FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU CELEBI, M AF CELEBI, M TI SEISMIC RESPONSES OF 2 ADJACENT BUILDINGS .1. DATA AND ANALYSES SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB In this two-part paper. responses of two, adjacent, seven-story buildings in Norwalk, California, to the Whittier-Narrows. Calif. earthquake of Oct. 1. 1987 are studied. Building A. instrumented according to code recommendations, and building B, extensively instrumented, are offset by 16.3 m from one another. The data set includes motions from the superstructure of both buildings, from a downhole below the foundation of building B. and from three free-field sites. Part I of the paper includes descriptions of the buildings. site. instrumentation. and analysis of the data of each building. System identification and spectral analysis techniques are employed in part I. Building A has identical first-mode frequencies of 0.65 Hz for both building axes. The strong-motion response characteristics of building A are considerably different than those determined from low-amplitude tests. Building B has fundamental modes at 0.76 Hz and 0.83 Hz in the major and minor axes, respectively. Torsional and diaphragm effects in building B are negligible. RP CELEBI, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1993 VL 119 IS 8 BP 2461 EP 2476 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA LM927 UT WOS:A1993LM92700011 ER PT J AU CELEBI, M AF CELEBI, M TI SEISMIC RESPONSES OF 2 ADJACENT BUILDINGS .2. INTERACTION SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID WAVES AB Presented in this part of the two-part paper is a study of the relations between earthquake motions recorded from two, adjacent, seven-story buildings. from a downhole below the foundation of one of the buildings and from three free-field sites, all within one city block. This unique data set was obtained during the Whittier-Narrows, Calif. earthquake of Oct. 1. 1987. Part I includes background information on the two buildings, the site. and the data set. Building response characteristics of a code-type instrumented building (A) and an extensively instrumented building (B) are also studied. In this part, spectral analysis techniques are used to study the relationships between the motions of the roofs and basements. the downhole and the free-field sites. It is asserted that there is building-soil-building interaction between the two buildings at a frequency of 2.35 Hz. Furthermore, the free-field motions are shown to be influenced by the presence of the buildings. RP CELEBI, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1993 VL 119 IS 8 BP 2477 EP 2492 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA LM927 UT WOS:A1993LM92700012 ER PT J AU KROHN, MD KENDALL, C EVANS, JR FRIES, TL AF KROHN, MD KENDALL, C EVANS, JR FRIES, TL TI RELATIONS OF AMMONIUM MINERALS AT SEVERAL HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID METAMORPHIC ROCKS; NITROGEN; CARBON; WATER AB Ammonium bound to silicate and sulfate minerals has recently been located at several major hydrothermal systems in the western U.S. utilizing newly-discovered near-infrared spectral properties. Knowledge of the origin and mineralogic relations of ammonium minerals at known hydrothermal systems is critical for the proper interpretation of remote sensing data and for testing of possible links to mineralization. Submicroscopic analysis of ammonium minerals from two mercury- and gold-bearing hot-springs deposits at Ivanhoe, Nevada and McLaughlin, California shows that the ammonium feldspar, buddingtonite, occurs as fine-grained euhedral crystals coating larger sulfide and quartz crystals. Ammonium feldspar seems to precipitate relatively late in the crystallization sequence and shows evidence for replacement of NH4+ by K+ or other monovalent cations. Some buddingtonite is observed in close association with mercury, but not with gold. Ammonioalunite is found in a variety of isolated crystal forms at both deposits. Nitrogen isotopic values for ammonium-bearing minerals show a 140 parts per thousand range in composition, precluding assignment of a specific provenance to the nitrogen. The correlations of nitrogen isotopic values with depth and ammonium content suggest some loss of nitrogen in the oxidizing supergene environment, possibly as a metastable mineral. The high ammonium content in these hydrothermal systems, the close association to mercury, and the small crystal size of the ammonium-bearing minerals all suggest that ammonium may be transported in a late-stage vapor phase or as an organic volatile. Such a process could lead to the formation of a non-carbonaceous organic aureole above a buried geothermal source. The discovery of a 10-km outcrop of ammonium minerals confirms that significant substitution of ammonium in minerals is possible over an extensive area and that remote sensing is a feasible means to detect such aureoles. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP KROHN, MD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 56 IS 4 BP 401 EP 413 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(93)90005-C PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LV402 UT WOS:A1993LV40200005 ER PT J AU POPPE, LJ POAG, CW AF POPPE, LJ POAG, CW TI MESOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE GEORGES BANK BASIN - A CORRELATION OF EXPLORATORY AND COST WELLS SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UNITED-STATES; EVOLUTION; MARGIN AB The Exxon 975-1, Conoco 145-1, and Mobil 312-1 hydrocarbon exploratory wells and the Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test (COST) G-1 and G-2 wells were drilled in the southeastern part of the Georges Bank Basin. We used drill cuttings and logs from these wells to describe and correlate the dominant lithostratigraphic units and to document lateral changes in the depositional environments. The strata penetrated by the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wells are much more terrestrial than at the seaward (downdip) COST G-2, Conoco 145-1, and Mobil 312-1 wellsites. Oldest rocks penetrated by the exploratory wells represent a Middle Jurassic carbonate-evaporite sequence that correlates to the Iroquois Formation. The Iroquois records nonmarine to marginal-marine sabkha, tidal-flat, and restricted lagoonal paleoenvironments in the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wells, but progressively changes to inner neritic, littoral, and lagoonal paleoenvironments at the Mobil 312-1 wellsite. The nonmarine deltaic siliciclastics of the overlying Mohican Formation, Misaine Shale, and Mic Mac-Mohawk Formations are thicker and the marine carbonates of the Scatarie and Bacarro Limestones are usually thinner in the Jurassic strata of the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wells than at the other wellsites. Similarly, lower delta-plain and delta-front facies of the Early Cretaceous Missisuaga and Logan Canyon Formations at the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wellsites reflect a greater terrestrial influence than the laterally-equivalent shallow marine to delta-front facies present at the downdip wellsites. RP POPPE, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 113 IS 3-4 BP 147 EP 162 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(93)90015-N PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA LT710 UT WOS:A1993LT71000001 ER PT J AU GARDNERTAGGART, JM GREENE, HG LEDBETTER, MT AF GARDNERTAGGART, JM GREENE, HG LEDBETTER, MT TI NEOGENE FOLDING AND FAULTING IN SOUTHERN MONTEREY BAY, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, USA SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE; PACIFIC; PLATE; TECTONICS; OFFSHORE; MOTIONS AB The goal of this study was to determine the Neogene structural history of southern Monterey Bay by mapping and correlating the shallow tectonic structures with previously identified deeper occurring structures. Side scan sonographs and Uniboom seismic reflection profiles collected in the region suggest that deformation associated with both compressional and transcurrent movement is occurring. Strike-slip movement between the North American and Pacific plates started as subduction ceased 21 Ma, creating the San Andreas fault system. Clockwise rotation of the Pacific plate occurred between 3.4 and 3.9 Ma causing orthogonal convergence between the two plates. This plate rotation is responsible for compressional Neogene structures along the central California coast. Structures exhibit transpressional tectonic characteristics such as thrust faulting, reverse faulting and asymmetrical folding. Folding and faulting are confined to middle Miocene and younger strata. Shallow Mesozoic granitic basement rocks either crop out or lie near the surface in most of the region and form a possible decollement along which the Miocene Monterey Formation has decoupled and been folded. Over 50% of the shallow faults strike normal (NE-SW) to the previously identified faults. Wrench fault tectonics complicated by compression, gradual uplift of the basement rocks, and a change in plate convergence direction are responsible for the observed structures in southern Monterey Bay. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP GARDNERTAGGART, JM (reprint author), MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039, USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 113 IS 3-4 BP 163 EP 177 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(93)90016-O PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA LT710 UT WOS:A1993LT71000002 ER PT J AU POFF, NL PALMER, MA ANGERMEIER, PL VADAS, RL HAKENKAMP, CC BELY, A ARENSBURGER, P MARTIN, AP AF POFF, NL PALMER, MA ANGERMEIER, PL VADAS, RL HAKENKAMP, CC BELY, A ARENSBURGER, P MARTIN, AP TI SIZE STRUCTURE OF THE METAZOAN COMMUNITY IN A PIEDMONT STREAM SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE BODY SIZE; SIZE SPECTRUM; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ENERGY FLOW; AQUATIC ECOLOGY ID BODY SIZE; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; PLANKTON COMMUNITY; CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; BIOMASS SPECTRA; LIFE-HISTORY; GOOSE CREEK; INVERTEBRATES; MEIOFAUNA; PATTERNS AB We characterized the size structure of virtually the entire metazoan community in a fourth order, sandy-bottomed Piedmont stream during late summer. Our study, the first to sample across all habitat types and sizes of metazoans in an aquatic ecosystem, indicates that at the community level, stream size spectra may be bimodal for the benthos or trimodal when fish are included. Animals spanning 10 orders of magnitude in dry mass (from gastrotrichs to fish) were quantitatively collected from nine habitat types. The bimodal benthic size spectrum was characterized by a meiofaunal component (mostly oligochaetes and micro-crustacea) and a macrobenthic component (mostly the introduced asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea). Insects contributed little to overall standing crop. Size-specific contribution to whole-community metabolism was assessed using allometric equations for respiration, and we found a distinctly bimodal distribution across the entire metazoan size range, with peaks in the meiofaunal and benthic macrofaunal size ranges. Our bimodal benthic size spectrum is similar to that observed for marine benthos but not to other freshwater benthic systems, possibly because the entire range of habitat types and/or animal sizes were not sampled in the latter. Numerous factors may influence size spectra in stream ecosystems, including local geomorphic (habitat) conditions, water level fluctuations, species introductions, and predation processes. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. RP UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ZOOL, COLL PK, MD 20742 USA. RI Poff, Nathan/C-1239-2009; Bely, Alexandra/A-1750-2010 NR 64 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 EI 1432-1939 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 1993 VL 95 IS 2 BP 202 EP 209 DI 10.1007/BF00323491 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LV564 UT WOS:A1993LV56400007 PM 28312943 ER PT J AU BARKER, CE PAWLEWICZ, MJ AF BARKER, CE PAWLEWICZ, MJ TI AN EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF MEASUREMENTS NEEDED TO ESTIMATE THE MEAN RANDOM VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF DISSEMINATED ORGANIC-MATTER SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOC-FOR-ORGANIC-PETROLOGY CY JUL 23-24, 1992 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIV PARK, PA SP SOC ORGAN PETROL HO PENN STATE UNIV DE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE; DISSEMINATED ORGANIC MATTER; NUMBER OF MEASUREMENTS AB In coal samples, published recommendations based on statistical methods suggest 100 measurements are needed to estimate the mean random vitrinite reflectance (R(v-r)) to within +/-2%. Our survey of published thermal maturation studies indicates that those using dispersed organic matter (DOM) mostly have an objective of acquiring 50 reflectance measurements. This smaller objective size in DOM versus that for coal samples poses a statistical contradiction because the standard deviations of DOM reflectance distributions are typically larger indicating a greater sample size is needed to accurately estimate R(v-r) in DOM. However, in studies of thermal maturation using DOM, even 50 measurements can be an unrealistic requirement given the small amount of vitrinite often found in such samples. Furthermore, there is generally a reduced need for assuring precision like that needed for coal applications. Therefore, a key question in thermal maturation studies using DOM is how many measurements of R(v-r) are needed to adequately estimate the mean. Our empirical approach to this problem is to compute the reflectance distribution statistics: mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis in increments of 10 measurements. This study compares these intermediate computations of R(v-r) statistics with a final one computed using all measurements for that sample. Vitrinite reflectance was measured on mudstone and sandstone samples taken from borehole M-25 in the Cerro Prieto, Mexico geothermal system which was selected because the rocks have a wide range of thermal maturation and a comparable humic DOM with depth. The results of this study suggest that after only 20-30 measurements the mean R(v-r) is generally known to within 5% and always to within 12% of the mean R(v-r) calculated using all of the measured particles. Thus, even in the worst case, the precision after measuring only 20-30 particles is in good agreement with the general precision of one decimal place recommended for mean R(v-r) measurements on DOM. The coefficient of variation (V = standard deviation/mean) is proposed as a statistic to indicate the reliability of the mean R(v-r) estimates made at n much less than 20. This preliminary study suggests a V < 0.1 indicates a reliable mean and a V > 0.2 suggests an unreliable mean in such small samples. C1 UNIV ADELAIDE,ADELAIDE,SA 5001,AUSTRALIA. RP BARKER, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 960,FED CTR BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 20 IS 6 BP 643 EP 651 DI 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90050-L PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA MD209 UT WOS:A1993MD20900003 ER PT J AU CROWLEY, SS RUPPERT, LF BELKIN, HE STANTON, RW MOORE, TA AF CROWLEY, SS RUPPERT, LF BELKIN, HE STANTON, RW MOORE, TA TI FACTORS AFFECTING THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF A THICK, SUBBITUMINOUS COAL BED IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN - VOLCANIC, DETRITAL, AND PEAT-FORMING PROCESSES SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOC-FOR-ORGANIC-PETROLOGY CY JUL 23-24, 1992 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIV PARK, PA SP SOC ORGAN PETROL HO PENN STATE UNIV DE INORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; VOLCANIC ASH; ANDERSON-DIETZ; POWDER RIVER BASIN; TONSTEIN; TONGUE RIVER MEMBER; FORT UNION FORMATION AB The inorganic geochemistry and mineralogy of three cores from the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed, a 15.2-m-thick subbituminous coal bed in the Tongue River Member (Paleocene) of the Fort Union Formation, were examined (1) to determine if the cores could be correlated by geochemical composition alone over a total distance of 2 km and (2) to identify the major factors that influenced the geochemistry of the coal bed. Chemical data (46 elements on a coal-ash basis) for 81 coal samples and 4 carbonaceous rock samples, with most samples representing a 0.6-m-thick (2-ft) interval of core, were grouped into compositional clusters by means of cluster analysis. Seven major clusters were produced; two of these clusters can be used to correlate the coal bed throughout the study area. Data from scanning electron and optical microscope analyses indicate that several factors influenced the geochemistry of the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed. The majority of mineral grains in the coal bed are interpreted to be detrital (water borne); evidence includes the presence of rounded to subrounded quartz grains having two-phase, aqueous fluid inclusions characteristic of hydrothermal or low-to-moderate grade metamorphic quartz. These quartz grains are found throughout the coal bed but are most abundant in samples from the midpart of the bed, which was influenced by detrital input associated with the deposition of the clastic rocks that form the split between the Anderson and Dietz 1 coal beds 900 m to the east of the study area. In addition to the detrital minerals mentioned above, volcanic ash that was fluvially transported to the sites of peat deposition or possibly deposited as air-fall volcanic ash also affected the geochemistry of the coal bed. For example, crandallite(?), a mineral reported to form as an alteration product of volcanic ash, is found in seven samples from the coal bed. The presence of quartz grains containing silicate-melt inclusions in eight samples from the coal bed provides further support for a volcanic ash component. Other factors that probably affected the geochemistry of the coal bed include (1) detrital input associated with the deposition of the roof rocks of the coal bed, (2) peat-forming processes and plant material, and (3) epigenetic ground-water flow. C1 WYOMING GEOL SURVEY,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP CROWLEY, SS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR RESTON,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. OI Belkin, Harvey/0000-0001-7879-6529; Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 27 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 20 IS 6 BP 843 EP 853 DI 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA MD209 UT WOS:A1993MD20900020 ER PT J AU GIBSON, TG BYBELL, LM OWENS, JP AF GIBSON, TG BYBELL, LM OWENS, JP TI LATEST PALEOCENE LITHOLOGIC AND BIOTIC EVENTS IN NERITIC DEPOSITS OF SOUTHWESTERN NEW-JERSEY SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID UPPER CONTINENTAL RISE; CARBON ISOTOPE DATA; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; EOCENE BOUNDARY; SITE-605; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; SEDIMENTS; PATTERNS; ATLANTIC AB In the southwestern New Jersey Coastal Plain, four drill holes contain continuous neritic sedimentation across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (calcareous nannofossil Zone NP 9/NP 10 boundary). Significant lithologic and biotic changes occur in these strata near the top of the Paleocene. Global warming, increased precipitation, and other oceanographic and climatic events that have been recognized in high-latitude, deep-oceanic deposits of the latest Paleocene also influenced mid-latitude, shallow-marine, and terrestrial environments of the western North Atlantic. The diverse, well-preserved calcareous nannofossil flora that is present throughout the entire New Jersey boundary section accurately places these events within the uppermost part of the upper Paleocene Zone NP 9. Several rapid but gradational changes occur within a 1.1-m interval near the top of Zone NP 9. The changes include (1) a change in lithology from glauconitic quartz sand to clay, (2) a change in clay mineral suites from illite/smectite-dominated to kaolinite-dominated, (3) a change in benthic foraminiferal assemblages to a lower diversity fauna suggestive of low-oxygen environments, (4) a significant increase in planktonic foraminiferal abundance, and (5) an increased species turnover rate in marine calcareous nannofossils. Pollen was sparse in the New Jersey drill holes, but terrestrial sporomorph species in Virginia exhibit increased turnover rates at a correlative level. Foraminiferal assemblages and lithology indicate that relative sea level rose in New Jersey at the same time as these late Paleocene events occurred in late Biochron NP 9. The higher sea levels influenced sediment type and absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifers in the deposits. Above the initial increase of kaolinite in the upper part of Zone NP 9, the kaolinite percentage continues to increase, and the maximum kaolinite value occurs in the uppermost part of Zone NP 9. There are few changes in either the sediments or the biota precisely at the Zone NP 9/NP 10 boundary in New Jersey. The clay-rich deposits with a high kaolinite clay mineral suite, the lowered diversity benthic foraminiferal assemblages, the abundant planktonic foraminiferal specimens, and the calcareous nannofossil assemblages continued essentially unchanged into the earliest Eocene Zone NP 10. Within the lower part of Zone NP 10, the kaolinite percentage decreased to very low values. RP GIBSON, TG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 67 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD AUG PY 1993 VL 8 IS 4 BP 495 EP 514 DI 10.1029/93PA01367 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA LV381 UT WOS:A1993LV38100006 ER PT J AU THOMAS, JA BOVEE, KD AF THOMAS, JA BOVEE, KD TI APPLICATION AND TESTING OF A PROCEDURE TO EVALUATE TRANSFERABILITY OF HABITAT SUITABILITY CRITERIA SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE INSTREAM FLOW INCREMENTAL METHODOLOGY; PHABSIM; HABITAT SUITABILITY CRITERIA; TRANSFERABILITY AB A procedure designed to test the transferability of habitat suitability criteria was evaluated in the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado. Habitat suitability criteria were developed for active adult and juvenile rainbow trout in the South Platte River, Colorado. These criteria were tested by comparing microhabitat use predicted from the criteria with observed microhabitat use by adult rainbow trout in the Cache la Poudre River. A one-sided chi2 test, using counts of occupied and unoccupied cells in each suitability classification, was used to test for non-random selection for optimum habitat use over usable habitat and for suitable over unsuitable habitat. Criteria for adult rainbow trout were judged to be transferable to the Cache la Poudre River, but juvenile criteria (applied to adults) were not transferable. Random subsampling of occupied and unoccupied cells was conducted to determine the effect of sample size on the reliability of the test procedure. The incidence of type I and type II errors increased rapidly as the sample size was reduced below 55 occupied and 200 unoccupied cells. Recommended modifications to the procedure included the adoption of a systematic or randomized sampling design and direct measurement of microhabitat variables. With these modifications, the procedure is economical, simple and reliable. Use of the procedure as a quality assurance device in routine applications of the instream flow incremental methodology was encouraged. RP THOMAS, JA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,2800 COTTAGE WAY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825, USA. NR 0 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 8 IS 3 BP 285 EP 294 DI 10.1002/rrr.3450080307 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA LV744 UT WOS:A1993LV74400006 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, GL HANSON, JD HAAS, RH AF ANDERSON, GL HANSON, JD HAAS, RH TI EVALUATING LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER DERIVED VEGETATION INDEXES FOR ESTIMATING ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ON SEMIARID RANGELANDS SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID CANOPY AB Ground data from the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeast Colorado and Landsat satellite images of that area acquired in August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 were used to evaluate the level of association that can be expected from a univariate model relating spectrally derived vegetation indices (difference, ratio, and normalized difference vegetation indices) and dried green vegetation biomass. The vegetation indices were related to the ground sample estimates using a sample point, spectral class, and greenness strata approach. No strong relationships were found between the vegetation indices and sample estimates of dried green biomass using the sample point approach. The spectral class approach produced significant results only for the June 1990 sample period (r2=0.96). Significant relationships were found for the August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 samples periods (r2=0.95, 0.71, and 0.95, respectively) when the data were aggregated by greenness strata. The high degree of association between green biomass and the NDVI, obtained when the data were combined into greenness strata, indicated that it is possible to predict green biomass levels on semiarid rangelands using univariate regression models. C1 USDA ARS,GPSR,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,SCI & APPLICAT BRANCH,HUGHES STX,SIOUX FALLS,SD. RP ANDERSON, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 13 TC 111 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 45 IS 2 BP 165 EP 175 DI 10.1016/0034-4257(93)90040-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA LM850 UT WOS:A1993LM85000005 ER PT J AU BASSETT, WA SHEN, AH BUCKNUM, M CHOU, IM AF BASSETT, WA SHEN, AH BUCKNUM, M CHOU, IM TI A NEW DIAMOND-ANVIL CELL FOR HYDROTHERMAL STUDIES TO 2.5 GPA AND FROM - 190-DEGREES-C TO 1200-DEGREES-C SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL; PRESSURE CELL; EQUATION AB A new style of diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been designed and built for conducting research in fluids at pressures to 2.5 GPa and temperatures from -190 to 1200-degrees-C. The new DAC has been used for optical microscope observations and synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies. Fringes produced by interference of laser light reflected from top and bottom anvil faces and from top and bottom sample faces provide a very sensitive means of monitoring the volume of sample chamber and for observing volume and refractive index changes in samples that have resulted from transitions and reactions. X-ray diffraction patterns of samples under hydrothermal conditions have been made by the energy dispersive method using synchrotron radiation. The new DAC has individual heaters and individual thermocouples for the upper and lower anvils that can be controlled and can maintain temperatures with an accuracy of +/- 0.5-degrees-C. Low temperatures are achieved by introducing liquid nitrogen directly into the DAC. The equation of state of H2O and the alpha-beta quartz transition are used to determine pressure with an accuracy of +/- 1 % in the aqueous samples. The new DAC has been used to redetermine five isochores of H2O as well as the dehydration curves of brucite, Mg(OH)2, and muscovite, KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 959,RESTON,VA 22092. RP BASSETT, WA (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,SNEE HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Bucknum, Michael /F-5681-2010; Shen, Andy/M-5001-2013 OI Shen, Andy/0000-0003-2929-683X NR 23 TC 290 Z9 316 U1 6 U2 39 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 64 IS 8 BP 2340 EP 2345 DI 10.1063/1.1143931 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA LR979 UT WOS:A1993LR97900040 ER PT J AU TILL, AB BOX, SE ROESKE, SM PATTON, WW AF TILL, AB BOX, SE ROESKE, SM PATTON, WW TI MIDCRETACEOUS EXTENSIONAL FRAGMENTATION OF A JURASSIC-EARLY CRETACEOUS COMPRESSIONAL OROGEN, ALASKA - COMMENT SO TECTONICS LA English DT Note ID YUKON-KOYUKUK BASIN; SEWARD PENINSULA; WESTERN ALASKA; TERRANE; EVOLUTION; COLLISION; ARC; BORDERLANDS; DEFORMATION; BENEATH AB In their model for the mid-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of central and northern Alaska, Miller and Hudson [1991] (herinafter referred to as M-H) suggest that the contractional Jurassic to Cretaceous Brooks Range orogen and rocks in a very broadly defined hinterland collapsed and fragmented due to postcontractional wholesale lithospheric extension; this extension event created the present distribution of continental and oceanic crustal fragments and sedimentary basins. While we acknowledge the existence of a zone of extensional faulting along the southern flank of the Brooks Range, we find much evidence that contradicts the model forwarded by M-H. Our objections center on (1) the constraints on the timing of extensional versus contractional tectonism in the Brooks Range orogen and (2) the evidence for extreme extensional thinning within the broader hinterland of the Brooks Range. We address several of their ''key geologic relations'' (M-H, p. 782) below. We conclude that evidence for extension is restricted to the south flank of the present Brooks Range and that extension was contemporaneous with contractional deformation in the Brooks Range itself. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,SPOKANE,WA 99201. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT GEOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP TILL, AB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4200 UNIV DR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD AUG PY 1993 VL 12 IS 4 BP 1076 EP 1081 DI 10.1029/93TC00671 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LT601 UT WOS:A1993LT60100018 ER PT J AU ROSENBERRY, DO STURROCK, AM WINTER, TC AF ROSENBERRY, DO STURROCK, AM WINTER, TC TI EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY BUDGET METHOD OF DETERMINING EVAPORATION AT WILLIAMS-LAKE, MINNESOTA, USING ALTERNATIVE INSTRUMENTATION AND STUDY APPROACHES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Best estimates of evaporation at Williams Lake, north central Minnesota, were determined by the energy budget method using optimum sensors and optimum placement of sensors. These best estimates are compared with estimates derived from using substitute data to determine the effect of using less accurate sensors, simpler methods, or remotely measured data. Calculations were made for approximately biweekly periods during five open water seasons. For most of the data substitutions that affected the Bowen ratio, new values of evaporation differed little from best estimates. The three data substitution methods that caused the largest deviations from the best evaporation estimates were (1) using changes in the daily average surface water temperature as an indicator of the lake heat storage term, (2) using shortwave radiation, air temperature, and atmospheric vapor pressure data from a site 110 km away, and (3) using an analog surface water temperature probe. Recalculations based on these data substitutions resulted in differences from the best estimates as much as 89%, 21%, and 10%, respectively. The data substitution method that provided evaporation values that most closely matched the best estimates was measurement of the lake heat storage term at one location in the lake, rather than at 16 locations. Evaporation values resulting from this substitution method usually were within 2% of the best estimates. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 8 BP 2473 EP 2483 DI 10.1029/93WR00743 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LR884 UT WOS:A1993LR88400001 ER PT J AU HARVEY, RW KINNER, NE MACDONALD, D METGE, DW BUNN, A AF HARVEY, RW KINNER, NE MACDONALD, D METGE, DW BUNN, A TI ROLE OF PHYSICAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE INTERPRETATION OF SMALL-SCALE LABORATORY AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF BACTERIA, MICROBIAL-SIZED MICROSPHERE, AND BROMIDE TRANSPORT THROUGH AQUIFER SEDIMENTS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER; NATURAL-GRADIENT; CAPE-COD; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GROUND-WATER; GRAVEL; MASSACHUSETTS; MOVEMENT; SOIL AB The effect of physical variability upon the relative transport behavior of microbial-sized microspheres, indigenous bacteria, and bromide was examined in field and flow-through column studies for a layered, but relatively well sorted, sandy glaciofluvial aquifer. These investigations involved repacked, sieved, and undisturbed aquifer sediments. In the field, peak abundance of labeled bacteria traveling laterally with groundwater flow 6 m downgradient from point of injection was coincident with the retarded peak of carboxylated microspheres (retardation factor, RF = 1.7) at the 8.8 m depth, but preceded the bromide peak and the retarded microsphere peak (RF = 1.5) at the 9.0 m depth. At the 9.5 m depth, the bacterial peak was coincident with both the bromide and the microsphere peaks. Although sorption appeared to be a predominant mechanism responsible for immobilization of microbial-sized microspheres in the aquifer, straining appeared to be primarily responsible for their removal in 0.6-m-long columns of repacked, unsieved aquifer sediments. The manner in which the columns were packed also affected optimal size for microsphere transport, which in one experiment was near the size of the small (approximately 2 mum) groundwater protozoa (flagellates). These data suggest that variability in aquifer sediment structure can be important in interpretation of both small-scale field and laboratory experiments examining microbial transport behavior. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP HARVEY, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 46 TC 127 Z9 128 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 8 BP 2713 EP 2721 DI 10.1029/93WR00963 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LR884 UT WOS:A1993LR88400020 ER PT J AU KONIKOW, LF AREVALO, JR AF KONIKOW, LF AREVALO, JR TI ADVECTION AND DIFFUSION IN A VARIABLE-SALINITY CONFINING LAYER SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENTS; MOVEMENT; DEPOSITS; ORIGIN; SYSTEM; WATER; IONS AB A numerical model that simulates groundwater flow and solute transport for cases in which fluid properties are variable was applied in one dimension (vertical) to the shallow, low-permeability, clayey, confining layer in Donana National Park in southwestern Spain. The salinity in the 80-m-thick confining layer decreases from a brine near the land surface to fresh water near its base. Results of model simulations indicate that the system could be in or close to a steady state condition. The model calibration was very sensitive to small variations in individual model parameters and was nonunique in the sense that equally good calibrations could be achieved by compensatory joint perturbations in the permeability, diffusion coefficient, and overall governing hydraulic gradient. At present, there is probably an upward flow of the order of 1 mm yr-1 to 1 cm yr-1 and a balance in the solute flux between upward advection and downward diffusion. The time scale of calculated responses to changes in boundary conditions in this low-permeability system ranges from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years when considering extremes within the range of uncertainty of values of the evaluated parameters. C1 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID,DEPT GEODINAM,MADRID 3,SPAIN. RP KONIKOW, LF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 8 BP 2747 EP 2761 DI 10.1029/93WR00965 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LR884 UT WOS:A1993LR88400023 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, WD AF NICHOLS, WD TI ESTIMATING DISCHARGE OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER BY TRANSPIRATION FROM GREASEWOOD IN THE NORTHERN GREAT-BASIN SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-TRANSPORT; SPARSE CROPS; RESISTANCES; TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; MODEL AB Evapotranspiration from bare soil and phreatophytes is a principal mechanism of groundwater discharge in arid and semiarid regions of the midwestern and western United States including the Great Basin. The imbalance between independent estimates of groundwater recharge from precipitation and of groundwater discharge based on estimates of groundwater evapotranspiration leads to large uncertainties in groundwater budgets. Few studies have addressed this problem. Energy budget micrometeorological field studies were conducted in a stand of sparse-canopy greasewood growing in an area of shallow groundwater in the western Great Basin during the summer of 1989. The data were used to calculate above-canopy fluxes of sensible and latent heat using the energy budget-Bowen ratio method. The calculated energy budget fluxes were used, with soil surface and plant canopy temperature measurements, to calibrate and apply a two-component, energy-combination model that partitions the energy and heat fluxes between bare soil and the canopy. This permitted the separation of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from greasewood. The calibrated model was used to estimate daily transpiration of groundwater by greasewood growing in an area with a depth to water of about 2 m. The daily rate of groundwater discharge by transpiration during July and August was estimated to be 2.4 mm. A period of 100 days for groundwater discharge at this rate was assumed to estimate an annual discharge of groundwater of 24 cm at the study site. RP NICHOLS, WD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,333 NYE LANE,ROOM 203,CARSON CITY,NV 89706, USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 8 BP 2771 EP 2778 DI 10.1029/93WR00930 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LR884 UT WOS:A1993LR88400025 ER PT J AU SCHMIDT, JC RUBIN, DM IKEDA, H AF SCHMIDT, JC RUBIN, DM IKEDA, H TI FLUME SIMULATION OF RECIRCULATING FLOW AND SEDIMENTATION SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GRAND-CANYON; COLORADO RIVER; CHANNEL FLOW; REATTACHMENT; SEPARATION; EVOLUTION; ARIZONA; EDDIES; LAYER AB Experiments were conducted in a 4-m-wide flume to simulate recirculating flow and sedimentation in a lateral eddy within a channel expansion. The percentage of main stem sediment that was captured by the eddy decreased from 37% (when the eddy was empty) to 24% (when sand filled approximately 32% of the eddy volume). The reattachment bar within the eddy grew in an upstream direction, and the finest size sediment was deposited in the lee of the obstruction; both observations are consistent with field observations. Measurements of reattachment length during sediment transport (0.5-1.0 kg/s) at constant discharge (0.60 m3/s) show that reattachment length depends not only on characteristics of the expanding jet, but also on the topography of the channel bed downstream; reattachment length decreased when part of the channel expansion was filled by an aggrading midchannel bar. Comparison of these results with measurements in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon suggests that downstream channel irregularities play a large role in controlling the length of eddies in natural rivers. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV TSUKUBA,ENVIRONM RES CTR,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. RP SCHMIDT, JC (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,COLL NAT RESOURCES,DEPT GEOG & EARTH RESOURCES,WATERSHED SCI UNIT,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 8 BP 2925 EP 2939 DI 10.1029/93WR00770 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LR884 UT WOS:A1993LR88400039 ER PT J AU ARNDT, NT CZAMANSKE, GK WOODEN, JL FEDORENKO, VA AF ARNDT, NT CZAMANSKE, GK WOODEN, JL FEDORENKO, VA TI MANTLE AND CRUSTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONTINENTAL FLOOD VOLCANISM SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DECCAN TRAP LAVAS; GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; CHEMICAL EVIDENCE; SOUTHERN BRAZIL; MAGMA CHAMBER; BASALTS; ORIGIN; CONSTRAINTS; ND AB Most continental flood basalts are enriched in incompatible elements and have high initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios and low epsilon(Nd) values. Many are depleted in Nb and Ta. The commonly-held view that these characteristics are inherited directly from a source in metasomatized lithospheric mantle is inconsistent with the following arguments: (1) thermomechanical modelling demonstrates that flood basalt magmas come mainly from an asthenospheric or plume source, with minimal direct melting of the continental lithospheric mantle. The low water contents of most flood basalts argue against proposals that hydrous lithosphere was the source. (2) Lithospheric mantle normally has low concentrations of incompatible elements, and chondrite-normalized Nb and Ta contents similar to those of other incompatible elements. Such material cannot be the unmodified source of Nb-Ta-depleted basalts such as those from the Karoo, Ferrar, or Columbia River provinces. We suggest there are two main controls on the compositions of continental flood basalts. The first is lithospheric thickness, which strongly influences the depth and degree of mantle melting of a plume or asthenospheric source, and thus has an important influence on the composition of primary magmas. All liquids formed by partial melting of peridotite at sub-lithosphere depths are highly magnesian (20-25 wt.% MgO) but have variable trace-element contents. Where the lithosphere is thick, the source melts at high pressure, garnet is present, the degree of melting is low, and trace-element concentrations are high. This type of magma evolves to produce the high-Ti type of continental flood basalt. Where the lithosphere is thinner, the source ascends to shallower levels, the degree of melting is greater, garnet may be exhausted, and the magmas have lower trace-element contents; these magmas yield low-Ti basalts. The second control is processing of magmas in chambers that were periodically replenished and tapped, while continuously fractionating and assimilating their wall rocks. The uniform compositions of basalts that evolve in such chambers are far removed from those of their picritic parental magmas. Major elements in continental flood basalts reflect control by olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase crystallization, and this assemblage places the magma chambers at crustal depth. We believe that trace-element and isotopic compositions are also buffered, and that the erupted basalts represent steady-state liquids tapped from these magma chambers. These processes impose a crustal signature on the magmas, as expressed most strongly in the concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Nb-Ta anomalies) and their isotopic characteristics. C1 CENT RES INST GEOL PROSPECTING BASE & PRECIOUS METALS,MOSCOW 113545,RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP ARNDT, NT (reprint author), UNIV RENNES 1,F-35010 RENNES,FRANCE. NR 72 TC 163 Z9 172 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD JUL 30 PY 1993 VL 223 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LX641 UT WOS:A1993LX64100004 ER PT J AU RICE, KC BRICKER, OP AF RICE, KC BRICKER, OP TI HYDROLOGIC, CHEMICAL, AND ISOTOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF 2 SMALL WATERSHEDS ON CATOCTIN MOUNTAIN, NORTH-CENTRAL MARYLAND, USA SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMP ON THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH SURFACES CY AUG 01-06, 1993 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA SP INT ASSOC GEOCHEM & COSMOCHEM, NATL SCI FDN, PENN STATE UNIV HO PENN STATE UNIV C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP RICE, KC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1936 ARLINGTON BLVD,RM 118,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903, USA. RI Rice, Karen/A-8945-2013; OI Rice, Karen/0000-0002-9356-5443 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 25 PY 1993 VL 107 IS 3-4 BP 319 EP 321 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90200-3 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LQ548 UT WOS:A1993LQ54800028 ER PT J AU KHARAKA, YK AMBATS, G THORDSEN, JJ AF KHARAKA, YK AMBATS, G THORDSEN, JJ TI DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DICARBOXYLIC-ACID ANIONS IN OIL-FIELD WATERS SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMP ON THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH SURFACES CY AUG 01-06, 1993 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA SP INT ASSOC GEOCHEM & COSMOCHEM, NATL SCI FDN, PENN STATE UNIV HO PENN STATE UNIV ID SAN-JOAQUIN BASIN; ROCK INTERACTION; DIAGENESIS; GULF; USA RP KHARAKA, YK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 25 PY 1993 VL 107 IS 3-4 BP 499 EP 501 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LQ548 UT WOS:A1993LQ54800067 ER PT J AU DALRYMPLE, GB RYDER, G AF DALRYMPLE, GB RYDER, G TI AR-40/AR-39 AGE SPECTRA OF APOLLO-15 IMPACT MELT ROCKS BY LASER STEP-HEATING AND THEIR BEARING ON THE HISTORY OF LUNAR BASIN FORMATION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MISTASTIN-LAKE-CRATER; CHRONOLOGY; CATACLYSM; LABRADOR; CANADA; MOON AB We have obtained 26 high-resolution (16-51 steps) Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra using a continuous laser system on submilligram fragments of recrystallized melt and single-crystal plagioclase clasts from 12 Apollo 15 impact melt rocks collected at the Apennine Front where the Imbrium and Serenitatis basins intersect. These melt rocks represent a wide range of compositions and at least half a dozen different impacts. Six of the melt rocks have reproducible, intermediate-temperature plateaus over 40% or more of the Ar-39 released; the plateaus are interpreted as crystallization (impact) ages and much of the non-plateau behavior is attributable to recoil. Samples 15294,6,21, 15304,7,69, 15314,26,156, 15357,15, and 15359,12 have mean Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages that are statistically indistinguishable and fall within the narrow range 3852 +/- 14 (2sigma) Ma to 3870 +/- 12 Ma with a weighted mean of 3865 +/- 5 Ma. Sample 15356,9 has a mean plateau age of 3836 +/- 11 Ma and may represent a distinctly younger impact. A seventh sample (15314,30,158) has a peculiar but reproducible double plateau; a low-T one at 3873 +/- 9 Ma, which we think records the crystallization age, and a high-T one of 3831 +/- 10 Ma, which we interpret as an experimental (Ar-39 recoil) artifact. Four of the remaining melt rocks (15308,9, 15414,2,37, 15436,2, 15445,253) have complex Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra that indicate that they either formed in or were disturbed by impacts that occurred less-than-or-equal-to 3850 Ma but did not completely reset the K-Ar isotopic system. Sample 15414,3,36 is different. Its spectrum may represent release mainly from clasts that were not well degassed in a melt event at 3870 Ma; the melt phase contains little potassium. Because most of the Apennine Front material must be coeval with or predate formation of the Imbrium Basin, it seems likely that the Imbrium impact is no older than 3870 Ma and probably no older than 3836 Ma. So far there is no convincing evidence in the lunar record for melt-producing impacts, such as basin formation, older than about 3.9 Ga. C1 LUNAR & PLANETARY INST,HOUSTON,TX 77058. RP DALRYMPLE, GB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 937,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 52 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUL 25 PY 1993 VL 98 IS E7 BP 13085 EP 13095 DI 10.1029/93JE01222 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LP808 UT WOS:A1993LP80800001 ER PT J AU OPPENHEIMER, D BEROZA, G CARVER, G DENGLER, L EATON, J GEE, L GONZALEZ, F JAYKO, A LI, WH LISOWSKI, M MAGEE, M MARSHALL, G MURRAY, M MCPHERSON, R ROMANOWICZ, B SATAKE, K SIMPSON, R SOMERVILLE, P STEIN, R VALENTINE, D AF OPPENHEIMER, D BEROZA, G CARVER, G DENGLER, L EATON, J GEE, L GONZALEZ, F JAYKO, A LI, WH LISOWSKI, M MAGEE, M MARSHALL, G MURRAY, M MCPHERSON, R ROMANOWICZ, B SATAKE, K SIMPSON, R SOMERVILLE, P STEIN, R VALENTINE, D TI THE CAPE MENDOCINO, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKES OF APRIL 1992 - SUBDUCTION AT THE TRIPLE JUNCTION SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; GORDA PLATE; TECTONICS; FAULTS; ZONE; DEFORMATION; DEPTHS; COAST AB The 25 April 1992 magnitude 7.1 Cape Mendocino thrust earthquake demonstrated that the North America-Gorda plate boundary is seismogenic and illustrated hazards that could result from much larger earthquakes forecast for the Cascadia region. The shock occurred just north of the Mendocino Triple Junction and caused strong ground motion and moderate damage in the immediate area. Rupture initiated onshore at a depth of 10.5 kilometers and propagated up-dip and seaward. Slip on steep faults in the Gorda plate generated two magnitude 6.6 aftershocks on 26 April. The main shock did not produce surface rupture on land but caused coastal uplift and a tsunami. The emerging picture of seismicity and faulting at the triple junction suggests that the region is likely to continue experiencing significant seismicity. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ARCATA,CA 95521. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SEISMOG STN,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NOAA,PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONM LAB,SEATTLE,WA 98115. UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. WOODWARD CLYDE CONSULTANTS,PASADENA,CA 91101. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. RP OPPENHEIMER, D (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Satake, Kenji/E-2312-2011; OI Satake, Kenji/0000-0002-3368-3085; Valentine, David/0000-0002-5018-048X; Oppenheimer, David/0000-0002-6569-3640; romanowicz, Barbara/0000-0002-6208-6044 NR 45 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 23 PY 1993 VL 261 IS 5120 BP 433 EP 438 DI 10.1126/science.261.5120.433 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LN623 UT WOS:A1993LN62300026 PM 17770022 ER PT J AU TILLING, RI LIPMAN, PW AF TILLING, RI LIPMAN, PW TI LESSONS IN REDUCING VOLCANO RISK SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID MOUNT ST-HELENS RP TILLING, RI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS-910, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 22 PY 1993 VL 364 IS 6435 BP 277 EP 280 DI 10.1038/364277a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LN570 UT WOS:A1993LN57000024 ER PT J AU RICE, CA TUTTLE, ML REYNOLDS, RL AF RICE, CA TUTTLE, ML REYNOLDS, RL TI THE ANALYSIS OF FORMS OF SULFUR IN ANCIENT SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS - COMMENTS AND CAUTIONS SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SOUTHWEST NETHERLANDS; SULFATE REDUCTION; INORGANIC SULFUR; EASTERN SCHELDT; FRESH-WATER; PYRITE; GREIGITE; SULFIDE; SHALES AB Assumptions commonly made during analysis of the amount of monosulfides [acid-volatile sulfides (AVS)] and disulfides in modern sediments, may not be valid for ancient sedimentary rocks. It is known that ferric iron can oxidize H2S during AVS analysis unless a reducing agent such as stannous chloride is added to the treatment. In addition, some monosulfides such as greigite and pyrrhotite require heat during the AVS analysis in order to dissolve completely. However, the use of heat and/or stannous chloride in the AVS treatment may partially dissolve disulfides and it is generally recommended that stannous chloride not be used in the AVS treatment for modern sediments. Most of the monosulfides are assumed to be recovered as AVS without the addition of stannous chloride. This study investigates the recovery of monosulfides during sulfur speciation analysis with application to ancient sedimentary rocks. Sulfur in samples containing naturally occurring greigite and mackinawite or pyrite was measured using variations of a common sulfur-speciation scheme. The sulfur-speciation scheme analyzes for monosulfide sulfur, disulfide sulfur, elemental sulfur, inorganic sulfate and organically bound sulfur. The effects of heat, stannous chloride and ferric iron on the amounts of acid-volatile sulfide and disulfide recovered during treatment for AVS were investigated. Isotopic compositions of the recovered sulfur species along with yields from an extended sulfur-speciation scheme were used to quantify the effects. Hot 6 N HCl AVS treatment recovers > 60% of the monosulfides as AVS in samples containing pure greigite and mackinawite. The remaining monosulfide sulfur is recovered in a subsequent elemental sulfur extraction. Hot 6 N HCl plus stannous chloride recovers 100% of the monosulfides as AVS. The addition of ferric iron to pure greigite and mackinawite samples during AVS treatment without stannous chloride decreased the amount of monosulfides recovered as AVS and, if present in great enough concentration, oxidized some of the AVS to a form not recovered in later treatments. The hot stannous chloride AVS treatments dissolve < 5% of well-crystallized pyrite in this study. The amount of pyrite dissolved depends on grain size and crystallinity. Greigite in ancient sedimentary rocks was quantitatively recovered as AVS only with hot 6 N HCl plus stannous chloride. Hot 6 N HCl AVS treatment of these rocks did not detect any monosulfides in most samples. A subsequent elemental sulfur extraction did not completely recover the oxidized monosulfides. Therefore, the use of stannous chloride plus heat is recommended in the AVS treatment of ancient sedimentary rocks if monosulfides are present and of interest. All assumptions about the amount of monosulfides and disulfides recovered with the sulfur-speciation scheme used should be verified by extended sulfur-speciation and/or isotopic analysis of the species recovered. RP RICE, CA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 916,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 30 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD JUL 20 PY 1993 VL 107 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LP588 UT WOS:A1993LP58800006 ER PT J AU MURPHY, DM GARBARINO, JR TAYLOR, HE HART, BT BECKETT, R AF MURPHY, DM GARBARINO, JR TAYLOR, HE HART, BT BECKETT, R TI DETERMINATION OF SIZE AND ELEMENT COMPOSITION DISTRIBUTIONS OF COMPLEX COLLOIDS BY SEDIMENTATION FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID POWER; SEPARATION; PARTICLES; DECAY AB Sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have been directly combined and the resulting SdFFF-ICP-MS instrument can be used to produce element based size distributions of colloidal samples. Using appropriate tracer elements the size distributions of specific components can be picked out from a complex mixture. Changes in chemical composition of mixtures as a function of particle size can be readily monitored by plotting appropriate element atomic ratio distributions. These applications have been illustrated using data obtained with samples of the clay minerals kaolinite and illite and a natural suspended particulate matter from the Darling River (Australia). C1 MONASH UNIV,CTR WATER STUDIES,DEPT CHEM,900 DANDENONG RD,CAULFIELD E,MELBOURNE,VIC 3145,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO. NR 18 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR PD JUL 16 PY 1993 VL 642 IS 1-2 BP 459 EP 467 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80112-L PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA LN765 UT WOS:A1993LN76500042 ER PT J AU ROSENBAUM, JG AF ROSENBAUM, JG TI MAGNETIC GRAIN-SIZE VARIATIONS THROUGH AN ASH-FLOW SHEET - INFLUENCE ON MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COOLING HISTORY SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN NEVADA; SINGLE-DOMAIN; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE; PALEOMAGNETIC DATA; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; TUFFS; ORIGIN; TITANOMAGNETITE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IGNIMBRITES AB Rock magnetic studies of tuffs are essential to the interpretation of paleomagnetic data derived from such rocks, provide a basis for interpretation of aeromagnetic data over volcanic terranes, and yield insights into the depositional and cooling histories of ash flow sheets. A rhyolitic ash flow sheet, the Miocene-aged Tiva Canyon Member of the Paintbrush Tuff, contains both titanomagnetite phenocrysts, present in the magma prior to eruption, and cubic Fe-oxide microcrystals that grew after emplacement. Systematic variations in the quantity and magnetic grain size of the microcrystals produce large variations in magnetic properties through a section of the ash flow sheet penetrated in a borehole on the Nevada Test Site. Natural remanent magnetization varies from less than 1 X 10(-4) to more than 8 X 10(-4) A m3 kg-1, and in-phase magnetic susceptibility varies from less than 1 x 10(-6) to more than 10 x 10(-6) m3 kg-1. The microcrystals, which include both magnetite and maghemite, have Curie points and maximum unblocking temperatures between 580-degrees-C and 640-degrees-C. Rock magnetic data, including in-phase and quadrature magnetic susceptibilities as well as hysteresis parameters, demonstrate that these microcrystals are of superparamagnetic and single-domain sizes. Titanomagnetite phenocrysts are the dominant remanence carriers in the central 50 m of the section, whereas microcrystals are important contributors to remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility in two 15-m-thick zones at the top and bottom. Within these zones the size of microcrystals decreases both toward the quenched margins and toward the interior of the sheet. The decrease in microcrystal size toward the interior of the sheet is interpreted to indicate the presence of a cooling break; possibly represented by a concentration of pumice. Laboratory heating produces changes in magnetic properties which vary complexly from sample to sample. Such changes include (1) decrease in saturation magnetization, (2) both increase and decrease in in-phase and quadrature magnetic susceptibilities, and (3) shifts in coercivity spectra. The complex sample-to-sample variation in response to heating is attributed to differences in initial grain-size distributions. RP ROSENBAUM, JG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 964,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B7 BP 11715 EP 11727 DI 10.1029/93JB00355 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LM631 UT WOS:A1993LM63100001 ER PT J AU VELDE, B MOORE, D BADRI, A LEDESERT, B AF VELDE, B MOORE, D BADRI, A LEDESERT, B TI FRACTAL AND LENGTH ANALYSIS OF FRACTURES DURING BRITTLE TO DUCTILE CHANGES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GEOMETRY AB Linear Cantor's dust type fractal analysis of spacial distribution and fracture length analysis has been made on the fracture sets obtained in four deformation experiments performed at different confining pressures (0.5 to 5 kbar) using the Barre Granite. The fractures, mapped using petrographic microscope methods, were subsequently classed into those of shear, tension, and relaxation or decompression origin. Fracture lengths were found to have a distribution similar to a log normal frequency distribution for all sets. The difference between the mean lengths for the fractures of different orientations in a given experiment decreases with pressure, ie. the fracture lengths for all orientations (stress origins) tend to be more homogeneous as confining pressure increases. The fracture sets were also subjected to the linear Cantor's dust method of analysis. These analyses show that the fractal dimension for all of the fractures in a sample increases slightly as confining pressure increases. The difference in fractal dimension of individual fracture sets in a sample (shear, tension, decompression) tends to decrease with increased confirming pressure. In the experiments with the lowest confining pressure, one finds the greatest contrasts in both fracture length and fractal dimension for fractures of different origin. These analyses show that one can describe the differences in fracture style in fracture fields using fractal measurements and length measurements. This follows the change from anisotropic stress fields to those more homogeneous through an increase of confining pressure. This shows that one can measure the change in fracture style in going from brittle rupture toward plastic deformation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV POITIERS,ALTERAT HYDROTHERMALES LAB,F-86022 POITIERS,FRANCE. UNIV POITIERS,MECAN FLUIDES LAB,F-86022 POITIERS,FRANCE. RP VELDE, B (reprint author), ECOLE NORMALE SUPER,DEPT GEOL,UR 1316,24 RUE LHOMOND,F-75235 PARIS,FRANCE. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B7 BP 11935 EP 11940 DI 10.1029/92JB02663 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LM631 UT WOS:A1993LM63100015 ER PT J AU ANDREWS, DJ OPPENHEIMER, DH LIENKAEMPER, JJ AF ANDREWS, DJ OPPENHEIMER, DH LIENKAEMPER, JJ TI THE MISSION LINK BETWEEN THE HAYWARD AND CALAVERAS FAULTS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; WHITTIER-NARROWS EARTHQUAKE; LOS-ANGELES; LOMA-PRIETA; CALIFORNIA; SLIP; MECHANICS; TECTONICS; SEQUENCE; STRESS AB The left stepover between the Calaveras and Hayward faults give rise to compressive strain that is accommodated by vertical deformation, producing the highest hills bordering the east side of San Francisco Bay (Monument Peak to Mission Peak). The projection of the active trace of the Hayward fault is separated 3.5 km from the junction of the northern and southern segments of the Calaveras fault at Calaveras reservoir. For pure strike slip on the Hayward and Calaveras faults, the stepover region is compressed in area at a rate given by the separation times the long-term slip rate of 9 mm/yr on the Hayward fault. Assuming a seismogenic depth of 10 km, the horizontal compression accumulated over 150 years is equivalent to a dip-slip seismic moment of 2.8 x 10(18) N m. This moment, if released in a single event, would generate an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 due to dip slip alone. Dip slip may occur on buried faults throughout the stepover region. The base of the southwest face of Monument Peak suggests a buried thrust or reverse fault dipping northeast. The prominent scarp on Mission Peak has the same strike and sense of slip. Current microearthquakes between the Calaveras and Hayward faults align parallel to the Mission fault, but show only horizontal slip on a vertical fault plane. A dipping fault is needed to satisfy the geometric constraint of the convergence. Therefore, the Mission fault zone must consist of two or more fault surfaces inclined at different dip angles, as is observed in the San Andreas fault zone in the Loma Prieta area. Horizontal slip is building up stress on the inclined fault, which is currently locked. Growing compressive stress will increasingly impede horizontal slip until a thrust or reverse-slip event occurs, allowing then more horizontal slip to be transferred from the Calaveras to the Hayward fault. The dip-slip fault might be the unstable element governing slip in the larger system. RP ANDREWS, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B7 BP 12083 EP 12095 DI 10.1029/93JB00712 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LM631 UT WOS:A1993LM63100026 ER PT J AU MATTHEWS, MV SEGALL, P AF MATTHEWS, MV SEGALL, P TI ESTIMATION OF DEPTH-DEPENDENT FAULT SLIP FROM MEASURED SURFACE DEFORMATION WITH APPLICATION TO THE 1906 SAN-FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article AB We estimate the depth distribution of slip in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake by applying new inversion methods to triangulation data collected near Point Arena, California. Modeling crustal deformation from antiplane slip in a half-space, we define three regularizing functionals to produce minimum-norm inverse problems. These functionals measure components of the coseismic change in elastic strain energy, stress magnitude, and stress variability and are all quadratic in slip. Orthogonality conditions define finite-dimensional representations of slip estimates. Coefficients of basis functions in these representations are estimated by damped least squares with damping parameter and faulting depth chosen by cross validation. The best resulting estimates exhibit right lateral slip to depths of 15 to 20 km with about 6 m of surface slip. This is consistent with directly observed offsets of cultural landmarks at the surface and indicates deeper faulting than has been previously inferred for the 1906 earthquake. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP MATTHEWS, MV (reprint author), MIT,DEPT MATH,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. NR 22 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B7 BP 12153 EP 12163 DI 10.1029/93JB00440 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LM631 UT WOS:A1993LM63100030 ER PT J AU ROJSTACZER, S DEVEREL, SJ AF ROJSTACZER, S DEVEREL, SJ TI TIME-DEPENDENCE IN ATMOSPHERIC CARBON INPUTS FROM DRAINAGE OF ORGANIC SOILS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Historical and contemporary subsidence in the San Joaquin-Sacramento Delta, California indicates that subsidence rates associated with drainage of organic soils have declined over time. Contemporary measurements of carbon flux into the atmosphere can be used to predict contemporary rates of permanent subsidence. This correspondence indicates that most subsidence is caused by carbon oxidation. The current contribution of atmospheric carbon from the Delta is 2 x 10(12) gm C/yr. This estimate is a factor of 3-4 less than previous estimates and reflects the declining rate of CO2 production in the Delta over the last several decades. Estimates of current production of CO2 from other drained agricultural lands that are based upon time-averaged historical rates of subsidence are also likely to be too large. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825. RP ROJSTACZER, S (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DURHAM,NC 27708, USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 9 PY 1993 VL 20 IS 13 BP 1383 EP 1386 DI 10.1029/93GL01339 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LN476 UT WOS:A1993LN47600014 ER PT J AU PRESCOTT, W AF PRESCOTT, W TI REMOTE-SENSING - SEEING EARTHQUAKES FROM AFAR SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID RADAR RP PRESCOTT, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 8 PY 1993 VL 364 IS 6433 BP 100 EP 101 DI 10.1038/364100d0 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LL367 UT WOS:A1993LL36700022 ER PT J AU TENBRINK, US BANNISTER, S BEAUDOIN, BC STERN, TA AF TENBRINK, US BANNISTER, S BEAUDOIN, BC STERN, TA TI GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TECTONIC BOUNDARY BETWEEN EAST AND WEST ANTARCTICA SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEW-ZEALAND; LOWER CRUST; UPLIFT; RIFT; DISCONTINUITY; REFLECTIVITY; EARTHQUAKES; PATTERNS; HISTORY AB The Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), which separate the West Antarctic rift system from the stable shield of East Antarctica, are the largest mountains developed adjacent to a rift. The cause of uplift of mountains bordering rifts is poorly understood. One notion based on observations of troughs next to many uplifted blocks is that isostatic rebound produces a coeval uplift and subsidence. The results of an over-snow seismic experiment in Antarctica do not show evidence for a trough next to the TAM but indicate the extension of rifted mantle lithosphere under the TAM. Furthermore, stretching preceded the initiation of uplift, which suggests thermal buoyancy as the cause for uplift. C1 INST GEOL & NUCL SCI,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. VICTORIA UNIV WELLINGTON,RES SCH EARTH SCI,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND. RP TENBRINK, US (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. OI Bannister, Stephen/0000-0002-2125-0506 NR 48 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 2 PY 1993 VL 261 IS 5117 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LK434 UT WOS:A1993LK43400027 ER PT J AU SHEN, AH BASSETT, WA CHOU, IM AF SHEN, AH BASSETT, WA CHOU, IM TI THE ALPHA-BETA QUARTZ TRANSITION AT HIGH-TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES IN A DIAMOND-ANVIL CELL BY LASER INTERFEROMETRY SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID EQUATION; PHASE; STATE; WATER; RANGE; KBAR AB The alpha-beta quartz transition was observed using laser interferometry at simultaneous high temperatures and high pressures up to 850-degrees-C and 1100 MPa in situ in a diamond-anvil cell. The alpha to beta transition manifested itself as an abrupt collective motion in the interference fringes produced by the laser light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of a doubly polished quartz platelet. The beta to a transition was observed also as an abrupt shift of the interference fringes, but in the opposite direction. By using the method described in Shen et al. (1992a) and employing the equation of state of H2O formulated by Haar et al. (1984), we were able to calculate transition pressures accurately. The transition temperatures were fitted to a quadratic function of pressure, and the following result is obtained: T (degrees-C) = 574.3 + 0.2559P (MPa) - 6.406 x 10(-6)P2. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 959,RESTON,VA 22092. RP SHEN, AH (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Shen, Andy/M-5001-2013 OI Shen, Andy/0000-0003-2929-683X NR 26 TC 52 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 10 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 78 IS 7-8 BP 694 EP 698 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA LT314 UT WOS:A1993LT31400002 ER PT J AU HAWTHORNE, FC UNGARETTI, L OBERTI, R BOTTAZZI, P CZAMANSKE, GK AF HAWTHORNE, FC UNGARETTI, L OBERTI, R BOTTAZZI, P CZAMANSKE, GK TI LI - AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN IGNEOUS ALKALI AMPHIBOLES SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ROCKS; COMPLEX; GEOCHEMISTRY; PERALKALINE; OXIDATION; SILICATES; CHEMISTRY; EVOLUTION; MINERALS; FIELD AB The crystal structures of 3 alkali amphiboles have been refined to R values of 1-2% using single-crystal MoKalpha X-ray data. Crystals used in the collection of the intensity data were subsequently analyzed by electron and ion microprobe. Site occupancies were assigned by site-scattering refinement and stereochemical considerations, taking into account the electron and ion microprobe analysis of each crystal. These alkali amphiboles are primarily eckermannite-arfvedsonite from peralkaline granites. Their X-ray scattering behavior is very different from most other monoclinic amphiboles; they show anomalously low scattering at the M3 site relative to that observed at the M1 and M2 sites. Ion microprobe analysis confirmed the presence of significant amounts of Li, up to 0.61 apfu (approximately 1.0 wt% Li2O), that the scattering results show to be completely ordered at the M3 site. These amphiboles contain significant amounts of Mn, up to 0.92 apfu (approximately 6.9 wt% MnO), and minor Zn; the Mn is dominantly divalent and is distributed over the M1, M2, and M3 sites. Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios were assigned on the basis of mean bond length considerations. Li enters the arfvedsonite structure primarily by means of the substitution [M3]Li + Fe3+ --> [M3]Fe2+ + Fe2+[LiFe3+(Fe2+)-2] giving rise to the ideal end-member NaNa2Fe22+LiFe23+-Si8O22(OH)2. The dominant compositional variation among the alkali amphiboles examined here is from manganoan arfvedsonite toward this Li-bearing end-member; an additional minor nyboitic substitution occurs but decreases with increasing Li content. Examination of the analytical data for these amphiboles, together with various formula renormalization procedures, shows that apparent anomalies in alkali amphibole stoichiometry (Si contents > 8 apfu; low C-group cation sums; A-site sums exceeding 1 apfu) are due to incomplete chemical analyses (specifically, no determination of Li and H2O) and incorrect assumptions in the renormalization procedures (e.g., OH + F = 2.0 apfu). In addition, the anomalously high Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios reported in previous wet-chemical studies are probably the result of (unrecognized) incorporation of Li into the structure by the substitution proposed above. By using the standard compositional criteria, the identification of only two distinct compositional trends in alkali amphiboles from silica-saturated peralkaline igneous rocks (magmatic-subsolidus and oxidizing, with the inference that the magmatic-subsolidus trend must be reducing) is invalid. The amphiboles examined here are classified as magmatic subsolidus by the usual criteria but have as high or higher ratios of Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) than the riebeckitic compositions designated as oxidized, the high Fe3+ contents occurring in the structure in concert with increasing Li content. It is essential that Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios be measured if amphibole compositions are to be used to derive information on redox conditions of crystallization. C1 CNR,CTR STUDIO CRISTALLOCHIM & CRISTALLOG,VIA BASSI 4,I-27100 PAVIA,ITALY. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Hawthorne, Frank/F-6864-2011; Oberti, Roberta/L-7650-2014 OI Hawthorne, Frank/0000-0001-6405-9931; Oberti, Roberta/0000-0002-2724-0042 NR 33 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 78 IS 7-8 BP 733 EP 745 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA LT314 UT WOS:A1993LT31400006 ER PT J AU MEEKER, GP HINKLEY, TK AF MEEKER, GP HINKLEY, TK TI THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF MICROSPHERES FROM THE KILAUEA VOLCANO, HAWAII SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Letter ID PLUME; PARTICLES; ETNA AB Microspheres from the plume of the Kilauea volcano. Hawaii, display previously unrecognized structural and compositional features indicating that the spheres are concentrically differentiated and at least partially crystalline. The surfaces of some spheres display evenly spaced hexagonal, submicrometer grains whose compositions suggest that they may be spinels. Distinctive prismatic and dendritic structures on the surfaces of the microspheres are remarkably consistent through the population and indicate that the spheres have crystalline outer shells. Indications of chemical etching are present, probably from exposure to HF in the volcanic plume. The structures and compositions of the microspheres suggest that they differentiated and then solidifed during rapid cooling, as they passed through the gradients of temperature, chemical composition, and redox conditions established in the plume as air diluted the gaseous species evolved from magma. RP MEEKER, GP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 903,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 78 IS 7-8 BP 873 EP 876 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA LT314 UT WOS:A1993LT31400028 ER PT J AU METGE, DW BROOKS, MH SMITH, RL HARVEY, RW AF METGE, DW BROOKS, MH SMITH, RL HARVEY, RW TI EFFECT OF TREATED-SEWAGE CONTAMINATION UPON BACTERIAL ENERGY-CHARGE, ADENINE-NUCLEOTIDES, AND DNA CONTENT IN A SANDY AQUIFER ON CAPE-COD SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUOROMETRIC-DETERMINATION; ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATE; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; ADENYLATE; SEDIMENTS; GROWTH; DENITRIFICATION; MICROORGANISMS; GROUNDWATER; RATIOS AB Changes in adenylate energy charge (EC(A)) and in total adenine nucleotides (A(T)) and DNA content (both normalized to the abundance of free-living, groundwater bacteria) in response to carbon loading were determined for a laboratory-grown culture and for a contaminated aquifer. The latter study involved a 3-km-long transect through a contaminant plume resulting from continued on-land discharge of secondary sewage to a shallow, sandy aquifer on Cape Cod, Mass. With the exception of the most contaminated groundwater immediately downgradient from the contaminant source, DNA and adenylate levels correlated strongly with bacterial abundance and decreased exponentially with increasing distance downgradient. EC(A)s (0.53 to 0.60) and the ratios of ATP to DNA (0.001 to 0.003) were consistently low, suggesting that the unattached bacteria in this groundwater study are metabolically stressed, despite any eutrophication that might have occurred. Elevated EC(A)s (up to 0.74) were observed in glucose-amended groundwater, confirming that the metabolic state of this microbial community could be altered. In general, per-bacterium DNA and ATP contents were approximately twofold higher in the plume than in surrounding groundwater, although EC(A) and per-bacterium levels of A(T) differed little in the plume and the surrounding uncontaminated groundwater. However, per-bacterium levels of DNA and A(T) varied six- and threefold, respectively, during a 6-h period of decreasing growth rate for an unidentified pseudomonad isolated from contaminated groundwater and grown in batch culture. These data suggest that the DNA content of groundwater bacteria may be more sensitive than their A(T) to the degree of carbon loading, which may have significant ramifications in the use of nucleic acids and adenine nucleotides for estimating the metabolic status of bacterial communities within more highly contaminated aquifers. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303. RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008; Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125; Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 59 IS 7 BP 2304 EP 2310 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA LL310 UT WOS:A1993LL31000047 PM 8357263 ER PT J AU KHARAKA, YK LUNDEGARD, PD AMBATS, G EVANS, WC BISCHOFF, JL AF KHARAKA, YK LUNDEGARD, PD AMBATS, G EVANS, WC BISCHOFF, JL TI GENERATION OF ALIPHATIC ACID ANIONS AND CARBON-DIOXIDE BY HYDROUS PYROLYSIS OF CRUDE OILS SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Two crude oils with relatively high (0.60 wt%) and low (0.18 wt%) oxygen contents were heated in the presence of water in gold-plated reactors at 300-degrees-C for 2348 h. The high-oxygen oil was also heated at 200-degrees-C for 5711 h. The compositions of aqueous organic acid anions of the oils and of the headspace gases were monitored in order to investigate the distribution of organic acid anions that can be generated from liquid petroleum. The oil with higher oxygen content generated about five times as much organic acid anions as the other oil. The dominant organic anions produced were acetate, propionate and butyrate. Small amounts of formate, succinate, methyl succinate and oxalate were also produced. The dominant oxygen-containing product was CO2, as has been observed in similar studies of the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen. These results indicate that a significant portion (10-30%) of organic acid anions reported in formation waters can be generated by thermal alteration of oils in reservoir rocks. The bulk of organic acid anions present in formation waters, however, is most likely generated by thermal alteration of kerogen in source rocks. Kerogen is more abundant than oil in sedimentary basins and the relative yields of organic acid anions reported from the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen are much higher than the yields obtained for the two oils. RP KHARAKA, YK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012 NR 0 TC 12 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 8 IS 4 BP 317 EP 324 DI 10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LK280 UT WOS:A1993LK28000001 ER PT J AU WIEDMEYER, RH MAY, TW AF WIEDMEYER, RH MAY, TW TI STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 SELENIUM SPECIES IN WATER SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS; CONTAINERS; SAMPLES AB The storage characteristics of selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine in low and high ionic strength water were investigated. Each water matrix, which contained all three selenium forms, was subjected to three different selenium concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppb), two different container materials (borosilicate glass and high density polyethylene), and two temperatures (glass: 4-degrees-C; polyethylene: -20-degrees-C) over a period of 120 days. Ligand exchange chromatography using copper chelex was used to separate organic from inorganic selenium forms. Selenomethionine was most stable over the duration of the study, with virtually no significant influence from temperature, species concentration, container material, or water matrix. For inorganic selenium forms, significant changes in selenite were observed over 120 days, although less change was observed for solutions stored in glass. Selenate losses were observed from solutions stored under conditions of a low ionic strength matrix, polyethylene container, and freezing. Overall, the least changes among the three selenium species were observed from solutions stored in glass at 4-degrees-C. RP WIEDMEYER, RH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 25 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA LE645 UT WOS:A1993LE64500011 ER PT J AU HEINZ, GH FITZGERALD, MA AF HEINZ, GH FITZGERALD, MA TI OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF MALLARDS FED SELENIUM SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SELENOMETHIONINE; REPRODUCTION AB Adult male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed diets supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mug/g selenium in the form of selenomethionine. Mortality in each of these treatments was 0, 0, 25, 95, and 100%, respectively, during a 16-week exposure that started in November. After one week of treatment, body weights were significantly depressed by the 20, 40, and 80-mug/g selenium treatments, but not by 10 mug/g selenium. Four weeks after being returned to an untreated diet, the body weight of birds fed 20 mug/g selenium had increased to the point of being statistically inseparable from the weight of controls. Signs of selenium poisoning in the dead included severe emaciation, mottling of the liver, empty gizzard, and the presence of a yellowish fluid around some organs. Concentrations of selenium in blood were related to dietary treatments, but mortality was not clearly related to a threshold concentration of selenium in blood. RP HEINZ, GH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 19 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 25 IS 1 BP 90 EP 94 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA LE645 UT WOS:A1993LE64500015 ER PT J AU LEO, GW MORTENSEN, JK BARREIRO, B PHILLIPS, JD AF LEO, GW MORTENSEN, JK BARREIRO, B PHILLIPS, JD TI PETROLOGY AND U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY OF BURIED AVALONIAN PLUTONIC ROCKS ON SOUTHEASTERN CAPE-COD SO ATLANTIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Plutonic rocks have been intersected by two separate drill holes on southeastern Cape Cod. Hole CC2 is located at Chatham Harbor about 7 km south of the Nauset anomaly. an east-northeast-trending magnetic lineament that was considered to separate the distinct plutonic zones of Avalon terrane. This drill hole intersected weakly foliated, fairly homogeneous biotite granite. Zircons from this granite give a U-Pb age of 584+9/-8 Ma. Hole CC1 is located near North Eastham, about 12 km north of the Nauset anomaly. The drill core intersected foliated, sheared, biotite granodiorite and biotite-hornblende-clinopyroxene-quartz gabbro, metamorphosed to greenschist facies. The deformed and altered state of these rocks, as well as their geochemistry, suggest that their origin and possibly their ages are distinct from the granite in hole CC2. No datable zircons were obtained from rocks in CC1. The age of 584 Ma for the CC2 granite sample is within the range of published ages for plutonic rocks of the Avalon terrane and confirms the suggestion of Hutchinson et al. (1988) that the southern plutonic zone is a part of the Avalon terrane. The data also indicate that the Nauset anomaly is not the Avalon-Meguma terrane boundary in this area. RP LEO, GW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 928,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ATLANTIC GEOLOGY PI WOLFVILLE PA BOX 115, ACADIA UNIV, WOLFVILLE NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 0843-5561 J9 ATLANTIC GEOL JI Atl. Geol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 103 EP 113 PG 11 WC Geology SC Geology GA MG904 UT WOS:A1993MG90400001 ER PT J AU PAILLET, FL AF PAILLET, FL TI GROWTH FORM AND LIFE-HISTORIES OF AMERICAN CHESTNUT AND ALLEGHENY AND OZARK CHINQUAPIN AT VARIOUS NORTH-AMERICAN SITES SO BULLETIN OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB LA English DT Article DE CHESTNUT; CASTANEA-DENTATA; CASTANEA-PUMILA; ROOT SPROUTS; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT ID CASTANEA-DENTATA; CONNECTICUT; VEGETATION; VIRGINIA; FOREST AB The distribution, size, growth form, and stem histories of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and chinquapin (Castanea pumila (L.) Miller) were studied at three sites in eastern North America to compare reproduction by sprouting and effects of chestnut blight on clone survival. The three sites included one in Massachusetts with chestnut only, one in Arkansas with chinquapin only, and one in Virginia with about equal populations of chestnut and chinquapin. Spatial distribution of living Castanea clones is similar at all three sites, with clones occurring in irregular clusters with densities ranging from less than one to more than 200 clones per hectare. Large stems of chestnut and chinquapin killed shortly after the first appearance of blight were mapped at the Massachusetts and Arkansas sites. Extensive areas with old logs and stumps but with few or no living sprout clones appear to indicate failure of these species to reproduce in established stands in pre-blight times. Examination of root collar structure, manner of sprout initiation, and stem form for both Castanea species shows a continuum of growth habits that range from the regular generation of sprouts from laterally extensive and persistent root collars typical of Allegheny chinquapin in Virginia to the periodic regeneration and replacement of both stems and root collars typical of chestnut in Massachusetts. The single distinct difference between sprout regeneration in chestnut and chinquapin is that chestnut sprouts appear to always generate new root collars whereas chinquapin root collars remain alive almost indefinitely. Occasional destruction of chestnut stems by blight does not seem to significantly influence clone survival despite minimal blight resistance in chestnut. However, chinquapin appears to have more natural resistance to blight than chestnut. This prolongs the lifetime of active cankers and increases the long term impact of blight by providing sources for the infection of basal shoots stimulated by the infection. Such a process may explain the large number of dead chinquapin sprout clones found in Arkansas, and a smaller but significant number of dead chinquapin clones found in Virginia. RP PAILLET, FL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 5 U2 10 PU TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0040-9618 J9 B TORREY BOT CLUB JI Bull. Torrey Bot. Club PD JUL-SEP PY 1993 VL 120 IS 3 BP 257 EP 268 DI 10.2307/2996990 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA MA371 UT WOS:A1993MA37100003 ER PT J AU FIERSTEIN, J NATHENSON, M AF FIERSTEIN, J NATHENSON, M TI ANOTHER LOOK AT THE CALCULATION OF FALLOUT TEPHRA VOLUMES - REPLY SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Note RP FIERSTEIN, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Nathenson, Manuel/0000-0002-5216-984X NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 55 IS 5 BP 375 EP 378 DI 10.1007/BF00301149 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LR840 UT WOS:A1993LR84000007 ER PT J AU BARNES, VG SMITH, RB AF BARNES, VG SMITH, RB TI CUB ADOPTION BY BROWN BEARS, URSUS-ARCTOS-MIDDENDORFFI, ON KODIAK-ISLAND, ALASKA SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE BROWN BEAR; URSUS-ARCTOS MIDDENDORFFI; CUB ADOPTION AB We report three cases where female Brown Bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) with new (<1 yr) cub litters adopted additional new cubs. Four cubs were adopted into three litters that originally totaled five cubs. Adopted offspring remained with their foster mothers through greater-than-or-equal-to 1 winter season. The adoptions occurred in a sample of 104 litters produced by 89 different females on Kodiak Island, Alaska during 1982-1990. A maximum of six cubs were reared from litters that probably would have produced 3-4 subadults if the adoptions had not taken place. RP BARNES, VG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1390 BUSKIN RIVER RD,KODIAK,AK 99615, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1993 VL 107 IS 3 BP 365 EP 367 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NV542 UT WOS:A1993NV54200021 ER PT J AU HARLAN, SS AF HARLAN, SS TI PALEOMAGNETISM OF MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC DIABASE SHEETS FROM CENTRAL ARIZONA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID KAPUSKASING STRUCTURAL ZONE; COLORADO PLATEAU; CARBONATITE COMPLEX; COLDWELL COMPLEX; NORTH-AMERICA; ROTATION; CANADA; TECTONICS; ONTARIO; EVENTS AB Paleomagnetic results from 1090 Ma diabase sheets of the southwestern U.S.A. diabase province exposed in central Arizona yield two distinct remanent magnetizations (herein termed ADn and ADr). in accordance with the findings of previous investigations. Magnetization ADn is well-defined and has an in situ mean direction of D = 283.3-degrees, I = 45.1-degrees (k = 17.7, alpha95 = 8.7-degrees, n = 17 independent observations). A mean pole, after correction of paleomagnetic site means for a net 5-degrees clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau and transition zone, is located at 22.7-degrees-N, 179.3-degrees-E (K = 2 1.9. A95 = 7.8-degrees). The second magnetization (ADr) gives an in situ mean direction of D = 161.1-degrees, I = -87.5-degrees (k = 22.2. alpha95 = 19.9-degrees. n = 4 independent observations) with a poorly defined pole at 37.6-degrees-N. 247.6-degrees-E (K = 6.5, A95 = 38.9-degrees). Rock magnetic and alternating field and thermal demagnetization characteristics indicate the ADn and ADr magnetizations are both carried by low-Ti titanomagnetite. Both magnetizations are interpreted to be primary thermoremanent magnetizations acquired during emplacement and cooling of the diabase sheets at about 1090-1100 Ma. Comparison of the ADn pole and published geochronologic data from the Arizona diabase with the well-dated normal polarity poles of the Keweenawan region indicates that mafic magmatism in the southwestern U.S.A. diabase province and in the midcontinent rift was essentially synchronous. RP HARLAN, SS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, CTR FED, POB 25046, MS 963, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 53 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1415 EP 1426 DI 10.1139/e93-122 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA MC955 UT WOS:A1993MC95500012 ER PT J AU DODD, CK AF DODD, CK TI POPULATION-STRUCTURE, BODY-MASS, ACTIVITY, AND ORIENTATION OF AN AQUATIC SNAKE (SEMINATRIX-PYGAEA) DURING A DROUGHT SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; CHRYSEMYS-PICTA; UNITED-STATES; RECONSTRUCTION; ECOSYSTEM; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY; TURTLE AB The snout-vent length, tail length, weight, sex, activity, and orientation of a population of swamp snakes (Seminatrix pygaea) in north-central Florida were recorded from 1985 through 1990. A small temporary pond was monitored for 1343 days, using a drift fence - pitfall trap sampling regime. I captured 123 different snakes, plus 45 recaptures. Juveniles comprised 89% of the snakes at the pond. Females were generally longer and weighed more than males, although regression analysis showed no differences between the sexes in the relationship of length versus wet body mass. Males had longer tails than females. The sex ratio of snakes with a snout - vent length of more than 150 mm was 1:1. Activity occurred throughout the year but peaked during summer. Hydroperiod and weather conditions did not appear to influence snake activity. During the latter years of the study, a regional drought that began in the mid-1980s became quite severe. However, drought had little direct effect on overland migration or body condition but caused snakes to leave or to shorten the amount of time they spent within the pond basin. Snakes immigrated and emigrated nonrandomly; orientation was directed to and from the nearest large water body. Certain temporary ponds may comprise developmental habitat for Seminatrix pygaea. The dynamic wet-dry climatic cycles in southeastern North America may lead to the formation of metapopulations in some aquatic snakes. RP DODD, CK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,412 NE 16TH AVE,ROOM 250,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601, USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 71 IS 7 BP 1281 EP 1288 DI 10.1139/z93-177 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LU771 UT WOS:A1993LU77100001 ER PT J AU POIANI, KA JOHNSON, WC AF POIANI, KA JOHNSON, WC TI POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE-CHANGE ON A SEMI-PERMANENT PRAIRIE WETLAND SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SEED-BANK COMPOSITION; BASIN; CONSEQUENCES; SIMULATION; IMPACTS AB We assessed the potential effects of a greenhouse gas-induced global climate change on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi-permanent prairie wetland using a spatially-defined, rule-based simulation model. An 11-yr simulation was run using current versus enhanced greenhouse gas climates. Projections of climatic change were from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model. Simulations were also run using a range of temperature (+2 and +4-degrees-C) and precipitation change values (-20, -10, 0, +10, +20%) to determine the responsiveness of wetland vegetation and hydrology to a variety of climate scenarios. Maximum water depths were significantly less under the enhanced greenhouse gas scenario than under the current climate. The wetland dried in most years with increased temperature and changes in precipitation. Simulations also revealed a significant change in the vegetation, from a nearly balanced emergent cover to open water ratio to a completely closed basin with no open water areas. Simulations over a range of climate change scenarios showed that precipitation changes (particularly increases) had a greater impact on water levels and cover ratios when the temperature increase was moderate (+2-degrees-C). These potential changes in wetland hydrology and vegetation could result in a dramatic decline in the quality of habitat for breeding birds, particularly water-fowl. Continued research on climate and wetland modeling is needed. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT FORESTRY LANDSCAPE & PARKS,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. NR 59 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 1993 VL 24 IS 3 BP 213 EP 232 DI 10.1007/BF01091830 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA LT299 UT WOS:A1993LT29900004 ER PT J AU HENRY, RF WALTERS, RA AF HENRY, RF WALTERS, RA TI GEOMETRICALLY BASED, AUTOMATIC GENERATOR FOR IRREGULAR TRIANGULAR NETWORKS SO COMMUNICATIONS IN NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID MESH GENERATION AB The network generation method described herein produces two-dimensional irregular triangular grids in which element area is proportional to some scalar density function defined over the domain. This density function can reflect arbitrarily chosen properties of the geometry or flow. After the initial generation, various adjustment utilities and an interactive (graphic-based) editor ensures that the resultant triangular elements are well shaped. Some of these utilities can be used with adaptive refinement schemes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, TACOMA, WA 98402 USA. RP FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA, INST OCEAN SCI, POB 6000, SIDNEY V8L 4B2, BC, CANADA. NR 8 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1069-8299 J9 COMMUN NUMER METH EN JI Commun. Numer. Methods Eng. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 9 IS 7 BP 555 EP 566 DI 10.1002/cnm.1640090703 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA LP587 UT WOS:A1993LP58700002 ER PT J AU SHAMPINE, WJ AF SHAMPINE, WJ TI QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY-CONTROL IN MONITORING PROGRAMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP ON IMPROVING NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT THROUGH MONITORING CY MAR 10-11, 1992 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI AB There are three general characteristics Of the data to be collected in a monitoring program that should be met in order to maximize the use and value of the data: the data quality should be known, the data type and quality should be consistent and comparable, and the data should be available and accessible. Potential problems with each of these characteristics are addressed effectively by quality assurance and quality control. One of the most important aspects of quality assurance in a monitoring program is the development of a quality assurance plan, which should identify clearly the quality of the data needed and describe in detail the planned actions to provide confidence that the program will meet its stated objectives. Quality control data, which allow for the quality and suitability of the environmental data to be evaluated and ascertained, should be collected and utilized as an integral part of the QA effort associated with a monitoring program. RP SHAMPINE, WJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 401,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 26 IS 2-3 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1007/BF00547492 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LV147 UT WOS:A1993LV14700006 PM 24220829 ER PT J AU DELONAY, AJ LITTLE, EE WOODWARD, DF BRUMBAUGH, WG FARAG, AM RABENI, CF AF DELONAY, AJ LITTLE, EE WOODWARD, DF BRUMBAUGH, WG FARAG, AM RABENI, CF TI SENSITIVITY OF EARLY-LIFE-STAGE GOLDEN TROUT TO LOW PH AND ELEVATED ALUMINUM SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ACID; PH; ALUMINUM; GOLDEN TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-AGUABONITA ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS FRY; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; BROOK TROUT; ACID PRECIPITATION; IONIC COMPOSITION; COLORADO-ROCKIES; CUTTHROAT TROUT; LAKE TROUT; RESPONSES; CALCIUM AB Early-life-stage golden trout (Oncorhynchus aguabonita aguabonita) were exposed to acid and Al to examine the response and determine the sensitivity of a western, alpine salmonid to conditions simulating an episodic pH depression. Freshly fertilized eggs, alevins, and swim-up larvae were exposed for 7 d to one of 12 combinations of pH and Al, and surviving fish were held to 40 d post-hatch to determine the effect of exposure on subsequent survival and recovery. Golden trout are sensitive to conditions simulating episodic acidification events typically observed in the field. Significant mortality occurred when the pH of test waters was below 5.0 in the absence of Al or when pH was 5.5 in the presence of 100 mug/L total Al. Behavioral impairments were sensitive indicators of low pH and Al stress. Impaired locomotory and feeding behavior occurred at pH 5.5 without Al and at Al concentrations greater-than-or-equal-to 50 mug/L. In contrast, growth, RNA-to-DNA ratio, and whole-body ion concentration were relatively less sensitive indicators of sublethal acid and Al stress. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. UNIV MISSOURI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MISSOURI COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL & PHYSIOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP DELONAY, AJ (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 48 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 12 IS 7 BP 1223 EP 1232 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[1223:SOEGTT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA LJ282 UT WOS:A1993LJ28200011 ER PT J AU CAFFREY, JM SLOTH, NP KASPAR, HF BLACKBURN, TH AF CAFFREY, JM SLOTH, NP KASPAR, HF BLACKBURN, TH TI EFFECT OF ORGANIC LOADING ON NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN A MARINE SEDIMENT MICROCOSM SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BENTHIC FLUXES; NITRIFICATION; ORGANIC LOADING; MICROCOSM; DENITRIFICATION ID MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; EUTROPHICATION; FATE AB The effects of organic additions on nitrification and denitrification were examined in sediment microcosms. The organic material, heat killed yeast, had a C/N ratio of 7.5 and was added to sieved, homogenized sediments. Four treatments were compared: no addition (control), 30 g dry weight (dw) m-2 mixed throughout the 10 cm sediment column (30M), 100 g dw m-2 mixed throughout sediments (100M), and 100 g dw m-2 mixed into top 1 cm (100S). After the microcosms had been established for 7-11 days, depth of O2 penetration, sediment-water fluxes and nitrification rates were measured. Nitrification rates were measured using three different techniques: N-serve and acetylene inhibition in intact cores, and nitrification potentials in slurries. Increased organic additions decreased O2 penetration from 2.7 to 0.2 mm while increasing both O2 consumption, from 30 to 70 mmol O2 m-2 d-1 and NO3- flux into sediments. Nitrification rates in intact cores were similar for the two methods. Highest rates occurred in the 30M treatment, while the lowest rate was measured in the 100S treatment. Total denitrification rates (estimated from nitrification and nitrate fluxes) increased with increased organic addition, because of the high concentrations of NO3- (40 muM) in the overlying water. The ratio of nitrification: denitrification was used as an indication of the importance of nitrification as the NO3- supply for denitrification. This ratio decreased from 1.55 to 0.05 with increased organic addition. C1 AARHUS UNIV, DEPT ECOL & GENET, DK-8000 AARHUS, DENMARK. CAWTHRON INST, NELSON, NEW ZEALAND. RP CAFFREY, JM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 496, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 25 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 12 IS 3 BP 159 EP 167 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA LN691 UT WOS:A1993LN69100002 ER PT J AU SAKAMOTO, T MCCORMICK, SD HIRANO, T AF SAKAMOTO, T MCCORMICK, SD HIRANO, T TI OSMOREGULATORY ACTIONS OF GROWTH-HORMONE AND ITS MODE OF ACTION IN SALMONIDS - A REVIEW SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE GROWTH HORMONE; OSMOREGULATION; SALMONIDS; MODE OF ACTION; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; INSULINE-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I; CORTISOL; THYROID HORMONES ID CORTISOL RECEPTOR ACTIVITY; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; LONG-TERM INCUBATION; COHO SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; THYROID-HORMONES; CHUM SALMON; FRESH-WATER AB Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone (GH) and its mode of action in salmonids are reviewed. We present evidence suggesting that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) mediates some of the actions of GH on seawater acclimation. Plasma concentration and turnover of GH rise following exposure to seawater. Exogenous GH (in vivo) increases gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity and the number of gill chloride cells, and inhibits an increase in plasma osmolarity and ions following transfer of fish to seawater. A single class of high affinity GH receptors is present in the liver, gill, intestine, and kidney. The levels of IGF-I mRNA in the liver, gill and kidney increased after GH-injection. After transfer to seawater, IGF-I mRNA increased in the gill and kidney following the rise in plasma GH, although no significant change was seen in the liver. Injection of IGF-I improved the ability of the fish to maintain plasma sodium levels after transfer to seawater. GH treatment also sensitizes the interrenal to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), increasing cortisol secretion. Both cortisol and IGF-I may be involved in mediating the action of GH in seawater adaptation, although studies on the effect of GH on osmoregulatory physiology of non-salmonid species are limited. An integrated model of the osmoregulatory actions of GH is presented, and areas in need of research are outlined. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, ANADROMOUS FISH RES CTR, TURNERAS FALLS, MA 01376 USA. RP SAKAMOTO, T (reprint author), UNIV TOKYO, OCEAN RES INST, PHYSIOL LAB, 1-15-1 MINAMIDAI, NAKANO KU, TOKYO 164, JAPAN. RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 92 TC 172 Z9 177 U1 2 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 EI 1573-5168 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 11 IS 1-6 BP 155 EP 164 DI 10.1007/BF00004562 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA LR166 UT WOS:A1993LR16600019 PM 24202472 ER PT J AU TUTTLE, ML GOLDHABER, MB AF TUTTLE, ML GOLDHABER, MB TI SEDIMENTARY SULFUR GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE PALEOGENE GREEN RIVER FORMATION, WESTERN USA - IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETING DEPOSITIONAL AND DIAGENETIC PROCESSES IN SALINE ALKALINE LAKES SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID WILKINS PEAK MEMBER; ANOXIC MARINE-SEDIMENTS; PYRITE FORMATION; OIL SHALES; SULFATE REDUCTION; ORGANIC-MATTER; EOCENE; IRON; ORIGIN; ROCKS AB The sulfur geochemistry of the lacustrine Paleogene Green River Formation (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, USA) is unlike that of most marine and other lacustrine rocks. Distinctive chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical characteristics of the formation are pyrrhotite and marcasite, high contents of iron mineral sulfides strikingly enriched in S-34, cyclical trends in sulfur abundance and deltaS-34 values, and long-term evolutionary trends in deltaS-34 values. Analyses that identified and quantified these characteristics include carbonate-free abundance of organic carbon (0. 1 3-47 wt%), total iron (0.31-13 wt%), reactive iron (>70% of total iron), total sulfur (0.02-16 wt%), acid-volatile monosulfide (S(Av)), disulfide (S(Di)>70% of total sulfur), sulfate (S(SO4)), and organosulfur (S(Org)); isotopic composition of separated sulfur phases (delta S-34(Di,Av) up to +49 parts-per-thousand); and mineralogy, morphology, and paragenesis of sulfide minerals. Mineralogy, morphology, deltaS-34(Di,Av) and deltaS-34(Org) have a distinctive relation, reflecting variable and unique depositional and early diagenetic conditions in the Green River lakes. When the lakes were brackish, dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment produced H2S, which initially reacted with labile iron to form pyrite framboids and more gradually with organic matter to form organosulfur compounds. During a long-lived stage of saline lake water, the amount of sulfate supplied by inflow decreased and alkalinity and pH of lake waters increased substantially. Extensive bacterial sulfate reduction in the water column kept lake waters undersaturated with sulfate minerals. A very high H2S:SO4 ratio developed in stagnant bottom water aided by the high pH that kinetically inhibited iron sulfidization. Progressive removal Of H2S by coeval formation of iron sulfides and organosulfur compounds caused the isotopic composition of the entire dissolved sulfur reservoir to evolve to deltaS-34 values much greater than that of inflow sulfate, which is estimated to have been +20-parts-per-thousand. A six-million-year interval within Lake Uinta cores records this evolution as well as smaller systematic changes in deltaS-34, interpreted to reflect approximately; 100,000-year lake-level cycles. When porewater was exceptionally reducing, unstable FeS phases eventually recrystallized to pyrrhotite during diagenesis. A much later reaction related to weathering altered pyrrhotite to marcasite. RP TUTTLE, ML (reprint author), USGS,DENVER FED CTR,MS 916,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 93 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 13 BP 3023 EP 3039 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LM788 UT WOS:A1993LM78800008 ER PT J AU PRICE, LC AF PRICE, LC TI THERMAL-STABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN NATURE - LIMITS, EVIDENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, AND POSSIBLE CONTROLS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON SURVIVABILITY OF ORGANIC MATTER AT HIGH TEMPERATURES : IMPLICATIONS FOR LIFE, AT THE 1991 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOC OF AMERICA CY OCT 20, 1991 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP GEOL SOC AMER, ORGANIC GEOCHEM DIV, AMER CHEM SOC, GEOCHEM DIV, UNOCAL ID VITRINITE REFLECTANCE; ORGANIC METAMORPHISM; ABSOLUTE PALEOGEOTHERMOMETER; SMACKOVER FORMATION; HYDROUS PYROLYSIS; PETROLEUM GENESIS; HIGH-PRESSURES; GUAYMAS BASIN; GEOLOGIC TIME; SOURCE ROCKS AB Numerous petroleum-geochemical analyses of deeply buried, high-rank, fine-grained rocks from ultra-deep wellbores by different investigators demonstrate that C-15+ hydrocarbons (HCs) persist in moderate to high concentrations at vitrinite reflectance (R0) values of 2.0-5.0% and persist in measurable concentrations up to R0 = 7.0-8.0%, at which point the thermal deadline for C-15+ HC's is finally approached. Qualitative analyses have been carried out on (1) high-rank gas condensates which have been exposed to the HC-thermal-destructive phase, (2) bitumens from high-temperature aqueous-pyrolysis experiments in the HC-thermal-destructive phase, and (3) bitumens from high-rank, fine-grained rocks near the HC-thermal-destructive phase. These analyses clearly demonstrate that well-defined compositional suites are established in the saturated, aromatic, and sulfur-bearing aromatic HCs in and near the HC-thermal-destructive phase. On the other hand, accepted petroleum-geochemical paradigms place rigid limits on HC thermal stability: C-15+ HCs begin thermal cracking at R0 values of 0.9% and are completely thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%; C2-C4 HC gases are thermally destroyed by R0 = 2.0%; and methane is thermally destroyed by R0 = 4.0%. Furthermore, published data and observations in many HC basins worldwide support these models; for example, (1) sharp basinal zonations of gas and oil deposits vs. maturation rank in HC basins and (2) decreasing C-15+ HC concentrations in some fine-grained rocks at ranks of R0 greater-than-or-equal 0.9%. The fact that observed data (C-15+ HCs thermally stable to R0 = 7.0-8.0%) is so far removed from predicted behavior (C-15+ HCs expected to be thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%) may be due to (1) a lack of recognition of some important possible controlling parameters of organic matter (OM) metamorphism and too much importance given to other assumed controlling parameters; and (2) assigning HC distribution patterns in petroleum basins to HC thermal cracking when such patterns may be due to other causes. In the first case, laboratory experiments strongly suggest that the presence of water, increasing fluid pressures, and closed systems (product retention) all suppress OM metamorphic reactions. Conversely, the absence of water, low fluid pressures, and open systems (product escape) all promote OM metamorphic reactions. These experiments also demonstrate that OM metamorphic reactions proceed by reaction kinetics greater than first order. Thus, the effect of geologic time appears to have been over-estimated in OM metamorphism. In the second case, the strong decreases in C-15+ HC concentrations in fine-grained rocks with Type III OM over R0 = 0.9-1.35% are most probably due to intense primary migration and loss of HCs to drilling muds during the trip uphole in drilling operations. Data from coals demonstrate that these decreases in HC concentrations cannot be due to C-15+ HC thermal destruction. Oil deposits are generally found at shallow depths in basins, and ''dry gas'' (methane greater-than-or-equal-to 98% of all HC gases) deposits are found at the greatest depths. This HC distribution pattern would be caused by methane, generated during the late stages of C-15+ HC generation, flushing oil (including C2-C4 HC gases condensed into the liquid phase) out of deep basinal traps by Gussow's (1954) principle of differential entrapment. Hence, only ''dry gas'' deposits are left in the basin deeps. Oil emplacement processes in traps during expulsion and secondary migration could also contribute to the HC distribution pattern observed in petroleum basins. RP PRICE, LC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 25046,MS 940,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 96 TC 122 Z9 157 U1 4 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 14 BP 3261 EP 3280 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90539-9 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LP794 UT WOS:A1993LP79400006 ER PT J AU MANN, GM MEYER, CE AF MANN, GM MEYER, CE TI LATE CENOZOIC STRUCTURE AND CORRELATIONS TO SEISMICITY ALONG THE OLYMPIC-WALLOWA LINEAMENT, NORTHWEST UNITED-STATES SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID OREGON; BASIN AB Late Cenozoic fault geometry, structure, paleoseismicity, and patterns of recent seismicity at two seismic zones along the Olympic-Wallowa lineament (OWL) of western Idaho, northeast Oregon, and southeast Washington indicate limited right-oblique slip displacement along multiple northwest-striking faults that constitute the lineament. The southern end of the OWL originates in the Long Valley fault system and western Snake River Plain in western Idaho, where it accommodates basin-and-range extension. Several kilometers west of the Long Valley fault system, post-middle Miocene displacement along the OWL has resulted in adjacent areas of uplift and subsidence. The OWL in northeast Oregon consists of a wide zone of northwest-striking faults and is associated with several large, inferred, pull-apart basins. The OWL then emerges from the Blue Mountain uplift as a much narrower zone of faults in the Columbia Plateau known as the Wallula fault zone (WFZ). Structural relationships in the WFZ strongly suggest that it is a right-slip extensional duplex. An ash horizon that correlates with the Mount St. Helens ''J'' composition (10.7 Ka) is displaced vertically 5 m by a normal fault along a segment of the WFZ. The intensity center for a damaging M = 6.1 earthquake in 1936 is located in the WFZ only a few kilometers northeast of this Holocene fault. Other youthful-appearing, strike-slip and thrust faults are located farther northwest along the OWL and may pose a seismic hazard to adjacent population centers and critical facilities. RP MANN, GM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 105 IS 7 BP 853 EP 871 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0853:LCSACT>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LM160 UT WOS:A1993LM16000001 ER PT J AU REHEIS, MC SLATE, JL SARNAWOJCICKI, AM MEYER, CE AF REHEIS, MC SLATE, JL SARNAWOJCICKI, AM MEYER, CE TI A LATE PLIOCENE TO MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE PLUVIAL LAKE IN FISH LAKE VALLEY, NEVADA AND CALIFORNIA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; VOLCANISM; AGE AB The question of whether a pluvial lake existed in Fish Lake Valley, Nevada and California, has been debated for more than 100 yr. New stratigraphic evidence indicates that a lake did exist in this valley at intervals during late Pliocene to middle Pleistocene time. This lake may have drained northward, or it may have been periodically contiguous with a pluvial lake to the north in Columbus Salt Marsh. Proof of the existence of this lake, informally named Pluvial Lake Rennie, is derived from three principal outcrops of shallow-water deposits, two outcrops of deep-water deposits, and several drilling logs. The deposits contain beds of silicic tephra, which provide age control. On the basis of thickness, grain size, major-oxide chemistry of glass shards, and paleomagnetism, three of the shallow-water deposits, including deltaic(?), beach, and siliceous hot-spring sediments, consist mainly of Bishop ash derived from the 0.77 Ma eruption of the Long Valley caldera. A fourth shallow-water deposit(?) is associated with approximately 1 Ma Glass Mountain tephra beds. The exposed deep-water deposits consist of green claystone, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone containing tephra derived from the eruptions of the approximately 2.1 Ma tuff of Taylor Canyon and the approximately 2.0 Ma Huckleberry Ridge Tuff. The drilling logs record numerous thick beds of clay and sandy clay inferred to be deep-water lacustrine deposits. Pluvial Lake Rennie fluctuated in size and depth beginning prior to 2 Ma and continuing until sometime after 0.77 Ma. At about 0.77 Ma, the lake had a highstand at an elevation of approximately 1,460 m, covered an area of 400-500 km2, and had a maximum depth of approximately 250 m. The lake level dropped just after the eruption of the Bishop ash, but the lake may have persisted at a lower level until approximately 0.5 Ma. No large, long-lived lake existed in Fish Lake Valley in late Pleistocene time, probably due to the increasing rain-shadow effect caused by the relative uplift of the White Mountains and Sierra Nevada in the Pleistocene. These results indicate that the late middle to late Pleistocene history of Pluvial Lake Rennie is similar to that of Lake Tecopa but is quite different from those of Lake Lahontan and Searles Lake. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP REHEIS, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS-913,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 105 IS 7 BP 953 EP 967 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0953:ALPTMP>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LM160 UT WOS:A1993LM16000008 ER PT J AU LEACH, DL ROWAN, EL AF LEACH, DL ROWAN, EL TI FLUID-INCLUSION STUDIES OF REGIONALLY EXTENSIVE EPIGENETIC DOLOMITES, BONNETERRE DOLOMITE (CAMBRIAN), SOUTHEAST MISSOURI - EVIDENCE OF MULTIPLE FLUIDS DURING DOLOMITIZATION AND LEAD-ZINC MINERALIZATION - ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Note ID VIBURNUM TREND; DEPOSITS; ARKANSAS; DISTRICT RP LEACH, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 105 IS 7 BP 968 EP 978 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0968:FISORE>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LM160 UT WOS:A1993LM16000009 ER PT J AU SHINN, EA STEINEN, RP DILL, RF MAJOR, R AF SHINN, EA STEINEN, RP DILL, RF MAJOR, R TI LIME-MUD LAYERS IN HIGH-ENERGY TIDAL CHANNELS - A RECORD OF HURRICANE DEPOSITION SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB During or immediately following the transit of Hurricane Andrew (August 23-24, 1992) across the northern part of the Great Bahama Bank, thin laminated beds of carbonate mud were deposited in high-energy subtidal channels (4 m depth) through the ooid shoals of south Cat Cay and Joulters Cays. During our reconnaissance seven weeks later, we observed lime-mud beds exposed in the troughs of submarine oolite dunes and ripples. The mud layers were underlain and locally covered by ooid sand. The mud beds were lenticular and up to 5 cm thick. Their bases cast the underlying rippled surface. The layers were composed of soft silt- and sand-sized pellets and peloids and in some areas contained freshly preserved Thalassia blades and other organic debris along planes of lamination. The beds had a gelatinous consistency and locally had been penetrated by burrowers and plants. Layers of lime mud had also settled on bioturbated, plant-stabilized flats and in lagoonal settings but were quickly reworked and made unrecognizable by the burrowing of organisms. Thicker, more cohesive (and therefore older) mud beds and angular mud fragments associated with ooids from Joulters Cays have similar characteristics but lack fresh plant fragments. We infer that these older beds were similarly deposited and thus record the passage of previous hurricanes or tropical storms. Storm layers are preserved within channel sediments because migrating ooids prevent attack by the burrowing activity of organisms. C1 GEOMARINE INC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92106. UNIV TEXAS,BUR ECON GEOL,AUSTIN,TX 78713. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT GEOL,STORRS,CT 06268. RP SHINN, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1993 VL 21 IS 7 BP 603 EP 606 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0603:LMLIHE>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA LM161 UT WOS:A1993LM16100007 ER PT J AU PAGE, BM BROCHER, TM AF PAGE, BM BROCHER, TM TI THRUSTING OF THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA MARGIN OVER THE EDGE OF THE PACIFIC PLATE DURING THE TRANSFORM REGIME SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; GREAT-BASIN; MOTION; STRESS; EVOLUTION; SYSTEM AB Wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction data, mapped geologic structures, and marine magnetic anomalies provide evidence that oceanic crust underlies the coastal margin of California from Morro Bay northward beyond San Francisco. We interpret the presence of this oceanic slab to be at least partly the result of thrusting of North America over the Pacific plate during Pliocene to Quaternary time, well after the principal subduction regime ended. Likely causes of this thrusting are the change in plate motions at about 3.5 Ma and extension in the Basin and Range province. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP PAGE, BM (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. OI Brocher, Thomas/0000-0002-9740-839X NR 27 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1993 VL 21 IS 7 BP 635 EP 638 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0635:TOTCCM>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA LM161 UT WOS:A1993LM16100015 ER PT J AU NAGY, B GAUTHIERLAFAYE, F HOLLIGER, P MOSSMAN, DJ LEVENTHAL, JS RIGALI, MJ AF NAGY, B GAUTHIERLAFAYE, F HOLLIGER, P MOSSMAN, DJ LEVENTHAL, JS RIGALI, MJ TI ROLE OF ORGANIC-MATTER IN THE PROTEROZOIC OKLO NATURAL FISSION REACTORS, GABON, AFRICA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID URANIUM; DEPOSITS AB Of the sixteen known Oklo and the Bangombe natural fission reactors (hydrothermally altered clastic sedimentary rocks that contain abundant uraninite and authigenic clay minerals), reactors 1 to 6 at Oklo contain only traces of organic matter, but the others are rich in organic substances. Reactors 7 to 9 are the subjects of this study. These organic-rich reactors may serve as time-tested analogues for anthropogenic nuclear-waste containment strategies. Organic matter helped to concentrate quantities of uranium sufficient to initiate the nuclear chain reactions. Liquid bitumen was generated from organic matter by hydrothermal reactions during nuclear criticality. The bitumen soon became a solid, consisting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and an intimate mixture of cryptocrystalline graphite, which enclosed and immobilized uraninite and the fission-generated isotopes entrapped in uraninite. This mechanism prevented major loss of uranium and fission products from the natural nuclear reactors for 1.2 b.y. C1 CTR GEOCHIM SURFACE,CNRS,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE. CTR ETUDES NUCL CADARACHE,CEA,F-13108 ST PAUL DURANCE,FRANCE. MT ALLISON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SACKVILLE E0A 3C0,NB,CANADA. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,ORGAN GEOCHEM LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP NAGY, B (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,ORGAN GEOCHEM LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 24 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1993 VL 21 IS 7 BP 655 EP 658 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0655:ROOMIT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA LM161 UT WOS:A1993LM16100020 ER PT J AU WILBER, RJ WHITEHEAD, J HALLEY, RB MILLIMAN, JD AF WILBER, RJ WHITEHEAD, J HALLEY, RB MILLIMAN, JD TI CARBONATE-PERIPLATFORM SEDIMENTATION BY DENSITY FLOWS - A MECHANISM FOR RAPID OFF-BANK AND VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF SHALLOW-WATER FINES - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note ID NORTHERN BAHAMAS; PLATFORM; SLOPE C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33705. RP WILBER, RJ (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1993 VL 21 IS 7 BP 667 EP 668 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0667:CPSBDF>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA LM161 UT WOS:A1993LM16100023 ER PT J AU ZIHLMAN, FN PANTEA, MP AF ZIHLMAN, FN PANTEA, MP TI USGS EXPLORES CD-ROM TECHNOLOGY SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP ZIHLMAN, FN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 939,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1993 VL 38 IS 7 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LL287 UT WOS:A1993LL28700010 ER PT J AU BENZ, HM VIDALE, JE AF BENZ, HM VIDALE, JE TI PROBING EARTHS INTERIOR USING SEISMIC ARRAYS SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP BENZ, HM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GOLDEN,CO 80225, USA. RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1993 VL 38 IS 7 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LL287 UT WOS:A1993LL28700011 ER PT J AU HATCH, SA ROBERTS, BD FADELY, BS AF HATCH, SA ROBERTS, BD FADELY, BS TI ADULT SURVIVAL OF BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES RISSA-TRIDACTYLA IN A PACIFIC COLONY SO IBIS LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGY; NORWAY; RATES; BIRDS AB Breeding Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla survived at a mean annual rate of 0.926 in four years at a colony in Alaska. Survival rates observed in sexed males (0.930) and females (0.937) did not differ significantly. The rate of return among non-breeding Kittiwakes (0.839) was lower than that of known breeders, presumably because more non-breeders moved away from the study plots where they were marked. Individual non-breeders frequented sites up to 5 km apart on the same island, while a few established breeders moved up to 2.5 km between years. Mate retention in breeding Kittiwakes averaged 69% in three years. Among pairs that split, the cause of changing mates was about equally divided between death (46%) and divorce (54%). Average adult life expectancy was estimated at 13.0 years. Combined with annual productivity averaging 0.17 chick per nest, the observed survival was insufficient for maintaining population size. Rather, an irregular decline observed in the study colony since 1981 is consistent with the model of a closed population with little or no recruitment. Compared to their Atlantic counterparts, Pacific Kittiwakes have low productivity and high survival. The question arises whether differences reflect phenotypic plasticity or genetically determined variation in population parameters. RP HATCH, SA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. RI Fadely, Brian/P-3601-2015 OI Fadely, Brian/0000-0002-9172-1887 NR 24 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI TRING PA C/O NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SUB-DEPT ORNITHOLOGY, TRING, HERTS, ENGLAND HP23 6AP SN 0019-1019 J9 IBIS JI Ibis PD JUL PY 1993 VL 135 IS 3 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02841.x PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA LM870 UT WOS:A1993LM87000004 ER PT J AU CALVIN, WM CLARK, RN AF CALVIN, WM CLARK, RN TI SPECTRAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE LEADING AND TRAILING HEMISPHERES OF CALLISTO - NEW OBSERVATIONS SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID GALILEAN SATELLITES; MU-M; MINERALS; SURFACE; JUPITER C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,GEOPHYS BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUL PY 1993 VL 104 IS 1 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.1006/icar.1993.1083 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA LQ898 UT WOS:A1993LQ89800006 ER PT J AU KOTERBA, MT BANKS, WSL SHEDLOCK, RJ AF KOTERBA, MT BANKS, WSL SHEDLOCK, RJ TI PESTICIDES IN SHALLOW GROUNDWATER IN THE DELMARVA PENINSULA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17TH SYMP OF THE USDA-ARS BELTSVILLE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER - AGRICULTURAL WATER-QUALITY PRIORITIES : A TEAM APPROACH TO CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES CY MAY 04-08, 1992 CL BELTSVILLE, MD SP USDA ARS ID WATER AB A regional study of the areal and depth distribution of pesticides in shallow groundwater in the Delmarva Peninsula of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia was done to (i) relate the pesticides detected to landscape and shallow subsurface features, and (ii) evaluate aquifer vulnerability and the potential contamination of drinking-water supplies. Water samples collected at 100 wells from 1988 to 1990 were analyzed for concentrations of 36 pesticides, four metabolites, and other constituents. The most commonly detected residues were atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and dicamba. Concentrations were low; few exceeded 3 mug L-1. Most detections correlate with the intensive use of these herbicides in three widely distributed and commonly rotated crops-corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and small grain-particularly if grown in well-drained soils. Most detections occurred in samples collected from shallow wells screened within 10 m of the overlying water table. The shallow depth distribution of most residues is consistent with their suspected history of use (ca. 20 yr), and patterns in shallow groundwater flow in the surficial aquifer in the study area. The areal and depth distributions of detectable residues in groundwater did not correlate with a vulnerability index, nor any of the component scores developed to estimate that index using the DRASTIC method. The shallow depth of most detections also indicates why few samples from water-supply wells in this study had measurable concentrations of pesticides; most supply wells are deeper than 10 m below the water table. The low number of contaminated samples from supply wells implies that deep groundwater currently (1992) used for drinking generally does not contain detectable pesticide residues. RP KOTERBA, MT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,208 CARROLL BLDG,8600 LA SALLE RD,TOWSON,MD 21286, USA. NR 56 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1993 VL 22 IS 3 BP 500 EP 518 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LT892 UT WOS:A1993LT89200015 ER PT J AU HARTMAN, KJ MARGRAF, FJ AF HARTMAN, KJ MARGRAF, FJ TI EVIDENCE OF PREDATORY CONTROL OF YELLOW PERCH (PERCA-FLAVESCENS) RECRUITMENT IN LAKE ERIE, USA SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PERCA; WALLEYE; PREDATION; RECRUITMENT; CONSUMPTION ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; ONEIDA LAKE; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; WALLEYE PREDATION; NEW-YORK; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; DYNAMICS C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM BIOL PROGRAM,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. NR 30 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 43 IS 1 BP 109 EP 119 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1993.1113 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LN463 UT WOS:A1993LN46300009 ER PT J AU HERRERA, PA CLOSS, LG SILBERMAN, ML AF HERRERA, PA CLOSS, LG SILBERMAN, ML TI ALTERATION AND GEOCHEMICAL ZONING IN BODIE BLUFF, BODIE MINING DISTRICT, EASTERN CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT TECHNICAL SESSION ON DEEP EXPLORATION USING LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY, AT THE 1991 JOINT ANNUAL MEETING OF GAC / MAC / SEG CY MAY, 1991 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP GEOL ASSOC CANADA, MINERAL DEPOSITS DIV, MINERAL ASSOC CANADA, MINERAL DEPOSITS DIV, SOC ECON GEOLOGISTS ID GOLD AB Banded, epithermal quartz-adularia veins have produced about 1.5 million ounces of gold and 7 million ounces of silver from the Bodie mining district, eastern California. The veins cut dacitic lava flows, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions. Sinter boulders occur in a graben structure at the top of Bodie Bluff and fragments of sinter and mineralized quartz veins occur in hydrothermal breccias nearby. Explosive venting evidently was part of the evolution of the ore-forming geothermal systems which, at one time, must had reached the paleosurface. Previous reconnaissance studies at Bodie Bluff suggested that the geometry of alteration mineral assemblages and distribution of some of the major and trace elements throughout the system correspond to those predicted by models of hot-spring, volcanic rock hosted precious metal deposits (Silberman, 1982; Silberman and Berger, 1985). The current study was undertaken to evaluate these suggestions further. About 500 samples of quartz veins and altered rocks, including sinter, collected over a vertical extent of 200 meters within Bodie Bluff were petrographically examined and chemically analyzed for trace elements by emission spectrographic and atomic absorption methods. Sixty-five samples were analyzed for major elements by X-ray fluorescence methods. The results of these analyses showed that, in general, alteration mineral assemblage and vertical geochemical zoning patterns follow those predicted for hot-spring deposits, but that geochemical zoning patterns for sinter and quartz veins (siliceous deposits), and altered wall rocks are not always similar. The predicted depth-concentration patterns for some elements, notably Au, Ag, Hg, and Tl in quartz veins, and Hg, As and Ag in wall rocks were not as expected, or were perturbed by the main ore producing zone. For both quartz veins and altered wall rocks, the main ore zone had elevated metal contents. Increased concentration of many of these elements could indicate proximity to this zone. However, irregularities in the distribution of some key elements, such as Au and Ag, relative to the predictive models suggest that a larger suite of elements be considered for exploration for ore zones within the district. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,GEOCHEM BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. RP HERRERA, PA (reprint author), COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 48 IS 2 BP 259 EP 275 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(93)90007-9 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LR131 UT WOS:A1993LR13100007 ER PT J AU CHEN, CL AF CHEN, CL TI UNIQUE LAMINAR-FLOW STABILITY LIMIT BASED ON SHALLOW-WATER THEORY SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Two approaches are generally taken in deriving the stability limit for the Froude number (F(s)) for laminar sheet flow: The first approach uses the Orr-Sommerfeld equation, while the second uses the cross-section-averaged equations of continuity and motion. Because both approaches are based on shallow-water theory, the values of F(s) obtained from both approaches should be identical, yet in the literature they are not. This suggests that a defect exists in at least one of the two approaches. After examining the governing equations used in both approaches, one finds that the existing cross-section-averaged equation of motion is dependent on the frame of reference. To correct this defect, one can formulate a frame-independent equation of motion relative to a coordinate system moving with constant velocity, then derive a new expression for F(s) that is generally applicable to both laminar and turbulent flows in prismatic channels of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry. For laminar sheet flow, the new expression for F(s) obtained from the second approach yields F(s) congruent-to 0.527, which agrees with that obtained from the first approach. RP CHEN, CL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,WESTERN REG,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1993 VL 119 IS 7 BP 816 EP 829 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:7(816) PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA LH279 UT WOS:A1993LH27900003 ER PT J AU MERRITT, ML AF MERRITT, ML TI ASPECTS OF NUMERICAL AND REPRESENTATIONAL METHODS RELATED TO THE FINITE-DIFFERENCE SIMULATION OF ADVECTIVE AND DISPERSIVE TRANSPORT OF FRESH-WATER IN A THIN BRACKISH AQUIFER SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The simulation of the transport of injected freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer, overlain and underlain by confining layers containing more saline water, is shown to be influenced by the choice of the finite-difference approximation method, the algorithm for representing vertical advective and dispersive fluxes, and the values assigned to parametric coefficients that specify the degree of vertical dispersion and molecular diffusion that occurs. Computed potable water recovery efficiencies will differ depending upon the choice of algorithm and approximation method, as will dispersion coefficients estimated based on the calibration of simulations to match measured data. A comparison of centered and backward finite-difference approximation methods shows that substantially different transition zones between injected and native waters are depicted by the different methods, and computed recovery efficiencies vary greatly. Standard and experimental algorithms and a variety of values for molecular diffusivity, transverse dispersivity, and vertical scaling factor were compared in simulations of freshwater storage in a thin brackish aquifer. Computed recovery efficiencies vary considerably, and appreciable differences are observed in the distribution of injected freshwater in the various cases tested. The results demonstrate both a qualitatively different description of transport using the experimental algorithms and the interrelated influences of molecular diffusion and transverse dispersion on simulated recovery efficiency. When simulating natural aquifer flow in cross-section, flushing of the aquifer occurred for all tested coefficient choices using both standard and experimental algorithms. RP MERRITT, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,9100 NW 36TH ST,SUITE 107,MIAMI,FL 33178, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 148 IS 1-4 BP 61 EP 92 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6 PG 32 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA LP483 UT WOS:A1993LP48300003 ER PT J AU GOLDBERG, MC CUNNINGHAM, KM WEINER, ER AF GOLDBERG, MC CUNNINGHAM, KM WEINER, ER TI AQUATIC PHOTOLYSIS - PHOTOLYTIC REDOX REACTIONS BETWEEN GOETHITE AND ADSORBED ORGANIC-ACIDS IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS SO JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GEOCHEMICAL-EXPLORATION; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; ALPHA-FEOOH; IRON; ADSORPTION; OXIDES; DISSOLUTION; CHEMISTRY; OXIDATION; SURFACES AB Photolysis of mono and di-carboxylic acids that are adsorbed onto the surface of the iron oxyhydroxide (goethite) results in an oxidation of the organic material and a reduction from Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the iron complex. There is a subsequent release of Fe2+ ions into solution. At constant light flux and constant solution light absorption, the factors responsible for the degree of photolytic reaction include: the number of lattice sites that are bonded by the organic acid; the rate of acid readsorption to the surface during photolysis; the conformation and structure of the organic acid; the degree of oxidation of the organic acid; the presence or absence of an alpha-hydroxy group on the acid, the number of carbons in the di-acid chain and the conformation of the di-acid. The ability to liberate Fe(III) at pH 6.5 from the geothite lattice is described by the lyotropic series: tartrate > citrate > oxalate > glycolate > maleate > succinate > formate > fumarate > malonate > glutarate > benzoate = butanoate = control. Although a larger amount of iron is liberated, the series is almost the same at pH 5.5 except that oxalate > citrate and succinate > maleate. A set of rate equations are given that describe the release of iron from the goethite lattice. It was observed that the pH of the solution increases during photolysis if the solutions are not buffered. There is evidence to suggest the primary mechanism for all these reactions is an electron transfer from the organic ligand to the Fe(III) in the complex. Of all the iron-oxyhydroxide materials, crystalline goethite is the least soluble in water; yet, this study indicates that in an aqueous suspension, iron can be liberated from the goethite lattice. Further, it has been shown that photolysis can occur in a multiphase system at the sediment-water interface which results in an oxidation of the organic species and release of Fe2+ to solution where it becomes available for further reaction. C1 UNIV DENVER,DEPT CHEM,DENVER,CO 80208. RP GOLDBERG, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,MS 424,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 43 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE 1 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE 1, SWITZERLAND SN 1010-6030 J9 J PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO A JI J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 73 IS 2 BP 105 EP 120 DI 10.1016/1010-6030(93)80039-C PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA LR138 UT WOS:A1993LR13800003 ER PT J AU JEWELL, PW STALLARD, RF MELLOR, GL AF JEWELL, PW STALLARD, RF MELLOR, GL TI NUMERICAL-STUDIES OF BOTTOM SHEAR-STRESS AND SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION ON THE AMAZON CONTINENTAL-SHELF SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC; HUDSON-RARITAN ESTUARY; PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS; RIVER SEDIMENT; PEAK DISCHARGE; PLUME REGION; QUATERNARY SEDIMENTATION; EAST CHINA; MODEL; RESUSPENSION AB The relation between bottom shear stress and the distribution of bottom sediments on the Amazon continental shelf has been studied using a three-dimensional, primitive-equation computer model that incorporates the turbulence-closure scheme of Mellor and Yamada (1982) for calculating eddy diffusivity and a simple algorithm for computing nonlinear wave-current influences on bottom shear stress. Model results compare reasonably well with salinity data sets for the Amazon plume. Model results on distribution of bottom currents and bottom shear stresses help explain some of the observed sedimentological features of the Amazon continental shelf. High concentrations of suspended sediment in the Amazon River are transported outward over the continental shelf and northward by the North Brazil Coastal Current. As this sediment settles out of the water column, it forms the prograding, subaqueous delta described by Nittrouer et al. (1986). Accumulation rates are greatest shoreward of the 40-m isobath due to a zone of convergent, cross-shelf residual tidal velocities. little sediment is deposited in the shallow parts of the shelf, where bottom shear stress exceeds 10 dynes/cm2 over a diurnal tidal cycle. Zones of laminated sand and mud on the Amazon continental shelf coincide with areas of high interseasonal differences in bottom shear stress. Our results suggest that our model may be useful in interpreting sedimentation in ancient sedimentary basins as well. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. PRINCETON UNIV,PROGRAM ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP JEWELL, PW (reprint author), UNIV UTAH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA. RI Stallard, Robert/H-2649-2013 OI Stallard, Robert/0000-0001-8209-7608 NR 56 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD JUL PY 1993 VL 63 IS 4 BP 734 EP 745 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA LQ114 UT WOS:A1993LQ11400018 ER PT J AU DARTNELL, P GARDNER, JV AF DARTNELL, P GARDNER, JV TI DIGITAL IMAGING OF SEDIMENT CORES FOR ARCHIVES AND RESEARCH SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A system is described for digitally imaging split sediment cores that is relatively inexpensive, simple, and provides an image of the core that can be used for quantitative measurements as well as for archiving. The system is composed of a Macintosh computer equipped for 24-bit color, a large-volume storage medium, a Hi-8 video camera, and a digital framegrabber. RP DARTNELL, P (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD JUL PY 1993 VL 63 IS 4 BP 750 EP 752 PG 3 WC Geology SC Geology GA LQ114 UT WOS:A1993LQ11400020 ER PT J AU JETT, DA HILL, EF FERNANDO, JC ELDEFRAWI, ME ELDEFRAWI, AT AF JETT, DA HILL, EF FERNANDO, JC ELDEFRAWI, ME ELDEFRAWI, AT TI DOWN-REGULATION OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS AND THE M3 SUBTYPE IN WHITE-FOOTED MICE BY DIETARY EXPOSURE TO PARATHION SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RAT-BRAIN; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS; MESSENGER-RNA; BINDING-SITES; TOLERANCE; DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE; DFP; ANTICHOLINESTERASE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE AB The effect of ad libitum dietary exposure (as occurs in the field) to parathion for 14 d was investigated on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in brains and submaxillary glands of adults of a field species, the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus. Immunoprecipitation using subtype selective antibodies revealed that the relative ratios of the m1-m5 mAChR subtypes in Peromyscus brain were similar to those in rat brain. There was little variability in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in control mice brains but large variability in 39 exposed mice, resulting from differences in food ingestion and parathion metabolism. Accordingly, data on radioligand binding to mAChRs in each mouse brain were correlated with brain AChE activity in the same mouse, and AChE inhibition served as a biomarker of exposure reflecting in situ paraoxon concentrations. Exposure to parathion for 14 d reduced maximal binding (B(max)) of [H-3]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([H-3]QNB), [H-3]-N-methylscopolamine ([H-3]NMS), and [H-3]-4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide ([H-3]-4-DAMP) by up to approximately 58% without affecting receptor affinities for these ligands. Maximal reduction in B(max) of [H-3]QNB and [H-3]-4-DAMP binding occurred in mice with highest AChE inhibition, while equivalent maximal reduction in B(max) of [H-3]NMS occurred in mice with only approximately 10% AChE inhibition, without further change at higher parathion doses. This is believed to be due to the hydrophilicity of [H-3]NMS, which limits its accessibility to internalized desensitized receptors. In submaxillary glands (mAChRs are predominantly m3 subtype), there were significant dose-dependent reductions in [H-3]QNB binding and m3 mRNA levels in exposed mice, revealed by Northern blot analyses. The reduction in m3 receptors is suggested to result mostly from reduced synthesis at the transcription level, rather than from translational or posttranslational events. The data suggests that down-regulation of mAChRs occurs after dietary exposure for 14 d to sublethal concentrations of parathion in a field rodent species, and that significant though incomplete recovery in AChE and mAChRs occurs in 7 d following termination of exposure. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & EXPTL THERAPEUT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,PROGRAM TOXICOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES02594, T32ES07263] NR 60 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD JUL PY 1993 VL 39 IS 3 BP 395 EP 415 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA LM545 UT WOS:A1993LM54500007 PM 8350385 ER PT J AU ALLEN, SH SARGEANT, AB AF ALLEN, SH SARGEANT, AB TI DISPERSAL PATTERNS OF RED FOXES RELATIVE TO POPULATION-DENSITY SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID VULPES-VULPES POPULATION; MANAGEMENT; SOCIETY AB Factors affecting red fox (Vulpes vulpes) dispersal patterns are poorly understood but warranted investigation because of the role of dispersal in rebuilding depleted populations and transmission of diseases We examined dispersal patterns of red foxes in North Dakota based on recoveries of 363 of 854 foxes tagged as pups and relative to fox density. Foxes were recovered up to 8.6 years after tagging; 79% were trapped or shot. Straight-line distances between tagging and recovery locations ranged from 0 to 302 km. Mean recovery distances increased with age and were greater for males than females, but longest individual recovery distances were by females. Dispersal distances were not related to population density for males (P = 0.36) or females (P = 0.96). The proportion of males recovered that dispersed was inversely related to population density (r = -0.94; n = 5; P = 0.02), but not the proportion of females (r = -0.49; n = 5; P = 0.40). Dispersal directions were not uniform for either males (P = 0.003) or females (P = 0.006); littermates tended to disperse in similar directions (P = 0.09). A 4-lane interstate highway altered dispersal directions (P = 0.001). Dispersal is a strong innate behavior of red foxes (especially males) that results in many individuals of both sexes traveling far from natal areas. Because dispersal distance was unaffected by fox density, populations can be rebuilt and diseases transmitted long distances regardless of fox abundance. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401. RP ALLEN, SH (reprint author), N DAKOTA GAME & FISH DEPT,100 N BISMARCK EXPRESSWAY,BISMARCK,ND 58501, USA. NR 38 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 3 BP 526 EP 533 DI 10.2307/3809277 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LN199 UT WOS:A1993LN19900011 ER PT J AU OTIS, DL MCDONALD, LL EVANS, MA AF OTIS, DL MCDONALD, LL EVANS, MA TI PARAMETER-ESTIMATION IN ENCOUNTER SAMPLING SURVEYS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TRANSECT AB Encounter sampling surveys collect data from individuals who are encountered during an activity or behavior (event) by a surveyor that travels a random route through a survey area. Such surveys represent an alternative approach for estimation of parameters such as average duration of the entire event and auxiliary characteristics of individuals in the population. When the complete duration time of the event is unavailable, and/or the auxiliary variable is correlated with the duration of the event, traditional estimators taken from sampling theory and weighted distribution theory are inappropriate. Thus, we adapted earlier results of Cox (1969) for estimation of the average complete duration time of an event and present new estimators for the average value of auxiliary parameters. The performance of the new estimators was evaluated via Monte Carlo simulation, and procedures are illustrated using data from a survey of black-billed magpies (Pica pica) in a riparian area. Use of this survey design and associated parameter estimators provides an efficient estimation technique for researchers who study events or behavior that occur infrequently and/or are of short duration. Future work should address improvements in bias reduction and confidence interval procedures. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PROGRAM STAT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT STAT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP OTIS, DL (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DEPT AQUACULTURE FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CLEMSON,SC 29634, USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 3 BP 543 EP 548 DI 10.2307/3809280 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LN199 UT WOS:A1993LN19900014 ER PT J AU HESTBECK, JB AF HESTBECK, JB TI OVERWINTER DISTRIBUTION OF NORTHERN PINTAIL POPULATIONS IN NORTH-AMERICA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Northern pintails (Anas acuta) exist as a single circumpolar breeding population but display weak fidelity to given breeding sites. If fidelity to wintering areas is strong, management on wintering grounds may allow local winter populations to increase. Thus, I delineated reference areas for wintering areas based on recovery data for pintails banded during the winter (Dec-Feb) in the United States. Fidelity to these reference areas varied with the strongest fidelity observed for pintails banded in areas along coastal areas or near large bodies of water such as western Washington-northwestern Oregon, central California, northwestern Utah, the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast, and the Greater Chesapeake Bay Region. My analysis suggests that pintails occurred in distinct wintering populations and that wintering ground affiliations to certain areas appear to be more stable population units than breeding ground affiliations. Consequently, winter banding programs may be useful in monitoring survival of specific wintering populations of concern. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 3 BP 582 EP 589 DI 10.2307/3809286 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LN199 UT WOS:A1993LN19900020 ER PT J AU HESTBECK, JB AF HESTBECK, JB TI SURVIVAL OF NORTHERN PINTAILS BANDED DURING WINTER IN NORTH-AMERICA, 1950-88 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RECOVERY RATES AB From 1950 through 1988, the continental breeding population of northern pintails (Anas acuta) varied from 2.0 million to 9.9 million. Because pintails have high fidelity to certain wintering grounds along coasts and large bodies of water, management on these wintering areas may increase population size if changes in winter survival rate are related to changes in population size. I used band-recovery data to estimate survival rates for winter-banded pintails and to test for sex-specific, temporal, and geographic variation in survival rates. Survival rate estimates varied between 0.632 and 0.806 for males, and 0.421 and 0.769 for females. Males had higher (P < 0.0001) average annual survival rates than females. Limited geographic variation occurred in estimates of average annual survival rates for males, and no variation occurred for females. Males had lower average annual survival rates in the Imperial Valley than in central California (P = 0.007) or in the Gulf Coast (P = 0.092). Little annual variation was found within time periods. However, longer-term variation was found in survival rate estimates for males and females. Males had higher (P = 0.054) average annual survival rates in the Pacific Flyway during 1959-61, a period of drought, breeding-population decline, and restrictive hunting regulations, than during 1950-58, a period with a higher breeding population and liberal regulations. The increase in wintering population size in the Pacific Flyway during the 1970's was associated with a higher average annual survival rate for females in the Pacific Flyway than during the 1950's. Results from the Pacific Flyway suggested that an interaction may exist between population size and the effect of harvest regulations on survival of males. Changes in harvest regulations appeared to have a greater effect at lower population levels. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 3 BP 590 EP 597 DI 10.2307/3809287 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LN199 UT WOS:A1993LN19900021 ER PT J AU GLOUTNEY, ML CLARK, RG AFTON, AD HUFF, GJ AF GLOUTNEY, ML CLARK, RG AFTON, AD HUFF, GJ TI TIMING OF NEST SEARCHES FOR UPLAND NESTING WATERFOWL SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID INCUBATION AB Searches for duck nests should maximize the probability of locating nests, while minimizing the possibility of causing nest abandonment. Thus, we collected nest attendance data for 44 mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), 13 blue-winged teal (A. discors), 12 lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), 8 northern shoveler (Anas clypeata), 6 gadwall (A. strepera), and 4 green-winged teal (A. crecca) females to determine the optimal times of day to search for active nests. Females of most species attended nests from 0800 to 1400 central standard time (CST). The overall probability of nest attendance during this time was 91.4 +/- 2.6 (SE) %. Consequently, nest searches for upland nesting waterfowl should be initiated after 0800 and should be terminated by 1400 CST. This corresponds to starting nest searches approximately 3 hours after sunrise. Searching for nests at these times should minimize the chances of finding nests early in laying when the probability of inducing nest abandonment is greatest. C1 CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERV,PRAIRIE & NO WILDLIFE CTR,SASKATOON 57N 0X4,SK,CANADA. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT ELECT ENGN,SASKATOON S7N 0W0,SASKATCHEWAN,CANADA. RP GLOUTNEY, ML (reprint author), UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT BIOL,SASKATOON S7N 0W0,SASKATCHEWAN,CANADA. NR 23 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 57 IS 3 BP 597 EP 601 DI 10.2307/3809288 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LN199 UT WOS:A1993LN19900022 ER PT J AU LLEWELLYN, LG AF LLEWELLYN, LG TI ON INTERPRETATION - SOCIOLOGY FOR INTERPRETERS OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY - MACHLIS,GE, FIELD,DR SO LEISURE SCIENCES LA English DT Book Review RP LLEWELLYN, LG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0149-0400 J9 LEISURE SCI JI Leis. Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1993 VL 15 IS 3 BP 244 EP 245 PG 2 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA LZ947 UT WOS:A1993LZ94700010 ER PT J AU JELLISON, R MILLER, LG MELACK, JM DANA, GL AF JELLISON, R MILLER, LG MELACK, JM DANA, GL TI MEROMIXIS IN HYPERSALINE MONO LAKE, CALIFORNIA .2. NITROGEN FLUXES SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID FLOODED SOIL SYSTEMS; NATURAL-WATERS; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; COMPUTER-MODEL; PHYTOPLANKTON; ARTEMIA; SEDIMENTATION; POPULATION; PHOSPHORUS AB Vertical fluxes of nitrogen were examined in hypersaline Mono Lake over a 9-yr period which encompassed the onset, persistence, and breakdown of meromixis. Under monomictic conditions, ammonia, which accumulates in the hypolimnion, is mixed into the euphotic region during autumn overturn. Following the onset of meromixis in 1983 and elimination of the winter period of holomixis, ammonia was depleted in the mixolimnion and accumulated beneath the chemocline. The mean rate of particulate nitrogen deposition, as measured by sediment traps over a 2-yr period during meromixis, was 2.0 mmol m-2 d-1. Until meromixis weakened in 1988, ammonia concentrations in the euphotic zone remained below 5 muM and increased to approximately 500 muM beneath the chemocline. Meromixis ended in November 1988 and a large pulse of ammonia was injected into surface waters, resulting in surface ammonia concentrations of approximately 45 muM. Because the pH of Mono Lake is high (9.8) the NH3 : NH4+ ratio is approximately 5, and elevated surface concentrations of ammonia during the 2 yr following breakdown of meromixis resulted in high losses of nitrogen via ammonia volatilization (mean, approximately 10 mmol m-2 d-1). High release rates of ammonia from the sediments were estimated from both the ammonia gradients in pore-water profiles (3-10 mmol m-2 d-1) and the balance of mixolimnetic nitrogen fluxes (4-10 mmol m-2 d-1). The monimolimnetic balance suggested fluxes of ammonia out of the sediments below the chemocline were reduced during meromixis C1 UCSB,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UCSB,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Jellison, Robert/E-4923-2012 NR 47 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1020 EP 1039 PG 20 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA MZ485 UT WOS:A1993MZ48500011 ER PT J AU MILLER, LG JELLISON, R OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW AF MILLER, LG JELLISON, R OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW TI MEROMIXIS IN HYPERSALINE MONO LAKE, CALIFORNIA .3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL RESPONSE TO STRATIFICATION AND OVERTURN SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID BIG-SODA LAKE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; DEAD-SEA; WATER; DIFFUSION; METHANE; NEVADA AB Mono Lake is a terminal, saline lake that became ectogenically meromictic in 1982-1983 and remained stratified until November 1988. During this period, the monimolimnion remained anoxic and nearly isothermal, while the upper mixolimnion was well oxygenated and exhibited a seasonal thermal regime. Dissolved sulfide and methane increased in the monimolimnion as a result of diffusive flux from the sediments. Winter mixing down to the chemocline distributed sulfide and methane throughout the mixolimnion. Lakewide inventories of dissolved sulfide and methane reflected the balance between increased concentrations and decreased monimolimnion volume over time. At overturn, the entire water column was isothermal and anoxic. Dissolved sulfide (380 x 10(6) mol) was oxidized in 1 week by molecular oxygen. Methane (12 x 10(6) mol) was removed more slowly by microbial oxidation and ventilation across the air-water interface. C1 UCSB,DEPT BIOL,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UCSB,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. RP MILLER, LG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Jellison, Robert/E-4923-2012 NR 32 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1040 EP 1051 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA MZ485 UT WOS:A1993MZ48500012 ER PT J AU LOVLEY, DR RODEN, EE PHILLIPS, EJP WOODWARD, JC AF LOVLEY, DR RODEN, EE PHILLIPS, EJP WOODWARD, JC TI ENZYMATIC IRON AND URANIUM REDUCTION BY SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7TH MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION OF GEOSCIENCES : MARINE SEDIMENTS, BURIAL, PORE WATER CHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS CY APR 04-08, 1993 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP EUROPEAN UNION GEOSCI ID FERRIC IRON; AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; MICROBIAL REDUCTION; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; PORE WATERS; GEN-NOV; MANGANESE; GEOCHEMISTRY AB The potential for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to enzymatically reduce Fe(III) and U(VI) was investigated. Five species of Desulfovibrio as well as Desulfobacterium autotrophicum and Desulfobulbus propionicus reduced Fe(III) chelated with nitrilotriacetic acid as well as insoluble Fe(III) oxide. Fe(III) oxide reduction resulted in the accumulation of magnetite and siderite. Desulfobacter postgatei reduced the chelated Fe(III) but not Fe(III) oxide. Desulfobacter curvatus, Desulfomonile tiedjei, and Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans did not reduce Fe(III). Only Desulfovibrio species reduced U(VI). U(VI) reduction resulted in the precipitation of uraninite. None of the SRB that reduced Fe(III) or U(VI) appeared to conserve enough energy to support growth from this reaction. However, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans metabolized H-2 down to lower concentrations with Fe(III) or U(VI) as the electron acceptor than with sulfate, suggesting that these metals may be preferred electron acceptors at the low H-2 concentrations present in most marine sediments. Molybdate did not inhibit Fe(III) reduction by D. desulfuricans. This indicates that the inability of molybdate to inhibit Fe(III) reduction in marine sediments does not rule out the possibility that SRB are important catalysts for Fe(III) reduction. The results demonstrate that although SRB were previously considered to reduce Fe(III) and U(VI) indirectly through the production of sulfide, they may also directly reduce Fe(III) and U(VI) through enzymatic mechanisms. These findings, as well as our recent discovery that the S-degrees-reducing microorganism Desulfuromonas acetoxidans can reduce Fe(III), demonstrate that there are close links between the microbial sulfur, iron, and uranium cycles in anaerobic marine sediments. RP LOVLEY, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 53 TC 281 Z9 304 U1 5 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 113 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 53 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(93)90148-O PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA LT708 UT WOS:A1993LT70800004 ER PT J AU KVITEK, RG AF KVITEK, RG TI DIET AND BEHAVIOR OF SEA OTTERS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA (VOL 9, PG 168, 1993) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MARINE MAMMAL MANAGEMENT,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 9 IS 3 BP 340 EP 340 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA LQ699 UT WOS:A1993LQ69900014 ER PT J AU NAFTZ, DL AF NAFTZ, DL TI ICE THICKNESS, ABLATION, AND OTHER GLACIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS ON UPPER FREMONT GLACIER, WYOMING SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE GLACIERS; WYOMING; WIND RIVER RANGE; ICE THICKNESS; ABLATION RATES AB Glaciological investigations of the Upper Fremont Glacier in the Wind River Range of Wyoming were conducted during 1990-1991. The glaciological data will provide baseline information for monitoring future changes to the glacier and support ongoing research utilizing glacial-ice-core composition to reconstruct paleoenvironmental records. Ice thickness, determined by radio-echo sounding, ranged from 60 to 172 m in the upper half of the glacier, Radio-echo sounding of ice thickness at one point was confirmed by drilling 159.7 m to bedrock. The difference between radio-echo sounding depth and measured drilling depth was about 4 m. Annual ablation (including snow, firn, and ice) measured for the 1990-1991 period averaged about 0.93 m/a. Densification proceeds rapidly on Upper Fremont Glacier. Measured densities in the near-surface parts of the glacier ranged from 4.4 x 10(5) g/m3 at the surface to larger than 8.5 x 10(5) g/m3 at depths exceeding 14 m. Surface ice velocity and direction were monitored from July 1990 to August 1991. Ice velocity decreased in a downslope direction. The largest measured velocity was about 3.1 m/a and the smallest was 0.8 m/a. They early mean air temperature of the study site during the period from July 11, 1990 to July 10, 1991 was -6.9-degrees-C. Borehole temperatures from 10-m depths are 0 +/- 0.4-degrees-C. The warmer borehole temperatures relative to the yearly mean air temperature may be caused by the latent heat of freezing, as meltwater from the surface percolates into the glacier and refreezes. RP NAFTZ, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1745 W 1700 SOUTH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84104, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 14 IS 4 BP 404 EP 414 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA MM433 UT WOS:A1993MM43300006 ER PT J AU BRANDT, TM GRAVES, KG BERKHOUSE, CS SIMON, TP WHITESIDE, BG AF BRANDT, TM GRAVES, KG BERKHOUSE, CS SIMON, TP WHITESIDE, BG TI LABORATORY SPAWNING AND REARING OF THE ENDANGERED FOUNTAIN DARTER SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID PERCIDAE; RATIO AB Survival of the fountain darter (Etheostoma fonticola), a U.S. federally listed endangered species, may depend on captive propagation. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on spawning and to develop methods for culture. The fountain darter spawned and produced viable offspring in aquaria at 27, 24, 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, and 6-degrees-C. The fish also spawned at 3 and 30-degrees-C but did not produce viable eggs. Daily egg production of individual fish held at 27, 21, 15, and 9-degrees-C was variable. The mean critical thermal maximum for the fountain darter was 34.8-degrees-C. Early life stages, 4-14 mm long, were offered a variety of live protozoans, rotifers, and microcrustaceans. Food selection varied with fish size and food size. Fountain darters reached sexual maturity in about 180 d when maintained at 21-degrees-C. Three-year-old darters produced viable offspring, and several lived longer than 4 years. Tricaine methanesulfonate was an effective anesthetic at 60 mg/L but was fatal to subadults at 100 mg/L. C1 LARGE RIVERS LARVAL RES STN,OGDEN DUNES,IN 46368. SW TEXAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,AQUAT STN,SAN MARCOS,TX 78666. RP BRANDT, TM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HATCHERY & TECHNOL CTR,500 E MCCARTY LANE,SAN MARCOS,TX 78666, USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 55 IS 3 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0149:LSAROT>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA MA517 UT WOS:A1993MA51700002 ER PT J AU KRISE, WF AF KRISE, WF TI EFFECTS OF ONE-YEAR EXPOSURES TO GAS SUPERSATURATION ON LAKE TROUT SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID WATER; ACCLIMATION; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; STRESS; FISH AB Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were reared for 1 year in water with one of six levels of incoming differential gas pressure (DELTAP): 4, 17, 33, 43, 58, or 75 mm Hg. Growth and survival of fish were evaluated as measures of response to the potential long-term stress of elevated dissolved gases in rearing water. Mortality rates were not different among fish held in supersaturated water up to DELTAP 58 (108% of total gas saturation), but mortality at DELTAP 75 (110% saturation) was significantly higher after day 28. From days 21 to 35, the number of nonfeeding, moribund fish increased with increasing gas level. By day 56, the length and weight of fish were significantly greater at DELTAP 4 than at higher gas levels. Growth rate reductions were evident for lake trout in DELTAP 17 and above for more than 252 d. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly better in fish held at DELTAPs 4 and 17 than at higher pressures. Lake trout grew fastest and most efficiently at DELTAP 4 for 252 d, but DELTAP 58 was also a safe rearing level in terms of mortality. There were no signs of ps bubble formation in fish held at or below DELTAP 58 and only 3% of the fish at DELTAP 75 exhibited emphysemas after 269 d of exposure. For optimum growth of juvenile lake trout, total dissolved ps levels should be less than DELTAP 17, probably near DELTAP 0. RP KRISE, WF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 55 IS 3 BP 169 EP 176 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0169:EOOYET>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA MA517 UT WOS:A1993MA51700005 ER PT J AU KRISE, WF SMITH, RA AF KRISE, WF SMITH, RA TI EYE ABNORMALITIES OF LAKE TROUT EXPOSED TO GAS SUPERSATURATION SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; BUBBLE DISEASE; RAINBOW-TROUT; HISTOPATHOLOGY AB Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) reared for 1 year at six levels of differential (excess) gas pressure (DELTAP 4, 17, 33, 43, 5 8, and 75 mm Hg above equilibrium) were examined for incidences of eye abnormalities including nuclear cataracts, hemorrhages, corneal swelling, cloudiness, rupture, and loss of eyes. Frequencies of nuclear cataracts, eye hemorrhages, cloudy corneas, and bilateral anomalies were not directly related to increasing dissolved ps pressures. However, incidences of corneal swelling and of all abnormalities combined increased with gas supersaturation above DELTAP 4. RP KRISE, WF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 55 IS 3 BP 177 EP 179 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0177:CEAOLT>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA MA517 UT WOS:A1993MA51700006 ER PT J AU FRIES, JN BERKHOUSE, CS MORROW, JC CARMICHAEL, GJ AF FRIES, JN BERKHOUSE, CS MORROW, JC CARMICHAEL, GJ TI EVALUATION OF AN AERATION SYSTEM IN A LOADED FISH-HAULING TANK SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID LARGEMOUTH BASS; AMMONIA; PH AB An aeration system (three 12-V DC Fresh-Flo aerators and two Wilfley-Weber oxygen diffusers) was evaluated in a 2,650-L fish-hauling tank loaded with 908 kg (521 g fish/L) of 23-cm-long channel catfish (Ic-talurus punctatus) in a static test. Water quality was monitored while fish were being loaded (21 min) and for 4 h thereafter. Dissolved oxygen (DO) dropped from above 20 to 2.2 mg/L during the first 50 min. By the end of the test, DO had risen to 8.5 mg/L (106% saturation). The pH dropped from 7.70 to 6.70 and the temperature row from 21.5 to 23.5-degrees-C. Total ammonia nitrogen rose from 0.7 to 12.8 mg/L during the test but was primarily ionized; un-ionized ammonia rose from 0.015 to 0.032 mg/L. This poor performance emphasizes the need to monitor water quality in hauling systems for various loading conditions and aeration systems. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DIV FISHERIES,REG 2,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87103. RP FRIES, JN (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HATCHERY & TECHNOL CTR,500 E MCCARTY LANE,SAN MARCOS,TX 78666, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 55 IS 3 BP 187 EP 190 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0187:EOAASI>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA MA517 UT WOS:A1993MA51700009 ER PT J AU WAYTHOMAS, CF LEA, PD WALTER, RC AF WAYTHOMAS, CF LEA, PD WALTER, RC TI STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF OLD CROW TEPHRA, HOLITNA LOWLAND, INTERIOR SOUTHWEST ALASKA SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PLEISTOCENE; YUKON; DEPOSITS; WEDGES; ICE C1 BOWDOIN COLL,DEPT GEOL,BRUNSWICK,ME 04011. BOWDOIN COLL,ARCTIC STUDIES PROGRAM,BRUNSWICK,ME 04011. INST HUMAN ORIGINS,CTR GEOCHRONOL,BERKELEY,CA 94709. RP WAYTHOMAS, CF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4230 UNIV DR,SUITE 201,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 40 IS 1 BP 20 EP 29 DI 10.1006/qres.1993.1052 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA LL153 UT WOS:A1993LL15300003 ER PT J AU OLDALE, RN COLMAN, SM JONES, GA AF OLDALE, RN COLMAN, SM JONES, GA TI RADIOCARBON AGES FROM 2 SUBMERGED STRANDLINE FEATURES IN THE WESTERN GULF OF MAINE AND A SEA-LEVEL CURVE FOR THE NORTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL REGION SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP OLDALE, RN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 40 IS 1 BP 38 EP 45 DI 10.1006/qres.1993.1054 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA LL153 UT WOS:A1993LL15300005 ER PT J AU KOTEFF, C ROBINSON, GR GOLDSMITH, R THOMPSON, WB AF KOTEFF, C ROBINSON, GR GOLDSMITH, R THOMPSON, WB TI DELAYED POSTGLACIAL UPLIFT AND SYNGLACIAL SEA LEVELS IN COASTAL CENTRAL NEW-ENGLAND SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RECORD; OCEAN C1 MAINE GEOL SURVEY,AUGUSTA,ME. RP KOTEFF, C (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 40 IS 1 BP 46 EP 54 DI 10.1006/qres.1993.1055 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA LL153 UT WOS:A1993LL15300006 ER PT J AU EDSALL, TA KENNEDY, GW HORNS, WH AF EDSALL, TA KENNEDY, GW HORNS, WH TI DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND RESTING MICROHABITAT OF BURBOT ON JULIANS REEF, SOUTHWESTERN LAKE-MICHIGAN SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SPAWNING HABITAT; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; SLIMY SCULPIN; SUPERIOR; ONTARIO; REPRODUCTION; HURON AB We used a remotely operated submersible vehicle equipped with a color video camera to videotape the lake bed and document the distribution and abundance of burbot Lota lota on a 156-hectare portion of Jawline's Reef in southwestern Lake Michigan. The substrates and bathymetry of the study area had been mapped recently by side-scan sonar. Burbot density determined from videotapes covering 6,900 m2 of lake bed at depths of 23-41 m averaged 139 individuals/hectare (range, 0-571/hectare). This density was substantially higher than the highest burbot density (59-95/hectare) reported in the literature. Burbot were present on the lake bed at depths of 23-36 m, but were most abundant near the crest of the reef at 23-28 m, where the water temperature was 8-13-degrees-C, their preferred summer temperature range. Substrates in that temperature range on the reef were bedrock, bedrock ridges, and bedrock and rubble. Burbot were most abundant on the bedrock and rubble. Small fish and macroinvertebrates typically eaten by burbot elsewhere in western Lake Michigan were distributed on the reef according to their summer preferred temperatures and were not seen in abundance where burbot density was highest. We saw no lake trout Salvelinus namaycush on Jawline's Reef, although large numbers of juvenile lake trout have been stocked there annually and temperatures on the reef were in the preferred summer temperature range for lake trout. C1 ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,AQUAT BIOL SECT,POB 63,ZION,IL 60099. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. NR 42 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 122 IS 4 BP 560 EP 574 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0560:DAARMO>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LW054 UT WOS:A1993LW05400005 ER PT J AU SCOPPETTONE, GG AF SCOPPETTONE, GG TI INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATIVE AND NONNATIVE FISHES OF THE UPPER MUDDY RIVER, NEVADA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STREAM FISHES; ASSEMBLAGE; CALIFORNIA; PREDATION; HABITAT AB I investigated interactions between native and nonnative fishes in the upper Muddy River system to add insight into (1) the mechanism causing the decline of the Moapa dace Moapa coriacea after the introduction of the shortfin molly Poecilia mexicana, (2) the reason Moapa White River springfish Crenichthys baileyi moapae were less affected by the introduction, and (3) the reason interactions between natives is relatively benign. I investigated the hypothesis that the shortfin molly caused the decline of the Moapa dace through competition or predation on larvae, pressures not experienced by the Moapa White River springfish. Relative interspecific competition was analyzed by contrasting the ranges of spatial and dietary overlap among larval, juvenile, and adult life stages. There appeared to be moderate to low spatial overlap between the various life stages of native and nonnative fishes. Overlap in diet was highest between adult Moapa White River springfish and shortfin mollies. Laboratory experiments suggested that shortfin mollies prey vigorously upon fish larvae. In terms of spatial habitat use, Moapa White River springfish larvae were less available to adult shortfin mollies for consumption than were Moapa dace larvae. When predation on larvae is the mechanism by which nonnative fish reduce native forms, aggressiveness of the predator and the degree to which the predator overlaps in habitat with the prey may influence the degree to which a native fish population is affected. RP SCOPPETTONE, GG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,RENO SUBSTN,4600 KIETZKE LANE,C-120,RENO,NV 89502, USA. NR 37 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 122 IS 4 BP 599 EP 608 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0599:IBNANF>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LW054 UT WOS:A1993LW05400008 ER PT J AU GAGEN, CJ SHARPE, WE CARLINE, RF AF GAGEN, CJ SHARPE, WE CARLINE, RF TI MORTALITY OF BROOK TROUT, MOTTLED SCULPINS, AND SLIMY SCULPINS DURING ACIDIC EPISODES SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LOW PH TOLERANCE; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; LAKE ACIDIFICATION; WISCONSIN LAKES; SODIUM-BALANCE; WATER-QUALITY; SOFT-WATER; FISH; ALUMINUM; STREAM AB Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, mottled sculpins Cottus bairdi, and slimy sculpins Cottus cognatus occur in many Pennsylvania streams that have depressed pH and elevated aluminum concentrations during episodes of high stream discharge (acidic episodes). We performed 20-d in situ cage exposures with these species to determine their relative sensitivities to field conditions. We also exposed fish in the laboratory to synthetic soft water, without added Al, to elevate possible effects of Al on sodium flux rates and pH toxicity. Exposures were in five streams: two with high pH (> 5.60) and low Al concentrations (< 80 mug/L) and three with low pH (usually between 5.0 and 5.5) and high Al levels (124-294 mug/L). Exposures were during two low-discharge fall periods, when pH tends to be seasonally higher and Al concentrations lower, and two relatively high-discharge spring seasons, when lower pH and higher Al concentrations are typical. Few fish died (generally < 10%) in the two streams that had higher pH and lower Al concentrations, whereas mortalities typically exceeded 20% and were as high as 100% during spring exposures in the streams with lower pH and elevated Al concentrations. All three species had higher mortality rates in spring, 20-100%, than in fall, 0-29%. Mottled sculpins and slimy sculpins had similar mortality rates and both had lower mortality rates than brook trout when exposed to similar conditions. We compared Na flux rates of mottled sculpins to those of brook trout in laboratory exposures at pH 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 to determine if low pH alone could account for mortality rates in the field. Because Na flux rates at pH 5.0, without added Al, were similar to flux rates of the controls for both species, high Al levels were believed to have contributed to the increased mortality observed in streams. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST,UNIV PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,ECOL PROGRAM,UNIV PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIV PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIV PK,PA 16802. NR 43 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 122 IS 4 BP 616 EP 628 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0616:MOBTMS>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LW054 UT WOS:A1993LW05400010 ER PT J AU LEAHY, PP RYAN, BJ JOHNSON, AI AF LEAHY, PP RYAN, BJ JOHNSON, AI TI AN INTRODUCTION TO THE US-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEYS NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. A IVAN JOHNSON INC,ARVADA,CO 80003. RP LEAHY, PP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,MS 410,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 529 EP 532 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MG997 UT WOS:A1993MG99700002 ER PT J AU HUNTZINGER, TL ELLIS, MJ AF HUNTZINGER, TL ELLIS, MJ TI CENTRAL NEBRASKA RIVER BASINS, NEBRASKA SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE HYDROLOGY; PLATTE RIVER; WATER QUALITY; NEBRASKA; AQUIFERS; HIGH PLAINS; WILDLIFE HABITAT AB The Central Nebraska Basins (NAWQA) study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Platte River flows are variable in the western part of the study unit because of diversions, but the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers originate in an area of dune sand covered by grassland that generates consistent base flows. More frequent runoff in the eastern part of the study unit also sustains stream flow. Ground water in the study unit has no regional confining units and the system is a water table aquifer throughout. Macroinvertebrate and fish tars at biological sampling sites in the state were related to stream flow. One of the four wetland complexes identified in the study unit includes habitat for threatened and endangered bird species. The study unit is an agricultural area that includes row crops, both irrigated and nonirrigated in the eastern and southern parts, and rangeland in the Sand Hills of the western part. A water quality assessment will be based on the differences in environmental setting in each of four subunits within the study unit. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LINCOLN,NE 68508. RP HUNTZINGER, TL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4821 QUAIL CREST PL,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 533 EP 574 PG 42 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MG997 UT WOS:A1993MG99700003 ER PT J AU STONER, JD LORENZ, DL WICHE, GJ GOLDSTEIN, RM AF STONER, JD LORENZ, DL WICHE, GJ GOLDSTEIN, RM TI RED RIVER OF THE NORTH BASIN, MINNESOTA, NORTH-DAKOTA, AND SOUTH-DAKOTA SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE WATER QUALITY; HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS; ASSESSMENT; WATER CONTAMINATION; STREAM BIOTA ID MERCURY DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; WATER; LAKES AB The environmental setting of the Red River of the North basin within the United States is diverse in ways that could significantly control the areal distribution and flow of water and, therefore, the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. Continental glaciers shaped a landscape of very flat lake plains near the center of the basin, and gently rolling uplands, lakes, and wetlands along the basin margins. The fertile, black, fine-grained soils and landscape are conducive to agriculture. Productive cropland covers 66 percent of the land area. The principal crops are wheat, barley, soybeans, sunflowers, corn, and hay. Pasture, forests, open water, and wetlands comprise most of the remaining land area. About one-third of the 1990 population (511,000) lives in the cities of Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota. The climate of the Red River of the North basin is continental and ranges from dry subhumid in the western part of the basin to subhumid in the eastern part. From its origin, the Red River of the North meanders northward for 394 miles to the Canadian border, a path that is nearly double the straight-line distance. The Red River of the North normally receives over 75 percent of its annual flow from the eastern tributaries as a result of regional patterns of precipitation, evapotranspiration, soils, and topography Most runoff occurs in spring and early summer as a result of rains falling on melting snow or heavy rains falling on saturated soils. Lakes, prairie potholes, and wetlands are abundant in most physiographic areas outside of the Red River Valley Lake Plain. Dams, drainage ditches, and wetlands alter the residence time of water, thereby affecting the amount of sediment, biota, and dissolved constituents carried by the water. Ground water available to wells, streams, and springs primarily comes from sand and gravel aquifers near land surface or buried within 100 to 300 feet of glacial drift that mantles the entire Red River of the North basin. Water moves through the system of bedrock and glacial-drift aquifers in a regional flow system generally toward the Red River of the North and in complex local flow systems controlled by local topography. Many of the bedrock and glacial-drift aquifers are hydraulically connected to streams in the region. The total water use in 1990, about 196 million gallons per day, was mostly for public supply and irrigation. Slightly more than one half of the water used comes from ground-water sources compared to surface-water sources. Most municipalities obtain their water from ground-water sources. However, the largest cities (Fargo, Grand Forks and Moorhead) obtain most of their water from the Red River of the North. The types and relative amounts of various habitats change among the five primary ecological regions within the Red River of the North basin. Headwater tributaries are more diverse and tend to be similar to middle-reach tributaries in character rather than the lower reaches of these tributaries for the Red River of the North. Concentrations of dissolved chemical constituents in surface waters are normally low during spring runoff and after thunderstorms. The Bed River of the North generally has a dissolved-solids concentration less than 600 milligrams per liter with mean values ranging from 347 milligrams per liter near the headwaters to 406 milligrams per liter at the Canadian border near Emerson, Manitoba. Calcium and magnesium are the principal cations and bicarbonate is the principal anion along most of the reach of the Red River of the North, Dissolved-solids concentrations generally are lower in the eastern tributaries than in the tributaries draining the western RP STONER, JD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2280 WOODALE DR,MOUNDS VIEW,MN 55112, USA. NR 111 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 575 EP 615 PG 41 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MG997 UT WOS:A1993MG99700004 ER PT J AU ELLIS, SR LEVINGS, GW CARTER, LF RICHEY, SF RADELL, MJ AF ELLIS, SR LEVINGS, GW CARTER, LF RICHEY, SF RADELL, MJ TI RIO-GRANDE VALLEY, COLORADO, NEW-MEXICO, AND TEXAS SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE RIO GRANDE VALLEY; REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGY; SURFACE-WATER FLOW; GROUNDWATER FLOW; WATER QUALITY; WATER USE AB The Rio Grande Valley National Water-Quality Assessment study unit encompasses about 45,700 square miles in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas upstream from the gaging station Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas, and includes surface-water closed basins east of the Continental Divide in New Mexico, and the San Luis Closed Basin in Colorado. The mean annual precipitation ranges from less than 6 to more than 50 inches; potential evapotranspiration ranges from less than 35 to more than 80 inches per year. Land use is mainly rangeland, forest land, and cropland. Total irrigated acreage in 1990 was about 914,000 acres and water use was about 3,410,000 acre-feet. Two structural settings are found in the study unit: alluvial basins and bedrock basins. The alluvial basins can have through-flowing surface water or be closed basins. The discussion of streamflow and water quality for the surface-water system is based on four river reaches for the 750 miles of the main stem. The quality of the ground water is affected by both natural process and human activities and by nonpoint and point sources. Nonpoint sources for surface water include agriculture, hydromodification, and mining operations; point sources are mainly discharge from wastewater treatment plants. Nonpoint sources for ground water include agriculture and septic tanks and cesspools; point sources include leaking underground storage tanks, unlined or manure-lined holding ponds used for disposal of dairy wastes, landfills, and mining operations. RP ELLIS, SR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,4501 INDIAN SCH RD NE,SUITE 200,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87110, USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 617 EP 646 PG 30 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MG997 UT WOS:A1993MG99700005 ER PT J AU DENNEHY, KF LITKE, DW TATE, CM HEINY, JS AF DENNEHY, KF LITKE, DW TATE, CM HEINY, JS TI SOUTH-PLATTE RIVER BASIN - COLORADO, NEBRASKA, AND WYOMING SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER; WATER QUALITY; WATER USE; LAND USE; WATER MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGY AB The South Platte River Basin was one of 20 study units selected in 1991 for investigation under the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. One of the initial tasks undertaken by the study unit team was to review the environmental setting of the basin and assemble ancillary data on natural and anthropogenic factors in the basin. The physical, chemical, and biological quality of the water in the South Platte River Basin is explicitly tied to its environmental setting. The resulting water quality is the product of the natural conditions and human factors that make up the environmental setting of the basin. This description of the environmental setting of the South Platte River Basin and its implications to the water quality will help guide the design of the South Platte NAWQA study. Natural conditions such as physiography, climate, geology, and soils affect the ambient water quality while anthropogenic factors such as water use, population, land use and water-management practices can have a pronounced effect on water quality in the basin. The relative effects of mining, urban, and agricultural land- and water-uses on water-quality constituents are not well understood. The interrelation of the surface-water and ground-water systems and the chemical and biological processes that affect the transport of constituents needs to be addressed. Interactions between biological communities and the water resources also should be considered. The NAWQA program and the South Platte River Basin study will provide information to minimize existing knowledge gaps, so that we may better understand the effect these natural conditions and human factors have on the water-quality conditions in the basin, now and in the future. RP DENNEHY, KF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 70 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 647 EP 683 PG 37 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MG997 UT WOS:A1993MG99700006 ER PT J AU ULERY, RL VANMETRE, PC CROSSFIELD, AS AF ULERY, RL VANMETRE, PC CROSSFIELD, AS TI TRINITY RIVER BASIN, TEXAS SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE TRINITY RIVER; NAWQA; ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING; WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT AB In 1991 the Trinity River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) was among the first 20 study units to begin investigations under full-scale program implementation. The study-unit investigations will include assessments of surface-water and ground-water quality. Initial efforts have focused on identifying water-quality issues in the basin and on the environmental factors underlying those issues. The environmental setting consists of both physical and cultural factors. Physical characteristics described include climate, geology, soils, vegetation, physiography, and hydrology. Cultural characteristics discussed include population distribution, land use and land cover, agricultural practices, water use, and reservoir operations. Major water-quality categories are identified and some of the implications of the environmental factors for water quality are presented. RP ULERY, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,8011 CAMERON RD,AUSTIN,TX 78754, USA. OI Van Metre, Peter/0000-0001-7564-9814 NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 685 EP 711 PG 27 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MG997 UT WOS:A1993MG99700007 ER PT J AU NEUZIL, CE AF NEUZIL, CE TI LOW FLUID PRESSURE WITHIN THE PIERRE SHALE - A TRANSIENT-RESPONSE TO EROSION SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF; PORE PRESSURES; PERMEABILITY; DEPTH; ROCKS AB Naturally transient flow (NTF) occurs when a groundwater regime fails to accommodate geologic changes. This paper describes a conspicuous NTF signature entirely within a low-permeability shale in an eroded basin. Flow in the shale appears to be a lagging hydrodynamic response to mechanical rebound and cooling from erosion; careful, long-term pressure measurements revealed a consistent pattern of low hydraulic head with the minimum within the shale. Available data are sufficient to rule out alternate causes of the pressure regime, and to construct a meaningful quantitative model of the effects of erosion. The shale behaves as a Kelvin substance in tests, but theoretical considerations suggest that its deformation during erosion mimics elastic behavior, permitting the model to be based on poroelasticity. Pressure patterns similar to that observed can be produced by incorporating into the model independent estimates of the shale's hydraulic, mechanical, and thermal properties and a reconstruction of the area's erosion history. The results confirm that local permeability is between 10(-21) and 10(-20) m2 (hydraulic conductivity between 10(-14) and 10(-13) m/s), in contrast to the higher regional permeability of 2 x 10(-16) m2 (hydraulic conductivity of 2 x 10(-9) m/s) determined in an earlier study. Exploration techniques employed in this study could reveal similar NTF regimes in the future. RP NEUZIL, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 44 TC 55 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 29 IS 7 BP 2007 EP 2020 DI 10.1029/93WR00406 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LL335 UT WOS:A1993LL33500014 ER PT J AU ENZEL, Y ELY, LL HOUSE, PK BAKER, VR WEBB, RH AF ENZEL, Y ELY, LL HOUSE, PK BAKER, VR WEBB, RH TI PALEOFLOOD EVIDENCE FOR A NATURAL UPPER BOUND TO FLOOD MAGNITUDES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HYDROLOGY; ARIZONA; CLIMATE; EVENTS AB The existence of an upper limit to the magnitude of floods in a region is a long-standing and controversial hypothesis in flood hydrology. Regional envelope curves encompassing maximum flood magnitudes stabilize with progressive increases in the areal coverage and period of observation (Wolman and Costa, 1984). However, the short lengths of conventional gaging records limit substantial advances in testing whether this stabilization is evidence of an upper limit. In the Colorado River basin there are 32,120 station years of pge data, but the average period at a gaging station is only 20 years, with most stations having less than 70 years of observation. Paleoflood magnitudes derived from sediments of large prehistoric floods from 25 sites on rivers in Arizona and Utah provide additional data to extend the records of the largest floods. The paleoflood data identify the maximum flood discharges that have occurred on individual rivers over the last several hundred to several thousand years. Even with this increase in the observational period, the largest paleoflood discharges do not exceed the upper bound of maximum peak discharges delineated by the envelope curve derived from the available gaged and historical records. This result accords with the hypothesis of an upper physical limit for flood magnitudes and suggests that, for the Colorado River basin, the upper limit can be approximated by existing systematic and historical data for large floods. Similar relationships also hold when paleofloods and gaged records are presented for the subregion of southern Arizona. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TUCSON,AZ 85705. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,ARIZONA LAB PALEOHYDROL & HYDROCLIMATOL ANAL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP ENZEL, Y (reprint author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,INST EARTH SCI,DEPT PHYS GEOG,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL. NR 74 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 29 IS 7 BP 2287 EP 2297 DI 10.1029/93WR00411 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LL335 UT WOS:A1993LL33500036 ER PT J AU HEALY, RW RUSSELL, TF AF HEALY, RW RUSSELL, TF TI A FINITE-VOLUME EULERIAN-LAGRANGIAN LOCALIZED ADJOINT METHOD FOR SOLUTION OF THE ADVECTION-DISPERSION EQUATION SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION EQUATION; ELEMENT; SCHEME; FLOW AB A new mass-conservative method for solution of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation is derived and discussed. Test results demonstrate that the finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (FVELLAM) outperforms standard finite-difference methods, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, for solute transport problems that are dominated by advection. For dispersion-dominated problems, the performance of the method is similar to that of standard methods. Like previous ELLAM formulations, FVELLAM systematically conserves mass globally with all types of boundary conditions. FVELLAM differs from other ELLAM approaches in that integrated finite differences, instead of finite elements, are used to approximate the governing equation. This approach, in conjunction with a forward tracking scheme, greatly facilitates mass conservation. The mass storage integral is numerically evaluated at the current time level, and quadrature points are then tracked forward in time to the next level. Forward tracking permits straightforward treatment of inflow boundaries, thus avoiding the inherent problem in backtracking, as used by most characteristic methods, of characteristic lines intersecting inflow boundaries. FVELLAM extends previous ELLAM results by obtaining mass conservation locally on Lagrangian space-time elements. Details of the integration, tracking, and boundary algorithms are presented. Test results are given for problems in Cartesian and radial coordinates. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT MATH,DENVER,CO 80217. RP HEALY, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 29 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1993 VL 29 IS 7 BP 2399 EP 2413 DI 10.1029/93WR00403 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LL335 UT WOS:A1993LL33500046 ER PT J AU PRIBNOW, D WILLIAMS, CF BURKHARDT, H AF PRIBNOW, D WILLIAMS, CF BURKHARDT, H TI WELL LOG-DERIVED ESTIMATES OF THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS PENETRATED BY THE 4-KM DEEP KTB VORBOHRUNG SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Well log measurements of compressional and shear velocity (V(p), V(s)), density, and temperature from the 4 km-deep KTB Vorbohrung (pilot hole) were applied in a phonon conduction model for the thermal conductivity of a crystalline solid. The resulting conductivity estimates were compared with conductivities (k(LAB)) measured on the nearly continuous (91% recovery) core. Previous studies have shown the log-derived conductivity (K(LOG)) to be within +/- 15 % of k(LAB) in isotropic or flat-lying anisotropic crystalline rocks. The section penetrated by the KTB pilot hole includes both predominantly isotropic metabasites and highly anisotropic gneisses with foliation dips ranging from horizontal to vertical. The predictions of the phonon model were accurate within +/- 4% in the metabasites but inaccurate by as much as 23% in the gneisses. The accuracy of the model in the metabasites confirms the utility of the phonon conduction approach in isotropic or weakly anisotropic rocks, but the discrepancies in the anisotropic gneisses remain unexplained. These relatively large discrepancies between k(LOG) and k(LAB) correspond to depths at which laboratory measurements of V(s) under in situ conditions deviate from the sonic log V(s). This suggests that sonic log determinations of V(s) may not be reliable in dipping, anisotropic rocks. Alternatively, the laboratory V(s) measurements may not constitute a representative sample, or there may be errors in the phonon conduction model. If the discrepancies can be tied to errors in sonic log V(s) measurements, the phonon conduction model may provide a tool for deriving thermal conductivity profiles of the Earth's crust from seismic studies of V(p) and V(s). C1 INST ANGEW GEOPHYS,BERLIN,GERMANY. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP PRIBNOW, D (reprint author), KTB FELDLAB,W-8486 WINDISCHESCHENBACH,GERMANY. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 18 PY 1993 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1155 EP 1158 DI 10.1029/93GL00480 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LL288 UT WOS:A1993LL28800012 ER PT J AU JACKSON, LL BAEDECKER, PA FRIES, TL LAMOTHE, PJ AF JACKSON, LL BAEDECKER, PA FRIES, TL LAMOTHE, PJ TI GEOLOGICAL AND INORGANIC MATERIALS SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION-ANALYSIS; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES; ELECTRON-PROBE MICROANALYZER; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS; PROMPT GAMMA-SPECTROMETRY; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS C1 US GEOL SURVEY, NATL CTR, GEOCHEM BRANCH, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, GEOCHEM BRANCH, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP JACKSON, LL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DFC, GEOCHEM BRANCH, POB 25046, MS 973, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 463 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 15 PY 1993 VL 65 IS 12 BP R12 EP R28 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA LG131 UT WOS:A1993LG13100002 ER PT J AU BROWN, CE AF BROWN, CE TI USE OF PRINCIPAL-COMPONENT, CORRELATION, AND STEPWISE MULTIPLE-REGRESSION ANALYSES TO INVESTIGATE SELECTED PHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES OF CARBONATE-ROCK AQUIFERS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Correlation analysis in conjunction with principal-component and multiple-regression analyses were applied to laboratory chemical and petrographic data to assess the usefulness of these techniques in evaluating selected physical and hydraulic properties of carbonate-rock aquifers in central Pennsylvania. Correlation and principal-component analyses were used to establish relations and associations among variables, to determine dimensions of property variation of samples, and to filter the variables containing similar information. Principal-component and correlation analyses showed that porosity is related to other measured variables and that permeability is most related to porosity and grain size. Four principal components are found to be significant in explaining the variance of data. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis was used to see how well the measured variables could predict porosity and (or) permeability for this suite of rocks. The variation in permeability and porosity is not totally predicted by the other variables, but the regression is significant at the 5% significance level. RP BROWN, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 15 PY 1993 VL 147 IS 1-4 BP 169 EP 195 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90080-S PG 27 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA LK256 UT WOS:A1993LK25600008 ER PT J AU WEEMS, RE KIMMEL, PG AF WEEMS, RE KIMMEL, PG TI UPPER TRIASSIC REPTILE FOOTPRINTS AND A COELACANTH FISH SCALE FROM THE CULPEPER BASIN, VIRGINIA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID NEWARK SUPERGROUP; NORTHERN VIRGINIA; TEXAS; USA AB Three ichnotaxa (Chirotherium, Brachychirotherium, and Plesiornis) are reported for the first time from the Culpeper basin. They occur near the base of the Manassas Sandstone and represent the oldest vertebrate faunal assemblage from the basin. A fish scale from the overlying Balls Bluff Siltstone, referable to Diplurus, is the first report of a coelacanth from Triassic strata of the Culpeper basin. RP WEEMS, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 928,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD JUN 11 PY 1993 VL 106 IS 2 BP 390 EP 401 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA LH057 UT WOS:A1993LH05700019 ER PT J AU HILL, DP REASENBERG, PA MICHAEL, A ARABAZ, WJ BEROZA, G BRUMBAUGH, D BRUNE, JN CASTRO, R DAVIS, S DEPOLO, D ELLSWORTH, WL GOMBERG, J HARMSEN, S HOUSE, L JACKSON, SM JOHNSTON, MJS JONES, L KELLER, R MALONE, S MUNGUIA, L NAVA, S PECHMANN, JC SANFORD, A SIMPSON, RW SMITH, RB STARK, M STICKNEY, M VIDAL, A WALTER, S WONG, V ZOLLWEG, J AF HILL, DP REASENBERG, PA MICHAEL, A ARABAZ, WJ BEROZA, G BRUMBAUGH, D BRUNE, JN CASTRO, R DAVIS, S DEPOLO, D ELLSWORTH, WL GOMBERG, J HARMSEN, S HOUSE, L JACKSON, SM JOHNSTON, MJS JONES, L KELLER, R MALONE, S MUNGUIA, L NAVA, S PECHMANN, JC SANFORD, A SIMPSON, RW SMITH, RB STARK, M STICKNEY, M VIDAL, A WALTER, S WONG, V ZOLLWEG, J TI SEISMICITY REMOTELY TRIGGERED BY THE MAGNITUDE 7.3 LANDERS, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LONG VALLEY; SEQUENCE; PATTERNS; CALDERA AB The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma). C1 UNIV UTAH, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA. STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NO ARIZONA UNIV, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86011 USA. UNIV NEVADA, RENO, NV 89557 USA. CICESE, ENSENADA, MEXICO. UNIV TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, GOLDEN, CO USA. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA. IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB, IDAHO FALLS, ID USA. US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA USA. UNIV TEXAS, EL PASO, TX 79968 USA. UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL, SOCORRO, NM 87801 USA. UNOCAL CORP, SANTA ROSA, CA USA. MONTANA BUR MINES & GEOL, BUTTE, MT 59701 USA. BOISE STATE UNIV, BOISE, ID 83725 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 43 TC 495 Z9 528 U1 3 U2 49 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 11 PY 1993 VL 260 IS 5114 BP 1617 EP 1623 DI 10.1126/science.260.5114.1617 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LG176 UT WOS:A1993LG17600020 PM 17810202 ER PT J AU BUFE, CG VARNES, DJ AF BUFE, CG VARNES, DJ TI PREDICTIVE MODELING OF THE SEISMIC CYCLE OF THE GREATER SAN-FRANCISCO BAY-REGION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKES; RUPTURE; FAILURE; FAULTS; EARTH; SLIP AB The seismic cycle for the San Francisco Bay region is synthesized by a model combining the pre- and post-1906 seismic histories. The long-term acceleration of seismic release (seismic moment, Benioff strain release, or event count) in the seismic cycle and the shorter-term accelerations preceding the larger earthquakes within that cycle are modeled using an empirical predictive technique, called time-to-failure analysis, in which rate of seismic release is proportional to an inverse power of the remaining time to failure. The exponent of time to failure in the accelerating sequences appears to be scale invariant, and the length of the full cycle is estimated at 269 +/- 50 years. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which is the culmination of the first subcycle in the present long-term seismic cycle, should have been predictable with an uncertainty of 2 years in time and 0.5 in magnitude, although the specific location (at Loma Prieta) was not predictable by this technique. If our model is correct and if the Loma Prieta earthquake is the culmination of a subcycle, the San Francisco Bay region should be entering a relatively long (20-50 years) period of seismic quiescence above magnitude 6. A great earthquake, such as the 1906 San Francisco event, would appear to be more than a century in the future. RP US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 967, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 37 TC 284 Z9 315 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B6 BP 9871 EP 9883 DI 10.1029/93JB00357 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LH260 UT WOS:A1993LH26000027 ER PT J AU NISHENKO, SP SYKES, LR AF NISHENKO, SP SYKES, LR TI SEISMIC GAP HYPOTHESIS - 10-YEARS AFTER - COMMENT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Letter ID EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; BOUNDARIES; ISLANDS; FAULTS C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR, MS 967, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B6 BP 9909 EP 9916 DI 10.1029/93JB00101 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LH260 UT WOS:A1993LH26000029 ER PT J AU LUND, K BEARD, LS PERRY, WJ AF LUND, K BEARD, LS PERRY, WJ TI RELATION BETWEEN EXTENSIONAL GEOMETRY OF THE NORTHERN GRANT RANGE AND OIL OCCURRENCES IN RAILROAD VALLEY, EAST-CENTRAL NEVADA SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEXES; ANGLE NORMAL FAULTS; TECTONIC DENUDATION; RUBY MOUNTAINS; HUMBOLDT RANGE; UNITED-STATES; WESTERN UTAH; BASIN; EVOLUTION; PROVINCE AB In the northern Grant Range, heterogeneous Neogene extension was dominated by synchronous arching and attenuation. Attenuation was accomplished along a stacked set of attenuation faults that formed at low angles to bedding as the Paleozoic carbonate and Paleogene rocks arched about a north-northwest axis. The style and amount of attenuation was controlled by lithologic character and structural depth of rock units and by geometry of the arch. On the steeper west side of the Grant Range arch, the curviplanar low-angle attenuation faults converge into a single shallowly west-dipping fault zone along which the stratigraphic juxtaposition of Mississippian units over Middle Cambrian units and Late Cretaceous granite marks the zone of maximum attenuation. The distinct geometry of the arched, westward-converging, low-angle fault array is seen in windows into the deeper structure low on the west side of the range. We conclude that arching and heterogeneous extension resulted from uplift of the Grant Range relative to the structural basin of Railroad Valley to the west. This structural differentiation is expressed as a complex zone of subparallel-to-bedding, shallow-dipping attenuation faults rather than as a simple high-angle range-front fault. Seismic and drill-hole data indicate that low-angle attenuation faults in the range extend into Railroad Valley and control the structure buried in the valley. Mississippian and Paleocene to Eocene petroleum source rocks and Devonian to Oligocene reservoir rocks in Railroad Valley oil fields are in extensively fractured rocks of the upper plate to the major extensional fault system. Thus, relatively cold upper-plate rocks, immature with respect to hydrocarbon generation, were brought relatively down into contact with hotter lower-plate rocks by Neogene attenuation faulting. Oil in Railroad Valley, which is sourced.from rocks as young as Eocene, was probably generated by this juxtaposition during Neogene crustal attenuation, and subsequently migrated into upper-plate fractured reservoirs. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP LUND, K (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 101 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 77 IS 6 BP 945 EP 962 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LJ656 UT WOS:A1993LJ65600002 ER PT J AU MARTIN, TE AF MARTIN, TE TI NEST PREDATION AMONG VEGETATION LAYERS AND HABITAT TYPES - REVISING THE DOGMAS SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID BLACKBIRD AGELAIUS-PHOENICEUS; WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW; RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; PASSERINE BIRDS; CLUTCH-SIZE; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; COWBIRD PARASITISM; SITE SELECTION; MARSH WRENS AB Greater nest predation rates on ground-nesting birds than on off-ground-nesting birds have long been assumed and used as an explanation for patterns such as greater cryptic and monomorphic coloration of ground-nesting birds and for area sensitivity and population decline of many Neotropical migrant species. I use three independent data sets to show that this assumption is not true in forest habitats, where nest predation is instead least on ground-nesting birds. Larger clutch sizes and longer nestling periods of ground-nesting species in forest habitats are indirect evidence that ground-nesting species in forest habitats have suffered lower nest predation over evolutionary times In contrast, ground-nesting birds seem to suffer greater predation than off-ground-nesting species in shrub and grassland habitats, but evaluation of predation is complicated by habitat disturbance in many studies. Nesting mortality in general appears to be greater in shrub and grassland habitats, and species in these habitats are showing some of the most consistent long-term population declines. Additional examination of nesting mortality of coexisting species in various ecological conditions is needed to uncover patterns that may influence evolution of life-history traits and population demographies. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT BIOL SCI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ARKANSAS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 112 TC 374 Z9 387 U1 6 U2 68 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 141 IS 6 BP 897 EP 913 DI 10.1086/285515 PG 17 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA LT188 UT WOS:A1993LT18800005 PM 19425994 ER PT J AU RUELLE, R KEENLYNE, KD AF RUELLE, R KEENLYNE, KD TI CONTAMINANTS IN MISSOURI RIVER PALLID STURGEON SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESIDUES RP RUELLE, R (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,420 S GARFIELD AVE,SUITE 400,PIERRE,SD 57501, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 50 IS 6 BP 898 EP 906 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KX571 UT WOS:A1993KX57100018 PM 8495068 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, RA KING, KW TINSLEY, JC AF WILLIAMS, RA KING, KW TINSLEY, JC TI SITE RESPONSE ESTIMATES IN SALT LAKE VALLEY, UTAH, FROM BOREHOLE SEISMIC VELOCITIES SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; SAN-FRANCISCO-BAY; AMPLIFICATION; PROPAGATION; EARTHQUAKES; SEISMOMETER; SURFACE; WAVES AB The general correlation of Salt Lake Valley sites located on soft, saturated unconsolidated silty and clayey deposits (that is, deposits with low S-wave velocity) with high seismic amplification at the ground surface motivated our investigation of the relationship between the P- and S-wave seismic velocity (V(p) and V(s)) of these units and their corresponding observed site response. We found that low, near surface V(s)-1.5 is proportional to seismic amplification measured on the surface, and suspected that we might be able to predict the site response if the near surface seismic velocity structure were known. With this idea in mind we constructed plane-layered seismic impedance models from borehole data in order to correlate impedance structure with variations in site response. Seismic travel times, measured in a borehole at 2-m intervals, were converted into compressional and shear wave seismic velocity profiles for 22 boreholes (average depth = 59 m) in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Using this impedance model, we estimated site response on the ground surface of the borehole site to within 12% of the measured value in the 0.7 to 1.0 Hz frequency range for six of the twenty sites, and within 20% for 55% of the sites. All except two of our site response estimates are within a factor of two of the measured value. Thus, high values of seismic amplification appear to be partially explained by a near surface high-impedance contrast produced by the low S-wave velocities. Comparing the downhole data with published Salt Lake Valley ground motion data derived from Nevada nuclear tests shows that increased site response (sites of relative ground motion amplification) is associated with: (1) a lower value of V(s) (110 to 400 m / sec), and (2) high Poisson ratios (0.45 to 0.49) derived from borehole V(p) and V(s) values. The lowest S-wave velocities found in the Salt Lake Valley are comparable to other regions, such as the muds around San Francisco Bay and the lake sediments of Mexico City, with low S-wave velocities and a record of severe seismic wave amplification in previous earthquakes. The very-low-velocity surface layer in Salt Lake Valley is, however, about half as thick (10 to 14 m) as the low-velocity layers around San Francisco Bay and Mexico City. We also considered the influence of sedimentary basin fill on site response, because coincidentally, the sites of high seismic wave amplification correspond to the locations of thickest basin fill. The valley fill impedance structure, revealed in seismic reflection profiles we acquired, indicate that a more dynamic impedance structure characterizes sites near the center of the valley where the basin fill is thickest. The reflection data from mid-valley sites typically have more high-amplitude reflectors relative to basin edge sites. The sites with a more dynamic impedance structure suggest that the site response would also be correspondingly different. Thus, the broadband, deep basin effect on site response might account for some of the discrepancy between observed and predicted site response in this study. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP WILLIAMS, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 83 IS 3 BP 862 EP 889 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE825 UT WOS:A1993LE82500013 ER PT J AU KNIGHT, RL VONDRACEK, B AF KNIGHT, RL VONDRACEK, B TI CHANGES IN PREY FISH POPULATIONS IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE, 1969-88, AS RELATED TO WALLEYE, STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM, PREDATION SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PERCH MORONE-AMERICANA; WHITE PERCH; YELLOW PERCH; FORAGE FISHES; GROWTH; ECOSYSTEMS; FLAVESCENS; PISCIVORY AB Relative abundance of the total prey fish community in the western basin of Lake Erie varied little from 1969 to 1988, but species composition changed significantly. Soft-rayed fishes such as emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides, spottail shiner, N. hudsonius, and alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, declined significantly after 1977 whereas only one spiny-rayed species, white bass, Morone chrysops, declined over the same period. Trout-perch, Percopsis omiscomaycus, a relatively abundant species rarely eaten by piscivores in this system, experienced only minor shifts in abundance between 1969 and 1988. Although several factors could be responsible for the shift in species composition, predation by increasingly abundant walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, played a major role. Walleye prefer to eat soft-rayed fishes; thus, observed shifts in the community match expectations of selection noted in the diet. We suggest that management goals focusing primarily on walleye affected not only the targeted species but the entire fish community of western Lake Erie. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP KNIGHT, RL (reprint author), OHIO DEPT NAT RESOURCES,SANDUSKY FISHERIES RES STN,305 E SHORELINE DR,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 44 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1289 EP 1298 DI 10.1139/f93-146 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LV417 UT WOS:A1993LV41700019 ER PT J AU CAPPELLATO, R PETERS, NE RAGSDALE, HL AF CAPPELLATO, R PETERS, NE RAGSDALE, HL TI ACIDIC ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION AND CANOPY INTERACTIONS OF ADJACENT DECIDUOUS AND CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; DRY DEPOSITION; EPIPHYTIC LICHENS; UNITED-STATES; NEW-ENGLAND; MAJOR IONS; PRECIPITATION; THROUGHFALL; SOIL; VEGETATION AB The effects of acidic atmospheric deposition on leaching of base cations from the canopy and the origin of the major ions in throughfall and stemflow were evaluated in a 2-year study of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests at Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the Georgia Piedmont. In each forest, the NO3- and SO42- in throughfall and stemflow were derived primarily from atmospheric deposition, whereas the base cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were derived primarily from canopy leaching. Acidic atmospheric deposition was partially neutralized in each forest. Exchange of H+ with base cations appeared to be the major mechanism for the neutralization of atmospheric acidity by the deciduous canopy. Major neutralization mechanisms could not be differentiated in the coniferous canopy. Base-cation leaching accounted for 86% of the base cations in throughfall and stemflow in the deciduous forest and 69% in the coniferous forest. Exchange with H+ accounted for about 30% of base cations in throughfall in the deciduous forest, whereas it could not be clearly estimated in coniferous throughfall. The current level of acidic atmospheric deposition is hypothesized to have caused an increased leaching of base cations of the deciduous canopy, but methods were insufficient to determine its effect on the coniferous canopy. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,3039 AMWILER RD,SUITE 130,ATLANTA,GA 30360. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 47 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1114 EP 1124 DI 10.1139/x93-142 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA LT793 UT WOS:A1993LT79300013 ER PT J AU FOORD, EE BIRMINGHAM, SD DEMARTIN, F PILATI, T GRAMACCIOLI, CM LICHTE, FE AF FOORD, EE BIRMINGHAM, SD DEMARTIN, F PILATI, T GRAMACCIOLI, CM LICHTE, FE TI THORTVEITITE AND ASSOCIATED SC-BEARING MINERALS FROM RAVALLI COUNTY, MONTANA SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE THORTVEITITE; SCANDIUM SILICATE; RARE-EARTH MINERAL; FLUORITE; ACTINOLITE; DIOPSIDE; GRANITIC PEGMATITE; X-RAY DATA; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN MINE; RAVALLI COUNTY; MONTANA ID RIETVELD STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; GRANITE PEGMATITE; SCANDIUM; GEOCHEMISTRY; NORWAY; TELEMARK; DEPOSITS; BAZZITE AB The rare Sc mineral thortveitite, (Sc,Y)2Si2O7, occurs as mum- to mm-sized crystals in fluorite-bearing granitic pegmatites and the host melagabbro within the Crystal Mountain fluorite deposit, Ravalli County, Montana. Thortveitite is found as colorless and clear to smoky and translucent, subhedral to euhedral prisms up to 3 mm in length in the massive fluorite. as mm-sized anhedra to subhedra in diopside and edenite, and as mum-sized droplet-like crystals in actinolite. Micrometric textures suggest that some thortveitite exsolved from actinolite, which contains between 1.2 and 2.9 wt.% Sc2O3. Associated ferroan diopside contains as much as 4.8, edenite as much as 2.1, actinolite as much as 2.0, allanite as much as 0.5 and titanite as much as 0.4 wt.% Sc2O3. respectively. The source of the Sc is believed to be magmatic, rather than from assimilation and extraction of Sc from adjacent amphibolite xenoliths. Indices of refraction, determined using spindle-stage techniques. are: alpha 1.752, beta 1.780. gamma 1.804, all +/-0.003, gamma-alpha = 0.052. The mineral is biaxial negative, 2V(meas.) = 70-degrees, 2V(calc.) = 84-degrees. The empirical formula derived on the basis of 7 atoms of oxygen from electron-microprobe and laser-ICP analyses is (Sc1.83Y0.005Fe3+0.05R0.07)SIGMA2.00(Si1.97Al0.04)SIGMA2.00O7 where R represents Mn, Ca, Mg, Ti, Na, K, Nb, Sn, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, , Hf, Zr, P, Li, Be, B, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, and In. D(M) = 3.50, D(C)- = 3.50 g cm-3. The mineral contains SIGMAREE = 4.63 wt.% and is enriched in the heavy rare-earth elements. Cell dimensions are: a 6.5304(4), b 8.5208(4), C 4.6806(5) angstrom, beta 102.630(7)degrees, V 254.1(1) angstrom3, Z = 2, space group C2/m. The unit-cell volume is smaller than that of thortveitite from most other localities because of its Sc enrichment. Similarly, the metal-oxygen distances (2.088 to 2.199 angstrom) are smaller than those for most natural specimens of thortveitite. C1 BOULDER SCI CO,MEAD,CO 80542. UNIV MILAN,IST CHIM STRUTTURIST INORGAN,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. CNR,CTR STUDIO RELAZIONI STRUTTURA & REATTIVITA CHIM,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. UNIV MILAN,DIPARTIMENTO SCI TERRA,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. RP FOORD, EE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 905,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Demartin, Francesco/M-9957-2016 OI Demartin, Francesco/0000-0003-2942-3990 NR 55 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 31 BP 337 EP 346 PN 2 PG 10 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA LR474 UT WOS:A1993LR47400007 ER PT J AU TILLITT, DE KUBIAK, TJ ANKLEY, GT GIESY, JP AF TILLITT, DE KUBIAK, TJ ANKLEY, GT GIESY, JP TI DIOXIN-LIKE TOXIC POTENCY IN FORSTERS TERN EGGS FROM GREEN BAY, LAKE-MICHIGAN, NORTH-AMERICA SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; HEPATOMA-CELL BIOASSAY; CHICK-EDEMA DISEASE; FISH-EATING BIRDS; GREAT-LAKES; 7-ETHOXYRESORUFIN; EMBRYOS AB The endangered Forster's tem (Sterna forsteri) population on Green Bay, Wisconsin has exhibited symptoms of embryotoxicity, congenital deformities, and poor hatching success. The putative causal agents are planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHH). The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the toxic potency of PHHs in extracts of Forster's tem eggs taken from Green Bay, Lake Michigan and a reference site, Lake Poygan, WI; and 2) to compare the toxic potencies of the egg extracts with the reproductive data available from the same water bird colonies. The relative toxic potency of the egg extracts was assessed with the H4IIE bioassay system to obtain 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ). The average concentrations of TCDD-EQ in Forster's tem eggs were 214.5 pg/g and 23.4 pg/g from Green Bay and Lake Poygan, respectively. The bioassay results presented here concur with the biological effects and chemical analyses information from other studies on the same Forster's tem colonies. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,HABITAT ENHANCEMENT OFF,E LANSING,MI 48823. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP TILLITT, DE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1993 VL 26 IS 11 BP 2079 EP 2084 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90033-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LG906 UT WOS:A1993LG90600013 ER PT J AU YOSHIKAWA, JSM MCCORMICK, SD YOUNG, G BERN, HA AF YOSHIKAWA, JSM MCCORMICK, SD YOUNG, G BERN, HA TI EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON CHLORIDE CELLS AND NA+, K+-ATPASE ACTIVITY IN THE TELEOST GILLICHTHYS-MIRABILIS SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER; SEA-WATER; FLUORESCENT-PROBE; ATLANTIC SALMON; OUABAIN BINDING; GILL; TRANSPORT; ADAPTATION; SEAWATER; MARINE AB 1. Longjawed mudsuckers, Gillichthys mirabilis, in 30 ppt seawater (SW) were transferred to 1.5, 30 and 60 ppt SW. 2. In the first 1-3 days after transfer, plasma chloride level and plasma osmolarity rose in the 60 ppt SW fish, and decreased in the 1.5 ppt SW fish. 3. By day 21, however, plasma chloride and osmolarity were at or near the levels seen in the controls (30 ppt). 4. Branchial and jawskin Na+, K+-ATPase activities were high in all salinities, and did not differ significantly among treatments. 5. The vital fluorescent stains DASPEI and anthroylouabain were used to detect mitochondria and Na+, K+-ATPase, respectively, in chloride cells. 6. Both stains indicated that jawskin chloride cell density did not differ among treatment groups. 7. In contrast, chloride cell size increased significantly with increasing salinity. 8. The chloride cells of fish in 60 ppt SW were noticeably angular in outline, whereas those of both the 1. 5 and 30 ppt SW fish were circular. 9. The results are discussed in relation to the ion transport requirements encountered in the intertidal habitat of the mudsucker. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANADROMOUS FISH RES CTR,POB 796,TURNERS FALLS,MA 01376. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. HAWAII INST MARINE BIOL,KANEOHE,HI 96744. UNIV OTAGO,DEPT ZOOL,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. NR 33 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0300-9629 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Physiol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 2 BP 311 EP 317 DI 10.1016/0300-9629(93)90213-N PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA LF711 UT WOS:A1993LF71100019 PM 8101158 ER PT J AU HAIG, SM BELTHOFF, JR ALLEN, DH AF HAIG, SM BELTHOFF, JR ALLEN, DH TI POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR A SMALL POPULATION OF RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS AND AN EVALUATION OF ENHANCEMENT STRATEGIES SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We performed a series of population and pedigree analyses to examine the viability of a small Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) population located at the Savannah River Site, in Barnwell and Aiken counties of South Carolina. The population's existence and future survival are precarious. As few as four individuals, including just one breeding pair, comprised this population in 1985. Now, primarily because of experimental translocation of birds from other areas, the population has increased to 25. As of 1990, gene-drop pedigree analyses showed that the respective contribution of 14 founders to the extant population has not been equal. Founder genome equivalents are low (5.4) but could reach 9.2 if poorly-represented founders were to produce offspring. The fraction of founder gene diversity retained in the current population is 0.9 1. Successful recovery strategies would ensure 95% probability of population survival while maintaining 90% heterozygosity for 200 years. Viability analyses indicated that, depending on relative effects of inbreeding depression and stochastic environmental events, the Savannah River Site population has a 68-100% chance of extinction during this period. Annual translocation into the population of at least three females and two males for a 10-year period will achieve a 96% probability of survival for 200 years. Even with translocation of numerous males and females per year (up to 50 of each), the 90% heterozygosity goal may not be achieved. We discuss recommendations for choosing individuals for translocation, logistical constraints on achieving recovery objectives, and limitations of our modeling approach. RP HAIG, SM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,S CAROLINA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,CLEMSON,SC 29634, USA. NR 0 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 7 IS 2 BP 289 EP 301 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07020289.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LE125 UT WOS:A1993LE12500018 ER PT J AU BARTON, PB CHOU, IM AF BARTON, PB CHOU, IM TI REFINEMENT OF THE EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF CO2 IN MODIFYING ESTIMATES OF THE PRESSURE OF EPITHERMAL MINERALIZATION SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID FLUID INCLUSIONS; ORE DEPOSITION; SYSTEMS; DISTRICT; SALINITY; CO2-H2O; POINT; WATER; VEIN AB Pressure is the most important of the intensive parameters for relating epithermal mineralization to the geologic setting. This paper describes the limitations on pressure (and therefore depth) of mineralization that may reasonably be derived from simple observations of the behavior of fluid inclusions (i.e., the existence of ice or CO2 clathrate on the liquidus, the amount of expansion or contraction of the bubble as the host inclusion is crushed in oil on the microscope stage, and the freezing and homogenization temperatures for the inclusion). It is based on the reasonable model that mineralization occurs from a hydrostatically pressured NaCl-CO2-H2O fluid, consistent with the probability that H2O and CO2 are the only gases contributing significantly to the total pressure. The pressure of CO2 is, of course, a function of CO2 content, but, from 100-degrees to 300-degrees-C, it is a surprisingly minor function of either temperature or salinity. The presence of the clathrate in freezing studies of fluid inclusions indicates pressures of CO2 that add at least 1 km to the probable depth of inclusion trapping compared to that estimated from CO2-free water. Thus undetected (i.e., no clathrates on cooling) CO2 in fluid inclusions can nonetheless contribute very significantly to the possible depth of epithermal mineralization. On the other hand, the observation that fluid inclusions crushed in oil have bubbles that do not expand (i.e., <1 atm P(CO2) at 25-degrees-C), demonstrates CO2 contents that could add at most a few tens of meters to the depth of mineralization. RP BARTON, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 41 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1993 VL 88 IS 4 BP 873 EP 884 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LM710 UT WOS:A1993LM71000007 ER PT J AU ALBERS, PH CAMARDESE, MB AF ALBERS, PH CAMARDESE, MB TI EFFECTS OF ACIDIFICATION ON METAL ACCUMULATION BY AQUATIC PLANTS AND INVERTEBRATES .1. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PH; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; METALS; PLANTS; INSECTS ID DIPPERS CINCLUS-CINCLUS; DIETARY ALUMINUM; STREAM ACIDITY; LAKE PH; CALCIUM; WATER; MACROPHYTES; LEAD; TOXICITY; CADMIUM AB Compared were concentrations of Al, Cd, Ca, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, and Zn in water, plants, and aquatic insects of three acidified (pH approximately 5.0) and three nonacidified (pH approximately 6.5) constructed wetlands. Concentrations of Zn in water and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) were higher in acidified wetlands than in nonacidified wetlands. Floating nonrooted plants contained mean concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Mn that were higher than recommended maximum levels for poultry feed. The mean concentrations of all metals in insects were below recommended maximum levels for poultry feed and below levels that cause toxic effects in wild birds. Smaller than expected increases of metal concentrations in the water of acidified wetlands were probably due to limited mobilization of metals from the sediments and insignificant changes in sedimentation of aqueous metals. Calcium was lower in acidified than in nonacidified wetland water, but the Ca content of insects and bur-reed was not lower. Low concentrations of Ca in aquatic insects from both groups of wetlands indicate that calcium-rich crustaceans and mollusks are probably important to female water-fowl and their young during the spring, when invertebrates make up the majority of the diet. Although toxic effects from metal ingestion seem to be unlikely consequences of wetland acidification, the adverse effect of low pH on the occurrence of crustaceans and mollusks could threaten egg production and development of young. RP ALBERS, PH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 56 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 12 IS 6 BP 959 EP 967 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[959:EOAOMA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA LD034 UT WOS:A1993LD03400002 ER PT J AU ALBERS, PH CAMARDESE, MB AF ALBERS, PH CAMARDESE, MB TI EFFECTS OF ACIDIFICATION ON METAL ACCUMULATION BY AQUATIC PLANTS AND INVERTEBRATES .2. WETLANDS, PONDS AND SMALL LAKES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PH; WETLANDS; METALS; PLANTS; INSECTS ID DIPPERS CINCLUS-CINCLUS; DIETARY ALUMINUM; STREAM ACIDITY; UPLAND WALES; CADMIUM; CALCIUM; WATER; LEAD; MACROPHYTES; TOXICITY AB Compared were concentrations of Al, Cd, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, P, and Zn in water, plants, and aquatic invertebrates of wetlands, ponds, and small lakes in Maryland and Maine. The accumulation of metals by aquatic plants and insects and the concentration of metals in water were not greatly affected by pH. None of the metal concentrations in water significantly correlated with metals in insects. Plant metal concentrations poorly correlated with metal concentrations in water. Concentrations of metals exceeded acceptable dietary levels more frequently in plants than in invertebrates. Concerns about metal toxicity in birds that feed on invertebrates and plants from acidified waters seem to be unwarranted. Positive correlations among pH, Ca in water, Ca in insects, and Ca in plants imply that acidification can reduce the Ca content of aquatic biota. Aquatic insects were low in Ca, but crayfishes and snails, which are adversely affected by low pH, were very high. A concern for waterfowl is Ca deprivation from decreased Ca availability in low-pH wetlands, ponds, and small lakes. RP ALBERS, PH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 12 IS 6 BP 969 EP 976 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[969:EOAOMA]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA LD034 UT WOS:A1993LD03400003 ER PT J AU HOFFMAN, DJ SMITH, GJ RATTNER, BA AF HOFFMAN, DJ SMITH, GJ RATTNER, BA TI BIOMARKERS OF CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE IN COMMON TERNS AND BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERONS IN THE GREAT-LAKES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BIOMARKERS; CONTAMINANT; EMBRYOTOXICITY; TERNS; HERONS ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BLUE HERONS; GREEN-BAY; MICHIGAN; EMBRYOS; ORGANOCHLORINE; EMBRYOTOXICITY; RESIDUES; EGGS; PCBS AB Morphological and biochemical indexes of contaminant exposure were examined in hatching common terns (Sterna hirundo) and black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from industrialized and nonindustrialized locations in the Great Lakes. In 1984, naturally incubated, pipping common tern and black-crowned night heron embryos collected from industrialized locations exhibited smaller femur-length-to-body-weight ratios, elevated hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activities, and lower hepatic DNA concentrations (P < 0.05). In addition, a high incidence of subcutaneous edema was noted in pipping herons (P < 0.01). In 1985, reduced hatching success was observed for laboratory-incubated common tern eggs collected from the industrialized sites, compared to nonindustrialized sites (P < 0.01). Day-old hatchlings exhibited reduced femur-length-to-body-weight ratio, developmental anomalies, and elevated hepatic AHH activity (P < 0.05). For hatching common terns studied in 1984 and 1985, femur-length-to-body-weight ratio was inversely related to AHH activity (r = -0.67, P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) and inversely related to log-transformed PCB concentrations (r = -0.70, P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) of unincubated eggs from the same colony. The activity of AHH in hatching terns was also directly related (r = 0.71, P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) to log-transformed PCB concentrations in unincubated eggs. Other examined contaminants, including DDE, other organochlorine pesticides, and mercury, were not directly related to these effects. RP HOFFMAN, DJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 36 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 17 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 12 IS 6 BP 1095 EP 1103 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[1095:BOCEIC]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA LD034 UT WOS:A1993LD03400015 ER PT J AU QUAMMEN, ML ONUE, CP AF QUAMMEN, ML ONUE, CP TI LAGUNA MADRE - SEAGRASS CHANGES CONTINUE DECADES AFTER SALINITY REDUCTION SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID TEXAS AB Vegetation maps of the lower Laguna Madre prepared from surveys conducted in 1965-1967, 1974-1976, and 1988 document a > 330 km2 decrease in cover by Halodule wrightii, an increase of almost 190 km2 in other seagrass species, and an increase of 140 km2 in bare bottom. Loss in seagrass cover is confined to deeper parts of the laguna; turbidity caused by maintenance dredging is the suspected cause. The species shifts are consistent with observed reductions in salinity maxima. Although the hydrological alterations and climatic shift responsible for moderating the salinity regime occurred between 1948 and 1965, the biological changes continue. Establishment of patches away from source meadows appears to be the process for displacing species that limits their rate of expansion into suitable habitat in this elongate embayment. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,CAMPUS BOX 339,6300 OCEAN DR,CORPUS CHRISTI,TX 78412. NR 23 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 17 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1993 VL 16 IS 2 BP 302 EP 310 DI 10.2307/1352503 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LR099 UT WOS:A1993LR09900016 ER PT J AU FRENCH, JRP AF FRENCH, JRP TI HOW WELL CAN FISHES PREY ON ZEBRA MUSSELS IN EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB Literature on mollusk-eating fishes was reviewed to determine the potential for different species of fish to control zebra mussels in eastern North America. At least six species are potential predators of zebra mussels because-they possess (1) both upper and lower pharyngeal teeth or (2) lower pharyngeal teeth and chewing pads located on the dorsal roof for crushing mollusk shells. Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) and two centrarchids, redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) and pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), possess both upper and lower pharyngeal teeth and are likely to consume more zebra mussels than fishes with only lower pharyngeal teeth. Only two catostomid species, copper and river redhorses (Moxostoma hubbsi and M. carinatum), have chewing pads that enable them to crush mollusks. The exotic omnivorous common carp (Cyprinus carpio), possessing lower teeth and a chewing pad, may prey on zebra mussels when aquatic insect larvae, its preferred food, become rare. Managing populations of drum, sunfishes and redhorses to reduce exploitation of large individuals and improve their habitats are suggested as means to intensify biological control of zebra mussels in eastern North America. Other Eurasian molluscivores, the roach (Rutilus rutilus) and the black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) should not be introduced into North America because research has shown repeatedly that an introduced biological controller usually does not forage for unwanted pests or reside only in preferred habitats of pests. Drum, sunfishes and redhorses should be preferred over these exotics as biological controllers of zebra mussels in North America because these native fishes will likely occupy newly established habitats of zebra mussels. RP FRENCH, JRP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 0 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUN PY 1993 VL 18 IS 6 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0013:HWCFPO>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LF376 UT WOS:A1993LF37600003 ER PT J AU STIPP, SLS PARKS, GA NORDSTROM, DK LECKIE, JO AF STIPP, SLS PARKS, GA NORDSTROM, DK LECKIE, JO TI SOLUBILITY-PRODUCT CONSTANT AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR SYNTHETIC OTAVITE, CDCO3(S), AND AQUEOUS ASSOCIATION CONSTANTS FOR THE CD(II)-CO2-H2O SYSTEM SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ANODIC-STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY; STABILITY-CONSTANTS; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; CALCITE SURFACE; CADMIUM; MODEL; SORPTION; ZINC; 25-DEGREES-C; CARBONATES AB Considerable disparity exists in the published thermodynamic data for selected species in the Cd(II)-CO2-H2O system near 25-degrees-C and 1 atm pressure. Evaluation of published experimental and estimated data for aqueous cadmium-carbonate species suggests an association constant, pK, of -3.0 +/- 0.4 for CdCO30, about -1.5 for CdHCO3+, and -6.4 +/- 0.1 for Cd(CO3)22- (T = 298.15 K; P = 1 atm; I = 0). Examination of all available data for cadmium-hydrolysis species and beta-Cd(OH)2(s) confirms that the consistent set of constants presented by BAEs and MESMER (Hydrolysis of Cations, 1976) is the best available. The solubility of synthetic otavite, CdCO3(s), has been measured in KClO4 solutions where I less-than-or-equal-to 0.1 M. We calculated pK(sp) = 12.1 +/- 0.1 (T = 25.0-degrees-C; P = 1 atm; I = 0) from measured concentrations of Cd2+, measured P(CO2) and pH, our selected set of equilibrium constants, and activity corrections estimated using the Davies equation. Values at 5 and 50-degrees-C were 12.4 +/- 0.1 and 12.2 +/- 0.1, respectively. Based on the new solubility data and the CODATA key values for Cd2+ and CO32-, a new set of thermodynamic properties is recommended for otavite: DELTAG(f)0 = -674.7 +/- 0.6 kJ/mol; DELTAH(f)0 = -751.9 +/- 10 kJ/mol; S0 = 106 +/- 30 J/mol K; and DELTAG(r)0 for the reaction Cd2+ + CO32- half arrow right over half arrow left CdCO3(s) is -69.08 +/- 0.57 kJ/mol. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ENVIRONM PROGRAM,STANFORD,CA 94305. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT APPL EARTH SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 130 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1993 VL 57 IS 12 BP 2699 EP 2713 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90384-9 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LJ983 UT WOS:A1993LJ98300002 ER PT J AU BARTON, PB CHOU, IM AF BARTON, PB CHOU, IM TI CALCULATION OF THE VAPOR-SATURATED LIQUIDUS FOR THE NACL-CO2-H2O SYSTEM SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID FREEZING-POINT DEPRESSION; FLUID INCLUSIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE AB The polybaric liquidus surface for the H2O-rich corner of the NaCl-CO2-H2O ternary is calculated, relying heavily on (1) a Henry's law equation for CO2 in brines (modified from DRUMMOND, 1981), (2) the assumption that the contributions of dissolved NaCl and CO2 in lowering the activity of H2O are additive, and (3) data on the CO2 clathrate solid solution (nominally CO2 . 7.3H2O, but ranging from 5.75 to 8 or 9 H2O) from Bozzo et al. (1975). The variation with composition of the activity of CO2.7.3H2O, or any other composition within the clathrate field, is small, thereby simplifying the calculations appreciably. Ternary invariant points are (1) ternary eutectic at - 2 1.5 0 C, with ice + clathrate + hydrohalite (NaCl - 2H2O) + brine (M(NaCl) = 5.15, M(CO2) = 0.22) + vapor (P(total) almost-equal-to P(CO2) = 5.7 atm); (2) peritectic at -9.6-degrees-C, with clathrate + hydrohalite + liquid CO2 + brine (M(NaCl) = 5.18, M(CO2) = 0.55) + vapor (P(total) almost-equal-to P(CO2) = 26.47 atm); and (3) peritectic slightly below +0.1-degrees-C, with halite + hydrohalite + liquid CO2 + brine (m(NaCl) almost-equal-to 5.5, M(CO2) almost-equal-to 0.64) + vapor (P(total) almost-equal-to P(CO2) almost-equal-to 34 atm). CO2 isobars have been contoured on the ternary liquidus and also on the 25-degrees-C isotherm. An important caveat regarding the application of this information to the interpretation of the freezing-thawing behavior of fluid inclusions is that metastable behavior is a common characteristic of the clathrate. RP BARTON, PB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1993 VL 57 IS 12 BP 2715 EP 2723 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90385-A PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LJ983 UT WOS:A1993LJ98300003 ER PT J AU RICHET, P ROBIE, RA HEMINGWAY, BS AF RICHET, P ROBIE, RA HEMINGWAY, BS TI ENTROPY AND STRUCTURE OF SILICATE-GLASSES AND MELTS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE HEAT-CAPACITIES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; COORDINATION ENVIRONMENT; ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSES; CONFIGURATIONAL-ENTROPY; NA2O-AL2O3-SIO2 SYSTEM; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; LIQUID SILICATES; FELDSPAR GLASSES; MINERAL GLASSES AB Low-temperature adiabatic C(p) measurements have been made on NaAlSi2O6, MgSiO3, Ca3Al2Si3O12, and Ca1.5Mg1.5Al2Si3O12 glasses. Above about 50 K, these and previous data show that the heat capacity is an additive function of composition to within +/- 1 % throughout the investigated glass-forming part of the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. In view of the determining role of oxygen coordination polyhedra on the low-temperature entropy, this is interpreted as indicating that Si and Al are tetrahedrally coordinated in all these glasses, in agreement with structural data; whereas Ca and Mg remain octahedrally coordinated. In contrast, heat capacities and entropies are not additive functions of composition for alkali aluminosilicates, indicating increases in the coordination numbers of alkali elements from about six to nine when alumina is introduced. A thermochemical consequence of additivity of vibrational entropies of glasses is that entropies of mixing are essentially configurational for calcium and magnesium aluminosilicate melts. For alkali-bearing liquids, it is probable that vibrational entropies contribute significantly to entropies of mixing. At very low temperatures, the additive nature of the heat capacity with composition is less well followed, likely as a result of specific differences in medium-range order. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP RICHET, P (reprint author), INST PHYS GLOBE,CNRS,URA 734,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE. NR 92 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1993 VL 57 IS 12 BP 2751 EP 2766 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90388-D PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LJ983 UT WOS:A1993LJ98300006 ER PT J AU LONG, A EASTOE, CJ KAUFMANN, RS MARTIN, JG WIRT, L FINLEY, JB AF LONG, A EASTOE, CJ KAUFMANN, RS MARTIN, JG WIRT, L FINLEY, JB TI HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF CHLORINE STABLE-ISOTOPE RATIOS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Note ID FRACTIONATION AB We present an analysis procedure that allows stable isotopes of chlorine to be analyzed with precision sufficient for geological and hydrological studies. The total analytical precision is less-than-or-equal-to +/- 0.09 parts per thousand, and the present known range of chloride in the surface and near-surface environment is 3.5 parts per thousand. As Cl- is essentially nonreactive in natural aquatic environments, it is a conservative tracer, and its deltaCl-37 is also conservative. Thus, the deltaCl-37 parameter is valuable for quantitative evaluation of mixing of different sources of chloride in brines and aquifers. C1 NO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DE KALB,IL 60115. US GEOL SURVEY,TUCSON,AZ 85719. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP LONG, A (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,ISOTOPE GEOCHEM LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 21 TC 112 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1993 VL 57 IS 12 BP 2907 EP 2912 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90398-G PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LJ983 UT WOS:A1993LJ98300016 ER PT J AU MANDUCA, CA KUNTZ, MA SILVER, LT AF MANDUCA, CA KUNTZ, MA SILVER, LT TI EMPLACEMENT AND DEFORMATION HISTORY OF THE WESTERN MARGIN OF THE IDAHO BATHOLITH NEAR MCCALL, IDAHO - INFLUENCE OF A MAJOR TERRANE BOUNDARY SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MESOZOIC GRANITIC ROCKS; SEVIER OROGENIC BELT; ESCAPE HYPOTHESIS; STIKINE BLOCK; SR; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; ORIGIN; SHEAR; ARC AB Cretaceous plutons of the western margin of the Idaho batholith were emplaced along and to the west of the major terrane boundary separating middle Proterozoic and Paleozoic continental rocks from mostly Mesozoic accreted oceanic-arc terranes of the Blue Mountain Province. This boundary is marked by a change in the lithology of pendants and inclusions within the batholith. Plutons form two newly named complexes of igneous and metamorphosed igneous rocks. The Hazard Creek Complex, emplaced west of the boundary between the oceanic arc and the continental margin, consists primarily of a series of variably deformed and metamorphosed quartz diorite to trondhjemite plutons. The Little Goose Creek Complex, which intruded the boundary between the oceanic arc and the continental margin, is primarily porphyritic granodiorite to granite orthogneiss. A preliminary U-Pb age of 111 Ma for this porphyritic orthogneiss is a minimum age for the formation of the oceanic-arc-continent boundary. The plutonic rocks were deformed both during and after emplacement in response to east-west compressive stresses. Cretaceous deformation was localized along the boundary between the accreted terranes and the continental margin and is interpreted to have occurred after the formation of this boundary. The major deformation of the Hazard Creek Complex occurred during its emplacement. The dominant fabric in the Little Goose Creek Complex is due to subsolidus ductile deformation. The localization of two deformation events along the pre-existing boundary between the accreted terranes and the continental margin suggests that a terrane boundary may form a long-lasting, crustal flaw. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. CALTECH,DIV EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125. RP MANDUCA, CA (reprint author), CARLETON COLL,DEPT GEOL,NORTHFIELD,MN 55057, USA. NR 59 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 6 BP 749 EP 765 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0749:EADHOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LF897 UT WOS:A1993LF89700005 ER PT J AU HAGSTRUM, JT MURCHEY, BL AF HAGSTRUM, JT MURCHEY, BL TI DEPOSITION OF FRANCISCAN COMPLEX CHERTS ALONG THE PALEOEQUATOR AND ACCRETION TO THE AMERICAN MARGIN AT TROPICAL PALEOLATITUDES SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTHWARD TRANSLATION; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; PALEOMAGNETISM; TECTONICS; ROCKS; JAPAN; REMAGNETIZATION; METAMORPHISM; ENVIRONMENTS; SUBDUCTION AB Red radiolarian cherts from three localities within the Franciscan subduction complex of northern California contain three components of remanent magnetization which are best isolated by progressive thermal demagnetization. The first component, usually removed by 300-degrees-C, has an in situ direction similar to the present axial-dipole field and is probably a recently acquired thermoviscous overprint. A second component, generally removed between 300 and 630-degrees-C, has constant (normal) polarity and direction within each section and is interpreted to have been acquired by low-temperature chemical alteration during subduction and accretion at the continental margin. The third component, isolated between approximately 560 and 680-degrees-C, has both normal and reversed polarities, passes a fold test, and is inferred to have been acquired during or soon after deposition. The available paleomagnetic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical data indicate deposition of these cherts along the paleoequator (0-degrees-2-degrees-N or S paleolatitude) between Pliensbachian and Oxfordian time as the oceanic plate moved eastward, relative to North America, beneath the equatorial zone of high biologic productivity. Between Bathonian and Cenomanian time, the chert sequences apparently moved progressively away from the paleoequator (2-degrees-15-degrees-N or S), and were soon after accreted to the American continental margin. Plate reconstruction models for the Farallon plate corroborate low-paleolatitude trajectories from ridge crest to subduction zone (for example, from 3-degrees-S to 11-degrees-N), and they imply subsequent northward translation of the Franciscan Complex (>4,000 km) by strike-slip faulting related to relative motions between the Farallon, Kula, Pacific, and North American plates. RP HAGSTRUM, JT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 67 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 6 BP 766 EP 778 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0766:DOFCCA>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LF897 UT WOS:A1993LF89700006 ER PT J AU WIGGINS, WD HARRIS, PM BURRUSS, RC AF WIGGINS, WD HARRIS, PM BURRUSS, RC TI GEOCHEMISTRY OF POST-UPLIFT CALCITE IN THE PERMIAN BASIN OF TEXAS AND NEW-MEXICO SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CARBON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; EARLY METEORIC DIAGENESIS; METHANE OXIDATION; CULBERSON-COUNTY; NATIVE SULFUR; PETROLEUM; BACTERIA; CEMENT; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS AB Integration whole-oil gas chromatography of produced oil and oil inclusions, formation-water chemistry, and stable isotopes has identified environment-diagnostic differences in calcite cements between oil field and outcrop environments in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico. Calcite-deltaC-13 and fluid-inclusion composition are the most diagnostic of pore-fluid evolution and can help interpret rock-fluid reactions. Late-stage calcite cement in the northwestern part of the basin formed in a meteoric aquifer that was emplaced by Neogene-age uplift and tilting of the Guadalupe Mountains. Where the confined aquifer intersects the Henderson oil field, the water, which is less saline than sea water, has 900-1,400 ppm bicarbonate alkalinity because of oil oxidation and contains 750 ppm H2S as a result of anhydrite calcitization and sulfate reduction. The oil field has been severely damaged by biodegradation. Modeling of deltaC-13 in pore-filling calcite from the field (mean deltaC-13 = -17 parts per thousand PDB) suggests oxidation of oil provided nearly 100% of the carbon in the cement. Comparison of gas chromatograms of produced oil and oil liberated from fluid inclusions in calcite shows that inclusion oil is older and more severely biodegraded (paraffin-free) than produced oil. This implies that oil in the reservoir was remobilized soon after Neogene-age meteoric invasion and carbonate cementation. The Algerita Escarpment in the Guadalupe Mountains is the site of active meteoric water recharge and growth of phreatic calcite cement. The phreatic cement contains single-phase, aqueous fluid inclusions. The cement is depleted in C-13 to an extent that is diagnostic of a 1:1 mixture of soil-CO2 from decay of C4-type plants (desert grasses) and carbon derived from dolomite matrix by ground-water dissolution. This phreatic zone calcite displays a trend of C-13 enrichment with depth due to increased rock-water interaction along the flow path. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP WIGGINS, WD (reprint author), CHEVRON OIL FIELD RES CO,1300 BEACH BLVD,LA HABRA,CA 90633, USA. NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 6 BP 779 EP 790 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0779:GOPUCI>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LF897 UT WOS:A1993LF89700007 ER PT J AU ALEINIKOFF, JN REED, JC DEWITT, E AF ALEINIKOFF, JN REED, JC DEWITT, E TI THE MOUNT EVANS BATHOLITH IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE - REVISION OF ITS AGE AND REINTERPRETATION OF ITS STRUCTURE SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID U-PB AGES; GEOCHRONOLOGY; EVOLUTION; GRANITE; ROCK AB The Mount Evans batholith, in the central Front Range of Colorado, is composed of a main phase of massive to conspicuously foliated monzogranite and granodiorite and undeformed aplite and pegmatite. The Mount Evans batholith was previously considered to be part of the 1.7 Ga Routt Plutonic Suite. New U-Pb zircon ages on four samples (granodiorite, monzogranite, and granite), however, indicate that the batholith was emplaced at 1,442 +/- 2 Ma and belongs to the Berthoud Plutonic Suite. Most of the batholith has igneous textures and structures, except in the vicinity of the Idaho Springs-Ralston shear zone where those features are tectonically recrystallized and foliated. Foliation elsewhere in the batholith is a How structure. Zircons in two granodiorite samples, collected near the shear zone (just south of the Colorado Mineral Belt), are reversely discordant by about 0.8%-2.1%, with a considerable spread in Pb-207/Pb-206 ages. Many of the zircons from these samples contain apatite, K-feldspar, and quartz inclusions that appear to replace zircon along cracks and imperfections from rim to core. We suggest that these inclusions formed during a Laramide ore-forming event and incorporated Early and Middle Proterozoic radiogenic lead scavenged from the country rock. The excess radiogenic lead caused the scatter and reverse discordance in the data. RP ALEINIKOFF, JN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 6 BP 791 EP 806 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0791:TMEBIT>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LF897 UT WOS:A1993LF89700008 ER PT J AU STELTENPOHL, MG KUNK, MJ AF STELTENPOHL, MG KUNK, MJ TI AR-40/AR-39 THERMOCHRONOLOGY AND ALLEGHANIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHERNMOST APPALACHIAN PIEDMONT, ALABAMA AND SOUTHWEST GEORGIA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TECTONIC DENUDATION; CRUSTAL EXTENSION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; WESTERN GEORGIA; THERMAL HISTORY; EASTERN ALPS; FAULT ZONE; DEFORMATION; AR-40; ROCKS AB Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra of hornblende, muscovite, and microcline, and total fusion ages of biotite from metamorphic rocks of the Inner Piedmont, Pine Mountain, and Uchee belts are reported. Mineral cooling ages from the eastern part of the Inner Piedmont are as follows: hornblende, 320 Ma; muscovite, 296 Ma; biotite, 293 Ma; and microcline (diffusional release patterns) Tmax = 267 Ma, Tmin = 234 Ma. A 347 Ma hornblende spectrum from the highest Inner Piedmont structural level sampled is the oldest date determined and implies earlier passage of this level through the 500-degrees-C isotherm. Most release spectra from Pine Mountain belt units are discordant with little or no apparent geologic meaning. Modified saddle-shaped release patterns for hornblende indicate extraneous argon with a maximum age of approximately 358 Ma. Muscovite from the Pine Mountain belt cover sequence is 286 Ma (plateau age), and one from the underlying Grenville basement is 277 Ma (correlation age), indicating cooling below the 350-degrees-C isotherm. Plateau ages on Uchee belt rocks are as follows: hornblende, from 297 to 288 Ma; muscovite, 285 Ma; biotite, 276 Ma; and microcline Tmax = 261 Ma, Tmin 230 Ma. Muscovite fish from a Bartletts Ferry fault zone phyllonite have a plateau age of 283 Ma. The Ar-40/Ar-39 results combined with other geologic data indicate that (1) a large part of the southern and Inner Piedmonts of Alabama and southwest Georgia experienced a late Paleozoic amphibolite-facies thermal and deformational event contemporaneous with the Alleghanian orogeny observed in the foreland; (2) the tectonic development of this event, characterized by initial crustal thickening followed by right-slip and normal-slip movements, is grossly similar to that described for the amphibolite-facies Alleghanian belt in the eastern Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia; and (3) extensional movements along the flanks of the Pine Mountain window occurred between ca. 277 Ma and the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and thus may reflect latest Alleghanian extensional collapse or Mesozoic rifting. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP STELTENPOHL, MG (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT GEOL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 101 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 6 BP 819 EP 833 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0819:AATAAD>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LF897 UT WOS:A1993LF89700010 ER PT J AU WATSON, K AF WATSON, K TI PROCESSING REMOTE-SENSING IMAGES USING THE 2-D FFT - NOISE-REDUCTION AND OTHER APPLICATIONS SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article AB With the development of faster and less expensive computers, it is now practical to employ algorithms for processing remote sensing images that were only feasible on large mainframe computers a short time ago. The two-dimensional (2-D) fast Fourier transform (FFT) is a powerful means for removing noise because it can be used to design and implement efficient filters based on the observed spatial or frequency patterns of the noise. Illustrations of transforms of image points and lines in various configurations and periodic patterns are used as a tutorial to identify and reduce a variety of noise patterns of increasing complexity from an assortment of spacecraft and aircraft systems. A general strategy for filtering developed from this study involves: filtering only derived products (not original images), initially removing noise evident in the transform, and applying a ''minimum'' filter to reduce residual noise. The 2-D FFT is also applied to mosaicking, enlargement, registration, and extraction of albedo and slope information. RP WATSON, K (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 964,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JUN PY 1993 VL 58 IS 6 BP 835 EP 852 DI 10.1190/1.1443468 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LG786 UT WOS:A1993LG78600005 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, JH LAPHAM, WW BARRINGER, TH AF WILLIAMS, JH LAPHAM, WW BARRINGER, TH TI APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC LOGGING TO CONTAMINATION INVESTIGATIONS IN GLACIAL SAND-AND-GRAVEL AQUIFERS SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Electromagnetic (EM) logging provides an efficient method for high-resolution, vertical delineation of electrically conductive contamination in glacial sand-and-gravel aquifers. EM, gamma, and lithologic logs and specific conductance data from sand-and-gravel aquifers at five sites in the northeastern United States were analyzed to define the relation of EM conductivity to aquifer lithology and water quality. Municipal waste disposal, septic waste discharge, or highway deicing salt application at these sites has caused contaminant plumes in which the dissolved solids concentration and specific conductance of ground water exceed background levels by as much as 10 to 20 times. The major hydrogeologic factors that affected EM log response at the five sites were the dissolved solids concentration of the ground water and the silt and clay content in the aquifer. EM conductivity of sand and gravel with uncontaminated water ranged from less than 5 to about 10 millisiemens per meter (mS/m); that of silt and clay zones ranged from about 15 to 45 mS/m; and that of the more highly contaminated zones in sand and gravel ranged from about 10 to more than 80 mS/m. Specific conductance of water samples from screened intervals in sand and gravel at selected monitoring well installations was significantly correlated with EM conductivity. EM logging can be used in glacial sand-and-gravel aquifer investigations to (1) determine optimum depths for the placement of monitoring well screens; (2) provide a nearly continuous vertical profile of specific conductance to complement depth-specific water quality samples; and (3) identify temporal changes in water quality through sequential logging. Detailed lithologic or gamma logs, preferably both, need to be collected along with the EM logs to define zones in which elevated EM conductivity is caused by the presence of silt and clay beds rather than contamination. RP WILLIAMS, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 1669,ALBANY,NY 12201, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1993 VL 13 IS 3 BP 129 EP 138 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00082.x PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA LP862 UT WOS:A1993LP86200008 ER PT J AU NELSON, AR KASHIMA, K AF NELSON, AR KASHIMA, K TI DIATOM ZONATION IN SOUTHERN OREGON TIDAL MARSHES RELATIVE TO VASCULAR PLANTS, FORAMINIFERA, AND SEA-LEVEL SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE HOLOCENE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; SALT-MARSH MICROFOSSILS; UNITED-STATES PACIFIC NORTHWEST; INTERTIDAL ZONATION; LITTORAL PALEOENVIRONMENTS; COASTAL PALEOSEISMOLOGY ID YAQUINA-ESTUARY; SALT-MARSH; DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS; WASHINGTON; SEDIMENTS; DATUMS; FLORA AB Diatom assemblages from four surface transects across estuarine marshes in southern Oregon show a three-part vertical ecologic zonation of the intertidal zone similar to zonations of foraminiferal and vascular plant assemblages. Gradual changes in the compositions of all three types of assemblages reflect gradational zone boundaries, 5-40 m wide. Discriminant function analysis indicates that modern mudflat, low marsh, and high marsh zones can be distinguished from one another with diatom assemblage data at three silty marshes in the middle parts of two river-dominated estuaries. However, low marsh and high marsh assemblages are less distinct from each other than are mudflat and low marsh assemblages. The compositions of vascular plant and diatom assemblages on a transect at a sandy site near the mouth of a third estuary differ from those of the silty transects. A particularly distinct diatom subzone-the marsh border subzone-is marked by a dominance of fresh-to-brackish-water diatoms in a few samples from the upper part of the high marsh and lowest part of the upland zone on all four transects. But the vertical range of the marsh border subzone is large (about 0.7 m) and its range may vary from site to site depending on the amount of freshwater seepage and runoff into marshes. The zonation of modern diatom assemblages suggests that fossil diatom assemblages, particularly those of the high marsh and marsh border subzone, will be useful in paleosea-level reconstructions. C1 KYUSHU UNIV,COLL GEN EDUC,FUKUOKA 810,JAPAN. RP NELSON, AR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 96 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 5 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1993 VL 9 IS 3 BP 673 EP 697 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA LK503 UT WOS:A1993LK50300006 ER PT J AU ROSS, RM BENNET, RM AF ROSS, RM BENNET, RM TI MORPHOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION OF AMERICAN SHAD AND WHITE SUCKER EGGS FROM RIVERINE SAMPLES SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We developed a statistical method to distinguish the large demersal eggs of American shad from those of white sucker in riverine samples using egg morphometric analysis. Eggs were first screened by total diameter in deionized water according to ranges reported in the published literature. Differences in relative yolk diameter between the two species were then determined statistically from known museum sources. Only those eggs with relative yolk diameters greater than two standard deviations below the mean for white sucker eggs were considered to be American shad eggs. The criteria for American shad eggs were total diameter greater-than-or-equal-to 2.3 mm and relative yolk diameter less-than-or-equal-to 66%. A partial test of the model showed predicted identity to agree with observed identity for 74 out of 75 shad eggs. RP ROSS, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.1080/02705060.1993.9664841 PG 5 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK987 UT WOS:A1993LK98700006 ER PT J AU HUBERT, WA KOZEL, SJ AF HUBERT, WA KOZEL, SJ TI QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS OF PHYSICAL HABITAT FEATURES TO CHANNEL SLOPE AND DISCHARGE IN UNALTERED MOUNTAIN STREAMS SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STANDING STOCK; BROOK TROUT; ABUNDANCE; GRADIENT AB Two habitat gradients--channel slope and stream size--are important determinants of physical habitat features among streams in the central Rocky Mountains. Among 48 stream reaches in 15 streams in southeastern Wyoming, 35 habitat features were assessed for their relation to channel slope and stream size. Simple-regression analysis identified 21 habitat features significantly related to channel slope and 12 related to stream size. Multiple-regression analysis demonstrated that both channel slope and stream size significantly accounted for variation in 15 habitat features. Among the 35 habitat variables, 32 were significantly related to channel slope or stream size. RP HUBERT, WA (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 177 EP 183 DI 10.1080/02705060.1993.9664848 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK987 UT WOS:A1993LK98700013 ER PT J AU MASON, WT AF MASON, WT TI TALLY RACK - AN INEXPENSIVE COUNTING DEVICE SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Note AB The tally rack is an inexpensive ($10), compact, light weight counter with a variety of applications for the field and laboratory. Multiple register units allow counts in the hundreds of thousands by moving washers along rods. RP MASON, WT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NAT FISHERIES RES CTR,7920 N W 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32606, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 189 EP 191 DI 10.1080/02705060.1993.9664851 PG 3 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK987 UT WOS:A1993LK98700016 ER PT J AU DODD, CK AF DODD, CK TI THE EFFECTS OF TOECLIPPING ON SPRINT PERFORMANCE OF THE LIZARD CNEMIDOPHORUS-SEXLINEATUS SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Note ID LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SCELOPORUS-MERRIAMI; LIFE-HISTORY; POPULATIONS; REPEATABILITY RP DODD, CK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,412 NE 16TH AVE,ROOM 250,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601, USA. NR 22 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC STUD AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI OXFORD PA DEPT OF ZOOLOGY MIAMI UNIV, OXFORD, OH 45056 SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 27 IS 2 BP 209 EP 213 DI 10.2307/1564938 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA MB996 UT WOS:A1993MB99600013 ER PT J AU SHANLEY, JB PETERS, NE AF SHANLEY, JB PETERS, NE TI VARIATIONS IN AQUEOUS SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS AT PANOLA MOUNTAIN, GEORGIA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOREST SOILS; SULFUR; DEPOSITION; ADSORPTION; CHEMISTRY; ALUMINUM; IRON AB Aqueous sulfate concentrations were measured in incident precipitation, canopy throughfall, stemflow, soil water, groundwater, and streamwater at three locations in a 41 ha forested watershed at Panola Mountain State Park in the Georgia Piedmont. To evaluate the variations in sulfate concentrations, sampling intensity was increased during storms by automated collection of surface water and by incremental subsampling of rainfall, throughfall, and soil solution. Canopy throughfall, stemflow, and runoff from a bedrock outcrop in the watershed headwaters were enriched in sulfate relative to incident precipitation due to washoff of dry deposition that accumulated between storms. Soil waters collected from zero-tension lysimeters at 15 cm and 50 cm below land surface also were enriched in sulfate relative to precipitation, groundwater and streamwater. Sulfate concentrations in groundwater and in streamwater at base flow varied in an annual sinusoidal pattern with winter maxima and summer minima. Stream discharge and groundwater levels varied in a similar annual pattern in phase with the sulfate concentrations. The temporal variability of sulfate concentrations at most groundwater sites was small relative to the spatial variability among groundwater sites. Streamwater sulfate concentrations during base flow were controlled by low-sulfate groundwater discharge. As flow increased, an increasing proportion of shallow, high-sulfate groundwater and soil water contributed to streamflow. The dominant control on stream sulfate concentration shifted from sulfate retention by adsorption in the mineral soil at base flow to mobilization of sulfate from the upper, organic-rich horizons of the soil at high flow. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ATLANTA,GA 30360. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 1 PY 1993 VL 146 IS 1-4 BP 361 EP 382 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90284-G PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA LE964 UT WOS:A1993LE96400019 ER PT J AU ELLIS, DH BRUNSON, S AF ELLIS, DH BRUNSON, S TI TOOL USE BY THE RED-TAILED HAWK (BUTEO-JAMAICENSIS) SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter RP ELLIS, DH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 27 IS 2 BP 128 EP 128 PG 1 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA LN466 UT WOS:A1993LN46600015 ER PT J AU KAMATA, H SUZUKIKAMATA, K BACON, CR AF KAMATA, H SUZUKIKAMATA, K BACON, CR TI DEFORMATION OF THE WINEGLASS WELDED TUFF AND THE TIMING OF CALDERA COLLAPSE AT CRATER LAKE, OREGON SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CALCALKALINE MAGMA CHAMBER; MOUNT-MAZAMA; COMPACTION; LAVA AB Four types of deformation occur in the Wineglass Welded Tuff on the northeast caldera rim of Crater Lake: (a) vertical tension fractures; (b) ooze-outs of fiamme; (c) squeeze-outs of fiamme; and (d) horizontal pull-apart structures. The three types of plastic deformation (b-d) developed in the lower part of the Wineglass Welded Tuff where degree of welding and density are maximum. Deformation originated from concentric normal faulting and landsliding as the caldera collapsed. The degree of deformation of the Wineglass Welded Tuff increases toward the northeast part of the caldera, where plastic deformation occurred more easily because of a higher emplacement temperature probably due to proximity to the vent. The probable glass transition temperature of the Wineglass Welded Tuff suggests that its emplacement temperature was greater-than-or-equal-to 750-degrees-C where the tuff is densely welded. Calculation of the conductive cooling history of the Wineglass Welded Tuff and the preclimactic Cleetwood (lava) flow under assumptions of a initially isothermal sheet and uniform properties suggests that (a) caldera collapse occurred a maximum of 9 days after emplacement of the Wineglass Welded Tuff, and that (b) the period between effusion of the Cleetwood (lava) flow and onset of the climactic eruption was < 100 years. If cooling is controlled more by precipitation during quiescent periods than by conduction. these intervals must be shorter than the calculated times. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 56 IS 3 BP 253 EP 266 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(93)90019-N PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LK824 UT WOS:A1993LK82400004 ER PT J AU PRINGLE, CM ROWE, GL TRISKA, FJ FERNANDEZ, JF WEST, J AF PRINGLE, CM ROWE, GL TRISKA, FJ FERNANDEZ, JF WEST, J TI LANDSCAPE LINKAGES BETWEEN GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY AND SOLUTE COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN SURFACE WATERS DRAINING THE ATLANTIC SLOPE OF COSTA-RICA SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID POAS VOLCANO; CRATER LAKE; STREAMS; CHEMISTRY; DYNAMICS AB Surface waters draining three different volcanoes in Costa Rica, ranging from dormant to moderately active to explosive, have a wide range of solute compositions that partly reflects the contribution of different types of solute-rich, geothermal waters. Three major physical transport vectors affect flows of geothermally derived solutes: thermally driven convection of volcanic gases and geothermal fluids; lateral and gravity-driven downward transport of geothermal fluids; and wind dispersion of ash, gases, and acid rain. Specific vector combinations interact to determine landscape patterns in solute chemistry and biota: indicator taxa of algae and bacteria reflect factors such as high temperature, wind-driven or hydrologically transported acidity, high concentrations of various solutes, and chemical precipitation reactions. Many streams receiving geothermally derived solutes have high levels of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (up to 400 mug liter-1), a nutrient that is typically not measured in geochemical studies of geothermal waters. Regional differences in levels of SRP and other solutes among volcanoes were typically not significant due to high local variation in solute levels among geothermally modified streams and between geothermally modified and unmodified streams on each volcano. Geothermal activity along the volcanic spine of Costa Rica provides a natural source of phosphorus, silica, and other solutes and plays an important role in determining emergent landscape patterns in the solute chemistry of surface waters and aquatic biota. C1 CORNELL UNIV,CTR ENVIRONM,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,ECOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. INST COSTARRICENSE ELECT,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012 NR 68 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 38 IS 4 BP 753 EP 774 PG 22 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA LP662 UT WOS:A1993LP66200005 ER PT J AU KOEBERL, C HARTUNG, JB KUNK, MJ KLEIN, J MATSUDA, J NAGAO, K REIMOLD, WU STORZER, D AF KOEBERL, C HARTUNG, JB KUNK, MJ KLEIN, J MATSUDA, J NAGAO, K REIMOLD, WU STORZER, D TI THE AGE OF THE ROTER KAMM IMPACT CRATER, NAMIBIA - CONSTRAINTS FROM AR-40-AR-39, K-AR, RB-SR, FISSION-TRACK, AND BE-10 AL-26 STUDIES SO METEORITICS LA English DT Article ID BE-10; AL-26; EXPOSURE; QUARTZ; INSITU AB The well-preserved 2.5 km diameter Roter Kamm impact crater is located in the Namib desert in Namibia. The impact has occurred in Precambrian granitic and granodioritic orthogneisses of the 1200-900 Ma old Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex which were partly covered by Gariep metasediments; the granites are invaded by quartz veins and quartz-feldspar-pegmatites. Previous geological field evidence suggested a crater age of about 5-10 Ma. In order to constrain this age, we selected a set of basement rocks (granites, granodiorites) exposed at the crater rim and studied the Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Ar-40-Ar-39, and Be-10-Al-26 isotopic systems as well as apatite fission track ages of these samples. The Rb-Sr isotopic systematics confirm the derivation of these samples from the Namaqualand basement (age about 1.29 Ga), which underwent Damaran orogenesis at about 650 Ma. No basement rocks with Rb-Sr ages younger than about 410 Ma were identified. The K-Ar ages of pseudotachylite and melt breccia samples show that these samples are dominated by incompletely degassed fragments of basement rocks, with some retaining their original metamorphic ages of about 470 Ma. The apatite fission track ages range from 20-28 Ma, which may be interpreted as an extension of the 25 Ma Burdigalian peneplanation event, or as incomplete resetting of the apatite fission tracks during the impact event. The Be-10 and Al-26 exposure age of a quartz sample isolated from a quartz-pegmatite was found to be 150 ka; it is likely that the exposure of the sample began after material covering it had been removed by erosion 150 ka ago. Two glassy fractions extracted from a rim granite were dated by Ar-40-Ar-39 analysis. One sample gives practically a plateau age of 3.7 +/- 0.3 Ma, while the other gives a minimum age of 3.6 Ma. The best available age estimate for the Roter Kamm crater is therefore 3.7 +/- 0.3 Ma. C1 IOWA GEOL SURV BUR,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. OSAKA UNIV,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,TOYONAKA,OSAKA 560,JAPAN. OKAYAMA UNIV,INST STUDY EARTHS INTERIOR,TOTTORI 68201,JAPAN. UNIV WITWATERSRAND,DEPT GEOL,ECON GEOL RES UNIT,JOHANNESBURG 2050,SOUTH AFRICA. MUSEUM HIST NAT,MINERAL LAB,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE. RP KOEBERL, C (reprint author), UNIV VIENNA,INST GEOCHEM,DR KARL LUEGER RING 1,A-1010 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD JUN PY 1993 VL 28 IS 2 BP 204 EP 212 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LJ270 UT WOS:A1993LJ27000006 ER PT J AU PESSAGNO, EA BLOME, CD HULL, DM SIX, WM AF PESSAGNO, EA BLOME, CD HULL, DM SIX, WM TI JURASSIC RADIOLARIA FROM THE JOSEPHINE OPHIOLITE AND OVERLYING STRATA, SMITH RIVER SUBTERRANE (KLAMATH MOUNTAINS), NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHWESTERN OREGON SO MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Review ID EAST-CENTRAL OREGON; MIDDLE; AGE; NASSELLARIINA; ZONATION; SITE-534 AB This report deals with the radiolarian assemblage occurring within the Josephine ophiolite and in overlying sedimentary strata in the Western Klamath terrane, Smith River subterrane, northwestern California. Twenty-seven new species, eight new genera, and one new family (Bernoulliidae, n. fam.) are described from this succession. An emended definition is given for Parvicingula Pessagno and a new name is given for Andromeda Baumgartner. In addition, a revised radiolarian zonation is presented for the Middle and Upper Jurassic. This new zonal scheme can be linked to both zonal schemes in Japan and Europe via first or last occurrence biohorizons of diagnostic taxa. Radiolarian biostratigraphic data from the Smith River and Rogue Valley subterranes is related to co-occurring megafossil chronostratigraphic data and to U/Pb geochronometry. Range, occurrence, and relative abundance of the more important taxa are shown in the text-figures. This investigation also establishes that well-preserved Radiolaria can be extracted from strata exposed to prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphism. Moreover, paleobiogeographic data are presented to substantiate tectonic transport of the Western Klamath terrane from low latitudes to high latitudes during the course of the Middle and Late Jurassic (Oxfordian-Callovian). C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP PESSAGNO, EA (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,PROGRAMS GEOSCI,POB 830688,RICHARDSON,TX 75083, USA. NR 121 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 3 PU MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS PI NEW YORK PA AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY 79TH ST AT CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0026-2803 J9 MICROPALEONTOLOGY JI Micropaleontology PD SUM PY 1993 VL 39 IS 2 BP 93 EP 166 DI 10.2307/1485837 PG 74 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA LK957 UT WOS:A1993LK95700001 ER PT J AU ZEDLER, JB POWELL, AN AF ZEDLER, JB POWELL, AN TI MANAGING COASTAL WETLANDS - COMPLEXITIES, COMPROMISES, AND CONCERNS SO OCEANUS LA English DT Article C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. RP ZEDLER, JB (reprint author), SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,PACIFIC ESTUARINE RES LAB,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INST PI WOODS HOLE PA OCEANUS MAGAZINE, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 SN 0029-8182 J9 OCEANUS JI Oceanus PD SUM PY 1993 VL 36 IS 2 BP 19 EP 28 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA LP164 UT WOS:A1993LP16400004 ER PT J AU KELMELIS, JA AF KELMELIS, JA TI TERRESTRIAL PROCESS RESEARCH USING A MULTISCALE GEOGRAPHIC APPROACH SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Earth systems are interrelated in complex ways which are inadequately understood. An improved understanding of these systems is necessary to develop effective policies for the stewardship and management of our planet. The natural and human systems must be studied together to understand the processes that cause changes on global and regional scales. The understanding gathered must be communicated in a meaningful way to managers and decision makers. The United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has developed a priority framework for global change research that is designed to meet the above concerns. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) is one of the agencies conducting research into global change with an emphasis on the terrestrial environment. The USGS addresses critical Earth processes using a multiscale geographic approach. This approach has been successful in making significant scientific findings of use not only for modeling of global change but also to support decision making about hazards, resource use, and other environmental issues. It has also supported a strong effort in data management to ensure the diffusion of data and information throughout the scientific and management communities. RP KELMELIS, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL MAPPING DIV,OFF RES,SCI & APPLICAT BRANCH,521 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 59 IS 6 BP 971 EP 976 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA LH904 UT WOS:A1993LH90400008 ER PT J AU BROWN, JF LOVELAND, TR MERCHANT, JW REED, BC OHLEN, DO AF BROWN, JF LOVELAND, TR MERCHANT, JW REED, BC OHLEN, DO TI USING MULTISOURCE DATA IN GLOBAL LAND-COVER CHARACTERIZATION - CONCEPTS, REQUIREMENTS, AND METHODS SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; DIGITAL TERRAIN DATA; ANCILLARY DATA; CLASSIFICATION; IMAGERY AB Global land-cover data are needed as baseline information for global change research, Multisource data, both coarse-resolution satellite data and ancillary data, were used to produce a land-cover characteristics database for the conterqinous United States. Ancillary data, including elevation and ecological region data sets, were critical to the development, refinement, and information content of each class in the database. They contributed essential evidence for labeling and refining land-cover classes where differing types were represented by single spectral-temporal signatures. The characterization process can be expanded to a global effort depending on (1) the availability of global satellite coverage, (2) the quality and availability of ancillary data, and (3) the evolution of more sophisticated data visualization and analysis techniques. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,LAND SCI RES PROGRAM,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198. HUGHES STX CORP,EROS DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198. RP BROWN, JF (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,INST AGR & NAT RESOURCES,CTR ADV LAND MANAGEMENT INFORMAT TECHNOL,LINCOLN,NE 68588, USA. RI Brown, Jesslyn/C-9888-2010; OI Brown, Jesslyn/0000-0002-9976-1998 NR 38 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 59 IS 6 BP 977 EP 987 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA LH904 UT WOS:A1993LH90400009 ER PT J AU WASKLEWICZ, T DORN, RI CLARK, S HETRICK, J POPE, G LIU, T KRINSLEY, DH DIXON, J MOORE, RB CLARK, J AF WASKLEWICZ, T DORN, RI CLARK, S HETRICK, J POPE, G LIU, T KRINSLEY, DH DIXON, J MOORE, RB CLARK, J TI OLIVINE DOES NOT NECESSARILY WEATHER 1ST SO SINGAPORE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLUTION; MORPHOLOGY; FORSTERITE C1 UNIV OREGON,EUGENE,OR 97403. UNIV ARKANSAS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP WASKLEWICZ, T (reprint author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV,TEMPE,AZ 85287, USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, DEPT GEOGRAPHY PI SINGAPORE PA KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0129-7619 J9 SINGAPORE J TROP GEO JI Singap. J. Trop. Geogr. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 14 IS 1 BP 72 EP 80 PG 9 WC Geography SC Geography GA LW956 UT WOS:A1993LW95600006 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, BC AF THOMPSON, BC TI A SUCCESSFUL, ELEVATED GAMBEL QUAIL NEST IN A SUBURBAN AREA SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Note RP THOMPSON, BC (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 38 IS 2 BP 174 EP 175 DI 10.2307/3672076 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LG821 UT WOS:A1993LG82100018 ER PT J AU CANNON, WF PETERMAN, ZE SIMS, PK AF CANNON, WF PETERMAN, ZE SIMS, PK TI CRUSTAL-SCALE THRUSTING AND ORIGIN OF THE MONTREAL RIVER MONOCLINE - A 35-KM-THICK CROSS-SECTION OF THE MIDCONTINENT RIFT IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID LAKE-SUPERIOR REGION; MID-CONTINENT RIFT; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; KEWEENAW PENINSULA; SYSTEM; RESOLUTION AB A structurally simple, 35-km-thick, north facing stratigraphic succession of Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic rocks is exposed near the Montreal River, which forms the border between northern Wisconsin and Michigan. This structure, the Montreal River monocline, is composed of steeply dipping to vertical sedimentary rocks and flood basalts of the Keweenawan Supergroup (Middle Proterozoic) along the south limb of the Midcontinent rift, and disconformably underlying sedimentary rocks of the Marquette Range Supergroup (Early Proterozoic). These rocks lie on an Archean granite-greenstone complex, about 10 km of which is included in the monocline. This remarkable thickness of rocks appears to be essentially structurally intact and lacks evidence of tectonic thickening or repetition. Tilting to form the monocline resulted from southward thrusting on listric faults of crustal dimension. The faults responsible for the monocline are newly recognized components of a well-known regional fault system that partly closed and inverted the Midcontinent rift system. Resetting of biotite ages on the upper plate of the faults indicates that faulting and uplift occurred at about 1060 +/- 20 Ma and followed very shortly after extension that formed the Midcontinent rift system. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP CANNON, WF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 954,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD JUN PY 1993 VL 12 IS 3 BP 728 EP 744 DI 10.1029/93TC00204 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LG198 UT WOS:A1993LG19800010 ER PT J AU HARJONO, H SEBRIER, M DIAMENT, M AF HARJONO, H SEBRIER, M DIAMENT, M TI SEISMICITY OF THE SUNDRA STRAIT - EVIDENCE FOR CRUSTAL EXTENSION AND VOLCANOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS (VOL 10, PG 17, 1991) SO TECTONICS LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. INST PHYS GLOBE,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE. RP HARJONO, H (reprint author), PUSLIBANG GEOTEKNOL,LIPI,JL CISITU 21 154D,BANDUNG 40135,INDONESIA. RI Diament, Michel/F-8553-2010 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD JUN PY 1993 VL 12 IS 3 BP 787 EP 790 DI 10.1029/92TC02252 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LG198 UT WOS:A1993LG19800014 ER PT J AU LOVLEY, DR AF LOVLEY, DR TI ANAEROBES INTO HEAVY-METAL - DISSIMILATORY METAL REDUCTION IN ANOXIC ENVIRONMENTS SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID THIOBACILLUS-FERROOXIDANS; ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; SELENATE REDUCTION; ELEMENTAL SULFUR; SEDIMENTS; CHROMATE; RESPIRATION; BACTERIA; SELENIUM; FE(III) AB Within the last decade, a novel form of microbial metabolism of major environmental significance has been elucidated. In this process, known as dissimilatory metal reduction, specialized microorganisms, living in anoxic aquatic sediments and ground water, oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide with metals serving as the oxidant. Recent studies have demonstrated that this metabolism explains a number of important geochemical phenomena in ancient and modern sedimentary environments, affecting not only the cycling of metals but also the fate of organic matter. Furthermore, this metabolism may have practical application in remediation of environments contaminated with toxic metals and/or organics. RP LOVLEY, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 8 IS 6 BP 213 EP 217 DI 10.1016/0169-5347(93)90102-U PG 5 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA LE563 UT WOS:A1993LE56300008 PM 21236151 ER PT J AU SCHWARZ, GE MCCONNELL, VD AF SCHWARZ, GE MCCONNELL, VD TI LOCAL CHOICE AND WASTE-WATER TREATMENT-PLANT PERFORMANCE SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MODELS AB Wastewater treatment plant effluent can be a major contributor to water pollution in the United States, yet we know little about how actual effluent quality is determined. Although Federal government regulations specify uniform minimum treatment levels for these plants, actual treatment levels vary considerably from this standard. In addition, there is evidence of substantial excess capacity at treatment plants. This paper examines the economic and technical relations between actual operating and design characteristics of plants. We specify and test among alternative models of what determines actual plant performance relative to design performance, including one in which plants have the incentive to ''overinvest'' and operate with permanent excess capacity due to large Federal subsidies on capital costs. The paper then explores the determinants of actual effluent quality using a supply and demand model in which effluent quality is fully endogenous, allowing treatment levels to be a function of both the costs of control, water quality characteristics, and other regional or regulatory preferences for control. Finally, the model with fully endogenous effluent quality is compared to one in which actual levels of plant effluent quality are technologically determined by the design characteristics of the plant and the exogenous properties of the incoming waste stream. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ECON,CATONSVILLE,MD 21228. RP SCHWARZ, GE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MS 410 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1589 EP 1600 DI 10.1029/93WR00288 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500009 ER PT J AU MCCARTHY, KA JOHNSON, RL AF MCCARTHY, KA JOHNSON, RL TI TRANSPORT OF VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS ACROSS THE CAPILLARY-FRINGE SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GRADIENT TRACER TEST; SPATIAL MOMENTS; CAPE-COD; MASSACHUSETTS; CONTAMINATION; GROUNDWATER; GRAVEL; VAPORS; SAND AB Physical experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of a dissolved volatile organic compound (trichloroethylene, TCE) from shallow groundwater to the unsaturated zone under a variety of conditions including changes in the soil moisture profile and water table position. Experimental data indicated that at moderate groundwater velocities (0.1 m/d), vertical mechanical dispersion was negligible and molecular diffusion was the dominant vertical transport mechanism. Under these conditions, TCE concentrations decreased nearly 3 orders of magnitude across the capillary fringe and soil ps concentrations remained low relative to those of underlying groundwater. Data collected during a water table drop showed a short-term increase in concentrations throughout most of the unsaturated zone, but these concentrations quickly declined and approached initial values after the water table was returned to its original level. In the deep part of the unsaturated zone, the water table drop resulted in a long-term decrease in concentrations, illustrating the effects of hysteresis in the soil moisture profile. A two-dimensional random walk advection-diffusion model was developed to simulate the experimental conditions, and numerical simulations agreed well with experimental data. A simpler, one-dimensional finite-difference diffusion-dispersion model was also developed. One-dimensional simulations based on molecular diffusion also agreed well with experimental data. Simulations which incorporated mechanical dispersion tended to overestimate flux across the capillary fringe. Good agreement between the one- and two-dimensional models suggested that a simple, one-dimensional approximation of vertical transport across the capillary fringe can be useful when conditions are appropriate. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,PORTLAND,OR 97216. RP MCCARTHY, KA (reprint author), OREGON GRAD INST,CTR GROUNDWATER RES,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,10600 NE VONNEUMANN DR,BEAVERTON,OR 97006, USA. NR 18 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1675 EP 1683 DI 10.1029/93WR00098 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500016 ER PT J AU HOSTETLER, SW GIORGI, F AF HOSTETLER, SW GIORGI, F TI US OF OUTPUT FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC MODELS IN LANDSCAPE-SCALE HYDROLOGIC-MODELS - AN ASSESSMENT SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CLIMATE CHANGE; WATER-RESOURCES; UNITED-STATES; LAKE LAHONTAN; RIVER BASIN; EVAPORATION; SIMULATION; BALANCE; LEVEL AB In this paper we investigate the feasibility of coupling regional climate models (RCMs) with landscape-scale hydrologic models (LSHMs) for studies of the effects of climate on hydrologic systems. The RCM used is the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model (MM4). Output from two year-round simulations (1983 and 1988) over the western United States is used to drive a lake model for Pyramid Lake in Nevada and a streamflow model for Steamboat Creek in Oregon. Comparisons with observed data indicate that MM4 is able to produce meteorologic data sets that can be used to drive hydrologic models. Results from the lake model simulations indicate that the use of MM4 output produces reasonably good predictions of surface temperature and evaporation. Results from the streamflow simulations indicate that the use of MM4 output results in good simulations of the seasonal cycle of streamflow, but deficiencies in simulated wintertime precipitation resulted in underestimates of streamflow and soil moisture. Further work with climate (multiyear) simulations is necessary to achieve a complete analysis, but the results from this study indicate that coupling of LSHMs and RCMs may be a useful approach for evaluating the effects of climate change on hydrologic systems. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, 3215 MARINE ST, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RI Giorgi, Filippo/C-3169-2013 NR 37 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1685 EP 1695 DI 10.1029/93WR00263 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500017 ER PT J AU SQUILLACE, PJ THURMAN, EM FURLONG, ET AF SQUILLACE, PJ THURMAN, EM FURLONG, ET TI GROUNDWATER AS A NONPOINT-SOURCE OF ATRAZINE AND DEETHYLATRAZINE IN A RIVER DURING BASE-FLOW CONDITIONS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; SURFACE-WATER; MOVEMENT; SORPTION; SOIL AB Alluvial groundwater adjacent to the main stem river is the principal nonpoint source of atrazine and deethylatrazine in the Cedar River of Iowa after the river has been in base flow conditions for 5 days. Between two sites along a 116-km reach of the Cedar River, tributaries contributed about 25% of the increase in the atrazine and deethylatrazine load, whereas groundwater from the alluvial aquifer contributed at least 75% of the increase in load. Within the study area, tributaries aggregate almost all of the discharge from tile drains, and yet the tributaries still only contribute 25% of the increase in loads in the main stem river. At an unfarmed study site adjacent to the Cedar River, the sources of atrazine and deethylatrazine in the alluvial groundwater are bank storage of river water and groundwater recharge from areas distant from the river. Atrazine and deethylatrazine associated with bank storage water will provide larger concentrations to the river during early base flow conditions. After the depletion of bank storage, stable and smaller concentrations of atrazine and deethylatrazine, originating from groundwater recharge, continue to be discharged from the alluvial aquifer to the river; thus these results indicate that alluvial aquifers are an important nonpoint source of atrazine and deethylatrazine in rivers during base flow. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. RP SQUILLACE, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,400 S CLINTON ST,IOWA CITY,IA 52244, USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 40 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1719 EP 1729 DI 10.1029/93WR00290 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500020 ER PT J AU ESSAID, HI HERKELRATH, WN HESS, KM AF ESSAID, HI HERKELRATH, WN HESS, KM TI SIMULATION OF FLUID DISTRIBUTIONS OBSERVED AT A CRUDE-OIL SPILL SITE INCORPORATING HYSTERESIS, OIL ENTRAPMENT, AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; POROUS-MEDIA CONTAMINATION; IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS; 2-PHASE FLOW; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; MULTIPHASE APPROACH; UNSATURATED SOILS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MODEL; DRAINAGE AB Subsurface oil, water, and air saturation distributions were determined using 146 samples collected from seven boreholes along a 120-m transect at a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota. The field data, collected 10 years after the spill, show a clearly defined oil body that has an oil saturation distribution that appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary and the oil appears to have migrated laterally within the capillary fringe. A multiphase cross-sectional flow model was developed and used to simulate the movement of oil and water at the spill site. Comparisons between observed and simulated oil saturation distributions serve as an indicator of the appropriateness of using such models to predict the actual spread of organic immiscible liquids at spill sites. Sediment hydraulic properties used in the model were estimated from particle size data. The general large-scale features of the observed oil body were reproduced only when hysteresis with oil entrapment and representations of observed spatial variability of hydraulic properties were incorporated into the model. The small-scale details of the observed subsurface oil distribution were not reproduced in the simulations. The discrepancy between observed and simulated oil distributions reflects the considerable uncertainty in model parameter estimates and boundary conditions, three-phase capillary pressure-saturation-relative permeability functions, representations of spatial variability of hydraulic properties, and hydrodynamics of the groundwater flow system at the study site. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752. RP ESSAID, HI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 54 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1753 EP 1770 DI 10.1029/93WR00370 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500023 ER PT J AU CALLENDER, E ROBBINS, JA AF CALLENDER, E ROBBINS, JA TI TRANSPORT AND ACCUMULATION OF RADIONUCLIDES AND STABLE ELEMENTS IN A MISSOURI RIVER RESERVOIR SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; SEDIMENTATION-RATES; RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT; CS-137; PB-210; BE-7; DEPOSITION; CHERNOBYL; WATERS AB Several long sediment cores from the Cheyenne River Embayment of Lake Oahe, a 250-km-long Missouri River reservoir in South Dakota, have been analyzed for radionuclides and stable elements. The combination of fine-scale sampling and rapid sedimentation produces radionuclide distributions that can be used to estimate the detailed chronology of particle transport processes in the Oahe reservoir system. A self-consistent and quantitative treatment of the Cs-137 data suggests processes to which characteristic times may be associated. Times that characterize system-wide processes include (1) an integration time of several years reflecting retention of the sediment-bound tracer in regions within or external to the reservoir, (2) a relaxation time of approximately 15 years reflecting a decreasing rate of sediment accumulation ascribed to shoreline stabilization, (3) a time of a few months characterizing the breadth of riverine signatures in cores due to integration effects in the Cheyenne River system and deltaic deposits, and (4) times of a few years associated with propagation of riverine load signatures along the embayment. The distribution of total sedimentary arsenic confirms the validity of the variable sedimentation model. In 1977, a tailings retention facility was built at the Homestake Mine site, and the unrestricted input of As ceased. As a result of this remedial action, the concentration of sedimentary As decreased dramatically. In the upper section of the core, above the depth represented by the year 1976, the concentration of As decreases tenfold. In this same core the distribution of lithologically discriminating chemical elements, calcium and vanadium, relate to major flow events in the Cheyenne River basin. Because there is minimal diagenesis of chemical constituents in these rapidly accumulating sediments, stable element signatures, in addition to radiotracers, may be used to reconstruct hydrologic events in drainage basins that contribute sediment to lakes and reservoirs. C1 NOAA,GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. RP CALLENDER, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MAIL STOP 430,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1787 EP 1804 DI 10.1029/93WR00387 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500026 ER PT J AU HARVEY, JW AF HARVEY, JW TI MEASUREMENT OF VARIATION IN SOIL SOLUTE TRACER CONCENTRATION ACROSS A RANGE OF EFFECTIVE PORE SIZES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER-FUNCTION MODEL; SOLUTION SAMPLERS; UNSATURATED ZONE; WATER-FLOW; TRANSPORT; MACROPORES AB Solute transport concepts in soil are based on speculation that solutes are distributed nonuniformly within large and small pores. Solute concentrations have not previously been measured across a range of pore sizes and examined in relation to soil hydrological properties. For this study, modified pressure cells were used to measure variation in concentration of a solute tracer across a range of pore sizes. Intact cores were removed from the site of a field tracer experiment, and soil water was eluted from 10 or more discrete classes of pore size. Simultaneous changes in water content and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were determined on cores using standard pressure cell techniques. Bromide tracer concentration varied by as much as 100% across the range of pore sizes sampled. Immediately following application of the bromide tracer on field plots, bromide was most concentrated in the largest pores; concentrations were lower in pores of progressively smaller sizes. After 27 days, bromide was most dilute in the largest pores and concentrations were higher in the smaller pores. A sharp, threefold decrease in specific water capacity during elution indicated separation of two major pore size classes at a pressure of 47 cm H2O and a corresponding effective pore diameter of 70 mum. Variation in tracer concentration, on the other hand, was spread across the entire range of pore sizes investigated in this study. A two-porosity characterization of the transport domain, based on water retention criteria, only broadly characterized the pattern of variation in tracer concentration across pore size classes during transport through a macroporous soil. RP HARVEY, JW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MAIL STOP 496,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873 NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1831 EP 1837 DI 10.1029/93WR00529 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LE495 UT WOS:A1993LE49500030 ER PT J AU PHILLIPS, PJ DENVER, JM SHEDLOCK, RJ HAMILTON, PA AF PHILLIPS, PJ DENVER, JM SHEDLOCK, RJ HAMILTON, PA TI EFFECT OF FORESTED WETLANDS ON NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUND-WATER AND SURFACE-WATER ON THE DELMARVA PENINSULA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE WATER QUALITY; FORESTED WETLANDS; HYDROLOGY AB The Delmarva Peninsula is an extensively farmed region in which nitrate from commercial fertilizers and poultry has entered the ground water and streams. The peninsula contains forested wetlands in a variety of settings, and their size and location are a result of the surrounding hydrologic and soil conditions. Three regions, here referred to as hydrogeomorphic regions, were selected for study. Each region has characteristic geologic and geomorphic features, soils, drainage patterns, and distribution of farmland, forests, and forested wetlands. In all three regions, forested wetlands generally occupy poorly drained areas whereas farmlands generally occupy well-drained areas. The three hydrogeomorphic regions studied are the well-drained uplands, the poorly drained uplands, and the surficial-confined region. The well-drained uplands have the largest amount of farmland and the smallest amount of forested wetlands of the three regions; here the forested wetlands are generally restricted to narrow riparian zones. The poorly drained uplands contain forested wetlands in headwater depressions and riparian zones that are interspersed among well-drained farmlands. The surficial-confined region has the smallest amount of farmland and largest amount of forested wetlands of the three regions studied. Wetlands in this region occupy the same topographic settings as in the poorly drained uplands. Much of the farmland in the surficial-confined region was previously wetland. Nitrate concentrations in ground water and surface water on the peninsula range widely, and their distribution reflects (1) the interspersion of forests among farmland, (2) hydrogeologic conditions, (3) types of soils, and (4) the ground-water hydrology of forested wetlands. The well-drained uplands had higher median nitrate concentrations in ground water than the poorly drained uplands or the surficial-confined region. The highest nitrate concentrations were in oxic parts of the aquifer, which are beneath well-drained soils that are farmed. and the lowest were in anoxic parts of the aquifer, which are beneath poorly drained soils overlain by forested wetlands. The effect of forested wetlands on water quality depends on the hydrogeologic conditions, extent of farming, and type of soils. The three regions contain differing combinations of these factors and thus are useful for isolating the effects of forested wetlands on water quality. RP PHILLIPS, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,JAMES T FOLEY COURTHOUSE,BOX 1669,ALBANY,NY 12201, USA. NR 0 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 17 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1993 VL 13 IS 2 BP 75 EP 83 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LJ951 UT WOS:A1993LJ95100002 ER PT J AU HUPP, CR WOODSIDE, MD YANOSKY, TM AF HUPP, CR WOODSIDE, MD YANOSKY, TM TI SEDIMENT AND TRACE-ELEMENT TRAPPING IN A FORESTED WETLAND, CHICKAHOMINY RIVER, VIRGINIA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE FORESTED WETLANDS; VIRGINIA; SEDIMENTATION; TRACE ELEMENTS; TREE RINGS; WETLAND TRAPPING FUNCTION; DENDROGEOMORPHOLOGY AB The Chickahominy River, arising near Richmond, Virginia, flows southeast toward Newport News, which impounds the river for much of its water supply. Much of the bottomland between the two cities is flooded for extended periods annually. Sediment-deposition rates estimated from tree rings were used in conjunction with multi-element analyses of sediments and of selected growth rings from oak trees to estimate amounts of trapped sediment and trace elements. Mean rates of deposition at eight study sites range from 0.7 to 5.7 mm/yr and are related to stream gradient, stream power, percent wetland, hydroperiod, and land use. Deposition rates are highest downstream from the confluence of upper basin tributaries near Richmond, where stream power is low and there is a high percentage of emergent/shrub-scrub wetlands; rates decrease along downstream reaches toward the Chickahominy reservoir. Tree-ring data suggest that mean sedimentation rates were greater during the last 50 years than during the previous 30-year period, possibly because of urban expansion in the upper basin. Sites nearest the urban area have the highest rates of sedimentation and the highest concentrations of most trace elements in sediments. Trace elements concentrated in sediment include zinc, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, tin, and cadmium. Concentrations in tree rings of zinc, copper, nickel, and lead were generally proportional to those in sediment at a site, and some inter-site correlations were also observed. Unusually high concentrations of zinc were detected in some tree rings, including some that formed before 1950. Concentrations of zinc and lead in the most recently formed rings of those trees suggest that sediment concentrations of those elements may have declined relative to earlier periods. The trapping of substantial amounts of sediment and trace elements by these forested wetlands demonstrates their importance in the maintenance of water-quality. RP HUPP, CR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3850 HOLCOMB BRIDGE RD,SUITE 160,NORCROSS,GA 30092, USA. NR 0 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1993 VL 13 IS 2 BP 95 EP 104 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LJ951 UT WOS:A1993LJ95100004 ER PT J AU PUCKETT, LJ WOODSIDE, MD LIBBY, B SCHENING, MR AF PUCKETT, LJ WOODSIDE, MD LIBBY, B SCHENING, MR TI SINKS FOR TRACE-METALS, NUTRIENTS, AND SEDIMENTS IN WETLANDS OF THE CHICKAHOMINY RIVER NEAR RICHMOND, VIRGINIA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE WETLANDS; WATER QUALITY; TRACE METALS; SEDIMENTS; NUTRIENTS; CHICKAHOMINY RIVER AB The Chickahominy River drains 790 km2 in southeastern Virginia, including approximately 155 kM2 of dense commercial, industrial, and urban development in the upper basin near Richmond, Virginia. Previous studies have shown that total stream concentrations of trace metals and nutrients increased during storms, suggesting resuspension of contaminated sediments and (or) stormwater influxes of pollutants. The possible role of wetlands in maintaining water quality is of concern because the river furnishes about 46 percent of the water supply for the City of Newport News. Particle sizes of sediments and their corresponding total concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc were determined to assess their distribution within wetlands adjacent to the river. Except for Zn, concentrations of all measured constituents in the <63-mum-particle fraction were lower downstream of Richmond, suggesting that most contaminants are retained in the upper basin. Zinc concentrations increased along downstream reaches, peaking at 5 1 0 mg kg-1 approximately 8 km below the confluence of Upham Brook with the Chickahominy River. Lead concentrations up to 192 mg kg-1 were measured in sediments along Upham Brook near Richmond. Concentrations of Zn and Cu were highest in streambed sediments and lowest in elevated forested wetlands. The results suggest that the developing regions of the basin have a significant effect on sediment chemistry within the basin and that wetlands play a role in retaining these sediment-borne contaminants in upper reaches of the basin. Studies are underway to assess the stablity of these sediments and the capacity of these contaminated wetlands to continue to assimilate them. RP PUCKETT, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,MS413,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1993 VL 13 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LJ951 UT WOS:A1993LJ95100005 ER PT J AU KELLER, CME ROBBINS, CS HATFIELD, JS AF KELLER, CME ROBBINS, CS HATFIELD, JS TI AVIAN COMMUNITIES IN RIPARIAN FORESTS OF DIFFERENT WIDTHS IN MARYLAND AND DELAWARE SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE FOREST FRAGMENTATION; NONGAME BIRDS; RIPARIAN FORESTS AB In agricultural landscapes, much of the remaining forest is in linear tracts along streams. These riparian forests provide habitat for forest birds, but their use by forest interior birds may depend on forest width. We conducted point-count surveys of birds in riparian forests on the Eastern shore of Maryland and Delaware to assess whether the presence of any species was dependent on corridor width. We surveyed 117 corridors that ranged from 25- to 800-m wide. Several area-sensitive neotropical migrants were encountered more frequently in wider riparian forests, and probabilities of occurrence increased most rapidly between 25 and 100 m. Based on these surveys, we recommend that riparian forests be at least 100-m wide to provide some nesting habitat for area-sensitive species. Wider riparian forests would be preferable and should be preserved. RP KELLER, CME (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 0 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1993 VL 13 IS 2 BP 137 EP 144 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LJ951 UT WOS:A1993LJ95100009 ER PT J AU FIELD, R NORTH, MR WELLS, J AF FIELD, R NORTH, MR WELLS, J TI NESTING ACTIVITY OF YELLOW-BILLED LOONS ON THE COLVILLE RIVER DELTA, ALASKA, AFTER THE EXXON-VALDEZ OIL-SPILL SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GAVIA-ADAMSII AB During the summer after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound in March 1989, we surveyed Yellow-billed Loons (Gavia adamsii) on lakes in the Colville River delta in northern Alaska. A study in 1983-1984 documenting nesting activity in the same area provided a baseline for comparisons of possible effects of the spill on nesting activity. Density of adult loons in 1989 was similar to densities in 1983-1984. We located 26 pairs of Yellow-billed Loons in 29 nesting territories. However, only 42% of the loon pairs nested in 1989, compared to 76% nesting pairs in 1983 and 79% in 1984. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH & WILDLIFE ENHANCEMENT,ANCHORAGE,AK 99501. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP FIELD, R (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MASSACHUSETTS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 105 IS 2 BP 325 EP 332 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA LF571 UT WOS:A1993LF57100009 ER PT J AU MCGEE, JJ AF MCGEE, JJ TI LUNAR FERROAN ANORTHOSITES - MINERALOGY, COMPOSITIONAL VARIATIONS, AND PETROGENESIS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PLAGIOCLASE; MOON; MAGMA AB Detailed petrologic study of a suite of lunar ferroan anorthosites indicates that their mineral compositional variations are generally consistent with derivation of these anorthosites from a common parent magma. There are continuous compositional variations in major elements and smooth trends in minor elements (Mg, Fe in plagioclase; Al, Ti, Cr in pyroxene). Relict textures, zoning, and possible primary trends of mineral compositional variations are preserved in many of the anorthosites. The presence of heterogeneous, bimodal, and/or trimodal pyroxene compositions suggests that some of the anorthosites are polymict rocks; however, they are composed entirely of ferroan-anorthosite-suite lithologies. Some aspects of the mineral composition data suggest that complex processes operated during formation of the ferroan anorthosites. The lack of a well-defined, positive or negative trend of pyroxene Mg/(Mg + Fe) versus plagioclase anorthite content, the homogenization of mineral compositions in some anorthosites, and the varied and apparently enriched Mn contents of pyroxenes in some anorthosites suggest that original igneous compositional characteristics have been altered during and/or after crystallization. Processes operative during anorthosite formation may have included some mixing of different melts, trapping of variable amounts of intercumulus liquid, postcrystallization redistribution of elements, or perturbations both during adcumulus growth and subsequent to crystallization by impact events. FeO and MgO contents of the highly calcic plagioclase typical of these anorthosites suggest that the plagioclase-melt distribution coefficients for these elements need to be reassessed. RP MCGEE, JJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 50 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 25 PY 1993 VL 98 IS E5 BP 9089 EP 9105 DI 10.1029/93JE00400 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LD845 UT WOS:A1993LD84500004 ER PT J AU KILGORE, BD BLANPIED, ML DIETERICH, JH AF KILGORE, BD BLANPIED, ML DIETERICH, JH TI VELOCITY DEPENDENT FRICTION OF GRANITE OVER A WIDE-RANGE OF CONDITIONS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIOR; SLIP AB Direct shear sliding experiments on bare ground surfaces of Westerly granite have been conducted over an exceptionally wide range of sliding rates (10(-4) mum/s to 10(3) mum/s) at unconfined normal stresses (sigma(n)) of 5, 15, 30, 70, and 150 MPa. A new sample configuration was developed that permitted measurements at normal stresses of 70 and 150 MPa without immediate sample failure. Measurements of steady-state velocity dependence of friction at velocities between 10(-4) and 1 mum/s show similar velocity weakening behavior at all normal stresses, with more negative dependence at lower slip rates. However, at rates above 10 mum/s, velocity weakening is observed only at sigma(n) = 30, 70 and 150 MPa, while velocity neutral behavior is observed at sigma(n) = 15 MPa and velocity strengthening is observed at sigma(n) = 5 MPa. The greater velocity weakening observed at velocities below 10(-2) mum/s may suggest a transition in competing deformation mechanisms, or the influence of additional mechanisms. The transition to velocity strengthening at high velocity and low normal stress implies that rapid slip on shallow faults could be arrested before resulting in true stick-slip behavior. Stable fault creep and creep events observed at shallow levels on some natural faults may result from this transition in velocity dependence. RP KILGORE, BD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Kilgore, Brian/K-3433-2012 OI Kilgore, Brian/0000-0003-0530-7979 NR 14 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 21 PY 1993 VL 20 IS 10 BP 903 EP 906 DI 10.1029/93GL00368 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LE448 UT WOS:A1993LE44800007 ER PT J AU ELLSWORTH, WL AF ELLSWORTH, WL TI EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION - GETTING BEYOND NUMEROLOGY SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CALIFORNIA; RECURRENCE; PARKFIELD RP ELLSWORTH, WL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 20 PY 1993 VL 363 IS 6426 BP 206 EP 207 DI 10.1038/363206a0 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LC866 UT WOS:A1993LC86600021 ER PT J AU LOCKNER, DA BYERLEE, JD AF LOCKNER, DA BYERLEE, JD TI HOW GEOMETRICAL CONSTRAINTS CONTRIBUTE TO THE WEAKNESS OF MATURE FAULTS SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID FRICTION; BEHAVIOR; FRACTURE; GOUGE AB INCREASING evidence that the San Andreas fault has low shear strength1 has fuelled considerable discussion regarding the role of fluid pressure in controlling fault strength. Byerlee2,3 and Rice4 have shown how fluid pressure gradients within a fault zone can produce a fault with low strength while avoiding hydraulic fracture of the surrounding rock due to excessive fluid pressure. It may not be widely realised, however, that the same analysis2-4 shows that even in the absence of fluids, the presence of a relatively soft 'gouge' layer surrounded by harder country rock can also reduce the effective shear strength of the fault. As shown most recently by Byerlee and Savage5, as the shear stress across a fault increases, the stress state within the fault zone evolves to a limiting condition in which the maximum shear stress within the fault zone is parallel to the fault, which then slips with a lower apparent coefficient of friction than the same material unconstrained by the fault. Here we confirm the importance of fault geometry in determining the apparent weakness of fault zones, by showing that the apparent friction on a sawcut granite surface can be predicted from the friction measured in intact rock, given only the geometrical constraints introduced by the fault surfaces. This link between the sliding friction of faults and the internal friction of intact rock suggests a new approach to understanding the microphysical processes that underlie friction in brittle materials. RP LOCKNER, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 21 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 11 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 20 PY 1993 VL 363 IS 6426 BP 250 EP 252 DI 10.1038/363250a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LC866 UT WOS:A1993LC86600048 ER PT J AU EVANS, HT KORTZ, U JAMESON, GB AF EVANS, HT KORTZ, U JAMESON, GB TI STRUCTURE OF POTASSIUM PARADODECATUNGSTATE 7-1/2-HYDRATE SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article AB K10[H2W12O42].7 1/2H2O, M(r) = 3406.3, triclinic, P1BAR, a = 13.126 (2), b = 16.274 (7), c = 11.756 (4) angstrom, alpha = 96.77 (2), beta = 90.04 (2), gamma = 77.77 (2)degrees, V = 2436.4 angstrom3, Z = 2, D(x) = 4.645 g cm-3, lambda(Mo Kalpha) = 0.7107 angstrom, mu = 280.5 cm-1, F(000) = 2982, T = 296K, R = 0.051, wR = 0.067 and S = 2.20 for 7588 observed reflections with 2theta < 52-degrees. Two independent polyanions are present centered at 0,0,0 and 1/2,1/2,1/2. The crystal is isostructural with that previously reported for (NH4)6H6W12O42.10H2O, but evidently four NH4 groups were misidentified as H2O molecules, and the ammonium compound should be written as (NH4)10[H2W12O42].6(or 7 1/2)H2O. C1 GEORGETOWN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20057. RP EVANS, HT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0108-2701 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR C JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C-Cryst. Struct. Commun. PD MAY 15 PY 1993 VL 49 BP 856 EP 861 DI 10.1107/S0108270192012010 PN 5 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA LN006 UT WOS:A1993LN00600004 ER PT J AU TILLING, RI DVORAK, JJ AF TILLING, RI DVORAK, JJ TI ANATOMY OF A BASALTIC VOLCANO SO NATURE LA English DT Review ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; MAGMA TRANSPORT; MAUNA-LOA; SURFACE DEFORMATION; HAWAIIAN VOLCANISM; RIFT ZONES; SEISMIC DETECTION; SOUTH FLANK; BENEATH; EARTHQUAKE AB Kilauea volcano, in Hawaii, may be the best understood basaltic volcano in the world. Magma rises from a depth of 80 km or more and resides temporarily in near-surface reservoirs: eruption begins when the crust above one of these reservoirs splits open in response to a pressure increase. Repeated rift-zone eruptions compress Kilauea's flanks; after decades of accumulation, the stress is relieved in catastrophic earthquakes and southward displacement of the volcano's south flank. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CASACADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP TILLING, RI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 910,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 112 TC 150 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 12 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 13 PY 1993 VL 363 IS 6425 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1038/363125a0 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LB801 UT WOS:A1993LB80100037 ER PT J AU EKLUNDH, L SINGH, A AF EKLUNDH, L SINGH, A TI A COMPARATIVE-ANALYSIS OF STANDARDIZED AND UNSTANDARDIZED PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS-ANALYSIS IN REMOTE-SENSING SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB In this study Principal Components have been calculated using covariance and correlation matrices for four data sets: Monthly NOAA-NDVI maximum-value composites, NOAA-LAC data, Landsat-TM data, and SPOT multi-spectral data. An analysis of the results shows consistent improvements in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) using the correlation matrix in comparison to the covariance matrix in the principal components analysis for all the data sets. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,EROS DATA CTR,GRID SIOUX FALLS,SIOUX FALLS,SD 57198. RP EKLUNDH, L (reprint author), UNEP,GRID,POB 30552,NAIROBI,KENYA. RI Eklundh, Lars/G-4253-2010 OI Eklundh, Lars/0000-0001-7644-6517 NR 16 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAY 10 PY 1993 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1359 EP 1370 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA LM522 UT WOS:A1993LM52200008 ER PT J AU MANKINEN, EA CHAMPION, DE AF MANKINEN, EA CHAMPION, DE TI BROAD TRENDS IN GEOMAGNETIC PALEOINTENSITY ON HAWAII DURING HOLOCENE TIME SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHS MAGNETIC-FIELD; SECULAR VARIATION; LASCHAMP EXCURSION; THELLIERS METHOD; PILLOW BASALTS; COOLING-RATE; LAVA FLOWS; SEQUENCES; INTENSITY; RECORDS AB Paleointensity determinations have been obtained from 22 basaltic lava flows on the island of Hawaii using the Thelliers' method. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these flows erupted at intervals ranging from about 200 to 1000 years, and results of the experiments provide an estimate of broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity during Holocene time in the vicinity of Hawaii. Most of the samples were obtained from quickly cooled flow margins and, as a consequence, typically contain two titanomagnetite populations. Only two of the 79 samples analyzed failed to yield an estimate of the paleofield, demonstrating that paleointensities can be obtained from such samples if carefully selected. Virtual dipole moments calculated for the flows are compared with a published curve of dipole field intensity that was constructed using worldwide archeomagnetic data. The large nondipole fields that were previously postulated for the vicinity of Hawaii are confirmed, and the present data indicate that they were present from about 5000 years B.P. to perhaps as recently as the past 200 years. The data indicate, however, that these nondipole sources must have been virtually absent between about 12,000 and 5000 years B.P. as they are at the present time. RP MANKINEN, EA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,MS 937,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 48 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B5 BP 7959 EP 7976 DI 10.1029/93JB00024 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC423 UT WOS:A1993LC42300007 ER PT J AU RUDNICKI, JW YIN, J ROELOFFS, EA AF RUDNICKI, JW YIN, J ROELOFFS, EA TI ANALYSIS OF WATER-LEVEL CHANGES INDUCED BY FAULT CREEP AT PARKFIELD, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION AB This paper demonstrates that the recovery rates of water level changes due to fault creep can be used to infer the position of the slipping zone relative to the well. This technique is applied to five slip-related water level changes observed in a well 460 m from the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California during January 1989 to July 1990. The water level changes are all characterized by a rapid drop (in less than 8 hours) and a slow recovery of 15 to 30 days. The water level drop and the position of the well constrain right-lateral slip to be predominantly to the southeast of the well. The recoveries are modeled by pore fluid diffusion due to a plane strain dislocation in a porous, fluid-saturated elastic solid. Satisfactory agreement with the observations is obtained by assuming slip occurs instantaneously and extends indefinitely to the southeast of the well. The extent of the slip northwest of the well, which ranges from zero to 322 m, is determined by fitting the variations in recovery times among the five events. Calculations are carried out for the limiting cases of both an impermeable and a permeable fault. The permeability of the fault has little effect on inferences about the slip, but the inferred (horizontal) diffusivity differs for the two cases: 0.15 m2/s for the impermeable and 0.06 m2/s for the permeable. For two of the events the magnitude and distribution of slip inferred from the water level changes agree well with that measured on two nearby creepmeters. For a third event the agreement is moderately good. Discrepancies for the remaining two events suggest that the surface slip measured by the creepmeters may differ significantly from that near the 240 m depth of the well. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP RUDNICKI, JW (reprint author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,EVANSTON,IL 60208, USA. RI Rudnicki, John/B-7088-2009 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B5 BP 8143 EP 8152 DI 10.1029/93JB00354 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC423 UT WOS:A1993LC42300018 ER PT J AU MENDOZA, C AF MENDOZA, C TI COSEISMIC SLIP OF 2 LARGE MEXICAN EARTHQUAKES FROM TELESEISMIC BODY WAVE-FORMS - IMPLICATIONS FOR ASPERITY INTERACTION IN THE MICHOACAN PLATE BOUNDARY SEGMENT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MOMENT-TENSOR SOLUTIONS; SEPTEMBER 1985 MICHOACAN; STRONG GROUND MOTION; WAVE-FORM INVERSION; GLOBAL SEISMICITY; RUPTURE HISTORY; LOMA-PRIETA; NEAR-SOURCE; SOURCE PARAMETERS; SUBDUCTION ZONE AB Teleseismic body waves recorded for the October 25, 1981, Playa Azul and September 21, 1985, Zihuatanejo earthquakes in western Mexico were inverted to derive the distributions and depths of coseismic slip. Broadband P wave displacements and intermediate-period records were included to incorporate a wide frequency band in the analysis. For the Zihuatanejo earthquake, digital SH records located away from the nodal directions were used in the inversion process. Nonnodal SH waveforms were not available for the Playa Azul earthquake, but additional azimuthal coverage was obtained by including selected worldwide analog P wave records. The results for the Playa Azul earthquake indicate that rupture occurred in two separate zones both updip and downdip of the point of initial nucleation with the majority of the slip concentrated in a circular region (15-km radius) downdip from the hypocenter. The maximum slip in this downdip region exceeds 3.6 m and is at a depth of about 16 km. The computed seismic moment is 7.14 x 10(26) dyn cm. Coseismic slip is observed to occur entirely within the area of reduced slip separating the two main shallow sources of the Michoacan earthquake that occurred almost 4 years later on September 19, 1985. For the Zihuatanejo earthquake the P and SH data suggest rupture over a larger area (30-km radius) with a lower peak slip (2 m) and encompassing depths between 12 and 26 km. Slip is concentrated in an area adjacent to one of the major sources of the Michoacan earthquake and represents the southeastern continuation of rupture along the Cocos-North America plate boundary. The corresponding seismic moment is 1.35 x 10(27) dyn cm. The zones of peak slip observed for the Playa Azul, Zihuatanejo, and Michoacan earthquakes are interpreted as asperity regions that control the cessation and generation of large earthquakes within the Michoacan segment of the plate boundary. The stress drops within each of these asperities are observed to be very similar and may reflect a characteristic asperity strength for this portion of the subduction zone. RP US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR, MAIL STOP 967, BOX 25046, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 43 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B5 BP 8197 EP 8210 DI 10.1029/93JB00021 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC423 UT WOS:A1993LC42300021 ER PT J AU STEPHENSON, WJ SMITH, RB PELTON, JR AF STEPHENSON, WJ SMITH, RB PELTON, JR TI A HIGH-RESOLUTION SEISMIC-REFLECTION AND GRAVITY SURVEY OF QUATERNARY DEFORMATION ACROSS THE WASATCH FAULT, UTAH SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKES; DEPTH; ZONE; SURFACE AB High-resolution reflection seismic and detailed gravity data were acquired across an exposure of the Wasatch fault, Utah, near a trench excavated for dating of Quaternary fault displacement. The seismic data across the Quaternary Wasatch fault are interpreted to show three subparallel surfaces dipping from 70-degrees-W at the surface to an estimated 45-degrees-W at 40 m, displaced unconsolidated sediments, and colluvial material abutting the main fault. Detailed gravity data were of assistance in mapping the sediment-bedrock interface from the rangefront across the Wasatch Fault Zone. A combined high-resolution seismic and gravity interpretation reveals that bedrock is 80 m deeper in the hanging wall than in the footwall, suggesting that displacement has occurred on several en echelon blocks in the near-surface of the Wasatch fault. Movement on the most recent Wasatch fault trace began prior to deposition of Pleistocene lacustrine sediments. The twelvefold, high-resolution reflection seismic data were recorded and processed to achieve vertical resolution of approximately 1 m and horizontal resolution (Fresnel zone radii) of as good as 5 m on the deepest reflecting interfaces at 40 m. Reasonably high frequencies and good bandwidth (about 80-300 Hz) in the stacked seismic data permitted a direct comparison to the trenched cross section. Good correlation between the trench stratigraphy and structure and the seismic data suggests high-resolution seismic data can be a valuable tool for analyzing near-surface faulting in unconsolidated sediment and for locating potential trench sites. C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. BOISE STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,BOISE,ID 83725. RP STEPHENSON, WJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B5 BP 8211 EP 8223 DI 10.1029/92JB02873 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC423 UT WOS:A1993LC42300022 ER PT J AU BATES, AL SPIKER, EC OREM, WH BURNETT, WC AF BATES, AL SPIKER, EC OREM, WH BURNETT, WC TI SPECIATION AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SULFUR IN SEDIMENTS FROM JELLYFISH LAKE, PALAU SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL MARINE BASIN; INORGANIC SULFUR; FRESH-WATER; BLACK-SEA; IRON; ENVIRONMENTS; COMBUSTION; REDUCTION; INTERFACE; SULFIDES AB Jellyfish Lake, Palau, is a meromictic marine lake with high organic productivity, low reactive Fe content, and anoxic bottom waters. Sediment samples from Jellyfish Lake were examined for the distribution of sulfur species and their isotopic signatures in order to gain a better understanding of sedimentary sulfur incorporation in Fe-poor environments. Surface samples were taken along a transect from a near-shore site to the center of the lake, and include a sample below oxic water, a sample below the chemocline layer, and samples below anoxic waters. Three additional samples were taken from a core, 2 m long, collected near the lake center. Sulfur to organic carbon weight ratios in all samples were lower than the expected value of 0.36 for normal marine sediment, probably because the lake water is deficient in reactive Fe to form iron sulfides. Total sulfur contents in the surface sediments indicated no changes with distance from shore; however, the sulfur content of the surface sample at the chemocline layer may be slightly higher. Total sulfur content increased with depth in the core and is inversely related to organic carbon content. Organic sulfur is the major sulfur species in the samples, followed in descending order by sulfate, disulfides and monosulfides. Sulfate sulfur isotope deltaS-34-values are positive (from + 20.56 to + 12.04 parts per thousand), reflecting the marine source of sulfate in Jellyfish Lake. Disulfide and monosulfide deltaS-34-values are negative (from - 25.07 to - 7.60 parts per thousand), because of fractionation during bacterial reduction of sulfate. Monosulfide deltaS-34-values are somewhat higher than those of disulfides, and they are close to the deltaS-34-values of organic sulfur. These results indicate that most of the organic sulfur is formed by reaction of bacteriogenic monosulfides, or possibly monosulfide-derived polysulfides, with organic matter in the sediment. C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306. RP BATES, AL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 956,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAY 5 PY 1993 VL 106 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90166-G PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC889 UT WOS:A1993LC88900005 ER PT J AU ROTTIERS, DV AF ROTTIERS, DV TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF BONE, MAJOR CATIONS, AND BODY SIZE IN ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMO-SALAR SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID SUCKER CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; PH; COMPARTMENT AB The importance of bone as a reservoir for sodium and other elements during smoltification and changes in salinity is unknown for Atlantic salmon. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the size of the skeleton, bone cation composition, and body size in Atlantic salmon. A long-term goal is to predict the potential contribution of major bone cations (Na+, Ca++, K+, and Mg++) to physiological pools involved with osmoregulation, scale regeneration, and stress of Atlantic salmon smolts. No significant difference was detected between the estimated Na, K, Ca, and Mg content of the bone removed from 10 fish by dissection and from 10 similarly sized fish by microwaving. Percentages of wet bone, dry bone, and bone ash and the estimated concentration of Na, Mg, K, and Ca in bone decreased with length and weight of fish. I conclude that the amount of Na, Mg, Ca, and K in bone ash and body bone content can be predicted from either fish weight or total length with a series of linear regressions (r = 0.97-0.99). RP ROTTIERS, DV (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB, RURAL DELIVERY 4, BOX 63, WELLSBORO, PA 16901 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 3 PY 1993 IS 2 BP 440 EP 446 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LA729 UT WOS:A1993LA72900016 ER PT J AU PARDUE, GB AF PARDUE, GB TI LIFE-HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE MUD SUNFISH (ACANTHARCHUS-POMOTIS) SO COPEIA LA English DT Note ID CENTRARCHIDAE RP PARDUE, GB (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS BUSINESS OFFICE PI CARBONDALE PA SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV, DEPT ZOOLOGY, CARBONDALE, IL 62901-6501 SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 3 PY 1993 IS 2 BP 533 EP 540 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LA729 UT WOS:A1993LA72900029 ER PT J AU LITWIN, RJ ASH, SR AF LITWIN, RJ ASH, SR TI REVISION OF THE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE CHATHAM GROUP (UPPER TRIASSIC), DEEP RIVER BASIN, NORTH-CAROLINA, USA SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEWARK SUPERGROUP; PALYNOLOGY AB Paleontological evidence from the Upper Triassic Chatham Group in the three subbasins of the Deep River basin (North Carolina, USA) supports a significant revision of the ages assigned to most of this. non-marine continental sedimentary sequence. This study confirms an early(?) or mid-Carnian age in the Sanford subbasin for the base of the Pekin Formation, the lowest unit of the Chatham Group. However, diagnostic late Carnian palynomorphs have been recovered from coals in the lower part of the Cumnock Formation in the Sanford subbasin, and from a sample of the Cumnock Formation equivalent in the Wadesboro subbasin. Plant megafossils and fossil vertebrates from rocks in the Sanford subbasin also support a late Carnian age for the Cumnock Formation and its equivalents. The overlying Sanford Formation, which has not yet been dated paleontologically, probably includes beds of Norian age, as over 1000 m of strata may be present between the Cumnock Formation coals (dated here as late Carnian) and the top of the Sanford Formation. This chronostratigraphic interval appears similar to, but slightly longer than, that preserved in the Dan River-Danville and Davie County basins 100 km to the northwest. Our evidence, therefore, indicates that the Chatham Group was deposited over a much longer time interval [early(?) to mid-Carnian through early Norian] than previously was believed. C1 WEBER STATE COLL,DEPT GEOL,OGDEN,UT 84408. RP LITWIN, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,MS 970,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 71 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD MAY 3 PY 1993 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 95 DI 10.1016/0034-6667(93)90057-2 PG 21 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA LA953 UT WOS:A1993LA95300006 ER PT J AU COLLETT, TS AF COLLETT, TS TI NATURAL-GAS HYDRATES OF THE PRUDHOE BAY AND KUPARUK RIVER AREA, NORTH SLOPE, ALASKA SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID PERMAFROST; THICKNESS AB Gas hydrates are crystalline substances composed of water and gas, mainly methane, in which a solid-water lattice accommodates gas molecules in a cage-like structure, or clathrate. These substances commonly have been regarded as a potential unconventional source of natural gas because of their enormous gas-storage capacity. Significant quantities of naturally occurring gas hydrates have been detected in many regions of the Arctic, including Siberia, the Mackenzie River Delta, and the North Slope of Alaska. On the North Slope, the methane-hydrate stability zone is areally extensive beneath most of the coastal plain province and has thicknesses greater than 1000 m in the Prudhoe Bay area. Gas hydrates have been inferred to occur in 50 North Slope exploratory and production wells on the basis of well-log responses calibrated to the response of an interval in a well where gas hydrates were recovered in a core by ARCO and Exxon. Most North Slope gas hydrates occur in six laterally continuous lower Tertiary sandstones and conglomerates; all these gas hydrates are geographically restricted to the area overlying the eastern part of the Kuparuk River oil field and the western part of the Prudhoe Bay oil field. The volume of gas within these gas hydrates is estimated to be about 1.0 X 10(12) to 1.2 X 10(12) m3 (37 to 44 tcf), or about twice the volume of conventional gas in the Prudhoe Bay field. Geochemical analyses of well samples suggest that the inferred hydrates probably contain a mixture of deep-source thermogenic gas and shallow, microbial gas that was either directly converted to gas hydrate or first concentrated in existing traps and later converted to gas hydrate. The thermogenic gas probably migrated from deeper reservoirs along the same faults thought to have been migration pathways for the large volumes of heavy oil that occur in the shallow reservoirs of this area. RP COLLETT, TS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PETR GEOL BRANCH,DENVER FED CTR,POB 25046,MS-940,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 51 TC 94 Z9 132 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 77 IS 5 BP 793 EP 812 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LD132 UT WOS:A1993LD13200006 ER PT J AU ULMISHEK, GF CHARPENTIER, RR BARTON, CC AF ULMISHEK, GF CHARPENTIER, RR BARTON, CC TI THE GLOBAL OIL SYSTEM - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OIL GENERATION, LOSS, HALF-LIFE, AND THE WORLD CRUDE-OIL RESOURCE - DISCUSSION SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article RP ULMISHEK, GF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 940,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 77 IS 5 BP 896 EP 899 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LD132 UT WOS:A1993LD13200011 ER PT J AU BROWNFIELD, ME FOORD, EE SUTLEY, SJ BOTINELLY, T AF BROWNFIELD, ME FOORD, EE SUTLEY, SJ BOTINELLY, T TI KOSNARITE, KZR2(PO4)3, A NEW MINERAL FROM MOUNT MICA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN, OXFORD-COUNTY, MAINE SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB Kosnarite, ideally KZr2(PO4)3, has been identified as part of a late-stage, secondary phosphate mineral assemblage from the Mount Mica pegmatite at Paris, and from the Black Mountain pegmatite, Rumford, Oxford County, Maine. Kosnarite from Mount Mica occurs as pseudocubic rhombohedral crystals, as much as 0.9 mm in maximum dimension, that display the dominant {102} form. Color ranges from pale blue to blue-green to nearly colorless. The mineral has a white streak, is transparent, has a vitreous luster, and is nonfluorescent in ultraviolet light. It has a hardness of 4.5, is brittle with a conchoidal fracture, and has perfect {102} cleavage. Measured and calculated densities are D(m) 3.194(2) and D(c) 3.206. Optically, this mineral is characterized as uniaxial (+), with refractive indices of N(omega) = 1.656(2) and N(epsilon) = 1.682(2) and is nonpleochroic. Twinning was not observed. The mineral is hexagonal (rhombohedral), space group R3cBAR, with a = 8.687(2), c = 23.877(7) angstrom, V = 1560.4(8) angstrom3, Z = 6. The six strongest diffraction lines [d(angstrom), hkl, I/I(o)] from the Mount Mica occurrence are 6.41, 012, 50; 4.679, 104, 50; 4.329, 110, 100; 3.806, 113, 90; 2.928, 116, 90; 2.502, 300, 50. Mean analytical results are Na2O 1.4, K2O 8.7, Rb2O 0.25, FeO 0.2, MnO 1.0, ZrO2 44.5, HfO2 0.5, P2O5 43.3, F 0.20, sum 100.05, less O for F 0.08, total 99.97 wt%. The empirical formula (based on O + F = 12) is (K0.93Na0.08Rb0.01)SIGMA1.02(Zr1.81Na0.15Mn0.07Fe0.01Hf0.01)SIGMA2.05P3.06(O11.95F0.05)SIGMA12.00. Kosnarite from Black Mountain is almost pure KZr2 (PO4)3 with only trace amounts of Hf, Mn, Na, and Rb. The mineral is one of three known alkali zirconium phosphates; the others are gaine-site and the Cs analogue of gainesite. The name is for Richard A. Kosnar of Black Hawk, Colorado. RP BROWNFIELD, ME (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 972,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 4 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 78 IS 5-6 BP 653 EP 656 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA LH450 UT WOS:A1993LH45000021 ER PT J AU LINK, WA AF LINK, WA TI SIMULATION TESTING OF UNBIASEDNESS OF VARIANCE ESTIMATORS SO AMERICAN STATISTICIAN LA English DT Article DE MONTE-CARLO METHOD; U-STATISTICS AB In this article I address the evaluation of estimators of variance for parameter estimates. Given an unbiased estimator X of a parameter theta, and an estimator V of the variance of X, how does one test (via simulation) whether V is an unbiased estimator of the variance of X? The derivation of the test statistic illustrates the need for care in substituting consistent estimators for unknown parameters. RP LINK, WA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0003-1305 J9 AM STAT JI Am. Stat. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 47 IS 2 BP 132 EP 134 DI 10.2307/2685196 PG 3 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA KX856 UT WOS:A1993KX85600012 ER PT J AU EVANS, WC KLING, GW TUTTLE, ML TANYILEKE, G WHITE, LD AF EVANS, WC KLING, GW TUTTLE, ML TANYILEKE, G WHITE, LD TI GAS BUILDUP IN LAKE NYOS, CAMEROON - THE RECHARGE PROCESS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The gases dissolved in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, were quantified recently (December 1989 and September 1990) by two independent techniques: in-situ measurements using a newly designed probe and laboratory analyses of samples collected in pre-evacuated stainless steel cylinders. The highest concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were 0.30 mol/kg and 1.7 mmol/kg, respectively, measured in cylinders collected 1 m above lake bottom. Probe measurements of in-situ gas pressure at three different stations showed that horizontal variations in total dissolved gas were negligible. Total dissolved-gas pressure near the lake bottom is 1.06 MPa (10.5 atm), 50% as high as the hydrostatic pressure of 2.1 MPa (21 atm). Comparing the CO2 profile constructed from the 1990 data to one obtained in May 1987 shows that CO2 concentrations have increased at depths below 150 m. Based on these profiles, the average rate of CO2 input to bottom waters was 2.6 x 10(8) mol/a. Increased deep-water temperatures require an average heat flow of 0.32 MW into the hypolimnion over the same time period. The transport rates of C02, heat, and major ions into the hypolimnion suggest that a low-temperature reservoir of free CO2 exists a short distance below lake bottom and that convective cycling of lake water through the sediments is involved in transporting the C02 into the lake from the underlying diatreme. Increased CH4 concentrations at all depths below the oxycline and a high 14C content (41 % modern) in the CH4 4 m above lake bottom show that much of the CH4 is biologically produced within the lake. The CH4 production rate may vary with time, but if the CO2 recharge rate remains constant, CO2 saturation of the entire hypolimnion below 50 m depth would require approximately 140 a, given present-day concentrations. RP EVANS, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Evans, William/J-4283-2012; Kling, George/C-7867-2015 OI Kling, George/0000-0002-6349-8227 NR 0 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 8 IS 3 BP 207 EP 221 DI 10.1016/0883-2927(93)90036-G PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KZ268 UT WOS:A1993KZ26800001 ER PT J AU JENEY, G ANDERSON, DP AF JENEY, G ANDERSON, DP TI AN INVITRO TECHNIQUE FOR SURVEYING IMMUNOSTIMULANTS IN FISH SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Note ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; LEVAMISOLE; CELLS AB In vitro assays were developed to investigate the effects of immunostimulants on leukocytes in spleen sections of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish spleens were divided, and individual sections were placed in 10 ml of tissue culture media and 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mug/ml dilutions of Levamisole, QAC (quaternary ammonium compound), or ISK (a polypeptide). After 4 days of incubation, cell suspensions were prepared to examine the effects of the immunostimulants on neutrophil oxidative activity using the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay and on phagocytic activity by engulfment of glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep red blood cells. QAC induced a heightened activity in plates receiving 0.1 and 1.0 mug/ml, but suppressed activity at 10 and 100 mug/ml levels. Sections incubated with ISK showed heightened responses at all doses except 100 mug/ml. Levamisole showed heightened responses at all doses in the NBT assay, and at the 1.0 and 10 mug/ml doses in the phagocytic assay. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV. RP JENEY, G (reprint author), FISHERIES RES INST,POB 47,H-5541 SZARVAS,HUNGARY. RI Jeney, Galina/E-8778-2011 NR 6 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 1 PY 1993 VL 112 IS 2-3 BP 283 EP 287 DI 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90452-5 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LC445 UT WOS:A1993LC44500015 ER PT J AU REIMNITZ, E MCCORMICK, M MCDOUGALL, K BROUWERS, E AF REIMNITZ, E MCCORMICK, M MCDOUGALL, K BROUWERS, E TI SEDIMENT EXPORT BY ICE RAFTING FROM A COASTAL POLYNYA, ARCTIC ALASKA, USA SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BEAUFORT SEA; SLUSH AB Strong offshore winds in early 1989 produced a shore polynya that reached along the entire north coast of Alaska and eastward beyond the mouth of the Mackenzie River in Canada. From January through April, this open water periodically exposed the shelf to sediment entrainment by suspension freezing. This process requires turbulence and supercooled water, which results in the formation of frazil and anchor ice. The resulting granular, sediment-laden ice was observed to extend over 100 km seaward of the outer continental shelf after having been advected offshore. It was sampled to determine sediment type and to quantify the particle load. The particle size was mainly silt and clay, with local admixtures of as much as 27% sand and coarser clasts. Melted ice samples contained from 31 to nearly 600 mg L-1 of sediment. Combining these data with over 400 km of shipboard and aerial observations, photographs, and computer analysis of a summer Landsat image, we estimated the sediment load per unit area of sea ice. Seaward of the shelf, in regions of dense pack ice, a conservatively estimated sediment load was over 289 t km-2. Using a westward summer drift rate of 3 cm s-1, the sediment transport through a 1-km-long north-south segment is 67,418 t during 3 mo. In terms of regional sediment dynamics (littoral transport estimated at 10,000 t during the same period) and sediment budget (continental denudation estimated at 10 t k-m2 during the same period), this number is very significant. Benthic microfossils indicate that bottom sediment incorporated in the ice came from water depths ranging from the inner neritic seaward to 50 m. The large load of shelf-derived sediment observed seaward of the continental shelf indicates that ice entrainment and transport cause shelf erosion. Nothing is known about sediment release over the Arctic Ocean Basin from these pulses of dirty ice that are periodically introduced into the Transpolar Drift. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,MS 915,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,MS 919,DENVER,CO 80225. RP REIMNITZ, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PACIFIC MARINE GEOL BRANCH,MS 999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 47 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 10 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 25 IS 2 BP 83 EP 98 DI 10.2307/1551544 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA LC447 UT WOS:A1993LC44700001 ER PT J AU DAVIS, AS GUNN, SH GRAY, LB MARLOW, MS WONG, FL AF DAVIS, AS GUNN, SH GRAY, LB MARLOW, MS WONG, FL TI PETROLOGY AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF QUATERNARY BASANITES DREDGED FROM THE BERING SEA CONTINENTAL-MARGIN NEAR NAVARIN BASIN SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TERTIARY VOLCANIC PROVINCE; MANTLE METASOMATISM; NUNIVAK ISLAND; GORDA RIDGE; SR ISOTOPES; ARC MAGMAS; ALASKA; BASALT; GEOCHEMISTRY; OCEAN AB Quaternary basanites were recovered from shallow water depth from the continental margin of the Bering Sea (58-degrees-39.0'N, 177-degrees-12.9'W) near Navarin Basin. The basanites are highly vesicular flow rock and hyaloclastites similar to other alkalic volcanic rocks erupted repeatedly during the late Cenozoic on islands in the Bering Sea region and in mainland Alaska. K-Ar ages for the basanites indicate at least two episodes of volcanism at about 1.1 and 0.4 Ma. Similar alkalic volcanism occurred sporadically at geographically widely separated centers in the Bering Sea region for at least the past 6 Ma. Chemically, these alkalic lavas are intraplate basalts similar to those erupted from oceanic islands and in some continental settings. Trace-element data indicate these alkalic lavas have been generated by small, but variable, amounts of partial melting of a metasomatized lherzolite source. The relatively primitive compositions (MgO > 9%), presence of mantle-derived xenoliths in some alkalic lavas, and presence of forsteritic olivine with low CaO and high NiO suggest that magma rose rapidly from greath depth without spending time in large, long-lived magma chambers. Although lavas from different volcanic centers in the Bering Sea region are similar with respect to major elements and many trace-element ratios, isotopic compositions indicate heterogeneities in the source. The Navarin basanites have higher Sr-87/Sr-86 and lower Nd-143/Nd-144 values than any other lavas so far reported from this region. The Pb-207/Pb-204 isotopic ratios indicate involvement of a crustal component, which may have resulted from metasomatism associated with subduction-related magmatic activity during the Early Eocene in this region. Although some volcanic episodes appear to have occurred roughly synchronously at geographically widely separated centers, no large-scale regional extension nor presence of large mantle plumes are indicated. Instead, alkalic volcanism apparently resulted from upwelling and decompressional melting of small isolated mantle diapirs in response to local lithospheric attenuation associated with jostling of blocks during adjustment to regional stresses. RP DAVIS, AS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 30 IS 5 BP 975 EP 984 DI 10.1139/e93-081 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LU826 UT WOS:A1993LU82600009 ER PT J AU CHURCHER, CS MORGAN, AV CARTER, LD AF CHURCHER, CS MORGAN, AV CARTER, LD TI ARCTODUS-SIMUS FROM THE ALASKAN ARCTIC SLOPE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PLEISTOCENE AB Arctodus simus yukonensis, the extinct northern North American short-faced bear, is represented by an immature left humerus lacking its unfused proximal epiphysis, which was recovered from a point bar on the lkpikpuk River, Alaska (69-degrees-41'N, 154-degrees-54'W). This is the northernmost record of this bear. The specimen is dated at 27 190 +/- 280 BP (IsoTrace TO-2539) on C-14 analysis, which lies within the observed age distribtution of Arctodus. The individual is larger than average for the species based on the dimensions of the distal articulation, despite its immaturity, and may have been male. C1 UNIV WATERLOO, DEPT EARTH SCI, WATERLOO N2L 3G1, ONTARIO, CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY, ANCHORAGE, AK 99508 USA. RP CHURCHER, CS (reprint author), UNIV TORONTO, DEPT ZOOL, TORONTO M5S 1A1, ONTARIO, CANADA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1007 EP 1013 DI 10.1139/e93-084 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LU826 UT WOS:A1993LU82600012 ER PT J AU BREZONIK, PL EATON, JG FROST, TM GARRISON, PJ KRATZ, TK MACH, CE MCCORMICK, JH PERRY, JA ROSE, WA SAMPSON, CJ SHELLEY, BCL SWENSON, WA WEBSTER, KE AF BREZONIK, PL EATON, JG FROST, TM GARRISON, PJ KRATZ, TK MACH, CE MCCORMICK, JH PERRY, JA ROSE, WA SAMPSON, CJ SHELLEY, BCL SWENSON, WA WEBSTER, KE TI EXPERIMENTAL ACIDIFICATION OF LITTLE-ROCK LAKE, WISCONSIN - CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHANGES OVER THE PH RANGE 6.1 TO 4.7 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID WHOLE ECOSYSTEM MANIPULATION; ACIDIFIED LAKES; BIOTIC CHANGES; SEEPAGE LAKE; HEAVY-METALS; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL; ALUMINUM; WATER; ASSEMBLAGES AB The two basins of this seepage lake were separated by a vinyl curtain in August 1984 after a year of background studies, and acidification of one basin with H2SO4 began at ice-out in 1985. Chemical and biological responses measured during successive 2-yr periods at pH approximately 5.6, 5.1, and 4.7 verified some but not all impacts predicted at the outset. Changes in major, minor, and trace ions generally agreed with predictions. Internal alkalinity generation (IAG) increased at lower pH, and sulfate reduction eliminated approximately 50% of added H2SO4. Sediment cation exchange was important in IAG and acidified surface sediments, possibly diminishing the lake's ability to counteract further H+ inputs. Mass loss of oak leaves was reduced at pH 5.1 (birch leaves at pH 4.7). Population parameters were more sensitive than community measures for plankton. Species composition changed at each pH, especially at pH 4.7. Many changes in zooplankton and benthos were indirect responses to an algal mat that developed at lower pH or to food web interactions; these were not predicted accurately. Sensitivity of major fishes to lower pH was Ambloplites rupestris > Micropterus salmoides > Pomoxis nigromaculatus > Perca flavescens. Fish production was reduced at pH's above those resulting in population decreases. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LIMNOL,TROUT LAKE STN,MADISON,WI 53706. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,MADISON,WI 53711. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US GEOL SURVEY,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LAKE SUPERIOR & ENVIRONM STUDIES,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. RP BREZONIK, PL (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CIVIL & MINERAL ENGN,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA. NR 66 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 21 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 50 IS 5 BP 1101 EP 1121 DI 10.1139/f93-126 PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LR758 UT WOS:A1993LR75800025 ER PT J AU WEST, DC DOYLE, TW THARP, ML BEAUCHAMP, JJ PLATT, WJ DOWNING, DJ AF WEST, DC DOYLE, TW THARP, ML BEAUCHAMP, JJ PLATT, WJ DOWNING, DJ TI RECENT GROWTH INCREASES IN OLD-GROWTH LONGLEAF PINE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; TAEDA SEEDLINGS; CO2 ENRICHMENT; UNITED-STATES; COMPETITION; CLIMATE AB Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) tree-ring data were obtained from an old-growth stand located in Thomas County, Georgia. The tree-ring chronology from the pine stand is composed of a collection of cores extracted from 26 trees ranging in age from approximately 100 to 400 years. These cores were prepared, dated, and measured, and the resulting data were examined with dendrochronological and statistical techniques. Beginning in approximately 1950 and continuing to the present, annual increments of all age classes examined in this study have increased. resulting in an average annual ring increment approximately 40% greater in 1987 than in 1950. When compared with expected annual increment, the increase for 100- to 150-year-old trees is approximately 45%, while the increase for 200- to 400-year-old trees is approximately 35%. In terms of stand-level aboveground biomass accumulation, the increased growth has resulted in approximately 5% more biomass than expected. The increased growth cannot be explained by disturbance; stand history; or trends in precipitation, temperature, or Palmer drought severity index over the last 57 years. Increased atmospheric CO2 is a possible explanation for initiation of the observed trend, while SO(x) and NO(x) may be augmenting continuation of this phenomenon. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV COMP APPLICAT,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENGN PHYS & MATH,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,BATON ROUGE,LA 70801. RP WEST, DC (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV VET MED & BIOMED SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. NR 49 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 23 IS 5 BP 846 EP 853 DI 10.1139/x93-110 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA LQ390 UT WOS:A1993LQ39000010 ER PT J AU HOOPER, RP AULENBACH, BT AF HOOPER, RP AULENBACH, BT TI MANAGING THE DATA EXPLOSION SO CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB The 'data explosion' brought on by electronic sensors and automatic samplers can strain the capabilities of existing water-quality data-management systems just when they're needed most to process the information. The U.S. Geological Survey has responded to the problem by setting up an innovative system that allows rapid data analysis. RP HOOPER, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ATLANTA,GA, USA. RI Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0885-7024 J9 CIVIL ENG JI Civil Eng. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 63 IS 5 BP 74 EP 76 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA KY913 UT WOS:A1993KY91300019 ER PT J AU COLLETT, TS BIRD, KJ MAGOON, LB AF COLLETT, TS BIRD, KJ MAGOON, LB TI SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURES AND GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS ON THE NORTH SLOPE OF ALASKA SO COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRUDHOE BAY; PERMAFROST AB On the North Slope of Alaska, geothermal gradient data are available from high-resolution, equilibrated well-bore surveys and from estimates based on well-log identification of the base of ice-bearing permafrost. A total of 46 North Slope wells, considered to be in or near thermal equilibrium, have been surveyed with high-resolution temperatures devices and geothermal gradients can be interpreted directly from these recorded temperature profiles. To augment the limited North Slope temperature data base, a new method of evaluating local geothermal gradients has been developed. In this method, a series of well-log picks for the base of the ice-bearing permafrost from 102 wells have been used, along with regional temperature constants derived from the high-resolution stabilized well-bore temperature surveys, to project geothermal gradients. Geothermal gradients calculated from the high-resolution temperature surveys generally agree with those projected from known ice-bearing permafrost depths over most of the North Slope. Values in the ice-bearing permafrost range from almost-equal-to 1.5-degrees-C/100 m in the Prudhoe Bay area to almost-equal-to 4.5-degrees-C/100 m in the east-central portion of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. Geothermal gradients below the ice-bearing permafrost sequence range from almost-equal-to 1.6-degrees-C/100 m to almost-equal-to 5.2-degrees-C/100 m. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP COLLETT, TS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS-940,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-232X J9 COLD REG SCI TECHNOL JI Cold Reg. Sci. Tech. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 21 IS 3 BP 275 EP 293 DI 10.1016/0165-232X(93)90071-F PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA LC886 UT WOS:A1993LC88600007 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, BD HATCH, SA AF ROBERTS, BD HATCH, SA TI BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES DURING CHICK REARING IN A FAILING COLONY SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; BEHAVIOR; BREEDING FAILURE; FOOD SHORTAGE; ALASKA ID RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; SUCCESS AB Compared with their Atlantic counterparts, Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in North Pacific colonies are notably unproductive. A large colony on Middleton Island, Alaska, has in most years since 1981 seen complete breeding failure and the population has declined by half. We compared parent-offspring behaviors in this colony during two years that differed in overall breeding success. Potential indicators of food stress included parental attendance at the nest, foraging trip lengths, chick feeding and begging rates, and sibling aggression. Whereas chick feeding and begging rates were strongly correlated with overall breeding performance, patterns of time allocation by adults (nest attendance and foraging trips) were not. Contrasts between years and comparisons with data from other colonies in and outside Alaska point to food shortage as the likely cause of recurrent breeding failure on Middleton. