Range ophiolite of western California which are testable using paleomagnetic methods. Paleomagnetic data for Middle Jurassic pillow lavas and diabase sills of the Coast Range ophiolite at Mount Diablo, northern California, indicate that they contain two components of remanent magnetization. The characteristic directions have normal and reversed polarities and apparently are carried by Ti-poor magnetite. This magnetization is inferred to have been acquired during emplacement and seafloor alteration at an ancient spreading ridge. The paleolatitude calculated from its structurally corrected mean direction is 20 degrees N +/- 9 degrees and agrees with the expected direction for stable North America; this result is also consistent with the concordant paleolatitude (32 degrees N +/- 8 degrees) recently determined for Upper Jurassic Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain in southern California. In addition, clockwise vertical axis rotation of Mount Diablo (143 degrees +/- 11 degrees) is indicated by the characteristic magnetization direction. An overprint component is inferred to have been acquired during uplift of Mount Diablo since the Miocene. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hagstrum, JT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 937, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jhag@mojave.wr.usgs.gov NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B1 BP 597 EP 603 DI 10.1029/97JB02785 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ653 UT WOS:000071409800006 ER PT J AU Mooney, WD Laske, G Masters, TG AF Mooney, WD Laske, G Masters, TG TI CRUST 5.1: A global crustal model at 5 degrees x 5 degrees SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY; UPPER-MANTLE; SEISMIC VELOCITIES; EARTH STRUCTURE; OCEANIC-CRUST; CONTINENTS; THICKNESS; CONSTRAINTS; TOMOGRAPHY; SEDIMENTS AB We present a new global model for the Earth's crust based on seismic refraction data published in the period 1948-1995 and a detailed compilation of ice and sediment thickness. An extensive compilation of seismic refraction measurements has been used to determine the crustal structure on continents and their margins. Oceanic crust is modeled with both a standard model for normal oceanic crust, and variants for nonstandard regions, such as oceanic plateaus. Our model (CRUST 5.1) consists of 2592 5 degrees x 5 degrees tiles in which the crust and uppermost mantle are described by eight layers: (1) ice, (2) water, (3) soft sediments, (4) hard sediments, (5) crystalline upper, (6) middle, (7) lower crust, and (8) uppermost mantle. Topography and bathymetry are adopted from a standard database (ETOPO-5). Compressional wave velocity in each layer is based on field measurements, and shear wave velocity and density are estimated using recently published empirical V-p-V-s and V-p-density relationships. The crustal model differs from previous models in that (1) the thickness and seismic/density structure of sedimentary basins is accounted for more completely, (2) the velocity structure of unmeasured regions is estimated using statistical averages that are based on a significantly larger database of crustal structure, (3) the compressional wave, shear wave, and density structure have been explicitly specified using newly available constraints from field and laboratory studies. Thus this global crustal model is based on substantially more data than previous models and differs from them in many important respects. A new map of the thickness of the Earth's crust is presented, and we illustrate the application of this model by using it to provide the crustal correction for surface wave phase velocity maps. Love waves at 40 s are dominantly sensitive to crustal structure, and there is a very close correspondence between observed phase velocities at this period and those predicted by CRUST 5.1. We find that the application of crustal corrections to long-period (167 s) Rayleigh;waves significantly increases the variance in the phase velocity maps and strengthens the upper mantle velocity anomalies beneath stable continental regions. A simple calculation of crustal isostacy indicates significant lateral variations in upper mantle density. The model CRUST 5.1 provides a complete description of the physical properties of the Earth's crust at a scale of 5 degrees x 5 degrees and can be used for a wide range of seismological and nonseismological problems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Mooney, WD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mooney@andreas.wr.usgs.gov; glaske@ucsd.edu; gmasters@ucsd.edu NR 82 TC 643 Z9 673 U1 6 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B1 BP 727 EP 747 DI 10.1029/97JB02122 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ653 UT WOS:000071409800014 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JB Spudich, P AF Fletcher, JB Spudich, P TI Rupture characteristics of the three M similar to 4.7 (1992-1994) Parkfield earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EMPIRICAL GREENS-FUNCTION; CRITICAL SLIP DISTANCE; JOSHUA-TREE; FAULT; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION; VELOCITY; NUCLEATION; BEHAVIOR; SPACE AB Slip on the San Andreas fault was determined for three M similar to 4.7 earthquakes using a tomographic inverse system [Beroza and Spudich, 1988] to invert seismic source time functions (STFs) from S waves. STFs were obtained by deconvolving mainshock accelerograms by those from collocated smaller earthquakes. Accelerograms were from the U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Small Aperture Array (UPSAR) and from a distributed array of digital accelerometer stations at Parkfield. Eight or nine STFs are used in each of the three inversions. STFs are typically symmetrical pulses with a duration of about 0.3-0.5 s. In the inversion, mainshock rise time was set to 0.05 s, and we allowed the rupture time to vary slightly from a constant rupture velocity of approximately 0.85 beta. Rupture for all three events, which are located in or close to the Middle Mountain preparation zone or box (MMB), quickly reaches a local maximum in slip and then propagates outward to peaks, ridges, or plateaus in the slip distribution. Slip for the October 20, 1992, event (located just inside the southern edge of the MMB) propagates from an initial spike north and updip along a curving ridge for about 2 km. The initial spike continued to grow in the November 14, 1993, event (located north of the October 20, 1992, event just beneath the hypocenter of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake), which shows little directivity, although there is a smaller patch of slip updip and to the south. In contrast, rupture for the December 20 1994, event (located just south of the October 20, 1992, event) propagated north and slightly updip, creating a rough plateau in slip a few kilometers wide on a side. Directivity for this event also is to the north. Directivity for all three events points in the approximate direction of the 1966 hypocenter. Small pulses, which comprise a coda, are found on the STFs for several seconds after the initial impulsive event. Several tests based on the assumption that the average of all STFs from UPSAR for each event is an estimate of the true slip at the source suggest that the codas in the STFs are S waves from a long-duration source rather than uncorrected site response. An initiation phase is found on the array average for the November 14, 1993, and December 20, 1994, events. These precursory phases are the result of a spike in slip at the hypocenter. A value of 2.4-4 mm is obtained for D-c, the slip-weakening distance, by interpreting the initial spike as a critical patch. The few aftershocks for the October 20, 1992, event are distributed to the north and updip of the mainshock, but the November 14, 1993, event had a strong burst of aftershock activity that propagated to the north of its hypocenter at roughly the same depth. Aftershocks of the December 20, 1994, event are mostly updip. The November 14, 1993, event had the simplest slip distribution, appeared to be the most impulsive, and had the most active aftershock sequence and the greatest depth. If the eventual Parkfield earthquake initiates near the 1966 hypocenter, then the directivity of the three events studied here will have pointed to it. However, it is certainly possible that both the initiation of characteristic Parkfield shocks and the directivity of smaller events are controlled by fault properties on a larger scale such as by fault bends or jogs. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Fletcher, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM jfletcher@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov NR 40 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B1 BP 835 EP 854 DI 10.1029/97JB01797 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ653 UT WOS:000071409800020 ER PT J AU Roeloffs, EA AF Roeloffs, EA TI Persistent water level changes in a well near Parkfield, California, due to local and distant earthquakes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; STRAIN; FLUCTUATIONS; LIQUEFACTION; LANDERS AB Coseismic water level rises in the 30-m deep Bourdieu Valley (BV) well near Parkfield, California, have occurred in response to three local and five distant earthquakes. Coseismic changes in static strain cannot explain these water level rises because (1) the well is insensitive to strain at tidal periods; (2) for the distant earthquakes, the expected coseismic static strain is extremely small; and (3) the water level response is of the incorrect sign for the local earthquakes. These water level changes must therefore be caused by seismic waves, but unlike seismic water level oscillations, they are monotonic, persist for days or weeks, and seem to be caused by waves with periods of several seconds rather than long-period surface waves. Other investigators have reported a similar phenomenon in Japan. Certain wells consistently exhibit this type of coseismic water level change, which is always in the same direction, regardless of the earthquake's azimuth or focal mechanism, and approximately proportional to the inverse square of hypocentral distance. To date, the coseismic water level rises in the BV well have never exceeded the seasonal water level maximum, although their sizes are relatively well correlated with earthquake magnitude and distance. The frequency independence of the well's response to barometric pressure in the frequency band 0.1 to 0.7 cpd implies that the aquifer is fairly well confined. High aquifer compressibility, probably due to a gas phase in the pore space, is the most likely reason why the well does not respond to Earth tides. The phase and amplitude relationships between the seasonal water level and precipitation cycles constrain the horizontal hydraulic diffusivity to within a factor of 4.5, bounding hypothetical earthquake-induced changes in aquifer hydraulic properties. Moreover, changes of hydraulic conductivity and/or diffusivity throughout the aquifer would not be expected to change the water level in the same direction at every time of the year. The first 2.5 days of a typical coseismic water level rise could be caused by a small coseismic discharge decrease at a point several tens of meters from the well. Alternatively, the entire coseismic water level signal could represent diffusion of an abrupt coseismic pore pressure increase within several meters of the well, produced by a mechanism akin to that of liquefaction. The coseismic water level changes in the BV well resemble, and may share a mechanism with, coseismic water level, stream discharge, and groundwater temperature changes at other locations where preearthquake changes have also been reported. No preearthquake changes have been observed at the BV well site, however. C1 US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. RP Roeloffs, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661 USA. EM evelynr@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 162 Z9 191 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B1 BP 869 EP 889 DI 10.1029/97JB02335 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ653 UT WOS:000071409800022 ER PT J AU Thatcher, W England, PC AF Thatcher, W England, PC TI Ductile shear zones beneath strike-slip faults: Implications for the thermomechanics of the San Andreas fault zone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID HEAT-FLOW; CALIFORNIA; DEFORMATION; TRANSFORM; STRESS; BELTS; SLABS AB We have carried out two-dimensional (2-D) numerical experiments on the bulk flow of a layer of fluid that is driven in a strike-slip sense by constant velocities applied at its boundaries. The fluid has the (linearized) conventional rheology assumed to apply to lower crust/upper mantle rocks. The temperature dependence of the effective viscosity of the fluid and the shear heating that accompanies deformation have been incorporated into the calculations, as has thermal conduction in an overlying crustal layer. Two end-member boundary conditions have been considered, corresponding to a strong upper crust driving a weaker ductile substrate and a strong ductile layer driving a passive, weak crust. In many cases of practical interest, shear heating is concentrated close to the axial plane of the shear zone for either boundary condition. For these cases, the resulting steady state temperature field is well approximated by a cylindrical heat source embedded in a conductive half-space at a depth corresponding to the top of the fluid layer. This approximation, along with the application of a theoretical result for one-dimensional shear zones, permits us to obtain simple analytical approximations to the thermal effects of 2-D ductile shear zones for a range of assumed rheologies and crustal geotherms, making complex numerical calculations unnecessary. Results are compared with observable effects on heat flux near the San Andreas fault using constraints on the slip distribution across the entire fault system. Ductile shearing in the lower crust or upper mantle can explain the observed increase in surface heat flux southeast of the Mendocino triple junction and match the amplitude of the regional heat flux anomaly in the California Coast Ranges. Because ductile dissipation depends only weakly on slip rate, faults moving only a few millimeters per year can be important heat sources, and the superposition of effects of localized ductile shearing on both currently active and now inactive strands of the San Andreas system can explain the breadth of the heat flux anomaly across central California. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. RP Thatcher, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM thatcher@thepub.wr.usgs.gov; Philip.England@earth.ox.ac.uk RI England, Philip/A-1920-2010 OI England, Philip/0000-0002-9024-8901 NR 28 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 103 IS B1 BP 891 EP 905 DI 10.1029/97JB02274 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YQ653 UT WOS:000071409800023 ER PT J AU Goulden, ML Wofsy, SC Harden, JW Trumbore, SE Crill, PM Gower, ST Fries, T Daube, BC Fan, SM Sutton, DJ Bazzaz, A Munger, JW AF Goulden, ML Wofsy, SC Harden, JW Trumbore, SE Crill, PM Gower, ST Fries, T Daube, BC Fan, SM Sutton, DJ Bazzaz, A Munger, JW TI Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ARCTIC TUNDRA; DIOXIDE; ECOSYSTEMS; VARIABILITY; RESPIRATION; VEGETATION; CLIMATE; FLUX; SINK AB We used eddy covariance; gas-exchange chambers; radiocarbon analysis; wood, moss, and soil inventories; and laboratory incubations to measure the carbon balance of a 120-year-old black spruce forest in Manitoba, Canada. The site lost 0.3 +/- 0.5 metric ton of carbon per hectare per year (ton C ha(-1) year(-1)) from 1994 to 1997, with a gain of 0.6 +/- 0.2 ton C ha(-1) year(-1) in moss and wood offset by a loss of 0.8 +/- 0.5 ton C ha(-1) year(-1) from the soil. The soil remained frozen most of the year, and the decomposition of organic matter in the soil increased 10-fold upon thawing. The stability of the soil carbon pool (similar to 150 tons C ha(-1)) appears sensitive to the depth and duration of thaw, and climatic changes that promote thaw are likely to cause a net efflux of carbon dioxide from the site. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Goulden, ML (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Goulden, Michael/B-9934-2008; Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013; Munger, J/H-4502-2013; OI Munger, J/0000-0002-1042-8452; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 37 TC 524 Z9 580 U1 20 U2 197 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 9 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5348 BP 214 EP 217 DI 10.1126/science.279.5348.214 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YQ636 UT WOS:000071408100038 ER PT J AU Li, YG Vidale, JE Aki, K Xu, F Burdette, T AF Li, YG Vidale, JE Aki, K Xu, F Burdette, T TI Evidence of shallow fault zone strengthening after the 1992 M7.5 Landers, California, earthquake SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RUPTURE PROCESS; ROCK FRICTION; SLIP; DEFORMATION; SEQUENCE AB Repeated seismic surveys of the Landers, California, fault zone that ruptured in the magnitude (M) 7.5 earthquake of 1992 reveal an increase in seismic velocity with time, P, S, and fault zone trapped waves were excited by near-surface explosions in two locations in 1994 and 1996, and were recorded on two linear, three-component seismic arrays deployed across the Johnson Valley fault trace, The travel times of P and S waves for identical shot-receiver pairs decreased by 0.5 to 1.5 percent from 1994 to 1996, with the larger changes at stations located within the fault zone. These observations indicate that the shallow Johnson Valley fault is strengthening after the main shock, most likely because of closure of cracks that were opened by the 1992 earthquake, The increase in velocity is consistent with the prevalence of dry over wet cracks and with a reduction in the apparent crack density near the fault zone by approximately 1.0 percent from 1994 to 1996. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Li, YG (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM ygli@terra.usc.edu RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 37 TC 126 Z9 132 U1 5 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 9 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5348 BP 217 EP 219 DI 10.1126/science.279.5348.217 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YQ636 UT WOS:000071408100039 ER PT J AU Lewan, MD AF Lewan, MD TI Sulphur-radical control on petroleum formation rates SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MONTEREY KEROGEN; SULFUR; GENERATION; PYROLYSIS; MATURATION; CRACKING; MODELS; ROCKS AB Most petroleum is formed through the partial decomposition of kerogen (an insoluble sedimentary organic material) in response to thermal stress during subsurface burial in a sedimentary basin(1,2). Knowing the mechanisms and kinetics of this process allows the determination of the extent and timing of petroleum formation, which, in turn, are critical for evaluating the potential for petroleum occurrences within a sedimentary basin. Kinetic models of petroleum generation are derived mainly from pyrolysis experiments(1,2), in which it is usually assumed that formation rates are controlled by the strength of the bonds within the precursor compounds: this agrees with the observation that petroleum formation rates increase with increasing sulphur content of thermally immature kerogen(2-4), C-S bonds being weaker than C-C bonds. However, this explanation fails to account for the overall composition of petroleum, Here I argue, on the basis of pyrolysis experiments, that it is the presence of sulphur radicals, rather than the relative weakness of C-S bonds, that controls petroleum formation rates, My findings suggest that the rate of petroleum formation depends critically on the concentration of sulphur radicals generated during the initial stages of thermal maturation. The proposed mechanism appears to provide a realistic explanation for both the overall composition of petroleum and the observed variation in formation rates. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Lewan, MD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mlewan@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 94 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 17 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 8 PY 1998 VL 391 IS 6663 BP 164 EP 166 DI 10.1038/34391 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YQ378 UT WOS:000071380900047 ER PT S AU Law, BE Spencer, CW AF Law, BE Spencer, CW BE Law, BE Ulmishek, GF Slavin, VI TI Abnormal pressure in hydrocarbon environments SO ABNORMAL PRESSURES IN HYDROCARBON ENVIRONMENTS SE AAPG MEMOIRS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Association-of-Petroleum-Geologists Hedberg Research Conference on Abnormal Pressures in Hydrocarbon Environments CY JUN 08-10, 1994 CL GOLDEN, CO SP Amer Assoc Petr Geologists AB Abnormal pressures, pressures above or below hydrostatic pressures, occur on all continents in a wide range of geological conditions. According to a survey of published literature on abnormal pressures, compaction disequilibrium and hydrocarbon generation are the two most commonly cited causes of abnormally high pressure in petroleum provinces. In young (Tertiary) deltaic sequences, compaction disequilibrium is the dominant cause of abnormal pressure. In older (pre-Tertiary) lithified rocks, hydrocarbon generation, aquathermal expansion, and tectonics are most often cited as the causes of abnormal pressure. The association of abnormal pressures with hydrocarbon accumulations is statistically significant. Within abnormally pressured reservoirs, empirical evidence indicates that the bulk of economically recoverable oil and gas occurs in reservoirs with pressure gradients less than 0.75 psi/ft (17.4 kPa/m) and there is very little production potential from reservoirs that exceed 0.85 psi/ft (19.6 kPa/m). Abnormally pressured rocks are also commonly associated with unconventional gas accumulations where the pressuring phase is gas of either a thermal or microbial origin. In underpressured, thermally mature rocks, the affected reservoirs have most often experienced a significant cooling history and probably evolved from an originally overpressured system. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Law, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 54 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101-0949 USA SN 0271-8529 BN 0-89181-350-0 J9 AAPG MEMOIR PY 1998 VL 70 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BL44U UT WOS:000075547400001 ER PT S AU Law, BE Shah, SHA Malik, MA AF Law, BE Shah, SHA Malik, MA BE Law, BE Ulmishek, GF Slavin, VI TI Abnormally high formation pressures, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan SO ABNORMAL PRESSURES IN HYDROCARBON ENVIRONMENTS SE AAPG MEMOIRS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Association-of-Petroleum-Geologists Hedberg Research Conference on Abnormal Pressures in Hydrocarbon Environments CY JUN 08-10, 1994 CL GOLDEN, CO SP Amer Assoc Petr Geologists AB Abnormally high formation pressures in the Potwar Plateau of north-central Pakistan are major obstacles to oil and gas exploration. Severe drilling problems associated with high pressures have, in some cases, prevented adequate evaluation of reservoirs and significantly increased drilling costs. Previous investigations of abnormal pressure in the Potwar Plateau have only identified abnormal pressures in Neogene rocks. We have identified two distinct pressure regimes in this Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt basin: one in Neogene rocks and another in pre-Neogene rocks. Pore pressures in Neogene rocks are as high as lithostatic and are interpreted to be due to tectonic compression and compaction disequilibrium associated with high rates of sedimentation. Pore pressure gradients in pre-Neogene rocks are generally less than those in Neogene rocks, commonly ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 psi/ft (11.3 to 15.8 kPa/m) and are most likely due to a combination of tectonic compression and hydrocarbon generation. The top of abnormally high pressure is highly variable and doesn't appear to be related to any specific lithologic seal. Consequently, attempts to predict the depth to the top of overpressure prior to drilling are precluded. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Law, BE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS PI TULSA PA PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101-0949 USA SN 0271-8529 BN 0-89181-350-0 J9 AAPG MEMOIR PY 1998 VL 70 BP 247 EP 258 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BL44U UT WOS:000075547400014 ER PT S AU Blouin, MA Kostich, MM Todd, TN Savino, JF AF Blouin, MA Kostich, MM Todd, TN Savino, JF BE Eckmann, R Appenzeller, A Rosch, R TI The reproductive success of lake herring in habitats near shipping channels and ice-breaking operations in the St. Marys River, Michigan, USA SO ADVANCES IN LIMNOLOGY 50: BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF COREGONID FISHES - 1996 SE ERGEBNISSE DER LIMNOLOGIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes CY SEP 23-26, 1996 CL CONSTANCE, GERMANY SP Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Int Bevollmachtigtenkonf Bodenseefischerei, Sonderforschngsbereich SFB 248, Cycling Matter Lake Constance ID FISH AB A study of the reproductive success of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) in the St. Marys River was conducted in the winters and springs of 1994, 1995, and 1996. The St. Marys River connects Lake Superior to the lower Great Lakes making it an important route for ship traffic. Recent pressure by commercial carriers to extend the shipping season by breaking ice earlier in spring, has raised concerns over the possible adverse effects on lake herring reproduction in the river caused by increased turbidity associated with vessel passage. Lake herring spawn in fall and their eggs overwinter under ice cover on the bottom of the St. Marys River. Hatching occurs in the spring after ice-out when water temperatures rise. Specialized incubators were used to hold fertilized lake herring eggs at four experimental sites, chosen to represent the range of various bottom substrate types of the St. Marys River from boulder rock reefs to soft sediments. In winter, incubators were placed under the ice on the bottom of the river at three sires each year. After ice-out, sites were relocated, and the incubators were retrieved and opened to determine the number of live and dead lake herring eggs and larvae. Survival was consistent from year to year at each site with the lowest survival percentage found at the site with the softest sediments, directly adjacent to the St. Marys River channel and downstream of the mouth of the Charlotte River. River bottom type and geographic location were the most important factors in determining egg survival. Sampling for indigenous larval lake herring was done throughout the spring hatching season in the areas adjacent to the incubator sites using nets and a diver-operated suction sampler. Results indicate that a small population (< 10 per 1,000 m(3)) of larval lake herring was present throughout the sampling areas during the springs of 1994, 1995, and 1996 in the St. Marys River. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Blouin, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0071-1128 BN 3-510-47052-4 J9 ERGEB LIMNOL PY 1998 VL 50 BP 15 EP 24 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BM25M UT WOS:000078180200002 ER PT S AU Fleischer, GW TeWinkel, LM AF Fleischer, GW TeWinkel, LM BE Eckmann, R Appenzeller, A Rosch, R TI Buoyancy characteristics of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in relation to patterns of vertical migration and acoustic backscattering SO ADVANCES IN LIMNOLOGY 50: BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF COREGONID FISHES - 1996 SE ERGEBNISSE DER LIMNOLOGIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes CY SEP 23-26, 1996 CL CONSTANCE, GERMANY SP Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Int Bevollmachtigtenkonf Bodenseefischerei, Sonderforschngsbereich SFB 248, Cycling Matter Lake Constance ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; TARGET STRENGTH; INDIVIDUAL FISH; FORAGE FISHES; LAKE-MICHIGAN; DISTRIBUTIONS; SWIMBLADDER; DEPENDENCE; MOVEMENTS; PREDATORS AB Acoustic studies in Lake Michigan found that bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) were less reflective per size than the other major pelagic species. This difference in in situ acoustic backscattering could indicate that the deep-water bloaters have compressed swimbladders for much of their vertical range with related implications on buoyancy. To test this hypothesis, the buoyancy characteristics of bloaters were determined with fish placed in a cage that was lowered to bottom and monitored with an underwater camera. We found bloaters were positively buoyant near surface, neutrally buoyant at intermediate strata, and negatively buoy ant near bottom. This pattern was consistent for the range of depths bloaters occur. The depth of neutral buoyancy (near the 50-n strata) corresponds with the maximum extent of vertical migration for bloaters observed in acoustic surveys. Fish below this depth would be negatively buoyant which supports our contention that bloaters deeper in the water column have compressed swimbladders. Understanding the buoyancy characteristics of pelagic Fishes will help to predict the effects of vertical migration on target strength measurement and confirms the use of acoustics as a tool to identify and quantify the ecological phenomenon of vertical migration. C1 USGS, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Fleischer, GW (reprint author), USGS, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0071-1128 BN 3-510-47052-4 J9 ERGEB LIMNOL PY 1998 VL 50 BP 219 EP 225 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BM25M UT WOS:000078180200022 ER PT S AU Todd, TN AF Todd, TN BE Eckmann, R Appenzeller, A Rosch, R TI Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes SO ADVANCES IN LIMNOLOGY 50: BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF COREGONID FISHES - 1996 SE ERGEBNISSE DER LIMNOLOGIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes CY SEP 23-26, 1996 CL CONSTANCE, GERMANY SP Deutsch Forschungsgemeinsch, Int Bevollmachtigtenkonf Bodenseefischerei, Sonderforschngsbereich SFB 248, Cycling Matter Lake Constance AB Gillraker number, one of the most important taxonomic characters in the Coregoninae, has been considered genetically determined and not environmentally modifiable. However, laboratory-reared progeny of Coregonus alpenae, C. artedi, C. clupeaformis, C. hoyi, C. kiyi, C. zenithicus, and Prosopium cylindraceum generally had fewer gillrakers than the wild parents from which eggs were taken for hatching and rearing. Of 19 experimental groups hatched and reared between 1957 and 1996, only progeny from C. alpenae, C. zenithicus, and one group of C. clupeaformis had gillraker counts similar to their parents. All other groups had three to six gillrakers less than their wild parents. Most species were hatched and reared under similar conditions including similar temperatures, except for three group of C. hoyi and several groups of C. clupeaformis and C. artedi. Incubation of C. hoyi eggs at 2 degrees, 4 degrees, and 8 degrees C produced fish with five to six fewer gillrakers on average than their wild parental source in Lake Michigan. Warmer rearing temperatures produced higher gillraker counts in C. clupeaformis, and perhaps the discrepancies observed between wild and laboratory-reared fish in these experiments resulted from colder rearing temperatures in the laboratory than those experienced by wild fish. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Todd, TN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0071-1128 BN 3-510-47052-4 J9 ERGEB LIMNOL PY 1998 VL 50 BP 305 EP 315 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BM25M UT WOS:000078180200030 ER PT S AU Mauer, FJ AF Mauer, FJ BE Ballard, WB Rodgers, AR TI Moose migration: Northeastern Alaska to northwestern Yukon Territory, Canada SO ALCES 34 SE ALCES : NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd North American Moose Conference and Workshop / 4th International Moose Symposium CY MAY 17-23, 1997 CL FAIRBANKS, AK SP Alaska Div Wildlife Conservat, Dept Fish & Game DE Alaska; Alces alces; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; Brooks Range; elevation; migration; moose; Old Crow Flats; snow; Yukon Territory AB A study of moose (Alces alces gigas) movements and population identity in the southeastern Brooks Range, Alaska, was initiated in March 1995. Fifty-seven moose (43 females and 14 males) were captured and equipped with radio transmitters in 4 major drainages where moose are known to congregate during winter. Relocations indicated that 88% of the collared animals migrated seasonally. A majority of migrants (86%) moved to Old Crow Flats, in the Yukon Territory, where they remained for the summer. The mean maximum distance between summer and winter ranges was 123 km (range: 18-196, SD 37.2). Movements to summer range were underway in late March when moose were captured. Moose began moving to winter ranges in late August, and the migration was complete by the rut in early October. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arctic Natl Wildlife Refuge, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Mauer, FJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arctic Natl Wildlife Refuge, 101 12th Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY BOOKSTORE PI THUNDER BAY PA THUNDER BAY, ON P7B 5EI, CANADA SN 0835-5851 J9 ALCES-N AM MOOSE CON PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 75 EP 81 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA BL26N UT WOS:000074938700008 ER PT S AU Kovach, SD Schwartz, CC Willis, RL Spraker, TH AF Kovach, SD Schwartz, CC Willis, RL Spraker, TH BE Ballard, WB Rodgers, AR TI Modeling moose populations for management decision making in Alaska SO ALCES 34 SE ALCES : NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd North American Moose Conference and Workshop / 4th International Moose Symposium CY MAY 17-23, 1997 CL FAIRBANKS, AK SP Alaska Div Wildlife Conservat, Dept Fish & Game DE Alaska; Alces alces; harvest planning; management; moose; population modeling AB We took a previously described moose (A Ices alces) model for the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska and enhanced its capabilities. The model produced year by year calculations of ail pertinent population statistics and harvest by age class. The refined model was used to evaluate proposals for changes to hunting regulations. Predicted population trends over time (e.g., 3, 5, or 9 year durations) in response to various simulated management actions allowed decision makers to judge the relative merits of various harvest regimes. The model allowed planning for moderate to longterm, rather than reacting annually to short-term changes in weather, harvest, or public perceptions. Simulations allowed managers to evaluate various regulatory regimes, looking for those that produced desired outcomes on a long-term basis while considering impacts of severe winters. Easy to understand graphics allowed for quick interpretation of model runs by administrators and the public, which facilitated the manager's ability to demonstrate the consequences of a particular management action. The model and its results were accepted by the public and decision makers. Model output guided decision makers when evaluating proposed changes to harvest regulations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. RP Kovach, SD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yukon Delta Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 346, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY BOOKSTORE PI THUNDER BAY PA THUNDER BAY, ON P7B 5EI, CANADA SN 0835-5851 J9 ALCES-N AM MOOSE CON PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 125 EP 138 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA BL26N UT WOS:000074938700013 ER PT J AU Osborn, RG Dieter, CD Higgins, KF Usgaard, RE AF Osborn, RG Dieter, CD Higgins, KF Usgaard, RE TI Bird flight characteristics near wind turbines in Minnesota SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB During 1994-1995, we saw 70 species of birds on the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area. In both years bird abundance peaked in spring. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), and barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) were the species most commonly seen. Most birds (82-84%) flew above or below the height range of wind turbine blades (22-55 m). The Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area poses little threat to resident or migrating birds at its current operating level. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Biol Resources Div, USGS, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Pheasants Forever, St Paul, MN USA. RP Osborn, RG (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 139 IS 1 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0029:BFCNWT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YW346 UT WOS:000071920400003 ER PT J AU McLeod, RF Gates, JE AF McLeod, RF Gates, JE TI Response of herpetofaunal communities to forest cutting and burning at Chesapeake Farms, Maryland SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CONSEQUENCES; TEMPERATURE; DISTURBANCE; DIVERSITY; SELECTION; LIZARD; SNAKES AB The distribution and abundance of amphibians and reptiles in forest stands subjected to salvage cutting and prescribed burning were compared with their unmanaged counterparts. The study was conducted on the Atlantic coastal plain at Chesapeake Farms near Chestertown, Maryland, Three herpetofaunal trapping arrays were systematically located in each of four forest stand types: hardwood (Hardwood), cut-over hardwood (Cut), mixed pine-hardwood (Pine) and prescribed hum pine (Burn). A total of 3931 individuals representing 29 species were captured in 30,540 trap nights during the spring and summer 1992 and 1993. Felling of hardwoods and prescribed burning of pine resulted in similar responses from the herpetofaunal communitites; Hardwood had the most distinctive herpetofaunal community of the lour stands. Adults and young-of-the-year (YOY) of six amphibian species significantly more abundant in Hardwood than Cut. Only one amphibian species, Pseudacris triseriata, was less abundant in Hardwood than Cut. Total ranid captures did nor differ between Hardwood and Cut. Snake and total reptile captures, and Elaphe obsoleta and Eumeces faciatus abundances were significantly less in Hardwood than Cur. Hardwood also had fewer small mammals than Gut, particularly Microtus pennsylvanicus and Zapus hudsonius, that might serve as pry for large snakes. Adults of four amphibian species, YOY of five amphibian species, and three reptiles (Carphophis amoenus, Storeria dekayi and Thamnophis sirtalis) were significantly more abundant in Pine than Burn; two reptile species (Coluber constrictor and Lampropeltis getula) were significantly less abundant. Potential small mammal prey of the latter two snakes were nut significantly different between Pine and Burn; however, Zapus hudsonius was less abundant in Pine than in Burn. More amphibians were captured in Hardwood and Pine stands than irt their respective logged and burned counterparts. The trend for reptiles tended to depend on the mix of species present and their habitat preferences. Greater canopy corer and depth of leaf litter in Hardwood and Pine stands likely had a moderating effect on temperature and helped to maintain a moist microenvironment for mesophilic species. Disturbance of a small patch of forest could locally decrease herpetofaunal diversity but diversity an a much larger scale would Likely increase. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. RP McLeod, RF (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Coastal Calif Fish & Wildlife Off, 1125 16th St, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RI Gates, John/B-7397-2015 NR 42 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 139 IS 1 BP 164 EP 177 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0164:ROHCTF]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YW346 UT WOS:000071920400016 ER PT J AU Sucha, V Elsass, F Eberl, DD Kuchta, L Madejova, J Gates, WP Komadel, P AF Sucha, V Elsass, F Eberl, DD Kuchta, L Madejova, J Gates, WP Komadel, P TI Hydrothermal synthesis of ammonium illite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID POTASSIUM FIXATION; SMECTITE; CLAY; PENNSYLVANIA; ANTHRACITE; MINERALS; COAL; NMR AB Synthetic gel and glass of illitic composition, natural kaolinite, and mixed-layer illite-smectite were used as starling materials for hydrothermal synthesis of ammonium illite. Ammonium illite was prepared from synthetic gel by hydrothermal treatment at 300 degrees C. The onset of crystallization began within 3 h, and well-crystallized ammonium illite appeared at 24 h. Increasing reaction time (up to four weeks) led to many illite layers per crystal. In the presence of equivalent proportions of potassium and ammonium, the gel was transformed to illite with equimolar contents of K and NH4. In contrast, synthesis using glass under the same conditions resulted in a mixture of mixed-layer ammonium illite-smectite with large expandability and discrete illite. Hydrothermal treatments of the fine fractions of natural kaolinite and illite-smectite produced ammonium illite from kaolinite but the illite-smectite remained unchanged. C1 Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. INRA, Sci Sol Stn, F-78026 Versailles, France. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Comenius Univ, Dept Inorgan Chem, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Inorgan Chem, Bratislava 84236, Slovakia. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Div Biogeochem, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Sucha, V (reprint author), Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Mlynska Dolina G, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. NR 37 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 58 EP 67 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA YQ716 UT WOS:000071416100007 ER PT S AU Josberger, EG Mognard, NM Lind, B Matthews, R Carroll, T AF Josberger, EG Mognard, NM Lind, B Matthews, R Carroll, T BE McClung, DM TI Snowpack water-equivalent estimates from satellite and aircraft remote-sensing measurements of the Red River basin, north-central USA SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 26, 1998 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Snow and Avalanches CY MAY 26-30, 1997 CL CHAMONIX MONT BLANC, FRANCE SP Int Glaciol Soc (IGS), Assoc Natl Etude Neige Avalanches (ANENA), Ville de Chamonix Mont-Blanc, CEMAGREF, Div Nivologie, Meteo-France, Ctr Etudes Neige, Reg Rhone-Alps, Minist Amenagement Territoire Environm, Minist Affaires Etrangeres, Lab Glaciol Geophys Environm, CNRS, STMB Chemin Montenvers AB Most algorithms to extract dry snowpack water equivalent (SWE) from satellite passive-microwave observations are based on point measurements of SWE or extrapolation of point measurements to the 30 km footprint of the satellite observations. SWE observations on a scale comparable to the satellite observations can be obtained from airborne gamma-ray attenuation techniques from flight lines that are approximately 10 km long. During the winter of 1989, the NOAA National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) flew 92 of these flight lines over a 200 x 250 km area of the Red River basin which is located in the north-central part of the United States of America. These observations provide a unique dataset of snow water-equivalent determinations on spatial scales similar to the satellite passive-microwave observations as acquired by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) F-8 satellite. Land-classification determinations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) show that the eastern part of the region contains a coniferous forest of varying coverage, while the remainder is farmland or prairie. SSM/I data, including observations from a no-snow case in the preceding fall, the flight-line data and the AVHRR data were all co-registered to a common 20 km grid. The resulting dataset tvas analyzed using linear regression, artificial intelligence and general linear models. The results showed that the passive-micro-wave response was similar to the response predicted by Mie scattering theory. A comparison of the three techniques found that the artificial intelligence technique and the general linear model explained significantly more of the variance in the dataset, as evidenced by R-2 values of 0.97 compared to 0.88 for the linear multiple-regression analysis. Hence, a neural network approach which was continually trained on new datasets as they became available, could provide better estimates of snowpack water equivalent than algorithms based on linear-regression techniques. C1 Univ Puget Sound, USGS Ice & Climate Project, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. RP Josberger, EG (reprint author), Univ Puget Sound, USGS Ice & Climate Project, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-21-0 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1998 VL 26 BP 119 EP 124 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL73A UT WOS:000076481500024 ER PT S AU Ferrigno, JG Williams, RS Rosanova, CE Lucchitta, BK Swithinbank, C AF Ferrigno, JG Williams, RS Rosanova, CE Lucchitta, BK Swithinbank, C BE Budd, WF TI Analysis of coastal change in Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, using Landsat imagery SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 27, 1998 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Antarctica and Global Change - Interactions and Impacts CY JUL 13-18, 1997 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA SP Cooperative Res Ctr Antarctica, SO Ocean (Antarctic CRC), Australian Antarctic Div, Int Glaciol Soc, Global Change & Antarctic program of SCAR ID LARSEN ICE SHELF; GLACIER AB The U.S. Geological Survey is using Landsat imagery from the early 1970s and mid- to late 1980s/early 1990s to analyze glaciological features, compile a glacier inventory, measure surface velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves, determine coastline change and calculate the area and volume of iceberg calving in Antarctica. Ice-surface velocities in Marie Byrd and Ellsworth Lands, West Antarctica, range from the fast-moving Thwaites, Pine Island, Land and DeVicq Glaciers to the slower-moving ice shelves. The average ice-front velocity during the time interval of Landsat imagery, for the faster-moving outlet glaciers, was 2.9 km a(-1) for Thwaites Glacier 2.4 km a(-1) for Pine Island Glacier, 2.0 km a(-1) for Land Glacier and 1.4 km a(-1) for DeVicq Glacier. Evaluation of coastal change from the early 1970s to the early 1990s shows advance of the floating ice front in some coastal areas and recession in others, with an overall small average advance in the entire coastal study area, but no major trend towards advance or retreat. Comparison of average ice-surface velocities with changes in the ice front has yielded estimates of iceberg calving. The total iceberg calving from the Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land coasts during the study period was greater than 8500 km(2) (estimated volume of about 2400 km(3)) or an average of about 550 km(2) a(-1) (more than 150 km(3) a(-1)). a a Almost 70% of this discharge is contributed by Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Univ Cambridge, Scott Polar Res Inst, Cambridge CB2 1ER, England. RP Ferrigno, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-22-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1998 VL 27 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM76J UT WOS:000079713100005 ER PT S AU Lucchitta, BK Rosanova, CE AF Lucchitta, BK Rosanova, CE BE Budd, WF TI Retreat of northern margins of George VI and Wilkins Ice Shelves, Antarctic Peninsula SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 27, 1998 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Antarctica and Global Change - Interactions and Impacts CY JUL 13-18, 1997 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA SP Cooperative Res Ctr Antarctica, SO Ocean (Antarctic CRC), Australian Antarctic Div, Int Glaciol Soc, Global Change & Antarctic program of SCAR ID CLIMATE; WEST AB The George VI and Wilkins Ice Shelves are considered at risk of disintegration due to a regional atmospheric warming trend on the Antarctic Peninsula. Retreat of the northern margin of the George VI Ice Shelf has been observed previously, but the Wilkins Ice Shelf was thought to be stable. We investigated the positions of the northern fronts of these shelves from the literature and looked for changes on 1974 Landsat and 1992 and 1995 European remote-sensing satellite (ERS) synthetic aperture radar images. Our investigation shows that the northern George VI Ice Shelf lost a total of 906 km(2) between 1974 and 1992, and an additional 87 km(2) by 1995. The northern margin of the Wilkins Ice Shelf lost 796 km(2) between 1990 and 1992, and another 564 km(2) between 1992 and 1995. Armadas of tabular icebergs were visible in front of this shelf in the ERS images. These two ice shelves mark the southernmost documented conspicuous retreat of ice-shelf margins. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lucchitta, BK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-22-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1998 VL 27 BP 41 EP 46 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM76J UT WOS:000079713100006 ER PT S AU Rosanova, CE Lucchitta, BK Ferrigno, JG AF Rosanova, CE Lucchitta, BK Ferrigno, JG BE Budd, WF TI Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 27, 1998 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Antarctica and Global Change - Interactions and Impacts CY JUL 13-18, 1997 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA SP Cooperative Res Ctr Antarctica, SO Ocean (Antarctic CRC), Australian Antarctic Div, Int Glaciol Soc, Global Change & Antarctic program of SCAR ID ICE STREAM; BENEATH AB Average velocities for time intervals ranging from <1 to 15 years were measured by tracking ice-surface patterns on sequential Landsat and European Remote-sensing Satellite synthetic aperture radar images. Velocities of Thwaites Glacier range from 2.2 km a(-1) above the grounding line to 3.4 km a(-1) at the limit of measurements on Thwaites Glacier ice tongue. The glacier increases in velocity by about 1 km a(-1) where it crosses the grounding line. Over the period 1984-93,Thwaites Glacier ice tongue accelerated by about 0.6 km a(-1). Velocities of the floating part of several minor glaciers and some ice shelves are also determined: Land Glacier, 1.7-1.9 km a(-1); DeVicq Glacier, 0.7-1.1 km a(-1); Dotson Ice Shelf, 0.2-0.5 km a(-1); Getz Ice Shelf, 0.2-0.8 km a(-1) and Sulzberger Ice Shelf, 0.01-0.02 km a(-1). The high velocities along the Marie Byrd Land coast are consistent with the high precipitation rates over West Antarctica and, for some of the glaciers, the lack of buttressing ice shelves. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 914, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Rosanova, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255 N Gemini Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-22-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1998 VL 27 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM76J UT WOS:000079713100007 ER PT S AU Frezzotti, M Cimbelli, A Ferrigno, JG AF Frezzotti, M Cimbelli, A Ferrigno, JG BE Budd, WF TI Ice-front change and iceberg behaviour along Oates and George V Coasts, Antarctica, 1912-96 SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 27, 1998 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Antarctica and Global Change - Interactions and Impacts CY JUL 13-18, 1997 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA SP Cooperative Res Ctr Antarctica, SO Ocean (Antarctic CRC), Australian Antarctic Div, Int Glaciol Soc, Global Change & Antarctic program of SCAR ID MASS-BALANCE; ROSS SEA; SHELF; GLACIERS AB Ice-front change may well be a sensitive indicator of regional climate change. We have studied the western Gates Coast from Cape Kinsey (158 degrees 50' E, 69 degrees 19' S) to Cape Hudson (153 degrees 45' E, 68 degrees 20' S) and the entire George V Coast, from Cape Hudson to Point Alden (142 degrees 02' E, 66 degrees 48' S). The glaciers here drain part of the Dome Charlie and Tales Dome areas (640 000 km(2)). A comparison between various documents, dated several years apart, has allowed an estimate of the surficial ice discharge, the ice-front fluctuation and the iceberg-calving flux during the last 50 years. The ice-front discharge of the studied coast has been estimated at about 90 +/- 12 km(3) a(-1) in 1989-91, 8.5 km(3) a(-1) for western Gates Coast and 82 km(3) a(-1) for George V Coast. From 1962-63 to 1973-74 the floating glaciers underwent a net reduction that continued from 1973-74 to 1989-91. On the other hand, from 1989-91 to 1996 the area of floating glaciers increased. Ninnis Glacier Tongue and the western part of Cook Ice Shelf underwent a significant retreat after 1980 and 1947 respectively. Satellite-image analysis of large icebergs has provided information about ice-ocean interaction and the existence of an "iceberg trap" along George V Coast. A first estimate of the mass balance of the drainage basin of Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers shows a value close to zero or slightly negative. C1 ENEA, AMB, I-00100 Rome, AD, Italy. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Frezzotti, M (reprint author), ENEA, AMB, Cr Casaccia,POB 2400, I-00100 Rome, AD, Italy. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB2 1ER SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-22-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 1998 VL 27 BP 643 EP 650 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM76J UT WOS:000079713100106 ER PT J AU Scott, JM Jennings, MD AF Scott, JM Jennings, MD TI Large-area mapping of biodiversity SO ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Annual Systematics Symposium of the Missouri-Botanical-Garden on New Tools for Investigating Biodiversity CY OCT 04-05, 1996 CL MISSOURI BOT GARDEN, ST LOUIS, MISSOURI SP Missouri Bot Garden HO MISSOURI BOT GARDEN ID GAP ANALYSIS; SPECIES RICHNESS; MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; IDAHO; SCALE AB The age of discovery, description. and classification of biodiversity is entering a new phase. In responding to the conservation imperative, we can now supplement the essential work of systematics with spatially explicit information on species and assemblages of species. This is possible because of recent conceptual. technical. and organizational progress in generating synoptic views of the earths surface and a great deal of its biological content, at multiple scales of thematic as well as geographic resolution. The development of extensive spatial data on species distributions and vegetation types provides us with a framework for: (a) assessing what we know and where we know it at meso-scales. and (b) stratifying the biological universe so that higher-resolution surveys can be more efficiently implemented. covering, for example, geographic adequacy of specimen collections, population abundance. reproductive success, and genetic dynamics. The land areas involved are very large, and the questions, such as resolution, scale, classification, and accuracy, are complex. In this paper. we provide examples from the United States Gap Analysis Program on the advantages and limitations of mapping the occurrence of terrestrial vertebrate species and dominant land-cover types over large areas as joint ventures and in multi-organizational partnerships, and how these cooperative efforts can be designed to implement results from data development anti analyses as on-the-ground actions. Clearly, new frameworks for thinking about biogeographic information as well as organizational cooperation are needed if we are to have any hope of documenting the full range of species occurrences and ecological processes in ways meaningful to their management. The Gap Analysis experience provides one model for achieving these new frameworks. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gap Anal Program, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Scott, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 55 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN PI ST LOUIS PA 2345 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA SN 0026-6493 J9 ANN MO BOT GARD JI Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. PY 1998 VL 85 IS 1 BP 34 EP 47 DI 10.2307/2991993 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZX167 UT WOS:000074486100004 ER PT J AU Fritts, TH Rodda, GH AF Fritts, TH Rodda, GH TI The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: A case history of Guam SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS LA English DT Review DE Guam Island; Boiga irregularis; brown treesnake; extinction ID BROWN TREE SNAKE; BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY; BIRDS; DECLINE; EXTINCTION; AVIFAUNA; LIZARDS; LAND AB The accidental introduction of the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam around 1950 induced a cascade of extirpations that may be unprecedented among historical extinction events in taxonomic scope and severity. Birds, bats, and reptiles were affected, and by 1990 most forested areas on Guam retained only three native vertebrates, all of which were small lizards. Of the hypotheses to account for the severity of this extinction event, we find some support for the importance of lack of coevolution between introduced predator and prey, availability of alternate prey, extraordinary predatory capabilities of the snake, and vulnerabilities of the Guam ecosystem. In addition, there were important interactions among these factors, especially the presence of introduced prey (possessing coevolutionary experience) that were thus able to maintain their populations and provide alternate prey to the introduced predator while it was driving the native prey species to extinction. This complex of vulnerabilities is common on oceanic islands. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Fritts, TH (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, MRC 111, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 96 TC 281 Z9 298 U1 19 U2 152 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4162 J9 ANNU REV ECOL SYST JI Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. PY 1998 VL 29 BP 113 EP 140 DI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.113 PG 28 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 150DQ UT WOS:000077648200005 ER PT J AU Matos, G Wagner, L AF Matos, G Wagner, L TI Consumption of materials in the United States, 1900-1995 SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE materials use; intensity of use AB The flows of nonfood and nonfuel materials through the economy have significant impact on our lives and the world around us. Growing populations and economies demand more goods, services, and infrastructure. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the types of materials consumed in the United States have significantly changed. In 1900, on a per-weight basis, almost half of the materials consumed were from renewable resources, such as wood, fibers, and agricultural products, the rest being derived from nonrenewable resources. By 1995, the consumption of renewable resources had declined dramatically, to only 8% of total consumption. During this century, the quantity of materials consumed has grown, from 161 million metric tons in 1900 to 2.8 billion metric tons by 1995, an equivalent of 10 metric tons per person per year. Of all the materials consumed during this century, more than half were consumed in the last 25 years. This paper examines the general historical shifts in materials consumption and presents an analysis of different measurements of materials use and the significance of their trends. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Matos, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 1998 VL 23 BP 107 EP 122 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.107 PG 16 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 147DU UT WOS:000077473600005 ER PT J AU Mann, DH Crowell, AL Hamilton, TD Finney, BP AF Mann, DH Crowell, AL Hamilton, TD Finney, BP TI Holocene geologic and climatic history around the Gulf of Alaska SO ARCTIC ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Seminar on the Origins, Development, and Spread of Prehistoric North Pacific-Bering Sea Maritime Cultures CY JUN 02-08, 1993 CL TOKAI UNIV, HONOLULU, HAWAII SP Natl Sci Fdn, Int Div, Japan Soc Promot Sci HO TOKAI UNIV ID QUATERNARY VEGETATION HISTORY; QUEEN-CHARLOTTE-ISLANDS; ST-AUGUSTINE VOLCANO; MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD; SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; NORTH PACIFIC COAST; SEA-LEVEL RECORD; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AB Though not as dramatic as during the last Ice Age, pronounced climatic changes occurred in the northeastern Pacific over the last 10,000 years. Summers warmer and drier than today's accompanied a Hypsithermal interval between 9 and 6 ka. Subsequent Neoglaciation was marked by glacier expansion after 5-6 ka and the assembly of modern-type plant communities by 3-4 ka. The Neoglacial interval contained alternating cold and warm intervals, each lasting several hundred years to one millennium, and including both the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 900-1350) and the Little Ice Age (ca. AD 1350-1900). Salmon abundance fluctuated during the Little Ice Age in response to local glaciation and probably also to changes in the intensity of the Aleutian Low. Although poorly understood at present, climate fluctuations at all time scales were intimately connected with oceanographic changes in the North Pacific Ocean. The Gulf of Alaska region is tectonically highly active, resulting in a history of frequent geological catastrophes during the Holocene. Twelve to 14 major volcanic eruptions occurred since 12 ka. At intervals of 20-100 years, large earthquakes have raised and lowered sea level instantaneously by meters and generated destructive tsunamis. Sea level has often varied markedly between sites only 50-100 km apart due to tectonism and the isostatic effects of glacier fluctuations. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Arctic Studies Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Mann, DH (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 96 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PRESS PI MADISON PA JOURNAL DIVISION, 2537 DANIELS ST, MADISON, WI 53718 USA SN 0066-6939 J9 ARCTIC ANTHROPOL JI Arct. Anthropol. PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 112 EP 131 PG 20 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 150ZP UT WOS:000077696700008 ER PT J AU Piersma, T Gill, RE AF Piersma, T Gill, RE TI Guts don't fly: Small digestive organs in obese Bar-tailed Godwits SO AUK LA English DT Article ID LONG-DISTANCE MIGRANT; CATABOLIC ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; MIGRATORY GARDEN WARBLER; BASAL METABOLIC-RATE; PECTORALIS-MUSCLE; CALIDRIS-CANUTUS; BODY-COMPOSITION; SYLVIA BORIN; FLIGHT RANGE; BIRDS AB We documented fat loads and abdominal organ sizes of Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica baueri) that died after colliding against a radar dome on the Alaska Peninsula, most likely just after takeoff on a trans-Pacific flight of 11,000 km, and of birds of the same subspecies just before northward departure from New Zealand. We compared these data with data on body composition of godwits of the smaller lapponica subspecies obtained during a northward stopover in The Netherlands. As a consequence of high amounts of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal fat, and very small fat-free mass, Bar-tailed Godwits from Alaska had relative fat loads that are among the highest ever recorded in birds (ca, 55% of fresh body mass). Compared with northbound godwits from New Zealand, the Alaskan birds had very small gizzards, livers, kidneys, and guts. This suggests that upon departure, long-distance migrants dispense with parts of their "metabolic machinery" that are not directly necessary during flight. and rebuild these organs upon arrival at the migratory destination. C1 Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. Univ Groningen, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Piersma, T (reprint author), Netherlands Inst Sea Res, POB 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. RI Piersma, Theunis/D-1871-2012 NR 56 TC 156 Z9 160 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1998 VL 115 IS 1 BP 196 EP 203 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR355 UT WOS:000071487100020 ER PT J AU Remsen, JV Kushlan, JA Loiselle, BA AF Remsen, JV Kushlan, JA Loiselle, BA TI History and tradition, or contemporary ornithology? - Why ornithological journals should not have bird names SO AUK LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. RP Remsen, JV (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Foster Hall 119, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1998 VL 115 IS 1 BP 252 EP 253 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR355 UT WOS:000071487100033 ER PT J AU Work, TM Smith, MR Duncan, R AF Work, TM Smith, MR Duncan, R TI Necrotizing enteritis as a cause of mortality in Laysan albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, chicks on Midway Atoll, Hawaii SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Laysan albatross; pathology; epizootiology AB A necropsy survey of Laysan albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, chicks on Midway Atoll in June 1993, 1994, and 1995 revealed 54% (21/39), 67% (49/71), and 93% (15/16), respectively, to have enteritis as the most severe pathologic finding. The lesion was limited to the ileum, ceca, and large intestine. We were unable to attribute a single infectious etiology to this lesion. Many birds with enteritis also exhibited renal lesions similar to those encountered in chickens experimentally deprived of water. We propose that enteritis is a significant cause of mortality in Laysan albatross chicks on Midway and that it may be a sequela to dehydration. It is likely that the pathology of dehydration in Laysan albatross differs from that in chickens largely because of diet. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96750 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96750 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 42 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.2307/1592569 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZC544 UT WOS:000072591100001 PM 9533074 ER PT J AU Burns, DA AF Burns, DA TI Retention of NO3- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric nitrogen deposition; Catskill Mountains; dentrification; nitrate; nitrogen uptake; stream processes ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; HYPORHEIC ZONE; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; 3RD-ORDER STREAM; DESERT STREAM; FOREST STREAM; SURFACE-WATER; NEW-YORK; NITRATE; DENITRIFICATION AB Models of the effects of atmospheric N deposition in forested watersheds have not adequately accounted for the effects of aquatic and near-stream processes on the concentrations and loads of NO3- in surface waters. This study compared the relative effects of aquatic and near-stream processes with those from the terrestrial ecosystem on the retention and transport of NO3- in two contrasting stream reaches of the Neversink River, a forested watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York that receives among the highest load of atmospheric N deposition in the northeastern United States. Stream water samples were collected every two hours and ground-water and tributary samples were collected daily at base flow conditions during four 48-hour periods from April to October 1992, and NO3- mass balances were calculated for each site. Results indicated diurnal variations in stream NO3- concentrations in both reaches during all four sampling periods; this is consistent with uptake of NO3- by photoautotrophs during daylight hours. Mass-balance results revealed significant stream reach losses of NO3- at both sites during all sampling periods. The diurnal variations in NO3- concentrations and the retention of NO3- relative to terrestrial contributions to the stream reaches were greater downstream than upstream because physical factors such as the head gradients of inflowing ground water and the organic matter content of sediment are more favorable to uptake and denitrification downstream. The mass retention of NO3- increased as the mean 48-hr stream discharge increased at each site, indicating that the responsible processes are dependent on NO3- supply. Low stream temperatures during the April sampling period, however, probably reduced the rate of retention processes, resulting in smaller losses of NO3- than predicted from stream discharge alone. Water samples collected from the stream, the hyporheic zone, and the alluvial ground water at sites in both reaches indicated that the net effect of hyporheic processes on downstream NO3- transport ranged from conservative mixing to complete removal by denitrification. The relative effects of biological uptake and denitrification as retention mechanisms could not be quantified, but the results indicate that both processes are significant. These results generally confirm that aquatic and near-stream processes cause significant losses of NO3- in the Neversink River, and that the losses by these processes at downstream locations can exceed the NO3- contributions to the stream from the terrestrial environment during summer and fall base-flow conditions. Failure to consider these aquatic and near-stream processes in models of watershed response to atmospheric N deposition could result in underestimates of the amount of NO3- leaching from forested ecosystems and to an inability to unequivocally relate geographic differences in NO3- concentrations of stream waters to corresponding differences in terrestrial processes. C1 US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Burns, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009 NR 51 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JAN PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 73 EP 96 DI 10.1023/A:1005916102026 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA YX041 UT WOS:000072000500005 ER PT J AU Gross, TS AF Gross, TS TI Endocrine disruption in wildlife: A need for scientific and ecosystem validity. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA M30 BP 33 EP 33 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000040 ER PT J AU Howard, JG Wolf, KN Marinari, PE Kreeger, JS Anderson, TR Vargas, A Wildt, DE AF Howard, JG Wolf, KN Marinari, PE Kreeger, JS Anderson, TR Vargas, A Wildt, DE TI Delayed onset of sperm production in 1-year old male black-footed ferrets. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Conservat & Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20560 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Black Footed Ferret Conservat Ctr, Laramie, WY USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 170 BP 124 EP 125 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000216 ER PT J AU Rodgers, S Starliper, CE Cooper, R AF Rodgers, S Starliper, CE Cooper, R TI Sequence comparison of sulphonamide resistance genes from Aeromonas salmonicida, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and Escherichia coli SO BIOMEDICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE sul genes; Aeromonas salmonicida; Edwardsiella ictaluri; Escherichia coli; Romet resistance ID R-PLASMIDS AB Isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and Escherichia coli 1898, from different hosts and geographical locations, displayed resistance to Romet, a potentiated sulphonamide. This resistance is encoded on a plasmid (similar to 55 kb) containing sulphonamide resistance genes, sul I or sul II as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. PCR products from either sul I(similar to 900 bp) or sul II (similar to 400 bp) were sequenced and compared with the National Institutes of Health GenBank database sequences for these genes. The results suggest common environmental sources of this resistance factor related to various bacterial species and geographical areas. Sul I PCR fragments from various species were identical. This consensus sequence was 99.8% similar to the GenBank sul I sequence. Sul II PCR fragments from various species were 95-100% similar, which was 98.5% similar to the GenBank sul II sequence. The above bacterial species possess nearly identical sul I and sul II gene fragments (>95% homology) to GenBank sul I and sul II sequences from a variety of bacterial species representing hosts and geographical locations other than those in the present study. C1 Louisiana State Univ Agr Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Lab, Biol Resources Div, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FACULTY PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 88 REGENT ST, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB2 1DP SN 0961-088X J9 BIOMED LETT JI Biomed. Lett. PY 1998 VL 58 IS 228 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 134UM UT WOS:000076762100003 ER PT J AU Starliper, CE Villella, R Morrison, P Mathias, J AF Starliper, CE Villella, R Morrison, P Mathias, J TI Studies on the bacterial flora of native freshwater bivalves from the Ohio river SO BIOMEDICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bacteria; Bivalvia; Unionidae; flora ID LAKE ST-CLAIR; MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; WATER MUSSELS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; IMPACT AB In response to interest in the culture of freshwater bivalves on refugia with salmonid fish, studies were initiated to examine the potential for bacterial pathogen contagion between the two hosts. Freshwater bivalves were collected from the Ohio River in November 1995 and June and September 1996. In all 190 animals were sampled, some from their native Ohio River water (day 0) and others after relocation to a different water supply. Sampling and bacterial isolation techniques are described. The mean total bacteria counts were about 1.6 x 10(5) CFU/g of bivalve soft tissue, and this remained relatively stable during the 30-day period, yet the distribution was dynamic. Flavobacterium columnare, a salmonid fish pathogen, was isolated from one Amblema plicata of a day 0 sample in June 1996 but not after relocation to a different water source. RP Starliper, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Biol Resources Div, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU FACULTY PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 88 REGENT ST, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB2 1DP SN 0961-088X J9 BIOMED LETT JI Biomed. Lett. PY 1998 VL 58 IS 229 BP 85 EP 95 PG 11 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 150UM UT WOS:000077683900003 ER PT J AU Stanley, TR Burnham, KP AF Stanley, TR Burnham, KP TI Information-theoretic model selection and model averaging for closed-population capture-recapture studies SO BIOMETRICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE AIC; Akaike; capture-recapture; closed-population models; information criteria; model averaging; model selection; model uncertainty; population estimation ID GENERAL-THEORY; REGRESSION; LIKELIHOOD; CRITERION; INFERENCE AB Specification of an appropriate model is critical to valid statistical inference. Given the "true model" for the data is unknown, the goal of model selection is to select a plausible approximating model that balances model bias and sampling variance. Model selection based on information criteria such as AIC or its variant AIC,, or criteria like CAIC, has proven useful in a variety of contexts including the analysis of open-population capture-recapture data. These criteria have not been intensively evaluated for closed-population capture-recapture models, which are integer parameter models used to estimate population size (N), and there is concern that they will not perform well. To address this concern, we evaluated AIC, AIC,, and CAIC model selection for closed-population capture-recapture models by empirically assessing the quality of inference for the population size parameter N. We found that AIC-, AIC(c)-, and CAIC-selected models had smaller relative mean squared errors than randomly selected models, but that confidence interval coverage on N was poor unless unconditional variance estimates (which incorporate model uncertainty) were used to compute confidence intervals. Overall, AIC and AIC, outperformed CAIC, and are preferred to CAIC for selection among the closed-population capture-recapture models we investigated. A model averaging approach to estimation, using AIC, AIC,, or CAIC to estimate weights, was also investigated and proved superior to estimation using AIC-, AIC(c)-, or CAIC-selected models. Our results suggested that, for model averaging, AIC or AIC, should be favored over CAIC for estimating weights. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midcontinent Ecol Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 39 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0323-3847 EI 1521-4036 J9 BIOMETRICAL J JI Biom. J. PY 1998 VL 40 IS 4 BP 475 EP 494 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4036(199808)40:4<475::AID-BIMJ475>3.3.CO;2-R PG 20 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 112VH UT WOS:000075515000008 ER PT J AU Musser, GG Carleton, MD Brothers, EM Gardner, AL AF Musser, GG Carleton, MD Brothers, EM Gardner, AL TI Systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents (Muridae, Sigmodontinae): Diagnoses and distributions of species formerly assigned to Oryzomys "capito" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Review ID ATLANTIC FOREST; CENTRAL BRAZIL; MAMMALS; POPULATION; CRICETIDAE; ECOLOGY; RATS; OLIGORYZOMYS; COMMUNITY; EVOLUTION AB We describe the morphological species boundaries and geographic distributions of 10 Neotropical Oryzomys based on analyses of museum specimens (skins and skulls, examples preserved in fluid, chromosomal spreads, and information about collection sites from skin tags, field catalogs, and other sources). These species have been regarded as members of an Oryzomys capito complex and for a long time were consolidated into a single entity identified as O. capito. Our study documents the following: 1. Defining the limits of species within the O. capito complex first requires a comprehensive review and rigorous definition of O. capito itself. We consider Fischer's (1814) Mus megacephalus to be valid and available, designate a neotype to bear the name, and reinstate it as a senior synonym of capito Olfers (1818). We then provide a working definition of O. megacephalus and its close relative, O. laticeps, derived from analyses of morphometric variation, estimates of geographic distributions, and evaluations of synonyms. In our view, O. megacephalus occurs in Amazonia but also extends into eastern Paraguay; its synonyms are capito Olfers (1818), cephalotes Desmarest (1819), velutinus Alien and Chapman (1893), goeldi Thomas (1897), modestus Alien (1899), and perenensis Allen (1901). Oryzomys laticeps Lund (1840) occurs in the Atlantic Forest region of eastern Brazil. We designate a lectotype for laticeps and allocate the names saltator Winge (1887) and oniscus Thomas (1904) as synonyms. 2. We provide the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of Oryzomys yunganus Thomas (1902). Its range covers tropical evergreen rainforest formations in the Guiana Region and the Amazon Basin where, as documented by voucher specimens, it has been collected at the same localities as O. megacephalus, O. nitidus, and O. macconnelli. Specimens of O. yunganus can be distinguished from those of the other three by a combination of body size, pelage texture and coloration, pattern of carotid arterial circulation, occlusal patterns of second upper and lower molars, cranial proportions, and chromosomal features. Appreciable intraspecific geographic variation occurs in diploid number of chromosomes and frequency of occurrence of the hypothenar plantar pad, but sampling inadequacies obscure the significance of this variation. Large body size is characteristic of populations in the western Amazon Basin and in the tepui region of eastern Venezuela; smaller size characterizes populations in the Guianas and along the eastern margin of the Amazon Basin. No other scientific name has been correctly associated with the species. Samples from Mirador, Palmera, and Mera in the western Andean foothills of central Ecuador possess a combination of pelage, cranial, and dental traits that distinguish them from all samples of O. yunganus. These specimens are the basis for a new species we describe here, one that is more closely related to O. yunganus than to any other member of the former O. "capito" complex. 3. We redescribe Oryzomys bolivaris (reviewed by Pine, 1971, under the name O. bombycinus), amplify its geographic range, and contrast it with O. talamancae and O. alfaroi, two sympatric congeners with which it is often confused. A distinctive set of morphological traits allows unambiguous identification of specimens belonging to O. bolivaris. It is a trans-Andean species recorded from very wet tropical evergreen rain forests extending from eastern Honduras and Nicaragua through Costa Rica and Panama to western Colombia and Ecuador. Alien's (1901) bolivaris is the oldest name for this species; castaneus Alien (1901), rivularis Alien (1901), bombycinus Goldman (1912), alleni Goldman (1915), and orinus Pearson (1939) are synonyms. 4. We revise the definition of Oryzomys talamancae Alien (1891) provided by Musser and Williams (1985), document additional specimens, describe karyotypes from Ecuadoran and Venezuelan samples, and contrast its morphology, chromosomes, and distribution with those of O. alfaroi and O. megacephalus. The geographic dis tribution of O. talamancae is also trans-Andean, but it inhabits a wider variety of habitats than does O. bolivaris. We also provide a new synonymy and identify the following scientific names as syn onyms of O. talamancae: mollipilosus Alien (1899), magdalenae Alien (1899), villosus Alien (1899), sylvaticus Thomas (1900), panamensis Thomas (1901), medius Robinson and Lyon (1901), and carrikeri Alien (1908). 5. We present hypotheses of species boundaries of four morphologically similar species that we identify as members of the Oryzomys nitidus group: O. nitidus Thomas (1884), O. macconnelli Thomas (1910), O. russatus Wagner (1848), and a species described as new. We recognize the four species by morphological and chromosomal traits, and contrast characteristics of each species with one another. One synonym, boliviae Thomas (1901), is associated with O. nitidus, and two scientific names, incertus Alien (1913) and mureliae Alien (1915), are allocated to O. macconnelli. Synonyms of O. russatus are physodes Brants (1827), intermedia Leche (1886), coronatus Winge (1887), lamia Thomas (1901), legatus Thomas (1925), kelloggi Avila-Pires (1959), and moojeni Avila-Pires (1959). We designate lectotypes for russatus and intermedia and identify the holotype of coronatus. Based on voucher specimens, the geographic distribution of O. nitidus is mainly along the Andean foothills and adjacent lowlands in Peri, Bolivia, and nearby western Brazil, but scattered records document its eastward extension through south-central Brazil to Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. Oryzomys macconnelli inhabits the tropical evergreen rain forests of Amazonia. Its distribution partially overlaps that of O. nitidus in western Amazonia, where the two species have been collected together at one locality in Peru, and it is sympatric with the new species, which is recorded only from the lower regions of rios Xingu and Tocantins in northern Para, Brazil. The distribution of O. russatus is documented by specimens from southeastern and south-central Brazil, southern Bolivia, and northern Argentina; its range is allopatric to those of O. macconnelli, the new species, and O. nitidus except in southern Bolivia, where the latter was collected at the same site with O. russatus. We also examined types and descriptions of taxa associated with Oryzomys subflavus and O. ratticeps to determine if any of those names actually reference members of the O, nitidus group. Although the original description of subflavus Wagner (1842) is vague, the holotype clearly represents an example of that very distinctive species; vulpinus Lund (1840), for which we designate a lectotype, and vulpinoides Schinz (1845) are synonyms of O. subflavus. The oldest name for the species currently known as Oryzomys ratticeps is Mus angouya Fischer (1814), a name not based on a specimen but on Azara's (1801) description of "Rat troisieme, ou Rat Angouya." Azara's account is so general that it could also apply to individuals of O. subflavus, O. nitidus, of O. russatus, To stabilize the nomenclature of these species, we designate a neotype for Mus angouya Fischer(1814) and treat the following scientific names as synonyms: buccinatus Olfers (1818), leucogaster Wagner(1845), ratticeps Hensel (1872), rex Winge (1887), tropicius Thomas (1924), and paraganus Thomas (1924). We also designate lectotypes for leucogaster and ratticeps. We have not analyzed phylogenetic relationships among the species in the farmer O. "capito" complex discussed here. Documenting morphological and distributional boundaries of other biological species now grouped in the genus Oryzomys (alfaroi and its close relatives, for example) must precede, in our view, attempts at phylogenetic reconstruction. C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mammal, New York, NY 10024 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Musser, GG (reprint author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mammal, New York, NY 10024 USA. NR 320 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY PI NEW YORK PA ATTN: LIBRARY-SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS DISTRIBUTION, CENTRAL PK WEST AT 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024-5192 USA SN 0003-0090 J9 B AM MUS NAT HIST JI Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. PY 1998 IS 236 BP 10 EP + PG 369 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZC721 UT WOS:000072609900001 ER PT B AU Dingler, JR Cacchione, DA AF Dingler, JR Cacchione, DA BE Magoon, OT Converse, H Baird, B MillerHenson, M TI Tidal creek changes at the Sonoma Baylands Restoration site SO CALIFORNIA AND THE WORLD OCEAN '97 - TAKING A LOOK AT CALIFORNIA'S OCEAN RESOURCES: AN AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT California and the World Ocean 97 Conference on Taking a Look at Californias Ocean Resources - An Agenda for the Future CY MAR 24-27, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA AB Over the past 150 years, human activity has had a major impact on tidal wetlands adjoining the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary Growing concern about the effect of this change on the ecology of the estuary has prompted Bay area managers to attempt to reclaim tidal wetlands. The Sonoma Baylands Restoration Project is designed to use dredge material to convert 348 acres from farmland to wetland. This paper describes changes to a tidal creek that flows from that restoration site to San Pablo Bay (north San Francisco Bay) through an existing tidal wetland during different phases of the project. Hydrologic measurements near the bottom of the creek and cross-creek profiles show how the creek responded to non-tidal flow conditions introduced by filling the site with dredge materials. At the time of this study, the creek had deepened by approximately 40 cm but had not widened. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dingler, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0297-3 PY 1998 BP 1237 EP 1246 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BL35F UT WOS:000075224700160 ER PT J AU Mather, ME Parrish, DL Folt, CL DeGraaf, RM AF Mather, ME Parrish, DL Folt, CL DeGraaf, RM TI Integrating across scales: effectively applying science for the successful conservation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Integrating Across Scales - Predicting Patterns of Change in Atlantic Salmon CY MAR, 1997 CL BRAEMAR, SCOTLAND AB Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an excellent species on which to focus synthetic, integrative investigations because it is an economically important species that captures the public imagination, is heavily impacted by humans, uses several ecosystems over its life, and is the subject of a large body of extant literature. The following 24 papers were solicited to provide the biological basis for effective and innovative approaches that biologists, managers, and social scientists can use to develop policies that sustain Atlantic salmon and related species. Together these papers highlight the need for and benefits of (a) synthesizing within populations, (b) choosing the appropriate scale, (c) comparing across populations using rigorous, focused, question-oriented methods, (d) integrating across disciplines, (e) incorporating the human perspective, (f) linking multiple ecosystems, and (g) applied problem solving. To show how Atlantic salmon can guide research and conservation efforts for other species in other systems, we review the justification for the supplement and summarize the defining concepts that emerge from the volume. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, BRD Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, BRD, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Mather, ME (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, BRD Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 55 SU 1 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187RT UT WOS:000079802300001 ER PT J AU McCormick, SD Hansen, LP Quinn, TP Saunders, RL AF McCormick, SD Hansen, LP Quinn, TP Saunders, RL TI Movement, migration, and smolting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Integrating Across Scales - Predicting Patterns of Change in Atlantic Salmon CY MAR, 1997 CL BRAEMAR, SCOTLAND ID STREAM CHANNEL EXPERIMENTS; PENOBSCOT RIVER ESTUARY; RECENTLY EMERGED TROUT; PLASMA GROWTH-HORMONE; BALTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION; SEXUAL-MATURATION; COHO SALMON; SEAWARD MIGRATION AB A variety of movements characterize the behavioral plasticity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water, including movements of fry from redds, establishment of feeding territories, spawning movements of sexually mature male parr, movement to and from winter habitat, and smelt migration in spring. Smelting is an adaptive specialization for downstream migration, seawater entry, and marine residence. While still in fresh water, smelts become silvery and streamlined, lose their positive rheotaxis and territoriality, and begin schooling. Physiological changes include increased salinity tolerance, olfactory sensitivity, metabolic rate, scope for growth, and altered hemoglobin and visual pigments. Through their impact on the neuroendocrine system, photoperiod and temperature regulate physiological changes, whereas temperature and water flow may initiate migration. Smelt survival is affected by a limited period of readiness (a physiological "smolt window") and the timing of seawater entry with environmental conditions such as temperature, food, and predators (an ecological "smolt window"). Smelt development is adversely affected by acidity, pollutants, and improper rearing conditions, and is often more sensitive than other life stages. Unfortunately, the migration corridor of smelts (mainstems of rivers and estuaries) are the most heavily impacted by pollution, darns, and other anthropogenic activities that may be directly lethal or increase mortality by delaying or inhibiting smelt migration. C1 USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Norwegian Inst Nat Res, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Dept Fisheries & Oceans, St Andrews Biol Stn, St Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada. RP McCormick, SD (reprint author), USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, POB 796, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. NR 178 TC 202 Z9 210 U1 11 U2 106 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 55 SU 1 BP 77 EP 92 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187RT UT WOS:000079802300006 ER PT J AU Mather, ME AF Mather, ME TI The role of context-specific predation in understanding patterns exhibited by anadromous salmon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Integrating Across Scales - Predicting Patterns of Change in Atlantic Salmon CY MAR, 1997 CL BRAEMAR, SCOTLAND ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; BENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MERGANSER MERGUS-MERGANSER; SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION; EASTERN VANCOUVER ISLAND; FRESH-WATER FISHES; ATLANTIC SALMON; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH AB Predation is frequently studied in aquatic systems that contain salmon. Because these systems are difficult to manipulate and replicate, rigorous across-system comparisons are essential. Herein I review the literature on factors that may influence predation across systems. Specifically, I evaluated how often predation on salmonids was important across prey taxa, life stage, habitat, predator taxa, methodology, and spatial scale. Further, I examined what factors were influential in systems where predation was important. In nine journals from 1959-1996, 45 field studies explicitly tested the importance of direct effects of predation on anadromous salmonid prey. Authors of 36 (80%) studies concluded that predation was important. More studies in which predation was deemed important focused on smelts subjected to fish predation in the transitional river and estuary habitats. Furthermore, field surveys at larger spatial scales were most often used. Finally, most studies reported little information on confounding factors that complicate predation. If we are to learn from these complex systems, we need to collect, analyze, and report similar types of information that are collected across systems and years using rigorous and systematic methods. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Dept Forestry & Wildlife Managemen, Biol Resources Div,Holdsworth Nat Resource Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Mather, ME (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Dept Forestry & Wildlife Managemen, Biol Resources Div,Holdsworth Nat Resource Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 97 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 55 SU 1 BP 232 EP 246 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187RT UT WOS:000079802300018 ER PT J AU Parrish, DL Behnke, RJ Gephard, SR McCormick, SD Reeves, GH AF Parrish, DL Behnke, RJ Gephard, SR McCormick, SD Reeves, GH TI Why aren't there more Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Integrating Across Scales - Predicting Patterns of Change in Atlantic Salmon CY MAR, 1997 CL BRAEMAR, SCOTLAND AB Numbers of wild anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have declined demonstrably throughout their native range. The current status of runs on rivers historically supporting salmon indicate widespread declines and extirpations in Europe and North America primarily in southern portions of the range. Many of these declines or extirpations can be attributed to the construction of mainstem darns, pollution (including acid rain), and total dewatering of streams. Purported effects on declines during the 1960s through the 1990s include overfishing, and more recently, changing ocean conditions, and intensive aquaculture. Most factors affecting salmon numbers do not act singly, but rather in concert, which masks the relative contribution of each factor. Salmon researchers and managers should not look for a single culprit in declining numbers of salmon, but rather, seek solutions through rigorous data gathering and testing of multiple effects integrated across space and time. C1 Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Connecticut Dept Environm Protect, Div Fisheries, Old Lyme, CT 06371 USA. USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Parrish, DL (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 28 TC 218 Z9 221 U1 9 U2 47 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 55 SU 1 BP 281 EP 287 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-S1-281 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187RT UT WOS:000079802300021 ER PT J AU Wilzbach, MA Mather, ME Folt, CL Moore, A Naiman, RJ Youngson, AF McMenemy, J AF Wilzbach, MA Mather, ME Folt, CL Moore, A Naiman, RJ Youngson, AF McMenemy, J TI Proactive responses to human impacts that balance development and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) conservation: an integrative model SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Integrating Across Scales - Predicting Patterns of Change in Atlantic Salmon CY MAR, 1997 CL BRAEMAR, SCOTLAND ID WATER TEMPERATURE; ICELANDIC STOCKS; FLOW REGULATION; SMALL RIVER; MICROHABITAT; MANAGEMENT; BEHAVIOR; SMOLTS; FISH; POPULATIONS AB Incorporating human impacts into conservation plans is critical to protect natural resources, Using a model that examines how anthropogenic changes might be proactively influenced to promote conservation, we argue that a denser human population does not spell inevitable doom for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Humans affect the Atlantic salmon ecosystem deleteriously through landscape alteration, exploitation, external inputs, and resource competition. An intact ecosystem provides positive feedback to society by providing food, ecosystem services, and improving the quality of life. As Atlantic salmon and associated ecosystem benefits are increasingly valued by society, policies, laws, and regulations that protect salmon populations and habitats are codified into a "control system" or institutional infrastructure. Via research that helps maintain wild salmon populations and in informing the public about the benefits of a healthy Atlantic salmon ecosystem, scientists can influence public attitudes and facilitate the implementation of environmental policies that moderate harmful anthropogenic chan ges. Because exchange among scientists is of paramount importance in increasing our understanding of important interrelationships between humans and fish, we recommend the establishment of an international salmon organization for research. C1 Florida Ctr Environm Studies, Tarpon Bay Lab, Sanibel, FL 33957 USA. US Geol Survey, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Scottish Off Agr Environm & Fisheries, Pitlochry, Scotland. Vermont Dept Fish & Wildlife, N Springfield, VT 05150 USA. RP Wilzbach, MA (reprint author), Florida Ctr Environm Studies, Tarpon Bay Lab, 900A Tarpon Bay Rd, Sanibel, FL 33957 USA. RI Naiman, Robert /K-3113-2012 NR 132 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 55 SU 1 BP 288 EP 302 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-S1-288 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187RT UT WOS:000079802300022 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, DK Noon, BR Megahan, JW Meslow, EC AF Rosenberg, DK Noon, BR Megahan, JW Meslow, EC TI Compensatory behavior of Ensatina eschscholtzii in biological corridors: a field experiment SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID EUPHYDRYAS-EDITHA-BAYENSIS; MOVEMENT CORRIDORS; METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HABITAT CORRIDORS; CONSERVATION; DISPERSAL; LANDSCAPE; COLONIZATION; SALAMANDER AB Despite the general lack of theoretical or empirical support, biological corridors are assumed to mitigate the detrimental effects of habitat fragmentation by increasing landscape connectivity. To test the hypothesis that mechanisms which affect immigration rates from a source to a target patch are affected by the presence of a corridor in an otherwise unsuitable matrix, we created two strongly contrasting pathways in replicated field experiments. One pathway type included only bare mineral soil, the other included a potential corridor. We conducted these experiments with Ensatina eschscholtzii, a salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Pathways with surface organic material removed provided a harsh environment for E. eschscholtzii, which was reflected by lower selection, shorter residency time, and higher movement rates than on pathways that contained vegetation (corridor pathways). However, the numbers off. eschscholtzii reaching target patches connected by corridor pathways were greater than those reaching target patches connected by bare pathways only in plots in which the matrix environment seemed most severe. Our results suggest that identifying candidate corridor areas on conservation maps might be difficult because animals may show compensatory behavioral responses to different types of habitat separating source and target patches. We argue that knowledge of a species' habitat-specific dispersal behaviors is critical to reliably designating corridors as functional components of reserve design. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Rosenberg, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM Dan.Rosenberg@ccmail.orst.edu NR 85 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 1 BP 117 EP 133 DI 10.1139/cjz-76-1-117 PG 17 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZB878 UT WOS:000072517100017 ER PT J AU Kendall, SJ Agler, BA AF Kendall, SJ Agler, BA TI Distribution and abundance of Kittlitz's Murrelets in southcentral and southeastern Alaska SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Brachyramphus brevirostris; distribution; Kittlitz's Murrelet; marine birds; population abundance AB Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a rare seabird found mostly in coastal waters of Alaska. Little is known about its distribution and abundance. We conducted population surveys for seabirds in three areas within its range: lower Cook Inlet, Prince William Sound, and southeastern Alaska. In summer, Kittlitz's Murrelets were distributed near tidewater glaciers or recently deglaciated regions of Prince William Sound and southeastern Alaska. In Prince William Sound they also occurred in low densities away from glaciers. Kittlitz's Murrelets were found in low densities throughout lower Cook Inlet, where there are no tidewater glaciers. We observed Kiitlitz's Murrelets in low densities in Prince William Sound in winter, but not in eastern lower Cook Inlet. We estimated abundances +/-95% confidence intervals as: 3,353 +/- 1,718 in lower Cook Inlet during summer; 3,368 +/- 4,073 in Prince William Sound during summer; and 5,408 +/- 7,039 in southeastern Alaska during summer. The combined estimate for the three areas during summer was 12,130 +/- 8,312. In winter we estimated 410 +/- 744 Kittlitz's Murrelets were in Prince William Sound. We compare distribution and abundance with historical observations of Kittlitz's Murrelets. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Project, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Kendall, SJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nongame Migratory Bird Project, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 53 EP 60 DI 10.2307/1521730 PG 8 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZT120 UT WOS:000074050400006 ER PT J AU Collazo, JA Agardy, T Klaas, EE Saliva, JE Pierce, J AF Collazo, JA Agardy, T Klaas, EE Saliva, JE Pierce, J TI An interdecadal comparison of population parameters of Brown Pelicans in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Brown Pelican; Caribbean; contaminants; habitat; Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis; population numbers; Puerto Rico; reproduction; US Virgin Islands AB We compared selected demographic parameters between 1980-82 and 1992-95 of the endangered Caribbean Brown Pelican in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Mean winter counts in 1992-95 (593) were 74% lower than 1980-82 (2,289). Mean young per successful nest was lower in 1992-93 (1.14) than 1980-82 (1.65). DDE, PCBs and mercury levels in egg samples, However, were low and did nor adversely affect the species in either study period. Roosting and nesting habitat losses in both study periods were minimal and are not believed to be limiting pelicans. The discrepancy in population counts between study periods in Puerto Rico could be cause for concern because 1990's counts were 32% (593/1840) of the expected mean winter count for a recovered population. Long-term data (i.e., collected over six-eight years) are needed to determine the range of acceptable demographic parameter fluctuations for Caribbean Brown Pelicans. C1 N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Collazo, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 61 EP 65 DI 10.2307/1521731 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZT120 UT WOS:000074050400007 ER PT J AU Day, JH Colwell, MA AF Day, JH Colwell, MA TI Waterbird communities in rice fields subjected to different post-harvest treatments SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE agricultural practices; diversity; habitat use; Oryza sativa; rice; shorebirds; wading birds; waterfowl; bird communities; wetland management ID SACRAMENTO VALLEY; WATERFOWL; CALIFORNIA AB In California's Sacramento Valley, the potential value of rice fields as habitat for waterbirds may vary with harvest method, post harvest treatment of rice straw (chopped, burned, plowed), and extent of flooding. Re cent changes in rice harvesting methods (i.e., use of stripper-headers) and a legislative mandate to decrease burning of rice straw after harvest may alter habitat availability and use. Thus, we investigated species richness and community composition of nonbreeding waterbirds during October-March 1993-94 and 1994-95 in rice fields of the northern Sacramento Valley. Most (85-91% of land area) rice was conventionally harvested (i.e., cutter bar), and the remainder was stripped. Rice straw was left untreated in more than half of fields (52% in 1994 and 54% in 1995), especially in stripped fields (56-70%). In fields where farmers treated straw. the most common management methods were plowing (15-21%),burning (19-24%),and chopping (3-5%). Fields became increasingly wet from October through March as seasonal precipitation accumulated and farmers flooded fields to facilitate straw decomposition and provide habitat for ducks. Species richness of waterbirds was greater (P < 0.002) in conventionally-harvested fields than in stripped fields; within harvest methods, species richness was consistently greater (P < 0.01) in flooded than non-flooded fields. By contrast, species richness did trot differ among straw treatments (P > 0.23). Species rich ness in stripped fields probably was low because foraging opportunities were limited by tall dense straw, decreased grain density, and infrequent flooding. We recommend that land managers wishing to provide habitat for a diverse waterbird community harvest rice using conventional methods and flood fields shallowly. C1 USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP Day, JH (reprint author), USGS, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 23 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 8 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.2307/1521905 PG 13 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 158XY UT WOS:000078143800007 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Platt, JF Figurski, JD AF Litzow, MA Platt, JF Figurski, JD TI Hermit crabs in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at Kachemak Bay, Alaska SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Cepphus; diet; foraging; hermit crab; nestling; Pigeon Guillemot ID CEPPHUS-COLUMBA; CHICK GROWTH; INVERTEBRATES; BEHAVIOR; ISLAND AB Guillemots (Cepphus spp.) feed their chicks a diet that is almost exclusively Ash. We observed Pigeon Guillemots (C. columba) at two colonies in Alaska where hermit crabs (Crustacea Anomura) were a major part of the diet for some nestlings. Hermit crabs were delivered to three of five observed nests at one colony comprised between 2% and 22% of the items deliver ed at those nests, and were the second most common food type at one nest. Hermit crabs may be an attractive prey item when lipid-rich forage fish are scarce, and crabs living in gastropod shells that have been softened by encrustations of Suberites sponges may be vulnerable to guillemot predation. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM litzow@cats.ucsc.edu NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 3 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 242 EP 244 DI 10.2307/1521913 PG 3 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 158XY UT WOS:000078143800015 ER PT J AU Earnst, SL Neel, L Ivey, GL Zimmerman, T AF Earnst, SL Neel, L Ivey, GL Zimmerman, T TI Status of the White-faced Ibis: Breeding colony dynamics of the Great Basin population, 1985-1997 SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Ciconiiformes; conservation; wetlands; Great Basin; nomadism; Plegadis chihi; population trend; White-faced Ibis ID CARSON LAKE; SNAIL KITE; CONSERVATION; FLORIDA; NEVADA; DDE AB The status of the White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chiki) in the Great Basin is of concern because of its small population size and the limited and dynamic nature of its breeding habitat. We analyzed existing annual surrey data for the White-faced Ibis breeding in the Great Basin and surrounding area for 1985-1997. Methods varied among colonies and included flight-line counts and fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter surveys. The number of White-faced Ibis bleeding pain in the Gt eat Basin area has nearly tripled since 1985, despite years of severe flooding and drought at major breeding areas. This growth is reflected in both peripheral (i.e., Oregon, California, Idaho) and core (i.e., Nevada and Utah) components of the population. Our data on colony dynamics in Oregon and Nevada illustrate the ability of the highly nomadic White-faced Ibis to compensate for poor conditions at traditional colony sites by moving among colonies and rapidly colonizing newly available wetlands. We suggest that the White-faced Ibis would benefit from a landscape mosaic of well-distributed peripheral wetlands and persistent colony sites. The nomadic nature of the White-faced Ibis and the dynamic nature of their breeding habitat necessitates that wetland management decisions and population monitoring be conducted in a regional context. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Earnst, SL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk, Boise, ID 83706 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 301 EP 313 DI 10.2307/1521642 PG 13 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 203ML UT WOS:000080711400001 ER PT J AU Maniscalco, JM Ostrand, WD Coyle, KO AF Maniscalco, JM Ostrand, WD Coyle, KO TI Selection of fish schools by flocking seabirds in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; feeding flocks; feeding habitat; prey selection; Prince William Sound; schooling fish; seabirds ID SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; FOOD WEBS; PREY; ECOLOGY; DISTRIBUTIONS; PREDATORS; MURRES; STRAIT; FRONTS AB We examined locational and size characteristics of fish schools encountered along transects in Prince William Sound, Alaska, during July-August 1995. We made comparisons between schools that had seabird flocks associated with them and schools that had no flocks nearby. Feeding flocks chose fish schools that were close to shore and in shallow water, as well as those that were smaller than the general population of fish schools. However, fish schools found near shore were significantly smaller than offshore fish schools, suggesting that flocking birds chose feeding habitat rather than school size. Numbers of birds in feeding flocks were positively correlated with fish school chord length and negatively correlated with density and depth of the schools. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Maniscalco, JM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 314 EP 322 DI 10.2307/1521643 PG 9 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 203ML UT WOS:000080711400002 ER PT J AU Erwin, RM Eyler, TB Hatfield, JS McGary, S AF Erwin, RM Eyler, TB Hatfield, JS McGary, S TI Diets of nestling gull-billed terns in coastal Virginia SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE diet; fiddler crabs; Gull-billed Tern; Sterna nilotica; Virginia coast ID GELOCHELIDON-NILOTICA; FOOD AB We studied the diets of nestling Gull-billed Terns (Sterna nilotica) at colonies in coastal Virginia during the breeding seasons of 1995 and 1996 as part of a long-term study of the species. No previous quantitative assessments had been made of diets of this species anywhere along the Atlantic Coast, and only a few observations had been reported from other coastal areas in the southern United States. during 80 h of observations over the two seasons, 757 feeding observations were made, primarily at two colony sites. We examined how prey type (fish, marine invertebrates, terrestrial prey) and size were influenced by year, tide cycle, season (early and late) and age of the young (small chicks <7 d old versus large chicks >7d). We did not find significant year differences, but all other factors revealed statistically significant results. Older (>7d) chicks were fed relatively more terrestrial and marine invertebrate prey than were younger chicks. In June (early season), fewer fish and terrestrial prey were fed to chicks than later (July-August). Most prey were less than one bill length in size, with the majority of the smallest prey being marine invertebrates. Tide cycle influenced prey delivered with terrestrial prey becoming relatively more important during high and ebb periods than during low and flood tides when aquatic prey dominated. the major marine invertebrate prey taken was the fiddler crab (Uca spp.). Terrestrial prey consisted mostly of large odonates and orthopterans. Unlike earlier reports from Europe, we found no regurgitated food pellets in any of the colonies in either year. This study confirms that the Gull-billed Tern is an extremely opportunistic feeder and has adapted to a variety of habitats, helping to explain its cosmopolitan distribution. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Nelson Lab, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Erwin, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Nelson Lab, 11410 Amer Holly Dr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 323 EP 327 DI 10.2307/1521644 PG 5 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 203ML UT WOS:000080711400003 ER PT J AU McChesney, GJ Tershy, BR AF McChesney, GJ Tershy, BR TI History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and northwestern Baja California islands SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE California Channel Islands; feral cats; introduced mammals; Northwestern Baja California Islands; predation; rats; seabirds ID CONSERVATION AB The California Channel Islands, U.S.A, and Northwestern Baja California Islands, Mexico, host important breeding populations of several seabird species, including the endemic Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) and Xantus' Murrelet (Synthiliboramphus hypoleucus). Mammals introduced to nearly all of the islands beginning in the late 1800s to early 1900s include: cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis familiaris), Black Rats (Rattus rattus), rabbits and hares (Leporidae), goats (Capra hi,ra), sheep (Ovis aries), and other grazers. Cats, dogs and rats are seabird predators, grazers such as goats and sheep cause habitat degredation, and rabbits destroy habitat and complete with hole-nesting seabirds. Cats, which were introduced to at least 19 islands and currently occur on ten islands, with hole-nesting seabirds. Cats, which were introduced to at least 19 islands and currently occur on ten islands, have had the greatest impacts on seabirds, including the extinction of the endemic Guadalupe Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). Cats are known to have eliminated or severely reduced colonies of Black-vented Shearwaters Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Xantus' Murrelets. Black Rats have occurred on a minimum of seven islands and have reduced numbers of small, hole-nesting alcids on at least one island. At many islands, defoliation and erosion caused by rabbits and large grazing mammals has been severe. Their effects on seabirds are not well documented but potentially are serious. Impacts from introduced mammals have been most severe on islands with no native mammalian predators. On the Northwestern Baja California Islands, temporary and permanent human settlements have led to a greater diversity and source of introductions. Programs to remove introduced mammals and to reduce the possibility of future introductions are needed to restore seabird populations and to preserve the biodiversity of the region. Surveys are needed particularly on the Northwestern Baja California Islands to update the status and distribution of seabirds and to further assess impacts from introduced mammals. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. RP McChesney, GJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. NR 70 TC 36 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 32 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 335 EP 347 DI 10.2307/1521646 PG 13 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 203ML UT WOS:000080711400005 ER PT J AU Allen, GT Blackford, SH Welsh, D AF Allen, GT Blackford, SH Welsh, D TI Arsenic, mercury, selenium, and organochlorines and reproduction of interior least terns in the Northern Great Plains, 1992-1994 SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; chlorinate hydrocarbons; contaminants; eggs; Interior Least Tern; mercury; Northern Great Plains; selenium; Sterna antillarum ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; COPLANAR POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BREEDING SUCCESS; BLACK SKIMMERS; PIPING PLOVERS; COMMON TERNS; OSPREY EGGS; BIRD EGGS; DDE; CONTAMINANTS AB We evaluated concentrations of arsenic, mercury, and selenium in 104 eggs and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in 78 eggs of Interior Least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) from Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana from 1992 through 1994. We also reviewed data on Least Tern reproduction in the region. Arsenic was detected in only 13 eggs, and we doubt that it affected the populations studied. The geometric mean mercury concentration for each state each year was below the level known to affect other avian species. Eighty percent of the eggs contained more than the three mu g g(-1) dry-weight selenium concentration considered unsafe for avian reproductive success. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were too low to have affected nesting success. Nesting success reported for the study area was not sufficient to support the local populations. Nest flooding and predation probably were the major causes of low recruitment, but determination of the effect level for selenium in Least tern eggs is needed. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Allen, GT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Off Migratory Bird Management, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 634, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM George_T_Allen@fws.gov NR 76 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 356 EP 366 DI 10.2307/1521648 PG 11 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 203ML UT WOS:000080711400007 ER PT J AU Lance, BK Roby, DD AF Lance, BK Roby, DD TI Diet and postnatal growth in Red-legged and Black-legged Kittiwakes: An interspecies comparison SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Bering sea; Black-legged Kittiwake; breeding biology; chick growth; Pribilof Islands; Red-legged Kittiwake; Rissa; seabird diets ID CONVERGENT EVOLUTION; SEABIRD COMMUNITIES; FEEDING ECOLOGY; MAYFIELD METHOD; NEST SUCCESS; COEXISTENCE; COEVOLUTION; FOOD; SIZE AB We tested the hypothesis that ecological differences in Red-legged (Rissa Brevirostris) and Black-legged (R. tridactyla) kittiwakes nesting on St. George's Island, Alaska have resulted in different reproductive traits that reflect dissimilarity in selection pressures. Nestling diets, meal delivery rates, meal sizes, growth, and productivity were compared. red-legged Kittiwakes provisioned their young primarily with lanternfish (Myctophidae), while Black-legged Kittiwake nestlings were fed a more diverse array of prey, dominated by juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Red-legged Kittiwake nestlings received meals at approximately one-half the rate of Black-legged Kittiwakes, but the average size of nestling meals for the two species was similar. Logistic models were used to describe nestling growth. Nestlings of Red-legged Kittiwakes attained a maximum mass (asymptote) that was lower than that of nestling Black-legged Kittiwakes. Interspecific differences in growth pattern were apparently due to allometry; small differences in adult body size and associated differences in size of young at fledging. The two species of kittiwake had growth curves of similar form (logistic), similar shape (growth rate constant, inflection point), but different scale (asymptote). Thus, ecological differences do not need to be invoked to explain differences in postnatal growth rate between the two species. In 1993, productivity of Red-legged Kittiwakes was greater than that of Black-legged Kittiwakes, reflecting interspecific differences in diet and foraging ecology as they influence food availability. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Lance, BK (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 52 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 375 EP 387 DI 10.2307/1521650 PG 13 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 203ML UT WOS:000080711400009 ER PT B AU Morgenweck, RO AF Morgenweck, RO BE Whipple, W TI Improved coordination and cooperation of ESA activities: How can we help each other? SO COORDINATION: WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Session of ASCE 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management / 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, USA Corps Engineers, US EPA, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Environm Engn & Water Resources Grp, ASCE IL Sect, Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago AB In the late 1980's and early 1990s, implementation of the Endangered Species Act was often fraught with contention and difficulty. The ESA was often portrayed, incorrectly, as very inflexible, rigid, and diametrically opposed to legitimate resource use and development. Over the last four to five years, the Fish and Wildlife Service and Department of the Interior have instituted a number of policy and procedure provisions designed to enhance use of the real flexibility and practical interpretation inherent in the Act in order to effectively conserve endangered and threatened species in balance with the other social and economic considerations important to the American public. This presentation will illustrate several examples of how the Service and water uses have, through development of mutual trust, negotiated effective ESA recovery implementation activities that increase legal certainty for water users, including realistic cost-share arrangements, focus on fulfilling ESA requirements as opposed to avoiding them politically, incorporate provisions of State law to enhance conservation of species, enhance proactive conservation of candidate species to preclude the need to list, and use the ESA as a facilitating mechanism leading to the resolution of resource issues that are not just ESA specific. These examples are based on programs and activities already in place or being implemented at this time. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Morgenweck, RO (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 25486, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0338-4 PY 1998 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BM53P UT WOS:000079047700007 ER PT S AU Duff, B AF Duff, B BE Manson, CJ TI Recent scientific publishing by the US Geological Survey SO COSTS AND VALUES OF GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Meeting of the Geoscience-Information-Society on the Costs and Values of Geoscience Information CY OCT 19-23, 1997 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Geosci Informat Soc AB The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to provide the Nation with reliable, impartial information to describe and understand the Earth. Because of the relatively flat funding profile in recent years, changes in the USGS organization that have included down-sizing, and technological changes, one might expect to see a decline in the number of scientific publications scientific publications produced by the USGS. Instead, this study found that the scientific publications of the USGS continue to grow at a relatively steady rate. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Mapping Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Duff, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Mapping Div, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,MS 508, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302 USA SN 0072-1409 BN 0-934485-29-1 J9 P GEOS INF PY 1998 VL 28 BP 15 EP 17 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BL06D UT WOS:000074143600003 ER PT S AU Wahl, RR Shock, NA AF Wahl, RR Shock, NA BE Manson, CJ TI Geologic map database of the Nevada Test Site area, Nevada SO COSTS AND VALUES OF GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Meeting of the Geoscience-Information-Society on the Costs and Values of Geoscience Information CY OCT 19-23, 1997 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Geosci Informat Soc AB In August 1996, the USGS National Geologic Map Database Project and the Association of American State Geologists (AASG) formed working groups to devise standards for defining and using geologic map data One working group has been developing a geologic map data model. They produced a draft report in October 1997 that after public discussion, will be submitted to the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) for more public review and comment. At about the same time, the USGS decided to digitally compile traditionally collected geologic data from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) area, Nevada into a composite geologic map database. The current version of the digital geologic map database was built using a preliminary version of the data model. The proposed data model allows the easy extraction of different kinds of hierarchical geologic attribute data that can then be integrated with other geo-spatial data sets to help evaluate and possibly help ameliorate current environmental problems at the NTS. Queries against the NTS database have shown potential usefulness in interpreting geologic and hydrogeologic structure at the NTS. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Cooperat Geol Mapping Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wahl, RR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Cooperat Geol Mapping Program, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302 USA SN 0072-1409 BN 0-934485-29-1 J9 P GEOS INF PY 1998 VL 28 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BL06D UT WOS:000074143600015 ER PT B AU Camou, G Kuvlesky, WP Guthery, FS AF Camou, G Kuvlesky, WP Guthery, FS GP RMRS RMRS TI Rainfall and masked bobwhites in Sonora, Mexico SO CROSS BORDER WATERS: FRAGILE TREASURES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th US/Mexico Border States Conference on Recreation, Parks and Wildlife CY JUN 03-06, 1998 CL UNIV ARIZONA SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES, TUCSON, AZ SP AZ Game & Fish Dept, AZ State Pks Dept, USDI Bureau Land Management, USDI Natl Pk Serv, Univ Arizona, US Army Yuma Proving Grounds, USDI Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Forest Serv Rocky Mt Res Stn HO UNIV ARIZONA SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES AB We analyzed rainfall records (1956-94) from Rancho El Carrizo, Sonora, Mexico, and related rainfall to population behavior of masked bobwhites (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi). Annual rainfall averaged 37.1 +/- 11.77 cm (SD) and ranged between 17.1 and 68.7 cm during the 39 years of record. Drought periods (<37.1 cm annual rainfall) averaged 2.2 +/- 2.05 years in duration, whereas rainy periods averaged 2.1 +/- 1.45 years. Masked bobwhites persisted through a 7-year drought during 1970-76, when annual rainfall averaged 24.6 +/- 6.71 cm and ranged between 17.1 and 34.6 cm. These birds are particularly dependent on July (9.5 +/- 13.89 cm) and August precipitation (10.4 +/- 15.96 cm) for nesting and brood-rearing activities. Populations declined in 13 of 14 years when the 3-point moving average for June-August precipitation was <20 cm. Conversely populations increased in II of 13 years when the moving average was >20 cm. Although rainfall is beyond management control, management can take steps to minimize the impact of drought on masked bobwhite populations. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Buenos Aires Natl Wildlife Refuge, Sasabe, AZ 85633 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA PY 1998 BP 253 EP 260 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BM67C UT WOS:000079414500024 ER PT B AU Aubert, H Maughan, OE AF Aubert, H Maughan, OE GP RMRS RMRS TI The possibility for establishment of the clam (Chione gnidia) in the estuary of La Cruz, Sonora, Mexico SO CROSS BORDER WATERS: FRAGILE TREASURES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th US/Mexico Border States Conference on Recreation, Parks and Wildlife CY JUN 03-06, 1998 CL UNIV ARIZONA SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES, TUCSON, AZ SP AZ Game & Fish Dept, AZ State Pks Dept, USDI Bureau Land Management, USDI Natl Pk Serv, Univ Arizona, US Army Yuma Proving Grounds, USDI Fish & Wildlife Serv, USDA Forest Serv Rocky Mt Res Stn HO UNIV ARIZONA SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES AB There is some evidence that C. gnidia historically occurred in the estuary of La Cruz. However, C. gnidia has not occurred in any numbers in that estuary for at least thirty years and current habitat conditions do not appear suited to this species. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Res Unit,Biol Resources Div, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife,US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Aubert, H (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Res Unit,Biol Resources Div, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife,US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA PY 1998 BP 269 EP 272 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BM67C UT WOS:000079414500026 ER PT J AU Steger, JM Collins, CA Schwing, FB Noble, M Garfield, N Steiner, MT AF Steger, JM Collins, CA Schwing, FB Noble, M Garfield, N Steiner, MT TI An empirical model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; OCEAN TIDES; FLOW AB Candela et al. (1990, 1992) showed that tides in an open ocean region can be resolved using velocity data from a ship-mounted ADC-P. We use their method to build a spatially varying model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones, an area of complicated bathymetry where the tidal velocities in some parts of the region are weak compared to the mean currents. We describe the tidal fields for the M-2, S-2, K-1, and O-1 constituents and show that this method is sensitive to the model parameters and the quantity of input data. In areas with complex bathymetry and tidal structures, a large amount of spatial data is needed to resolve the tides. A method of estimating the associated errors inherent in the model is described. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. USGS, Menlo Park, CA USA. RP Steger, JM (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 8-9 BP 1471 EP 1505 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80004-0 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 149AB UT WOS:000077582700004 ER PT B AU Gowda, PH Ward, AD White, DA Baker, DB Logan, TJ AF Gowda, PH Ward, AD White, DA Baker, DB Logan, TJ BE Brown, LC TI Modeling drainage practice impacts on the quantity and quality of stream flows for an agricultural watershed in Ohio SO DRAINAGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: FOOD PRODUCTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL DRAINAGE SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Drainage Symposium on Drainage in the 21st Century - Food Production and the Environment CY MAR 08-10, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Canadian Soc Agr Engn, Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe Assoc, Crop Sci Soc Amer, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer DE water quality; nitrate-N; ADAPT; GIS; remote sensing AB Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural systems is considered to be a leading source of water pollution with sediments, nutrients, and pesticides being the major pollutants. In this study, a water quality modeling methodology which utilizes remotely sensed data, a field scale process model, and a GIS to assess flow, sediment, and agrichemical discharges on small agricultural watersheds was used for simulating impacts of drainage practices on Rock Creek Watershed in northern Ohio. A GIS data base was developed for the watershed to derive input data for the model. Model inputs such as land use and tillage practices were derived from Landsat TM data. A set of crop rotation systems was developed for deriving crop-related model inputs. The ADAPT model was used for predicting water quality with and without considering subsurface processes on the watershed. The predictions were evaluated against measured stream flow and its constituents such as sediment, nitrate-N, and four pesticides data for three years. Pollutant loadings from surface runoff and drainage, with and without drainage systems were compared at a watershed level. Impacts of drainage practices on pollutant discharges in the watershed and the role of water table management models and their shortcomings are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. RP Gowda, PH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Onalaska, WI 54650 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 0-929355-90-3 PY 1998 BP 145 EP 154 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA BK85Y UT WOS:000073679900016 ER PT S AU Honeyfield, DC Fitzsimons, JD Brown, SB Marcquenski, SV McDonald, G AF Honeyfield, DC Fitzsimons, JD Brown, SB Marcquenski, SV McDonald, G BE McDonald, G Fitzsimons, JD Honeyfield, DC TI Introduction and overview of early life stage mortality SO EARLY LIFE STAGE MORTALITY SYNDROME IN FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES AND BALTIC SEA SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Early Mortality Syndrome - Reproductive Disruptions in Fish of the Great Lakes, New York Finger Lakes, and the Baltic Region CY AUG 28, 1996 CL DEARBORN, MI SP Amer Fisheries Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Biol Resources Div, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Honeyfield, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Biol Resources Div, RR 4 Box 63, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 0 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-08-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 21 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BL19C UT WOS:000074636200001 ER PT S AU Honeyfield, DC Hnath, JG Copeland, J Dabrowski, K Blom, JH AF Honeyfield, DC Hnath, JG Copeland, J Dabrowski, K Blom, JH BE McDonald, G Fitzsimons, JD Honeyfield, DC TI Correlation of nutrients and environmental contaminants in Lake Michigan coho salmon with incidence of early mortality syndrome SO EARLY LIFE STAGE MORTALITY SYNDROME IN FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES AND BALTIC SEA SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Early Mortality Syndrome - Reproductive Disruptions in Fish of the Great Lakes, New York Finger Lakes, and the Baltic Region CY AUG 28, 1996 CL DEARBORN, MI SP Amer Fisheries Soc AB Muscle and egg samples from returning adult female Lake Michigan coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were collected for thiamine analysis. Three groups of five females having low (2.5%), medium (42.4%), or high (92.6%) mean fry survival were selected for this study. Egg and muscle samples were collected at spawning and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for free thiamine, thiamine monophosphate (TP), and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Egg concentrations of ascorbic acid, iron, zinc, magnesium, and potassium were measured. Twenty-five contaminants were also measured in muscle tissue of adult females. Total thiamine levels in eggs were similar between the medium and high survival groups but significantly lower in the low survival group. Eggs from the high and medium survival groups had higher levels of free thiamine and TP (P < 0.01) than eggs from the low survival group. There were no significant differences among the three groups in egg TPP. Muscle concentrations of TPP, TP, and total thiamine were similar among the three survival groups (P > 0.10). Correlations between fry survival and egg free thiamine (r = 0.61) and TP (r = 0.52) were observed. Fry survival was not correlated with adult muscle concentration of any form of thiamine or contaminant measured. Among the three groups, no differences in egg concentration were found for ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, iron, magnesium, zinc, and potassium. This research supports the hypothesis that low egg thiamine is an important factor in early mortality syndrome. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Honeyfield, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-08-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 21 BP 135 EP 145 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BL19C UT WOS:000074636200014 ER PT S AU Honeyfield, DC Fynn-Aikins, K Fitzsimons, JD Mota, JA AF Honeyfield, DC Fynn-Aikins, K Fitzsimons, JD Mota, JA BE McDonald, G Fitzsimons, JD Honeyfield, DC TI Effect of dietary amprolium on egg and tissue thiamine concentrations in lake trout SO EARLY LIFE STAGE MORTALITY SYNDROME IN FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES AND BALTIC SEA SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Early Mortality Syndrome - Reproductive Disruptions in Fish of the Great Lakes, New York Finger Lakes, and the Baltic Region CY AUG 28, 1996 CL DEARBORN, MI SP Amer Fisheries Soc AB Dietary amprolium, a thiamine antagonist, was fed to lake trout Salvelinus namaycush broodstock from April to October before spawning to determine its effect on egg and tissue concentrations of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, and thiamine pyrophosphate. The thiamine concentration of eggs from fish fed no amprolium was 61.8 nmol/g, whereas the concentration of thiamine in fish fed 0.05 and 0.10% amprolium was 4.02 and 1.71 nmol/g (P < 0.01), respectively. In lake trout fed 0.10% amprolium beginning in August, egg free thiamine concentration was reduced to 11.6 nmol/g. No sign of early mortality syndrome was observed in sac fry from eggs in this study, which suggests that thiamine concentrations in the egg were not low enough to be below a critical threshold or that factors other than thiamine are involved in early mortality syndrome. C1 US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Biol Resources Div, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. RP Honeyfield, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Res & Dev Lab, Biol Resources Div, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-08-5 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 21 BP 172 EP 177 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BL19C UT WOS:000074636200018 ER PT J AU Nose, M Iyemori, T Takeda, M Kamei, T Milling, DK Orr, D Singer, HJ Worthington, EW Sumitomo, N AF Nose, M Iyemori, T Takeda, M Kamei, T Milling, DK Orr, D Singer, HJ Worthington, EW Sumitomo, N TI Automated detection of Pi 2 pulsations using wavelet analysis: 1. Method and an application for substorm monitoring SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article ID CYCLE AB Wavelet analysis is suitable for investigating waves, such as Pi 2 pulsations, which are limited in both time and frequency. We have developed an algorithm to detect Pi 2 pulsations by wavelet analysis. We tested the algorithm and found that the results of Pi 2 detection are consistent with those obtained by visual inspection. The algorithm is applied in a project which aims at the nowcasting of substorm onsets. In this project we use real-rime geomagnetic field data. with a sampling rate of 1 second, obtained at mid- and low-latitude stations (Mineyama in Japan, the York SAMNET station in the U.K., and Boulder in the U.S.). These stations are each separated by about 120 degrees in longitude, so at least one station is on the nightside at all times. We plan to analyze the real-time data at each station using the Pi 2 detection algorithm, and to exchange the detection results among these stations via the Internet. Therefore we can obtain information about substorm onsets in real-time, even if we are on the dayside. We have constructed a system to detect Pi 2 pulsations automatically at Mineyama observatory. The detection results for the period of February to August 1996 showed that the rate of successful detection of Pi 2 pulsations was 83.4% for the nightside (18-06MLT) and 26.5% for the dayside (06-18MLT). The detection results near local midnight (20-02MLT) give the rate of successful detection of 93.2%. C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Univ York, Dept Phys, York Y010 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Coll Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Kyoto Univ, Disaster Prevent Res Inst, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RP Nose, M (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. EM nose@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp RI Nose, Masahito/B-1900-2015 OI Nose, Masahito/0000-0002-2789-3588 NR 22 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 1998 VL 50 IS 9 BP 773 EP 783 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 135CE UT WOS:000076781900006 ER PT J AU Corson, MS Mora, MA Grant, WE AF Corson, MS Mora, MA Grant, WE TI Simulating cholinesterase inhibition in birds caused by dietary insecticide exposure SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE cholinesterase inhibition; dietary insecticide exposure; ecotoxicology; bird foraging ID ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; GRASSHOPPER-CONTROL; GRANULAR INSECTICIDES; COLINUS-VIRGINIANUS; AMERICAN KESTRELS; RISK ASSESSMENT; CARBOFURAN; WILDLIFE; RESIDUES; CORN AB We describe a stochastic simulation model that simulates avian foraging in an agricultural landscape to evaluate factors affecting dietary insecticide exposure and to predict post-exposure cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. To evaluate the model, we simulated published field studies and found that model predictions of insecticide decay and ChE inhibition reasonably approximated most observed results. Sensitivity analysis suggested that foraging location usually influenced ChE inhibition more than diet preferences or daily intake rate. Although organophosphorus insecticides usually caused greater inhibition than carbamate insecticides, insecticide toxicity appeared only moderately important. When we simulated impact of heavy insecticide applications during breeding seasons of 15 wild bird species, mean maximum ChE inhibition in most species exceeded 20% at some point. At this level of inhibition, birds may experience nausea and/or may exhibit minor behavioral changes. Simulated risk peaked in April-May and August-September and was lowest in July. ChE inhibition increased with proportion of vegetation in the diet. This model, and ones like it, may help predict insecticide exposure of and sublethal ChE inhibition in grassland animals, thereby reducing dependence of ecological risk assessments on field studies alone. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Corson, MS (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, US Geol Survey, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM m-corson@tamu.edu RI Corson, Michael/A-7671-2008; OI Corson, Michael/0000-0003-4785-8971; Mora, Miguel/0000-0002-8393-0216 NR 98 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 299 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00174-9 PG 25 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZA319 UT WOS:000072351600010 ER PT J AU Jiang, SY Palmer, MR Slack, JF Shaw, DR AF Jiang, SY Palmer, MR Slack, JF Shaw, DR TI Paragenesis and chemistry of multistage tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; ALKALI-FREE TOURMALINE; PURCELL SUPERGROUP; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; COUPLED SUBSTITUTIONS; ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; ORE-DEPOSITS; MOYIE SILLS; EQUILIBRIA; ROCKS AB Detailed petrographic study, scanning electron microscope imaging, and electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag massive sulfide deposit (British Columbia, Canada) document multi pie paragenetic stages and large compositional variations. The tourmalines mainly belong to two common solid-solution series: dravite-schorl and dravite-uvite. Ca-and Fe-rich feruvite and alkali-deficient tourmalines are present locally. Products of tourmaline-forming stages include (from oldest to youngest): (I) rare Fe-rich dravite-schorl within black tourmalinite clasts in footwall fragmental rocks; (2) widespread Mg-rich, very fine grained, felted dravite in the footwall (the main type of tourmaline in the footwall tourmalinite pipe); (3) recrystallized, Fe-rich dravite-schorl (locally Ca-Fe feruvite) in the tourmalinite pipe, which preferentially occurs near postore gabbroic intrusions; (4) Mg-rich dravite or uvite associated with chlorite-pyrrhotite and chlorite-albite-pyrite-altered rocks in the shallow footwall and hanging wall; (5) discrete Mg-rich tourmaline grains associated with chlorite and discordant Mg-rich tourmaline rims which occur on disseminated Fe-rich schorl in the bedded Pb-Zn-Ag ores. The timing of rare Fe-rich schorl in the bedded ores is uncertain, but it most likely occurred during or between stages 2 and 3. The different paragenetic stages and their respective tourmaline compositions are interpreted in terms of a multistage evolution involving contributions from: (1) variable mixtures of synsedimentary, Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids and entrained seawater; (2) postore, Fe-rich, gabbro-related hydrothermal fluids; and (3) pastore metamorphic reactions. Early synsedimentary, Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids which contained little or no entrained seawater formed Fe rich black tourmalinite clasts locally in the footwall. The major type of tourmaline in the footwall tourmalinite pipe is Mg rich, recording seawater entrainment under high water/rock conditions, rather than control by the chemical composition of that original host sediments. Rare Fe-rich schorl within the bedded Pb-Zn-Ag ores is believed to have formed on the sea floor by reaction of an Fe-rich brine pool with detrital aluminous sediments. Postore emplacement of gabbro sills and local dikes in the footwall produced Fe-rich hydrothermal. fluids, which were responsible for formation of minor Fe-rich dravite-schorl which overprinted earlier dravite. Postore, but synsedimentary, hydrothermal alteration involving entrained seawater was responsible for deposition of dravite and uvite in the hanging wall and for dravite in the brown tourmalinites of the shallow footwall. Mg-rich dravite-uvite associated with chlorite and in discordant rims on schorl in the bedded ores formed by sulfide-silicate reactions during greenschist facies regional metamorphism. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Hycal Energy Res Labs, Calgary, AB T2E 6T6, Canada. RP Palmer, MR (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England. RI Palmer, Martin/I-6765-2012 OI Palmer, Martin/0000-0003-1660-3714 NR 73 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI LITTLETON PA 5808 SOUTH RAPP ST, STE 209, LITTLETON, CO 80120-1942 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 93 IS 1 BP 47 EP 67 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZA120 UT WOS:000072330900004 ER PT J AU DeAngelis, DL Gross, LJ Huston, MA Wolff, WF Fleming, DM Comiskey, EJ Sylvester, SM AF DeAngelis, DL Gross, LJ Huston, MA Wolff, WF Fleming, DM Comiskey, EJ Sylvester, SM TI Landscape modeling for everglades ecosystem restoration SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE everglades; landscape model; ecosystem model; indicator species; wetlands; computer simulation AB A major environmental restoration effort is under way that will affect the Everglades and its neighboring ecosystems in southern Florida. Ecosystem and population-level modeling is being used to help in the planning and evaluation of this restoration. The specific objective of one of these modeling approaches, the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS), is to predict the responses of a suite of higher trophic level species to several proposed alterations in Everglades hydrology. These include several species of wading birds, the snail kite, Cape Sable seaside sparrow, Florida panther, white-tailed deer, American alligator and American crocodile. ATLSS is an ecosystem landscape-modeling approach and uses Geographic Information System (GIS) vegetation data and existing hydrology models for South Florida to provide the basic landscape for these species. A method of pseudotopography provides estimates of water depths through time at 28 x 28-m resolution across the landscape of southern Florida. Hydrologic model output drives models of habitat and prey availability for the higher trophic level species. Spatially explicit, individual-based computer models simulate these species. ATLSS simulations can compare the landscape dynamic spatial pattern of the species resulting from different proposed water management strategies. Here we compare the predicted effects of one possible change in water management in South Florida with the base case of no change. Preliminary model results predict substantial differences between these alternatives in some biotic spatial patterns. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Homestead, FL 33133 USA. RP DeAngelis, DL (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Biol, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RI Huston, Michael/B-1434-2009 OI Huston, Michael/0000-0001-9513-1166 NR 25 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 6 U2 40 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 64 EP 75 DI 10.1007/s100219900006 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 115QL UT WOS:000075676100006 ER PT B AU Savage, WZ Coe, JA Varnes, DJ Godt, JW Streufert, RK AF Savage, WZ Coe, JA Varnes, DJ Godt, JW Streufert, RK BE Moore, D Hungr, O TI Movement history of the Clear Creek Forks landslide, Clear Creek County, Colorado SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of the International-Association-for-Engineering-Geology-and-the-Environment CY SEP 21-25, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Assoc Engn Geol & Environm AB The Clear Creek Forks landslide near Central City, Colorado, threatens a major highway junction in Colorado's Front Range. Movement of the landslide was first reported during the mid-1940's when highway engineers noted deformation in bridges at the base of the landslide. Displacements of fixed points on the landslide have been surveyed at various times over the past 46 years. Displacement rates ranged up to 0.6 m/yr in the early 1950's but currently appear to be decreasing or negligible. However, ongoing reconfiguration of the highway junction, and planned removal of a bridge at the base of the landslide in the spring of 1998, raises the possibility of renewed movement. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Savage, WZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-990-4 PY 1998 BP 1683 EP 1687 PG 5 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM28K UT WOS:000078260900229 ER PT B AU Barnhardt, WA Kayen, RE Dragovich, JD Palmer, SP Pringle, PT Atwater, BF AF Barnhardt, WA Kayen, RE Dragovich, JD Palmer, SP Pringle, PT Atwater, BF BE Moore, D Hungr, O TI Geology of Holocene deltas at Puget Sound, Washington SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of the International-Association-for-Engineering-Geology-and-the-Environment CY SEP 21-25, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Assoc Engn Geol & Environm ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EVOLUTION; LOWLAND; SEATTLE AB Holocene deltas at Puget Sound have been shaped not only by relative sea-level rise but also by occasional volcanism and seismicity. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), cores, and outcrops are being used to examine the deltas' stratigraphy and to infer how they will respond to future eruptions and earthquakes in the region. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Barnhardt, WA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-990-4 PY 1998 BP 1857 EP 1863 PG 7 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM28K UT WOS:000078260900255 ER PT B AU Kayen, RE Barnhardt, WA Palmer, SP AF Kayen, RE Barnhardt, WA Palmer, SP BE Moore, D Hungr, O TI Seismic stability of the Duwamish River Delta, Seattle, Washington SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of the International-Association-for-Engineering-Geology-and-the-Environment CY SEP 21-25, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Assoc Engn Geol & Environm ID LIQUEFACTION AB A highly developed commercial-industrial corridor, extending from the City of Kent to the Elliott Bay/Harbor Island marine terminal facilities, is founded on the young Holocene deposits of the Duwamish River valley. A geotechnical investigation of these river-mouth deposits indicates high initial liquefaction susceptibility during earthquakes, and possibly the potential for unlimited-strain disintegrative flow Failure. of the delta front. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Kayen, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-990-4 PY 1998 BP 1931 EP 1938 PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM28K UT WOS:000078260900265 ER PT J AU Brewer, PG Orr, FM Friederich, G Kvenvolden, KA Orange, DL AF Brewer, PG Orr, FM Friederich, G Kvenvolden, KA Orange, DL TI Gas hydrate formation in the deep sea: In situ experiments with controlled release of methane, natural gas, and carbon dioxide SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID STATE; FEASIBILITY; SEAWATER; EQUATION; DISPOSAL; BASIN; CO2 AB We have utilized a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to initiate a program of research into gas hydrate formation in the deep sea by controlled release of hydrocarbon gases and liquid CO2 into natural sea water and marine sediments. Our objectives were to investigate the formation rates and growth patterns of gas hydrates in natural systems and to assess the geochemical stability of the reaction products over time. The novel experimental procedures used the carrying capacity, imaging capability, and control mechanisms of the ROV to transport gas cylinders to depth and to open valves selectively under desired P-T conditions to release the gas either into contained natural sea water or into sediments. In experiments in Monterey Bay, California, at 910 m depth and 3.9 degrees C water temperature we find hydrate formation to be nearly instantaneous for a variety of gases. In sediments the pattern of hydrate formation is dependent on the pore size, with flooding of the pore spaces in a coarse sand yielding a hydrate cemented mass, and gas channeling in a fine-grained mud creating a veined hydrate structure. In experiments with liquid CO2 the released globules appeared to form a hydrate skin as they slowly rose in the apparatus. An initial attempt to leave the experimental material on the sea floor for an extended period was partially successful; we observed an apparent complete dissolution of the liquid CO2 mass, and an apparent consolidation of the CH4 hydrate, over a period of about 85 days. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Brewer, PG (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, POB 628, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NR 21 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1021/ef970172q PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YR751 UT WOS:000071526600024 ER PT J AU Nielsen, JL Fountain, MC Favela, JC Cobble, K Jensen, BL AF Nielsen, JL Fountain, MC Favela, JC Cobble, K Jensen, BL TI Oncorhynchus at the southern extent of their range: a study of mtDNA control-region sequence with special reference to an undescribed subspecies of O-mykiss from Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial DNA; promoter sequence; repeat units; mtDNA evolution; Rio Yaqui trout ID ANIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; TRANSFER-RNA GENES; D-LOOP REGION; MAJOR NONCODING REGION; RAINBOW-TROUT; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS; HUMAN-DISEASE; EVOLUTION AB Nucleotide sequences from the right-domain of salmonid mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region flanking the phenylalanine tRNA gene (tRNA(Phe)) were determined for 5 species and 14 subspecies of Oncorhynchus at the southern extent of their range. In all but one population, the right domain contained two 72 bp tandem repeats located between the tRNA(Phe) gene and the conserved sequence block CSB-3. At the species level we found 46-83% homology between these two repeats. The repeat closest to tRNA(Phe) contained 43% of the phylogenetically informative sites. The largest number of transversions (N = 6) were found outside of both repeat sequences. Phylogenetic inference based on mtDNA right-domain sequence was congruent with other analyses at the species level, but gave variable results in association drawn at the subspecific level. The right-domain contained three highly conserved sequences corresponding to the mtDNA transcription factor, and the heavy-and light-strand promoters. In four O. mykiss from Rio Yaqui, Mexico, the repeat containing the heavy-strand promoter (HSP) was deleted. The mtDNA HSP is responsible for transcription of the 16S and 12S rRNAs, 12 of the 13 protein-coding genes, and most of the tRNA genes. Rio Yagui trout showed no heteroplasmy or tissue specificity for this deletion. This HSP deletion suggests the possibility of a primitive transcriptional promoter with bidirectional capacity in this species, similar to that reported in avian and amphibian mtDNA. These data expand our understanding of genetic diversity in Oncorhynchus at the southern extent of their range with a knowledge of the evolutionary mechanisms that may have led to that diversity. C1 Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, US Forest Serv, USDA,PSW, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Ctr Ecol Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. San Bernardino Leslie Canyon Natl Wildlife Refuge, Douglas, AZ 85607 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dexter Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, Dexter, NM 88230 USA. RP Nielsen, JL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, US Forest Serv, USDA,PSW, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM jnielsen@leland.stanford.edu NR 96 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JAN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1 BP 7 EP 23 DI 10.1023/A:1007456529627 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YV717 UT WOS:000071855700002 ER PT J AU Hesse, ID Day, JW Doyle, TW AF Hesse, ID Day, JW Doyle, TW TI Long-term growth enhancement of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) from municipal wastewater application SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Taxodium; tree-ring analysis; dendroecology; wetlands; natural wetland wastewater treatment; long-term growth enhancement ID CYPRESS; BIOMASS; ILLINOIS; DYNAMICS; FLORIDA; RATES AB Tree ring analysis was used to document the long-term effects of municipal wastewater on the growth rate of baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.]. The study site, a swamp in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, has received municipal wastewater for the last 40 years. Growth chronologies from 1920 to 1992 were developed from cross-dated tree core samples taken from treated and control sites with similar size and age classes. Mean diameter increment (DINC) and mean basal area increment (BAI) chronologies were constructed separately for each stand. These chronologies were then summarized by tree and stand into seven nine-year intervals resulting in three pretreatment intervals from 1926 to 1952 and four treatment intervals from 1953 to 1988. Significant differences in growth response between sites showed a consistent pattern of growth enhancement in the treated site coincident with the onset of effluent discharge. The ratio of treated to control baldcypress growth rates (computed from DINC) averaged 0.74 during the pretreatment period and 1.53 during the treatment period. Over the period of study, control DINC decreased from 77 mm to 29 mm/nine-year interval, while treatment DINC increased slightly from 40 mm to 47 mm/nine-year interval. Control BAI did not increase significantly and averaged 192 cm(2)/nine-year interval. There was a significant increase in treatment BAI from 129 to 333 cm(2)/nine-year interval over the period of record. These results clearly demonstrate sustained long-term baldcypress growth enhancement throughout 40 years of municipal effluent discharge. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Coastal Energy & Environm Resources, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Hesse, ID (reprint author), 6491 Ace Ct, Longmont, CO 80503 USA. NR 47 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1007/s002679900089 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM352 UT WOS:000071055000011 ER PT J AU Wildhaber, ML Schmitt, CJ AF Wildhaber, ML Schmitt, CJ TI Indices of benthic community tolerance in contaminated Great Lakes sediments: Relations with sediment contaminant concentrations, sediment toxicity, and the sediment quality triad SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE benthic community tolerance; sediment; sediment quality triad; toxicity; toxic units ID FRESH-WATER; BIOTIC INDEX; MIXTURES; CHEMICALS; RIVER; TESTS; POLLUTION; CRITERIA AB We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls -PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T-L and T-H, respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% (T-L) and 53% (T-H) of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P > 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order-or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus-or species-) level identifications in the calculation of TL and TH indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order-and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midwest Sci Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Wildhaber, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Midwest Sci Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1 BP 23 EP 49 DI 10.1023/A:1005716111754 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YV702 UT WOS:000071854200002 ER PT J AU Nakata, H Kannan, K Jing, L Thomas, N Tanabe, S Giesy, JP AF Nakata, H Kannan, K Jing, L Thomas, N Tanabe, S Giesy, JP TI Accumulation pattern of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded along coastal California, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE sea otter; PCBs; DDTs; California; organochlorines ID DOLPHINS STENELLA-COERULEOALBA; PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR SEALS; UNITED-STATES; RESIDUES; WATERS; PCB; FISH; CAPACITY; REPRODUCTION AB Concentrations of PCBs, DDTs (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT), HCHs (alpha-, beta-, gamma-isomers), chlordanes (trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor and oxychlordiane) and HCB (hexachlorobenzene were measured in liver, kidney and brain tissues of adult southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded along coastal California, USA, during 1992-96. The contamination pattern of organochlorines in sea otters from several locations was in the order of DDTs > PCBs > > CHLs > HCHs > > HCB, whereas those from Monterey Harbor contained greater concentrations of PCBs than of DDTs. Hepatic concentrations of PCBs and DDTs were in the ranges of 58-8700 and 280-5900 ng/g, wet weight, respectively, which varied depending on the geographic location. Sea otters collected from Monterey Harbor contained the greatest concentrations of PCBs and DDTs. In general, accumulation of DDTs CHLs and PCBs was greater in kidney than in liver, whereas that of HCHs was similar in both the tissues. The gender difference in organochlorine concentrations was less than those reported in cetaceans. The composition of DDTs, HCHs and CHLs compounds in sea otter tissues indicated no recent inputs of these compounds in coastal California. Sea otters that died from infectious diseases, neoplasia and emaciation contained higher concentrations of DDTs than those that died from trauma. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Lid. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr 213, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ehime Univ, Dept Environm Conservat, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan. Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Kannan, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Zool, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr 213, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Tanabe, Shinsuke/G-6950-2013 NR 43 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00136-5 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 145XD UT WOS:000077396900007 ER PT J AU Lopes, TJ Bender, DA AF Lopes, TJ Bender, DA TI Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - relative importance of land surfaces and air SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds; VOCs; nonpoint source pollution; urban stormwater; urban air; source-water protection ID RAIN; BASE AB Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly detected in urban waters across the United States include gasoline-related compounds (e.g. toluene, xylene) and chlorinated compounds (e.g. chloroform, tetrachloroethane [PCE], trichloroethene [TCE]). Statistical analysis of observational data and results of modeling the partitioning of VOCs between air and water suggest that urban land surfaces are the primary nonpoint source of most VOCs. Urban air is a secondary nonpoint source, but could be an important source of the gasoline oxygenate methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE). Surface waters in urban areas would most effectively be protected by controlling land-surface sources. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Lopes, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. NR 40 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1998 VL 101 IS 2 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119PJ UT WOS:000075904900008 PM 15093084 ER PT J AU Hui, CA AF Hui, CA TI Elemental contaminants in the livers and ingesta of four subpopulations of the American coot (Fulica americana): an herbivorous winter migrant in San Francisco Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE birds; coots; Fulica americana; metals; San Francisco Bay; herbivory ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; MALLARD DUCKS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; HEAVY-METALS; SELENIUM; MERCURY; ACCUMULATION; BIRDS; REPRODUCTION; COMBINATION AB Water birds with diets high in animal foods in the San Francisco Bay area are exposed to trace elements that are potentially health impairing. Water birds with herbivorous diets have been less thoroughly examined. The concentrations of trace elements in the livers and the esophageal contents of an herbivorous water bird, the American coot (Fulica americana) were measured to compare levels of contaminant exposure among different locations in the Bay system and with other water birds. A total of 39 coots were collected from four sites: Napa River and Mare Island Strait in the north, Berkeley in the middle, and Coyote Creek in the south. Livers of Berkeley samples differed significantly from those of Napa River and Mare Island Strait by their greater concentrations of As and B and lower concentrations of Cu, but they seemed to be within normal ranges for birds. Otherwise the concentrations of trace elements in the livers did not differ among sites. Ingesta samples from Berkeley differed from the other sites because they tended to be higher in Al, V, and Zn. In contrast to waterfowl, livers from the herbivorous coots in San Francisco Bay showed little exposure to Cd, Hg, Pb, or Se. Coot ingesta showed few samples with measurable levels of Cd, Hg, or Se and had low levels of Pb. The herbivorous diet of coots may shield them from exposure to such elements. However, high levels of V were present in coot livers and ingesta from all four sites, suggesting adaptation to this toxic element. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, USGS, Biol Resources Div,Davis Field Stn, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. RP Hui, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, USGS, Biol Resources Div,Davis Field Stn, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. NR 50 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1998 VL 101 IS 3 BP 321 EP 329 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00060-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 125ZN UT WOS:000076267900002 ER PT J AU Poulton, BC Callahan, EV Hurtubise, RD Mueller, BG AF Poulton, BC Callahan, EV Hurtubise, RD Mueller, BG TI Effects of an oil spill on leafpack-inhabiting macroinvertebrates in the Chariton River, Missouri SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE oil spill; leaf packs; macroinvertebrates; Missouri ID CRUDE-OIL; WATER-QUALITY; STREAM; PENNSYLVANIA; MACROBENTHOS; BREAKDOWN; IMPACT AB Artificial leaf packs were used to determine the effects of an oil spill on stream macroinvertebrate communities in the Chariton River, Missouri. Plastic mesh leaf retainers with approximately 10 g of leaves from five tree species were deployed at five sites (two upstream of the spill and three downstream) immediately after the spill and one year later. Four macroinvertebrate species dominating the community at upstream sites were virtually eliminated below the spill, including the stonefly Isoperla bilineata, the caddisfly Potamyia fIava, the midge Thienemanniella xena, and blackfly larvae (Simulium sp.). Density of collector and shredder functional groups, and number of shredder taxa differed between upstream sites and the two furthest downstream sites during the 1990 sample period (Kruskal-Wallis w/Bonferroni paired comparisons, experiment wise error rate = 0.05). With one exception, no differences between sites were detected in the 1991-1992 sample period, indicating that the benthic community had at least partially recovered from the oil spill after one year. The odds of obtaining a sample with a small abundance of shredders (abundance < median) in 1990 was significantly greater downstream of the spill than upstream, and the odds of obtaining a sample with a small abundance of shredders at downstream sites was greater in 1990 than in 1991-1992. A similar pattern was observed in abundance and taxa richness of the collector functional group. No significant differences between the two sampling periods were detected at upstream sites. Observed effects appeared to be associated with oil sorption and substrate coating, creating conditions unsuitable for successful colonization. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Rt 2,4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM Barry_Poulton@usgs.gov NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 EI 1873-6424 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1998 VL 99 IS 1 BP 115 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00160-7 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZX030 UT WOS:000074473200013 PM 15093336 ER PT J AU Fabacher, DL Little, EE AF Fabacher, DL Little, EE TI Photoprotective substance occurs primarily in outer layers of fish skin SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fish; outer skin layers, fish; methanol extracts of dorsal skin layers; protection from harmful levels of UVB radiation; protective substance; UVB radiation, fish; sunburn protection, fish; UVB radiation, fish AB Methanol extracts of dorsal skin layers, eyes, gills, and livers from ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation-sensitive and UVB-tolerant species of freshwater fish were examined for a substance that appears to be photoprotective. Significantly larger amounts of this substance were found in extracts of outer dorsal skin layers from both UVB-sensitive and UVB-tolerant fish when compared with extracts of inner dorsal skin layers. This substance occurred in minor amounts or was not detected in eye, gill, and liver extracts. The apparent primary function of this substance in fish is to protect the cells in outer dorsal skin layers from harmful levels of UVB radiation. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Fabacher, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0944-1344 J9 ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R JI Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1 BP 4 EP 6 DI 10.1007/BF02986366 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZL152 UT WOS:000073404000003 PM 19002620 ER PT J AU Lerch, RN Blanchard, PE Thurman, EM AF Lerch, RN Blanchard, PE Thurman, EM TI Contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to the total atrazine load in midwestern streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; UNITED-STATES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; C-14 ATRAZINE; SOIL; WATER AB The contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs) to the total atrazine load (i.e., atrazine plus stable metabolites) in streams needs to be determined in order to fully assess the impact of atrazine contamination on stream ecosystems and human health. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the contribution of HAD Ps to the total atrazine load in streams of nine midwestern states and (2) to discuss the mechanisms controlling the concentrations of HADPs in streams. Stream samples were collected from 95 streams in northern Missouri at preplant and postplant of 1994 and 1995, and an additional 46 streams were sampled in eight midwestern states at postplant of 1995. Samples were analyzed for atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and three HADPs. Overall, HADP prevalence (i.e., frequency of detection) ranged from 87 to 100% for hydroxyatrazine (HA), 0 to 58% for deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), and 0% for deisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DIHA) with method detection limits of 0.04-0.10 mu g L-1. Atrazine metabolites accounted for nearly 60% of the atrazine load in northern Missouri streams at preplant, with HA the predominant metabolite present. Data presented in this study and a continuous monitoring study are used to support the hypothesis that a combination of desorption from stream sediments and dissolved-phase transport control HADP concentrations in streams. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Organ Geochem Res Grp, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Lerch, RN (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 51 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 40 EP 48 DI 10.1021/es970447g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP503 UT WOS:000071284200028 ER PT J AU Pomes, ML Thurman, EM Aga, DS Goolsby, DA AF Pomes, ML Thurman, EM Aga, DS Goolsby, DA TI Evaluation of microtiter-plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the analysis of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in rainfall SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; IMMUNOASSAY; PESTICIDES; ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR; METABOLITE AB Triazine and chloroacetanilide concentrations in rainfall samples collected from a 23-state region of the United States were analyzed with microtiter-plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thirty-six percent of rainfall samples (2072 out of 5691) were confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (CC/MS) to evaluate the operating performance of ELISA as a screening test. Comparison of ELISA to GC/MS results showed that the two ELISA methods accurately reported GC/MS results (m = 1), but with more variability evident with the triazine than with the chloroacetanilide ELISA, Bayes's rule, a standardized method to report the results of screening tests, indicated that the two ELISA methods yielded comparable predictive values (80%), but the triazine ELISA yielded a false-positive rate of 11.8% and the chloroacetanilide ELISA yielded a false-negative rate of 23.1%. The false-positive rate for the triazine ELISA may arise from cross reactivity with an unknown triazine or metabolite. The false-negative rate of the chloroacetanilide ELISA probably resulted from a combination of low sensitivity at the reporting limit of 0.15 mu g/L and a distribution characterized by 75% of the samples at or below the reporting limit of 0.15 mu ug/L. C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Pomes, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Pl, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 163 EP 168 DI 10.1021/es970462l PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YP503 UT WOS:000071284200045 ER PT S AU Hurtubise, RD Little, EE Havel, JE AF Hurtubise, RD Little, EE Havel, JE BE Little, EE Greenberg, BM DeLonay, AJ TI Methods for assessing the impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on aquatic invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: SEVENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Symposium on Toxicology and Risk Assessment - Ultraviolet Radiation and the Environment CY APR 07-09, 1997 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP ASRM Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE UV-B radiation; invertebrates; solar simulator; spectroradiometer AB A standard methodology for assessing the impacts of simulated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) on aquatic invertebrates was established. A solar simulator was used to expose a variety of aquatic invertebrates to different levels of UV-B. The simulator was calibrated as close as possible to match local ambient solar radiation measured in and out of water with a scanning spectroradiometer. A series of repeated exposures were conducted to determine the effects of UV-B on two species of Ceriodaphnia. Survivorship of C. reticulata declined with increasing UV-B with 100% mortality occurring after four daily 5 hr exposures to a UV-B irradiance that was 14% of ambient sunlight (40.8 mu W/cm(2)) and 70% mortality for C., dubia after seven days of an exposure to 5% of ambient (14.5 mu W/cm(2)). Significant reductions in fertility (#young/adult) was observed in both low and high light adapted individuals with low light individuals appearing to be more sensitive. This methodology allowed us to make comparisons to natural conditions in aquatic habitats and to make risk assessments for individual species. C1 USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Hurtubise, RD (reprint author), USGS, Environm & Contaminants Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2479-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1998 VL 1333 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1520/STP12153S PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL01M UT WOS:000074052200003 ER PT S AU Lopes, TJ Furlong, ET Pritt, JW AF Lopes, TJ Furlong, ET Pritt, JW BE Little, EE Greenberg, BM DeLonay, AJ TI Occurrence and distribution of semivolatile organic compounds in stream bed sediments, United States, 1992-95 SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: SEVENTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Symposium on Toxicology and Risk Assessment - Ultraviolet Radiation and the Environment CY APR 07-09, 1997 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP ASRM Comm E 47 Biol Effects & Environm Fate DE semivolatiles; PAH; phthalate; phenol; bed sediment; urban AB Bed-sediment samples from streams were collected from 443 sites in 19 major river basins during 1992-95 and analyzed for semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to assess the occurrence and distribution of selected hydrophobic contaminants. Forty SVOCs were detected in more than 5 percent of samples. Of these 40 SVOCs, 27 were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5 were azaarenes, 5 were phthalates, 2 were phenols, and 1 was a quinone. Statistically higher concentrations of the sum of PAHs, azaarenes, and phthalates were measured in samples from urban drainage basins in comparison to other land uses. The frequency of detection and concentrations of PAHs, azaarenes, and phthalates were highest in the northeastern part and lowest in the western part of the United States. Concentrations of the sum of PAHs and sum of phthalates had statistically significant, but weak, correlations with toxic releases to air, population density, and urban land use. Urban activities could be significant sources and the atmosphere could be a significant transport mechanism affecting the distribution of certain SVOCs. C1 US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Lopes, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2479-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1998 VL 1333 BP 105 EP 119 DI 10.1520/STP12158S PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL01M UT WOS:000074052200008 ER PT B AU Signell, RP Knebel, HJ List, JH Farris, AS AF Signell, RP Knebel, HJ List, JH Farris, AS BE Spaulding, ML Blumberg, AF TI Physical processes affecting the sedimentary environments of Long Island Sound SO ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling CY OCT 22-24, 1997 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA AB A modeling study was undertaken to simulate the bottom tidal-, wave-, and wind-driven currents in Long Island Sound in order to provide a general physical oceanographic framework for understanding the characteristics and distribution of seafloor sedimentary environments. Tidal currents are important in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, where a strong gradient of tidal-current speed was found. This current gradient parallels the general westward progression of sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. Wave-driven currents, meanwhile, appear to be important along the shallow margins of the basin, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in regions where tidal currents alone are not strong enough to move sediment. Finally, westerly wind events are shown to locally enhance bottom currents along the axial depression of the Sound, providing a possible explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found in the depression despite tide- and wave-induced currents below the threshold of sediment movement. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Signell, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0350-3 PY 1998 BP 400 EP 412 PG 13 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BP58L UT WOS:000085572100028 ER PT J AU Guo, RY Evans, HT Bhalla, AS AF Guo, RY Evans, HT Bhalla, AS TI Crystal structure analysis and polarization mechanisms of ferroelectric tetragonal tungsten bronze lead barium niobate SO FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Williamsburg Workshop on Ferroelectrics CY FEB 02-05, 1997 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA SP USN, Off Naval Res, Univ Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Gordon Breach Sci Publ SA DE tungsten bronze lead; barium niobate ID MORPHOTROPIC PHASE-BOUNDARY; SINGLE-CRYSTALS AB Lead barium niobate single crystals of the composition Pb0.596Ba0.404Nb2.037O6, near the tetragonal: orthorhombic morphotropic phase boundary with tetragonal symmetry at room temperature, were the subject of this study. The crystallographic details, including the ionic coordination, the site occupancies and the thermal anisotropy of a lead-containing tetragonal tungsten bronze crystal are determined. This paper reports the structural refinement results, the site-preference by cations and vacancies, the macroscopic polarization properties derived from the cation displacement, and the apparent valences determined by the bonding distance. Unlike other non-lead-containing ferroelectric tungsten bronzes, significant polarization contribution can be attributed to cations (Pb2+ and Ba2+) at the A2-site. Large anisotropic thermal coefficients found for cations at the A2-site further strengthens the local polarization fluctuation model and suggests the local polarization components are perpendicular to the mirror plane along the [110] direction. C1 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Guo, RY (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0015-0193 J9 FERROELECTRICS JI Ferroelectrics PY 1998 VL 206 IS 1-4 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1080/00150199808009155 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA ZH787 UT WOS:000073147600012 ER PT B AU Lorah, MM Olsen, LD AF Lorah, MM Olsen, LD BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation of chlorinated solvents in a freshwater wetland SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 3: NATURAL ATTENUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB Maximum potential biodegradation rates for trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethene (tDCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) were measured under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in laboratory microcosms constructed of sediment and ground water from a freshwater wetland at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The first-order anaerobic biodegradation rate for TCE was 0.10 day(-1) under methanogenic conditions and 0.045 day(-1) under sulfate-reducing conditions. Anaerobic daughter products cDCE, tDCE, and VC also degraded rapidly and decreased to below detection levels within 34 days under methanogenic conditions. In aerobic microcosms, biodegradation occurred as cometabolism by methanotrophs, and was fastest for VC, slower for tDCE and cDCE, and not observed for TCE. Aerobic biodegradation rates for cDCE, tDCE, and VC were as high as those measured for TCE under anaerobic conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Lorah, MM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-058-6 PY 1998 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BL54S UT WOS:000075846300005 ER PT B AU Lee, RW Jones, SA Kuniansky, EL Harvey, GJ Eberts, SM AF Lee, RW Jones, SA Kuniansky, EL Harvey, GJ Eberts, SM BE Wickramanayake, GB Hinchee, RE TI Phreatophyte influence on reductive dechlorination in a shallow aquifer containing TCE SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED AND RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS, VOL 4: BIOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL MONTEREY, CA AB A field demonstration designed to remediate aerobic shallow ground water (less than 12 ft (3.7 m) deep) containing trichloroethene (TCE) using eastern cottonwood trees (phreatophytes) began in April 1996 at the Naval Air Station, Fort Worth, Tex. Eighteen months after planting the trees, chemical data from ground water indicated concentrations of dissolved oxygen decreased slightly beneath the trees. Changes in concentrations of TCE and its degradation products since 1996 were not measurable, indicating that tree roots had not yet affected ground-water geochemical conditions sufficiently to promote microbially mediated reductive dechlorination. However, TCE is degrading in shallow ground water beneath a mature 19-year old cottonwood tree about 200 ft (61 m) southwest of the cottonwood plantings. A microbially mediated iron-reducing environment capable of degrading TCE has developed from low molecular weight organic acids entering the aquifer from decaying roots or root exudates of the mature cottonwood tree. As the planted cottonwood trees establish more mature root systems, associated microbial activity should flourish, creating reducing environments in the shallow aquifer that could promote reductive dechlorination of the dissolved TCE, similar to the ground-water environment beneath the mature cottonwood tree. C1 US Geol Survey, Austin, TX USA. RP Lee, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Austin, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-059-4 PY 1998 BP 263 EP 268 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Microbiology; Toxicology GA BL54T UT WOS:000075848500042 ER PT B AU Kynard, B AF Kynard, B BE Jungwirth, M Schmutz, S Weiss, S TI Twenty-two years of passing shortnose sturgeon in fish lifts on the Connecticut River: What has been learned? SO FISH MIGRATION AND FISH BYPASSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fish Migration and Fish Bypasses CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Univ Agr Sci, Dept Hydrobiol Fisheries & Aquaculture DE fish passage; sturgeon passage; sturgeon behaviour AB The shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum population in the Connecticut River has been physically separated into upstream and lower river groups by Holyoke Dam at river km 140 since 1849. Some lower river pre-spawning adults annually migrate to the dam, enter fish lifts and are passed upriver. I examined the passage pattern of 97 migrants lifted from 1975 to 1996. The annual number of fish passed was 0-16 (mean = 4.4, SE = 0.86, mode and median = 4 ind yr(-1)). Then was no trend in annual abundance during the 22 year period. Most fish (N = 67) were lifted individually during a day. Adults were passed each month that the lift operated (April-October). Fish were lifted at water temperatures of 10 to 27 degrees C, with 86% lifted between 12 and 23 degrees C, River discharge map affect when fish migrate upstream, or enter the lift, or both, e.g. 60 of 71 dates that fish passed were within 23 days (mean = 8.5 days, 95% CI = 6.9-10.2 days) following a river discharge > 600 m(3)s(-1). Most fish entered during decreasing discharge of 200-450 m(3)s(-1) (mean = 312 m(3)s(-1)). Fish were passed by the spillway lift where water depth at the entrance is more shallow than at the tailrace lift entrance. Shortnose sturgeon passage can be enhanced by improving the approach route to the spillway lift, lifting migrants during late May-October when fish are in good physiological condition, increasing lift frequency and attraction flow during summer and fall, and increasing efforts to pass fish within 10 days following natural discharge that exceeds 600 m(3)s(-1). C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Turners Falls, MA USA. RP Kynard, B (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Turners Falls, MA USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU FISHING NEWS BOOKS LTD PI FARNHAM PA FARNHAM, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 0-85238-253-7 PY 1998 BP 255 EP 264 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BQ63M UT WOS:000089018500020 ER PT B AU Odeh, M Orvis, C AF Odeh, M Orvis, C BE Jungwirth, M Schmutz, S Weiss, S TI Downstream fish passage design considerations and developments at hydroelectric projects in the north-east USA SO FISH MIGRATION AND FISH BYPASSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fish Migration and Fish Bypasses CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Univ Agr Sci, Dept Hydrobiol Fisheries & Aquaculture DE downstream fish passage; passage design; design criteria; north-eastern USA ID WATER TEMPERATURE; MIGRATIONS AB As water wheels at mills in the north-eastern United States have been replaced with more modern turbine generators, the need to protect downstream migrating fishes has increased. To protect and guide fish from entrainment, devices such as closely spaced bar racks (angled or straight), louvres, curtain walls and netting have been used. Breaches, weirs, notches, chutes, pipes, multiple entrances and plunge pools are other features considered in the design development of downstream fish passage facilities. Critical elements of the design process include flow approach, attraction flow, behavioural guidance devices, bypass location, conveyance mechanism and plunge pool conditions. This chapter discusses the developments in design criteria for downstream fish passage facilities at hydroelectric sites in the north-east part of the USA. Targeted anadromous species include Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, American shad Alosa sapidissima, blueback herring Alosa aestivalis, and alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, Bioengineering perspectives on the design criteria, type of fish protection used and examples of existing facilities are offered. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA USA. RP Odeh, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Turners Falls, MA USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU FISHING NEWS BOOKS LTD PI FARNHAM PA FARNHAM, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 0-85238-253-7 PY 1998 BP 267 EP 280 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BQ63M UT WOS:000089018500021 ER PT B AU Coggins, LG Quinn, TJ AF Coggins, LG Quinn, TJ BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI A simulation study of the effects of aging error and sample size on sustained yield estimates SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID SEQUENTIAL POPULATION ANALYSIS; AGE DATA; CATCH; RECRUITMENT; MORTALITY; OTOLITH; GROWTH AB A Monte Carlo simulation model of an exploited age-structured fish population was constructed to evaluate the effects of sampling and aging the catch on estimates of population parameters from catch-age analysis and resultant estimates of sustained yield. Aging error, error in the annual catch estimates, and error in the annual survey exploitable abundance estimates were included in the simulation. Three sets of simulation runs were conducted among small(100), medium (300), and large (900) sample sizes to estimate the catch-at-age composition. The simulation included five reader types with differing aging abilities resulting in a total of five catch-at-age compositions evaluated for each program replication. Sustained yield estimates from 1,000 replications of each reader type were compared to true sustained yield. Aging bias and imprecision had dramatic effects on estimated sustained yield: positive aging bias and imprecision generally caused underestimation of sustained yield, while negative aging bias caused overestimation of sustained yield. These results suggest that this component in stock assessment deserves greater attention in planning and practice. In addition, increases in sample size resulted in increased precision in sustained yield estimates only if the catch-at-age composition was estimated using a precise and unbiased reader type. While this evaluation was based on the Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) population within the Gulkana River in Alaska, the simulation model can be used for a variety of sport fish populations; a diskette and user manual are available. C1 USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Coggins, LG (reprint author), USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1101 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 955 EP 975 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100053 ER PT B AU Neuzil, CE Belitz, K AF Neuzil, CE Belitz, K GP OECD OECD TI Fracture control of the hydrology of the North American midcontinental Cretaceous shales SO FLUID FLOW THROUGH FAULTS AND FRACTURES IN ARGILLACEOUS FORMATIONS SE OECD PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint NEA/EC Workshop on Fluid Flow Through Faults and Fractures in Argillaceous Formations CY JUN 10-12, 1996 CL NATL COOPERAT DISPOSAL RADIOACT WASTE, BERN, SWITZERLAND SP Joint Nucl Energy Agcy, European Comm HO NATL COOPERAT DISPOSAL RADIOACT WASTE ID PRESSURES C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22090 USA. RP Neuzil, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22090 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-16021-3 J9 OECD PROC PY 1998 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Geology; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BP56C UT WOS:000085492600013 ER PT S AU Parrett, C AF Parrett, C GP NRC TI Regionalization of precipitation characteristics in Montana using L-moments SO GENERAL DESIGN AND ROADSIDE SAFETY FEATURES SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board ID STATISTICS AB Dimensionless precipitation-frequency curves for estimating precipitation depths having small exceedance probabilities were developed for 2-, 6-, and 24-hour storm durations for three homogeneous regions in Montana. L-moment statistics were used to help define the homogeneous regions. The generalized extreme value distribution was used to construct the frequency curves for each duration within each region. The effective record length for each duration in each region was estimated using a graphical method and was found to range from 500 years for B-hour duration data in Region 2 to 5,100 years for 24-hour duration data in Region 3. The temporal characteristics of storms were analyzed, and methods for estimating synthetic storm hyetographs were developed. Dimensionless depth-duration data were grouped by independent duration (2, 6, and 24 hours) and by region, and the beta distribution was fit to dimensionless depth data for various incremental time intervals. Ordinary least-squares regression was used to develop relations between dimensionless depths for a key, short duration-termed the kernel duration-and dimensionless depths for other durations. The regression relations were used, together with the probabilistic dimensionless depth data for the kernel duration, to calculate dimensionless depth-duration curves for exceedance probabilities from .1 to .9. Dimensionless storm hyetographs for each independent duration in each region were constructed for median value conditions based on an exceedance probability of .5. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Helena, MT 59626 USA. RP Parrett, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Fed Bldg,Drawer 10076, Helena, MT 59626 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-06519-4 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 1998 IS 1647 BP 43 EP 52 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation SC Engineering; Transportation GA BN48Y UT WOS:000082030600006 ER PT J AU Pasteris, JD Chou, IM AF Pasteris, JD Chou, IM TI Fluid-deposited graphitic inclusions in quartz: Comparison between KTB (German continental deep-drilling) core samples and artificially reequilibrated natural inclusions SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; DIAMOND GROWTH; RE-EQUILIBRATION; BOHEMIAN MASSIF; HYDROGEN; PRESSURE; SYSTEM; SPECTROSCOPY AB We used Raman microsampling spectroscopy (RMS) to determine the degree of crystallinity of minute (2-15 mu m) graphite inclusions in quartz in two sets of samples: experimentally reequilibrated fluid inclusions in a natural quartz grain and biotite-bearing paragneisses from the KTB deep drillhole in SE Germany. Our sequential reequilibration experiments at 725 degrees C on initially pure CO2 inclusions in a quartz wafer and the J. Krautheim (1993) experiments at 900-1100 degrees C on organic compounds heated in gold or platinum capsules suggest that, at a given temperature, (1) fluid-deposited graphite will have a lower crystallinity than metamorphosed organic matter and (2) that the crystallinity of fluid-deposited graphite is affected by the composition of the fluid from which it was deposited. We determined that the precipitation of more-crystalline graphite is favored by lower fH(2) (higher fO(2)), and that the crystallinity of graphite is established by the conditions (including gas fugacities) that pertain as the fluid first reaches graphite saturation. Graphite inclusions within quartz grains in the KTB rocks show a wide range in crystallinity index, reflecting three episodes of carbon entrapment under different metamorphic conditions. Isolated graphite inclusions have the spectral properties of totally ordered, completely crystalline graphite. Such crystallinity suggests that the graphite was incorporated from the surrounding metasedimentary rocks, which underwent metamorphism at upper amphibolite-facies conditions. Much of the fluid-deposited graphite in fluid inclusions, however, shows some spectral disorder. The properties of that graphite resemble those of experimental precipitates at temperatures in excess of 700 degrees C and at elevated pressures, suggesting that the inclusions represent precipitates from C-O-H fluids trapped under conditions near those of peak metamorphism at the KTB site. In contrast, graphite that is intimately associated with chlorite and other (presumably low-temperature) silicates in inclusions is highly disordered and spectrally resembles kerogens. This graphite probably was deposited during later greenschist-facies retrograde metamorphism at about 400-500 degrees C. The degree of crystallinity of fluid-deposited graphite is shown to be a much more complex function of temperature than is the crystallinity of metamorphic graphite. To some extent, experiments can provide temperature-calibration of the crystallinity index. However, the difference in time scales between experimental runs and geologic processes makes it difficult to infer specific temperatures for naturally precipitated graphite. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 955, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Pasteris, JD (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NR 61 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 109 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00322-0 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZA736 UT WOS:000072395700010 ER PT J AU White, AF Blum, AE Schulz, MS Vivit, DV Stonestrom, DA Larsen, M Murphy, SF Eberl, D AF White, AF Blum, AE Schulz, MS Vivit, DV Stonestrom, DA Larsen, M Murphy, SF Eberl, D TI Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-term versus short-term weathering fluxes SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL SOLUTION; MASS BALANCE; RAIN-FOREST; RATES; CHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION; DISSOLUTION AB The pristine Rio Icacos watershed in the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico has the fastest documented weathering rate of silicate rocks on the Earth's surface. A regolith propagation rate of 58 m Ma(-1), calculated from iso-volumetric saprolite formation from quartz diorite, is comparable to the estimated denudation rate (25-50 Ma(-1)) but is an order of magnitude faster than the global average weathering rate (6 Ma(-1)). Weathering occurs in two distinct environments; plagioclase and hornblende react at the saprock interface and biotite and quartz weather in the overlying thick saprolitic regolith. These environments produce distinctly different water chemistries, with K, Mg, and Si increasing linearly with depth in saprolite porewaters and with stream waters dominated by Ca, Na, and Si. Such differences are atypical of less intense weathering in temperate watersheds. Porewater chemistry in the shallow regolith is controlled by closed-system recycling of inorganic nutrients such as K. Long-term elemental fluxes through the regolith (e.g., Si = 1.7 x 10(-8)moles m(-2) s(-1)) are calculated from mass losses based on changes in porosity and chemistry between the regolith and bedrock and from the age of the regolith surface (200 Ma). Mass losses attributed to solute fluxes are determined using a step-wise infiltration model which calculates mineral inputs to the shallow and deep saprolite porewaters and to stream water. Pressure heads decrease with depth in the shallow regolith (-2.03 m H(2)O m(-1)), indicating that both increasing capillary tension and graviometric potential control porewater;infiltration. Interpolation of experimental hydraulic conductivities produces an infiltration rate of 1 m yr(-1) at average field moisture saturation which is comparable with LiBr tracer tests and with base discharge from the watershed. Short term weathering fluxes calculated from solute chemistries and infiltration rates (e.g., Si = 1.4 x 10(-8) moles m(-2) s(-1)) are compared to watershed flux rates (e.g., Si = 2.7 x 10(-8) moles m(-2) s(-1)). Consistency between three independently determined sets of weathering fluxes imply that possible changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation over the last several hundred thousand years have not significantly impacted weathering rates in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. This has important ramifications for tropical environments and global climate change. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Guaynabo, PR USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP White, AF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Stonestrom, David/E-9125-2011; OI Stonestrom, David/0000-0001-7883-3385; Schulz, Marjorie/0000-0001-5597-6447 NR 82 TC 208 Z9 212 U1 4 U2 52 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 209 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00335-9 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB828 UT WOS:000072512100003 ER PT J AU Murphy, SF Brantley, SL Blum, AE White, AF Dong, HL AF Murphy, SF Brantley, SL Blum, AE White, AF Dong, HL TI Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo mountains, Puerto Rico: II. Rate and mechanism of biotite weathering SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID DISSOLUTION RATES; SILICATE MINERALS; KINETICS; TRANSMISSION; TEMPERATURE; PHLOGOPITE; OCEANS; ROCKS; MICAS; SOILS AB Samples of soil, saprolite, bedrock, and porewater from a lower montane wet forest, the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) in Puerto Rico, were studied to investigate the rates and mechanisms of biotite weathering. The soil profile, at the top of a ridge in the Rio Icacos watershed, consists of a 50-100-cm thick layer of unstructured soil above a 600-800 cm thick saprolite developed on quartz diorite. The only minerals present in significant concentration within the soil and saprolite are biotite, quartz, kaolinite, and iron oxides. Biotite is the only primary silicate releasing significant K and Mg to porewaters. Although biotite in samples of the quartz diorite bedrock is extensively chloritized, chlorite is almost entirely absent in the saprolite phyllosilicates. Phyllosilicate grains are present as 200-1000 mu m wide books below about 50 cm depth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analyses indicate that the phyllosilicate grains contain a core of biotite surrounded by variable amounts of kaolinite. Lattice fringe images under transmission electron microscope (TEM) show single layers of biotite altering to two layers of kaolinite, suggesting dissolution of biotite and precipitation of kaolinite at discrete boundaries. Some single 14-Angstrom layers are also observed in the biotite under TEM. The degree of kaolinitization of individual phyllosilicate grains as observed by TEM decreases with depth in the saprolite. This TEM work is the first such microstructural evidence of epitaxial growth of kaolinite onto biotite during alteration in low-temperature environments. The rate of release of Mg in the profile, calculated as a flux through the soil normalized per watershed land area, is approximately 500 mol hectare(-1) yr(-1) (1.6 x 10(-9) mol(Mg) M-soil(-2) s(-1)). This rate is similar to the flux estimated from Mg discharge out the Rio Icacos (1000 mol hectare(-1) yr(-1), or 3.5 x 10(-9) mol(Mg) m(soil)(-2) s(-1)), indicating that scaling up from the soil to the watershed is possible for Mg release. The rate of Mg release from biotite, normalized to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, is calculated using a mass balance equation which includes the density and volume of phyllosilicate grains, porewater chemistry and flux, and soil porosity. The mean rates of biotite weathering calculated from K and Mg release rates are approximately 6 and 11 x 10(-16) mol(biotite) m(biotite)(-2) s(-1) respectively, significantly slower than laboratory rates (10(-12) to 10(-11) mol(biotite) m(biotite)(-2) s(-1)). The discrepancy in scaling down from the soil to the laboratory is probably explained by (1) differences in weathering mechanism between the two environments, (2) higher solute concentrations in soil porewaters, (3) loss of reactive surface area of biotite in the saprolite due to kaolinite and iron oxide coatings, and/or (4) unaccounted-for heterogeneities in flow path through the soil. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94301 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Murphy, SF (reprint author), Shepherd Miller Inc, 3801 Automat Way,Suite 100, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 60 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 2 BP 227 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00336-0 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB828 UT WOS:000072512100004 ER PT J AU Steig, EJ Fitzpatrick, JJ Potter, N Clark, DH AF Steig, EJ Fitzpatrick, JJ Potter, N Clark, DH TI The geochemical record in rock glaciers SO GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A-PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ICE CORE; MORPHOLOGY; ANTARCTICA; MODELS AB A 9.5 m ice core was extracted from beneath the surficial debris cover of a rock glacier at Galena Creek, northwestern Wyoming. The core contains clean, bubble-rich ice with silty debris lavers spaced at roughly 20 cm intervals. The debris layers are similar in appearance to those in typical alpine glaciers, reflecting concentration of debris by melting at the surface during the summer ablation season. Profiles of stable isotope concentrations and electrical conductivity measurements provide independent evidence for melting in association with debris layers. These observations are consistent with a glacial origin for the ice, substantiating the glacigenic model for rock glacier formation. The deuterium excess profile in the ice indicates that the total depth of meltwater infiltration is less than the thickness of one annual layer, suggesting that isotope values and other geochemical signatures are preserved at annual resolution. This finding demonstrates the potential for obtaining useful paleoclimate information from rock glacier ice. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Dickinson Coll, Dept Geol, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Steig, EJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Steig, Eric/G-9088-2015 OI Steig, Eric/0000-0002-8191-5549 NR 53 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0435-3676 J9 GEOGR ANN A JI Geogr. Ann. Ser. A-Phys. Geogr. PY 1998 VL 80A IS 3-4 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.1111/j.0435-3676.1998.00043.x PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geology SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 209YQ UT WOS:000081078100010 ER PT J AU Cecil, LD Green, JR Vogt, S Michel, R Cottrell, G AF Cecil, LD Green, JR Vogt, S Michel, R Cottrell, G TI Isotopic composition of ice cores and meltwater from upper fremont glacier and Galena Creek rock glacier, Wyoming SO GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A-PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA AB Meltwater runoff from glaciers can result from various sources,including recent precipitation and melted glacial ice. Determining the origin of the meltwater from glaciers through isotopic analysis can provide information about such things as the character and distribution of ablation on glaciers. A 9.4 m ice core and meltwater were collected in 1995 and 1996 at the glacigenic Galena Creek rock glacier in Wyoming's Absaroka Mountains. Measurements of chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3). sulphur-35 (S-35), and delta oxygen-18 (delta(18)O) were compared to similar measurements from an ice core taken from the Upper Fremont Glacier in the Wind River Range of Wyoming collected in 1991-95. Meltwater samples from three sites on the rock glacier yielded Cl-36 concentrations that ranged from 2.1+/-1.0x10(6) to 5.8+/-0.3x10(6) atoms/l. The ice-core Cl-36 concentrations from Galena Creek ranged from 3.4+/-0.3x10(5) to 1.0+/-0.1x10(6) atoms/l. Analysis of an ice core from the Upper Fremont Glacier yielded Cl-36 concentrations of 12+/-0.2x10(6) and 5.2+/-0.2x10(6) atoms/l for pre-1940 ice and between 2x10(6) and 3x10(6) atoms/l for post-1980 ice. Purdue's PRIME Lab analyzed the ice from the Upper Fremont Glacier. The highest concentration of Cl-36 in the ice was 77+/-2x10(6) atoms/l and was deposited during the peak of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the late 1950s. This is an order of magnitude greater than the largest measured concentration from both the Upper Fremont Glacier ice core that was not affected by weapons testing fallout and the ice core collected from the Galena Creek rock glacier. Tritium concentrations from the rock glacier ranged from 9.2+/-0.6 to 13.2+/-0.8 tritium units (TU) in the meltwater to -1.3+/-1.3 TU in the ice core. Concentrations of H-3 in the Upper Fremont Glacier ice core ranged from 0 TU in the ice older than 50 years to 6-12 TU in the ice deposited in the last 10 years. The maximum H-3 concentration in ice from the Upper Fremont Glacier deposited in the early 1960s during peak weapons testing fallout for this isotope was 360 TU. One meltwater sample from the rock glacier was analyzed for S-35 with a measured concentration of 5.4+/-1.0 millibecquerel per liter (mBeq/l). Modern precipitation in the Rocky Mountains contains 35S from 10 to 40 mBeq/L. The delta(18)O results in meltwater from the Galena Creek rock glacier (-17.40+/-0.1 to -17.98+/-0.1 per mil) are similar to results for modem precipitation in the Rocky Mountains. Comparison of these isotopic concentrations from the two glaciers suggest that the meltwater at the Galena Creek site is composed mostly of melted snow and rain that percolates through the rock debris that covers the glacier. Additionally, this water from the rock debris is much younger (less than two years) than the reported age of about 2000 years for the subsurface ice at the mid-glacier coring site. Thus the meltwater from the Galena Creek rock glacier is composed primarily of melted surface snow and rain water rather than melted glacier ice, supporting previous estimates of slow ablation rates beneath the surface debris of the rock glacier. C1 US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. US Geol Survey, Arvada, CO USA. RP Cecil, LD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0435-3676 J9 GEOGR ANN A JI Geogr. Ann. Ser. A-Phys. Geogr. PY 1998 VL 80A IS 3-4 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.1111/j.0435-3676.1998.00044.x PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geology SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 209YQ UT WOS:000081078100011 ER PT J AU Blanc, EJP Blanc-Aletru, MC Mojon, PO AF Blanc, EJP Blanc-Aletru, MC Mojon, PO TI Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in the uppermost Aptian to lowermost Albian transgressive deposits of the Chihuahua basin (Mexico) SO GEOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU LA English DT Article DE late Aptian; early Albian; Chihuahua basin; eustacy; liquidization; fluvio-lacustrine deposits; marine deposits; pedogenesis; rifting; sedimentology; seismites; soft-sediment deformation structures; stratigraphy; tidal deposits ID YOUNG LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS AB Several levels of soft-sediment deformation structures (s.-s.d.s.) cut by synsedimentary normal faults have been observed in the transition beds between the "Las Vigas" and "La Virgen" formations (Cretaceous) in the northeastern part of the Chihuahua basin in Mexico. These structures consisted of four kinds of motifs (floating breccias, flame-like structures, large pillow structures, and wavy structures). They are restricted to five "stratigraphic" levels (Sigma 1-Sigma 5) and surrounded by undeformed beds in fluvio-lacustrine and tidal deposits and can be traced over a distance of several hundred meters. This deformation is interpreted to have resulted from the combined effects of liquidization and shear stress in soft-sediments due to local earthquakes in the area which could have been generated during the rifting stage of the Chihuahua basin. New constraints placed on the age of the "Las Vigas" Formation (bracketed by Late Aptian charophytes at the bottom and colomiellids of late Aptian to earliest Albian age at the top) suggest that this synrift tectonism lasted at least until the end of the Aptian. C1 Inst Dolomieu, F-38031 Grenoble, France. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Blanc, EJP (reprint author), Cambridge Arctic Shelf Programme, W Bldg Gravel Hill,Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0DJ, England. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0016-7835 J9 GEOL RUNDSCH JI Geol. Rundsch. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 86 IS 4 BP 875 EP 883 DI 10.1007/s005310050182 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YX082 UT WOS:000072004600009 ER PT J AU Wilson, CJN Hildreth, W AF Wilson, CJN Hildreth, W TI Hybrid fall deposits in the Bishop Tuff, California: A novel pyroclastic depositional mechanism SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASAL LAYERED DEPOSITS; SURGE PROCESSES; ARIZONA; USA AB Hybrid fall deposits in the Bishop Tuff show features common to both archetypal fall and surge deposits, Like normal-fall deposits, they have an overall plane-parallel bedding and flat-lying pumice clasts but also, like surge deposits, they show variable development of cross-bedding, some crystal and pumice sorting, and some rounding of pumice clasts, All variations exist from normal-fall deposits, through streaky material with incipient development of cross-bedding, to the hybrid fall deposits with well-developed cross-bedding, The streaky and hybrid deposits are interpreted as fall material contemporaneously redeposited by strong (up to 40 m/s) swirling winds, comparable to firestorm whirlwinds, generated by air currents associated with coeval emplacement of pyroclastic flows, Recognition of ha;brid fall deposits is important in interpreting the dynamics of explosive eruptions and correctly assessing volcanic hazards, However, although such deposits may be commonly produced by explosive eruptions, especially where pyroclastic flows accompany fall activity, they are likely to be overlooked, or wrongly interpreted as surge deposits or secondary, reworked material. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Taupo 2730, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Wilson, CJN (reprint author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 2730, New Zealand. RI Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011 OI Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 7 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 7 EP 10 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0007:HFDITB>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YR155 UT WOS:000071465600002 ER PT J AU Liu, HP Warrick, RE AF Liu, HP Warrick, RE TI Effect of cable capacitance on in-situ borehole geophone calibration SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Western Earthquake Hazards Team, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Liu, HP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Earthquake Hazards Team, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 63 IS 1 BP 18 EP 24 DI 10.1190/1.1444312 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YU382 UT WOS:000071711500002 ER PT B AU Weaver, CS AF Weaver, CS BE Dakoulas, P Yegian, M Holtz, B TI No longer so clueless in Seattle: Current assessment of earthquake hazards SO GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND SOIL DYNAMICS III, VOL 1 AND 2 SE GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Geo-Institute Specialty Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics CY AUG 03-06, 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Geo-Inst, USAF, Off Sci Res HO UNIV WASHINGTON AB The Pacific Northwest is an active subduction zone. Because of this tectonic setting, there are three distinct earthquake source zones in earthquake hazard assessments of the Seattle area. Offshore, the broad sloping interface between the Juan de Fuca and the North America plates produces earthquakes as large as magnitude 9; on the average these events occur every 400-600 years. The second source zone is within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate as it bends, at depths of 40-60 km, beneath the Puget lowland. Five earthquakes in this zone this century have had magnitudes greater than 6, including one magnitude 7.1 event in 1949. The third zone, the crust of the North America plate, is the least well known. Paleoseismic evidence shows that an event of approximate magnitude 7 occurred on the Seattle fault about 1000 years ago. Potentially very damaging to the heavily urbanized areas of Puget Sound, the rate of occurrence and area over which large magnitude crustal events are to be expected is the subject of considerable research. C1 Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Geophys Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Weaver, CS (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Geophys Program, Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0361-9 J9 GEOTECH SP PY 1998 IS 75 BP 39 EP 53 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BL59W UT WOS:000075967300002 ER PT B AU Frankel, A Safak, E AF Frankel, A Safak, E BE Dakoulas, P Yegian, M Holtz, B TI Recent trends and future prospects in seismic hazard analysis SO GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND SOIL DYNAMICS III, VOL 1 AND 2 SE GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Geo-Institute Specialty Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics CY AUG 03-06, 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Geo-Inst, USAF, Off Sci Res HO UNIV WASHINGTON AB Over the past fifteen years or so, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has undergone a transformation from a process based mainly on seismological input to an integration of geophysical, geological, and seismological information. Recent studies have focused on characterizing the uncertainties in the input data (sources and ground motions) and differences in interpretation by using alternative models, logic trees, and Monte Carlo simulations. In the western U.S., geologic slip rates and paleoseismic information for faults have been used to estimate earthquake recurrence times on faults for hazard assessment. In the Central and Eastern U.S. (CEUS), dating of paleoliquefaction associated with large prehistoric earthquakes has been critical for assessing hazard. A global characterization of seismicity of rifled continental margins has been useful for delineating hazard in the CEUS. There is a trend of using the spatially-smoothed historical seismicity directly as one model of future seismicity, in addition to areal source zones. In the near-future, detailed seismic hazard maps incorporating site response will be produced for high seismic risk urban areas. Future improvements will be the application of new measures of ground motions in hazard analysis which include duration information and near-field effects such as pulses of ground motion from directivity. One key frontier is the use of entire time histories in PSHA, including 3-D basin effects and nonlinear site response. These improvements can be incorporated into performance-based design. We propose a method to directly use earthquake time histories in probabilistic assessments of building damage. The display of seismic hazard in terms of magnitude and distance contributions (de-aggregation) has become an important tool for specifying design earthquakes. Future frontiers in source characterization include a better understanding of: earthquake recurrence on faults, time-dependent hazard based on the time of the previous event on a fault, the relationship between geodetically-measured deformation and long-term seismicity rate, earthquake clustering in time and space, and stress changes from large earthquakes that can affect earthquake occurrence on surrounding faults. C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, MS 966,Box 25046,DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0361-9 J9 GEOTECH SP PY 1998 IS 75 BP 91 EP 115 PG 25 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BL59W UT WOS:000075967300006 ER PT B AU Williams, RA Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK AF Williams, RA Stephenson, WJ Odum, JK BE Dakoulas, P Yegian, M Holtz, B TI Surface-seismic imaging for NEHRP soil profile classifications and earthquake hazards in urban areas SO GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND SOIL DYNAMICS III, VOL 1 AND 2 SE GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Geo-Institute Specialty Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics CY AUG 03-06, 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Geo-Inst, USAF, Off Sci Res HO UNIV WASHINGTON AB We acquired high-resolution seismic-refraction data on the ground surface in selected areas of the San Fernando Valley (SFV) to help explain the earthquake damage patterns and the variation in ground motion caused by the 17 January 1994 magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake. We used these data to determine the compressional- and shear-wave velocities (V-p and V-s) at 20 aftershock recording sites to 30-m depth (<(V)over bar (s30)> and <(V)over bar (p30)>) TWO Other sites, located next to boreholes with downhole V-p and V-s data, show that we imaged very similar seismic-velocity structures in the upper 40 m Overall,high site response appears to be associated with low V-s in the near surface, but there can be a wide range of site amplifications fora given NEHRP soil type. The data suggest that for the SFV, if the <(V)over bar (s30)> is known, we can determine whether the earthquake ground motion will be amplified above a factor of 2 relative to a local rock site. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Williams, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0361-9 J9 GEOTECH SP PY 1998 IS 75 BP 166 EP 177 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BL59W UT WOS:000075967300012 ER PT B AU Baum, RL Harp, EL Likos, WJ Powers, PS Lahusen, RG AF Baum, RL Harp, EL Likos, WJ Powers, PS Lahusen, RG BE Evangelista, A Picarelli, L TI Real-time monitoring of bluff stability at Woodway, Washington, USA SO GEOTECHNICS OF HARD SOILS - SOFT ROCKS, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Hard Soils - Soft Rocks CY OCT 12-14, 1998 CL NAPLES, ITALY SP Assoc Geotecn Italiana AB On January 15, 1997, a landslide of approximately 100,000-m3 from a coastal bluff swept five cars of a freight train into Puget Sound at Woodway, Washington, USA, 25 km north of downtown Seattle. The landslide resulted from failure of a sequence of dense sands and hard silts of glacial and non-glacial origin, including the Lawton Clay, a hard, jointed clayey silt that rarely fails in natural slopes. Joints controlled ground-water seepage through the silt and break-up, of the landslide mass. During September of 1997, the US Geological Survey began measuring rainfall, ground-water pressures, and slope movement at the bluff where the landslide occurred. Data are collected every 15 minutes and updated hourly on the World-Wide-Web. Pore pressures observed from September 1997 to February 1998 generally were low and pressures near the bluff face, in the upper few meters of the hard clayey silt, increased gradually. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Baum, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI Baum, Rex/0000-0001-5337-1970 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-020-5 PY 1998 BP 1057 EP 1065 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BL85P UT WOS:000076937900053 ER PT J AU Briskey, JA AF Briskey, JA TI Communicating with Congress - Part II. Contacting the beast SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Briskey, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JAN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YQ108 UT WOS:000071349300021 ER PT B AU Lehnert, ME Bissonette, JA Haefner, JW AF Lehnert, ME Bissonette, JA Haefner, JW BE Tachker, Y TI Deer (Cervidae) highway mortality: Using models to tailor mitigative efforts SO GIBIER FANE SAUVAGE - GAME AND WILDLIFE, VOL 15 (SPECIAL NUMBER PTS 2 AND 3) 1998 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IUGB XXIIIrd Congress CY SEP 01-06, 1997 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Union Game Biologists, Conseil Reg Rhone Alpes, Conseil Gen Rhone, Conseil Gen Ain, Rhone Poulec Agro France, Rhone Merieux, Bayer, Novartis, Force Limagrain, Jouffray Drillaud, Conseil Int Chasse, Fdn Int Sauvegarde Faune, Federat Assoc Chasseurs Union Europeenne, Union Natl Federat Dept Chasseurs, Federat Interdepartementale Chasseurs Paris HSV, Federat Departementale chasseurs Rhone, Federat Departementale Chasseurs Ain, Union Industries Protect Plantes, Union Nationale cooperat Agricoled Approvisionnement, Credit Agricole, Fdn Pierre Verots, Air Inter, Renault, Dist Inject DE mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; mortality; highway; population dynamics; simulation model; Utah; USA AB We conducted a 4-year field study to define the rates and characteristics of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, mortality along highways surrounding the Jordanelle Reservoir in northeastern Utah, USA. We incorporated this information into three competing simulation models and used them to investigate how highway mortality has affected the local mule,deer population and how the population might respond to reduction in highway mortality The models differed mechanistically in terms of whether highway losses were incorporated in a strictly additive, partially compensatory or strictly compensatory manner. The partial compensatory model most closely tracked the observed dynamics of the population, suggesting that highway losses were not completely offset by reductions in other mortality sources. Highway mortality accentuated the population crash initiated by severe 1992-1993 winter conditions, and slowed subsequent recovery The disproportionate loss of bucks along the highways altered sex ratios of simulated populations. According to model predictions, mitigative efforts should target reductions in highway mortality of around 80 % to ensure that population recovery occurs. This study demonstrated that highway mortality can significantly alter long-term population trends and characteristics. Modeling can be used to guide mitigative efforts by estimating the level of road-kill reduction that is necessary to produce desired changes in the population. C1 Utah State Univ, Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife,USGS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Lehnert, ME (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife,USGS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU OFFICE NATIONAL CHASSE PI PARIS PA 85 BIS, AVENUE WAGRAM, PARIS, FRANCE PY 1998 BP 835 EP 841 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Zoology GA BM94Z UT WOS:000080237300055 ER PT J AU Cravotta, CA AF Cravotta, CA TI Effect of sewage sludge on formation of acidic ground water at a reclaimed coal mine SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID NITRATE REDUCTION; GREEN RUST; OXIDATION; PYRITE; DENITRIFICATION; PENNSYLVANIA; SULFATE AB Data on rock, ground water, vadose water, and vadose gas chemistry were collected for two years after sewage sludge was applied at a reclaimed surface coal mine in Pennsylvania to determine if surface-applied sludge is an effective barrier to oxygen influx, contributes metals and nutrients to ground water, and promotes the acidification of ground water. Acidity, sulfate, and metals concentrations were elevated in the ground water (6- to 21-m depth) from spoil relative to unmined rock because of active oxidation of pyrite and dissolution of aluminosilicate, carbonate, and Mn-Fe-oxide minerals in the spoil. Concentrations of acidity, sulfate, metals (Fe, Mn, Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn), and nitrate, and abundances of iron-oxidizing bacteria were elevated in the ground water from sludge-treated spoil relative to untreated spoil having a similar mineral composition; however, gaseous and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not differ between the treatments. Abundances of iron-oxidizing bacteria in the ground water samples were positively correlated with concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, acidity, metals, and sulfate. Concentrations of metals in vadose water samples (<5-m depth) from sludge-treated spoil (pH 5.9) were not elevated relative to untreated spoil (pH 4.4). In contrast, concentrations of nitrate were elevated in vadose water samples from sludge-treated spoil, frequently exceeding 10 mg/L. Downgradient decreases in nitrate to less than 3 mg/L and increases in sulfate concentrations in underlying ground water could result from oxidation of pyrite by nitrate. Thus, sewage sludge added to pyritic spoil can increase the growth of iron-oxidizing bacteria, the oxidation of pyrite, and the acidification of ground water. Nevertheless, the overall effects on ground water chemistry from the sludge were small and probably short-lived relative to the effects from mining only. C1 US Geol Survey, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. RP Cravotta, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 840 Market St, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. NR 78 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01061.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YQ492 UT WOS:000071393200009 ER PT J AU Shapiro, AM Hsieh, PA AF Shapiro, AM Hsieh, PA TI How good are estimates of transmissivity from slug tests in fractured rock? SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID AQUIFERS AB Slug tests in fractured rock usually are interpreted with models that assume homogeneous formation properties, even though hydraulic properties of fractures can vary by many orders of magnitude over the length of boreholes, To investigate the impact of heterogeneity on the interpretation of slug tests in fractured rock, slug tests were conducted over large intervals of boreholes in crystalline rock in central New Hampshire, and interpreted using a homogeneous model, The results of the slug tests were then compared with estimates of transmissivity from fluid-injection tests conducted over shorter intervals in the same boreholes, The fluid-injection tests showed transmissivity to vary more than six orders of magnitude over the length of the boreholes; however, the sum of the transmissivities from the fluid-injection tests were within an order of magnitude of the transmissivity estimated from the slug tests, Although the two estimates of transmissivity were within an order of magnitude of each other, the water level responses during the slug tests did not exactly match the responses predicted by the homogeneous model, To investigate the effect of heterogeneity on water level responses during slug tests, a Laplace-transform solution was developed for slug tests conducted in boreholes containing multiple fractures with hydraulic properties that vary over the length of the borehole, A comparison of this solution with the homogeneous model shows no difference between the shape of water level responses in a homogeneous formation and a (layered) heterogeneous formation, Furthermore, the transmissivity estimated using a homogeneous model is within an order of magnitude of the prescribed transmissivity in the heterogeneous model, Thus, differences between responses predicted from a homogeneous model and measured water levels during slug tests can be attributed to phenomena such as nonradial now in the vicinity of the borehole, and not heterogeneous hydraulic properties over the length of the borehole, The experimental results of this investigation show that even when conditions such as nonradial flow are present in the vicinity of the borehole, interpretations of slug tests using a homogeneous model provided order-of-magnitude estimates of transmissivity in the crystalline rock terrane under consideration. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Shapiro, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 18 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01063.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YQ492 UT WOS:000071393200011 ER PT J AU Goff, K Lewis, ME Person, MA Konikow, LF AF Goff, K Lewis, ME Person, MA Konikow, LF TI Simulated effects of irrigation on salinity in the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID STREAM-AQUIFER SYSTEM; AGRICULTURE; BASIN; MODEL AB Agricultural irrigation has a substantial impact on water quantity and quality in the lower Arkansas River valley of southeastern Colorado, A two-dimensional now and solute transport model was used to evaluate the potential effects of changes in irrigation on the quantity and quality of water in the alluvial aquifer and in the Arkansas River along an 17.7 km reach of the river, The model was calibrated to aquifer water level and dissolved solids concentration data collected throughout the 24 year study period (1971-95). Two categories of irrigation management were simulated with the calibrated model: (1) a decrease in ground water withdrawals for irrigation; and (2) cessation of all irrigation from ground water and surface water sources, In the modeled category of decreased irrigation from ground water pumping, there was a resulting 6.9% decrease in the average monthly ground water salinity, a 0.6% decrease in average monthly river salinity, and an 11.1% increase in ground water return flows to the river, In the modeled category of the cessation of all irrigation, average monthly ground water salinity decreased by 25%; average monthly river salinity decreased by 4.4%; and ground water return nons to the river decreased by an average of 64%. In all scenarios, simulated ground water salinity decreased relative to historical conditions for about 12 years before reaching a new dynamic equilibrium condition, Aquifer water levels were not sensitive to any. of the modeled scenarios, These potential changes in salinity could result in improved mater quality for irrigation purposes downstream from the affected area. C1 Integr Solut, Eagan, MN 55121 USA. US Geol Survey, Pueblo, CO 81003 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Goff, K (reprint author), Integr Solut, 2900 Lone Oak Pwky, Eagan, MN 55121 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 76 EP 86 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01067.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YQ492 UT WOS:000071393200015 ER PT J AU Johnston, CT Cook, PG Frape, SK Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Blackport, RJ AF Johnston, CT Cook, PG Frape, SK Plummer, LN Busenberg, E Blackport, RJ TI Ground water age and nitrate distribution within a glacial aquifer beneath a thick unsaturated zone SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; HYDROLOGIC TRACERS; SAND AQUIFER; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; TRITIUM; NITROGEN; DENITRIFICATION; ISOTOPES; RECHARGE AB The impact on ground water quality from increasing fertilizer application rates over the past 40 years is evaluated within a glacial aquifer system beneath a thick unsaturated zone. Ground water ages within the aquifer could not be accurately determined from the measured distribution of H-3 and as a result, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and H-3/He-3 dating techniques were applied. Beneath a 25 m thick unsaturated zone, ground water ages based on CFC-11 concentrations were greater than H-3/He-3 ground water ages by 6 to 10 years, due to the time lag associated with the diffusion of CFCs through the unsaturated zone, Using the corrected CFC-11 and H-3/He-3 ground water ages and the estimated travel time of 3H within the unsaturated zone, the approximate position of ground water recharged since the mid-1960s was determined, Nitrate concentrations within post mid-1960s recharge were generally elevated and near or above the drinking water limit of 10 mg-N/L. In comparison, pre mid-1960s recharge had nitrate concentrations <2.5 mg-N/L. The elevated NO3- concentrations in post mid-1960s recharge are attributed mainly to increasing fertilizer application rates between 1970 and the mid-to late 1980s. Anaerobic conditions suitable for denitrification are present within pre mid-1960s recharge indicating that removal of DO is a slow process taking tens of years, Over the next 10 to 20 years, nitrate concentrations at municipal well fields that are currently capturing aerobic ground water recharged near the mid-1960s are expected to increase because of the higher fertilizer application rates beginning in the 1970s and 1980s. C1 Univ Waterloo, Dept Earth Sci, Waterloo Ctr Groundwater Res, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. CSIRO, Div Water Resources, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Johnston, CT (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Earth Sci, Waterloo Ctr Groundwater Res, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RI Cook, Peter/H-3606-2011; OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 54 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 23 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01078.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA YQ492 UT WOS:000071393200026 ER PT B AU Herrmann, R AF Herrmann, R BE Haigh, MJ Krecek, J Rajwar, GS Kilmartin, MP TI Assessing environmental change in undisturbed watersheds of US National Parks and Reserves SO HEADWATERS: WATER RESOURCES AND SOIL CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Headwater Control CY APR, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP Int Assoc Headwater Control, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat, Int Union Forest Res Org, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, European Acad, Bolzano DE watershed research; ecosystems; parks; biosphere reserves; long-term studies AB Long-term biogeochemical monitoring coupled with ecosystem research provides essential information for land conservation. Knowledge from longterm study of natural resources within preserved areas, such as the U.S. National Parks, is key to understanding ecosystem processes and the effects of human activity on them. In 1980, the U.S. National Park Service, embarked on a program of integrated watershed-ecosystem studies. These long-term watershed studies are expanding our knowledge about the response of natural systems to stress; the sources of stress; aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, especially nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S); and, surface water chemistry, biology, and hydrology. C1 Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Herrmann, R (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, US Geol Survey, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-780-4 PY 1998 BP 33 EP 43 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BK92Z UT WOS:000073875200004 ER PT B AU Peters, NE Cerny, J Havel, M AF Peters, NE Cerny, J Havel, M BE Haigh, MJ Krecek, J Rajwar, GS Kilmartin, MP TI Factors controlling streamwater nitrate concentrations in a forested headwater catchment, Krusne Hory Mountains, Czech Republic SO HEADWATERS: WATER RESOURCES AND SOIL CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Headwater Control CY APR, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP Int Assoc Headwater Control, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat, Int Union Forest Res Org, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, European Acad, Bolzano DE nitrates; pollution; landscape change; forestation; Blade Triangle; Krusne Hory, Czech Republic AB The Krusne Hory Mountains have been heavily impacted by high atmospheric pollutant deposition. Long-term routine sampling (1978-96), longitudinal streamwater sampling (1992-94), and intensive streamwater sampling during rainstorms and snowmelt (1996) in a 210 ha forested catchment were used to evaluate streamwater nitrate concentration variations and controlling processes. Streamwater NO( )3 concentrations at Jezeri varied from 40 to 280 mu eq l(-1) during 1978-96. They were affected by long-term decreases in atmospheric N deposition and landscape manipulations, including forest dieback and removal, liming and reforestation. Forest removal reduced dry deposition, but forest removal and liming increased nitrification. Streamwater NO3 concentrations decreased on average from 220 to 80 mu eq l(-1) since 1980 due to forest regrowth. Streamwater NO3 concentrations vary seasonally due to biological uptake of N and hydrological changes, e.g. high runoff during snowmelt. The highest NO3 concentrations (300 mu eq l(-1) occur during spring snowmelt at the highest elevations. Nitrification of the forest floor results in the mobilization of excess HO3. Lowest NO3 concentrations (40 mu eq l(-1)) occur at the lowest elevations in a mature beech forest during the growing season. They are attributed to removal by vegetation. These low concentrations, however, are still much higher than for N-Limited forest systems and indicate N saturation. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd 130, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-780-4 PY 1998 BP 147 EP 157 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BK92Z UT WOS:000073875200014 ER PT B AU Carline, RF Spotts, DE AF Carline, RF Spotts, DE BE Haigh, MJ Krecek, J Rajwar, GS Kilmartin, MP TI Early responses of stream communities to riparian restoration in agricultural watersheds, eastern USA SO HEADWATERS: WATER RESOURCES AND SOIL CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Headwater Control CY APR, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP Int Assoc Headwater Control, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat, Int Union Forest Res Org, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, European Acad, Bolzano DE riparian restoration; livestock grazing damage; macroinvertebrates; turbidity AB Restoration of riparian areas that have been badly degraded by intensive livestode use is being actively pursued in the Susquehanna River basin, eastern United States. The aim is to reduce downstream export of nutrients and sediment. We measured a variety of physicochemical and biological variables in streams before and after restoration activities in three small catchments (<50 km(2) each) of the Spring Creek watershed, central Pennsylvania, and in a fourth catchment, Muddy Run, southcentral Pennsylvania. Ln the Spring Creek catchments, median total suspended solids declined by about 50%, indices of stream substrate permeability increased, and density of benthic macroinvertebrates increased by about 70% after riparian restoration. In Muddy Run, macroinvertebrate density increased by about 150% and fish community biomass increased from 91 to 476 kg ha(-1). Positive responses of the macroinvertebrate and fish communities were attributed to reductions in sediment load and increases in gravel substrates. C1 US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Merkle Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Carline, RF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Merkle Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-780-4 PY 1998 BP 167 EP 173 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BK92Z UT WOS:000073875200016 ER PT J AU Cain, DJ Luoma, SN AF Cain, DJ Luoma, SN TI Metal exposures to native populations of the caddisfly Hydropsyche (Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae) determined from cytosolic and whole body metal concentrations SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE metal exposure; mine waste; caddisfly; Hydropsyche; Clark Folk river ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; CONSPERSA CURTIS TRICHOPTERA; X-RAY-MICROANALYSIS; AQUATIC INSECTS; FEEDING-HABITS; HEAVY-METALS; BAETIS-THERMICUS; BINDING PROTEINS; BROWN TROUT; CADMIUM AB Metal concentrations of the soluble fraction of the cytoplasm (cytosol) and the whole body were determined in the caddisfly Hydropsyche spp. (Trichoptera). Metal accumulation in the cytosol and the whole body were compared in samples collected along 380 kms of a contamination gradient in the Clark Fork river in four consecutive years (1992-1995), and from a contaminated tributary (Flint Creek). Samples from the contaminated sites were compared to an uncontaminated tributary (Blackfoot River). Relations between cytosolic metal concentration and cytosolic protein (used as a general biomarker of protein metabolism) also were examined in 1994 and 1995. Relative to whole body concentrations, cytosolic metal concentrations varied among metals and years. Spatial patterns in whole body and cytosolic Cd, Cu and Pb concentrations were qualitatively similar each year, and these concentrations generally corresponded to contamination levels measured in bed sediments. The proportions of metals recovered in the cytosol of ranged from 12 to 64% for Cd and Cu and from 2 to 38% for Pb. Zinc in the whole body also was consistent with contamination levels, but cytosolic Zn concentrations increased only at the highest whole body Zn concentrations. As a result, the proportion of Zn recovered in the cytosol ranged from 16 to 63% and tended to be inversely related to whole body Zn concentrations. The proportions of cytosolic metals varied significantly among years and, as a result, interannual differences in metal concentrations were greater in the cytosol than in the whole body. The results demonstrated that Hydropsyche in the river were chronically exposed to biologically available metals. Some features of this exposure were not evident from whole body concentrations. In general, protein levels did not correspond to cytosolic metal concentrations. A variety of environmental factors could interact with metal exposures to produce complex responses in protein metabolism. Systematic study will be necessary to differentiate the effects of multiple environmental stressors on organisms living in contaminated ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Cain, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. OI Cain, Daniel/0000-0002-3443-0493 NR 74 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 386 BP 103 EP 117 DI 10.1023/A:1003583117293 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 186GE UT WOS:000079719900011 ER PT J AU Liss, WJ Larson, GL Deimling, EA Ganio, LM Hoffman, RL Lomnicky, GA AF Liss, WJ Larson, GL Deimling, EA Ganio, LM Hoffman, RL Lomnicky, GA TI Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of diaptomid copepods in high-elevation lakes in the Pacific Northwest, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE diaptomid copepods; trout; high-elevation lakes; predation; species interaction ID SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION; VERTICAL MIGRATION; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; CRUSTACEAN PLANKTON; MOUNTAIN LAKES; ALPINE LAKES; FISH; HESPERODIAPTOMUS; COMPETITION; CHAOBORUS AB We investigated the impact of abiotic factors and trout density on distribution and abundance of diaptomid copepods in high-elevation lakes; in North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA), Washington, USA. The most common large diaptomid, D. kenai (mean length = 1.88 mm), was able to persist over a wide range of abiotic factors, but the small :herbivorous diaptomid, D. tyrrelli (mean length = 1.18 mm), was restricted to shallow lakes (maximum depth 250 fish ha(-1)) than in fishless lakes, in deep lakes with reproducing trout, of in lakes where trout do not reproduce and are periodically stocked with fry at low densities (average 179 fry ha(-1)). In lakes where chemical conditions were suitable for D. tyrrelli, the small diaptomid was often abundant when trout density was high and large diaptomids were either absent or in low abundance. Our research suggests that trout density, nutrient concentration, and lake depth influence the abundance of diaptomid copepods in high lakes in NOCA. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland & Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NW Stat Serv, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Liss, WJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Nash 104, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 379 BP 63 EP 75 DI 10.1023/A:1003453611464 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 161VZ UT WOS:000078311500007 ER PT J AU Leland, HV Berkas, WR AF Leland, HV Berkas, WR TI Temporal variation in plankton assemblages and physicochemistry of Devils Lake, North Dakota SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE saline lakes; climate; nitrogen limitation; phytoplankton; zooplankton; community structure ID PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; ECOLOGY; SALINITY; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE; RIVERS AB Seasonal and annual variation in biomass and structure of algal assemblages of hyposaline Devils Lake were examined in relation to turbidity, ambient concentrations of major ions, trace elements and nutrients, and the standing crop of herbivores. Lake level declined during the early years of study, but rose markedly in subsequent years as historically large volumes of water flowed into this hydrologically-closed basin. Winter algal assemblages were dominated (in biomass) most years by small, non-motile chlorophytes (Choricystis minor; Kirchneriella lunaris or Dunaliella sp.), or Euglena sp. in the most saline sub-basin. Spring assemblages were dominated by diatoms (Stephanodiscus cf. minutulus, Surirella peisonis, Cyclotella meneghiniana and Entomoneis paludosa were especially prominent) or chlorophytes (C. minor) until the lake level rose. C. minor abundances then declined in spring assemblages and diatoms (Stephanodiscus cf. agassizensis and S. niagarae; E. paludosa in the more saline subbasins) dominated. The potential for nitrogen-deficient conditions for phytoplankton growth was evidenced most summers and early autumns by consistently high concentrations of reactive-P relative to inorganic-N and blooms of the N-fixing cyanophyte Aphanizomenon flos-aquae; Microcystis aeruginosa typically was a co-dominant (> 30% of biomass) in these assemblages. Pulses of diatoms (S. cf. agassizensis and C. meneghiniana) occurred in summers following unusually prolonged periods of calm weather or large water inflows. Physical (irradiance. turbulence) and chemical (major nutrients) variables were the primary factors associated with phytoplankton growth. Transparency and major nutrient concentrations accounted for more of the annual variation in phytoplankton structure than did salinity. Seasonal abundance patterns of the dominant zooplankton (the copepod Diaptomus sicilis; the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Chydorus sphaericus, Daphnia pulex and Diaphanosoma birgei; and the rotifers Brachionus spp., Filinia longiseta, Keratella cochlearis and K. quadrata) also indicated variation in algal populations related to grazing. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Leland, HV (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 377 BP 57 EP 71 DI 10.1023/A:1003274705074 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 137ZT UT WOS:000076947500006 ER PT J AU Martinelli, TL Hansel, HC Shively, RS AF Martinelli, TL Hansel, HC Shively, RS TI Growth and physiological responses to surgical and gastric radio transmitter implantation techniques in subyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Fish Telemetry in Europe CY APR 05-09, 1997 CL LA ROCHELLE, FRANCE DE chinook salmon; radio-telemetry; surgery; growth ID TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS; DUMMY TRANSMITTERS; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SNAKE RIVER; LAKE; DAM; MORTALITY; GAIRDNERI AB We examined the effects of surgical and gastric transmitter implantation techniques on the growth, general physiology and behavior of 230 subyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Walbaum) (100 mm-154 mm fork length). The transmitter weighed 1.3 g in air (0.9 g in water) and comprised, on average, 6% of the body weight of the fish (in air). Individuals were randomly assigned to an experimental group (control, surgical or gastric) and a sampling period (day 5 or day 21). Relative growth rate % as expressed as % body weight gained/day. General condition was assessed by necropsy. Physiological response variables included hematocrit, leucocrit and plasma protein concentration. The mean relative growth rates of control, surgical and gastric fish were not significantly different at day 5. By day 21, the gastric group had a significantly lower relative growth rate (1.3%) as compared to the surgical group (1.8%) and the control group (1.9%) (P = 0.0001). Mean hematocrit values were significantly lower in the surgical (41.8%) and gastric (42.2%) groups as compared to controls (47.3%) at day 5 (P = 0.01), but all were within normal range for salmonids. No significant differences in hematocrit values were detected at day 21. Leucocrit values for all groups were less than or equal to 1% in 99% of the fish. Both tagged groups had significantly lower mean plasma protein levels as compared to controls at day 5 (P = 0.001) and day 21 (P = 0.0001). At day 21 the gastric group (64.4 g 100 ml(-1)) had significantly lower mean plasma protein levels than the surgical group (68.8 g 100 ml(-1)) (P = 0.0001). Necropsies showed decreasing condition of gastrically tagged fish over time, and increasing condition of surgical fish. Paired releases of surgically and gastrically implanted yearling chinook salmon in the lower Columbia River in spring, 1996 revealed few significant differences in migration behavior through two reservoirs. We conclude that gastrically implanted fish show decreased growth and condition over a 21 d period. We recommend a surgical implantation method for long-term studies of juvenile salmonids, however, gastric implantation may be suitable for short-term studies. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605, Australia. RP Martinelli, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605, Australia. EM Theresa_Martinelli@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 372 BP 79 EP 87 DI 10.1023/A:1017019006039 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 129CF UT WOS:000076445100011 ER PT J AU Rostad, CE Rees, TF Daniel, SR AF Rostad, CE Rees, TF Daniel, SR TI Colloid particle sizes in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, from Minneapolis to below New Orleans SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sediments; colloids; suspended sediment; particle sizes; continuous-flow centrifuge; ultrafiltration; sediment dewatering ID PHOTON-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; CONTINUOUS-FLOW CENTRIFUGATION; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; SORPTIVE TOXIC-SUBSTANCES; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; AQUATIC COLLOIDS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; NATURAL-WATERS; SYSTEMS; DISTRIBUTIONS AB An on-board technique was developed that combined discharge-weighted pumping to a high-speed continuous-flow centrifuge for isolation of the particulate-sized material with ultrafiltration for isolation of colloid-sized material. In order to address whether these processes changed the particle sizes during isolation, samples of particles in suspension were collected at various steps in the isolation process to evaluate changes in particle size. Particle sizes were determined using laser light-scattering photon correlation spectroscopy and indicated no change in size during the colloid isolation process. Mississippi River colloid particle sizes from twelve sites from Minneapolis to below New Orleans were compared with sizes from four tributaries and three seasons, and from predominantly autochthonous sources upstream to more allochthonous sources downstream. (C) 1998 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. RP Rostad, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 408,5293 Ward Rd, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. EM cerostad@usgs.gov NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 25 EP 41 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA YW062 UT WOS:000071891800002 ER PT S AU Gingerich, SB AF Gingerich, SB BE Johnson, IA FernandezJauregui, CA TI Numerical modelling of vertically extensive groundwater bodies in Maul, Hawaii: an alternative to perched aquifers SO HYDROLOGY IN THE HUMID TROPIC ENVIRONMENT SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Hydrology in the Humid Tropic Environment CY NOV 17, 1996-NOV 23, 1997 CL KINGSTON, JAMAICA SP UNESCO AB Groundwater in East Maul, Hawaii is traditionally described as a series of discrete aquifers perched on low-permeability units underlain by a basal lens with heads of about 2-3 m. An alternative concept, a fully saturated aquifer to as much as 1400 m elevation, was investigated using a numerical model with various horizontal hydraulic conductivity values and anisotropy ratios. Results indicate that horizontal hydraulic conductivity values between about 0.08 and 1.0 m per day and anisotropy ratios between 1:1 and 100: 1 will produce simulated water tables that match observed water tables at 400-1400 m elevation. These values of hydraulic conductivity are consistent with available field data for hydraulic conductivity. C1 US Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Gingerich, SB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 677 Ala Moana Blvd,Suite 415, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. OI Gingerich, Stephen/0000-0002-4381-0746 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-70-8 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 253 BP 167 EP 174 PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM82L UT WOS:000079851700017 ER PT S AU Burton, JS AF Burton, JS BE Johnson, IA FernandezJauregui, CA TI The National Water Data Exchange - capabilities and trends in the dissemination and exchange of water data SO HYDROLOGY IN THE HUMID TROPIC ENVIRONMENT SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Hydrology in the Humid Tropic Environment CY NOV 17, 1996-NOV 23, 1997 CL KINGSTON, JAMAICA SP UNESCO AB This paper discusses the programmes of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) in providing access to US Geological Survey (USGS) water data and water-related information. NAWDEX dissseminates water data and water-related information by working cooperatively through a network of 68 Assistance Centers to more than 430 member organizations. In addition, NAWDEX provides access to the USGS Water Data Storage System (WATSTORE) and the US Environmental Protection Agency's Storage and Retrieval System (STORET). Recently, the trend has been to make water resources data available over the World Wide Web on the Internet. The NAWDEX homepage, located at Uniform Resource Locator http:/h2o.er.usgs.gov/public/nawdex/nawdex.html, provides links to (a) Selected Water Resources Abstracts; (b) National Water Conditions Report; (c) historical streamflow data: and (d) real-time streamflow conditions. NAWDEX also transfers data to users over the Internet through the file transfer protocol (FTP). C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22192 USA. RP Burton, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 22192 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-70-8 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 253 BP 237 EP 248 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BM82L UT WOS:000079851700025 ER PT S AU Hay, L Viger, R McCabe, G AF Hay, L Viger, R McCabe, G BE Kovar, K Tappeiner, U Peters, NE Craig, RG TI Precipitation interpolation in mountainous regions using multiple linear regression SO HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY IN HEADWATERS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT HeadWater 98 Conference CY APR 20-23, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP European Acad Bozen/Bolzano, Standing Comm Headwater Control, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Mt Hydrol, European Union (DG XII), UNESCO, Div Water Sci, FAO European Forestry Commiss, Int Assoc Hydraulic Res, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Forest Res Org, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat ID TERRAIN AB Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to spatially interpolate precipitation for simulating runoff in the Animas River basin of southwestern Colorado. MLR equations were defined for each time step using measured precipitation as dependent variables. Explanatory variables used in each MLR were derived for the dependent variable locations from a digital elevation model (DEM) using a geographic information system. The same explanatory variables were defined for a 5 x 5 km grid of the DEM. For each time step, the best MLR equation was chosen and used to interpolate precipitation onto the 5 x 5 km grid. The gridded values of precipitation provide a physically-based estimate of the spatial distribution of precipitation and result in reliable simulations of daily runoff in the Animas River basin. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Hay, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 412, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. OI Viger, Roland/0000-0003-2520-714X NR 11 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-45-7 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 248 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BM76W UT WOS:000079717200005 ER PT S AU Leavesley, G Hay, L AF Leavesley, G Hay, L BE Kovar, K Tappeiner, U Peters, NE Craig, RG TI The use of coupled atmospheric and hydrological models for water-resources management in headwater basins SO HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY IN HEADWATERS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT HeadWater 98 Conference CY APR 20-23, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP European Acad Bozen/Bolzano, Standing Comm Headwater Control, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Mt Hydrol, European Union (DG XII), UNESCO, Div Water Sci, FAO European Forestry Commiss, Int Assoc Hydraulic Res, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Forest Res Org, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat ID OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATION PATTERNS; DISAGGREGATION; SCHEME AB Coupled atmospheric and hydrological models provide an opportunity for the improved management of water resources in headwater basins. Issues currently limiting full implementation of coupled-model methodologies include (a) the degree of uncertainty in the accuracy of precipitation and other meteorological variables simulated by atmospheric models, and (b) the problem of discordant scales between atmospheric and hydrological models. Alternative methodologies being developed to address these issues are reviewed. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Leavesley, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-45-7 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 248 BP 259 EP 265 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BM76W UT WOS:000079717200032 ER PT S AU Rabeni, CF Wallace, GS AF Rabeni, CF Wallace, GS BE Kovar, K Tappeiner, U Peters, NE Craig, RG TI The influence of flow variation on the ability to evaluate the biological health of headwater streams SO HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY IN HEADWATERS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT HeadWater 98 Conference CY APR 20-23, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP European Acad Bozen/Bolzano, Standing Comm Headwater Control, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Mt Hydrol, European Union (DG XII), UNESCO, Div Water Sci, FAO European Forestry Commiss, Int Assoc Hydraulic Res, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Forest Res Org, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat ID ECOLOGY AB Benthic invertebrate communities at 15 sites in a single drainage basin were examined over a 2-year period to relate streamflow to community structure and to evaluate the possibility of biomonitoring low-flow streams. Streams were evaluated for flow and habitat and were classed as intermittent, intermediate, or perennial. Each stream class had a characteristic community structure, although the differences among classes were more in relative abundances than in presence or absence. The intermittent stream community could be considered a subset of the perennial stream community. Indices of community structure were positively related to flow permanence, and the variability of indices increased as flow decreased. A biomonitoring system for low-flow streams would be less sensitive than for permanent streams but is possible if appropriate reference conditions for low-flow streams can be developed. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rabeni, CF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 112 Stephens Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-45-7 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 248 BP 411 EP 417 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BM76W UT WOS:000079717200050 ER PT S AU Hooper, RP Aulenbach, BT Burns, DA McDonnell, J Freer, J Kendall, C Beven, K AF Hooper, RP Aulenbach, BT Burns, DA McDonnell, J Freer, J Kendall, C Beven, K BE Kovar, K Tappeiner, U Peters, NE Craig, RG TI Riparian control of stream-water chemistry: implications for hydrochemical basin models SO HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY IN HEADWATERS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT HeadWater 98 Conference CY APR 20-23, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP European Acad Bozen/Bolzano, Standing Comm Headwater Control, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Mt Hydrol, European Union (DG XII), UNESCO, Div Water Sci, FAO European Forestry Commiss, Int Assoc Hydraulic Res, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Forest Res Org, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat AB End-member mixing analysis has been used to determine the hydrological structure for basin hydrochemical models at several catchments. Implicit in this use is the assumption that controlling end members have been identified, and that these end members represent distinct landscape locations. At the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, the choice of controlling end members was supported when a large change in the calcium and sulphate concentration of one of the end members was reflected in the stream water. More extensive sampling of groundwater and soil water indicated, however, that the geographic extent of the contributing end members was limited to the riparian zone. Hillslope solutions were chemically distinct from the riparian solutions and did not appear to make a large contribution to streamflow. The dominant control of the riparian zone on stream-water chemistry suggests that hydrological flow paths cannot be inferred from stream-water chemical dynamics. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Hooper, RP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RI Freer, Jim/C-7335-2009; Beven, Keith/F-8707-2011; Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-45-7 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 248 BP 451 EP 458 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BM76W UT WOS:000079717200055 ER PT S AU Peters, NE Ratcliffe, EB Tranter, M AF Peters, NE Ratcliffe, EB Tranter, M BE Kovar, K Tappeiner, U Peters, NE Craig, RG TI Tracing solute mobility at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA: variations in Na+, Cl-, and H4SiO4 concentrations SO HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY IN HEADWATERS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT HeadWater 98 Conference CY APR 20-23, 1998 CL MERANO, ITALY SP European Acad Bozen/Bolzano, Standing Comm Headwater Control, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Mt Hydrol, European Union (DG XII), UNESCO, Div Water Sci, FAO European Forestry Commiss, Int Assoc Hydraulic Res, Int Eros Control Assoc, Int Union Forest Res Org, World Assoc Soil & Water Conservat ID GENERATION AB Concentration variations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-, and dissolved silica (H4SiO4) in rainfall, throughfall, soil water, groundwater and streamwater were evaluated at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed near Atlanta, Georgia, to determine how variations in concentrations of these solutes provide greater understanding of water quality evolution at the hillslope and catchment scales. Stormwater moves rapidly to depth along preferred pathways in a deciduous forest hillslope, but the composition of the mobile unsaturated zone water in the hillslope is not reflected in compositional variations of streamwater during rainstorms. The Na+, Cl-, and H4SiO4 concentrations behave similarly in streamwater, decreasing with increasing discharge and increasing with water residence time. Consequently, the lowest flows are associated with the highest concentrations and the oldest water. Streamwater composition is most similar to groundwater and stormflow variations reflect a dilution of groundwater. Subtle differences in the relations among solute concentrations and discharge reflect different sources, especially for Cl-. For example, the residence time of groundwater, as inferred from landscape position, generally is positively related to Na+ and H4SiO4 concentrations, but not to Cl- concentrations. The Na+ and H4SiO4 are derived from mineral weathering and are continuously supplied along hydrological pathways. In contrast, Cl- is derived from atmospheric deposition and is affected only by evapotranspiration (ET) and transport. ET increases Cl- concentrations in matrix soil waters, which are subsequently transported to the saturated zone where Cl- is effectively isolated from further evaporative concentration. C1 US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3039 Amwiler Rd, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RI Tranter, Martyn/E-3722-2010 OI Tranter, Martyn/0000-0003-2071-3094 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-45-7 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 248 BP 483 EP 490 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BM76W UT WOS:000079717200059 ER PT B AU Gesch, DB AF Gesch, DB BE Stein, TI TI Accuracy assessment of a global elevation model using Shuttle Laser Altimeter data SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The U.S. Geological Survey's global elevation model, GTOP030, has elevations posted approximately every I kilometer. The accuracy of GTOPO30 varies spatially due to the 8 different sources used to produce it, and the estimated accuracy is based on characteristics of the sources. High accuracy Shuttle Laser Altimeter (SLA) data were used as an independent source for assessing the absolute vertical accuracy of GTOP030. Results show that some areas of GTOPO30 are more accurate than previously estimated, while for other areas the accuracy is less than that which had been stated in the data set documentation. Future: analysis with additional SLA data will lead to a more comprehensive assessment of GTOP030. C1 US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Gesch, DB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Gesch, Dean/0000-0002-8992-4933 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 840 EP 842 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.699601 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100273 ER PT B AU Josberger, EG Mognard, NM AF Josberger, EG Mognard, NM BE Stein, TI TI Northern Great Plains snowpack hydrology from satellite passive microwave observations SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The passive microwave emissions of the northern U.S. Great Plains snowpack vary greatly in time and space. An ensemble of snow depth, snow water equivalent, and air temperature observations defines the causes of these changes. Conditions early in the accumulation period set the spatial pattern of the microwave response for the entire winter. For 1997 but not for 1989, the strongest microwave signatures came from the regions containing thinner snowpacks, and there is a strong correlation between the signatures and a cumulative snowpack temperature gradient index. C1 Univ Puget Sound, USGS Ice & Climate Project, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. RP Josberger, EG (reprint author), Univ Puget Sound, USGS Ice & Climate Project, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 1271 EP 1273 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.691373 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100412 ER PT B AU Norheim, RA AF Norheim, RA BE Stein, TI TI Why so different? Examining the methodologies used in two old growth forest mapping projects SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB In 1990, two different projects simultaneously mapped old growth in National Forests in the northern spatted owl region in the Pacific Northwest. The two projects used significantly different technology and techniques, and found amounts of old growth acreage that differed by a factor of two. This paper investigates the procedures used in each project to determine the sources of the differing results, using four of the forests mapped as a case study. The project carried out by Pacific Meridian Resources (PMR) for the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) used Landsat TM imagery and sophisticated Image processing techniques, whereas The Wilderness Society project relied primarily on photo-interpretation but also used Landsat bias imagery. The uaw project quantitatively mapped different size and structure classes, but The Wilderness Society's project attempted to qualitatively categorize several variations of old growth. The projects operated under tremendous deadline pressure, had vastly different budgets, used very different hardware and software systems, and had very different techniques for ground truth and accuracy assessment. Thus, despite the fact that their goals were identical, these factors caused significantly different results. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, BRD Field Stn Protected Area Res, USGS, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Norheim, RA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, BRD Field Stn Protected Area Res, USGS, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 1620 EP 1622 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.691647 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100523 ER PT B AU Vogelmann, JE Helder, D Morfitt, R Choate, MJ Merchant, JW AF Vogelmann, JE Helder, D Morfitt, R Choate, MJ Merchant, JW BE Stein, TI TI Characterization of landsat thematic mapper radiometry and geometry for land cover analysis SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper provides high quality imagery appropriate for a wide array of applications, including land cover characterization and classification, change detection and estimation of ecologically significant biophysical parameters. However, most of the data analyzed by the user community are not corrected for a number of radiometric or geometric artifacts, nor are the data usually corrected for atmospheric effects. Consequently, the quantitative potential of Landsat Thematic Mapper data may not be fully realized. The primary hypothesis in this project is that improvements in radiometric and geometric calibration will result in improvements in our ability to characterize the Earth's surface. The radiometric artifacts being assessed include memory effect and scan correlated shift. Both have varying levels of impact on scene quality, depending in part upon the nature and complexity of the landscape. These artifacts have been characterized sufficiently such that they now can be removed from the imagery. While the effects these artifacts on the imagery are relatively subtle, preliminary results indicate that they may have significant impacts upon the statistical properties of the data, which in turn may modify classification results. The geometric artifacts being investigated include those affecting band to band offsets and locational accuracy of pixels. The former artifact is being characterized in Landsat 5 imagery, and the effect on applications such as classifications and change detection needs to be quantified. It is anticipated that knowledge gained from this study will help in the radiometric and geometric processing of Landsat 7 TM data. Results from various classification tests indicated that relatively minor radiometric and geometric modifications resulted in significant changes in classification results. C1 Raytheon STX Corp, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Vogelmann, JE (reprint author), Raytheon STX Corp, US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. OI Vogelmann, James/0000-0002-0804-5823 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2405 EP 2407 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702228 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100776 ER PT B AU Kodali, P AF Kodali, P BE Perrizo, W TI Object orientation in information management: A comprehensive viewpoint SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Computer Applications in Industry and Engineering CY NOV 11-13, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Int Soc Comp & Their Applicat DE object orientation; databases; CORBA AB This paper discusses die use of Object Orientation in the design and development of Database Management Systems (DBMSs). Three approaches to the use of object technology are described. The first one, Object Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMSs), attempts to extend Object Oriented Programming Languages (OOPLs), such as C++, Smalltalk, and Java, to include the capabilities of conventional DBMSs. The second category comprises Object-relational Database Management Systems (ORDBMSs). ORDBMSs attempt to extend Relational DBMSs (RDBMSs) to include support for complex objects, inheritance, and other object features. The third category includes various Object-to-Relational Connectivity approaches. These attempt to provide an object-oriented interface to relational data. All of these together are generally referred to as Object DBMSs or ODBMSs. Component-based software development (based on distributed object frameworks like CORBA and COM) and the World Wide Web (WWW) technology are causing a major revolution in the way information is stored, accessed, and processed. We examine the impact of one of these technologies (CORBA) on object DBMSs. C1 Raytheon Syst Co, US Geol Survey, Sci & Tech Serv Div, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Kodali, P (reprint author), Raytheon Syst Co, US Geol Survey, Sci & Tech Serv Div, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY COMPUTER S & THEIR APPLICATIONS (ISCA) PI RALEIGH PA 8820 SIX FORKS ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27615 USA BN 1-880843-26-9 PY 1998 BP 88 EP 92 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BP71Q UT WOS:000085949700022 ER PT B AU Williams, RS Hall, DK AF Williams, RS Hall, DK BE Haeberli, W Hoelzle, M Suter, S TI Use of remote-sensing techniques SO INTO THE SECOND CENTURY OF WORLDWIDE GLACIER MONITORING - PROSPECTS AND STRATEGIES SE STUDIES AND REPORTS IN HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on into the Second Century of Worldwide Glacier Monitoring - Prospects and Strategies CY OCT 12-13, 1995 CL FED INST TECHNOL, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SP UN, Educ Sci & Cultural Org, Int Hydrolog Programme, UN, Environm Programme, Global Environm Monitoring Syst, Int Commiss Snow & Ice, World Glacier Monitoring Serv HO FED INST TECHNOL C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNESCO PI PARIS PA 7 PLACE DE FONTENOY, 75352 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-3-103434-0 J9 STUD HYDROL PY 1998 VL 56 BP 97 EP 111 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BL42Z UT WOS:000075489400006 ER PT J AU Liszewski, MJ Bunde, RL Hemming, C Rosentreter, J Welhan, J AF Liszewski, MJ Bunde, RL Hemming, C Rosentreter, J Welhan, J TI The use of synthesized aqueous solutions for determining strontium sorption isotherms SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The use of synthesized aqueous solutions for determining experimentally derived strontium sorption isotherms of sediment was investigated as part of a study accessing strontium chemical transport properties. Batch experimental techniques were used to determine strontium sorption isotherms using synthesized aqueous solutions designed to chemically represent water from a natural aquifer with respect to major ionic character and pH. A strontium sorption isotherm for a sediment derived using a synthesized aqueous solution was found to be most comparable to an isotherm derived using natural water when the synthesized aqueous solution contained similar concentrations of calcium and magnesium, However, it is difficult to match compositions exactly due to the effects of disequilibrium between the solution and the sediment, Strong linear relations between sorbed strontium and solution concentrations of calcium and magnesium confirm that these cations are important co-constituents in these synthesized aqueous solutions. Conversely, weak linear relations between sorbed strontium and solution concentrations of sodium and potassium indicate that these constituents do not affect sorption of strontium. The addition of silica to the synthesized aqueous solution does not appreciably affect the resulting strontium sorption isotherm. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Chem, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Idaho State Univ, Dept Geol, Idaho Geol Survey, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Liszewski, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 2230, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 29 IS 2 BP 93 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(96)00098-8 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA YW125 UT WOS:000071900400001 ER PT J AU Custer, TW Hines, RK Stewart, PM Melancon, MJ Henshel, DS Sparks, DW AF Custer, TW Hines, RK Stewart, PM Melancon, MJ Henshel, DS Sparks, DW TI Organochlorines, mercury, and selenium in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE organochlorines; great blue herons; PCB congeners; mercury; selenium; Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore ID CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CLUTCH SIZE; CONTAMINANTS; RESIDUES; TOXICITY; EMBRYOS; RIVER; PCDDS AB In 1993, 20 great blue heron (Ardea herodias; GBH) eggs (one per nest) were collected from a colony at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana (INDU). The eggs were artificially incubated until pipping and were then analyzed for organochlorines, mercury, and selenium. Livers of embryos were analyzed for hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity. Brains were measured for asymmetry. Egg-laying began in early April and the mean clutch size was 4.2 eggs per clutch. Organochlorine concentrations were generally low (geometric mean p,p'-DDE = 1.6 mu g/g wet weight; polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB] = 4.9 mu g/g); however, one egg had elevated concentrations of p,p'-DDE (13 mu g/g) and PCBs (56 mu g/g). EROD activity in the embryos analyzed from INDU was not elevated. The frequency (11%) of brain asymmetry was low. Eggshells averaged 3.4% thinner than eggshells collected prior to the use of DDT. Mercury (geometric mean = 0.9 mu g/g dry weight) concentration in GBH eggs were within background levels. Selenium (4.0 mu g/g dry weight) concentrations in eggs were above background levels, but below a concentration threshold associated with reproductive impairment. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississipi Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Lake Michigan Ecol Res Stn, Porter, IN 46304 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bloomington Ecol Field Off, Bloomington, IN 47403 USA. RP Custer, TW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Mississipi Sci Ctr, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZG031 UT WOS:000072958100002 ER PT J AU O'Gorman, R Elrod, JH Schneider, CP AF O'Gorman, R Elrod, JH Schneider, CP TI Reproductive potential and fecundity of lake trout strains in southern and eastern waters of Lake Ontario, 1977-1994 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fecundity; genetic strains; reproduction; sea lamprey; lake trout; Lake Ontario ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH AB We assessed the reproductive potential of various genetic strains of hatchery lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in southern and eastern Lake Ontario fi om indices of fecundity and indices of male abundance. Indices were constructed from catches of mature lake trout in gill nets during September 1980 to 1994 after correcting for mortality from sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) which occurred between September sampling and late fall spawning. Strain and age were assigned to individual lake trout based on clipped fins and maxillary bones or coded wire tags. Fecundity-length relationships for fish of the same age, determined from mature females collected in 1977 to 1981 and 1994, were nos different (P > 0.05) among genetic strains. For all strains combined, fecundity-length relationships in 1977 to 1981 were not different among fish of various ages but in 1994, age-5 and -6 fish had fewer eggs (P < 0.003) than age-7 fish, and age-7 fish had fewer eggs (P < 0.003) than fish of age 8, 9, or 10. Annual indices of fecundity varied 19 fold and indices of mature males varied 11 fold; both indices were low in the early 1980s, increased sharply in the mid 1980s, and peaked in 1993. The strain which dominated fecundity and mature male indices shifted during the study from Seneca Lake strain to Lake Superior strain and then back to Seneca Lake strain. However, changes in either reproductive potential or genotypes do not appear responsible for the abrupt appearance of naturally-produced yearling lake trout throughout southern and eastern Lake Ontario in 1994-1995, the first widespread occurrence of juveniles produced by hatchery lake trout in Lake Ontario. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Cape Vincent Fisheries Stn, Cape Vincent, NY 13618 USA. RP O'Gorman, R (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 131 EP 144 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZG031 UT WOS:000072958100012 ER PT J AU Gunderson, JL Klepinger, MR Bronte, CR Marsden, JE AF Gunderson, JL Klepinger, MR Bronte, CR Marsden, JE TI Overview of the International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Sea Grant, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Michigan Sea Grant, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Aiken Ctr, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Gunderson, JL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Sea Grant, 208 Washburn Hall, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 165 EP 169 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400002 ER PT J AU Brown, WP Selgeby, JH Collins, HL AF Brown, WP Selgeby, JH Collins, HL TI Reproduction and early life history of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in the St. Louis River, a Lake Superior tributary SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE reproduction; ruffe; Gymnocephalus cernuus; early life history; larval fish; St. Louis River; Lake Superior ID PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; 2 PERCIDS; TEMPERATURE; FISHES AB Reproduction and early life history of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) was investigated during April to July in 1993 and 1994 in the St. Louis River, a western Lake Superior tributary. This study was conducted to assist fishery managers in determining possible interactions among the early life stages of ruffe and other North American percids, and in obtaining information useful in developing control methods targeted at the early life stages of ruffe. Ruffe had a prolonged spawning period that extended from late April to late June with peak spawning in mid to late May when water temperatures were between 12 and 14 degrees C. The majority of ruffe protolarva were captured I to 2 weeks after egg deposition between mid May and late June and most were captured in water 0.5-m deep. Onshore-offshore movements were not observed, but diel vertical movements of larval ruffe were observed on several occasions. The greatest chance of ballast water transport of pelagic larval ruffe is between mid May and July. Information on reproduction and early life history in, this report will assist fishery mangers in development of ruffe control methods, and assist Great Lakes shipping in ballast water management to prevent rite spread of ruffe. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol Sci, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Brown, WP (reprint author), Red Lake Fisheries Dept, POB 279, Red Lake, MN 56671 USA. EM WBrown@paulbun-yan.net NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 217 EP 227 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400006 ER PT J AU Selgeby, J AF Selgeby, J TI Predation by ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) on fish eggs in Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE ruffe; egg predation; Lake Superior; fishery ID LOUIS RIVER ESTUARY; DIET AB Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) were introduced to North American in the Duluth, Minnesota-Superior. Wisconsin harbor, which is the westernmost point on the Laurentian Great Lakes. The species proliferated in the harbor and became the subject of research which has gradually revealed certain characteristics of the biology and population growth of the ruffe. In this study ruffe in Southwestern Lake Superior were found to have eaten benthic organisms and eggs of lake herring (Coregonus artedii). Overwinter predation by ruffe on eggs of lake herring and of other fall spawning Great Lakes fishes might pose a substantial new source of overwinter mortality. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Reources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Iron River, WI 54847 USA. RP Selgeby, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Reources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Rt 1 Box 24, Iron River, WI 54847 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 304 EP 308 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400013 ER PT J AU Bronte, CR Evrard, LM Brown, WP Mayo, KR Edwards, AJ AF Bronte, CR Evrard, LM Brown, WP Mayo, KR Edwards, AJ TI Fish community changes in the St. Louis River estuary, Lake Superior, 1989-1996: Is it ruffe or population dynamics? SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE ruffe; Gymnocephalus cernuus; native species; Lake Superior; population dynamics; recruitment ID GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS; PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; 2 PERCIDS; COMPETITION; DIET AB Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) have been implicated in density declines of native species through egg predation and competition for food in some European waters where they were introduced. Density estimates for ruffe and principal native fishes in the St. Louis River estuary (western Lake Superior) were developed for 1989 to 1996 to measure changes in the fish community in response to an unintentional introduction of ruffe. During the study, ruffe density increased and the densities of several native species decreased. The reductions of native stocks to the natural population dynamics of the same species from Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior (an area with very few ruffe) were developed, where there was a 24-year record of density. Using these data, short- and long-term variations in catch and correlations among species within years were compared, and species-specific distributions were developed of observed trends in abundance of native fishes in Chequamegon Bay indexed by the slopes of densities across years. Front these distributions and our observed trend-line slopes from the St. Louis River, probabilities of measuring negative change at the magnitude observed in the St. Louis River were estimated. Compared with trends in Chequamegon Bay, there was a high probability of obtaining the negative slopes measured for most species, which suggests natural population dynamics could explain, the declines rather than interactions with ruffe. Variable recruitment, which was not related to ruffe density, and associated density-dependent changes in mortality likely were responsible for density declines of native species. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Red Lake Dept Nat Resources, Red Lake, MN 56671 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. 1854 Author, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, 2800 Lake Shore Dr E, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 309 EP 318 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400014 ER PT J AU Mayo, KR Selgeby, JH McDonald, ME AF Mayo, KR Selgeby, JH McDonald, ME TI A bioenergetics modeling evaluation of top-down control of ruffe in the St. Louis River, western Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE bioenergetics modeling; Lake Superior; predators; ruffe; St. Louis River; top-down control ID PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS; NORTHERN PIKE; GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS; SELECTIVE PREDATION; YELLOW PERCH; PREY; MICHIGAN; BIOMANIPULATION; WALLEYES; GROWTH AB Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), were accidentally introduced into the St. Louis River estuary, western Lake Superior, in the mid 1980s and it was feared that they might affect native fish through predation on eggs and competition for forage and habitat. In an effort to control the abundance of ruffe and limit dispersal, a top-down control strategy using predators was implemented in 1989. We used bioenergetics modeling to examine the efficacy of top-down control in the St. Louis River from 1991 to 1994. Five predators-northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), small mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens)-were modeled to determine their consumption of ruffe and four other native prey species-spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus). Although predators ate as much as 47% of the ruffe biomass in I year, they were not able to halt the increase in ruffe abundance. The St. Louis River is an open system that allows predators to move freely out of the system, and the biomass of managed predators did not increase. A selectivity index showed all five predators selected the native prey and avoided ruffe. The St. Louis River has several predator and prey species creating many complex predator-prey interactions; and top-down control of ruffe by the predators examined in this study did not occur. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Mayo, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 9,75 Hawthorne St CMO-3, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. EM mayo.kathy@epamail.epa.gov NR 69 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 329 EP 342 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400016 ER PT J AU Dawson, VK Bills, TD Boogaard, MA AF Dawson, VK Bills, TD Boogaard, MA TI Avoidance behavior of Ruffe exposed to selected formulations of piscicides SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE ruffe; avoidance; attraction; piscicides; formulations; Lake Superior AB Ruffe were introduced into Duluth Harbor, Minnesota in the early 1980s, probably by release of ballast water from sea-going freighters. Since then, it has become the most abundant species in the fish community. The sensitivity of ruffe to a number of piscicides has been demonstrated, however, the feasibility of using piscicides to control populations depends on whether ruffe cart detect piscicides and move to untreated water, We used a two-choice preference resting system to evaluate avoidance or attraction reactions of ruffe during exposures to the lampricides TFM and bayluscide and the general fish toxicants rotenone and antimycin. We used a second testing system to evaluate the potential for benthic ruffe to move vertically in the water column to avoid piscicides dissolving from experimental bottom-release formulations of bayluscide and antimycin. Near-lethal concentrations of TFM and rotenone tended to repel ruffe. Antimycin and bayluscide did not seem to repel ruffe in the avoidance chamber, but bottom-release formulations (antimycin granules-0.25% a.i. and bayluscide granules-3.2% a.i.) did cause increased swimming and surfacing activity among ruffe in column tests. We conclude that TFM and rotenone could be used to trent entire bodies of water, while bottom-release formulations of antimycin and bayluscide may have more application for treating localized concentrations of ruffe. C1 US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. RP Dawson, VK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Mississippi Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, POB 818, La Crosse, WI 54602 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 343 EP 350 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400017 ER PT J AU Owens, RW Noguchi, GE AF Owens, RW Noguchi, GE TI Intra-lake variation in maturity, fecundity, and spawning of slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus) in southern lake Ontario SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE maturity; fecundity; spawning; slimy sculpins; Lake Ontario ID TROUT; PREDATION; GROWTH; DIET AB Knowledge of the spawning cycle and factors affecting fecundity of slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus) are important in understanding the population dynamics of this species in large lake systems, like Lake Ontario. Fecundity and the spawning cycle of slimy sculpins were described from samples of slimy sculpins and their egg masses collected with bottom trawls during four annual surveys, April to October, 1988 to 1994. Incidence of gravid females and collections of their egg masses indicated that spawning by slimy sculpins likely occurred from late April to mid October in Lake Ontario. Protracted spawning by slimy sculpins in Lake Ontario is probably a function of the annual water temperature cycle at various depths. Mean length of gravid females was inversely related to density of slimy sculpins. Fecundity ranged from 55 to 1,157 eggs among fish 55 to 127 mm long, and for similar-sized fish, fecundity was inversely related to density of slimy sculpins. Fecundity was about 50% higher at Olcott, where population indices of slimy sculpins were low, compared with Nine Mile Point where indices were much higher Somatic weight or total length were both good predictors of fecundity. Lipid content of slimy sculpins was lower in an area of high sculpin abundance than in an area of low sculpin abundance, suggesting that fecundity was a function of density-dependent food availability. In large aquatic ecosystems, samples from more than one area may be necessary to describe fecundity of a sedentary species like slimy sculpin, especially if fish densities vary considerably among geographic areas. Large geographic variations in fecundity may be an indicator of spatial imbalance of a species with its prey. Low fecundity may be a compensatory response of slimy sculpins to low food supplies, thereby limiting population growth. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Owens, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 383 EP 391 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400021 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP DeSorcie, TJ Stedman, RM AF Madenjian, CP DeSorcie, TJ Stedman, RM TI Maturity schedules of lake trout in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake trout; maturity; probit analysis; growth; nearshore-offshore difference; Lake Michigan ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; SEXUAL MATURITY; GREAT-LAKES; AGE; POPULATIONS; PHOSPHORUS; ONTARIO; GROWTH; WATERS; FISHES AB We determined maturity schedules of male and female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan from nearshore populations and from an offshore population on Sheboygan Reef, which is located in midlake. Gill nets and bottom trawls were used to catch lake trout in fall 1994 and 1995 from two nearshore sites and Sheboygan Reef. Each lake trout was judged immature or mature, based an visual examination of gonads. Probit analysis, coupled with relative potency testing, revealed that age-at-maturity and length-at-maturity were similar at the two nearshore sites, but that lake trout from the nearshore sites matured at a significantly earlier age than lake trout from Sheboygan Reef, However; length at maturity for the nearshore populations was nearly identical to that for the offshore population, suggesting that rate of lake trout maturation in Lake Michigan was governed by growth rather than age. Half of the lake trout males reached maturity at a total length of 580 mm, whereas half of the females were mature at a length of about 640 mm. Over half of nearshore males were mature by age 5, and over half the nearshore females matured by age 6. Due to a slower growth rate, maturity was delayed by 2 years on Sheboygan Reef compared with the nearshore populations. Documentation of this delay in maturation may be useful in deciding stocking allocations for lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Michigan. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 404 EP 410 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400023 ER PT J AU Johnson, JH Dropkin, DS LaPan, SR McKenna, JE Klindt, RM AF Johnson, JH Dropkin, DS LaPan, SR McKenna, JE Klindt, RM TI Age and growth of lake sturgeon in the upper St. Lawrence River SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake sturgeon; age; growth ID ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS AB The growth of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) over time in the upper St. Lawrence River Ir ns examined. Growth Of lake sturgeon collected during 1993 and 1994 below Robert Moses Dam near Massena, New York. was compared to that reported for the same population almost 25 years earlier The data suggest that lake sturgeon growth was similar to that reported in the previous study. However, significant differences iii the elevations of regression models between males and fish of unknown sex in both data sets suggest possible sexual dimorphism in growth at younger ages. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Res & Dev Lab, Wellsboro, PA 16901 USA. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Watertown, NY 13601 USA. RP Johnson, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Tunison Lab Aquat Sci, 3075 Gracie Rd, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 474 EP 478 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400029 ER PT J AU Owens, RW O'Gorman, R Mills, EL Rudstam, LG Hasse, JJ Kulik, BH MacNeill, DB AF Owens, RW O'Gorman, R Mills, EL Rudstam, LG Hasse, JJ Kulik, BH MacNeill, DB TI Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) in Lake Ontario: First record, entry route, and colonization potential SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE blueback herring; Lake Ontario; Erie Barge Canal; Oneida Lake ID GREAT-LAKES; NOVA-SCOTIA; ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS; A-AESTIVALIS; ALEWIFE; PSEUDOHARENGUS; PREDATION; RESERVOIR; BEHAVIOR; FOOD AB Two juvenile blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) were caught in Lake Ontario in October 1995 the first record of this anadromous marine clupeid in the Great Lakes. Blueback herring most likely gained entry to Lake Ontario via the Erie Barge Canal, a navigation canal that links the Mohawk-Hudson rivers, which drain to the Atlantic Ocean, to Oneida Lake, which drains to Lake Ontario through the Oneida-Oswego rivers. Blueback herring ascend the Hudson River to spawn and were first reported from the upper Mohawk River in 1978. They currently spawn in several of the upper Mohawk's tributaries, including one about 430 km from the ocean but only 25 km fp om Oneida Lake. They were first found in Oneida Lake in 1982 and, in fall 1994, large numbers of juvenile blueback herring were found moving down the Oswego River. In the southern United States, blueback herring established self-reproducing populations in several reservoirs, and thus they have the potential to colonize Lake Ontario. If blueback herring became established in Lake Ontario, they could spread to other Great Lakes and impede recovery of depressed populations of indigenous fishes, like lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), through competition with, or predation on, their larvae. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Biol Field Stn, Bridgeport, NY 13030 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Utica, NY 13501 USA. Kleinschmidt Associates, Pittsfield, ME 04964 USA. SUNY Coll Brockport, New York Sea Grant, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. RP Owens, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Ontario Biol Stn, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY 13126 USA. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 723 EP 730 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000018 ER PT J AU Matveyev, AN Pronin, NM Samusenok, VP Bronte, CR AF Matveyev, AN Pronin, NM Samusenok, VP Bronte, CR TI Ecology of Siberian taimen Hucho taimen in the Lake Baikal Basin SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE taimen; Hucho taimen; Lake Baikal; life-history; status AB Taimen Hucho taimen historically inhabited most tributaries and littoral areas of Lake Baikal, in south central Siberia, where they supported subsistence and commercial fisheries. Logging, pollution, and overfishing have caused dramatic population declines or local extinction of most stocks. Most of what is known about this species has been published in eastern journals and therefore is not readily available to western scientists. New data collected during the 1980s and 1990s have been combined with other reports to provide an overview of the biology and life history of this species. Taimen are long-lived fish and can reach ages of 29 years and sizes rtp to 60 kg. populations can either be strictly riverine or anadromous. Adults from both life histories ascend rivers in spring to spawn and feed, and less extensive migrations occur in fall to prey on spawning omul (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius). Principal food items for age I and 2 taimen are macroinvertebrates, but young taimen quickly become piscivorous at age 2 when they consume mainly black Baikal grayling (Thymallus arcticus baicalensis), and sculpins (Paracottus kneri, Cottus kessleri). Males reach sexual maturity at ages 7 to 8 and later for females at ages 8 to 9. Average egg production per female was about 22,000 eggs. parasite burdens are heavy but composed of few species and mediated by prey items consumed. This fish is a highly-specialized predator and plays an indispensable role in the structure of fish communities in mountains and foothills. Taimen conservation in the Baikal region is impossible without adoption and implementation of a dedicated rehabilitation program that includes the protection of remaining populations and habitat, and possibly introduction of hatchery-reared fish in selected areas where habitat remains, but parental stocks are low. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Irkutsk State Univ, Dept Zool, Irkutsk 664003, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Common & Expt Biol, Ulan Ude, Russia. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, 2800 Lake Shore Dr E, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. NR 40 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 905 EP 916 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168KL UT WOS:000078691900012 ER PT J AU Graffy, EA AF Graffy, EA TI Low-level detection of pesticides ... so what? SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Graffy, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Assessment Program, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1998 VL 53 IS 1 BP 11 EP 12 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA ZB984 UT WOS:000072528000004 ER PT J AU Kinsella, JM Foster, GW Cole, RA Forrester, DJ AF Kinsella, JM Foster, GW Cole, RA Forrester, DJ TI Helminth parasites of the bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, in Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Helminths; bald eagle; parasites; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Hamatospiculum ID NORTH-AMERICA AB Twenty species of helminths (9 trematodes, 9 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans), including 9 new host records, were collected from 40 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from Florida. Intensities of infection were low and no lesions were attributed to the parasites. No species were considered specialists in bald eagles; 5 species were considered raptor generalists and the remainder, generalists in other orders of fish-earing birds. An undescribed species of Hamatospiculum was found in 3 birds. Most of the common helminths were acquired from eating fish intermediate hosts. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Foster, GW (reprint author), 2108 Hilda Ave, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 65 IS 1 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA YT748 UT WOS:000071641100012 ER PT J AU Pascho, RJ Chase, D McKibben, CL AF Pascho, RJ Chase, D McKibben, CL TI Comparison of the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Renibacterium salmoninarum in salmonid ovarian fluid SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; MAJOR SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN; CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; CELOMIC FLUID; CAUSATIVE AGENT; REACTION PCR; COHO SALMON AB Ovarian fluid samples from naturally infected chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined for the presence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT), an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of the MF-FAT, 64% (66/103) samples contained detectable levels of R. salmoninarum cells. Among the positive fish, the R. salmoninarum concentrations ranged from 25 cells/ml to 4.3 x 10(9) cells/ml. A soluble antigenic fraction of R. salmoninarum was detected in 39% of the fish (40/103) by the ELISA. The ELISA is considered one of the most sensitive detection methods for bacterial kidney disease in tissues, yet it did not detect R. salmoninarum antigen consistently at bacterial cell concentrations below about 1.3 x 10(4) cells/ml according to the MF-FAT counts. When total DNA was extracted and tested in a nested PCR designed to amplify a 320-base-pair region of the gene encoding a soluble 57-kD protein of R. salmoninarum, 100% of the 100 samples tested were positive. The results provided strong evidence that R. salmoninarum may be present in ovarian fluids thought to be free of the bacterium on the basis of standard diagnostic methods. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 43 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 60 EP 66 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZE267 UT WOS:000072774900010 PM 9526862 ER PT J AU Ravens, TM Madsen, OS Signell, RP Adams, EE Gschwend, PM AF Ravens, TM Madsen, OS Signell, RP Adams, EE Gschwend, PM TI Hydrodynamic forcing and sediment character in Boston Harbor SO JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; SHELF AB Calculated annual excess skin friction stress at various locations in Quincy Bay (outer Boston Harbor) was found to be correlated positively with sediment sand content. The correlation was optimized when a critical shear stress (tau(c)) of 0.085 Pa was assumed for the bay. The excess shear stress was correlated negatively with sediment lead (Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations. These correlations suggest that area surveys of properties like sand content may be sufficient to estimate tau(c). C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Ravens, TM (reprint author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-950X J9 J WATERW PORT C-ASCE JI J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 124 IS 1 BP 40 EP 42 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1998)124:1(40) PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YL690 UT WOS:000070982400007 ER PT J AU Sams, MG Lochmiller, RL Qualls, CW Leslie, DM AF Sams, MG Lochmiller, RL Qualls, CW Leslie, DM TI Sensitivity of condition indices to changing density in a white-tailed deer population SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE density; histology; nutritional condition; Odocoileus virginianus; organ mass; overpopulation; physiology; white-tailed deer ID LONE STAR TICKS; NUTRITIONAL INDEXES; SEASONAL INFLUENCES; BODY-COMPOSITION; PROTEIN; NITROGEN; DIETARY; ENERGY; GROWTH; FAWNS AB The ways in which comprehensive condition profiles, incorporating morphometric, histologic, physiologic, and diet quality indices, responded to changes in density of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population were examined. Changes in these condition indices were monitored in a northeastern Oklahoma deer herd as density declined from peaks of 80 and 72 deer/km(2) in 1989 and 1990 (high-density) to lows of 39 and 41 deer/km(2) in 1991 and 1992 (reduced-density), respectively. Compared to a reference population (6 deer/km(2)), deer sampled during high-density exhibited classic signs of nutritional stress such as low body and visceral organ masses (except elevated adrenal gland mass), low fecal nitrogen levels, reduced concentrations of serum albumin, elevated serum creatinine concentrations, and a high prevalence of parasitic infections. Although density declined by one half over the 4-yr study, gross indices of condition (in particular body mass and size) remained largely unchanged. However, selected organ masses, serum albumin and non-protein nitrogen constituents, and fecal nitrogen indices reflected improvements in nutritional status with reductions in density. Many commonly used indices of deer condition (fat reserves, hematocrit, total serum protein, and blood urea nitrogen) were not responsive to fluctuations in density. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Sams, MG (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 61 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 110 EP 125 PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YU630 UT WOS:000071737800013 PM 9476232 ER PT J AU Moore, MK Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Samuel, MD AF Moore, MK Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Samuel, MD TI A cryopreservation method for Pasteurella multocida from wetland samples SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian cholera; cryopreservation method; mouse inoculations; Pasteurella multocida; wetland samples ID AVIAN CHOLERA AB A cryopreservation method and improved isolation techniques for detection of Pasteurella multocida from wetland samples were developed. Wetland water samples were collected in the field, diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, final concentration 10%), and frozen at -180 C in a liquid nitrogen vapor shipper. Frozen samples were transported to the laboratory where they were subsequently thawed and processed in Pasteurella multocida selective broth (PMSB) to isolate P. multocida. This method allowed for consistent isolation of 2 to 18 organisms/ml from water seeded with known concentrations of P. multocida. The method compared favorably with the standard mouse inoculation method and allowed for preservation of the samples until they could be processed in the laboratory. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Moore, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 182 EP 185 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YU630 UT WOS:000071737800026 PM 9476245 ER PT J AU Cox, RR Hanson, MA Roy, CC Euliss, NH Johnson, DH Butler, MG AF Cox, RR Hanson, MA Roy, CC Euliss, NH Johnson, DH Butler, MG TI Mallard duckling growth and survival in relation to aquatic invertebrates SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE air temperature; Anas platyrhynchos; aquatic invertebrates; brood; duckling; early development; growth; mallard; nutrition; survival ID LAKE; REPRODUCTION; PREDATION; RESERVES; BEHAVIOR; BROODS; SIZE; FISH AB Identification and assessment of the relative importance of factors affecting duckling growth and survival are essential for effective management of mallards on breeding areas. For each of 3 years (1993-95), we placed F-1-generation wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) females on experimental wetlands and allowed them to mate, nest, and rear broods for 17 days. We manipulated invertebrate densities by introducing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) at high densities in half of the wetlands on which broods were confined. Day-17 body mass of surviving ducklings (n = 183) was greater for ducklings that were heavier at hatch; the difference averaged 1.7 g at day 17 for each 1.0 g at hatch (P = 0.047). Growth ratio (the proportion of body mass attained by ducklings when they were last measured relative to that predicted for wild female mallard ducklings) also was positively related to body mass at hatch (P = 0.004). Mean day-17 body mass and mean growth ratio of ducklings per brood (each adjusted for body mass at hatch) were positively related to numbers of aquatic invertebrates (Ps < 0.001) and negatively related to variance in the daily minimum air temperature during the exposure period (Ps < 0.020). Early growth of mallards was more sensitive to variation in numbers of invertebrates than to air temperature or biomass of invertebrates. Duckling survival was positively related to growth ratio (P < 0.001). Our study provides parameter estimates that are essential for modeling growth and survival of mallard ducklings. We emphasize the need for conserving brood-rearing wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region that are capable of supporting high densities of aquatic invertebrates. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Wetland Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Bemidji, MN 56601 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Zool, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM robert_cox@usgs.gov NR 55 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 124 EP 133 DI 10.2307/3802270 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300012 ER PT J AU McAuley, DG Clugston, DA Longcore, JR AF McAuley, DG Clugston, DA Longcore, JR TI Outcome of aggressive interactions between American black ducks and mallards during the breeding season SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; Anas rubripes; behavior; black duck; breeding competition; competitive exclusion; interaction; interspecific aggression; Maine; mallard ID SYMPATRIC FEMALE MALLARDS; INCREASING MALLARDS; FORESTED ENVIRONMENT; NOVA-SCOTIA; HABITAT USE; HYBRIDIZATION; DOMINANCE; SURVIVAL; SUCCESS AB American black duck (Anas rubripes) numbers have declined during the past several decades, while mallards (A. platyrhynchos) have expanded their range eastward. Competitive exclusion of black ducks from wetlands by mallards has been proposed as a principal cause of the decline. We studied a sympatric population of black ducks and mallards in Maine during the early breeding season to document behavior and interactions. We observed 832 aggressive interactions; most (72%) were interspecific. When a choice was available, both species interacted more often with conspecifics than with the other species (P < 0.028). On wetlands occupied simultaneously by both species, numbers of intraspecific interactions initiated by each species were similar (P = 0.470).!. The proportions of won (initiator displaces recipient of attack), lost (initiator displaced), and "no change" outcomes of these interactions were different (P < 0.001). When black ducks initiated interactions with mallards, black ducks did not lose any interactions and displaced mallards 87.2% of the time; no change occurred during 12.8% of the interactions. When mallards initiated interactions with black ducks, mallards displaced black ducks 63.3% of the time but were displaced by black ducks 15.0% of the time; no change occurred during 21.7% of the interactions. Displacement from wetlands was rare (38 of 229 interspecific interactions) and was equal between species. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP McAuley, DG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 5768 S Annex A, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM dan_mcauley@usgs.gov NR 42 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 134 EP 141 DI 10.2307/3802271 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300013 ER PT J AU Longcore, JR Clugston, DA McAuley, DG AF Longcore, JR Clugston, DA McAuley, DG TI Brood sizes of sympatric American black ducks and mallards in Maine SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; Anas rubripes; black duck; brood size; mallard; sympatric; wetland fertility ID INCREASING MALLARDS; NOVA-SCOTIA; HABITAT USE; HYBRIDIZATION; MOVEMENTS AB The long-term decline of the American black duck (Anos rubripes) population has been attributed to lower productivity of black ducks that might have been excluded from fertile agricultural wetlands by mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). We monitored broods on 53 wetlands in 1993 and on 58 wetlands in 1994 to determine mean brood sizes of black ducks and mallards in forested and agricultural landscapes. Study wetlands were moderately to highly fertile. We monitored 94 black duck broods each year and 46 (1993) and 52 (1994) mallard broods until they reached Class IIc-III (near fledging). No differences existed (P = 0.71) in mean brood size between black ducks (1993: 3.95 +/- 0.23; 1994: 4.59 +/- 0.24) and mallards (1993: 3.96 +/- 0.35; 1994: 5.00 +/- 0.43) either year. Brood size for species, however, was different between years (P = 0.014) and among wetland sites (P = 0.001). Mean sizes of broods were larger (P < 0.05) on 2 large impoundment complexes (Lake Josephine and Lake Christina) compared with brood sizes on other wetlands in forested or agricultural landscapes. No differences (P greater than or equal to 0.41) existed between mean Class IIc-III brood sizes of black ducks and mallards, whether species were alone or together on wetlands. Our data document that mallard productivity is similar to that of black ducks where they breed sympatrically in Maine. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Longcore, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 5768 S Annex A, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 55 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 142 EP 151 DI 10.2307/3802272 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300014 ER PT J AU Cowardin, LM Pietz, PJ Lokemoen, JT Sklebar, HT Sargeant, GA AF Cowardin, LM Pietz, PJ Lokemoen, JT Sklebar, HT Sargeant, GA TI Response of nesting ducks to predator exclosures and water conditions during drought SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE blue-winged teal; drought; gadwall; mallard; northern pintail; northern shoveler; population estimation; predator exclosures ID MILLER LAKE ISLAND; NORTH-DAKOTA; SUCCESS; MALLARDS; BEHAVIOR; AREAS AB We investigated whether small predator exclosures might be a useful tool for increasing duck recruitment. During a period of increasing drought from 1987 to 1991, we monitored populations of dabbling ducks on 9 51-km(2) study areas, 3 of which contained a centrally located 25-ha predator exclosure and 3 of which served as control areas. We did not detect an increase in duck pairs per treated area/pairs per control area with time (P = 0.37). However, an index to the proportion of females nesting in exclosures increased with time for 4 of 5 dabbling duck species: mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; P < 0.001), gadwalls (A. strepera; P = 0.009), blue-winged teal (A. discors; P = 0.021), and northern pintails (A. acuta; P = 0.009). This index did not increase for northern shovelers (A. clypeata; P = 0.33). A regression ratio estimate of breeding population used in this study produced results similar to ratio estimates based on area of land or area of water. Duck populations declined on North Dakota study areas as drought increased, but populations remained relatively stable on a Minnesota study area. Pair numbers were positively related to area of ponds for all species (P = 0.0001-0.078) and to number of ponds (P = 0.0006-0.014) for all species except gadwall (P = 0.35). Area of ponds explained more variation in pair numbers than did number of ponds for all species except shovelers, As the number of ponds decreased, the number of pairs per pond increased for mallards (P = 0.001) and gadwalls (P = 0.004) but not for teal (P = 0.67)!, shovelers (P = 0.76), or pintails (P = 0.93). Nest densities inside exclosures averaged 1.2 nests/ha, and nest success averaged 72% over 5 years, which was substantially higher than in similar habitat outside exclosures. Our inability to detect a change in duck pairs per treated area/pairs per control area was probably a result of small sample size, drought, and variability among study areas. However, the increase in proportion of the study area populations nesting inside exclosures, as well as high nest success and density inside exclosures. suggests that management of a small area can increase duck recruitment from a population in a larger surrounding area. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Cowardin, LM (reprint author), 510 E Lake Cty Rd, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. NR 49 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 152 EP 163 DI 10.2307/3802273 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300015 ER PT J AU Dellasala, DA Anthony, RG Spies, TA Engel, KA AF Dellasala, DA Anthony, RG Spies, TA Engel, KA TI Management of bald eagle communal roosts in fire-adapted mixed-conifer forests SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bald eagles; communal roosting; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; mixed-conifer forest; prescribed fire; thinning ID BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT; INLAND NORTHWEST; CHESAPEAKE BAY; KLAMATH BASIN; HABITAT USE; CALIFORNIA; LANDSCAPES; OREGON AB The Bear Valley National Wildlife Refuge in southern Oregon supports one of the largest concentrations (approx 300-400 individuals) of communally roosting bald eagles (Haliacetus leucocephalus) in the United States. Past selective logging and fire suppression in mixed-conifer forests used by eagles at this roost have altered important roost characteristics such that declines in roost suitability will continue without future management. Therefore, to evaluate long-term suitability of the roost environment and to develop management prescriptions, we characterized habitat features on 3 spatial scales: (1) attributes of trees used by eagles for roosting, (2) vegetation within 18 m of roost trees (i.e., roost sites), and (3) relative distribution of selected characteristics within subroosts of the main roost. Roost trees had greater diameter at breast height (dbh), more open branching structures, and were taller than unused trees, Roost trees were primarily Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) that were smaller in diameter and younger than other species of trees used for roosting; however, trees greater than or equal to 80 cm dbh were used by eagles. regardless of species. Roost sites compared to unused sites had greater densities of tall (>30 m) trees of all species, greater densities of Douglas-fir that was 20-30 m tall, and a combination of greater densities of snags and Douglas-fir that was 20-30 m tall. The subroost where a most site was located also may have affected the likelihood of a site being used by eagles due to differences in densities of species of roost trees. Species composition and abundance of species of roost trees varied among subroosts due primarily to selective logging of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and to longterm fire suppression. We recommend limited thinning, prescribed fire, and seeding with species of roost trees to restore roost-tree composition and natural processes at this roost. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Serv,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Foster Wheeler Environm Corp, Bellevue, WA 98004 USA. RP Dellasala, DA (reprint author), World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St,NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 322 EP 333 DI 10.2307/3802295 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300037 ER PT J AU Wood, PB Collopy, MW Sekerak, CM AF Wood, PB Collopy, MW Sekerak, CM TI Postfledging nest dependence period for bald eagles in Florida SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bald eagle; Florida; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; nest dependency; postfledging AB We studied the postfledging dependency period in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), a little studied but important period in the life cycle of avian species. Bald eagles in Florida had a postfledging dependency period of 4-11 weeks (15-22 weeks old). The length of the dependency period did not vary by year of study, sex, number of hedging, timing of hedging, or hatch order (P > 0.05). Mean distance fledglings ranged from the nest increased with age, but they were observed in the nest or nest tree throughout the postfledging dependency period. Distance from the nest did not vary by sex, number of fledglings, or timing of fledging (P > 0.05). Over 80% of the fledgling observations were within 229 m of the nest. The boundary of the primary protection zone specified in the bald eagle habitat management guidelines for the southeastern United States is 229 m. Restrictions on human disturbance around nest sites should remain in place during the postfledging dependency period because of the close association of fledglings with the nest site. Restrictions also should be flexible because of the varying length of the dependency period. C1 US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife & Range Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP US Geol Survey, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM pbwood@wvnvm.wvnet.edu NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 333 EP 339 DI 10.2307/3802296 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300038 ER PT J AU Plumpton, DL Andersen, DE AF Plumpton, DL Andersen, DE TI Anthropogenic effects on winter behavior of ferruginous hawks SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic; black-tailed prairie dog; Buteo regalis; Cynomys ludovicianus; ferruginous hawk; habitat loss; habitat use; radiotelemetry AB Little information is known about the ecology of ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) in winter versus the breeding season and less about how the species adapts to fragmented grassland habitats. Accordingly, we studied the behavior of 38 radiotagged ferruginous hawks during 3 winters from 1992 to 1995. We used 2 adjacent sites in Colorado that were characterized by low and high levels of anthropogenic influence and habitat fragmentation: the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge RMANWR; low-level influence), and several adjacent Denver suburbs (high-level influence). Relative abundance of ferruginous hawks differed by treatment area and year (P < 0.001); hawks were most numerous where black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were most plentiful. Daily Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) home range areas did not differ (P = 0.28) for RMANWR ((x) over bar = 4.71 km(2), SE = 1.33, n = 25) and suburban hawks ((x) over bar = 2.30 km(2). SE = 0.50, n = 13). The number of perches occupied per day between the sites was not different (P = 0.14), but hawks at RMANWR used pole and ground perches more frequently and for a greater portion of the daily time budget (P < 0.05). Hawks at RMANWR spent less time roosting after sunrise ((x) over bar = 61 min) than did suburban hawks (x) over bar = 138 min: P = 0.004) and spent less time roosting during the day (RMANWR = 100 min; suburb = 189 min; P = 0.009). Prey acquisition and associated intra-and interspecific interactions were not different (P > 0.05) at RMANWR and suburban sites. Ferruginous hawks appear to modify their behavior in fragmented, largely human-altered habitats, provided some foraging habitats with adequate populations of suitable prey species are present. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, St Paul, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Plumpton, DL (reprint author), HT Harvey & Associates Ecol Consultants, 906 Elizabeth St,Box 1180, Alviso, CA 95002 USA. EM harveyecology@worldnet.att.ent NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 340 EP 346 DI 10.2307/3802297 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA YU728 UT WOS:000071748300039 ER PT B AU Holzer, TL AF Holzer, TL BE Borchers, JW TI The history of the aquitard-drainage model SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board ID SIMULATION AB Pratt and Johnson originally proposed the aquitard-drainage model in their investigation of the first United States occurrence of land subsidence associated with withdrawal of fluids from porous media in the Goose Creek oil field in Texas. The model was immediately challenged, although most subsidence investigators continued to assume that compaction was occurring in fine-grained beds. In the 1960s, direct field measurements of compacting intervals in the San Joaquin Valley,California, confirmed the model's validity for compacting aquifer systems. Today, the model forms the conceptual basis for most physically based methods for predicting subsidence caused by withdrawal of ground water Measurements of compacting intervals at the Wilmington oil field in California and of sand and clay compressibility in the laboratory, however, indicate that sands may be as compressible as clays at overburden pressures encountered in oil fields. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Holzer, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 7 EP 12 PG 6 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600002 ER PT B AU Riley, FS AF Riley, FS BE Borchers, JW TI Mechanics of aquifer systems - The scientific legacy of Joseph F. Poland SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board AB In the mid-1920s Oscar E, Meinzer and Karl Terzaghi formulated the basic concepts of the deformation of saturated sediments in response to changes in pore water pressure. They thus established similar cornerstones for their respective disciplines, quantitative ground-water hydrology and modern soil mechanics. Joseph E Poland is perhaps the man most responsible for fostering a trend toward enhanced commonality and communication between these disciplines. He did so by pioneering a blended discipline-mechanics of aquifer systems. In a seminal paper, Tolman and Poland (1940) ascribed the recently discovered subsidence of the Santa Clara Valley, California, to the lowering of artesian head in the confined aquifer system, which permitted escape of water from interbedded clays and compaction of the clays under the load of overlying material. They drew an analogy with Terzaghi's soil-consolidation experiments and, following Meinzer, estimated that aquifer-system compaction accounted for 15 percent of the total pumpage between 1919 and 1937. By the mid-1950s land subsidence was becoming a widely recognized problem in both the San Joaquin and Santa Clara valleys of California. Poland regarded these areas as natural laboratories in which the depletion of artesian pressure was producing long-term consolidation tests-uncontrolled, but on a grand scale. He and his research team developed and refined the deep-well vertical extensometer, which initially defined the broad depth intervals of compaction, and unequivocally demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between large-scale head decline and aquifer-system compaction. The time series generated by paired extensometer and water-level recorders were combined to create stress-strain diagrams that provided the basis for direct confirmation of the aquitard-drainage theory of subsidence. Estimates of the average vertical permeability and elastic and inelastic compressibilities of the aquitards were derived from these diagrams. Inverse modeling of the time series, based on Terzaghi's concepts, allowed refinement of the constitutive properties of the aquitards and permitted reliable prediction of aquifer-system compaction. In recent years, further development of extensometer techniques has allowed accurate measurement: of extremely small and fully recoverable deformation of aquifer systems in areas not affected by large drawdowns. These data constitute a direct measure of the elastic storage properties of interbedded aquifer-aquitard systems-a measure that cannot: be obtained from observation-well and piezometer data alone, and is more reliable than typical laboratory data, Numerical modeling based on analysis of extensometer/piezometer records from a variety of geologic environments indicates relatively narrow ranges of both elastic and inelastic compressibilities (specific-storage values on the order of 10(-6)/ft and 10(-4)/ft, respectively). Inelastic storage, typically 20 to 100 rimes larger than recoverable elastic storage, can be realized only on the first cycle of drawdown through stresses greater than the maximum past stress, The large volume of water obtainable by depletion of inelastic storage can be considered a nonrenewable resource, but one that can be mined only at the cost of land subsidence. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Riley, FS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 78 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 13 EP 27 PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600003 ER PT B AU Borchers, JW Gerber, M Wiley, J Mitten, HT AF Borchers, JW Gerber, M Wiley, J Mitten, HT BE Borchers, JW TI Using down-well television surveys to evaluate land subsidence damage to water wells in the Sacramento Valley, California SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board AB Down-well television cameras are used by well-service companies to determine the cause of reduced production or other problems with water wells in the Sacramento Valley of California. Videotapes of 317 down-well television scans showed that 81 wells had been damaged by vertical compression of the well casing. The damaged wells are in the southwestern part of the Sacramento Valley. This area, which includes part of Solano, Yolo, and Colusa counties, has been described by previous investigators as a regional trough of subsidence caused by ground-water extraction. In subsiding areas, compacting and settling aquifer materials vertically compress well casings, damaging them primarily at weak points, such as joints, casing reducers, and perforated or slotted intervals. Typically, a broken casing collapses telescopically into itself, shortening the casing string. Videotapes show that broken casings in some wells are vertically compressed by more than 3 feet, an amount similar to the maximum known subsidence in the area as determined by leveling surveys made between 1949 and 1988. A comparison between 80 damaged wells and 88 intact wells in the main area of subsidence indicates that the amount of compressible, clayey sediment at damaged and intact wells is similar, but that preconsolidation heads had declined significantly more in the aquifer near damaged wells than near intact wells during the time the wells were in service. Damaged wells were constructed prior to major declines of the preconsolidation head and therefore: have experienced greater vertical compression from inelastic compaction and subsidence than have undamaged wells. Damage to well casings probably is not related to the method used to drill the well or to the age of the casing. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Borchers, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6001 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 89 EP 105 PG 17 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600011 ER PT B AU Hoffmann, JP Pool, DR Konieczki, AD Carpenter, MC AF Hoffmann, JP Pool, DR Konieczki, AD Carpenter, MC BE Borchers, JW TI Methods of investigating the causes of sinkholes on the farmlands of the San Xavier District, Tohono O'odham Nation, Pima County, Arizona SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Hoffmann, JP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 375 S Euclid Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 189 EP 194 PG 6 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600019 ER PT B AU Heywood, CE AF Heywood, CE BE Borchers, JW TI Piezometric-extensometric estimations of specific storage in the Albuquerque basin, New Mexico SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board AB A 315-m vertical extensometer was installed near the Rio Grande River during autumn 1994 to monitor aquifer-system compaction. A precision transducer enabled extensometric measurement of vertical displacements of several microns, corresponding to a vertical strain sensitivity of 10(-8). Aquifer potentiometric head adjacent to the extensometer was measured at four depths by transducers with a resolution of 2 mm, and was also recorded in three shallower piezometers approximately 80 m from the extensometer. To improve understanding of aquifer-system mechanics near the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, a pumping test was conducted during the winter of 1995. The pumping test was preceded by 3 months of no pumping in the vicinity of the extensometer. Beginning on January 4, 1995, a production well 378 m from the extensometer pumped 147 L/s for 54 days. This pumping was followed by a 1-month recovery period. The distribution of increased effective stress in the aquifer system was inferred from pore-pressure measurements in the seven piezometers. Aquifer-system strain resulting from the increased effective stress was measured with the vertical extensometer. Stress-strain plots indicated a linear elastic compressibility of 5 x 10(-10)/Pa for the aquifer system, corresponding to an average elastic specific storage of 6 x 10(-6)/m. Compaction of low permeability clay interbeds dominated the aquifer-system strain during the latter 50 days of pumping. Four piezometers adjacent to the extensometer responded to earth tides. The magnitude of horizontal strain due to earth tides was computed from tidal theory, and a corresponding cubical dilatation was calculated by assuming a Poisson ratio of 0.25. Spectral analyses of these strains and their corresponding piezometric responses enabled an independent estimation of the specific storage of aquifer sands using poroelastic theory. These estimates suggested a somewhat stiffer elastic response for aquifer sands as compared to the aggregate aquifer system (which includes interbedded clay aquitards) and a decrease of sand matrix compressibility with depth. C1 US Geol Survey, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. RP Heywood, CE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4501 Indian Sch Rd NE,Suite 200, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 435 EP 440 PG 6 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600045 ER PT B AU Kappel, WM AF Kappel, WM BE Borchers, JW TI Mudboils, land subsidence, and landslides in the Tully Valley of central New York SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board AB The Tully Valley in central New York contains mudboils and several areas of land subsidence and landslides. The landslides appear to be natural, but some land subsidence is the result of human activities. Salt-solution mining has resulted in large-scale "bulking" subsidence as well as small-scale "chimney" collapses. Mudboils, several miles;downgradient (north of) the salt-solution-mining field, discharge fresh water and brackish water with fine-grained sediment; this discharge caused land subsidence that necessitated the rerouting of a petroleum pipeline in 1978, and caused the collapse of a highway bridge in 1991. Ground-water withdrawal without supplementation of surface water during the last 25 years of salt-solution mining could have caused compaction of fine-grained glacial lacustrine deposits and led to small-scale land subsidence on the valley floor, but verifying data are lacking. The largest landslide in New York in the past 75 years occurred 1.5 mi north of the mudboil area in April 1993. This and several nearby landslides seem to be related to the hydrogeology of the hillside and the hydraulic gradients within glacial deposits below the valley floor rather than to the salt-solution mining. C1 US Geol Survey, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Kappel, WM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 903 Hanshaw Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 453 EP 463 PG 11 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600047 ER PT B AU Galloway, DL Phillips, SP Ikehara, ME AF Galloway, DL Phillips, SP Ikehara, ME BE Borchers, JW TI Land subsidence and its relation to past and future water supplies in Antelope Valley, California SO LAND SUBSIDENCE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT RESEARCH: PROCEEDINGS OF THE DR. JOSEPH F. POLAND SYMPOSIUM ON LAND SUBSIDENCE SE ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS, SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dr Joseph F Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence CY OCT 04-05, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP US Geol Survey, California Dept Water Resources, Assoc California Water Agencies, California State Assoc Counties, Ground Water Resources Assoc California, Assoc Engn Geologists, Bur Reclamat, Water Educ Fdn, State Water Resources Control Board AB Extensive ground-water pumpage for agriculture from 1952 to 1968 played a significant role in the development of more than 6 ft of land subsidence measured between 1926 and 1992 in Antelope Valley. Since the 1970s, the reduction of irrigated agriculture in this arid, high-desert valley has paralleled dramatic increases in population and urban land use. Concurrently, ground-water pumpage has declined sharply, to the lowest levels in decades. Although currently less than at any time since the 1940s, annual ground-water extraction still exceeds the estimated mean natural recharge to the valley by nearly two-fold. As a result, groundwater levels, historically lowered throughout the central part of the valley, continue to decline in urban and isolated agricultural areas where ground-water use is high. The population of Antelope Valley is projected to grow from 260,400 in 1990 to 690,000 by 2010, and water demand is expected to exceed projected supplies by the year 2004. Ground-water supplies have satisfied 50-90 percent of the annual water demand in Antelope Valley during the period of development, and will constitute a substantial component of the future water supply. If ground-water levels are maintained at approximately their historic low levels, the subsidence presently observed may be only a modest fraction (perhaps 35-65 percent) of that which will ultimately occur. Past agricultural and current municipal-industrial demand for ground water creates a legacy of ongoing aquifer-system compaction, land subsidence and related problems, and the challenge to manage the resource within beneficial limits. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Galloway, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Placer Hall,600 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY PI BELMONT PA 940 EMMETT AVE, BELMONT, CA 94002 USA BN 0-89863-197-1 J9 ASSOC ENGN GEOLOGIST PY 1998 IS 8 BP 529 EP 539 PG 11 WC Geology SC Geology GA BM36Z UT WOS:000078508600054 ER PT J AU Lydeard, C Yoder, JH Holznagel, WE Thompson, FG Hartfield, P AF Lydeard, C Yoder, JH Holznagel, WE Thompson, FG Hartfield, P TI Phylogenetic utility of the 5 '-half of mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences for inferring relationships of Elimia (Cerithioidea : Pleuroceridae) SO MALACOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE mollusks; Cerithioidea; Pleuroceridae; Elimia; mitochondrial DNA; 16s rDNA ID DNA; AMPLIFICATION; SYSTEMATICS; EVOLUTION; PRIMERS AB Mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences have proven useful for mesolevel phylogenetic questions. To date, most published studies have used primers that amplify the conservative 3'-half of the gene. We recently developed primers that amplify an approximately 550 bp portion of the more variable 5'-half of the gene. The primers work well for a wide range of gastropods tested. Because the 5'-half of the gene exhibits greater variation than the 3'-half, we wanted to determine whether there is sufficient phylogenetic signal for resolving relationships among closely related taxa. We examined the utility of the 5' portion by assessing relationships within the pleurocerid genus Elimia of the Mobile River basin. Although the 433 bp data matrix possessed significant phylogenetic signal, and the resultant 320 most parsimonious trees had some aspects that were well resolved, most of the phylogenetic signal seemed to be partitioned among genera. Only 36 phylogenetically informative sites were found within Elimia, which is too few to resolve all nodes for such a diverse assemblage. We recommend the continued use of the 16S rDNA gene for studies examining intergeneric relationships of molluscs, and suggest researchers employ mitochondrial protein coding genes for interspecific studies. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Aquat Biol Program, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Endangered Species Off, Jackson, MS 39213 USA. RP Lydeard, C (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Aquat Biol Program, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST MALACOL PI ANN ARBOR PA 2415 SOUTH CIRCLE DR, ANN ARBOR, MI 48103 USA SN 0076-2997 J9 MALACOLOGIA JI Malacologia PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 183 EP 193 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZP869 UT WOS:000073796800017 ER PT J AU Lee, BG Wallace, WG Luoma, SN AF Lee, BG Wallace, WG Luoma, SN TI Uptake and loss kinetics of Cd, Cr and Zn in the bivalves Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica: effects of size and salinity SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE uptake; efflux; cadmium; chromium; zinc; bivalve; Potamocorbula amurensis; Macoma balthica; size; salinity ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; NATURAL ORGANIC-LIGANDS; CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; TRACE-METAL; CARCINUS-MAENAS; MARINE BIVALVES; CADMIUM UPTAKE; ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCIES; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA AB Radiotracer studies were employed to quantitatively compare the biokinetics of uptake from the dissolved phase (influx rates) and loss (efflux) between 2 bivalves, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica, and among the metals Cd, Cr and Zn. Effects of salinity on influx rate were evaluated in these 2 highly euryhaline species as were effects of animal size on uptake and loss. Metal speciation and biological attributes interacted to differentiate bioaccumulation processes among metals and between species. Influx rates of the 3 metals (mu g g(-1) [dry wt] d(-1)) increased linearly with dissolved metal concentrations. Influx rates of Zn in both clams were 3 to 4x those for Cd and 15x those for Cr. However, influx on the basis of free ion activities would be faster for Cd than for Zn. Relative influx rates among the metals were similar in the 2 bivalves. But, absolute influx rates of all 3 metals were 4 to 5x greater in P. amurensis than in M. balthica, probably because of differences in biological attributes (i.e. clearance rate or gill surface area). As salinity was reduced from 30 to 5 psu, the influx rate of Cd for P. amurensis increased 4-fold and that for M, balthica increased B-fold, consistent with expected changes in speciation. However the influx rates of Cr in both clams also increased 2.4-fold over the same range, indicating a biological contribution to the salinity effect. Influx rates of Zn were not significantly affected by salinity. Weight specific metal influx rates (mu g g(-1) [dry wt] d(-1)) were negatively correlated with the tissue dry weight of the clams, but most rate constants determining physiological turnover of assimilated metals were not affected by clam size. The exception was the rate constant for Cd loss, which resulted in faster turnover in large nL balthica than in smaller clams. The rate constant of loss for P. amurensis increased in the order of Cd (0.011 d(-1)) < Zn (0.027 d(-1)) < Cr (0.048 d(-1)). This was different from the hierarchy of rate constants for hi, balthica: Zn (0.012 d(-1)) < Cd (0.018 d(-1)) < Cr (0.024 d(-1)). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lee, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bglee@usgs.gov NR 91 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 175 BP 177 EP 189 DI 10.3354/meps175177 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 156GF UT WOS:000077992700016 ER PT J AU Caffrey, JM Cloern, JE Grenz, C AF Caffrey, JM Cloern, JE Grenz, C TI Changes in production and respiration during a spring phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: implications for net ecosystem metabolism SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE estuaries; primary production; community respiration; ecosystem metabolism; San Francisco Bay ID PLANKTON COMMUNITY RESPIRATION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MICROBIAL PLANKTON; CARBON BALANCE; OXYGEN; ESTUARIES; SEDIMENT; SHALLOW; WATER; FLOW AB We present results of an intensive sampling program designed to measure weekly changes in ecosystem respiration (oxygen consumption in the water column and sediments) around the 1996 spring bloom in South San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Measurements were made at a shallow site (2 m, where mean photic depth was 60% of the water column height) and a deep site (15 m, mean photic depth was only 20% of the water column). We also estimated phytoplankton primary production weekly at both sites to develop estimates of net oxygen flux as the sum of pelagic production (PP), pelagic respiration (PR) and benthic respiration (BR). Over the 14 wk period from February 5 to May 14, PP ranged from 2 to 210, PR from 9 to 289, and BR from 0.1 to 48 mmol O-2 m(-2) d(-1), illustrating large variability of estuarine oxygen fluxes at the weekly time scale. Pelagic production exceeded total respiration at the shallow site, but not at the deep site, demonstrating that the shallow domains are net autotrophic but the deep domains are net heterotrophic, even during the period of the spring bloom. If we take into account the potential primary production by benthic microalgae, the estuary as a whole is net autotrophic during spring, net heterotrophic during the nonbloom seasons, and has a balanced net metabolism over a full annual period. The seasonal shift from net autotrophy to heterotrophy during the transition from spring to summer was accompanied by a large shift from dominance by pelagic respiration to dominance by benthic respiration. This suggests that changes in net ecosystem metabolism can reflect changes in the pathways of energy flow in shallow coastal ecosystems. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Aix Marseille 2, CNRS, UMR 6535, F-13007 Marseille, France. RP Caffrey, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM jcaffrey@cats.ucsc.edu RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; GRENZ, Christian/F-7586-2011; GRENZ, Christian/I-7830-2012; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; GRENZ, Christian/0000-0002-6922-9124; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 43 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 172 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.3354/meps172001 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 135RT UT WOS:000076817000001 ER PT J AU Wallace, WG Lopez, GR Levinton, JS AF Wallace, WG Lopez, GR Levinton, JS TI Cadmium resistance in an oligochaete and its effect on cadmium trophic transfer to an omnivorous shrimp SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE cadmium resistance; detoxification; trophic transfer; oligochaetes; grass shrimp ID HEAVY-METALS; NEANTHES-ARENACEODENTATA; LIMNODRILUS-HOFFMEISTERI; LITTORINA-LITTOREA; TRACE-METALS; DETOXIFICATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; ADAPTATION; TOXICITY; MARSH AB It has been demonstrated that the deposit-feeding oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri inhabiting Foundry Cove (FC), a severely cadmium (Cd)-contaminated cove located on the Hudson River, New York, USA, has evolved resistance to Cd. In this study we investigate how this resistance influences Cd trophic transfer from this oligochaete to the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. Cadmium-resistant worms collected from FC and nonresistant worms collected from an adjacent unpolluted site were investigated for differences in Cd tolerance, accumulation, subcellular distribution and bioavailability to shrimp. FC worms were more tolerant of Cd, surviving twice as long as worms from the unpolluted site during a toxicity bioassay. The 7 d concentration factor of Cd-resistant worms was 4 times greater than that of nonresistant worms (2020 vs 577). There were also differences between worm populations with respect to subcellular Cd distributions. Cd-resistant worms produced metallothionein-like proteins (MT) as well as metal-rich granules (MRG) for Cd storage and detoxification; nonresistant worms only produced MT. These differences in subcellular Cd distributions led to large differences in Cd bioavailability to shrimp; shrimp fed Cd-resistant worms absorbed 21% of the ingested Cd, while those fed nonresistant worms absorbed roughly 4 times that amount (similar to 75%). These absorption efficiencies were in good agreement with the proportions of Cd bound to the worm's most biologically available subcellular fractions (i.e. the cytosol and organelles). Although Cd-resistant worms predominantly stored the toxic metal in biologically unavailable MRG, their increased accumulation of Cd would still result in substantial trophic transfer to shrimp because of the storage of Cd in the biologically available fractions. This work demonstrates that the evolution of Cd resistance can have profound implications for Cd bioavailability and cycling within aquatic ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Wallace, WG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM wwallace@usgs.gov NR 62 TC 140 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 22 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 172 BP 225 EP 237 DI 10.3354/meps172225 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 135RT UT WOS:000076817000019 ER PT J AU Marvin-DiPasquale, MC Capone, DG AF Marvin-DiPasquale, MC Capone, DG TI Benthic sulfate reduction along the Chesapeake Bay central channel. I. Spatial trends and controls SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE sulfate reduction; anaerobic metabolism; sediment; estuary; Chesapeake Bay ID COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-CARBON; SULFUR CYCLE; PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION; SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS; SALTMARSH SEDIMENT; ELEMENTAL SULFUR; EARLY DIAGENESIS AB Factors controlling the spatial distribution of benthic sulfate reduction (SR) were investigated at 3 stations [upper (UB), mid (MB) and lower bay (LB)] along the Chesapeake Bay (eastern USA) central channel from early spring through late fall, 1989 to 1994. Annual rates of Oto 12 cm depth-integrated SR were 0.96, 9.62 and 6.33 mol S m(-2) yr(-1) for UB, MB and LB, respectively, as calculated from (SO42-)-S-35 incubations. SR was carbon limited at UB, LB, and at the sediment surface at MB, and SO42- limited at depth at MB. Temperature explained 33 to 68 % of the variability in annual rates, with an apparent influence on SR which increased in the seaward direction in surface sediments. We speculate that the enhanced response of SR to temperature in LB surface sediments was linked to seasonal variations in macrofaunal activity associated with temperature. Estimates of reduced-S burial indicated that only 4 to 8% of sulfur reduced annually was buried as Fe-S minerals at MB and LB, with the remainder presumably being reoxidized. In contrast, >50% of the sulfur reduced annually was buried at UB, due to comparatively low SR rates and the high concentration of reactive iron in the oligohaline region. SR mineralized 18 to 32% of the annual primary production. Our results indicate that organic quality may be more important than the absolute quantity of organic loading in dictating the magnitude of benthic SR rates along an estuarine gradient. Spatial trends in SR reflected the combined influence of deposited organic matter quality and quantity, SO42- availability, the presence or absence of benthic macrofauna, overlying water dissolved O-2 conditions, reduced-S reoxidation dynamics, and iron-sulfide mineral formation. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm & Estuarine Studies, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Marvin-DiPasquale, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, MS 480,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. EM mmarvin@usgs.gov NR 75 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 168 BP 213 EP 228 DI 10.3354/meps168213 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 107UQ UT WOS:000075229700018 ER PT J AU Kinney, EH Roman, CT AF Kinney, EH Roman, CT TI Response of primary producers to nutrient enrichment in a shallow estuary SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE primary productivity; eutrophication; green macroalgae; Ruppia maritima; phytoplankton; estuary; Maine, USA ID ANGIOSPERM RUPPIA-MARITIMA; EUTROPHIC ESTUARY; SEAGRASS COMMUNITIES; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; COASTAL LAGOON; WAQUOIT BAY; OXYGEN; LIMITATION; ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN AB Shallow coastal systems worldwide are exhibiting increased algal growth in response to nutrient enrichment. This study evaluates primary production patterns in an estuarine system (Bass Harbor Marsh, ME, USA) receiving low levels of anthropogenic nitrogen. Biomass, areal coverage and in situ oxygen production of green macroalgae, Ruppia maritima, and phytoplankton were measured over a growing season to determine net ecosystem production. Macroalgae and R. maritima exhibited seasonal biomass curves with early summer peaks; however, peak biomass of macroalgae [150 g dry weight (wt) m(-2)] was substantially greater than R. maritima (33 g dry wt m(-2)). Phytoplankton biomass, measured as chlorophyll a, was low (<1 mu g l(-1)) early in the season and peaked (11 mu g l(-1)) following a mid-summer decline in macroalgal biomass, suggesting a competitive interaction with macroalgae. Instantaneous net production rates varied over the growing season for all 3 primary producers. R. maritima net production ranged from near zero to 3.7 mg C g(-1) dry wt h(-1), with higher rates during summer and much of the seasonal variability explained by temperature. Macroalgal (0.88 to 5.0 mg C g(-1) dry wt h(-1)) and phytoplankton (0 to 28 mg C m(-3) h(-1)) net production did not exhibit any clear seasonal signal. Net primary production calculated on an areal basis demonstrated macroalgae's dominance in the lower basin of Bass Harbor Marsh, with peak summer rates (400 mg C m(-2) h(-1)) greatly exceeding maximum rates for both R. maritima (70 mg C m(-2) h(-1)) and phytoplankton (12 mg C m(-2) h(-1)). When compared to other New England estuarine sites with short residence times, nutrient loading and peak green macroalgal biomass in Bass Harbor Marsh are relatively low; however, the strong dominance of opportunistic green macroalgae is a pattern that is characteristic of shallow coastal systems undergoing eutrophication. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Roman, CT (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM croman@gsosun1.gso.uri.edu NR 43 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 163 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.3354/meps163089 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZG722 UT WOS:000073032800009 ER PT B AU DiPasquale, MM Oren, A Cohen, Y Oremland, RS AF DiPasquale, MM Oren, A Cohen, Y Oremland, RS BE Oren, A TI Radiotracer studies of bacterial methanogenesis in sediments from the Dead Sea and Solar Lake (Sinai) SO MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF HYPERSALINE ENVIRONMENTS SE MICROBIOLOGY OF EXTREME AND UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Microbiology and Biogeochemistry of Halophilic Microorganisms CY JUN 22-26, 1997 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Israel Sci Fdn, Moshe Shilo Minerva Ctr for Marine Biogeochem, Hebrew Unive Jersalem C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP DiPasquale, MM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 0-8493-8363-3 J9 MICR EXTREM UNUSUAL PY 1998 BP 149 EP 160 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA BL78H UT WOS:000076720500012 ER PT J AU Wright, RG Tanimoto, PD AF Wright, RG Tanimoto, PD TI Using GIS to prioritize land conservation actions: Integrating factors of habitat diversity, land ownership, and development risk SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ecological diversity; GIS; land acquisition; land planning ID BIODIVERSITY; CRITERIA; RESERVES; IDAHO; PARKS AB Public land management agencies and conservation organizations often are interested in purchasing or acquiring conservation easements on small land parcels. Time and money limitations, however, often make it difficult to evaluate the ecological importance of such lands. This paper presents one method to objectively measure and rank the ecological importance of specific land parcels. Our method is based on a detailed habitat diversity map derived from a similarly detailed vegetation map. The land parcels evaluated were located in the Stehekin River Valley of Washington, within the boundaries of Lake Chelan National Recreation Area, which is part of the North Cascades National Park Complex. We overlaid the vegetation map with a grid of cells 16 m(2). For each grid cell, a habitat diversity value was determined by summing the number of different habitat types located within a 1-ha(2) area of the cell. This analysis was repeated for each grid cell in the study area, and each cell was assigned a habitat diversity value. We assumed that because of the small sizes of the land areas involved, habitat that contained a mixture of different plant species was important to the vertebrate species of the study area. Thus, the 10 parcels with the highest habitat diversity values that were privately owned and yet undeveloped were considered priority candidates for acquisition if they became available for purchase. In addition, the close proximity of nine land parcels to the road system in the valley or to the Stehekin River was used to increase the rank for acquisition priorities on land parcels that had high habitat diversity values. This method of determining habitat diversity value is a helpful quantitative tool for use by land managers in determining acquisition and exchange priorities. Further investigation is needed to compare high priority sites determined from habitat diversity values to sites selected from ground surveys. C1 Univ Idaho, Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Wright, RG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM gwright@uidaho.edu NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA YW712 UT WOS:000071965000005 ER PT S AU Schimmelmann, A Wintsch, RP Lewan, MD DeNiro, MJ AF Schimmelmann, A Wintsch, RP Lewan, MD DeNiro, MJ BE Stankiewicz, BA VanBergen, PF TI Chitin: 'Forgotten' source of nitrogen - From modern chitin to thermally mature kerogen: Lessons from nitrogen isotope ratios SO NITROGEN-CONTAINING MACROMOLECULES IN THE BIO- AND GEOSPHERE SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 214th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem ID SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC-MATTER; NATURAL-GAS ACCUMULATIONS; MOLECULAR NITROGEN; COAL PYROLYSIS; FOOD-WEB; MARINE; DIAGENESIS; AMMONIUM; PRESERVATION; ANIMALS AB Chitinous biomass represents a major pool of organic nitrogen in living biota and is likely to have contributed some of the fossil organic nitrogen in kerogen. We review the nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of chitin and present preliminary results suggesting interaction between kerogen and ammonium during thermal maturation. Modern arthropod chitin may shift its nitrogen isotope ratio by a few per mil depending on the chemical method of chitin preparation, mostly because N-containing non-amino-sugar components in chemically complex chitin cannot be removed quantitatively. Acid hydrolysis of chemically complex chitin and subsequent ion-chromatographic purification of the "deacetylated chitin-monomer" D-glucosamine (in hydrochloride form) provides a chemically well-defined, pure amino-sugar substrate for reproducible, high-precision determination of delta(15)N values in chitin. delta(15)N values of chitin exhibited a variability of about one per mil within an individual's exoskeleton. The nitrogen isotope ratio differed between old and new exoskeletons by up to 4 per mil. A strong dietary influence on the delta(15)N value of chitin is indicated by the observation of increasing delta(15)N values of chitin from marine crustaceans with increasing trophic level. Partial biodegradation of exoskeletons does not significantly influence delta(15)N Values of remaining, chemically preserved amino sugar in chitin. Diagenesis and increasing thermal maturity of sedimentary organic matter, including chitin-derived nitrogen-rich moieties, result in humic compounds much different from chitin and may significantly change bulk delta(15)N values. Hydrous pyrolysis of immature source rocks at 330 degrees C in contact with N-15-enriched NH4CI, under conditions of artificial oil generation, demonstrates the abiogenic incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into carbon-bound nitrogen in kerogen. Not all organic nitrogen in natural, thermally mature kerogen is therefore necessarily derived from original organic matter, but may partly result from reaction with ammonium-containing pore waters. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Schimmelmann, A (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3582-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1998 VL 707 BP 226 EP 242 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Soil Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Agriculture GA BN52B UT WOS:000082109600013 ER PT J AU Kociolek, JP Spaulding, SA Kingston, JC AF Kociolek, JP Spaulding, SA Kingston, JC TI Valve morphology and systematic position of Navicula walkeri (Bacillariophyceae), a diatom endemic to Oregon and California (USA) SO NOVA HEDWIGIA LA English DT Article ID GOMPHONEIS AB Variation in valve size and ultrastructure is documented for Navicula walkeri, a freshwater diatom species endemic to Oregon and central California (USA). In LM, this large diatom has longitudinal lines on either side of the axial area, as well as lineolate striae. External proximal raphe ends recurve toward the same side as the deflected distal ends. A large central nodule and bulbous areas at the terminus of each raphe branch are Visible internally. The edges of an axial plate form the image of longitudinal lines. The suite of features present in N. walkeri suggests it is part of Navicula sensu stricto but occupies an isolated position within the group. Navicula sensu stricto is not an entirely homogeneous assemblage, and further refinements of the systematic affinities of its members may be warranted. C1 Calif Acad Sci, Diatom Collect, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Unit, Aurora, CO 80002 USA. RP Kociolek, JP (reprint author), Calif Acad Sci, Diatom Collect, Golden Gate Pk, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0029-5035 J9 NOVA HEDWIGIA JI Nova Hedwigia PY 1998 VL 67 IS 1-2 BP 235 EP 245 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 129ML UT WOS:000076467500018 ER PT B AU Cheng, RT Smith, RE AF Cheng, RT Smith, RE GP MTS MTS TI A nowcast model for tides and tidal currents in San Francisco Bay, California SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) installed Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS) in San Francisco Bay, California to provide observations of tides, tidal currents, and meteorological conditions. PORTS data are used for optimizing vessel operations, increasing margin of safety for navigation, and guiding hazardous material spill prevention and response. Because tides and tidal currents in San Francisco Bay are extremely complex, limited real-time observations are insufficient to provide spatial resolution for variations of tides and tidal currents. To fill the information gaps, a high-resolution, robust, semi-implicit, finite-difference nowcast numerical model has been implemented for San Francisco Bay. The model grid and water depths are defined on coordinates based on Mercator projection so the model outputs can be directly superimposed on navigation charts. A data assimilation algorithm has been established to derive the boundary conditions for model simulations. The nowcast model is executed every hour continuously for tides and tidal currents starting from 24 hours before the present time (now) covering a total of 48 hours simulation. Forty-eight hours of nowcast model results are available to the public at all times through the World Wide Web (WWW). Users can view and download the nowcast model results for tides and tidal current distributions in San Francisco Bay for their specific applications and for further analysis. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cheng, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 537 EP 543 PG 7 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300107 ER PT B AU Williams, SJ Davidson, M Krimm, R Ward, S Chesnutt, C AF Williams, SJ Davidson, M Krimm, R Ward, S Chesnutt, C GP MTS MTS TI Mitigating the impacts of coastal hazards SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 USGS, Reston, VA USA. RP Williams, SJ (reprint author), USGS, Reston, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 831 EP 835 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300163 ER PT B AU Cheng, RT McKinnie, D English, C Smith, RE AF Cheng, RT McKinnie, D English, C Smith, RE GP MTS MTS TI An overview of San Francisco Bay PORTS SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS) provides observations of tides, tidal currents, and meteorological conditions in real-time. The San Francisco Bay PORTS (SFPORTS) is a decision support system to facilitate safe and efficient maritime commerce. In addition to real-time observations, SFPORTS includes a nowcast numerical model forming a San Francisco Bay marine nowcast system. SFPORTS data and nowcast numerical model results are made available to users through the World Wide Web (WWW). A brief overview of SFPORTS is presented, from the data flow originated at instrument sensors to final results delivered to end users on WWW. a user-friendly interface for SFPORTS has been designed and implemented. Appropriate field data analysis, nowcast procedures, design and generation of graphics for WWW display of field data and nowcast results are presented and discussed. Furthermore, SFPORTS is designed to support hazardous materials spill prevention and response, and to serve as resources to scientists who study the health of San Francisco Bay ecosystem. The success (or failure) of the SFPORTS to serve the intended user community is determined by the effectiveness of the user interface. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cheng, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1054 EP 1060 PG 7 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300206 ER PT B AU DelCharco, MJ AF DelCharco, MJ BE Edge, BL Hemsley, JM TI Measurements of coastal storm surge by the US Geological Survey SO OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (WAVES 97) CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Coastal Zone Fdn, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal Zone Management omm, Waves & Wave Forces Comm, Rubble Mound Struct Comm C1 US Geol Survey, Tampa, FL 33634 USA. RP DelCharco, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4710 Eisenhower Blvd,Suite B-5, Tampa, FL 33634 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0346-5 PY 1998 BP 1478 EP 1479 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mechanics; Water Resources GA BN85F UT WOS:000083193400113 ER PT B AU Strahle, WJ Hotchkiss, FS Martini, MA AF Strahle, WJ Hotchkiss, FS Martini, MA GP IEEE IEEE TI Field results of antifouling techniques for optical instruments SO OCEANS'98 - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE OCEANS Conference and Exhibition on Engineering for Sustainable Use of the Oceans (OCEANS 98) CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1998 CL NICE, FRANCE SP IEEE, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc AB The focus of today's oceanographic research is shifting to shallow water environments. This region of study complicates measurement techniques by forcing the protection of the instruments from bio-fouling. This especially true with optical instruments. The most common methods of protecting optical surfaces use compounds such as tin and copper. These paints are designed to work most effectively against large fouling organisms. Yet optical degradation also occurs with micro-fouling which is not retarded by these paint compounds. Wet Labs, Inc. recently developed an anti-fouling technique which leaches a bromide compound into a sample chamber and pumps new water into the chamber prior to measurement. This technique was first used on their chlorophyll absorption meters. Several deployments of those instruments were made for the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) at a long term monitoring site off of Boston, MA. The USGS has been able to compare the effectiveness of the pumped bromide technique with that of a ring impregnated with an antifoulant that surrounds the lens of a transmissometer.. The results do not indicate that one technique is strongly superior over the other from the standpoint of protection. The primary advantage of using bromide is that it is less toxic than the metal-based antifoulants. One other advantage to the bromide technique is the use of the flow tube sample chamber(s). It eliminates sample noise from biological life, such as fish. However, the bromide technique has two drawbacks. First, to allow a sufficient amount of bromide to settle into the sample chamber to be effective, the manufacturer suggests that the maximum sampling frequency be nor more than once per hour. This restriction may interfere with the scientific objectives. Second, mesh screening protects the input to the sample chambers. Without some passive anti-fouling protection of those screens, these screens will become clogged with biofouling. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Strahle, WJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5045-6 PY 1998 BP 723 EP 727 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BM30T UT WOS:000078340800146 ER PT J AU Wright, DH Patterson, BD Mikkelson, GM Cutler, A Atmar, W AF Wright, DH Patterson, BD Mikkelson, GM Cutler, A Atmar, W TI A comparative analysis of nested subset patterns of species composition SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE nested subsets; meta-community structure; biogeography; beta diversity; landscape ecology ID AREA; ISLANDS; ARCHIPELAGOES; BIOGEOGRAPHY; ASSEMBLAGES; HABITAT; DISTRIBUTIONS; CONSERVATION; IMMIGRATION; EXTINCTION AB We present a broad comparative assessment of nested subsets in species composition among ecological communities. We assembled presence-absence data from a broad range of taxa, geographic regions, and spatial scales; and subjected this collection of datasets to common analyses, including a variety of metrics for measuring nestedness and null hypotheses against which to evaluate them. Here we identify ecological patterns in the prevalence and strength of nested subset structure, and assess differences and biases among the available methodologies. In all, we compiled 279 presence-absence matrices, of which 163 do not overlap in their coverage of species and sites. The survey includes studies on vertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, plants, and other taxa; from north temperate, tropical, and south temperate latitudes. Our results were as follows. Statistically significant nestedness was common. Assemblages from landbridge archipelagos were strongly nested, and immigration experiments were least nested. This adds further empirical support to the hypothesis that extinction plays a major role in producing nested structure. Nestedness was positively correlated with the ratio of the areas of the largest and smallest sites, suggesting that the range in area of sites affects nestedness. Taxonomic differences in nestedness were weak. Higher taxonomic levels showed stronger nesting than their constituent lower taxa. We observed no effect of distance of isolation on nestedness; nor any effects of latitude. With regard to methodology, the metrics Nc and Ut yielded similar results, although Nc proved slightly more flexible in use, and deals differently with tied sites. Similarities also exist in the behavior of N0 ("N") and Up, and between N1 and Ua. Standardized nestedness metrics were mostly insensitive to matrix size, and were useful in comparative analyses among presence-absence matrices. Most metrics were affected by the proportion of presences in the matrix. All analyses of nestedness, therefore, should test for bias due to matrix fill. We suggest that the factors controlling nested subset structure can be thought of as four filters that species pass to occur at a site: a sampling filter, a distance filter, a habitat filter, and an area filter - and three constraints on community homogeneity: evolutionary history, recent history, and spatial variation in the environment. The scale of examination can also have important effects on the degree of nestedness observed. C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Ctr Evolutionary & Environm Biol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. Univ Chicago, Comm Conceptual Fdn Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, Dept Paleobiol, Washington, DC 20560 USA. AICS Res Inc, University Pk, NM 88003 USA. RP Patterson, BD (reprint author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Ctr Evolutionary & Environm Biol, Roosevelt Rd & Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. NR 41 TC 369 Z9 388 U1 2 U2 92 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 1998 VL 113 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YL928 UT WOS:000071009200001 ER PT J AU Clifford, DJ Clayton, JL Damste, JSS AF Clifford, DJ Clayton, JL Damste, JSS TI 2,3,6-/3,4,5-trimethyl substituted diaryl carotenoid derivatives (Chlorobiaceae) in petroleums of the Belarussian Pripyat River Basin SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP European Assoc Organ Geochemists DE Chlorobiaceae; diaromatic carotenoids; euxinia; carbon isotopes; isorenieratene; photosynthetic; sulfur bacteria; catagenesis; crude oil ID PHOTIC ZONE ANOXIA; MOLECULAR INDICATORS; SEDIMENT DIAGENESIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ARYL ISOPRENOIDS; BETA-CAROTENE; BLACK-SEA; SHALE; AROMATIZATION; CYCLIZATION AB Degradation products of the 2,3,6-/3,4,5-trimethyl substituted analog of isorenieratene were characterized in Belarussian petroleums. Devonian oils of low maturity were found to contain high con centrations (e.g., 35 mg/g) of C-40 diaryl isoprenoids (2,3,6-/3,4,5-trimethyl substitution) along with an abundance of maturation-related compounds. A maturation scheme for diaryl carotenoid (2,3,6-/3,4,5-trimethyl substitution) precursors was proposed. Diaryl isoprenoids and aryl isoprenoid (2,3,6- and 3,4,5-trimethyl substitutions) contents were found to decrease as a function of maturity. Maturity parameters based on (i) the ratio of two specific C-15 aryl isoprenoids and (ii) the ratio of C-15 (2,3,6) aryl isoprenoids to C-40 diaryl isoprenoids (2,3,6-/3,4,5) were proposed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clifford, DJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011 OI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854 NR 29 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 5-7 BP 1253 EP 1267 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00086-2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 156HQ UT WOS:000077995900020 ER PT J AU Koopmans, MP Carson, FC Damste, JSS Lewan, D AF Koopmans, MP Carson, FC Damste, JSS Lewan, D TI Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP European Assoc Organ Geochemists DE hydrous pyrolysis; anhydrous pyrolysis; Type II-S kerogen; clay minerals; smectite; biomarker; generation; S-bound biomarkers ID LABORATORY THERMAL ALTERATION; ARTIFICIAL MATURATION SERIES; STEROID HYDROCARBONS; OXYGEN SEQUESTRATION; MATURITY PARAMETERS; ORGANIC-MATTER; MAHAKAM DELTA; SULFUR; DEGRADATION; TRITERPANES AB A claystone and a limestone containing immature Type II-S kerogen were thermally matured in the presence and absence of water, to study the influence of water and clay minerals on the generation of biomarkers. In contrast to hydrous pyrolysis, anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone did not generate biomarkers. which resulted in the loss of important information. Desulfurization of the polar fraction of the claystone showed that anhydrous pyrolysis is not capable of converting S-bound biomarkers to free biomarkers. For the limestone, the differences between hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis are less dramatic. Adsorption of the polar fraction of the claystone to smectite interlayers probably leads to cross-linking reactions, preventing the generation of free biomarkers. During hydrous Pyrolysis, the smectite interlayers are occupied by water so that generation of biomarkers can take place. In addition, cross-linking reactions during anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone may be enhanced because of the presence of S-S bonds in the organic matter of the claystone. These results show that water is important in closed system laboratory experiments designed to simulate natural maturation of sedimentary organic matter. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Koopmans, MP (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Geol, POB 1047, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011 OI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 5-7 BP 1395 EP 1402 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 156HQ UT WOS:000077995900031 ER PT J AU Putschew, A Schaeffer-Reiss, C Schaeffer, P Koopmans, MP De Leeuw, JW Lewan, MD Damste, JSS Maxwell, JR AF Putschew, A Schaeffer-Reiss, C Schaeffer, P Koopmans, MP De Leeuw, JW Lewan, MD Damste, JSS Maxwell, JR TI Release of sulfur- and oxygen-bound components from a sulfur-rich kerogen during simulated maturation by hydrous pyrolysis SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE desulfurization; ether cleavage; hydrous pyrolysis; kerogen; thermal maturation; early bitumen generation ID VENA-DEL-GESSO; SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC-MATTER; HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; CHEMICAL DEGRADATION; FLASH PYROLYSIS; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; GENERATION; MARL; ARCHAEBACTERIA; SEQUESTRATION AB An immature sulfur-rich marl from the Gessosso-solfifera Formation of the Vena del Gesso Basin (Messinian, Italy) has been subjected to hydrous pyrolysis (160 to 330 degrees C) to simulate maturation under natural conditions. The kerogen of the unheated and heated samples was isolated and the hydrocarbons released by selective chemical degradation (Li/EtNH2 and HI,LiAlH4) were analysed to allow a study of the fate of sulfur- and oxygen-bound species with increasing temperature. The residues from the chemical treatments were also subjected to pyrolysis-GC to follow structural changes in the kerogens. In general, with increasing hydrous pyrolysis temperature, the amounts of sulfide- and ether-bound components in the kerogen decreased significantly. At the temperature at which the generation of expelled oil began (260 degrees C), almost all of the bound components initially present in the unheated sample were released from the kerogen. Comparison with an earlier study of the extractable organic matter using a similar approach and the same samples provides molecular evidence that, with increasing maturation, solvent-soluble macromolecular material was initially released from the kerogen, notably as a result of thermal cleavage of weak carbon-heteroatom bonds (sulfide, eater, ether) even at temperatures as low as 220 degrees C. This solvent-soluble macromolecular material then underwent thermal cleavage to generate hydrocarbons at higher temperatures. This early generation of bitumen may explain the presence of unusually high amounts of extractable organic matter of macromolecular nature in very immature S-rich sediments. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, Inst Chim, URA 31,Lab Geochim Organ, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NIOZ, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Putschew, A (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Sekretariat KF4, Str 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany. RI de Leeuw, Jan/F-6471-2011; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011 OI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854 NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1875 EP 1890 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00191-0 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 157EU UT WOS:000078048000005 ER PT J AU Koopmans, MP Rijpstra, WIC De Leeuw, JW Lewan, MD Damste, JSS AF Koopmans, MP Rijpstra, WIC De Leeuw, JW Lewan, MD Damste, JSS TI Artificial maturation of an immature sulfur and organic matter rich limestone from the Ghareb formation, Jordan SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ghareb Formation; hydrous pyrolysis; biomarkers; organic sulfur compounds; alkylthiophenes; alkylbenzo[b]thiophenes ID MESSINIAN EVAPORITIC BASIN; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; CRUDE OILS; ISOPRENOID THIOPHENES; SEDIMENT EXTRACTS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; LABORATORY SIMULATION; NATURAL SULFURIZATION; MATURITY PARAMETERS; REDUCTIVE CLEAVAGE AB An immature (R-o = 0.39%), S-rich (S-org/C = 0.07), organic matter-rich (19.6 wt.% TOC) limestone from the Ghareb Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Jordan was artificially matured by hydrous pyrolysis (200, 220,..., 300 degrees C; 72 h) to study the effect of progressive diagenesis and early catagenesis on the amounts and distributions of hydrocarbons, organic sulfur compounds and S-rich geomacromolecules. The use of internal standards allowed the determination of absolute amounts. With increasing thermal maturation, large amounts of alkanes and alkylthiophenes with predominantly linear carbon skeletons are generated from the kerogen. The alkylthiophene isomer distributions do not change significantly with increasing thermal maturation, indicating the applicability of alkylthiophenes as biomarkers at relatively high levels of thermal maturity. For a given carbon skeleton, the saturated hydrocarbon, alkylthiophenes and alkylbenzo[b]thiophenes are stable forms at relatively high temperatures, whereas the alkylsulfides are not stable. The large amount of alkylthiophenes produced relative to the alkanes may be explained by the large number of monosulfide links per carbon skeleton. These results are in good agreement with those obtained previously for an artificial maturation series of an immature S-rich sample from the Gessoso-solfifera Formation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Koopmans, MP (reprint author), Geolab Nor AS, Hornebergveien 5,POB 5740, N-7002 Trondheim, Norway. RI de Leeuw, Jan/F-6471-2011; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/F-6128-2011 OI Sinninghe Damste, Jaap/0000-0002-8683-1854 NR 65 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 28 IS 7-8 BP 503 EP 521 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00015-1 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZX677 UT WOS:000074542900008 ER PT J AU Spotl, C Houseknecht, DW Jaques, RC AF Spotl, C Houseknecht, DW Jaques, RC TI Kerogen maturation and incipient graphitization of hydrocarbon source rocks in the Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma and Arkansas: a combined petrographic and Raman spectrometric study SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Arkoma Basin; thermal maturity; Raman spectrometry; anchizone; graphitization ID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; THERMAL MATURITY; GRAPHITE; SPECTROSCOPY; REFLECTANCE; SPECTRA; INDICATORS; VITRINITE; MATTER AB Dispersed kerogen of the Woodford-Chattanooga and Atoka Formations from the subsurface of the Arkoma Basin show a wide range of thermal maturities (0.38 to 6.1% R(o)) indicating thermal conditions ranging from diagenesis to incipient rock metamorphism. Raman spectral analysis reveals systematic changes of both The first- and second-order spectrum with increasing thermal maturity. These changes include a pronounced increase in the D/O peak height ratio accompanied by a narrowing of the D peak, a gradual decrease in the D/O peak width ratio, and a shift of both peaks toward higher wave numbers. Second-order Raman peaks, though less intensive, also show systematic peak shifting as a function of R(o). These empirical results underscore the high potential of Raman spectrometry as a fast and reliable geothermometer of mature to supermature hydrocarbon source rocks, and as an indicator of thermal maturity levels within the anchizone. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Geol & Palaontol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Spotl, C (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Geol & Palaontol, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM christoph.spoetl@uibk.ac.at NR 31 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 28 IS 9-10 BP 535 EP 542 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00021-7 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZX889 UT WOS:000074565600002 ER PT J AU Vogelmann, JE Sohl, T Howard, SM AF Vogelmann, JE Sohl, T Howard, SM TI Regional characterization of land cover using multiple SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; FOREST DAMAGE; CLASSIFICATION AB Many organizations require accurate intermediate-scale land-cover information for many applications, including modeling nutrient and pesticide runoff understanding spatial patterns of biodiversity, land-use planning, and policy development. While many techniques have been successfully used to classify land cover in relatively small regions, there are substantial obstacles in applying these methods to large, multiscene regions. The purpose of this study was to generate and evaluate a large region land-cover classification product using a multiple-layer land-characteristics database approach. To derive land-cover information, mosaicked Landsat thematic mapper (TM) scenes were analyzed in conjunction with digital elevation data (and derived slope, aspect, and shaded relief), population census information, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program city lights data, prior land-use and land-cover data, digital line graph data, and National Wetlands Inventory data. Both leaf-on and leaf-off TM data sets were analyzed. The study area was U.S. Federal Region III, which includes the states of Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. The general procedure involved (1) generating mosaics of multiple scenes of leaves-on TM data using histogram equalization methods; (2) clustering mosaics into 100 spectral classes using unsupervised classification; (3) interpreting and labeling spectral classes into approximately 15 land-cover categories (analogous to Anderson Level 1 and 2 classes) using aerial photographs; (4) developing decisionmaking rules and models using from one to several ancillary data layers to resolve confusion in spectral classes that represented two or more targeted land-cover categories; and (5) incorporating data from other sources (for example, leaf-off TM data and National Wetlands Inventory data) to yield a final land-cover product. Although standard accuracy assessments were not done, a series of consistency checks using available sources of land-cover information were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for generating accurate land-cover information for large regions. C1 US Geol Survey, Hughes STX Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Vogelmann, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hughes STX Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM vogel@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov OI Vogelmann, James/0000-0002-0804-5823 NR 30 TC 167 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 45 EP 57 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YV341 UT WOS:000071813500006 ER PT B AU Cheng, RT Gartner, JW Cacchione, D Tate, GB AF Cheng, RT Gartner, JW Cacchione, D Tate, GB BE Dronkers, J Scheffers, M TI Flow and suspended particulate transport in a tidal bottom layer, South San Francisco Bay, California SO PHYSICS OF ESTUARIES AND COASTAL SEAS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Biennial Conference on Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas CY SEP 09-12, 1996 CL THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS AB Field investigations of the hydrodynamics and the resuspension and transport of particulate matter in a bottom boundary layer were carried out in South San Francisco Bay, California during March-April 1995. The GEOPROBE, an instrumented bottom tripod, and broad-band acoustic Doppler current profilers were used in this investigation. The instrument assemblage provided detailed measurements of 1) turbulent mean velocity distribution within 1.5 m of sediment-water interface; 2) characteristics of 3-D tidal current in the water column; 3) friction velocity u. or bottom shear stress and bottom roughness length z(o); 4) hydrodynamic conditions conducive for sediment resuspension; and 5) circulation patterns which are responsible for transporting suspended particulate matter in South San Francisco Bay. An unusual flow event was recorded by these instruments during March 8-11, 1995. A 3-D numerical model was implemented which reproduced, qualitatively, the unusual observations and supported the hypothesis that the unusual flow event was caused by a combination of wind driven circulation and weak neap tides. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Cheng, RT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-965-3 PY 1998 BP 3 EP 12 PG 10 WC Engineering, Marine; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BL64Z UT WOS:000076169500001 ER PT B AU Tillitt, DE Solomon, KR Mihaich, EM Cobb, G Touart, L Kubiak, TJ AF Tillitt, DE Solomon, KR Mihaich, EM Cobb, G Touart, L Kubiak, TJ BE Kendall, RJ Dickerson, RL Giesy, JP Suk, WP TI Role of exposure assessment in characterizing risks of endocrine-disrupting substances to wildlife SO PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES FOR EVALUATING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN SILDLIFE SE SETAC TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Principles and Processes for Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife CY MAR, 1996 CL KIAWAH ISL, SC SP Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Chem Manufacturers Assoc AB Exposure assessment of wildlife to endocrine-disrupting substances is a critical component of the risk and hazard assessment processes. The challenges in exposure assessment that are presented by these compounds are not unlike the challenges presented by chemicals that work through other modes of action. However, unique aspects of the endocrine system can further complicate exposure assessment for endocrine-disrupting substances. The cyclical nature of endocrine hormone status leads to periods of increased and, by definition, decreased sensitivity toward disruption or disturbance. Many of these physiological and hormonal cycles are not well defined, and thus the windows of sensitivity toward chemical interference are not well understood. Yet another challenge for exposure assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals is the homeostatic nature of the endocrine system. Homeostasis is maintained via regulation by multiple tissues, cells, and receptor systems. Often a single critical tissue cannot be identified, thus, multiple target organs, tissues, and cell types must be considered in exposure models. Finally, behaviors such as migration and breeding, which are controlled by the endocrine system, may be subject to disturbance by endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The resultant changes in an organism's reproductive or migratory behavior patterns may render that organism or its offspring more susceptible to other environmental stressors. Thus, the timing and migratory patterns of a population that is potentially affected by endocrine-disrupting substances, along with other aspects of its life history, are requisite information for a proper exposure assessment. Delayed effects (i.e., those that may not be apparent at the time of exposure) and transgenerational effects (i.e., those occurring in the progeny) can result from endocrine-disrupting substances and must be considered in both risk assessments and exposure assessments. These types of effects highlight the need for better knowledge of the windows of sensitivity, as well as a better understanding of the mechanisms by which endocrine-disrupting substances exert their effects. Target organ dosimetry and the predictive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that can be used to estimate doses of endocrine-disrupting substances are particularly important due to the multiplicity of potentially affected tissues. A last area of exposure assessment in which special emphasis is required for endocrine-disrupting substances is that of probabilistic models for risk characterization. Distributional assessment of exposure of wildlife to endocrine-disrupting substances becomes more important due to the cycles in endocrine status and windows of sensitivity that occur. Probabilistic, distributional exposure models for endocrine-disrupting chemicals offer better characterization of risks posed by these chemicals to fish and wildlife but are data intensive to the point that they are often not practical. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia, MD USA. RP Tillitt, DE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia, MD USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-17-1 J9 SETAC TECH PUBLICAT PY 1998 BP 39 EP 68 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Zoology GA BK89X UT WOS:000073834200003 ER PT B AU Heinz, GH AF Heinz, GH BE Kendall, RJ Dickerson, RL Giesy, JP Suk, WP TI Contaminant effects on Great Lakes fish-eating birds: a population perspective SO PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES FOR EVALUATING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN SILDLIFE SE SETAC TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Principles and Processes for Evaluating Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife CY MAR, 1996 CL KIAWAH ISL, SC SP Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Chem Manufacturers Assoc AB Endocrine effects may have contributed to declines in fish-eating bird populations in the Great Lakes, but the greatest harm probably was caused by DDE-induced eggshell thinning. Following the ban on dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in 1972, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) levels in the Great Lakes declined, eggshells of birds began to get thicker, and reproductive success improved. Populations of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocarax auritus) and ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) have increased dramatically since the bans on DDT and other organochlorine pesticides. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) still may not be reproducing at a completely normal rate along the shores of the Great Lakes, but success is much improved. Other species, such as herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), seem to be having improved reproductive success, but data on Great Lakes-wide population changes are incomplete. Reproductive success of common terns (Sterna hirundo), Caspian terns (Sterna caspia), and Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) seems to have improved in recent years, but again, data on population changes are not very complete, and these birds face many habitat-related problems as well as contaminant problems. Although contaminants are still producing toxic effects, and these effects may include endocrine dysfunction, fish-eating birds in the Great Lakes seem largely to be weathering these effects, at least as far as populations are concerned. C1 US Geol Survey, Laurel, MD USA. RP Heinz, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Laurel, MD USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-17-1 J9 SETAC TECH PUBLICAT PY 1998 BP 141 EP 154 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Zoology GA BK89X UT WOS:000073834200007 ER PT S AU Holtschlag, DJ Grewal, MS AF Holtschlag, DJ Grewal, MS GP AMER AUTOMAT CONTROL COUNCIL TI Modeling and parameter identification of ice-affected streamflow SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference CY JUN 24-26, 1998 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Amer Automat Control Council, AIAA, AIChE, ASCE, IEEE, ISA, SCS AB An extended Kalman filter was developed to automate the real-time estimation of ice-affected streamflow. The filter uses routine measurements of stream stage, air temperature, and the open-water relation between stage and streamflow to compute ice-affected streamflow. The filter accommodates three dynamic modes of ice effects: sudden formation/ablation, stable-ice conditions, and eventual elimination. The utility of the filter was evaluated by applications to historical data from two long-term streamflow-gaging stations, St. John River at Dickey, Maine and Platte River at North Bend, Nebr. Results indicate that the filter is stable and that site-specific parameters converged for both stations, producing streamflow estimates that closely match published values. Implementation of the filtering technique would provide a basis for quality-assuring real-time data on ice-affected streamflow. C1 US Geol Survey, Lansing, MI USA. RP Holtschlag, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6520 Mercantile Way,Suite 5, Lansing, MI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-4530-4 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 1998 BP 3592 EP 3596 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BL45T UT WOS:000075568200774 ER PT B AU Weber, W Jennings, CA Rogers, SG AF Weber, W Jennings, CA Rogers, SG BE Eversole, AG TI Population size and movement patterns of shortnose sturgeon in the Ogeechee River system, Georgia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 52nd Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 03-07, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies ID ATLANTIC STURGEONS AB A 2-part study (multiple mark-recapture and telemetry) was used to estimate the size of the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) population and their habitat use in the Ogeechee River, Georgia. The mark-recapture study was conducted from July 1993 to December 1994 and used the modified Schnabel model for estimating population size. Sixty-two shortnose sturgeon were marked; 17 were recaptured at least once. Seventy-eight percent of the marked fish were older juveniles and adults [>56.0 cm fork length (FL)]. Estimated population size was 266 (95% CL 236-300) in 1993 and 72 (95% CL 57-91) in 1994. CPUE declined 6-fold from 1993 to 1994. The telemetry study was conducted from June 1994 to June 1995. Radio and ultrasonic transmitters were used to monitor the movements of 20 adults and 1 juvenile shortnose sturgeon. Tagged fish never left the river system and used specific regions of the river during summer, fall/spring, and winter. During the summer, when water temperature was >27.0 C, fish were found frequently aggregated in deep holes (>4.5 m) at tidal freshwater locations [>44.0 river kilometer (rkm)]. During spring and fall, when water temperature was <27.0 C and >16.0 C, respectively, shortnose sturgeon moved into mesohaline areas (26.2-36.6 rkm); during winter when water temperatures dropped below 16.0 C, sturgeon moved farther downriver to polyhaline regions (19.2-30.5 rkm). Shortnose sturgeon were more dispersed and their movement increased when water temperatures were <27.0 C. This behavior altered the catchability of these fish and may have influenced our population estimates. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Endangered Species, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Weber, W (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Endangered Species, 4401 N Fairfax Dr,Room 420, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 1998 BP 18 EP 28 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Forestry SC Fisheries; Forestry GA BQ97V UT WOS:000165216700004 ER PT B AU Breit, GN Smith, BD McCormick, MJ Zielinski, RA Otton, JK AF Breit, GN Smith, BD McCormick, MJ Zielinski, RA Otton, JK BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Water produced with oil and gas - A concern for production and development of petroleum resources SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Water produced with oil and gas can affect petroleum resource development and, if improperly handled, adversely impact the environment. Dissolved salts, organic compounds, trace metals and radionuclides in the 20 billion barrels of produced water handled annually in the U.S., limit methods of disposal. Inadvertent discharge of this water and historic practices of water disposal have resulted in contamination of production sites by substances dissolved and suspended in the water as well as solids that precipitated from the water. Investigations related to produced water underway at the USGS are focused on understanding geochemical and hydrologic processes and applications of geophysics. Understanding the processes that affect the accumulation and dispersion of substances contained in produced water will refine site assessment techniques and provide additional tools to evaluate the impact of produced water on soil and water quality. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Breit, GN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS939, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 187 EP 196 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000020 ER PT B AU Thamke, JN Craigg, SD Mendes, TM AF Thamke, JN Craigg, SD Mendes, TM BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Use of terrain electromagnetic geophysical methods to map saline-water contamination, East Poplar oil field, northeastern Montana SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Quaternary deposits, comprised of the Poplar River alluvium and glacial deposits, are the sole developed source of ground water for residents in and near the East Poplar oil field. The extent of saline-water contamination in Quaternary deposits in and near the East Poplar oil field may be as much as 12.4 square miles. The probable source of saline-water contamination in the Quaternary deposits is brine that is a byproduct of the production of crude oil in the East Poplar oil field study area. Terrain electromagnetic apparent conductivity data collected in an area of about 21.6 square miles correlate well with ground-water quality. These data were collected and interpreted in conjunction with water-quality data from existing water wells to delineate possible saline-water contamination plumes. Monitoring wells were subsequently drilled in some areas that lacked existing water wells to confirm most of the delineated saline-water plumes. Analysis of ground-water samples from both existing and newly drilled monitoring wells confirms the presence of 7.3 square miles of contamination, as much as 2.0 square miles of which are considerably contaminated. Terrain electromagnetic apparent conductivity data in areas with no wells delineate an additional 5.1 square miles of possible contamination, 3.2 square miles of which might be considerably contaminated. Brine-injection wells, oil wells, pipelines, and storage-tank facilities appear to be probable sources of the saline-water contamination in many of the plumes. C1 US Geol Survey, Helena, MT 59626 USA. RP Thamke, JN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Bldg,Rm 428, Helena, MT 59626 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 205 EP 214 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000022 ER PT B AU Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Worley, DM Toth, DJ Spechler, RM Pratt, TL AF Odum, JK Stephenson, WJ Williams, RA Worley, DM Toth, DJ Spechler, RM Pratt, TL BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Land-based high-resolution seismic reflection image of a karst sinkhole and solution pipe on Fort George Island, Duval County, northeastern Florida SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Monitoring of the drinking-water wells that tap the upper Floridan aquifer, indicate increases in chloride concentration at some wells while at other nearby wells chloride concentration are unchanged. One explanation for this is that geologic features (fracture zones, joints, solution channels, and paleosinkholes) in the underlying carbonate strata of the Floridan aquifer system have breached the semi-confining units, thus allowing warmer and more saline water to flow upward and mix with fresh water production aquifers. A reconnaissance seismic reflection survey was conducted at Fort George Island, Duval County, Florida, to determine if a modified Mini-Sosie high-resolution seismic reflection technique, which has been successfully used to image near-surface faults in urban areas, could be used to image karst hydrogeologic features in this area. We acquired good quality data in this survey within a depth range of 30-400 m. The interpreted profiles of two perpendicular lines provide a clear image of geologic-karst deformation in the form of a solution pipe and overlying buried sinkhole feature. C1 US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Odum, JK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Team, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 285 EP 294 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000031 ER PT B AU Lane, JW Joesten, PK Haeni, FP Vendl, M Yeskis, D AF Lane, JW Joesten, PK Haeni, FP Vendl, M Yeskis, D BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Use of borehole-radar methods to monitor the movement of a saline tracer in carbonate rock at Belvidere, Illinois SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Common-depth (CD) radar surveys and cross-hole radar tomography methods were used to monitor the movement of a saline tracer in a dual-porosity dolomite aquifer at Belvidere, Illinois. The tracer test was conducted using an array of six open-hole bedrock wells at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site. The injection and recovery boreholes were about 20 m (meters) apart, and the imaging boreholes were arranged to provide planar coverage across and along the anticipated tracer path. A hydraulically conductive zone identified during previous investigations was isolated using straddle packers and pumped to establish a hydraulic gradient between the injection and recovery wells. A sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was continuously injected into this zone to move the tracer across the tomographic image plane. CD cross-hole radar surveys and cross-hole tomography surveys were conducted before and periodically during the tracer injection. Background tomograms contain similar radar velocity and attenuation changes with depth, consistent with a layered dolomite that has variable porosity and electrical conductivity. Slow changes in attenuation associated with low tracer velocity permitted the acquisition of multiple CD surveys and two cross-hole tomography surveys during injection. CD surveys were used to rapidly identify the presence of tracer between wells. Attenuation-difference tomograms contain attenuation increases that delineate the spatial distribution with time of the saline tracer and show the progressive movement of the tracer within the tomographic image plane. Formation porosity and resistivities calculated from radar velocity and attenuation tomograms were used to estimate changes in fluid resistivity and tracer concentration in the tomographic image plane. C1 US Geol Survey, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Lane, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 11 Sherman Pl U-5015, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 323 EP 332 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000035 ER PT B AU Paillet, F Hite, L Carlson, M AF Paillet, F Hite, L Carlson, M BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in ground water studies - An example using electromagnetic soundings in south Florida SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Borehole induction logs are used to calibrate surface induction soundings in units of pore water salinity. This is accomplished by correlating water sample conductivity with the electrical conductivity of the formation over the sampled interval. In addition to the hydraulic calibration of the surface induction data, the analysis shows geophysical logs contribute to the interpretation of the surface induction soundings in two other ways: 1) logs show that the constant conductivity layer model most often used to analyze induction soundings is appropriate for the south Florida study; and 2) several physically independent log measurements can be used to uncouple the dependence of formation electrical conductivity on such parameters as salinity, permeability, and clay mineral fraction. We conclude that geophysical logs have important applications in formulating geophysical inversion problems and in defining quantitative relations between geophysical measurements and hydraulic or water quality parameters of interest. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Paillet, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 403, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 349 EP 358 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000037 ER PT B AU Lane, JW Haeni, FP Versteeg, R AF Lane, JW Haeni, FP Versteeg, R BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Use of a multi-offset borehole-radar reflection method in fractured crystalline bedrock at Mirror Lake, Grafton County, New Hampshire SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Multi-offset, single-hole, borehole-radar reflection surveys were conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey Fractured Rock Research Site at Mirror Lake, in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of applying multi-offset seismic processing techniques to borehole-radar reflection surveys in fractured rock. The multi-offset reflection surveys were conducted in conjunction with a saline tracer-injection experiment. During injection, a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was continuously pumped into a hydraulically conductive zone that was isolated by specially constructed, reusable, PVC straddle packers suspended from PVC casing. Eight common-offset borehole reflection profiles were collected within the PVC-sleeved portion of the borehole before and during the tracer injection. The offset between the transmitter and receiver antennas ranged from 6.4 to 9.9 m (meters). The common offset data were filtered, sorted into common distance-point (CDP) gathers, normal move-out (NMO) corrected, and stacked to produce a zero-offset borehole CDP profile. Comparison of the common-offset and CDP profiles indicates that multi-offset data acquisition and CDP processing; (1) increases the resolution of reflectors near the borehole, (2) decreases the effects of direct wave coupling, antenna ringing, and system noise, and (3) improves the clarity of difference images used to identify the effects of saline tracer on reflections from transmissive fractures. C1 US Geol Survey, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Lane, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 11 Sherman Pl, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 359 EP 368 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000038 ER PT B AU Wright, DL Lane, JW AF Wright, DL Lane, JW BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Mapping hydraulically permeable fractures using directional borehole radar and hole-to-hole tomography with a saline tracer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB Reflection-mode borehole radar and transmission-mode radar tomograms image heterogeneity in the electromagnetic properties of rock. Heterogeneity may be produced by interfaces between different rock types, foliation, and fracturing. In crystalline rock, hydraulic flow is primarily through fracture networks rather than through the rock matrix. Borehole radar methods have been applied to help map flow paths in crystalline rock. Correlation of features identified in borehole radar reflection records and tomograms with hydraulic flow paths is generally uncertain because the records show responses to heterogeneity of all kinds, not just to hydraulically permeable fractures. Even in lithologically uniform rock, it is often not possible to distinguish fractures of high hydraulic permeabilities from those with low permeabilities. It is possible to "erase" signatures from lithologic interfaces and rock fabric to identify the signatures of hydraulically permeable fractures by using a saline tracer in fractured crystalline rock because the electrical properties of the rock, except for the fractures that are open to infiltration by the brine solution, remain the same after the injection of the brine and may be removed by examining differences. Saline tracer experiments were carried out in 1995, 1996, and 1997 in the FSE well field at the Mirror Lake fractured-rock hydrology research site in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Comparisons of results from directional radar reflection surveys to well-to-well difference attenuation tomography in the same pairs of wells show generally good correspondence between the location of radar reflections and attenuation anomalies. Our results demonstrate the advantage of using a saline tracer for before-and-after difference mapping of hydraulically permeable fractures in lithologically heterogeneous rock and the utility of the coordinated use of directional borehole radar and hole-to-hole radar tomography. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wright, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 964,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 379 EP 388 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000040 ER PT B AU Campbell, DL Fitterman, DV Hein, AS Jones, DP AF Campbell, DL Fitterman, DV Hein, AS Jones, DP BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Spectral induced polarization studies of mine dumps near Silverton, Colorado SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB As part of a study of mechanisms that produce acid mine drainage, we made laboratory and field studies of two mine dumps near Silverton, CO. Water that drains from both dumps during spring to mid-summer had been found to be quite acidic. The dumps contained broken-up material excavated from Pb-Zn-Ag prospects. In both laboratory and field measurements we found that the resistivities of dump material varied substantially, while their spectral induced polarization (SIP) characteristics were weaker than those expected for sulfides interacting with porewaters. We speculate that after 40-plus years of residence in mine dumps, the grains of dump material have become coated with oxidized minerals which inhibit the surface electrochemical reactions that give rise to strong SIP response. If this is so, it implies that the mechanism for generation of acid waters in the mine dumps we studied is probably not the oft-cited oxidation of pyrite at grain surfaces, but rather some alternative process(es) such as those involving oxidized minerals. C1 US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Campbell, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr MS964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 761 EP 769 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000079 ER EF