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1993 VL 95 IS 2 BP 330 EP 342 DI 10.2307/1369356 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA LD688 UT WOS:A1993LD68800008 ER PT J AU HOHMAN, WL AF HOHMAN, WL TI BODY-COMPOSITION OF WINTERING CANVASBACKS IN LOUISIANA - DOMINANCE AND SURVIVAL IMPLICATIONS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE AYTHYA-VALISINERIA; CANVASBACK; ANATIDAE; BODY MASS; COMPOSITION; BEHAVIOR; NONBREEDING; LOUISIANA ID DUCKS; MASS; EXTRACTION; BEHAVIOR; BIRDS; TIME; SEX AB I studied effects of sex, age, and month on body mass and composition of Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) at Catahoula Lake (CL) and the Mississippi River Delta (MRD), Louisiana, in winter 1987-1988. Size-adjusted body mass and fat varied by age, month, and site. Fat levels in immatures were greater at MRD than at CL, but changed similarly at both sites. Adults at MRD were also fatter than those at CL in early winter, especially in December, but fat levels of all birds increased from early to late winter and were equivalent by late winter. Body protein adjusted for structural size varied by age, month, and site, and sex, month, and site. Protein levels by site were higher in adults and males than in immatures and females, but sex- and age-related differences averaged < 11 g (5%). Changes in size-adjusted leg muscle protein (index of feeding activity) and body fat were positively associated. This relation (my measure of feeding efficiency) was not affected by sex or age of Canvasbacks, implying that all birds at CL or MRD fed at similar efficiencies by month. At both sites, females were fatter than males; thus, although males were larger and potentially dominant to females, it appears that females were not disadvantaged in their acquisition of nutrients during the year of study. Body mass of CL and MRD birds in winter 1987-1988 was greater than that of Canvasbacks wintering elsewhere. If overwinter and annual survival of Canvasbacks are related to their relative body mass during winter, then survival probabilities of CL and MRD birds may be high compared to other wintering populations. RP HOHMAN, WL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1993 VL 95 IS 2 BP 377 EP 387 DI 10.2307/1369360 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA LD688 UT WOS:A1993LD68800012 ER PT J AU LOFERSKI, PJ ARCULUS, RJ AF LOFERSKI, PJ ARCULUS, RJ TI MULTIPHASE INCLUSIONS IN PLAGIOCLASE FROM ANORTHOSITES IN THE STILLWATER COMPLEX, MONTANA - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE ANORTHOSITES SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SILICATE LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY; FE-TI OXIDES; PETROGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE; BUSHVELD COMPLEX; IGNEOUS SYSTEMS; PHENOCRYSTS; TEMPERATURE; MINERALOGY; ELEMENTS; OXYGEN AB Multiphase inclusions, consisting of clinopyroxene + ilmenite + apatite, occur within cumulus plagioclase grains from anorthosites in the Stillwater Complex, Montana, and in other rocks from the Middle Banded series of the intrusion. The textures and constant modal mineralogy of the inclusions indicate that they were incorporated in the plagioclase as liquid droplets that later crystallized rather than as solid aggregates. Their unusual assemblage, including a distinctive manganiferous ilmenite and the presence of baddeleyite (ZrO2), indicates formation from an unusual liquid. A process involving silicate liquid immiscibility is proposed, whereby small globules of a liquid enriched in Mg, Fe, Ca, Ti, P, REE, Zr and Mn exsolved from the main liquid that gave rise to the anorthosites, became trapped in the plagioclase, and later crystallized to form the inclusions. The immiscibility could have occurred locally within compositional boundaries around crystallizing plagioclase grains or it could have occurred pervasively throughout the liquid. It is proposed that the two immiscible liquids were analogous, in terms of their melt structures, to immiscible liquid pairs reported in the literature both in experiments and in natural basalts. For the previously reported pairs, immiscibility is between a highly polymerized liquid, typically granitic in composition, and a depolymerized liquid, typically ferrobasaltic in composition. In the case of the anorthosites, the depolymerized liquid is represented by the inclusions, and the other liquid was a highly polymerized aluminosilicate melt with a high normative plagioclase content from which the bulk of the anorthosites crystallized. Crystallization of the anorthosites from this highly polymerized liquid accounts for various distinctive textural and chemical features of the anorthosites compared to other rocks in the Stillwater Complex. A lack of correlation between P contents and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) ratios of plagioclase separates indicates that the amount of apatite in the inclusions is too low to affect the REE signature of the plagioclase separates. Nevertheless, workers should use caution when attempting REE modelling studies of cumulates having low REE contents, because apatite-bearing inclusions can potentially cause problems. C1 UNIV NEW ENGLAND, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, ARMIDALE, NSW 2351, AUSTRALIA. RP LOFERSKI, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS-954, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 62 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 EI 1432-0967 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 114 IS 1 BP 63 EP 78 DI 10.1007/BF00307866 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA LB078 UT WOS:A1993LB07800006 ER PT J AU ORTH, CJ ATTREP, M QUINTANA, LR ELDER, WP KAUFFMAN, EG DINER, R VILLAMIL, T AF ORTH, CJ ATTREP, M QUINTANA, LR ELDER, WP KAUFFMAN, EG DINER, R VILLAMIL, T TI ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE ANOMALIES IN THE LATE CENOMANIAN EXTINCTION INTERVAL - A SEARCH FOR THE SOURCE(S) SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN INTERIOR; MASS EXTINCTIONS; UNITED-STATES; TURONIAN STAGE; COMET SHOWERS; BOUNDARY; PATTERNS; IMPACTS; BASIN; EVENT AB Elemental abundances have been measured by neutron activation methods across the Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) extinction interval in samples collected from sixteen sites in the Western Interior Basin of North America and from twelve widely separated locations around the globe, including six ODP/DSDP sites. In most Western Interior Basin sites, in Colombia, and in western Europe (weaker), two closely spaced elemental abundance peaks occur in the upper Cenomanian (approximately 92 m.y.), spanning the ammonite zones of Sciponoceras gracile through Neocardioceras juddii. Elements with anomalously high concentrations include Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Ir, Pt and Au. The lower peak coincides with the disappearance (extinction) of the foraminifer Rotalipora cushmani. In North American sections R. greenhornensis also disappears at or just below this horizon, but in Europe it disappears considerably earlier than R. cushmani. A series of molluscan extinction and speciation or migration events also begins near the stratigraphic level of the lower elemental abundance peak. The well-documented positive delta C-13 excursion begins just before the extinctions and the elemental anomalies, and continues into the lower Turonian, well above the upper anomaly. This carbon isotope excursion has been observed in East European sections where we find little or no evidence of the elemental anomalies, suggesting that the two phenomena may not be tightly coupled. Elemental abundance ratios in the anomalies closely resemble those of Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalt or Hawaiian lava (tholeiitic), but not those of Cl chondrite, black shale, average crustal rocks, or lamproite and kimberlite of roughly similar age in southeastern Kansas. The excess Ir and other siderophiles hint at possible large-body impact(s) for the source. However, we have not located microspherules (other than biogenic calcispheres) or shocked mineral grains in any of our samples. Furthermore, Sc, Ti, V and Mn are not enriched in differentiated Solar-System bodies. Although the weak geochemical signal from comet impact(s) could be masked by the strong terrestrial-like overprint, these anomalies more likely resulted either from intense seafloor spreading activity or merely from increased circulation of deep, metal-rich water associated with the large late Cenomanian through early Turonian eustatic rise, and deep-water opening of the South Atlantic. The flooding of continental seaways and margins also could have contributed to the anomalies by preventing much continental detritus from diluting the normal background marine geochemical component. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP ORTH, CJ (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV ISOTOPE & NUCL CHEM,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 51 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 117 IS 1-2 BP 189 EP 204 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90126-T PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LH368 UT WOS:A1993LH36800014 ER PT J AU POIANI, KA JOHNSON, WC AF POIANI, KA JOHNSON, WC TI A SPATIAL SIMULATION-MODEL OF HYDROLOGY AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN SEMI-PERMANENT PRAIRIE WETLANDS SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE CLIMATE; DISTRIBUTION OF EMERGENT COVER AND OPEN WATER; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS); PRAIRIE WETLANDS; SPATIAL SIMULATION MODEL OF VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VEGETATION CHANGE VS WATER-LEVEL CHANGE; WATERFOWL HABITAT; WETLAND HYDROLOGY; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ID SEED-BANK COMPOSITION; DABBLING DUCK; DELTA MARSH; WATER DEPTH; HABITAT; RECRUITMENT; SUCCESSION; DRAWDOWNS; RESPONSES; MANITOBA AB The objective of this study was to construct a spatial simulation model of the vegetation dynamics in semi-permanent prairie wetlands. A hydrologic submodel estimated water levels based on precipitation, runoff, and potential evapotranspiration. A vegetation submodel calculated the amount and distribution of emergent cover and open water using a geographic information system. The response of vegetation to water-level changes was based on seed bank composition, seedling recruitment and establishment, and plant survivorship. The model was developed and tested using data from the Cottonwood Lake study site in North Dakota. Data from semi-permanent wetland P1 were used to calibrate the model. Data from a second wetland, P4, were used to evaluate model performance. Simulation results were compared with actual water data from 1979 through 1989. Test results showed that differences between calculated and observed water levels were within 10 cm 75% of the time. Open water over the past decade ranged from 0 to 7% in wetland P4 and from 0 to 8% in submodel simulations. Several model parameters including evapotranspiration and timing of seedling germination could be improved with more complex techniques or relatively minor adjustments. Despite these differences the model adequately represented vegetation dynamics of prairie wetlands and can be used to examine wetland response to natural or human-induced climate change. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT FORESTRY LANDSCAPE & PARKS,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. NR 58 TC 67 Z9 77 U1 4 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 3 IS 2 BP 279 EP 293 DI 10.2307/1941831 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LG199 UT WOS:A1993LG19900013 PM 27759322 ER PT J AU SLACK, JF PALMER, MR STEVENS, BPJ BARNES, RG AF SLACK, JF PALMER, MR STEVENS, BPJ BARNES, RG TI ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TOURMALINE-RICH ROCKS IN THE BROKEN-HILL DISTRICT, AUSTRALIA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; BORON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; SEA GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; ZN-AG MINERALIZATION; RARE-EARTH ELEMENT; WILLYAMA SUPERGROUP; EXPLORATION SIGNIFICANCE; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS AB Tourmaline-rich rocks are widespread minor lithologies within the Early Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup in the Broken Hill district, Australia. Tourmaline concentrations occur in strata-bound and local stratiform tourmalinites, clastic metasedimentary rocks, quartz-gahnite lode rocks, stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ores, garnet quartzites, strata-bound scheelite deposits, quartz-tourmaline nodules, discordant quartz veins, and granitic pegmatites. Most of the tourmaline-rich rocks are within the Broken Hill Group that hosts the main Pb-Zn-Ag ores. At the Globe mine along the northeast end of the main lodes, tourmalinites are closely associated with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization and in places are interbedded with Mn-rich garnet quartzites. Galena and other ore minerals occur locally in the cores of recrystallized tourmaline grains in these tourmalinites, indicating that tourmaline and sulfides were present together prior to deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines intergrown with Fe sulfides at the Globe mine show Mg-rich compositions relative to tourmalines in sulfide-free assemblages from the same area, suggesting early (premetamorphic) introduction of boron and Mg enrichment of tourmaline by sulfide-silicate reactions during metamorphism. Combined field and geochemical data indicate that the district tourmalinites represent normal clastic sediments that were metasomatically altered by boron-rich hydrothermal fluids at or below the sediment-water interface. Whole-rock chemical analyses of 33 tourmaline-rich rocks show linear trends of data for major and trace elements that closely resemble the trends observed for unmineralized clastic metasedimentary rocks of the district. Average Fe/Al, Mg/Al, Na/Al, and Ti/Al molar ratios of the tourmaline-rich rocks and clastic metasediments are very similar; the average K/Al molar ratio of the tourmaline-rich rocks is significantly lower than that of the clastic metasediments, reflecting the loss of K during tourmalinite formation. Chondrite-normalized patterns of rare earth elements (REE) in the quartz-rich tourmalinites are generally similar to those of the clastic metasediments, except for minor depletions of light REE; local positive and negative Ce anomalies suggest tourmalinite formation in the presence of seawater or a seawater-derived pore fluid. The geochemical data imply relative immobility of Al, Ti, Cr, and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration and later metamorphism. Boron isotope analyses of 52 tourmaline separates show a total range of deltaB-11 values from -26.8 to -17.0 per mil. Fine-grained, euhedral, nonpoikilitic tourmalines from tourmalinites in the andalusite-muscovite zone in the northern part of the district (e.g., Black Prince mine) have deltaB-11 values from -21 to -17 per mil, whereas coarse granoblastic and poikiloblastic tourmalines from the sillimanite and two-pyroxene granulite zones in the southern part of the district (e.g., Globe mine) have deltaB-11 values of -24 to -19 per mil. Tourmalines in strongly retrogressed tourmalinites have deltaB-11 values from about -27 to -20 per mil. The observed variations in deltaB-11 are consistent with prograde and retrograde metamorphic fractionation of boron isotopes, in which the fluid phase is preferentially enriched in the heavier isotope (B-11). Premetamorphic hydrothermal fluids that deposited the Black Prince tourmalinites had deltaB-11 values of -8 to -5 per mil at 200-degrees to 300-degrees-C, suggesting a boron source from nonmarine evaporite borates. Tourmalinites in the Broken Hill district apparently formed by the same submarine hydrothermal processes as the main Pb-Zn-Ag lodes and the siliceous ferromanganese protoliths of the garnet quartzites. ID our model, the hydrothermal system(s) acquired abundant boron by leaching evaporitic borates within the Thackaringa Group, the stratigraphic sequence that underlies the Broken Hill Group and most of the tourmaline concentrations. We suggest that evaporites of the Thackaringa Group provided a source of readily extractable boron for formation of the tourmalinites and also the source of the fluoride, sulfur, and perhaps the carbonate in the main lodes; such evaporites may have been critical for increased metal chloride complexing and transport necessary for deposition of the high-grade Pb-Zn-Ag ores. The Broken Hill deposit may have formed contemporaneously with the Mount Isa and McArthur River Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in similar evaporite-bearing sequences during widespread Early Proterozoic continental rifting. C1 UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,ENGLAND. GEOL SURVEY NEW S WALES,BROKEN HILL,NSW 2880,AUSTRALIA. GEOL SURVEY NEW S WALES,ARMIDALE,NSW 2350,AUSTRALIA. RP SLACK, JF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MAIL STOP 954,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. RI Palmer, Martin/I-6765-2012 OI Palmer, Martin/0000-0003-1660-3714 NR 152 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 15 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 88 IS 3 BP 505 EP 541 PG 37 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE865 UT WOS:A1993LE86500001 ER PT J AU AREHART, GB FOLAND, KA NAESER, CW KESLER, SE AF AREHART, GB FOLAND, KA NAESER, CW KESLER, SE TI A-40/AR-39, K/AR, AND FISSION-TRACK GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SEDIMENT-HOSTED DISSEMINATED GOLD DEPOSITS AT POST-BETZE, CARLIN TREND, NORTHEASTERN NEVADA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTHERN GREAT-BASIN; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; RANGE PROVINCE; DISTRICT; COMPLEX; MINERALIZATION; EVOLUTION; PLUTONS; ORIGIN AB The Post-Betze deposit of Nevada is the largest sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit presently known, both dimensionally and in terms of contained metal. Ore occurs primarily as submicron-sized gold that is disseminated in altered sedimentary rocks of the Lower Paleozoic Roberts Mountains Formation. However, significant portions of the ore are present in altered monzonite of the Goldstrike stock. Alteration and mineralization were controlled by both structure and stratigraphy. Alteration began with early decarbonatization and was followed by silicification and, finally, argillization. Phyllosilicate mineral zoning grades from proximal kaolinite to kaolinite + sericite to unaltered rock. Based on geochronologic studies utilizing the K/Ar, Ar-40/Ar-39, and fission track techniques, we suggest that the age of gold mineralization is approximately 117 Ma. The premineralization Goldstrike stock was emplaced at about 158 Ma and a postmineralization sill was emplaced at 39 Ma; these events place clear limits on the age of mineralization. Fine-grained sericite that is interpreted to have formed during hydrothermal events which also generated gold ore was dated by either the K/Ar method or a modification of the standard Ar-40/Ar-39 fusion technique. Age determinations on several samples of fine-grained sericite from altered host rocks (both sedimentary and igneous) yield ages near 117 Ma. Younger dates are interpreted to be the result of either thermal disturbance of the K/Ar system or mixing of sericites of two ages. One sample of coarser grained sericite that was stepheated gave discordant spectra. Fission track analyses of zircon and apatite from the postore sill clearly document the lack of significant thermal or hydrothermal activity younger than 39 Ma. Although less definitive, fission track data on zircon from preore sedimentary and igneous hosts suggest that no widespread hydrothermal activity having temperatures above about 100-degrees-C has occurred since approximately 110 Ma. The 117 Ma age is consistent with one of the major magmatic pulses recognized in the northern Great Basin. It is also similar to, within analytic uncertainty, a K/Ar date of 109 Ma from the Welches Canyon stock (20 km south of Post-Betze). An intrusion of similar age, unexposed at present, could have been the driving force for the hydrothermal system at Post-Betze. Published geochronologic data, though less well tied to mineralization, suggest similar mid-Cretaceous ages for other sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Nevada. Based on these ages, we suggest that sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits are not necessarily products of extensional environments and, in fact, appear to be associated with compressional environments in Nevada during Cretaceous time. The alignment of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits (and other features) in the Basin and Range province of the western United States suggests that zones of long-term crustal weakness may have controlled igneous intrusion and consequent hydrothermal gold mineralization, although not all igneous episodes necessarily generated sediment-hosted disseminated gold ore deposits. The strong association between sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits, the Precambrian craton, and these deep-seated structures also suggests the possibility of a deep source for gold and other components of these systems. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 76 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 9 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 88 IS 3 BP 622 EP 646 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE865 UT WOS:A1993LE86500006 ER PT J AU COLUMBA, M CUNNINGHAM, CG AF COLUMBA, M CUNNINGHAM, CG TI GEOLOGIC MODEL FOR THE MINERAL-DEPOSITS OF THE LA-JOYA DISTRICT, ORURO, BOLIVIA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP COLUMBA, M (reprint author), EMPRESA MINERA INTI RAYMI SA,CORNETA MAMANI 1989,PISO 2,CASILLA 9576-9676,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 88 IS 3 BP 701 EP 708 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE865 UT WOS:A1993LE86500010 ER PT J AU RYE, RO AF RYE, RO TI THE EVOLUTION OF MAGMATIC FLUIDS IN THE EPITHERMAL ENVIRONMENT - THE STABLE ISOTOPE PERSPECTIVE SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID JULCANI MINING DISTRICT; WEST-CENTRAL UTAH; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; DEPOSITS; PERU; MINERALIZATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; INCLUSION; HYDROGEN; GEOLOGY RP RYE, RO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 963,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 51 TC 151 Z9 159 U1 4 U2 21 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 88 IS 3 BP 733 EP 753 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE865 UT WOS:A1993LE86500013 ER PT J AU CUSTER, TW MITCHELL, CA AF CUSTER, TW MITCHELL, CA TI TRACE-ELEMENTS AND ORGANOCHLORINES IN THE SHOALGRASS COMMUNITY OF THE LOWER LAGUNA MADRE, TEXAS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB Our objectives were to measure concentrations of seven trace elements and 14 organochlorine compounds in sediment and biota of the shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii) community of the lower Laguna Madre of south Texas and to determine whether chemicals associated with agriculture (e.g. mercury, arsenic, selenium, organochlorine pesticides) were highest near agricultural drainages. Arsenic, mercury, selenium, lead, cadmium, and organochlorines were generally at background concentrations throughout the lower Laguna Madre. Nickel and chromium concentrations were exceptionally high in shrimp and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), which is difficult to explain because of no known anthropogenic sources for these trace elements. For sediment and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), mercury was highest near agricultural drainages. Also, DDE was more frequently detected in blue crabs near agricultural drainages than farther away. In contrast, selenium concentrations did not differ among collecting sites and arsenic concentrations were lowest in shoalgrass, blue crabs, and brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) near agricultural drainages. RP CUSTER, TW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,N CENT RES GRP,POB 2618,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. OI Custer, Thomas/0000-0003-3170-6519 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 25 IS 3 BP 235 EP 246 DI 10.1007/BF00548024 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LB201 UT WOS:A1993LB20100006 PM 24225804 ER PT J AU WERSHAW, RL AF WERSHAW, RL TI MODEL FOR HUMUS IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBSTANCES RP US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, NATL RES PROGRAM, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 10 TC 179 Z9 192 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 27 IS 5 BP 814 EP 816 DI 10.1021/es00042a603 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LA739 UT WOS:A1993LA73900012 ER PT J AU PERLINGER, JA EISENREICH, SJ CAPEL, PD AF PERLINGER, JA EISENREICH, SJ CAPEL, PD TI APPLICATION OF HEADSPACE ANALYSIS TO THE STUDY OF SORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS TO ALPHA-AL2O3 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; AQUIFER MATERIALS; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; EQUILIBRIA; GROUNDWATER; POLLUTANTS; ADSORPTION; SEDIMENT; TRANSPORT AB The sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) to alpha-Al2O3 was investigated with a headspace analysis method. The semiautomated headspace analyzer gave rapid, precise, and accurate results for a homologous series alkylbenzenes even at low percentages of solute mass sorbed (3-50%). Sorption experiments carried out with benzene alone indicated weak interactions with well-characterized aluminum oxide, and a solids concentration effect was observed. When the sorption coefficients for benzene alone obtained by headspace analysis were extrapolated up to the solids concentrations typically used in batch sorption experiments, the measured sorption coefficients agreed with reported sorption coefficients for HOCs and sediments of low fractional organic carbon content. Sorbed concentrations increased exponentially with aqueous concentration in isotherms with mixtures of alkylbenzenes, indicating solute-solute interactions at the mineral surface. Sorption was, however, greater than predicted for partitioning of a solute between its pure liquid phase and water, indicating additional influences of the surface and/or the structured liquid near the mineral surface. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CIVIL & MINERAL ENGN,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ST PAUL,MN. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 27 IS 5 BP 928 EP 937 DI 10.1021/es00042a016 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LA739 UT WOS:A1993LA73900026 ER PT J AU LUOMA, SN CARTER, JL AF LUOMA, SN CARTER, JL TI UNDERSTANDING THE TOXICITY OF CONTAMINANTS IN SEDIMENTS - BEYOND THE BIOASSAY-BASED PARADIGM SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID QUALITY CRITERIA; BENTHIC ECOLOGY; INSIGHTS; CADMIUM; TRIAD RP LUOMA, SN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 12 IS 5 BP 793 EP 796 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[793:UTTOCI]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KX607 UT WOS:A1993KX60700001 ER PT J AU LITTLE, EE DWYER, FJ FAIRCHILD, JF DELONAY, AJ ZAJICEK, JL AF LITTLE, EE DWYER, FJ FAIRCHILD, JF DELONAY, AJ ZAJICEK, JL TI SURVIVAL OF BLUEGILL AND THEIR BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES DURING CONTINUOUS AND PULSED EXPOSURES TO ESFENVALERATE, A PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY; ESFENVALERATE; PULSED EXPOSURE; BLUEGILL ID RAINBOW-TROUT SALMO; LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; TOXICITY; FENVALERATE; TOXICOKINETICS; GAIRDNERI; ANIMALS; FIELD; FISH AB Juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate [(S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl butyrate], continuously for 90 d and for six 11-h pulses. No bluegill survived continuous exposure to esfenvalerate at 0.200 mug/L for 30 d or 0. 100 mug/L for 60 d. The lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC) for survival in a 90-d continuous exposure of esfenvalerate was 0.025 mug/L. In comparison, no mortality occurred among fish exposed to pulsed doses of up to 0.200 mug/L. Behavioral responses, including gross body tremors, were highly sensitive indicators of toxicity among pulse-exposed fish, with symptoms appearing within 4 h of exposure to concentrations as low as 0.025 mug/L. Similar behavioral responses were observed after continuous exposure to 0.025 mug/L esfenvalerate. Behavioral responses were observed at concentrations an order of magnitude less than concentrations impacting growth or survival in simulated field studies. These results provide encouraging evidence that laboratory studies designed to simulate field exposure conditions can be predictive of concentrations causing mortality and other adverse effects. RP LITTLE, EE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 24 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 12 IS 5 BP 871 EP 878 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[871:SOBATB]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KX607 UT WOS:A1993KX60700011 ER PT J AU JACOBSON, PJ FARRIS, JL CHERRY, DS NEVES, RJ AF JACOBSON, PJ FARRIS, JL CHERRY, DS NEVES, RJ TI JUVENILE FRESH-WATER MUSSEL (BIVALVIA, UNIONIDAE) RESPONSES TO ACUTE TOXICITY TESTING WITH COPPER SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Note DE FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; JUVENILES; COPPER; ACUTE TOXICITY ID NEUTRAL RED; CADMIUM; CLAM AB The sensitivities of newly metamorphosed juveniles of Villosa iris and Anodonta grandis to copper were determined using 24-h static bioassays. Two methods of assessing postexposure response were compared: direct visual examination and the use of vital staining with neutral red. Both species responded to copper exposures, exhibiting valve closure at concentrations as low as 24 mug Cu per liter for Villosa iris and 17 mug Cu per liter for Anodonta grandis. EC50 values of 27 mug Cu per liter (Villosa iris) and 33 mug Cu per liter (Anodonta grandis) were calculated on the basis of the valve closure response. Use of vital staining with neutral red provided an EC50 of 29 mug Cu per liter for Villosa iris. The amber coloration of Anodonta grandis valves prevented determination of an EC50 using the vital staining. LC50 values of 83 mug Cu per liter (Villosa iris) and 44 mug Cu per liter (Anodonta grandis) were calculated from the results of vital staining. Neutral red was found to be effective in assessing postexposure mortality and sublethal responses after acute exposures to copper. C1 ARKANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STATE UNIV,AR 72467. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP JACOBSON, PJ (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 12 IS 5 BP 879 EP 883 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[879:JFMBUR]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KX607 UT WOS:A1993KX60700012 ER PT J AU WAYCHUNAS, GA REA, BA FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA AF WAYCHUNAS, GA REA, BA FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA TI SURFACE-CHEMISTRY OF FERRIHYDRITE .1. EXAFS STUDIES OF THE GEOMETRY OF COPRECIPITATED AND ADSORBED ARSENATE SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID AMORPHOUS IRON OXYHYDROXIDE; RAY ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; REVISED STRUCTURAL MODEL; POLYHEDRAL APPROACH; PHOSPHATE SORPTION; PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; ANION ADSORPTION; FERRIC OXIDES; SOILS AB EXAFS spectra were collected on both the As and Fe K-edges from samples of two-line ferrihydrite with adsorbed (ADS) and coprecipitated (CPT) arsenate prepared over a range of conditions and arsenate surface coverages. Spectra also were collected for arsenate adsorbed on the surfaces of three FeOOH crystalline polymorphs, alpha (goethite), beta (akaganeite), and gamma (lepidocrocite), and as a free ion in aqueous solution. Analyses of the As EXAFS show clear evidence for inner sphere bidentate (bridging) arsenate complexes on the ferrihydrite surface and on the surfaces of the crystalline FeOOH polymorphs. The bridging arsenate is attached to adjacent apices of edge-sharing Fe oxyhydroxyl octahedra. The arsenic-iron distance at the interface (3.28 +/- 0.01 angstrom) is close to that expected for this geometry on the FeOOH polymorph surfaces, but is slightly shorter on the ferrihydrite surfaces (3.25 +/- 0.02 angstrom). Monodentate arsenate linkages (3.60 +/- 0.03 angstrom) also occur on the ferrihydrite, but are not generally observed on the crystalline FeOOH polymorphs. The proportion of monodentate bonds appears largest for adsorption samples with the smallest As/Fe molar ratio. In all cases the arsenate tetrahedral complex is relatively undistorted with As-O bonds of 1.66 +/- 0.01 angstrom. Precipitation of arsenate or scorodite-like phases was not observed for any samples, all of which were prepared at a pH value of 8. The Fe EXAFS results confirm that the Fe-Fe correlations in the ferrihydrite are progressively disrupted in the CPT samples as the As/Fe ratio is increased. Coherent crystallite size is probably no more than 10 angstrom in diameter and no Fe oxyhydroxyl octahedra corner-sharing linkages (as would be present in FeOOH polymorphs) are observed at the largest As/Fe ratios. Comparison of the number and type of Fe-Fe neighbors with the topological constraints imposed by the arsenate saturation limit in the CPT samples (about 0.7 As/Fe) indicates ferrihydrite units consisting mainly of Fe oxyhydroxyl octahedra arranged in short dioctahedral chains with minimal interchain linking by octahedra comers. This is consistent with an enlarged surface area and a larger proportion of sites for bidentate arsenate bonding in CPT samples as compared to the ADS samples, which saturate with arsenate at lower As/Fe ratios. The latter samples have larger crystallite sizes and a definite proportion of ferric octahedra sharing comers. The ratio of comer-sharing to edge-sharing Fe oxyhydroxyl octahedra in the ADS samples, and CPT samples with small As loadings, is very similar to what would be present in very small particles of goethite or akaganeite. The difference in the polymeric structure of ADS and CPT samples at higher As/Fe ratios is due to strong arsenate bidentate adsorption that poisons the surface of particles of ferrihydrite precipitated in the presence of substantial arsenate, limiting their normal crystallization, and preventing further Fe-O-Fe polymerization. If the arsenate is applied after precipitation much less adsorption occurs since polymerization has already progressed. In both ADS and CPT samples, Fe-O-Fe polymerization increases with age, though at different rates for each type of sample. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP WAYCHUNAS, GA (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 51 TC 765 Z9 792 U1 25 U2 212 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY PY 1993 VL 57 IS 10 BP 2251 EP 2269 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90567-G PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE469 UT WOS:A1993LE46900011 ER PT J AU FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA WAYCHUNAS, GA AF FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA WAYCHUNAS, GA TI SURFACE-CHEMISTRY OF FERRIHYDRITE .2. KINETICS OF ARSENATE ADSORPTION AND COPRECIPITATION SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ACIDIC MOUNTAIN STREAM; HYDROUS FERRIC-OXIDE; X-RAY-SCATTERING; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; ALUMINUM HYDROXIDES; IRON OXYHYDROXIDES; PHOSPHATE SORPTION; PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; MODEL AB The kinetics of As(V) adsorption by ferrihydrite was investigated in coprecipitation and postsynthesis adsorption experiments conducted in the pH range 7.5-9.0. In coprecipitation experiments, As(V) was present in solution during the hydrolysis and precipitation of iron. In adsorption experiments, a period of rapid (<5 min) As(V) uptake from solution was followed by continued uptake for at least eight days, as As(V) diffused to adsorption sites on ferrihydrite surfaces within aggregates of colloidal particles. The time dependence of As(V) adsorption is well described by a general model for diffusion into a sphere if a subset of surface sites located near the exterior of aggregates is assumed to attain adsorptive equilibrium rapidly. The kinetics of As(V) desorption after an increase in pH were also consistent with diffusion as a rate-limiting process. Aging of pure ferrihydrite prior to As(V) adsorption caused a decrease in adsorption sites on the precipitate owing to crystallite growth. In coprecipitation experiments, the initial As(V) uptake was significantly greater than in post-synthesis adsorption experiments, and the rate of uptake was not diffusion limited because As(V) was coordinated by surface sites before crystallite growth and coagulation processes could proceed. After the initial adsorption, As(V) was slowly released from coprecipitates for at least one month, as crystallite growth caused desorption of As(V). Adsorption densities as high as 0.7 mole As(V) per mole of Fe were measured in coprecipitates, in comparison to 0.25 mole As(V) per mole of Fe in post-synthesis adsorption experiments. Despite the high concentration of As(V) in the precipitates, EXAFS spectroscopy (WAYCHUNAS et al., 1993) showed that neither ferric arsenate nor any other As-bearing surface precipitate or solid solution was formed. The high adsorption densities are possible because the ferrihydrite particles are extremely small, approaching the size of small dioctahedral chains at the highest As(V) adsorption density. The results suggest that the solid solution model proposed by Fox (1989, 1992) for control of arsenate and phosphate concentrations in natural waters may be invalid. C1 STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP FULLER, CC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 61 TC 447 Z9 466 U1 8 U2 94 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY PY 1993 VL 57 IS 10 BP 2271 EP 2282 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90568-H PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LE469 UT WOS:A1993LE46900012 ER PT J AU HAMILTON, TD ASHLEY, GM AF HAMILTON, TD ASHLEY, GM TI EPIGURUK - A LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTAL RECORD FROM NORTHWESTERN ALASKA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HOLOCENE GLACIATION; DELMARVA PENINSULA; BROOKS RANGE; RIVER; HISTORY AB Epiguruk, a prominent bluff along the Kobuk River in northwestern Alaska, exposes a rich depositional record of Quaternary eolian and fluvial sand, with associated loess, paleosols, and periglacial features. Three major complexes of alluvial and eolian deposits are separated by two conspicuous organic-rich paleosols which formed during cool-moist interstadial intervals. Sediments between the two paleosols include eolian, channel, and floodplain deposits that formed during alluviation of the Kobuk River to a height of about 12 m above the present level. The youngest depositional complex, which overlies the upper paleosol, is divisible into late Wisconsinan and Holocene components and into fluvial-channel, flood-plain, eolian-dune, sand-sheet, loess, and pond facies. Eolian sand from the active Kobuk sand sea overloaded the river during late Wisconsinan time, causing it to alluviate to about 13 m above its modern level. The Holocene record reflects erosion and deposition by a small southern tributary to the Kobuk River, downcutting by the Kobuk River toward its modern level, and subsequent erosion across a meander belt nearly 8 km wide. Sixty-six radiocarbon ages, many from rooted shrubs, provide a firm chronology for the past 35 ky. at Epiguruk. The Kobuk River incised to near its present level by about 35 ka, and the upper paleosol began forming near that level about 33 ka, coincident with the Fox termal event of central Alaska. Although higher-standing sandy facies of this paleosol began forming earlier, thick peat beds did not accumulate until about 33 ka at those sites. Late Wisconsinan loess influx and alluviation began about 24 ka, synchronous with the Itkillik II glaciation of the Brooks Range. The river overlapped progressively higher surfaces of the upper paleosol, attaining its maximum height of about 13 m above modern river level between 20 and 19 ka. It downcut about 18.5 ka and subsequently migrated northward. Deposits at the north end of the bluff show that the river had begun building its modern flood plain by 8.6 ka, and it has varied little in elevation since that time. C1 RUTGERS UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RP HAMILTON, TD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4200 UNIV DR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 105 IS 5 BP 583 EP 602 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0583:EALQER>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LB111 UT WOS:A1993LB11100002 ER PT J AU POAG, CW POPPE, LJ FOLGER, DW POWARS, DS MIXON, RB EDWARDS, LE BRUCE, S AF POAG, CW POPPE, LJ FOLGER, DW POWARS, DS MIXON, RB EDWARDS, LE BRUCE, S TI DEEP-SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 612 BOLIDE EVENT - NEW EVIDENCE OF A LATE EOCENE IMPACT-WAVE DEPOSIT AND A POSSIBLE IMPACT SITE, UNITED-STATES EAST-COAST - REPLY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. VIRGINIA STATE WATER CONTROL BOARD,RICHMOND,VA 23230. RP POAG, CW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1993 VL 21 IS 5 BP 478 EP 479 PG 2 WC Geology SC Geology GA LB109 UT WOS:A1993LB10900028 ER PT J AU VULKAN, U DUVAL, JS AF VULKAN, U DUVAL, JS TI MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS OF GEOPHYSICAL-DATA IN NEVADA SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; RANGE; ANOMALIES; ROCKS; BASIN; RIFT AB Regional magnetic, gravity, and gamma-ray data in Nevada were analyzed using a multivariate statistical method. The algorithms used are part of the public-domain Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS). Twenty-seven statistical groups (clusters) were found to be the optimum number that best represents the geophysical data. The resulting map of the distribution of these groups shows linear features which define a geophysical trend not previously recognized. This trend is clearly related to the northern Nevada rift and extends from near the northern border of Nevada to the southern part of the State with a northwest-southeast trend to about 37-degrees-N latitude, where a change of direction occurs to a northeast-southwest trend. Although not spatially coincident, the Roberts Mountains Thrust, the Golconda Thrust, and the 0.706 contour of the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio exhibit similar trends over part of their lengths. The significance of this geophysical trend is uncertain. One possible interpretation is that it corresponds to the central graben of a rift system larger than previously postulated. The classified data were also compared to a digital geologic map, and the results show that, for some areas of the state, mapped geology and specific groups do have a clear relationship. In general, however, mapped geologic units and the groups have no unique relationships. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD MAY PY 1993 VL 58 IS 5 BP 749 EP 755 DI 10.1190/1.1443460 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC361 UT WOS:A1993LC36100016 ER PT J AU REILLY, TE HARBAUGH, AW AF REILLY, TE HARBAUGH, AW TI SIMULATION OF CYLINDRICAL FLOW TO A WELL USING THE UNITED-STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MODULAR FINITE-DIFFERENCE GROUNDWATER-FLOW MODEL SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Note AB Cylindrical (axisymmetric) flow to a well is an important specialized topic of ground-water hydraulics and has been applied by many investigators to determine aquifer properties and determine heads and flows in the vicinity of the well. A recent modification to the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model provides the opportunity to simulate axisymmetric flow to a well. The theory involves the conceptualization of a system of concentric shells that are capable of reproducing the large variations in gradient in the vicinity of the well by decreasing their area in the direction of the well. The computer program presented serves as a preprocessor to the U.S. Geological Survey model by creating the input data file needed to implement the axisymmetric conceptualization. Data input requirements to this preprocessor are described, and a comparison with a known analytical solution indicates that the model functions appropriately. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 411,RESTON,VA 22092. RP REILLY, TE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. OI Reilly, Thomas/0000-0002-2988-9881 NR 8 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 31 IS 3 BP 489 EP 494 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01851.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA LB108 UT WOS:A1993LB10800018 ER PT J AU DOUGLAS, AJ JOHNSON, RL AF DOUGLAS, AJ JOHNSON, RL TI HARVESTING AND REPLENISHMENT POLICIES FOR RENEWABLE NATURAL-RESOURCES SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE RENEWABLE; RESOURCES; REPLENISHMENT; INTERTEMPORAL RP DOUGLAS, AJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, NATL ECOL RES CTR, 4512 MCMURRY AVE, FT COLLINS, CO 80525 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 38 IS 1 BP 27 EP 42 DI 10.1006/jema.1993.1027 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LF766 UT WOS:A1993LF76600003 ER PT J AU ENGBERG, RA SYLVESTER, MA AF ENGBERG, RA SYLVESTER, MA TI CONCENTRATIONS, DISTRIBUTION, AND SOURCES OF SELENIUM FROM IRRIGATED LANDS IN WESTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NATIONAL CONF ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE CY JUL 11-13, 1990 CL DURANGO, CO SP AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS AB Concentrations, distribution, and sources of selenium from irrigated lands were studied between 1986 and 1990 at 20 reconnaissance project areas in 17 western states under the Department of Interior's National Irrigation Water Quality Program. Samples of water, bottom sediment. whole-body fish, and bird livers for analysis of selenium concentrations were collected before, during, and after irrigation season from streams, canals, lakes, and ground water in each project area. Selenium concentrations in water ranged from less than the detection limit of 1 mug/L in 42% of the 586 samples collected to 4,800 mug/L from a well in the Pine River Area, in southern Colorado. Selenium concentrations in 223 samples of bottom sediment ranged from less than the detection limit of 0.1 mug/g to 85 mug/g in a sample from the Middle Green River Basin, in Utah. Selenium concentrations in whole-body fish (all species) ranged from 0.1 mug to 50 mug per gram dry weight, with the maximum concentration observed in a carp from the Gunnison River Basin, in western Colorado. Selenium concentrations in bird livers (all species) ranged from less than 0.32 mug to 170 Kg per gram dry weight with the maximum concentration observed in the liver of an avocet from the Kendrick Reclamation Project, in Wyoming. Cretaceous-age marine shales probably are the original sources for selenium in 16 of the 20 areas studied. In several areas, evaporative concentration of applied irrigation water and drainage of this water to wetlands, canals, streams, and lakes appears to be responsible for elevated concentrations of selenium. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NAWQA,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP ENGBERG, RA (reprint author), US DEPT INTERIOR,MGR NAT IRRIG WATER QUAL PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20240, USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 119 IS 3 BP 522 EP 536 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1993)119:3(522) PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA LD970 UT WOS:A1993LD97000008 ER PT J AU NELSON, ME AF NELSON, ME TI NATAL DISPERSAL AND GENE FLOW IN WHITE-TAILED DEER IN NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE ODOCOILEUS; GENE FLOW; DISPERSAL; SUBPOPULATION; MINNESOTA ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; RANGES AB I documented natal dispersal and gene flow in 79 yearling white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota during 1974-1988. Sixty-four percent (n = 28) of 44 males and 20% (n = 7) of 35 females dispersed from their natal home ranges when 1.0-1.5-years old. Eighty-six percent and 95%, of all yearlings including nondispersers, dispersed less-than-or-equal-to 26 and less-than-or-equal-to 38 km, respectively. Minimum gene flow was estimated to be 40 deer per generation, based on a circular subpopulation defined by a 26-km radius. Gene flow estimated from allele frequencies for five polymorphic loci averaged 15 deer per generation among five subpopulations. These values of gene flow were concomitant with significant allele-frequency heterogeneity at the subpopulation level. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 34 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 74 IS 2 BP 316 EP 322 DI 10.2307/1382386 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LD676 UT WOS:A1993LD67600007 ER PT J AU CLARK, BS LESLIE, DM CARTER, TS AF CLARK, BS LESLIE, DM CARTER, TS TI FORAGING ACTIVITY OF ADULT FEMALE OZARK BIG-EARED BATS (PLECOTUS-TOWNSENDII-INGENS) IN SUMMER SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE PLECOTUS; CHIROPTERA; FORAGING; RADIOTELEMETRY ID PIPISTRELLUS-PIPISTRELLUS; FEEDING ECOLOGY; BEHAVIOR AB Foraging activity of the endangered Ozark big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii ingens) was studied in June and July 1988. Adult females were equipped with radiotransmitters and tracked during lactation. Bats foraged various directions from the maternity cave and demonstrated considerable site specificity. Females went on three feeding bouts during early lactation and returned to the maternity cave after each. Number of nightly visits to the cave decreased as offspring matured, and by late July, females exited after sunset and did not return until sunrise. Average distances to foraging sites also increased as lactation progressed. Individuals used from one to four foraging sites. Ozark big-eared bats did not use habitats randomly; edge habitats of intermittent streams and mountain slopes were used more than expected based upon relative availability of habitats. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, MUSEUM CULTURAL & NAT HIST, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. NR 23 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 74 IS 2 BP 422 EP 427 DI 10.2307/1382398 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LD676 UT WOS:A1993LD67600019 ER PT J AU SCHOOLEY, RL VANHORNE, B BURNHAM, KP AF SCHOOLEY, RL VANHORNE, B BURNHAM, KP TI PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDERS FOR MARKING FREE-RANGING TOWNSEND GROUND-SQUIRRELS SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE SPERMOPHILUS; PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDERS; MARKING TECHNIQUE; TAG LOSS ID TAG AB We tested passive integrated transponders (PIT) as a technique for marking free-ranging Spermophilus townsendii individually and permanently. We marked 1,179 squirrels with PIT tags. No known mortalities were caused by PIT tagging, and we observed little incidence of infection at the implant site. Rates of PIT-tag loss probably were <0.05 within 1 year, with most tag loss happening shortly after tagging (less-than-or-equal-to 10 days). We detected no tag losses between 2 years. We conclude that PIT tagging should be considered as an alternative to ear tagging and toe clipping for marking small mammals. PIT tagging may especially benefit long-term demographic studies intended to estimate rates of annual survival. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLORADO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP SCHOOLEY, RL (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 11 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 6 U2 26 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 74 IS 2 BP 480 EP 484 DI 10.2307/1382406 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LD676 UT WOS:A1993LD67600027 ER PT J AU MECH, LD AF MECH, LD TI RESISTANCE OF YOUNG WOLF PUPS TO INCLEMENT WEATHER SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE CANIS-LUPUS; WOLF PUPS AB Three observations of young wolf (Canis lupus) pups in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, and two on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, indicate that pups <33 days of age are highly resistant to inclement weather, contrary to earlier conjecture. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 74 IS 2 BP 485 EP 486 DI 10.2307/1382407 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA LD676 UT WOS:A1993LD67600028 ER PT J AU GORDON, M HENRY, TW TREWORGY, JD AF GORDON, M HENRY, TW TREWORGY, JD TI LATE MISSISSIPPIAN PRODUCTOID BRACHIOPODS INFLATIA, KEOKUKIA, AND ADAIRIA, OZARK REGION OF OKLAHOMA AND ARKANSAS SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Specimens of the Late Mississippian productoid genera Inflatia and Keokukia from northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, collected from the Boone and ''Moorefield'' Formations, Hindsville Limestone, and Fayetteville Shale, display morphologic similarities and differences that delineate species and determine their biostratigraphic ranges. Generic assignments are based primarily on internal characters. Systematic descriptions include seven species of lnflatia Muir-Wood and Cooper: Productus inflatus McChesney (the type species), P. cherokeensis Drake, P. clydensis Girty (figured herein for the first time and for which a lectotype is designated), four new species of Inflatia (I. cooperi, I. gracilis, I. pusilla, and I.? succincta), and one species of Keokukia (the type species for the genus, K. sulcata Carter). Also proposed and described is a new genus, Adairia, with its type species Productus (Marginifera) adairensis Drake. All these species of Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia have biostratigraphically restricted ranges within the Meramecian and Chesterian sequence in the Ozark region. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. ILLINOIS GEOL SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. NR 85 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 67 IS 3 SU S BP 1 EP 29 PN 2 PG 29 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA LC201 UT WOS:A1993LC20100001 ER PT J AU KENNEDY, WJ COBBAN, WA AF KENNEDY, WJ COBBAN, WA TI AMMONITES FROM THE SARATOGA CHALK (UPPER CRETACEOUS), ARKANSAS SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Review ID FRANCE; ISRAEL AB The Saratoga Chalk of Arkansas yields a rich ammonite fauna of 17 species, referred to the Nostoceras (N.) hyatti zone. Recognition that the northwest European N. (N.) pozaryskii Blaszkiewicz, 1980, is a synonym of N. (N.) hyatti Stephenson, 1941, and N. (N.) helicinum (Shumard, 186 1) dates the zone as latest Campanian on the basis of co-occurrence with Belemnitella langei Jeletzky, 1948, in Poland. Most previous estimates of the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary in the Gulf Coast have been drawn at too low a level, at least in terms of ammonite faunas. Elements of the N. (N.) hyatti zone fauna occur in the United States Western Interior, and show the base of the Maastrichtian there to the above the Baculites jenseni zone. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. RP KENNEDY, WJ (reprint author), UNIV OXFORD MUSEUM,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. NR 135 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 67 IS 3 BP 404 EP 434 PG 31 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA LB687 UT WOS:A1993LB68700009 ER PT J AU HENRY, TW DUTRO, JT AF HENRY, TW DUTRO, JT TI GORDON,MACKENZIE - MEMORIAL SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Item About an Individual C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP HENRY, TW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 67 IS 3 BP 494 EP 496 PG 3 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA LB687 UT WOS:A1993LB68700014 ER PT J AU TRIBBLE, GW AF TRIBBLE, GW TI ORGANIC-MATTER OXIDATION AND ARAGONITE DIAGENESIS IN A CORAL-REEF SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENTS; CARBONATE SEDIMENTS; WATER; SEAWATER; FIELD; ALKALINITY; SOLUBILITY; CALCITE AB A combination of field and theoretical work is used to study controls on the saturation state of aragonite inside a coral-reef framework A closed-system ion-speciation model is used to evaluate the effect of organic-matter oxidation on the saturation state of aragonite. The aragonite saturation state initially drops below 1 but becomes oversaturated during sulfate reduction. The C:N ratio of the organic matter affects the degree of oversaturation, with N-poor organic material resulting in a system more corrosive to aragonite. Precipitation of sulfide as FeS strongly affects the aragonite saturation state, and systems with much FeS formation will have a stronger tendency to become oversaturated with respect to aragonite. Both precipitation and dissolution of aragonite are predicted at different stages of the organic reaction pathway if the model system is maintained at aragonite saturation. Field data from a coral-reef framework indicate that the system maintains itself at aragonite saturation, and model-predicted changes in dissolved calcium follow those observed in the interstitial waters of the reef. Aragonite probably acts as a solid-phase buffer in regulating the pH of interstitial waters. Because interstitial water in the reef has a short residence time, the observed equilibration suggests rapid kinetics. C1 UNIV HAWAII,DEPT OCEANOG,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP TRIBBLE, GW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,677 ALA MOANA BLVD,SUITE 415,HONOLULU,HI 96813, USA. NR 43 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 15 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD MAY PY 1993 VL 63 IS 3 BP 523 EP 527 PG 5 WC Geology SC Geology GA LC419 UT WOS:A1993LC41900016 ER PT J AU VOGEL, RM THOMAS, WO MCMAHON, TA AF VOGEL, RM THOMAS, WO MCMAHON, TA TI FLOOD-FLOW FREQUENCY MODEL SELECTION IN SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID GOODNESS-OF-FIT; DISTRIBUTIONS; COEFFICIENT AB Uniform flood frequency guidelines in the United States recommend the use of the log Pearson type 3 (LP3) distribution in flood frequency investigations. Many investigators have suggested alternate models such as the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution as an improvement over the LP3 distribution Using flood-flow data at 383 sites in the southwestern United States, we explore the suitability of various flood frequency models using L-moment diagrams. We also repeat the experiment performed in the original Water Resource Council report (Bulletin 17B, issued in 1982), which led to the LP3 mandate. All our evaluations consistently reveal that the LP3, GEV, and the two- and three-parameter lognormal models (LN2 and LN3) provide a good approximation to flood-flow data in this region. Other models such as the normal, Pearson, and Gumbel distributions are shown to perform poorly. Recent research indicates that regional index-flood procedures should be more accurate and more robust than the type of at-site procedures evaluated here. Nevertheless, this study reveals that index-flood procedures need not be restricted to the GEV distribution because the LN2, LN3, and LP3 distributions appear to be suitable alternatives, at least in the southwestern United States. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV MELBOURNE,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA. RP VOGEL, RM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,MEDFORD,MA 02155, USA. RI Vogel, Richard/A-8513-2008 OI Vogel, Richard/0000-0001-9759-0024 NR 28 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 119 IS 3 BP 353 EP 366 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1993)119:3(353) PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA KY267 UT WOS:A1993KY26700005 ER PT J AU JASSBY, AD CLOERN, JE POWELL, TM AF JASSBY, AD CLOERN, JE POWELL, TM TI ORGANIC-CARBON SOURCES AND SINKS IN SAN-FRANCISCO BAY - VARIABILITY INDUCED BY RIVER FLOW SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS; TEMPORAL DYNAMICS; SALT-MARSH; ESTUARY; CALIFORNIA; ECOSYSTEM; COMMUNITY; COLUMBIA; DIATOMS; FLUXES AB Sources and sinks of organic carbon for San Francisco Bay (California, USA) were estimated for 1980. Sources for the southern reach were dominated by phytoplankton and benthic microalgal production. River loading of organic matter was an additional important factor in the northern reach. Tidal marsh export and point sources played a secondary role. Autochthonous production in San Francisco Bay appears to be less than the mean for temperate-zone estuaries, primarily because turbidity limits microalgal production and the development of seagrass beds. Exchange between the Bay and Pacific Ocean plays an unknown but potentially important role in the organic carbon balance. Interannual variability in the organic carbon supply was assessed for Suisun Bay, a northern reach subembayment that provides habitat for important fish species (delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus and larval striped bass Morone saxatilus). The total supply fluctuated by an order of magnitude; depending on the year, either autochthonous sources (phytoplankton production) or allochthonous sources (riverine loading) could be dominant. The primary cause of the year-to-year change was variability of freshwater inflows from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and its magnitude was much larger than long-term changes arising from marsh destruction and point source decreases. Although interannual variability of the total organic carbon supply could not be assessed for the southern reach, year-to-year changes in phytoplankton production were much smaller than in Suisun Bay, reflecting a relative lack of river influence. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP JASSBY, AD (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DIV ENVIRONM STUDIES, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 82 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 95 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 54 DI 10.3354/meps095039 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA LE692 UT WOS:A1993LE69200006 ER PT J AU ORLOWSKI, LA GRUNDY, WD MIELKE, PW SCHUMM, SA AF ORLOWSKI, LA GRUNDY, WD MIELKE, PW SCHUMM, SA TI GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MULTIRESPONSE PERMUTATION PROCEDURES SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EUCLIDEAN ANALYSIS SPACE; MULTIVARIATE; NONPARAMETRIC; PERMUTATION TEST AB The multi-purpose permutation procedures (MRPP) test statistic is designed to analyze multivariate data at the ordinal or higher levels. It is based on the weighted averages of symmetric distance functions over all paired objects within a priori disjoint groups of objects from a finite population of objects where each object's response is a point in an r-dimensional space. Thus, the arguments of each r-dimensional point correspond to the r measured responses of each object in the finite population of objects. The null hypothesis underlying MRPP is that the observed sample of objects within groups of a specified size structure is randomly obtained from the pooled collection of objects comprising the finite population. The procedure is used to test the presumed geomorphic differences among three reaches of the Lower Mississippi River. A combination of the proposed reaches is favored and several variable-based reach configurations are proposed. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT EARTH RESOURCES,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP ORLOWSKI, LA (reprint author), NP&P GEOSTAT,316 S GRANT AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 25 IS 4 BP 483 EP 500 DI 10.1007/BF00894781 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA LD304 UT WOS:A1993LD30400005 ER PT J AU BATES, GT GIORGI, F HOSTETLER, SW AF BATES, GT GIORGI, F HOSTETLER, SW TI TOWARD THE SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE GREAT-LAKES ON REGIONAL CLIMATE SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NUMERICAL-MODEL; EVAPORATION; MICHIGAN; LAHONTAN; LEVEL AB This paper describes a set of numerical experiments aimed at evaluating the feasibility of applying a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Pennsylvania State University regional model (MM4) to regional climate simulation over the Great Lakes Basin. The objectives of this initial modeling investigation are 1) to examine whether the MM4 can capture the primary forcing exerted by the Great Lakes on the regional climate and 2) to evaluate what model resolution and configuration are needed to simulate such forcing. Simulations over the Great Lakes region are conducted with and without representation of the lakes at four model gridpoint resolutions ranging from 15 to 90 km. One experiment at 60-km resolution is discussed in which a one-dimensional thermal eddy diffusion model is interactively coupled to the MM4 to represent the lakes. Initial and lateral boundary conditions necessary to drive these simulations are provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses of observations. All simulations conducted are 10 days in length, from 22 December 1985 to 1 January 1986. When driven with data from ECMWF analyses of observations, the climate version of the MM4 reproduces the basic characteristics of the distribution of lake-effect precipitation over the Great Lakes Basin. Differences between simulations with and without the lakes represented indicate that the lakes accounted for approximately 25% of the precipitation over the basin during the 10-day period simulated. Over localized areas, identified as the major snowbelts downwind from the lakes, lake effects were responsible for 50%-70% of the precipitation. Basinwide precipitation did not vary greatly among the simulations with resolutions of 60, 30, and 15 km, although biases between model results and station observations did decrease slightly with increasing model resolution. Basinwide maximum and minimum temperature biases decreased more markedly with finer resolution. In the snowbelt regions downwind from the lakes, precipitation was underforecast at all four model resolutions, but precipitation generally increased with finer resolution. Differences between the results from the simulations at the three finest resolutions were greater over snowbelt regions than over the basin as a whole. A simulation was conducted with the MM4 coupled to a lake model in an interactive two-way nested configuration. The implementation of this coupling was accomplished in a straightforward manner, with no model tuning required, and added very little to the computation time needed for the MM4 system. This coupled modeling system was found to produce realistic distributions of lake surface temperatures, evaporation rates, and ice thicknesses across the lakes. In climate simulations where the MM4 is nested in a general circulation model (GCM), we believe that the use of this coupled modeling system is preferable to specifying lake parameters by interpolation from GCM output. The next step in this work is to conduct a simulation of at least one annual cycle over the region to more fully test the coupled MM4-lake model system. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, BOULDER, CO USA. RP NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RI Giorgi, Filippo/C-3169-2013 NR 33 TC 68 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 121 IS 5 BP 1373 EP 1387 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA LA327 UT WOS:A1993LA32700008 ER PT J AU ISAACS, FB GOGGANS, R ANTHONY, RG BRYAN, T AF ISAACS, FB GOGGANS, R ANTHONY, RG BRYAN, T TI HABITS OF BALD EAGLES WINTERING ALONG THE CROOKED RIVER, OREGON SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were observed in the upper Crooked River drainage in central Oregon from January to April, 1986 and 1987 to locate roosts and to describe roosting habitat, eagle abundance, and foraging behavior. The number of eagles peaked at almost-equal-to 115 during the weeks of 10 March 1986 and 2 March 1987. Large mammal carcasses (deer and cattle) were the primary food source for eagles during January and February. Ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.) were important food during March and April. Twelve communal night roosts were generally in the largest trees in the vicinity of feeding areas and were isolated from human activities. All roost trees but one cottonwood (Populus deltoides) were conifers and were the dominant, open-structured individuals in forest stands. Results indicate that: 1) substantially more bald eagles (100+) utilize eastern Oregon in winter than was previously thought, 2) use of large mammal carrion by bald eagles can be enhanced by not placing carcasses in pits, opening intact carcasses to expose flesh and viscera, and placing carcasses at least 250 m from human activities, and 3) large (63-152 em diameter at breast height) coniferous trees that are near feeding areas and isolated from human activities are chosen for communal night roosting. Management of bald eagle roosting habitat should include maintenance of stands of large coniferous roost trees, planting of deciduous trees with horizontal limb structure (e.g., cottonwood) near feeding areas, and protection of riparian zones from livestock grazing. RP ISAACS, FB (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 67 IS 2 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LE905 UT WOS:A1993LE90500001 ER PT J AU MICHAEL, GE ANDERS, DE LAW, BE AF MICHAEL, GE ANDERS, DE LAW, BE TI GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF UPPER CRETACEOUS FRUITLAND FORMATION COALS, SAN-JUAN-BASIN, NEW-MEXICO AND COLORADO SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PYROLYSIS; COAL MATURATION; BIOMARKERS; METHYLPHENANTHRENE INDEX; SAN-JUAN-BASIN; COAL SOURCE ROCK; EXPULSION ID SOLUBLE ORGANIC-MATTER; ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS; 4 CORNERS AREA; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MATURITY PARAMETERS; CRUDE OILS; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; ARTIFICIAL MATURATION; STEROID HYDROCARBONS; MOLECULAR-PARAMETERS AB Geochemical analyses of coal samples from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado were used to determine thermal maturity, type of kerogen, and hydrocarbon generation potential. Mean random vitrinite reflectance (%R(m)) of the Fruitland coal ranges from 0.42 to 1.54%. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and saturated to aromatic hydrocarbon ratio indicate that the onset of thermal hydrocarbon generation begins at about 0.60% R(m) and peak generation occurs at about 0.85% R(m). Several samples have hydrogen index values between 200 and 400, indicating some potential for liquid hydrocarbon generation and a mixed Type III and II kerogen. Pentacyclic and tricyclic terpanes. steranes, aromatic steroids and methylphenanthrene maturity parameters were observed through the complete range of thermal maturity in the Fruitland coals. Aromatic pentacyclic terpanes, similar to those found in brown coals of Australia, were observed in low maturity samples. but not found above 0.80% R(m). N-alkane depleted coal samples, which occur at a thermal maturity of approx. 0.90% R(m), paralleling peak hydrocarbon generation. are fairly widespread throughout the basin. Depletion of n-alkanes in these samples may be due to gas solution stripping and migration from the coal seams coincident with the development of pressure induced fracturing due to hydrocarbon generation: however, biodegradation may also effect these samples. C1 USGS,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP MICHAEL, GE (reprint author), CONOCO INC,POB 1267,PONCA CITY,OK 74603, USA. NR 110 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 20 IS 4 BP 475 EP 498 DI 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90094-R PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LC839 UT WOS:A1993LC83900004 ER PT J AU HAMILTON, TD ASHLEY, GM REED, KM SCHWEGER, CE AF HAMILTON, TD ASHLEY, GM REED, KM SCHWEGER, CE TI LATE PLEISTOCENE VERTEBRATES AND OTHER FOSSILS FROM EPIGURUK, NORTHWESTERN ALASKA SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN YUKON C1 RUTGERS UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. WASHINGTON DIV GEOL & EARTH RESOURCES,OLYMPIA,WA 98504. UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT ANTHROPOL,EDMONTON T6G 2E3,ALBERTA,CANADA. RP HAMILTON, TD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4200 UNIV DR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 39 IS 3 BP 381 EP 389 DI 10.1006/qres.1993.1045 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA LA952 UT WOS:A1993LA95200013 ER PT J AU LANDA, ER DISANTIS, DJ AF LANDA, ER DISANTIS, DJ TI A BRIEF-HISTORY OF RADIOACTIVE GLASSWARE SO RADIOGRAPHICS LA English DT Note DE RADIOLOGY AND RADIOLOGISTS, HISTORY C1 EASTERN VIRGINIA GRAD SCH MED,DEPT RADIOL,NORFOLK,VA. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. DEPAUL MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,NORFOLK,VA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU RADIOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PI EASTON PA 20TH AND NORTHAMPTON STS, EASTON, PA 18042 SN 0271-5333 J9 RADIOGRAPHICS JI Radiographics PD MAY PY 1993 VL 13 IS 3 BP 697 EP 699 PG 3 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA LC124 UT WOS:A1993LC12400023 PM 8316677 ER PT J AU WILLIAMSON, SC BARTHOLOW, JM STALNAKER, CB AF WILLIAMSON, SC BARTHOLOW, JM STALNAKER, CB TI CONCEPTUAL-MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING PRE-SMOLT PRODUCTION FROM FLOW-DEPENDENT PHYSICAL HABITAT AND WATER TEMPERATURE SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE CONCEPTUAL MODELS; PHYSICAL HABITATS; PRE-SMOLT PRODUCTION; COLD WATER STREAMS; REGULATED RESERVOIRS AB A conceptual model has been developed to test river regulation concepts by linking physical habitat and water temperature with salmonid population and production in cold water streams. Work is in progress to examine numerous questions as part of flow evaluation and habitat restoration programmes in the Trinity River of California and elsewhere. For instance, how much change in pre-smolt chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) production in the Trinity River would result from a different annual instream allocation (i.e. up or down from 271 x 10(6) m3 released in the late 1980s) and how much change in pre-smolt production would result from a different release pattern (i.e. different from the 8.5 m3 s-1 year-round release). The conceptual model is being used to: design, integrate and improve young-of-year population data collection efforts; test hypotheses that physical habitat significantly influences movement, growth and mortality of salmonid fishes; and analyse the relative severity of limiting factors during each life stage. The conceptual model, in conjunction with previously developed tools in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, should provide the means to more effectively manage a fishery resource below a regulated reservoir and to provide positive feedback to planning of annual reservoir operations. RP WILLIAMSON, SC (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 28 DI 10.1002/rrr.3450080106 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA LD191 UT WOS:A1993LD19100003 ER PT J AU LAYZER, JB GORDON, ME ANDERSON, RM AF LAYZER, JB GORDON, ME ANDERSON, RM TI MUSSELS - THE FORGOTTEN FAUNA OF REGULATED RIVERS - A CASE-STUDY OF THE CANEY FORK RIVER SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE MUSSELS; DAM CONSTRUCTION; LIFE HISTORY REQUIREMENTS AB During the past century freshwater mussel populations have declined precipitously throughout North America. Much of this loss has resulted from the construction of dams. In the Cumberland River system, 23% (22 species) of the historic mussel fauna is extinct or listed as endangered. Several additional species have either been extirpated from the Cumberland River or exist only in small, non-reproducing populations. Mussels of headwater streams have been severely affected by coal mining and poor land use practices. An intensive survey was conducted in the Caney Fork River, a major tributary to the Cumberland River, to determine the historic and extant mussel fauna. The results indicate that at least 37 species of mussels have been extirpated from the Caney Fork River, mainly as a result of the construction and operation of the Center Hill Dam. Among the species extirpated, two are now extinct, five are endangered and five are candidates for listing as threatened or endangered. Effects associated with this dam include the inundation of 102 km of riverine habitat, the discharge of hypolimnetic water (which limits mussel reproduction) and an alternating pattern of stream bed scouring and dewatering. The recognition of mussel life history requirements during preconstruction could have reduced many of these effects. RP LAYZER, JB (reprint author), TENNESSEE TECHNOL UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,TENNESSEE COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,COOKEVILLE,TN 38505, USA. NR 0 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 71 DI 10.1002/rrr.3450080110 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA LD191 UT WOS:A1993LD19100007 ER PT J AU CROWLEY, JK AF CROWLEY, JK TI MAPPING PLAYA EVAPORITE MINERALS WITH AVIRIS DATA - A 1ST REPORT FROM DEATH-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article AB Efflorescent salt crusts in Death Valley, California, were mapped by using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data and a recently developed least-squares spectral band-fitting algorithm. Eight different saline minerals were remotely identified, including three borates, hydroboracite, pinnoite, and rivadavite, that have not been previously reported from the Death Valley efflorescent crusts. The three borates are locally important phases in the crusts, and at least one Of the minerals, rivadavite, appears to be forming directly from brine. Borates and other evaporite minerals provide a basis for making remote chemical measurements of desert hydrologic systems. For example, in the Eagle Borax Spring area, the AVIRIS mineral maps pointed to elevated magnesium and boron levels in the ground waters, and to the action of chemical divides causing subsurface fractionation of calcium. Many other chemical aspects of playa brines should have an expression in the associated evaporite assemblages. Certain anhydrous evaporites, including anhydrite, glauberite, and thenardite, lack absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range, and crusts composed of these minerals could not be characterized by using AVIRIS. In these situations, thermal-infrared remote sensing data may complement visible and near-infrared data for mapping evaporites. Another problem occurred in wet areas of Death Valley, where water absorption caused low signal levels in the 2.0-2.5 mum wavelength region that obscured any spectral features of evaporite minerals. Despite these difficulties, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for using AVIRIS and other imaging spectrometer data to study playa chemistry. Such data can be useful for understanding chemical linkages between evaporites and ground waters, and will facilitate studies of how desert ground-water regimes change through time in response to climatic and other variables. RP CROWLEY, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 927,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 24 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 44 IS 2-3 BP 337 EP 356 DI 10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA LB118 UT WOS:A1993LB11800015 ER PT J AU NORMARK, WR POSAMENTIER, H MUTTI, E AF NORMARK, WR POSAMENTIER, H MUTTI, E TI TURBIDITE SYSTEMS - STATE-OF-THE-ART AND FUTURE-DIRECTIONS SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DEEP-SEA FAN; ANCIENT SUBMARINE FANS; MISSISSIPPI FAN; DISTRIBUTARY CHANNELS; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; GROWTH-PATTERN; FACIES; LOBES; STRATIGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTS AB The study of turbidite systems covering a wide range of physical scales has led to confusion regarding the use of certain key terms and hence a breakdown in communication between workers involved in turbidite research. There are three fundamentally different scales and types of observations derived from the study of outcrop data (ancient systems), high-resolution seismic reflection and side scan sonar data (modern systems), and multichannel seismic reflection data (modern and older buried systems). Despite the variability of scale the same terms are used to describe features that may have little in common. Consequently, turbidite system terminology has become imprecise and even misleading in some cases, thus providing impediments to developing useful predictive models for processes, depositional environments, and lateral and vertical distribution of sand bodies within turbidite systems. To address this concern, we review the principal elements critical to deepwater systems: slump scars, submarine canyons, channels, channel fill deposits, overbank deposits, and lobes and discuss some of their recognition criteria with each different type of data base. Local and regional tectonic setting, relative sea level variations, and bottom current activity are probably the main factors that control size, external geometry, internal stratal configuration, and facies characteristics of both modern and ancient turbidite systems. These factors ultimately control the timing and bounding characteristics between stages of growth of deepwater systems. if comparison of elements from different turbidite deposits using various data types is carried out at similar physical and temporal scales, predictive models eventually may be improved. C1 UNIV PARMA,IST GEOL,I-43100 PARMA,ITALY. ARCO EXPLORAT & PROD TECHNOL,PLANO,TX 75075. RP NORMARK, WR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 99 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 91 EP 116 DI 10.1029/93RG02832 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LN628 UT WOS:A1993LN62800001 ER PT J AU PARK, SK JOHNSTON, MJS MADDEN, TR MORGAN, FD MORRISON, HF AF PARK, SK JOHNSTON, MJS MADDEN, TR MORGAN, FD MORRISON, HF TI ELECTROMAGNETIC PRECURSORS TO EARTHQUAKES IN THE ULF BAND - A REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS AND MECHANISMS SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID EARTH PRECEDING EARTHQUAKES; ELECTRIC-FIELD; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; LOMA-PRIETA; STRAIN ACCUMULATION; OCTOBER 18; CALIFORNIA; RESISTIVITY; ROCKS; PARKFIELD AB Despite over 2 decades of international and national monitoring of electrical signals with the hope of detecting precursors to earthquakes, the scientific community is no closer to understanding why precursors are observed only in some cases. Laboratory measurements have demonstrated conclusively that self potentials develop owing to fluid flow and that both resistivity and magnetization change when rocks are stressed. However, field experiments have had much less success. Many purported observations of low-frequency electrical precursors are much larger than expectations based on laboratory results. In some cases, no precursors occurred prior to earthquakes, or precursory signals were reported with no corresponding coseismic signals. Nonetheless, the field experiments are in approximate agreement with laboratory measurements. Maximum resistivity changes of a few percent have been observed prior to some earthquakes in China, but the mechanism causing those changes is still unknown. Anomalous electric and magnetic fields associated with fluid flow prior to earthquakes may have been observed. Finally, piezomagnetic signals associated with stress release in earthquakes have been documented in measurements of magnetic fields. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT ENGN GEOSCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST, DEPT GEOPHYS, COLL STN, TX 77843 USA. RP PARK, SK (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA. NR 99 TC 166 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 EI 1944-9208 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 117 EP 132 DI 10.1029/93RG00820 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LN628 UT WOS:A1993LN62800002 ER PT J AU KVENVOLDEN, KA AF KVENVOLDEN, KA TI GAS HYDRATES - GEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE AND GLOBAL CHANGE SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DRILLING PROJECT LEG-84; MIDDLE AMERICA TRENCH; BOTTOM-SIMULATING REFLECTORS; BLAKE OUTER RIDGE; METHANE HYDRATE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS; INTERSTITIAL WATER; ENERGY RESOURCE; SEA-FLOOR; SLOPE AB Natural gas hydrates occur worldwide in polar regions, normally associated with onshore and offshore permafrost, and in sediment of outer continental and insular margins. The total amount of methane in gas hydrates likely exceeds 10(19) g of methane carbon. Three aspects of gas hydrates are important: their fossil fuel resource potential, their role as a submarine geohazard, and their effects on global climate change. Because gas hydrates represent a large amount of methane within 2000 m of the Earth's surface, they are considered to be an unconventional, unproven source of fossil fuel. Because gas hydrates are metastable, changes of pressure and temperature affect their stability. Destabilized gas hydrates beneath the seafloor lead to geologic hazards such as submarine slumps and slides, examples of which are found worldwide. Destabilized gas hydrates may also affect climate through the release of methane, a ''greenhouse'' gas, which may enhance global warming and be a factor in global climate change. RP KVENVOLDEN, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 69 TC 639 Z9 732 U1 22 U2 253 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 173 EP 187 DI 10.1029/93RG00268 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LN628 UT WOS:A1993LN62800005 ER PT J AU VERMEUL, VR ISTOK, JD FLINT, AL PIKUL, JL AF VERMEUL, VR ISTOK, JD FLINT, AL PIKUL, JL TI AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING SOIL MACROPOROSITY SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 57TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOIL SCIENCE SOC OF AMERICA CY NOV 07-12, 1993 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER AB Quantitative information on macroporosity is needed to predict water flow and solute transport in field soils. A method was developed for determining the number, shape, and size distribution of soil macropores. Horizontal serial sections sawed from paraffin-impregnated soil cores were photographed under ultraviolet (UV) light. Anthracene, mixed with the paraffin, fluoresces a bright bluish white under UV light and provides a sharp contrast between the soil matrix and the paraffin-filled pore space. Section photographs were converted to 256 level, grey-scale digital images using a flat-bed scanner. Image processing was used to classify each pixel in a digital image as pore space or soil matrix, to group the pore space pixels into pores, and to measure the area and perimeter of each pore. The method was able to measure pores with an equivalent radius greater-than-or-equal-to 85 mum. Macroporosity in soil cores sampled form a tillage path and from an adjacent, undisturbed (no-till) region was quantified. Tillage sections contained, on the average, 9.4 macropores/cm2 with an equivalent macroporosity of 8%, while no-till sections contained 0.8 macropores/cm2 with an equivalent macroporosity of 0.3%. Computed intrinsic permeabilities for tillage sections that included macropore information were significantly larger than values computed using micropore information alone, suggesting that macropores must be included in permeability calculations when the number of macropores is large. The developed method should be useful for quantifying macroporosity in nonskeletal soils. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, DEPT GEOSCI, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US GEOL SCI, MERCURY, NV 89023 USA. USDA ARS, NO PLAINS SOIL & WATER RES CTR, SIDNEY, MT 59270 USA. RP ISTOK, JD (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 57 IS 3 BP 809 EP 816 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA LJ977 UT WOS:A1993LJ97700030 ER PT J AU HAIGHT, WR PARRISH, JD HAYES, TA AF HAIGHT, WR PARRISH, JD HAYES, TA TI FEEDING ECOLOGY OF DEEP-WATER LUTJANID SNAPPERS AT PENGUIN BANK, HAWAII SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DEEP-SEA; COMMUNITIES; FISHERIES; FISH AB Deepwater snappers are a valuable component of fisheries on slopes and banks in Hawaii and in much of the world's tropics. Their ecology and trophic relationships in these deepwater habitats are poorly known. Line fishing in this study simultaneously collected six of the seven lutjanid species that commonly occur in the major deepwater snapper fishery at Penguin Bank, Hawaii. The catch rate of each species showed diel variability; the patterns of some species were distinctly different. The depth distribution of feeding, as indicated by depth of capture, differed considerably among species; all species were taken within several meters of the bottom. Size (fork length) of the predator species did not appear to be stratified by time of capture (daylight versus darkness) or median capture depth. Regurgitation of gut contents seemed to be reduced when fish were retrieved at a rate that was slower than used in commercial practice but rapid enough to prevent death or morbidity while hooked. The food remaining in line-caught specimens appeared to be representative of what was originally eaten. The six snapper species ate considerable amounts of a wide range of pelagic animals and demersal fishes and much smaller quantities of a few invertebrate benthic groups. Etelis coruscans, Etelis carbunculus, and Aprion virescens formed a distinct, primarily piscivorous feeding guild. Pristipomoides filamentosus and Pristipomoides sieboldii formed a distinct guild dominated by zooplankton feeding. The few specimens of Pristipomoides zonatus appeared somewhat intermediate in diet. Important planktonic prey groups included crustaceans, pteropods, and large, pelagic, colonial urochordates (e.g., salps). Urochordates made a significant contribution to the diet even for some of the primarily piscivorous species. Major diel and seasonal shifts in diet were found only in P. filamentosus; they involved the relative proportions of fish, and especially of the major planktonic groups. Our information on diet composition and depth and time of feeding (catch) suggests that considerable resource partitioning occurs among these deepwater snappers. C1 UNIV HAWAII,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,HAWAII COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP HAIGHT, WR (reprint author), NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SW FISHERIES SCI CTR,HONOLULU LAB,2570 DOLE ST,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 61 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 122 IS 3 BP 328 EP 347 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0328:FEODLS>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LR876 UT WOS:A1993LR87600003 ER PT J AU SAVINO, JF HENRY, MG KINCAID, HL AF SAVINO, JF HENRY, MG KINCAID, HL TI FACTORS AFFECTING FEEDING-BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE LAKE TROUT IN THE GREAT-LAKES SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH STOCKS; MICROPTERUS-SALMOIDES; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; LARGEMOUTH BASS; PREY; EXPERIENCE; PREDATION; ONTARIO; FISHES AB We explored the importance of experience with feeding on live prey, of cataracts, of strain, and of maternally transferred contaminants for the feeding rate and predator avoidance behavior of young lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. Hatchery-reared and feral juvenile lake trout were tested separately as predators on lake trout fry in tanks with artificial cobble reefs. Feral fish captured more prey per day and more prey per strike than did hatchery lake trout. The predatory performance of hatchery and feral fish did not improve significantly with experience. Feeding rates did not differ between lake trout with unilateral cataracts and normal-eyed fish, but significantly diminished for lake trout with bilateral cataracts. Neither strain nor contaminant background affected the ability of fry to feed or to avoid predators. Of the factors studied, previous experience with live food under natural conditions (i.e., the experience of feral fish) was the most important factor affecting feeding behavior of young lake trout. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,WELLSBORO,PA 16901. RP SAVINO, JF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 122 IS 3 BP 366 EP 377 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0366:FAFBAS>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LR876 UT WOS:A1993LR87600006 ER PT J AU MASON, WT CLUGSTON, JP AF MASON, WT CLUGSTON, JP TI FOODS OF THE GULF STURGEON IN THE SUWANNEE RIVER, FLORIDA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-OXYRHYNCHUS-DESOTOI; STRIPED BASS AB Soft-bodied annelids, arthropods, and occasionally globular molluscs were primary foods of the threatened Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi collected from the mouth upriver to kilometer 221 of the Suwannee River, Florida, in 1988-1990. In spring, large subadults and adults that immigrated from the estuary had fed primarily on lancelets, brachiopods, amphipods and other crustaceans, polychaetes, and gastropods. Small Gulf sturgeons that remained near the mouth of the river during spring fed on epibenthic and hyperbenthic amphipods and grass shrimp and on isopods, oligochaetes, polychaetes, and chironomid and ceratopogonid larvae found in the intertidal zone. Subadults of more than 5 kg and adults in the freshwater middle river reaches between km 55 and 221 essentially fasted during the summer and fall. Gulf sturgeons in the Suwannee River were indifferent to abundant potential freshwater foods and apparently had stored sufficient nutrient reserves while in the estuary. A presumably young-of-year or year-old Gulf sturgeon captured in summer at the most upriver site (km 221) had fed on aquatic insects and oligochaetes. Most Gulf sturgeons of all sizes had ingested detritus OT biofilm. RP MASON, WT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,7920 NW 71ST ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32606, USA. NR 19 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 122 IS 3 BP 378 EP 385 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0378:FOTGSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LR876 UT WOS:A1993LR87600007 ER PT J AU KEENLYNE, KD JENKINS, LG AF KEENLYNE, KD JENKINS, LG TI AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE PALLID STURGEON SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Note AB Age at sexual maturity has not been described previously for the pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, an endangered species. Age and reproductive development data were obtained for five male and nine female pallid sturgeons collected from 1983 to 1991. Spawning bands were observed in pectoral fin ray sections of age-25 and age-41 females. Males reached sexual maturity at ages 5-7. Females began egg development at ages 9-12 and first spawned at age 15. Eight of the specimens we examined were collected from the head-waters of the Atchafalaya River, where pallid sturgeons had not been previously reported. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PANAMA CITY,FL 32405. RP KEENLYNE, KD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,420 S GARFIELD AVE,SUITE 400,PIERRE,SD 57501, USA. NR 14 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 122 IS 3 BP 393 EP 396 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0393:AASMOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LR876 UT WOS:A1993LR87600010 ER PT J AU MADENJIAN, CP CARPENTER, SR AF MADENJIAN, CP CARPENTER, SR TI SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TIME AND SIZE AT STOCKING ON PCB ACCUMULATION IN LAKE TROUT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MICHIGAN; MODEL; GROWTH; DIET AB Manipulations of size at stocking and timing of stocking have already been used to improve survival of stocked salmonines in the Great Lakes. It should be possible to stock salmonines into the Great Lakes in a way that reduces the rate of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in these fishes. An individual-based model (IBM) was used to investigate the effects of size at stocking and timing of stocking on PCB accumulation by lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Michigan. The individual-based feature of the model allowed lake trout individuals to encounter prey fish individuals and then consume sufficiently small prey fish. The IBM accurately accounted for the variation in PCB concentrations observed within the Lake Michigan lake trout population. Results of the IBM simulations revealed that increasing the average size at stocking from 110 to 160 mm total length led to an increase in the average PCB concentration in the stocked cohort at age 5, after the fish had spent 4 years in the lake, from 2.33 to 2.65 mg/kg; the percentage of lake trout in the cohort at the end of the simulated time period with PCB concentration of 2 mg/kg or more increased from 62% to 79%. Thus. PCB contamination was reduced when the simulated size at stocking was smallest. An overall stocking strategy for lake trout into Lake Michigan should weigh this advantage regarding PCB contamination against the poor survival of lake trout that may occur if the trout are stocked at too small a size. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LIMNOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP MADENJIAN, CP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,SANDUSKY BIOL STN,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 122 IS 3 BP 492 EP 499 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0492:SOTEOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LR876 UT WOS:A1993LR87600018 ER PT J AU HINAMAN, KC AF HINAMAN, KC TI USE OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEM TO ASSEMBLE INPUT-DATA SETS FOR A FINITE-DIFFERENCE MODEL OF GROUNDWATER-FLOW SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE GIS; GROUND WATER; PIEDMONT; MARYLAND; MOD-FLOW AB A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to expedite assembly of input-data sets for a model of ground-water flow in the Middle Patuxent River basin in Howard County, Maryland. The model grid was developed with GIS and used to select attributes from GIS data coverages. These attributes were then output from GIS into the input-data sets, which included model boundaries, regolith thickness, bedrock-surface altitude, stream locations, stream length, stream-bottom altitude, and transmissivity. The ability to change large sets of spatial data quickly and accurately with GIS enhances the model-calibration process. RP HINAMAN, KC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,208 CARROLL BLDG,8600 LASALLE RD,TOWSON,MD 21286, USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 3 BP 401 EP 405 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MC629 UT WOS:A1993MC62900006 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, JG PARKER, M TEMPLIN, W REYNOLDS, RR AF THOMPSON, JG PARKER, M TEMPLIN, W REYNOLDS, RR TI A REVIEW OF APPLICATION ISSUES OF THE METROPOLITAN WATER-DISTRICT MAIN-WATER FORECASTING SYSTEM SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE MWD-MAIN; WATER FORECASTING SYSTEMS; WATER USE; WATER DEMAND; SALINAS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA AB This paper reviews the processes that occurred during an application of the Metropolitan Water District (MWD)-MAIN water use forecasting system for the City of Salinas, California. The review includes an analysis of sources of available data, methods for estimating input data, calibration, and verification of the MWD-MAIN System, and an evaluation of the reliability of system output. We found that inexperienced users can have difficulty understanding the level of skill, knowledge, and amount of data that are required to produce reliable forecasts. Some of the issues associated with application of the MWD-MAIN System include the following: All input data needed for accurate forecasts simply are not available for many cities and towns. The data requirements are more extensive than many users anticipate. Substantial requirements for manipulation of input data produces opportunity for error that creates major time demands in troubleshooting. Calibration and verification for specific uses can be substantially more difficult than is readily apparent from the guidance manual. Independent validity checks need to be done to validate system output. If specified calibrating procedures do not produce reasonable results, reestimating slope coefficients is an option, but this requires resources and expertise that can easily exceed the limits of most users. These are problems typical of most complex models. Reviews such as this can help users to appreciate the level of data required, and to use the MWD-MAIN System in a more effective and efficient C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,WRD,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825. RP THOMPSON, JG (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT GEOG & RECREAT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 3 BP 425 EP 433 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MC629 UT WOS:A1993MC62900009 ER PT J AU BAKER, NT AF BAKER, NT TI UTILIZATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY THE PRIMARY AQUIFER PROVIDING GROUND-WATER TO INDIVIDUAL WELLS IN EASTERN ARKANSAS SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE ARKANSAS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; GROUND WATER; AQUIFER AB A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to develop an automated procedure for identifying the primary aquifers supplying ground water to individual wells in eastern, Arkansas. As mandated by state law, water-use data are reported by ground-water withdrawers annually to the Arkansas Soil) and Water Conservation Commission, and stored in the Arkansas Site-Specific Water-Use Data System provided and supported by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although most withdrawers are able to provide the amount of water withdrawn and the depth of their wells, very few are able to provide the name of the aquifer from which they withdraw water. GIS software was used to develop an automated procedure for identifying the primary aquifers supplying ground water to individual wells in eastern Arkansas. The software was used to generate a spatial representation of the bottom boundary for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (the shallowest aquifer) in eastern Arkansas from well log-data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. The software was then used to determine the depth of the aquifer bottom at reported well locations to ascertain whether the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer or a deeper aquifer was the primary aquifer providing water to each well. The alluvial aquifer was identified as the primary aquifer for about 23,500 wells. RP BAKER, NT (reprint author), US GEOL,DIV SURVEY WATER RESOURCES,5957 LAKESIDE BLVD,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46278, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 3 BP 445 EP 448 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MC629 UT WOS:A1993MC62900011 ER PT J AU WOLOCK, DM MCCABE, GJ TASKER, GD MOSS, ME AF WOLOCK, DM MCCABE, GJ TASKER, GD MOSS, ME TI EFFECTS OF CLIMATE-CHANGE ON WATER-RESOURCES IN THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE CLIMATE CHANGE; WATER RESOURCES; CARBON DIOXIDE; SEA-LEVEL RISE; WATER-BALANCE MODEL; BASIN-OPERATIONS MODEL AB The effects of potential climate change on water resources in the Delaware River basin were determined. The study focused on two important water-resource components in the basin: (1) storage in the reservoirs that supply New York City, and (2) the position of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary. Current reservoir operating procedures provide for releases from the New York City reservoirs to maintain the position of the salt front in the estuary downstream from freshwater intakes and ground-water recharge zones in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. A hydrologic model of the basin was developed to simulate changes in New York City reservoir storage and the position of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary given changes in temperature and precipitation. Results of simulations indicated that storage depletion in the New York City reservoirs is a more likely effect of changes in temperature and precipitation than is the upstream movement of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary. In contrast, the results indicated that a rise in sea level would have a greater effect on movement of the salt front than on storage in the New York City reservoirs. The model simulations also projected that, by decreasing current mandated reservoir releases, a balance can be reached wherein the negative effects of climate change on storage in the New York City reservoirs and the position of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary are minimized. Finally, the results indicated that natural variability in climate is of such magnitude that its effects on water resources could overwhelm the effects of long-term trends in precipitation and temperature. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TUCSON,AZ 85701. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP WOLOCK, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4821 QUAIL CREST PL,LAWRENCE,KS 66049, USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAY-JUN PY 1993 VL 29 IS 3 BP 475 EP 486 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA MC629 UT WOS:A1993MC62900014 ER PT J AU STANNARD, DI AF STANNARD, DI TI COMPARISON OF PENMAN-MONTEITH, SHUTTLEWORTH-WALLACE, AND MODIFIED PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MODELS FOR WILDLAND VEGETATION IN SEMIARID RANGELAND SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR TRANSFER; STOMATAL RESPONSE; PINE FOREST; EVAPORATION; SURFACES; HEAT; CONDUCTANCE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ADVECTION; MOMENTUM AB Eddy correlation measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are used with measurements of net radiation, soil heat flux, and other micrometeorological variables to develop the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for use in a sparsely vegetated, semiarid rangeland. The Penman-Monteith model, a one-component model designed for use with dense crops, is not sufficiently accurate (r2 = 0.56 for hourly data and r2 = 0. 60 for daily data). The Shuttleworth-Wallace model, a two-component logical extension of the Penman-Monteith model for use with sparse crops, performs significantly better (r2 = 0. 7 8 for hourly data and r2 = 0. 85 for daily data). The modified Priestley-Taylor model, a one-component simplified form of the Penman potential evapotranspiration model, surprisingly performs as well as the Shuttleworth-Wallace model. The rigorous Shuttleworth-Wallace model predicts that about one quarter of the vapor flux to the atmosphere is from bare-soil evaporation. Further, during daylight hours, the small leaves are sinks for sensible heat produced at the hot soil surface. RP STANNARD, DI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, POB 25046, MS 413, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 55 TC 130 Z9 150 U1 3 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1993 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1379 EP 1392 DI 10.1029/93WR00333 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA LB573 UT WOS:A1993LB57300004 ER PT J AU MCALLISTER, PE SCHILL, WB OWENS, WJ HODGE, DL AF MCALLISTER, PE SCHILL, WB OWENS, WJ HODGE, DL TI DETERMINING THE PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS IN ASYMPTOMATIC BROOK TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS - A STUDY OF CLINICAL-SAMPLES AND PROCESSING METHODS SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article ID COMPONENTS AB Fluid and tissue specimens taken from brook trout by destructive and nondestructive methods were processed several ways to determine the suitability of the samples and the sensitivity and efficiency of the processing methods for determining the prevalence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). For detecting viral infectivity, the cell fraction of ovarian fluid, kidney + spleen samples, and pyloric caeca samples were essentially indistinguishable and gave the highest level of sensitivity with the supernatant fraction of ovarian fluid being the next highest. The white blood cell fraction was variable in delineating virus carriers, and virus titers of white cell fractions were several log10 less than ovarian fluid or tissues. The plasma fraction was not suitable for detecting IPNV. The choice of clinical sample and processing method affected detection of viral infectivity. Ovarian fluid samples had a tendency to show autointerference and inherent inhibition of viral infectivity, but little toxicity. Samples of kidney + spleen showed higher inherent inhibition and toxicity, but little autointerference. Samples of pyloric caeca showed the highest degree of toxicity, but little autointerference or inhibition of infectivity. RP MCALLISTER, PE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,BOX 700,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 29 PY 1993 VL 15 IS 3 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.3354/dao015157 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA LL441 UT WOS:A1993LL44100001 ER PT J AU JENKINS, JA OURTH, DD AF JENKINS, JA OURTH, DD TI ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY OF CHANNEL CATFISH, ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SE FISH CULTURAL LAB,MARION,AL 36756. MEMPHIS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD APR 15 PY 1993 VL 150 IS 8 BP A226 EP A226 PN 2 PG 1 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA KX956 UT WOS:A1993KX95601306 ER PT J AU LUDWIG, KR SIMMONS, KR WINOGRAD, IJ SZABO, BJ LANDWEHR, JM RIGGS, AC AF LUDWIG, KR SIMMONS, KR WINOGRAD, IJ SZABO, BJ LANDWEHR, JM RIGGS, AC TI LAST INTERGLACIAL IN DEVILS HOLE - REPLY SO NATURE LA English DT Letter RP LUDWIG, KR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 15 PY 1993 VL 362 IS 6421 BP 596 EP 596 DI 10.1038/362596b0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA KX438 UT WOS:A1993KX43800035 ER PT J AU MARONE, C KILGORE, B AF MARONE, C KILGORE, B TI SCALING OF THE CRITICAL SLIP DISTANCE FOR SEISMIC FAULTING WITH SHEAR STRAIN IN FAULT ZONES SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GOUGE; INSTABILITY; FRICTION; VELOCITY; BEHAVIOR AB THEORETICAL and experimentally based laws for seismic faulting contain a critical slip distance1-5, D(c), which is the slip over which strength breaks down during earthquake nucleation. On an earthquake-generating fault, this distance plays a key role in determining the rupture nucleation dimension6, the amount of premonitory and post-seismic slip7-10, and the maximum seismic ground acceleration1,11. In laboratory friction experiments, D(c) has been related to the size of surface contact junctions2,5,12; thus,the discrepancy between laboratory measurements of D(c) (approximately 10(-5) m) and values obtained from modelling earthquakes (approximately 10(-2) m) has been attributed to differences in roughness between laboratory surfaces and natural faults5. This interpretation predicts a dependence of D(c) on the particle size of fault gouge2 (breccia and wear material) but not on shear strain. Here we present experimental results showing that D(c) scales with shear strain in simulated fault gouge. Our data suggest a new physical interpretation for the critical slip distance, in which Dc is controlled by the thickness of the zone of localized shear strain. As gouge zones of mature faults are commonly 10(2)-10(3) m thick13-17, whereas laboratory gouge layers are 1-10 mm thick, our data offer an alternative interpretation of the discrepancy between laboratory and field-based estimates of D(c). C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP MARONE, C (reprint author), MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA. RI Kilgore, Brian/K-3433-2012 OI Kilgore, Brian/0000-0003-0530-7979 NR 36 TC 206 Z9 212 U1 2 U2 18 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 15 PY 1993 VL 362 IS 6421 BP 618 EP 621 DI 10.1038/362618a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA KX438 UT WOS:A1993KX43800042 ER PT J AU SWEETKIND, DS REYNOLDS, RL SAWYER, DA ROSENBAUM, JG AF SWEETKIND, DS REYNOLDS, RL SAWYER, DA ROSENBAUM, JG TI EFFECTS OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ON THE MAGNETIZATION OF THE OLIGOCENE CARPENTER RIDGE TUFF, BACHELOR CALDERA, SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS, COLORADO SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CREEDE MINING DISTRICT; LATIR VOLCANIC FIELD; ORE DEPOSITION; PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE; CENTRAL NEVADA; NEW-MEXICO; ENVIRONMENT; QUESTA; ROCKS; MINERALIZATION AB Intracaldera Oligocene Carpenter Ridge Tuff fills the Bachelor caldera in the central San Juan caldera complex and hosts mineral deposits of the Creede mineral district. The Carpenter Ridge Tuff and unaltered portions of its intracaldera Bachelor Mountain Member, have strong, high-coercivity, reverse magnetizations with average magnetic susceptibility (MS) and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of 6 x 10(-3) volume SI and 8 A/m, respectively. Oxide phenocrysts in these rocks are titanomagnetite and ilmenite; however, magnetization appears to be controlled by microcrystic titanomaghemite based on thermal demagnetization unblocking temperatures and Curie temperatures between 580-degrees-C and 620-degrees-C. Much of the intracaldera tuff was affected by potassic metasomatism, a type of hydrothermal alteration characterized by addition of K and loss of Ca and Na, between 27.3 Ma and 25.1 Ma. Potassic metasomatism resulted in the replacement of original feldspars by potassium feldspar and quartz, oxidation of the original oxide phenocrysts to hematite and rutile, and consequent suppression of MS and NRM by a factor of 5. Also present, however, are metasomatized rocks that have high magnetizations even though their original oxide phenocrysts were destroyed; values of MS and NRM are similar to those of outflow tuff. Such rocks are suspected of containing secondary magnetite on the basis of (1) Curie and thermal unblocking temperatures at and below 580-degrees-C, indicating that magnetization is carried by magnetite but that primary microcrysts of maghemite were destroyed, and (2) observation in one sample of magnetite rimming cores of hematite+rutile. The presence of secondary magnetite in metasomatized rocks requires a local shift to more reducing fluid chemistry, although we are unable to determine whether this shift occurred during potassic metasomatism or during later alteration or ore deposition. These altered rocks may record a change from a pervasive alteration by alkaline, oxidizing fluids to a vein-controlled alteration dominated by more reduced fluids in which magnetite was stable. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP SWEETKIND, DS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS964,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI Sweetkind, Donald/0000-0003-0892-4796 NR 50 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6255 EP 6266 DI 10.1029/93JB00014 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900006 ER PT J AU KANAMORI, H EKSTROM, G DZIEWONSKI, A BARKER, JS SIPKIN, SA AF KANAMORI, H EKSTROM, G DZIEWONSKI, A BARKER, JS SIPKIN, SA TI SEISMIC RADIATION BY MAGMA INJECTION - AN ANOMALOUS SEISMIC EVENT NEAR TORI-SHIMA, JAPAN SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE-SOURCE PARAMETERS; JUNE 13; INVERSION; MECHANISMS; INTRUSION; TORISHIMA AB The earthquake with a bodywave magnitude m(b)=5.5, which occurred near Tori Shima, Japan, on June 13, 1984 (origin time: 0229:25.3 UT, 31.448-degrees-N, 140.036-degrees-E, depth of 10 km, m(b)=5.5, M(S)=5.5) is anomalous because if generated tsunamis which are disproportionately large for the magnitude of the earthquake. At Hachijo Island, 150 km from the epicenter, tsunamis were visually observed with peak-to-peak amplitude of 130 to 150 cm. Long-period seismic radiation is also anomalous. Love waves are almost absent, and Rayleigh waves are radiated with equal amplitude and phase in all directions. A simple double-couple model cannot explain these observations. With the assumption of no net volume change at the source, these data can be best explained with a compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) with the principal tensional dipole in the vertical direction. The scalar moment of this dipole is 4x10(24) dyn cm. Moment tensor inversions of long-period body waves and surface waves yield an almost identical solution. This CLVD source can be interpreted as horizontal fluid injection. The location of the event is in the Smith depression which is one of the nascent back arc basins just behind the Bonin arc. These basins are filled with thick sediments, and numerous young volcanoes are found near this site. Magmatic injection is most likely to occur in this tectonic environment. However, the time scale of the seismic event seems too short for magma injection to occur. A mom likely mechanism involves water-magma interaction. The injection may be viewed as hydrofracturing driven by supercritical water heated by injected magma. The estimated volume of injected water is about 0.018 km3 and that of basaltic magma is about 10% of this. This type of deformation is more efficient for tsunami generation than faulting with the same scalar moment. C1 WOODWARD CLYDE CONSULTANTS,PASADENA,CA. CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125. HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. US GEOL SURVEY,GLOBAL SEISMOL & GEOMAGNETISN BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. RI Ekstrom, Goran/C-9771-2012 OI Ekstrom, Goran/0000-0001-6410-275X NR 29 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6511 EP 6522 DI 10.1029/92JB02867 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900022 ER PT J AU CASTILLO, DA ELLSWORTH, WL AF CASTILLO, DA ELLSWORTH, WL TI SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE SAN-ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM BETWEEN POINT ARENA AND CAPE MENDOCINO IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF A YOUNG TRANSFORM SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE; PACIFIC-PLATE; COAST RANGES; TRIPLE JUNCTION; LATE NEOGENE; ZONE; TECTONICS; GEOMETRY; MOTION; SUBDUCTION AB The northernmost and relatively youthful segment of the San Andreas fault system is situated within a 100+ km wide zone of northwest trending strike-slip faults that includes, from west to east, the San Andreas, Maacama, and Bartlett Springs faults. Although the San Andreas fault is the principal strike-slip fault in this system, it has been virtually aseismic since the 1906 earthquake. Moderate levels of seismicity locate to the east along the Maacama fault and, to a lesser extent, the Bartlett Springs fault at focal depths typical of other strike-slip faults within the San Andreas fault system in central California. North of the San Andreas fault system, within the Cape Mendocino area, earthquakes occur at depths of up to 40 km and primarily reflect internal deformation of the subducting Gorda slab, and slip along the Mendocino Fracture Zone. Seismicity along the Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults is dominated by right-lateral to oblique-reverse slip along fault planes that dip 50-degrees-75-degrees to the northeast. The northern extent of seismicity along these faults terminates near the surface projection of the southern edge of the Gorda slab. The onset of seismicity along these faults may be related to the abrupt change in the elastic thickness of the North American plate as it enters the asthenospheric window. The Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults are strike-parallel with active reverse faults within the forearc region of the Cascadia subduction zone. This preexisting structural fabric of northwest trending reverse faults in the forearc area appears to have strongly influenced the initial slip and complexity of these faults. Continuation of the moderately dipping Maacama fault to the southeast along the steeply dipping Healdsburg and Rodgers Creek fault zones and the near-vertical Hayward and Calaveras fault zones in the San Francisco Bay area suggests that these faults evolve toward a more vertical dip to minimize the shear stresses that tend to resist plate motion. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 65 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6543 EP 6560 DI 10.1029/92JB02866 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900025 ER PT J AU PANTOSTI, D SCHWARTZ, DP VALENSISE, G AF PANTOSTI, D SCHWARTZ, DP VALENSISE, G TI PALEOSEISMOLOGY ALONG THE 1980 SURFACE RUPTURE OF THE IRPINIA FAULT - IMPLICATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE IN THE SOUTHERN APENNINES, ITALY SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ACTIVE TECTONICS; NOVEMBER 23; SEISMICITY; NEOTECTONICS; DEFORMATION; GREECE AB The Irpinia fault was the source of the M(s)6.9 1980 Irpinia earthquake and produced the first unequivocal historical surface faulting in Italy. Trenching of the 1980 fault scarp at Piano di Pecore, a flat intermontane basin about 5 km south of the 1980 instrumental epicenter, provides the first data on earthquake recurrence intervals, slip per event, and slip rate on a major normal fault in the Southern Apennines fault zone. The trenches exposed evidence of four pre-1980 paleoearthquakes that occurred during the past 8600 years. A best estimate average recurrence interval is 2150 years, although the time interval between individual events varies by as much as a factor of 2. Each paleoearthquake is similar to the 1980 surface rupture in amount of slip and style of deformation, which suggests that the 1980 event is characteristic for the Irpinia fault. Slip per event values average 61 cm. The net vertical displacement of 2.12-2.36 m since 8600 cal year B.P. observed in the trenches gives a vertical slip rate of 0.25-0.35 mm/yr, a dip slip rate of 0.29-0.40 mm/yr, and an extension rate of 0.14-0.20 mm/yr. Although fault behavior data are only available for the Irpinia fault they provide a starting point for evaluating earthquake recurrence and rates of deformation in southern Apennines. They suggest that (1) fault specific earthquake recurrence intervals based on the historical seismic record overestimates the occurrence of large magnitude (M7) earthquakes and (2) the Holocene rate of extension across the Apennines is less-than-or-equal-to 1 mm/yr. The 1980 earthquake and the paleoseismologic observations show that repeated and localized surface faulting occurs in southern Apennines and leaves subtle but distinct geomorphic evidence that can be detected with detailed and careful investigation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP PANTOSTI, D (reprint author), IST NAZL GEOFIS,VIA VIGNA MURATA 605,I-00143 ROME,ITALY. RI Valensise, Gianluca/F-5177-2011; OI Pantosti, daniela/0000-0001-7308-9104 NR 45 TC 156 Z9 158 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6561 EP & DI 10.1029/92JB02277 PG 0 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900026 ER PT J AU GOMBERG, J AF GOMBERG, J TI TECTONIC DEFORMATION IN THE NEW MADRID SEISMIC ZONE - INFERENCES FROM MAP VIEW AND CROSS-SECTIONAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT MODELS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT; SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN; PLATE MOTIONS; UNITED-STATES; EARTHQUAKES; STRESS; CALIFORNIA; CRUSTAL; MECHANICS AB The lack of instrumental recordings and obvious fault scarps associated with the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes necessitates examination of more subtle indicators of the geometry and type of faulting associated with these events. Morphologic and geologic features and the distribution of modern seismicity are used to infer the slip distribution and type of faulting (strike- or dip-slip), number, strike, length, and width of the major faults in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). This is accomplished through two-dimensional boundary element modeling of the strain field arising from slip on hypothetical faults that is driven by either coseismic or uniform regional strains. Tectonic deformation is reflected in (1) the seismicity, (2) the Lake County uplift, (3) Reelfoot Lake, (4) the fractured rocks of the Blytheville arch, and (5) the St. Francis Sunk Lands. Many of these features can be qualitatively explained as resulting from tectonic deformation due to slip on two left-stepping fight-lateral strike-slip faults that are coincident with the northeast trending zones of seismicity and the Blytheville arch. The morphology appears to be, at least in part, a consequence of major earthquakes that rupture these faults. The locations of the 1811-1812 and largest post-1812 earthquakes and the models are consistent with a process in which the 1811-1812 earthquakes relieved accumulated regional shear strain causing the greatest post-1812 shear strains to exist at the ends of the fault zone. Modeling results also suggest that the numerous small earthquakes in the NMSZ are not aftershocks of the 1811-1812 earthquakes but instead represent continuous localized adjustments to a uniform regional strain field. The Bootheel lineament does not appear to be significant in shaping the morphology, geologic structure, and pattern of seismicity in the NMSZ. The absence of fault scarps and coherence of shallow reflectors overlying the Blytheville arch suggests that the major NMSZ faults may not have ruptured to the surface during the 1811-1812 earthquakes. The inferred lengths of the 1811-1812 earthquake ruptures also suggest that their sizes may have been overestimated. Model-predicted subsidence within the St. Francis Sunk Lands indicates that tectonic deformation also may have influenced alluvial processes in the NMSZ. RP GOMBERG, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 85 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6639 EP 6664 DI 10.1029/92JB02857 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900031 ER PT J AU SCHOUTEN, H KLITGORD, KD GALLO, DG AF SCHOUTEN, H KLITGORD, KD GALLO, DG TI EDGE-DRIVEN MICROPLATE KINEMATICS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EASTER MICROPLATE; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SPREADING SYSTEM; TECTONICS; PLATE; PACIFIC; EVOLUTION; ISLAND; SHEAR; BOUNDARIES AB It is known from plate tectonic reconstructions that oceanic microplates undergo rapid rotation about a vertical axis and that the instantaneous rotation axes describing the microplate's motion relative to the bounding major plates are frequently located close to its margins with those plates, close to the tips of propagating rifts. We propose a class of edge-driven block models to illustrate how slip across the microplate margins, block rotation, and propagation of rifting may be related to the relative motion of the plates on either side. An important feature of these edge-driven models is that the instantaneous rotation axes are always located on the margins between block and two bounding plates. According to those models the pseudofaults or traces of disrupted seafloor resulting from the propagation of rifting between microplate and major plates may be used independently to approximately trace the continuous kinematic evolution of the microplate back in time. Pseudofault geometries and matching rotations of the Easter microplate show that for most of its 5 m.y. history, block rotation could be driven by the drag of the Nazca and Pacific plates on the microplate's edges rather than by a shear flow of mantle underneath. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP SCHOUTEN, H (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 33 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6689 EP 6701 DI 10.1029/92JB02749 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900035 ER PT J AU HOISCH, TD SIMPSON, C AF HOISCH, TD SIMPSON, C TI RISE AND TILT OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS IN THE LOWER PLATE OF A DETACHMENT FAULT IN THE FUNERAL MOUNTAINS, DEATH-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE TIME PATHS; REGIONAL METAMORPHISM; QUARTZ; SHEAR; SIZE; RECRYSTALLIZATION; GEOTHERMOMETRY; DEFORMATION; EVOLUTION; TECTONICS AB The Funeral Mountains in eastern California preserve a record of Early Cretaceous (?) metamorphism followed by ductile deformation, uplift, and low-angle normal (detachment) faulting. Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra indicate that cooling and uplift of the lower plate began in Cretaceous time. Uplift was accommodated by normal-sense movement along a wide northwest dipping shear zone. Mylonitic fabrics, some of which have been dated as Late Cretaceous, deformed older high-temperature metamorphic textures. Analyses of shear bands, mica fish, sigma and delta porphyroclasts, grain shape fabrics, and folds indicate that the upper surfaces moved toward 299-degrees +/- 12 (top to the northwest) relative to lower surfaces. Uplift continued until the near present, the youngest phase being accommodated by top-to-the-northwest movement along the detachment fault, which formed subparallel to lower-plate mylonitic fabrics. Fission track apatite data indicate that exposure of the lower plate to the surface occurred sometime after 6 Ma. Reconstruction along the movement vector places the Grapevine Mountains over the Funeral Mountains, having been displaced at least 40 km. Isograds and thermobarometry in pelitic schist from the lower plate indicate increasing pressures and temperatures of equilibration toward the northwest. The maximum temperature and pressure was determined on a sample from Monarch Canyon using thermobarometry, 700-degrees-C at a depth of 32 km. At Chloride Cliff, 5 km southeast of Monarch Canyon, 4 samples yielded 575-degrees-600-degrees-C at depths of 19-27 km. At Indian Pass, 17 km southeast of Monarch Canyon, a temperature of 490-degrees-C was determined. In the southern Funeral Mountains, about 50 km southeast of Monarch Canyon, conodont color alteration indexes indicate temperatures of 325-425-degrees-C. These data indicate that the lower plate is presently tilted strongly to the southeast from the orientation it maintained at the peak of metamorphism. Thermochronologic data (K-Ar on muscovite, biotite, and hornblende, Ar-40/Ar-39 on hornblende, and fission track on apatite, titanite, and zircon) indicate that both tilting and the transition from ductile to brittle styles of quartz deformation are confined to the interval 21-6 Ma; during the latter part of this interval (11-6 Ma), rapid uplift and movement along the detachment fault are documented. The findings support current theories of detachment fault evolution in which a dipping fault surface undergoes rotation to a subhorizontal orientation while the lower late undergoes a com arable tilt. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. NO ARIZONA UNIV,US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. RP HOISCH, TD (reprint author), NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT GEOL,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011, USA. RI Hoisch, Thomas/L-2146-2013 OI Hoisch, Thomas/0000-0002-6500-9431 NR 62 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B4 BP 6805 EP 6827 DI 10.1029/92JB02411 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX929 UT WOS:A1993KX92900040 ER PT J AU LUTTER, WJ TREHU, AM NOWACK, RL AF LUTTER, WJ TREHU, AM NOWACK, RL TI APPLICATION OF 2-D TRAVEL-TIME INVERSION OF SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA TO THE MIDCONTINENT RIFT BENEATH LAKE-SUPERIOR SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AB The invasion technique of Nowack and Lutter (1988a) and Lutter et al. (1990) has been applied to first arrival seismic refraction data collected along Line A of the 1986 Lake Superior GLIMPCE experiment, permitting comparison of the inversion image with an independently derived forward model (Trehu et al., 1991; Shay and Trehu, in press). For this study, the inversion method was expanded to allow variable grid spacing for the bicubic spline parameterization of velocity. The variable grid spacing improved model delineation and data fit by permitting model parameters to be clustered at features of interest. Over 800 first-arrival travel-times were fit with a final RMS error of 0.045 s. The inversion model images a low velocity central graben and smaller flanking half-grabens of the Midcontinent Rift, and higher velocity regions (40.5 to +0.75 km/s) associated with the Isle Royale and Keweenaw faults, which bound the central graben. Although the forward modeling interpretation gives finer details associated with the near surface expression of the two faults because of the inclusion of secondary reflections and refractions that were not included in the inversion, the inversion model reproduces the primary features of the forward model. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ATMOS SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP LUTTER, WJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 1993 VL 20 IS 7 BP 615 EP 618 DI 10.1029/93GL00171 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KY310 UT WOS:A1993KY31000019 ER PT J AU MURRAY, MH SAVAGE, JC LISOWSKI, M GROSS, WK AF MURRAY, MH SAVAGE, JC LISOWSKI, M GROSS, WK TI COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS - 1992 LANDERS, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The rupture associated with the 1992 Landers earthquake (M(s) = 7.5) extended along the west edge of a 60 x 50 km trilateration network that had been surveyed two months before the earthquake and was resurveyed a month after it. The coseismic displacement field within the network was calculated from the changes observed in the trilateration network supplemented by the displacements measured at four GPS stations and other less timely trilateration measurements. Stations near the rupture were displaced by as much as 3 m. The observed changes are reproduced reasonably well by dislocation modeling in which the Landers rupture is represented by 8 vertical fault segments, each extending from the surface to 9 km depth. Two additional segments represent the Big Bear and Eureka Peak faults. The average modeled right-lateral slip on the Landers rupture is about 5 m. However, the residuals for the best-fit slip distribution are about four times greater than expected from measurement error. Given that uncertainty, a broad range of slip models furnish acceptable fits to the data. The large residuals are attributed to inelastic deformation (principally sympathetic slip on numerous unmodeled faults) within the fault blocks assumed to be elastic in the model. RP MURRAY, MH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS-977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 7 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 1993 VL 20 IS 7 BP 623 EP 626 DI 10.1029/93GL00446 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KY310 UT WOS:A1993KY31000021 ER PT J AU SIEH, K JONES, L HAUKSSON, E HUDNUT, K EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D HEATON, T HOUGH, S HUTTON, K KANAMORI, H LILJE, A LINDVALL, S MCGILL, SF MORI, J RUBIN, C SPOTILA, JA STOCK, J THIO, HK TREIMAN, J WERNICKE, B ZACHARIASEN, J AF SIEH, K JONES, L HAUKSSON, E HUDNUT, K EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D HEATON, T HOUGH, S HUTTON, K KANAMORI, H LILJE, A LINDVALL, S MCGILL, SF MORI, J RUBIN, C SPOTILA, JA STOCK, J THIO, HK TREIMAN, J WERNICKE, B ZACHARIASEN, J TI NEAR-FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LANDERS EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE, APRIL TO JULY 1992 SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOJAVE-DESERT; EASTERN CALIFORNIA; SHEAR ZONE; FORESHOCKS; HAZARD AB The Landers earthquake, which had a moment magnitude (M(w)) of 7.3, was the largest earthquake to strike the contiguous United States in 40 years. This earthquake resulted from the rupture of five major and many minor right-lateral faults near the southern end of the eastern California shear zone, just north of the San Andreas fault. Its M(w) 6.1 preshock and M(w) 6.2 aftershock had their own aftershocks and foreshocks. Surficial geological observations are consistent with local and far-field seismologic observations of the earthquake. Large surficial offsets (as great as 6 meters) and a relatively short rupture length (85 kilometers) are consistent with seismological calculations of a high stress drop (200 bars), which is in turn consistent with an apparently long recurrence interval for these faults. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91106 USA. LINDVALL RICHTER BENUSKA ASSOCIATES, LOS ANGELES, CA 90041 USA. CALIF STATE UNIV SAN BERNARDINO, SAN BERNARDINO, CA 92407 USA. CENT WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, ELLENSBURG, WA 98926 USA. CALIF DIV MINES & GEOL, LOS ANGELES, CA 90012 USA. RP CALTECH, SEISMOL LAB 25221, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010; OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Stock, Joann Miriam/0000-0003-4816-7865; Hauksson, Egill/0000-0002-6834-5051 NR 35 TC 260 Z9 263 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 9 PY 1993 VL 260 IS 5105 BP 171 EP 176 DI 10.1126/science.260.5105.171 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA KW452 UT WOS:A1993KW45200026 PM 17807175 ER PT J AU FOWLER, A WALDER, J AF FOWLER, A WALDER, J TI CREEP CLOSURE OF CHANNELS IN DEFORMING SUBGLACIAL TILL SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ICE STREAM-B; BENEATH; FLOW; GLACIERS; MOTION; BED AB We examine theoretically the creep closure of subglacial tunnels cut into basal till, generalizing Nye's classical analysis of tunnel closure in glacier ice to rheologies in which the creep rate depends on effective pressure (the difference between total pressure and pore-water pressure). The solutions depend critically on a dimensionless permeability parameter. For the appealingly simple Boulton-Hindmarsh rheology in which strain rate depends on powers of applied stress and effective pressure, solutions to the closure problem may not exist; this is related to the existence of a 'failed' zone next to the channel, where piping occurs, and also to a non-physical degeneracy of the assumed rheology, whereby the viscosity is indeterminate at zero effective pressure. Consideration of the failed zone allows solutions to be obtained and shows that the closure characteristics of high permeability tills and low permeability tills are very different. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP FOWLER, A (reprint author), MATH INST,24-26 ST GILES,OXFORD OX1 3LB,ENGLAND. RI Fowler, Andrew/I-5868-2014 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5AG SN 1364-5021 J9 P ROY SOC LOND A MAT JI Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD APR 8 PY 1993 VL 441 IS 1911 BP 17 EP 31 DI 10.1098/rspa.1993.0046 PG 15 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA KX768 UT WOS:A1993KX76800002 ER PT J AU BARKER, CE AF BARKER, CE TI IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIC MATURATION STUDIES OF EVIDENCE FOR A GEOLOGICALLY RAPID INCREASE AND STABILIZATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE AT PEAK TEMPERATURE - CERRO-PRIETO GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM, MEXICO - REPLY SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Discussion ID MODEL RP BARKER, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 972,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 4 BP 668 EP 669 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KY035 UT WOS:A1993KY03500013 ER PT J AU BOSTICK, NH AF BOSTICK, NH TI IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIC MATURATION STUDIES OF EVIDENCE FOR A GEOLOGICALLY RAPID INCREASE AND STABILIZATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE AT PEAK TEMPERATURE - CERRO-PRIETO GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM, MEXICO - DISCUSSION SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Discussion RP BOSTICK, NH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS-972,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 4 BP 670 EP 672 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KY035 UT WOS:A1993KY03500014 ER PT J AU BARKER, CE AF BARKER, CE TI IMPLICATIONS TO ORGANIC MATURATION STUDIES OF EVIDENCE FOR A GEOLOGICALLY RAPID INCREASE AND STABILIZATION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE AT PEAK TEMPERATURE - CERRO-PRIETO GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM, MEXICO - REPLY SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Discussion ID WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; METAMORPHISM; MATTER; TIME RP BARKER, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 972,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 4 BP 673 EP 678 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KY035 UT WOS:A1993KY03500015 ER PT J AU SEITZ, JC PASTERIS, JD CHOU, IM AF SEITZ, JC PASTERIS, JD CHOU, IM TI RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS-MIXTURES .1. QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION AND PRESSURE DETERMINATION OF CH4, N2, AND THEIR MIXTURES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID O-H-N; FLUID INCLUSIONS; MICROPROBE SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR FLUIDS; DENSITY; EQUILIBRIA; SCATTERING; DOUBLET; SPECTRA; CO2 AB Raman spectral parameters for pure CH4 and N2 and their mixtures have been determined as a function of pressure (up to 700 bars) at room temperature. The spectral parameters include peak height (maximum intensity), area (integrated intensity), width (at half height), and position. These parameters can be exploited to provide quantitative analysis of both the composition and pressure (or density) of a CH4-N2 fluid at room temperature. At a fixed pressure, the peak position of each endmember gas is changed significantly by the addition of a second component, and the peak positions of CH4 and N2 in pure and mixed fluids shift to lower relative wavenumbers as a function of increased pressure. The peak position thus can be used to determine the pressure of a fluid whose composition is known. The relative peak heights of CH4 and N2 in binary mixtures are very sensitive to composition and somewhat less sensitive to pressure. Likewise, the relative peak area ratio in a mixture is very sensitive to composition but, above about 75 bars, is insensitive to pressure. The determination of composition by reference to relative peak areas is supported by spectroscopic theory, but, in some practical applications, there are advantages to referencing relative peak heights. The individual peak widths of pure CH4 and N2 and their mixtures vary as a function of increased pressure (broaden and narrow, respectively) and, to a lesser extent, composition. Thus, peak width ratios may be used as a monitor of fluid pressure. The internal consistency of these methods has been confirmed by the determination of the compositions and internal pressures in a suite of natural CH4-N2 fluid inclusions. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA. WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 36 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 14 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD APR PY 1993 VL 293 IS 4 BP 297 EP 321 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KV289 UT WOS:A1993KV28900002 ER PT J AU MCMURRY, ST LOCHMILLER, RL BOGGS, JF LESLIE, DM ENGLE, DM AF MCMURRY, ST LOCHMILLER, RL BOGGS, JF LESLIE, DM ENGLE, DM TI WOODRAT POPULATION-DYNAMICS FOLLOWING MODIFICATION OF RESOURCE AVAILABILITY SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION MANAGEMENT; CROSS TIMBERS; HERBICIDES; HABITAT AB We examined the influence of four experimental brush treatments on relative population density, reproduction and body condition of eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) populations on Cross Timbers rangeland in Oklahoma. Experimental brush treatments were tebuthiuron and triclopyr herbicides, applied with and without annual prescribed burning. Untreated reference sites also were evaluated. A total of 333 eastern woodrats were collected from March 1986 through December 1988. Relative population density varied among seasons and experimental treatments. Maximum summer peaks in density were observed each year on triclopyr treatments. Density was similar between populations on tebuthiuron treatments and reference sites. Reproductive activity of females varied among seasons but not among experimental treatments; peaks occurred in spring and autumn 1986 and summer 1987. Percentage of reproductively active males, as evidenced by spermatogenesis, was less than expected in winter. Mean body weights and condition scores were highest in autumn and spring but were not influenced by experimental treatments. Mean stomach content weight did not differ among seasons or experimental brush treatments. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP MCMURRY, ST (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 1993 VL 129 IS 2 BP 248 EP 256 DI 10.2307/2426505 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LA692 UT WOS:A1993LA69200005 ER PT J AU MECH, LD MEIER, TJ SEAL, US AF MECH, LD MEIER, TJ SEAL, US TI WOLF NIPPLE MEASUREMENTS AS INDEXES OF AGE AND BREEDING STATUS SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID MINNESOTA; WOLVES AB We measured nipple sizes of 29 captive wolves (Canis lupus), of known breeding histories, throughout the year and tested distinctions among various known breeding statuses of 20 wild wolves examined in northeastern Minnesota from May through September. For ca. 8 mo of the year only breeders and nonbreeders can be classified. Distinctions between current and former breeders were not reliable. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. DENALI NATL PK,DENALI,AK 99755. VET ADM MED CTR,RES CTR,TWIN CITIES,MN 55417. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 1993 VL 129 IS 2 BP 266 EP 271 DI 10.2307/2426507 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LA692 UT WOS:A1993LA69200007 ER PT J AU CRONIN, MA COCKETT, N AF CRONIN, MA COCKETT, N TI KAPPA-CASEIN POLYMORPHISMS AMONG CATTLE BREEDS AND BISON HERDS SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Note DE K-CASEIN; CATTLE; BISON; ALLELIC VARIATION ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IDENTIFICATION; VARIABILITY; VARIANTS; LOCUS; DNA AB We identified the HindIII restriction site polymorphism Of kappa-casein in cattle reported by Pinder et al. (Animal Genetics 22, 11, 1991) and found an additonal polymorphism (RsaI) in cattle and bison. The Hin dIII and Rsa I restriction sites were mapped and three haplotypes (alleles) were identified. Preliminary screening of 39 cattle and 71 bison revealed one allele restricted to cattle, one restricted to bison, and one shared by the species. No fixed allelic differences were observed among cattle breeds or among bison herds or subspecies. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA RES CTR,ANCHORAGE,AK. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM DAIRY & VET SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD APR PY 1993 VL 24 IS 2 BP 135 EP 138 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA KZ945 UT WOS:A1993KZ94500013 PM 8101056 ER PT J AU SAIKI, MK JENNINGS, MR BRUMBAUGH, WG AF SAIKI, MK JENNINGS, MR BRUMBAUGH, WG TI BORON, MOLYBDENUM, AND SELENIUM IN AQUATIC FOOD-CHAINS FROM THE LOWER SAN-JOAQUIN RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES, CALIFORNIA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KESTERSON-RESERVOIR; VALLEY FLOOR; WATER; FISH; ENVIRONMENT; BLUEGILLS; ELEMENTS; INSECTS; BIRDS AB Boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), and selenium (Se) were measured in water, sediment, particulate organic detritus, and in various biota-filamentous algae, net plankton, macro-invertebrates, and fishes-to determine if concentrations were elevated from exposure to agricultural subsurface (tile) drainage during the spring and fall 1987, in the San Joaquin River, California. Concentrations of B and Se, but not Mo, were higher in most samples from reaches receiving tile drainage than in samples from reaches receiving no tile drainage. Maximum concentrations of Se in water (0.025 mug/mL), sediment (3.0 mug/g), invertebrates (14 mug/g), and fishes (17 mug/g) measured during this study exceeded concentrations that are detrimental to sensitive warmwater fishes. Toxic threshold concentrations of B and Mo in fishes and their foods have not been identified. Boron and Mo were not biomagnified in the aquatic food chain, because concentrations of these two elements were usually higher in filamentous algae and detritus than in invertebrates and fishes. Concentrations of Se were lower in filamentous algae than in invertebrates and fishes; however, concentrations of Se in or on detritus were similar to or higher than in invertebrates and fishes. These observations suggest that high concentrations of Se accumulated in invertebrates and fishes through food-chain transfer from Se-enriched detritus rather than from filamentous algae. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP SAIKI, MK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,FIELD RES STN DIXON,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012 NR 67 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 18 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 24 IS 3 BP 307 EP 319 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KR032 UT WOS:A1993KR03200004 PM 8470934 ER PT J AU ANKLEY, GT NIEMI, GJ LODGE, KB HARRIS, HJ BEAVER, DL TILLITT, DE SCHWARTZ, TR GIESY, JP JONES, PD HAGLEY, C AF ANKLEY, GT NIEMI, GJ LODGE, KB HARRIS, HJ BEAVER, DL TILLITT, DE SCHWARTZ, TR GIESY, JP JONES, PD HAGLEY, C TI UPTAKE OF PLANAR POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AND 2,3,7,8-SUBSTITUTED POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS AND DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS BY BIRDS NESTING IN THE LOWER FOX RIVER AND GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN, USA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; TERNS; FISH; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; EQUIVALENTS; BIOASSAY; TOXICITY; EGGS AB The uptake of persistent polychlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) by four avian species was investigated at upper trophic levels of two aquatic food chains of the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin. Accumulation of total and specific planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), and H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay-derived 2,37,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) was evaluated in Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) and common tem (Sterna hirundo) chicks, and in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings from colonies nesting in several locations within the watershed. Concentrations of the PCHs were greatest in eggs and chicks of the two tem species, less in the tree swallows and least in the red-winged blackbirds. Young of all four species accumulated total PCBs, PCB congeners 77, 105, 126, and 169, and TCDD-EQ. The young birds also accumulated small concentrations of several 2,3,7,8-sbustituted PCDF and PCDD congeners. Uptake rates for certain of the PCHs for the Forster's tern chicks were: 15 mug/day for total PCBs, 70, 200, 6.5, and 0. 14 ng/day for PCB congeners 77, 105, 126, and 169, respectively, and 270 pg/day for TCDD-EQ. Principal components analysis revealed that the patterns of PCH concentrations in the samples were influenced by species of bird, their age (or length of exposure) and nesting location. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that exposure of avian species to contaminants derived from aquatic food chains can be characterized and quantified for the purposes of ecological risk assessment. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,INST LAND WATER STUDIES,GREEN BAY,WI 54302. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. UNIV MINNESOTA,NAT RESOURCES RES INSTITUTE,DULUTH,MN 55811. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. TRI,DULUTH,MN 55804. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP ANKLEY, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015 OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380 NR 49 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 24 IS 3 BP 332 EP 344 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KR032 UT WOS:A1993KR03200006 ER PT J AU JONES, PD GIESY, JP NEWSTED, JL VERBRUGGE, DA BEAVER, DL ANKLEY, GT TILLITT, DE LODGE, KB NIEMI, GJ AF JONES, PD GIESY, JP NEWSTED, JL VERBRUGGE, DA BEAVER, DL ANKLEY, GT TILLITT, DE LODGE, KB NIEMI, GJ TI 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS IN TISSUES OF BIRDS AT GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN, USA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; COPLANAR POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HEPATOMA-CELL BIOASSAY; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; FISH-EATING BIRDS; GREAT-LAKES FISH; INDUCTION ACTIVITIES; MONO-ORTHO; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICANTS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS AB The environment has become contaminated with complex mixtures of planar, chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and structurally similar compounds. Because the potencies of individual congeners to cause the same adverse effects vary greatly and the relative as well as absolute concentrations of individual PCH vary among samples from different locations, it is difficult to assess the toxic effects of these mixtures on wildlife. These compounds can cause a number of adverse effects, however, because the toxic effects which occur at ecologically-relevant concentrations such as embryo-lethality and birth defects appear to be mediated through the same mechanism, the potency of individual congeners can be reported relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) which is the most toxic congener in the PCH class. The concentations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents (TCDD-EQ) were determined in the tissues of aquatic and terrestrial birds of Green Bay, Wisconsin by the H4IIE bioassay system and compared toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) with the concentration predicted by the use of toxic equivalency factors applied to concentrations of PCH, which were determined by instrumental analyses. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ ranged from 0.52 to 440 ng/kg, wet weight. The greatest concentrations occurred in the fish-eating birds. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ, which were determined by the two methods were significantly correlated, but the additive model which used the TEFs with concentrations of measured PCB, PCDD and PCDF congeners underestimated the concentrations of TCDD-EQ measured by the H4IIE bioassay by an average of 57%. This is thought to be due to contributions from un-quantified PCH, which are known to occur in the environment. Of the quantified PCH congeners, PCDD and PCDF contributed a small portion of the TCDD-EQ in the aquatic birds, while most of the TCDD-EQ were due to non-ortho-substituted PCBs. In the terrestrial birds, the proportion of the TCDD-EQ contributed by the PCDD and PCDF was greater. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. UNIV MINNESOTA,NAT RESOURCES RES INST,DULUTH,MN 55811. RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015 OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380 NR 70 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 24 IS 3 BP 345 EP 354 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KR032 UT WOS:A1993KR03200007 ER PT J AU LOVLEY, DR GIOVANNONI, SJ WHITE, DC CHAMPINE, JE PHILLIPS, EJP GORBY, YA GOODWIN, S AF LOVLEY, DR GIOVANNONI, SJ WHITE, DC CHAMPINE, JE PHILLIPS, EJP GORBY, YA GOODWIN, S TI GEOBACTER-METALLIREDUCENS GEN-NOV SP-NOV, A MICROORGANISM CAPABLE OF COUPLING THE COMPLETE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS TO THE REDUCTION OF IRON AND OTHER METALS SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROXY FATTY-ACIDS; DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTS; ACETATE CATABOLISM; BACTERIA; MANGANESE; GS-15; MECHANISMS; PROFILES; FE(III) AB The gram-negative metal-reducing microorganism, previously known as strain GS-15, was further characterized. This strict anaerobe oxidizes several short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and monoaromatic compounds with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Furthermore, acetate is also oxidized with the reduction of Mn(IV), U(VI), and nitrate. In whole cell suspensions, the c-type cytochrome(s) of this organism was oxidized by physiological electron acceptors and also by gold, silver, mercury, and chromate. Menaquinone was recovered in concentrations comparable to those previously found in gram-negative sulfate reducers. Profiles of the phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids indicated that both the anaerobic desaturase and the branched pathways for fatty acid biosynthesis were operative. The organism contained three lipopolysaccharide hydroxy fatty acids which have not been previously reported in microorganisms, but have been observed in anaerobic freshwater sediments. The 16S rRNA sequence indicated that this organism belongs in the delta proteobacteria. Its closest known relative is Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The name Geobacter metallireducens is proposed. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR ENVIRONM BIOTECHNOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37932. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP LOVLEY, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 61 TC 503 Z9 520 U1 12 U2 137 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 159 IS 4 BP 336 EP 344 DI 10.1007/BF00290916 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA KU126 UT WOS:A1993KU12600006 PM 8387263 ER PT J AU ROBBINS, CS AF ROBBINS, CS TI IN-MEMORIAM - SINGER,ARTHUR BERNARD, 1917-1990 SO AUK LA English DT Item About an Individual RP ROBBINS, CS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1993 VL 110 IS 2 BP 376 EP 377 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA MC017 UT WOS:A1993MC01700020 ER PT J AU FOSTER, MS AF FOSTER, MS TI RESEARCH, CONSERVATION, AND COLLABORATION - THE ROLE OF VISITING SCIENTISTS IN DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES SO AUK LA English DT Note RP FOSTER, MS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,NATL ECOL RES CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 1993 VL 110 IS 2 BP 414 EP 417 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA MC017 UT WOS:A1993MC01700035 ER PT J AU FOSTER, MS AF FOSTER, MS TI A QUESTION OF JOBS - THE 2-CAREER COUPLE SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP FOSTER, MS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD APR PY 1993 VL 43 IS 4 BP 237 EP 237 DI 10.2307/1312124 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA KU408 UT WOS:A1993KU40800006 ER PT J AU FOSTER, MS AF FOSTER, MS TI A SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article RP FOSTER, MS (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD APR PY 1993 VL 43 IS 4 BP 241 EP 242 DI 10.2307/1312126 PG 2 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA KU408 UT WOS:A1993KU40800008 ER PT J AU HUTTON, LK JONES, LM AF HUTTON, LK JONES, LM TI LOCAL MAGNITUDES AND APPARENT VARIATIONS IN SEISMICITY RATES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE; INVERSION; MOTION; SCALE AB Redetermination of local magnitudes for moderate earthquakes recorded by the Southern California Seismographic Network (SCSN) from 1932 to 1990 has shown that the magnitudes have not been consistently determined over that time period. The amplitudes of ground velocities recorded on Wood - Anderson instruments were systematically overestimated prior to 1944 compared to present reading procedures, leading to a significant overestimation of local magnitudes. In addition, the change from human to computerized estimation of event magnitude from a suite of amplitudes in 1975 led to slightly lower event magnitudes for the time after 1975 compared to the time before. These changes contribute to an apparently higher rate of seismicity in the 1930s and 1940s than later in the catalog, which had been interpreted as a decrease in seismicity rate after the 1952 Kern County (M(W) 7.5) earthquake. Wood - Anderson amplitudes have been reread and consistent magnitudes recalculated using uniform procedures for all earthquakes with a catalog magnitude of 4.5 and greater within the SCSN from 1932 to 1943 and those with a catalog magnitude of 4.8 and greater from 1944 to 1990 so as to create a complete list of all earthquakes with a modern local magnitude of 5.0 or greater. Using these new magnitudes, we find that the rate of M(L) 5.0 and greater earthquakes in southern California over this 59-year period to be Poissonian, with no changes in rate significant above the 90% level. From this rate, in any 30-year period, the Poissonian probability of a M greater-than-or-equal-to 6 earthquake is 99.7%, the probability of an M greater-than-or-equal-to 7 earthquake is 65%, and the probability of an M greater-than-or-equal-to 8 event is 18%. RP CALTECH, SEISMOL LAB, US GEOL SURVEY, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1993 VL 83 IS 2 BP 313 EP 329 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT736 UT WOS:A1993KT73600001 ER PT J AU KANAMORI, H MORI, J HAUKSSON, E HEATON, TH HUTTON, LK JONES, LM AF KANAMORI, H MORI, J HAUKSSON, E HEATON, TH HUTTON, LK JONES, LM TI DETERMINATION OF EARTHQUAKE ENERGY-RELEASE AND M(L) USING TERRASCOPE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRONG-MOTION RECORDS; 3 DECEMBER 1988; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; UPLAND; INVERSION; PASADENA; SCALE; FAULT AB We estimated the energy radiated by earthquakes in southern California using on-scale very broadband recordings from TERRAscope. The method we used involves time integration of the squared ground-motion velocity and empirical determination of the distance attenuation function and the station corrections. The time integral is typically taken over a duration of 2 min after the P-wave arrival. The attenuation curve for the energy integral we obtained is given by q(r) = cr(-n) exp(-kr)(r2 = DELTA2 + h(ref)2) with c = 0.49710, n = 1.0322, k = 0.0035 km-1, and h(ref) = 8 km, where DELTA is the epicentral distance. A similar method was used to determine M(L) using TERRAscope data. The station corrections for M(L) are determined such that the M(L) values determined from TERRAscope agree with those from the traditional optical Wood-Anderson seismographs. For 1.5 < M(L) < 6.0, a linear relationship log E(S) = 1.96 M(L) + 9.05 (E(S) in ergs) was obtained. However, for events with M(L) > 6.5, M(L) saturates. The ratio E(S)/M0 (M0: seismic moment), a measure of the average stress drop, for six earthquakes, the 1989 Montebello earthquake (M(L) = 4.6), the 1989 Pasadena earthquake (M(L) = 4.9), the 1990 Upland earthquake (M(L) = 5.2), the 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake (M(L) = 5.8), the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake (M(L) = 6.1), and the 1992 Landers earthquake (M(W) = 7.3), are about 10 times larger than those of the others that include the aftershocks of the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the Sierra Madre earthquake, the Joshua Tree earthquake, and the two earthquakes on the San Jacinto fault. The difference in the stress drop between the mainshock and their large aftershocks may be similar to that between earthquakes on a fault with long and short repeat times. The aftershocks, which occurred on the fault plane where the mainshock slippage occurred, had a very short time to heal, hence a low stress drop. The repeat time of the major earthquakes on the frontal fault systems in the Transverse Ranges in southern California is believed to be very long, a few thousand years. Hence, the events in the Transverse Ranges may have higher stress drops than those of the events occurring on faults with shorter repeat times, such as the San Andreas fault and the San Jacinto fault. The observation that very high stress-drop events occur in the Transverse Ranges and the Los Angeles Basin has important implications for the regional seismic potential. The occurrence of these high stress-drop events near the bottom of the seismogenic zone strongly suggests that these fault systems are capable of supporting high stress that will eventually be released in major seismic events. Characterization of earthquakes in terms of the E(S)/M0 ratio using broadband data will help delineate the spatial distribution of seismogenic stresses in the Los Angeles basin and the Transverse Ranges. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA. RP KANAMORI, H (reprint author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA. OI Hauksson, Egill/0000-0002-6834-5051 NR 35 TC 199 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1993 VL 83 IS 2 BP 330 EP 346 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT736 UT WOS:A1993KT73600002 ER PT J AU FENOGLIO, MA FRASERSMITH, AC BEROZA, GC JOHNSTON, MJS AF FENOGLIO, MA FRASERSMITH, AC BEROZA, GC JOHNSTON, MJS TI COMPARISON OF ULTRA-LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS WITH AFTERSHOCK ACTIVITY DURING THE 1989 LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS; OCTOBER 18; EPICENTER AB Ultra-low frequency (0.01 to 10.0 Hz) magnetic field fluctuations near the epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake rose sharply immediately before the earthquake following indications of increased disturbance during the previous 12 days. The magnetic activity remained much higher than the pre-earthquake background level for 6 weeks following the mainshock. These observations suggest a causal relationship between the earthquake failure process and the magnetic signals. A search for similar precursory electromagnetic signals associated with aftershocks of this earthquake yields negative results. Specifically, no correlation appears to exist between the amplitude of the electromagnetic activity and the frequency or magnitude of aftershocks following the mainshock. Either a ''threshold'' earthquake magnitude larger, in this case, than M(L) 5.5, may be necessary to generate precursory electromagnetic signals or the continued generation of magnetic signals related to the mainshock may have masked signals generated by the larger aftershocks. C1 STANFORD UNIV,STAR LAB,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP FENOGLIO, MA (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1993 VL 83 IS 2 BP 347 EP 357 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT736 UT WOS:A1993KT73600003 ER PT J AU JOYNER, WB BOORE, DM AF JOYNER, WB BOORE, DM TI METHODS FOR REGRESSION-ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION DATA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PEAK HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION; BOORE ATTENUATION DATA; EARTHQUAKE AB We introduce a new computational method for implementing Brillinger and Preisler's (1984, 1985) one-stage maximum-likelihood analysis of strong-motion data. We also reexamine two-stage methods and agree with Masuda and Ohtake (1992) that rigorous analysis requires off-diagonal terms in the weighting matrix for the second-stage regression but note that Masuda and Ohtake failed to account for the earthquake-to-earthquake component of variance. Analysis by Monte Carlo methods shows that both one-stage and two-stage methods, properly applied, are unbiased and that they have comparable uncertainties. Both give the same correct results when applied to the data that Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) have shown cannot be satisfactorily analyzed by ordinary least squares. The two-stage method is more efficient computationally, but for typical problems neither method requires enough time to make efficiency important. Of the two methods, only the two-stage method can readily be used with the techniques described by Toro (1981) and McLaughlin (1991) for overcoming the bias due to instruments that do not trigger. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 20 TC 195 Z9 204 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1993 VL 83 IS 2 BP 469 EP 487 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT736 UT WOS:A1993KT73600010 ER PT J AU AMMON, CJ VIDALE, JE AF AMMON, CJ VIDALE, JE TI TOMOGRAPHY WITHOUT RAYS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TRAVELTIME TOMOGRAPHY; INVERSION; OPTIMIZATION; TIMES AB We present two new techniques for the inversion of first-arrival times to estimate velocity structure. These travel-time inversion techniques are unique in that they do not require the calculation of ray paths. First-arrival times are calculated using a finite-difference scheme that iteratively solves the eikonal equations for the position of the wavefront. The first inversion technique is a direct extension of linearized waveform inversion schemes. The nonlinear relationship between the observed first-arrival times and the model slowness is linearized using a Taylor series expansion and a solution is found by iteration. For a series of two-dimensional numerical tests, with and without random noise, this travel-time inversion procedure accurately reconstructed the synthetic test models. This iterative inversion procedure converges quite rapidly and remains stable with further iteration. The second inversion technique is an application of simulated annealing to travel-time topography. The annealing algorithm is a randomized search through model space that can be shown to converge to a global minimum in well-posed problems. Our tests of simulated annealing travel-time topography indicate that, in the presence of less than ideal ray coverage, significant artifacts may be introduced into the solution. The linearized inversion scheme outperforms the nonlinear simulated annealing approach and is our choice for travel-time inversion problems. Both techniques are applicable to a variety of seismic problems including earthquake travel-time tomography, reflection, refraction/wide-angle reflection, borehole, and surface-wave phase-velocity tomography. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP AMMON, CJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST TECTON,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA. RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 26 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1993 VL 83 IS 2 BP 509 EP 528 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT736 UT WOS:A1993KT73600012 ER PT J AU HILL, DP AF HILL, DP TI A NOTE ON AMBIENT PORE PRESSURE, FAULT-CONFINED PORE PRESSURE, AND APPARENT FRICTION SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note RP HILL, DP (reprint author), USGS,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1993 VL 83 IS 2 BP 583 EP 586 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT736 UT WOS:A1993KT73600016 ER PT J AU ANDRES, BA AF ANDRES, BA TI FORAGING FLIGHTS OF PACIFIC, GAVIA-PACIFICA, AND RED-THROATED, G-STELLATA, LOONS ON ALASKA COASTAL-PLAIN SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE RED-THROATED LOON; GAVIA-STELLATA; PACIFIC LOON; GAVIA-PACIFICA; FORAGING; FEEDING; BREEDING; ARCTIC; ALASKA AB Breeding Red-throated Loons, Gavia stellata, are generally thought to make foraging flights to nearshore marine sites whereas breeding Pacific Loons. G. pacifica, are thought to feed near their nest sites. Observed marine foraging flights were essentially equivalent between Red-throated Loons (51%) and Pacific Loons (49%) on the Colville River Delta, Alaska. Equal nesting populations of the two loon species indicated that use of nearshore marine feeding flights was indeed equivalent for both species. This provides further evidence that the marine/freshwater dichotomy between Red-throated Loons and Pacific Loons varies with locality and local foraging behavior of Pacific Loons will need to be determined if the Pacific Loon is to be an effective indicator of environmental change. RP ANDRES, BA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1993 VL 107 IS 2 BP 238 EP 240 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NQ376 UT WOS:A1993NQ37600020 ER PT J AU NELSON, ME MECH, LD AF NELSON, ME MECH, LD TI PREY ESCAPING WOLVES, CANIS-LUPUS, DESPITE CLOSE PROXIMITY SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE WOLF; CANIS-LUPUS; MOOSE; ALCES-ALCES; WHITE-TAILED DEER; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGININANUS; PREDATION; PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONS AB We describe attacks by Wolf, (Canis lupus) packs in Minnesota on a White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and a Moose (Alces alces) in which Wolves were within contact distance of the prey but in which the prey escaped. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1993 VL 107 IS 2 BP 245 EP 246 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NQ376 UT WOS:A1993NQ37600023 ER PT J AU CRONIN, MA SPEARMAN, WJ WILMOT, RL PATTON, JC BICKHAM, JW AF CRONIN, MA SPEARMAN, WJ WILMOT, RL PATTON, JC BICKHAM, JW TI MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION IN CHINOOK (ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA) AND CHUM SALMON (O KETA) DETECTED BY RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS OF POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION (PCR) PRODUCTS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE; GENE TREES; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; GENOME; FLOW; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; EVOLUTION AB We analyzed intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from drainages in the Yukon River (Alaska and Yukon Territory), the Kenai River (Alaska), and Oregon and California rivers; and chum salmon (O. keta) from the Yukon River and Vancouver Island, and Washington rivers. For each species, three different portions of the mtDNA molecule were amplified separately using the polymerase chain reaction and then digested with at least 19 restriction enzymes. Intraspecific sequence divergences between haplotypes were less than 0.01 base substitution per nucleotide. Nine chum salmon haplotypes were identified. Yukon River chum salmon stocks displayed more haplotypes (eight) than the stocks of Vancouver Island and Washington (two). The most common chum salmon haplotype occurred in all areas. Seven chinook salmon haplotypes were identified. Four haplotypes occurred in the Yukon and Kenai rivers and four occurred in Oregon/California, with only one haplotype shared between the regions. Sample sizes were too small to quantify the degree of stock separation among drainages, but the patterns of variation that we observed suggest utility of the technique in genetic stock identification. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. LGL ECOL GENET INC,BRYAN,TX 77801. TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES SCI,COLL STN,TX 77843. NR 42 TC 175 Z9 188 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1993 VL 50 IS 4 BP 708 EP 715 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK199 UT WOS:A1993LK19900003 ER PT J AU RADA, RG POWELL, DE WIENER, JG AF RADA, RG POWELL, DE WIENER, JG TI WHOLE-LAKE BURDENS AND SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS IN WISCONSIN SEEPAGE LAKES SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN MINNESOTA; OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE; VOLATILE MERCURY; UPPER MIDWEST; DEPOSITION; FISH; ACIDIFICATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; METHYLMERCURY; ACCUMULATION AB We quantified total mercury in surficial sediments (uppermost 5 cm) of six small seepage lakes. Fifty cores were taken from each lake, based on a random sampling design stratified by water depth. Volumetric concentrations (mass per volume of wet sediment) more accurately portrayed the depth distribution of mercury in the lakes than did dry-weight concentrations, which underrepresented the significance of the shallow-water sediments as a reservoir of potentially available mercury. Estimates of whole-lake burdens (masses) of mercury in the surficial sediment, which represent the maximum amount of sedimentary mercury available for methylation, ranged from 45 to 149 g. These sedimentary pools of mercury greatly exceeded the inventories of the metal in water, seston, and fish, and the release of mercury from the sediments could significantly increase its bioaccumulation. Areal burdens of mercury (mass per unit of lake area) varied fivefold among lakes (1,65-7.84 g/ha) and were strongly correlated with lake pH, but were not correlated with dissolved organic carbon, conductance, or chlorophyll a of lakes. We hypothesize that the observed variation in areal burdens of mercury was partly due to variation among lakes in the pH-related efflux of gaseous mercury (Hg0) from the lakes to the atmosphere. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. RP RADA, RG (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR RIVER STUDIES,LA CROSSE,WI 54601, USA. NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 1993 VL 50 IS 4 BP 865 EP 873 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK199 UT WOS:A1993LK19900021 ER PT J AU SCHWARTZ, TR TILLITT, DE FELTZ, KP PETERMAN, PH AF SCHWARTZ, TR TILLITT, DE FELTZ, KP PETERMAN, PH TI DETERMINATION OF MONO-CHLORINE AND NON-O,O'-CHLORINE SUBSTITUTED POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS IN AROCLORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; TOXIC COPLANAR PCBS; PER-TRILLION LEVELS; FACTORS TEFS; CONGENERS; FISH; RESIDUES; MIXTURES; DIOXINS AB High resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC) is the best known technique for the separation of complex mixtures; however, no single GC column has yet separated all 209 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A number of coeluting PCB congener pairs exist, and even under favorable separation conditions such as with multidimensional GC, assignment of peak identities to known PCB structures is tedious, subject to errors from other contaminants, and requires enrichment to achieve the necessary detection limits for the most toxic PCB congeners. Routine analysis of PCBs is also complicated by coelution with other halogenated hydrocarbons such as naphthalenes, terphenyls, dibenzofurans, and pesticides. Therefore, techniques for class separations of PCBs prior to gas chromatography must be developed. These techniques should separate PCB congeners along lines that have environmental or toxicological significance. The unique ability of activated carbon to separate halogenated aromatics on the basis of molecular planarity and degree of halogenation has been demonstrated We present a method that uses dispersed carbon on glass fibers and commercially available instrumentation to fractionate and determine mono- and non-o,o'-chlorine substituted PCB congeners in Aroclors and environmental samples. RP SCHWARTZ, TR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NFCRC,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 35 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 1993 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1443 EP 1460 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90212-N PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LA349 UT WOS:A1993LA34900003 ER PT J AU POLLASTRO, RM AF POLLASTRO, RM TI CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE ILLITE-SMECTITE GEOTHERMOMETER IN HYDROCARBON-BEARING ROCKS OF MIOCENE TO MISSISSIPPIAN AGE SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE GEOTHERMOMETER; HYDROCARBONS; ILLITE SMECTITE; ILLITIZATION; SMECTITE DIAGENESIS; THERMAL MATURITY ID NORTH-SEA; DENVER BASIN; DIAGENESIS; SHALE; CALIFORNIA; SEDIMENTS; DEHYDRATION; TEMPERATURE; BURIAL; TRANSFORMATION AB Empirical relationships between clay mineral transformations and temperature provide a basis for the use of clay minerals as geothermometers. Clay-mineral geothermometry has been applied mainly to diagenetic, hydrothermal, and contact- and burial-metamorphic settings to better understand the thermal histories of migrating fluids, hydrocarbon source beds, and ore and mineral formation. Quantitatively, the most important diagenetic clay mineral reaction in sedimentary rocks is the progressive transformation of smectite to illite via mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S). Changes in both the illite/smectite ratio and ordering of I/S, as determined from X-ray powder diffraction profiles, correlate with changes in temperature due to burial depth. Although the smectite-to-illite reaction may be influenced by several factors, reaction progress appears to be strongly controlled by temperature. Studies show that the model proposed by Hoffman and Hower in 1979 is applicable in burial diagenetic settings from about 5 to 330 Ma, and includes most rocks about Miocene to Mississippian in age. Reliability of the I/S geothermometer is, however, dependent upon a good understanding of the rock's original clay-mineral composition. Changes in the ordering of I/S are particularly useful in the exploration for hydrocarbons because of the common coincidence between the temperatures for the conversion from random-to-ordered I/S and those for the onset of peak, or main phase, oil generation. Here, the utility of the I/S geothermometer is reviewed in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to Mississippian age. Using three common applications, the I/S geothermometer is compared to other mineral geothermometers, organic maturation indices, and grades of indigenous hydrocarbons. Good agreement between changes in ordering of I/S and calculated maximum burial temperatures or hydrocarbon maturity suggests that I/S is a reliable semiquantitative geothermometer and an excellent measures of thermal maturity. RP POLLASTRO, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 960,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 67 TC 165 Z9 183 U1 0 U2 14 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD APR PY 1993 VL 41 IS 2 BP 119 EP 133 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410202 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA LT507 UT WOS:A1993LT50700002 ER PT J AU WHITNEY, G VELDE, B AF WHITNEY, G VELDE, B TI CHANGES IN PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY DURING ILLITIZATION - AN EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE ILLITIZATION; MORPHOLOGY; PARTICLE; TEM ID ILLITE SMECTITE DIAGENESIS; TEXAS GULF-COAST; INTERPARTICLE-DIFFRACTION; INTERSTRATIFIED CLAYS; TRANSMISSION; CONVERSION; CRYSTALS; TEM; SR AB Smectite was reacted at several temperatures between 20-degrees-C and 500-degrees-C to produce interstratified illite/smectite (I/S) with different proportions of expandable layers. Dispersed and sedimented products were examined using a transmission electron microscope. Particle size and aspect ratio showed no systematic change as a function of reaction extent during RO illitization. However, particles exhibited rounded edges during the early stages of the reaction, suggesting some dissolution of primary smectite. Additionally, increasing particle contrast in the electron beam suggests thickening of particles with increasing reaction extent. The thickening of particles is thought to be produced by the nucleation and precipitation of secondary illite layers on primary smectite layers. In the most extensively reacted I/S, particles have become aggregated into clumps or quasicrystals by lateral growth of illite layers. Internal uniformity of crystallographic alignment of individual growing crystals within each aggregate was reflected in the increasing frequency of 60-degrees and 120-degrees interfacial angles within each aggregate. In highly illitic I/S, these aggregates took on an overall euhedral form and became crystallographically contiguous, producing single crystal electron diffraction patterns. C1 ECOLE NORMALE SUPER,F-75231 PARIS,FRANCE. RP WHITNEY, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 904 BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 34 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD APR PY 1993 VL 41 IS 2 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410209 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA LT507 UT WOS:A1993LT50700009 ER PT J AU GELFENBAUM, G NOBLE, M AF GELFENBAUM, G NOBLE, M TI SIGNIFICANT BED ELEVATION CHANGES RELATED TO GULF-STREAM DYNAMICS ON THE SOUTH-CAROLINA CONTINENTAL-SHELF SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SHEAR-STRESS; MODEL; ROUGHNESS; MOVEMENT; WAVE; FLOW AB Photographs of the seabed taken from an instrumented bottom tripod located approximately 100 km east of Charleston, South Carolina, reveal bed elevation changes of over 20 cm between July and November 1978. The tripod was in 85 m of water and was equipped with two current meters at 38.7 and 100 cm from the bed, a pressure sensor, a transmissometer, which fouled early during the deployment, a temperature sensor and a camera. The sediment under the tripod was composed of poorly sorted sand, some shell debris and numerous small biological tubes. Bed roughness varied throughout the deployment from biologically-produced mounds (2-5 cm high and 5-20 cm diameter) to streaks to a smooth bed, depending upon the frequency and magnitude of the sediment tranSporting events. Even though these events were common, especially during the later part of the deployment, the bed was rarely rippled, and there was no evidence of large bedforms such as dunes or sand waves migrating through the field of view of the camera. Photographs did clearly show, however, a gradual net deposition of the bed of nearly 20 cm, followed by erosion of approximately 5 cm. The flow field near the bed was dominated by sub-tidal period currents. Hourly-averaged currents at 100 cm from the bed typically varied between 10 and 30 cm s-1 and occasionally were as high as 60 cm s-1. The large flow events were predominantly toward the southwest along the shelf in the opposite direction of the northeast flowing Gulf Stream. The cross-shore component of the flow near the bed was predominantly directed offshore due to a local topographic steering effect. Current, temperature and satellite data suggest that the largest flow events were associated with the advection of Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Erosion events, as seen from the photographs, were highly correlated with the passage of these Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Gradual deposition of sediment, which occurred during the first half of the deployment. appears to have been associated with the convergence of the near-bed sediment flux near the shelf break. C1 USGS,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP GELFENBAUM, G (reprint author), USGS,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR PY 1993 VL 13 IS 4 BP 385 EP 405 DI 10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA KR843 UT WOS:A1993KR84300002 ER PT J AU FARMER, GL AYUSO, R PLAFKER, G AF FARMER, GL AYUSO, R PLAFKER, G TI A COAST MOUNTAINS PROVENANCE FOR THE VALDEZ AND ORCA GROUPS, SOUTHERN ALASKA, BASED ON ND, SR, AND PB ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN ASSEMBLAGE; PRINCE-WILLIAM TERRANE; CENTRAL-GNEISS-COMPLEX; CANADIAN CORDILLERA; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPES; PLUTONIC COMPLEX; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EVOLUTION; ROCKS; BATHOLITH AB Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic data were obtained for fourteen fine- to coarse-grained samples of accreted flysch of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Valdez and Orca Groups in southern Alaska to determine the flysch provenance. Argillites and greywackes from the Orca Group, as well as compositionally similar but higher metamorphic grade rocks from the Valdez Group, show a restricted range of correlated epsilon(Nd) (-0.6 to -3.8) and Sr-87/Sr-86 (0.7060-0.7080) at the time of sediment deposition (approximately 50 Ma). Pb isotopic compositions also vary over a narrow range (Pb-206/Pb-204 = 19.138-19.395, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.593-15.703, Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.677-39.209), and in the Orca Group the samples generally become more radiogenic with decreasing epsilon(Nd) and increasing Sr-87/Sr-86. All samples have similar trace element compositions characterized by moderate light rare earth element enrichments, and low ratios of high field strength elements to large ion lithophile elements. Based on petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data the sedimentary rocks are interpreted to have been derived largely from a Phanerozoic continental margin arc complex characterized by igneous rocks with epsilon(Nd) values between 0 and -5. The latter conclusion is supported by the epsilon(Nd) values of a tonalite clast and a rhyodacite clast in the Orca Group (epsilon(Nd) = -4.9 and -0.9, respectively). However, trondjemitic clasts in the Orca Group have significantly lower epsilon(Nd)(approximately -10) and require a derivation of a portion of the flysch from Precambrian crustal sources. The Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions of both the Valdez and Orca Groups overlap the values determined for intrusive igneous rocks exposed within the northern portion of the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary Coast Mountains Plutonic Complex in western British Columbia and equivalent rocks in southeastern Alaska. The isotopic data support previous conclusions based on geologic studies which suggest that the flysch was shed from this portion of the batholith, and from overlying continental margin arc-related volcanic rocks, following its rapid uplift in the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. The Precambrian crustal material present in the flysch may have been derived from Late Proterozoic or older metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks now exposed along the western margin of the Coast Mountains Plutonic Complex. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP FARMER, GL (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 48 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD APR PY 1993 VL 116 IS 1-4 BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90042-8 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LA737 UT WOS:A1993LA73700002 ER PT J AU BARBANTI, A BOTHNER, MH AF BARBANTI, A BOTHNER, MH TI A PROCEDURE FOR PARTITIONING BULK SEDIMENTS INTO DISTINCT GRAIN-SIZE FRACTIONS FOR GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METALS; COASTAL AB A method to separate sediments into discrete size fractions for geochemical analysis has been tested. The procedures were chosen to minimize the destruction or formation of aggregates and involved gentle sieving and settling of wet samples. Freeze-drying and sonication pretreatments, known to influence aggregates, were used for comparison. Freeze-drying was found to increase the silt/clay ratio by an average of 180 percent compared to analysis of a wet sample that had been wet sieved only. Sonication of a wet sample decreased the silt/clay ratio by 51 percent. The concentrations of metals and organic carbon in the separated fractions changed depending on the pretreatment procedures in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that aggregates consist of fine-grained organic- and metal-rich particles. The coarse silt fraction of a freeze-dried sample contained 20-44 percent higher concentrations of Zn, Cu, and organic carbon than the coarse silt fraction of the wet sample. Sonication resulted in concentrations of these analytes that were 18-33 percent lower in the coarse silt fraction than found in the wet sample. Sonication increased the concentration of lead in the clay fraction by an average of 40 percent compared to an unsonicated sample. Understanding the magnitude of change caused by different analysis protocols is an aid in designing future studies that seek to interpret the spatial distribution of contaminated sediments and their transport mechanisms. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP BARBANTI, A (reprint author), CNR,IST GEOL MARINA,VIA ZAMBONI 65,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY. NR 25 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 13 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA LN616 UT WOS:A1993LN61600001 ER PT J AU HAUPT, RS FOLGER, DW AF HAUPT, RS FOLGER, DW TI PAPER PLANT EFFLUENT REVISITED - SOUTHERN LAKE CHAMPLAIN, VERMONT AND NEW-YORK SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EFFLUENT; PAPER PLANT; LAKE CHAMPLAIN AB We used geologic and geochemical techniques to document the change with time of the distribution and concentration of contaminated bottom sediments in southern Lake Champlain near an International Paper Company plant. Our work, initiated in 1972, was expanded on behalf of Vermont citizens in a class-action suit against the International Paper Company. To update our 1972-1973 results, we collected nine cores in 1988 upstream and downstream from the paper plant effluent diffuser. Water content, volatile solids, organic carbon, and three ratios, Al/Si, Cl/Si, and S/Si, in addition to megascopic and microscopic observations, were evaluated to identify and trace the distribution of effluent and to measure the thickness of sediment affected by or containing components of effluent. Analyses were carried out on samples from the cores as well as from effluent collected directly from the plant's waste treatment facility. In 1973, two years after the plant opened, we cored near the diffuser; sediment contaminated with effluent was 4.5 cm thick. In 1988, in the same area, sediment contaminated with effluent was 17 cm thick. In 15 years, water content increased from 72 to 85 percent, volatile solids from 7 to 20 percent, and organic carbon from 2 to 12 percent. Cl/Si and S/Si were high only near the diffuser and were zero elsewhere. In the area of the diffuser, contaminated sediment appears to be accumulating at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. At a control location 22 km upstream (south) from the plant, the top, poorly consolidated layer was only 1 cm or less thick both in 1973 and in 1988. The class-action suit was settled in favor of the plaintiffs for $5 million. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. VERMONT AGCY TRANSPORTAT,DIV MAT & RES,MONTPELIER,VT 05602. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 83 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA LN616 UT WOS:A1993LN61600011 ER PT J AU FARAG, AM WOODWARD, DF LITTLE, EE STEADMAN, B VERTUCCI, FA AF FARAG, AM WOODWARD, DF LITTLE, EE STEADMAN, B VERTUCCI, FA TI THE EFFECTS OF LOW PH AND ELEVATED ALUMINUM ON YELLOWSTONE CUTTHROAT TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI-BOUVIERI) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PH; BEHAVIOR; CUTTHROAT TROUT; IONOREGULATION ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; BROOK TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; CALCIUM; FISH; SENSITIVITY; SURVIVAL; ACIDITY; ALEVINS; GROWTH AB Although acid deposition is not considered a problem in the western United States, surface waters in high elevations and fish inhabiting these waters may be vulnerable to acidification. This study examined the sensitivity of a western salmonid to acid and aluminum stress. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri; YSC) were exposed for 7 d during each of four early life stages, or continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch, to decreased pH and elevated Al. We monitored survival, growth, whole-body ion content, and behavior of the exposed fish. Sensitivity of early life stages of YSC may be expressed by survival or by survival and sublethal effects. In our study, eggs were the most sensitive life stage of YSC to low pH if survival alone was considered. However, the sublethal effects on growth, tissue ion content, and behavior revealed the alevins and swim-up larvae were more sensitive to reduced pH and increased Al than eggs or eyed embryos. We also observed that survival was significantly decreased if YSC were exposed to pH 6.0 and 50 mug Al per liter continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,JACKSON FIELD STN,JACKSON,WY 83001. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. RP FARAG, AM (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL & PHYSIOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1993 VL 12 IS 4 BP 719 EP 731 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[719:TEOLPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KR632 UT WOS:A1993KR63200014 ER PT J AU HEINZ, GH AF HEINZ, GH TI SELENIUM ACCUMULATION AND LOSS IN MALLARD EGGS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Note DE SELENIUM; MALLARD; EGGS; ACCUMULATION; LOSS ID SELENOMETHIONINE; REPRODUCTION AB Five female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that had just started egg laying were first fed a diet containing 15 ppm selenium in the form of selenomethionine for 20 d and then an untreated diet for 20 d. Selenium levels in eggs peaked (to about 13-20 ppm) in about two weeks on the treated diet and leveled off at a low level (<5 ppm) after about 10 d back on the untreated diet. Selenium levels in egg whites responded faster than levels in yolks to the females' consumption of treated and untreated diets. RP HEINZ, GH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1993 VL 12 IS 4 BP 775 EP 778 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[775:SAALIM]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KR632 UT WOS:A1993KR63200019 ER PT J AU ROGERS, BD SHAW, RF HERKE, WH BLANCHET, RH AF ROGERS, BD SHAW, RF HERKE, WH BLANCHET, RH TI RECRUITMENT OF POSTLARVAL AND JUVENILE BROWN SHRIMP (PENAEUS-AZTECUS IVES) FROM OFFSHORE TO ESTUARINE WATERS OF THE NORTHWESTERN GULF-OF-MEXICO SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PENAEIDAE; RECRUITMENT; TRANSPORT; COLD FRONT; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION; ESTUARIES; CONTINENTAL SHELF; GULF OF MEXICO ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF WATERS; BREVOORTIA-PATRONUS; WESTERN LOUISIANA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; WINTER STORM; COASTAL; TRANSPORT; MENHADEN; LARVAE; TEXAS C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR COASTAL ENERGY & ENVIRONM RESOURCES,INST COASTAL FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LOUISIANA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,NEW IBERIA,LA 70560. RP ROGERS, BD (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 77 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD APR PY 1993 VL 36 IS 4 BP 377 EP 394 DI 10.1006/ecss.1993.1023 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA LC577 UT WOS:A1993LC57700005 ER PT J AU MAULE, AG SCHRECK, CB SHARPE, C AF MAULE, AG SCHRECK, CB SHARPE, C TI SEASONAL-CHANGES IN CORTISOL SENSITIVITY AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AFFINITY AND NUMBER IN LEUKOCYTES OF COHO SALMON SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SALMON; LEUKOCYTES; CORTISOL SENSITIVITY; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS; SMOLTIFICATION ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PLASMA PROLACTIN; FRESH-WATER; STRESS; SMOLTIFICATION; GILL; TSHAWYTSCHA; RESISTANCE; GAIRDNERI AB To determine if there were organ-specific changes in immune responses or immune-endocrine interaction, we monitored in vitro immune response, cortisol sensitivity and number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in leukocytes from freshwater-adapted juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the physiological changes that prepare them to enter the marine environment. During this period, absolute immune response declined, but splenic leukocytes generated more antibody-producing cells than did cells from anterior kidney. Splenic leukocytes were initially more sensitive to the suppressive effects of cortisol and had fewer GR than leukocytes from the anterior kidney. Leukocytes from the anterior kidney were initially insensitive to cortisol but developed sensitivity at about the same time as the dissociation constant and number of GR increased. In vitro incubation of anterior kidney leukocytes in cortisol altered GR variables when experiments were conducted during March through September but not during November through February. In some years, changes in GR or immune responses were correlated with plasma cortisol titers, but in other years there was no correlation. Thus, the exact relation between cortisol, GR and immune response in anadromous salmonids is unclear and other factors are involved. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OREGON COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 4 PU KUGLER PUBLICATIONS BV PI LELYSTAD PA PLATINASTRAAT 33, 8211 AR LELYSTAD, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD APR PY 1993 VL 10 IS 6 BP 497 EP 506 DI 10.1007/BF00004605 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA LG351 UT WOS:A1993LG35100007 PM 24214450 ER PT J AU RABENI, CF JACOBSON, RB AF RABENI, CF JACOBSON, RB TI THE IMPORTANCE OF FLUVIAL HYDRAULICS TO FISH-HABITAT RESTORATION IN LOW-GRADIENT ALLUVIAL STREAMS SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SMALLMOUTH BASS AB 1. A major cause of degradation and loss of stream fish is alteration of physical habitat within and adjacent to the channel. We describe a potentially efficient approach to fish restoration based upon the relationship between fluvial hydraulics, geomorphology, and those habitats important to fish. 2. The aquatic habitat in a low-gradient, alluvial stream in the Ozark Plateaus physiographical province was classified according to location in the channel, patterns of water flow, and structures that control flow. The resulting habitat types were ranked in terms of their temporal stability and ability to be manipulated. 3. Delineation and quantification of discrete physical spaces in a stream, termed hydraulic habitat units, are shown to be useful in stream restoration programmes if the ecological importance of each habitat unit is known, and if habitats are defined by fluvial dynamics so that restoration is aided by natural forces. 4. Examples, using different taxa, are given to illustrate management options. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ROLLA,MO 65401. RP RABENI, CF (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,SCH NAT RESOURCES,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 23 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00758.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KY583 UT WOS:A1993KY58300004 ER PT J AU TRISKA, FJ DUFF, JH AVANZINO, RJ AF TRISKA, FJ DUFF, JH AVANZINO, RJ TI PATTERNS OF HYDROLOGICAL EXCHANGE AND NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATION IN THE HYPORHEIC ZONE OF A GRAVEL-BOTTOM STREAM - EXAMINING TERRESTRIAL AQUATIC LINKAGES SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 3RD-ORDER STREAM; RETENTION; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS; BUDGETS; CHANNEL; WATER; FLOW AB 1. The terrestrial-aquatic interface beneath a riparian corridor was investigated as a region of hydrological and biological control of nutrient flux. Subsurface flow paths were defined from the channel toward the riparian zone and also from the riparian zone toward the channel using tracer-injection studies. Solute transport had a rapid channel component (m min-1) and a slow hyporheic flow component (m h-1, m day-1). Subsurface flow beneath the riparian zone approximated a straight path entering at meanders but could also cross beneath the stream, possibly using relic channels. 2. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the hyporheic zone ranged from < 1.0 to 9.5 mg l-1 due to permeability variations in bankside sediments. DO concentration was related to the proportion of stream water in the lateral hyporheic zone, indicating that the channel water was the DO source. 3. The magnitude and timing of lateral water exchange was linked to previously published studies of nitrification and denitrification. Both nitrification potential and channel exchange decreased with distance from the channel and were absent at sites lacking effective exchange, due to low DO. Field amendment of ammonium to an aerobic flow path indicated nitrification potential under natural hydrological conditions. Denitrification potential was inversely related to channel exchange and was insignificant in channel sediments. Field amendment of acetylene plus nitrate to a flow path with low DO and minimal channel exchange indicated denitrification of amended nitrate. 4. Comparison of hydraulic head to distribution of the biologically important solutes DO, ammonium, and nitrate was useful for interpreting previous findings and conceptualizing the riparian zone as a functioning ecotone between terrestrial and aquatic systems. RP TRISKA, FJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 32 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 4 U2 41 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 259 EP 274 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00762.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KY583 UT WOS:A1993KY58300008 ER PT J AU KVENVOLDEN, KA GINSBURG, GD SOLOVIEV, VA AF KVENVOLDEN, KA GINSBURG, GD SOLOVIEV, VA TI WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBAQUATIC GAS HYDRATES SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; SEISMIC-REFLECTION; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SUBDUCTION ZONE; OUTER RIDGE; SEA; SEDIMENTS; GULF; METHANE; MEXICO AB Sediments containing natural gas hydrates occur worldwide on continental and insular slopes and rises of active and passive margins, on continental shelves of polar regions, and in deep-water (> 300 m) environments of inland lakes and seas. The potential amount of methane in natural gas hydrates is enormous, with current estimates at about 10(19) g of methane carbon. Subaquatic gas hydrates have been recovered in 14 different areas of the world, and geophysical and geochemical evidence for them has been found in 33 other areas. The worldwide distribution of natural gas hydrates is updated here; their global importance to the chemical and physical properties of near-surface subaquatic sediments is affirmed. C1 VNIIOKEANGEOL,190121 ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. RP KVENVOLDEN, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 97 TC 136 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 27 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD APR PY 1993 VL 13 IS 1 BP 32 EP 40 DI 10.1007/BF01204390 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA KZ156 UT WOS:A1993KZ15600005 ER PT J AU GINSBURG, GD SOLOVIEV, VA CRANSTON, RE LORENSON, TD KVENVOLDEN, KA AF GINSBURG, GD SOLOVIEV, VA CRANSTON, RE LORENSON, TD KVENVOLDEN, KA TI GAS HYDRATES FROM THE CONTINENTAL-SLOPE, OFFSHORE SAKHALIN ISLAND, OKHOTSK SEA SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MARINE AB Ten gas-vent fields were discovered in the Okhotsk Sea on the northeast continental slope offshore from Sakhalin Island in water depths of 620-1040 m. At one vent field, estimated to be more than 250 m across, gas hydrates. containing mainly microbial methane (deltaC-13 = -64.3 parts per thousand), were recovered from subbottom depths of 0.3-1.2 m. The sediment, having lenses and bedded layers of gas hydrate, contained 30-40% hydrate per volume of wet sediment. Although gas hydrates were not recovered at other fields, geochemical and thermal measurements suggest that gas hydrates are present. C1 GEOL SURVEY CANADA,ATLANTIC GEOSCI CTR,DARTMOUTH B2Y 4A2,NS,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP GINSBURG, GD (reprint author), RES INST GEOL & MINERAL RESOURCES OCEAN,MAKLINA PR 1,190121 ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. NR 19 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD APR PY 1993 VL 13 IS 1 BP 41 EP 48 DI 10.1007/BF01204391 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA KZ156 UT WOS:A1993KZ15600006 ER PT J AU CHESLEY, JT HALLIDAY, AN SNEE, LW MEZGER, K SHEPHERD, TJ SCRIVENER, RC AF CHESLEY, JT HALLIDAY, AN SNEE, LW MEZGER, K SHEPHERD, TJ SCRIVENER, RC TI THERMOCHRONOLOGY OF THE CORNUBIAN BATHOLITH IN SOUTHWEST ENGLAND - IMPLICATIONS FOR PLUTON EMPLACEMENT AND PROTRACTED HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Review ID PRESSURE METAMORPHIC BELTS; VALLEY MAGMATIC SYSTEM; LONG RESIDENCE TIMES; PRECALDERA LAVAS; RHYOLITIC MAGMA; ISOTOPIC RECORD; PB SYSTEMATICS; GLASS MOUNTAIN; GRANITIC-ROCKS; AGE-SPECTRA AB The metalliferous ore deposits of southwest England are associated with biotite-muscovite granites that intruded upper Paleozoic sediments and volcanic rocks at the end of the Hercynian Orogeny. The hydrothermal mineralization can be subdivided into four stages: (1) exoskams; (2) high-temperature tin and tungsten oxide-bearing sheeted greisen bordered veins and Sn-bearing tourmaline veins and breccias; (3) polymetallic quartz-tourmaline-chlorite-sulfide-fluorite-bearing fissure veins, which represent the main episode of economic mineralization; and (4) late-stage, low-temperature polymetallic fluorite veins. U-Pb dating of monazite and xenotime and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of muscovite were used to determine emplacement ages and cooling times for individual plutons within the Cornubian batholith, as well as separate intrusive phases within the plutons. In addition, Ar-40/Ar-39 ages from hornblende and secondary muscovite and Sm-Nd isochron ages from fluorite were employed to determine the relationship between pluton emplacement and different stages of mineralization. The U-Pb ages indicate that granite magmatism was protracted from approximately 300 Ma down to approximately 275 Ma with no evidence of a major hiatus. There is no systematic relation between the age of a pluton and its location within the batholith. The U-Pb ages for separate granite phases within a single pluton are resolvable and indicate that magma emplacement within individual plutons occurred over periods of as much as 4.5 myrs. Felsic porphyry dike emplacement was coeval with plutonism, but continued to approximately 270 Ma. The geochronologic data suggest that the Cornubian batholith originated from repeated melting events over 30 myrs and was formed by a series of small coalescing granitic bodies. Cooling rates of the main plutons are unrelated to emplacement age, but decrease from the southwest to the northeast from approximately 210-degrees-C myr-1 to approximately 60-degrees-C myr-1 with a mean of 100-degrees-C myr-1. These slow cooling rates appear to reflect the addition of heat from multiple intrusive episodes. The mineralization history is distinct for each pluton and ranges from coeval with, to up to 40 myrs younger than the cooling age for the host pluton. Stage 2 mineralization is broadly synchronous with the emplacement of granite magmas, is dominated by fluids expelled during crystallization, and may be repeated by the emplacement of younger magmas within the same pluton. Sm-Nd isochrons for fluorite from stage 3 polymetallic mineralization give ages of 259 +/- 7, 266 +/- 3 and 267 +/- 12 Ma, postdating stage 2 mineralization by up to 25 myrs within the same deposit. The similarity in age of the main polymetallic mineralization hosted by the oldest and youngest plutons, suggests that this stage of mineralization is unlikely to be related to hydrothermal circulation driven by the emplacement and cooling of the host granite. The mineralization is more likely the product of regional hydrothermal circulation driven by heat from the emplacement and crystallization of younger buried pulses of magma. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. USGS,DENVER,CO 80225. MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,W-6500 MAINZ,GERMANY. BRITISH GEOL SURVEY,NOTTINGHAM NG12 5GG,ENGLAND. BRITISH GEOL SURVEY,EXETER EX4 6BX,ENGLAND. RI Mezger, Klaus/D-9502-2011 OI Mezger, Klaus/0000-0002-2443-8539 NR 108 TC 97 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD APR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1817 EP 1835 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90115-D PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA LA664 UT WOS:A1993LA66400012 ER PT J AU SUGARMAN, PJ MILLER, KG OWENS, JP FEIGENSON, MD AF SUGARMAN, PJ MILLER, KG OWENS, JP FEIGENSON, MD TI STRONTIUM-ISOTOPE AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE MIOCENE KIRKWOOD FORMATION, SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; MARGIN; ZONATION AB We use Sr-isotope stratigraphy to correlate the Miocene Kirkwood Formation of the New Jersey Coastal Plain to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) and to ascertain the age of Miocene depositional sequences. Sr-isotope stratigraphy confirms diatom biostratigraphy, which delineates three Kirkwood sequences corresponding to East Coast Diatom Zone (ECDZ) 1, ECDZ 2, and ECDZ 6 of Andrews (1988). Sr-isotope age estimates of the lowermost sequence (= ECDZ 1) range from 19.2 to 22.6 Ma +/- 0.5 my. The middle sequence (= ECDZ 2) ranges from 15.5 to 17.4 Ma +/- 0.5 my.; a disconformity within ECDZ 2 at the Belleplain State Forest borehole and the Wildwood 198A well separates it into two sequences, with a possible hiatus from 17 to 16 Ma. Sr-isotope age estimates of the upper Kirkwood sequence (= ECDZ 6) are not as certain and range from 11.5 to 13.6 Ma +/- 0.8 Ma. A shorter age range of 12.2-13.6 Ma for this sequence is supported by its assignment to the D. stauracanthus silicoflagellate Subzone. Sedimentation rates were as high as 40 m per million years during deposition of the Kirkwood Formation, suggesting possible tectonic influences on depositional history. The timing of lower to middle Miocene sequence boundaries from the New Jersey Coastal Plain compares well with other indicators of sea-level change, including oxygen isotopes (Miller and others, 1991b), the global sea-level record of Haq and others (1987), and the offshore New Jersey sequence boundaries of Greenlee and others (1992). Thus, both tectonic and eustatic changes influenced Miocene depositional history of the New Jersey Coastal Plain. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP SUGARMAN, PJ (reprint author), NEW JERSEY GEOL SURVEY,CN 427,TRENTON,NJ 08625, USA. NR 50 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1993 VL 105 IS 4 BP 423 EP 436 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0423:SIASSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KW847 UT WOS:A1993KW84700002 ER PT J AU MUELLER, PA SHUSTER, RD WOODEN, JL ERSLEV, EA BOWES, DR AF MUELLER, PA SHUSTER, RD WOODEN, JL ERSLEV, EA BOWES, DR TI AGE AND COMPOSITION OF ARCHEAN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS FROM THE SOUTHERN MADISON RANGE, MONTANA - IMPLICATIONS FOR CRUSTAL EVOLUTION IN THE WYOMING CRATON SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS; PROVINCE; MANTLE; PB; TECTONICS AB The southern Madison Range of southwestern Montana contains two distinct Precambrian lithologic assemblages: (1) a complex of tonalitic to granitic gneisses that has been thrust over (2) a medium-grade metasupracrustal sequence dominated by pelitic schist. Crystallization ages for the protolith of a granodioritic gneiss that intruded the meta-supracrustal sequence (approximately 2.6 Ga) along with an intercalated meta-andesite (approximately 2.7 Ga) confirm the sequence as Archean. Chemical (major and trace element), isotopic (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb), and geochronologic (U-Pb zircon) data for selected components of the gneiss complex indicate two groups of gneisses: an older, tonalitic to trondhjemitic group (approximately 3.3 Ga) and a younger, mostly granitic group (approximately 2.7 Ga). Both groups of gneisses exhibit the radiogenic Pb and nonradiogenic Nd isotopic signature characteristic of Middle and Late Archean rocks from throughout the Wyoming province. The older gneisses, in particular, appear to be compositionally, isotopically, and chronologically comparable to other Middle Archean gneisses from the northern part of the province (for example, Beartooth Mountains). The Late Archean gneisses, however, exhibit some distinct differences relative to their temporal counterparts, including (1) trace-element patterns that are more suggestive of crustal melts than subduction activity and (2) higher initial Sr isotopic ratios that suggest more involvement of older crust in their petrogenesis. These comparisons suggest that the juxta-position of Late Archean terranes in the northern Wyoming province was the result, at least in part, of intracratonic processes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT EARTH RESOURCES,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. UNIV GLASGOW,DEPT GEOL & APPL GEOL,GLASGOW G12 8QQ,SCOTLAND. RP MUELLER, PA (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X NR 39 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1993 VL 105 IS 4 BP 437 EP 446 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0437:AACOAC>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KW847 UT WOS:A1993KW84700003 ER PT J AU BLOCH, RB VONHUENE, R HART, PE WENTWORTH, CM AF BLOCH, RB VONHUENE, R HART, PE WENTWORTH, CM TI STYLE AND MAGNITUDE OF TECTONIC SHORTENING NORMAL TO THE SAN-ANDREAS FAULT ACROSS PYRAMID HILLS AND KETTLEMAN HILLS SOUTH DOME, CALIFORNIA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-PLATE; JOAQUIN-VALLEY; COAST RANGES; GEOMETRY; MOTION; DEFORMATION; KINEMATICS; EVOLUTION; SYSTEM; THRUST AB A blind thrust zone and the overlying fold forming the Kettleman Hills South Dome were produced by late Cenozoic shortening normal to the San Andreas fault. West of Kettleman Hills, toward the San Andreas fault, the region of Pyramid Hills experienced structural growth as early as Late Cretaceous time, and growth accelerated in Pliocene to Holocene time. These structures were imaged to a depth of 7 km by reprocessing a seismic reflection record section. Restored structural cross sections indicate a three-stage growth history for Kettleman Hills South Dome: (1) late Miocene reverse faulting, (2) Pliocene fault-propagation-type folding, and (3) late Pliocene to Holocene tectonic wedge emplacement Late Pliocene to Holocene structural growth at Pyramid Hills probably resulted from thrust emplacement of the Franciscan Complex. A forward model demonstrates that tectonic wedging could account for post-2.5 Ma deformation of Pyramid Hills and Kettleman Hills South Dome. Horizontal shortening across Pyramid Hills and Kettleman Hills South Dome normal to the San Andreas fault since the Cretaceous period is 3.7 km. This figure does not include shortening within the basement; adding shortening of our tectonic wedge model yields 7.9 km of shortening since Cretaceous time. Post-2.5 Ma shortening determined by our tectonic wedge model is 6.3 km. The rate of post-2.5 Ma shortening (2.5 mm/yr), when added to that on the west side of the San Andreas fault, is consistent with the values derived from plate-motion models that describe the ''San Andreas'' discrepancy. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT APPL EARTH SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305. GEOMAR,KIEL,GERMANY. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 55 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1993 VL 105 IS 4 BP 464 EP 478 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0464:SAMOTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KW847 UT WOS:A1993KW84700005 ER PT J AU BOHANNON, RG GROW, JA MILLER, JJ BLANK, RH AF BOHANNON, RG GROW, JA MILLER, JJ BLANK, RH TI SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGIN RIVER DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED BASINS, SOUTHEASTERN NEVADA AND NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORMAL-FAULT SYSTEMS; MOUNTAINS; EVOLUTION; ROTATION; ISOSTASY; UPLIFT; RANGE AB Virgin River depression is a Neogene basin, with a surface area that exceeds 1,500 km2, in the Basin and Range structural province of south-eastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. The depression formed within the foreland of the Sevier orogenic zone, a region that was characterized in Paleogene time by a flat-lying section of Cambrian to Cretaceous platform strata about 5 km thick. Well data from Mobil Virgin IA on Mormon Mesa reveal 2,000+ m of Neogene basin fill that consists mostly of the Muddy Creek Formation (4-10 Ma), the red sandstone unit (10-12 Ma) of Bohannon (1984), and the Lovell Wash Member of the Horse Spring Formation (12-13 Ma). Seismic reflection data from six primacord and two vibroseis lines show that the Muddy Creek Formation uniformly fills Virgin River depression to a depth of 1-2 km. Two older and less-extensive basins, the Mormon and Mesquite, lie beneath the Muddy Creek and are separated from one another by a complex buried ridge. The basins are mostly filled with rocks of the red sandstone unit and Lovell Wash Member to depths locally exceeding 6 km. Two older members of the Horse Spring Formation, the Rainbow Gardens and Thumb, also occur in Mormon basin (the western one), where they rest disconformably on the pre-Tertiary strata. The basins are east-tilted; half grabens that are bounded on the east and southeast by large listric normal fault systems. The faults that bound Mormon basin are buried by the Muddy Creek Formation, but the Piedmont fault, on the east side of Mesquite basin, cuts Quaternary alluvium. The Virgin River depression formed in three stages. The period from 24-13 Ma is characterized by slow subsidence in Mormon basin and little noticeable deformation of the basin substrate. The Mormon and Mesquite basins became fully differentiated during the period from 13-10 Ma. This stage is associated with large displacements on the normal faults bounding both basins and the buried ridge. Proterozoic crystalline rocks were exposed locally, providing a source for part of the red sandstone unit deposited in the basins. Tectonic denudation during the 13-10 Ma stage locally removed large amounts of the pre-basin section. By 10 Ma, most of the fault activity had ceased, the ridge between the basins was overlapped, and Virgin River depression began to subside uniformly over a wide area. This stage lasted until the commencement of the modern period of dissection associated with the Colorado River. Our structural analysis suggests that upper crustal extension within the basin, mostly during the 13-10 Ma stage, might have exceeded 60%. The basin subsidence was partly due to extension in the upper crust and partly due to viscous flow in the deeper crust beneath the basin. It is not clear to us what caused the uplifts that flank the depression, but isostatic rebound due to tectonic denudation remains a viable possibility. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP BOHANNON, RG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 40 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1993 VL 105 IS 4 BP 501 EP 520 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0501:SSATDO>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KW847 UT WOS:A1993KW84700007 ER PT J AU JIBSON, RW KEEFER, DK AF JIBSON, RW KEEFER, DK TI ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC ORIGIN OF LANDSLIDES - EXAMPLES FROM THE NEW-MADRID SEISMIC ZONE SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI VALLEY EARTHQUAKES; GROUND MOTION AB By analyzing two landslides in the New Madrid seismic zone, we develop an approach for judging if a landslide or group of landslides of unknown origin was more likely to have formed as a result of earthquake shaking or in aseismic conditions. The two landslides analyzed are representative of two groups of landslides that previous research on the geomorphology and regional distribution of landslides in this region indicates may have been triggered by the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Slope-stability models of aseismic conditions show that neither landslide is likely to have formed aseismically even in unrealistically high ground-water conditions. Dynamic stability analysis using Newmark's method shows that both slides probably would have experienced large inertial displacements during earthquake shaking similar to that which occurred in 1811-1812; these displacements are large enough that catastrophic failure is highly probable. Thus, the stability analyses are consistent with other lines of evidence that these landslides formed as a result of strong earthquake shaking during the 1811-1812 earthquakes. Our analysis yields a general relationship between Newmark landslide displacement, earthquake shaking intensity, and the critical acceleration of a landslide. Using this relationship, we estimate the minimum shaking intensities required to trigger the types of landslides studied: an m(b) = 5.8 or M = 5.9 earthquake is the lower bound threshold at zero epicentral distance that could trigger catastrophic movement of typical block slides in the New Madrid seismic zone; for earth flows, m(b) = 5.4 or M = 5.3 is the threshold earthquake. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP JIBSON, RW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 35 TC 78 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 18 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1993 VL 105 IS 4 BP 521 EP 536 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0521:AOTSOO>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KW847 UT WOS:A1993KW84700008 ER PT J AU BYERLEE, J AF BYERLEE, J TI MODEL FOR EPISODIC FLOW OF HIGH-PRESSURE WATER IN FAULT ZONES BEFORE EARTHQUAKES SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; FLUID PRESSURE AB In this model for the evolution of large crustal faults, water that originally came from the country rock saturates the initially highly porous and permeable fault zone. During shearing, the fault zone compacts and water flows back into the country rock, but the flow is arrested by silicate deposition that forms very low permeability seals between the fault zone and the country rock. Because of variations in temperature and mineralogical composition and the complex structure of the fault zone, a three-dimensional network of seals is formed in the fault zone itself; thus, the high-pressure fluid is not evenly distributed. As in deep oil reservoirs, the fluid will be confined to seal-bounded fluid compartments of various sizes and porosity that are not hydraulically connected with each other or with the hydrostatic regime in the country rock. When the seal between two of these compartments is ruptured, an electrical streaming potential will be generated by the sudden movement of fluid from the high-pressure compartment to the low-pressure compartment. When the pore pressure in the two compartments reaches its final equilibrium state, the average effective normal stress across them may be lower than it was initially, and, if the two compartments are large enough, this condition may trigger an earthquake. During an earthquake, many of the remaining seals will be ruptured, and the width of the fault zone will increase by failure of the geometric irregularities on the fault. This newly created, highly porous and permeable, but now wider fault zone will fill with water, and the process described above will be repeated. Thus, the process is an episodic one, with the water moving in and out of the fault zone, and each large earthquake should be preceded by an electrical and/or magnetic signal. RP BYERLEE, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 26 TC 268 Z9 289 U1 2 U2 15 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 4 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0303:MFEFOH>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA KW845 UT WOS:A1993KW84500004 ER PT J AU BRADLEY, PM CHAPELLE, FH VROBLESKY, DA AF BRADLEY, PM CHAPELLE, FH VROBLESKY, DA TI DOES LEAD AFFECT MICROBIAL-METABOLISM IN AQUIFER SEDIMENTS UNDER DIFFERENT TERMINAL ELECTRON-ACCEPTING CONDITIONS SO GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE AQUIFERS; LEAD; MICROBIAL METABOLISM; ORGANIC ACIDS ID CULTURES; METALS; CARBON; SOIL AB High concentrations of aliphatic organic acids (approximately 1 mM acetate) in groundwater from a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer are associated with elevated concentrations (approximately 30 mug/L) of lead. This pattern suggests that toxic effects of lead have contributed to the observed accumulation of organic acids. This hypothesis was tested by examining the effects of lead on carbon mineralization and organic acid accumulation in petroleum-contaminated aquifer material incubated under different terminal electron-accepting conditions. Lead was found to inhibit fermentation (organic acid accumulation) as well as microbial carbon mineralization (CO2 or CH4 production) under aerobic, nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Thus Pb does not appear to be the primary cause of organic acid accumulation at the field site. Rather, substantial accumulation of aliphatic organic acids occurred only in methanogenic microcosms, and only trace amounts of acetic acid were detected in sulfate-reducing microcosms. This pattern parallels field observations in which high organic acid concentrations were detected in methanogenic zones, but only low concentrations of acetic acid were detected in sulfate-reducing zones. RP BRADLEY, PM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,STEPHENSON CTR,SUITE 129,720 GRACERN RD,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0149-0451 J9 GEOMICROBIOL J JI Geomicrobiol. J. PD APR-JUN PY 1993 VL 11 IS 2 BP 85 EP 94 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA NG198 UT WOS:A1993NG19800003 ER PT J AU BOHLKE, JK GWINN, CJ COPLEN, TB AF BOHLKE, JK GWINN, CJ COPLEN, TB TI NEW REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR NITROGEN-ISOTOPE-RATIO MEASUREMENTS SO GEOSTANDARDS NEWSLETTER LA English DT Article ID N-15 ABUNDANCE MEASUREMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN; STANDARD AB Three new reference materials were manufactured for calibration of relative stable nitrogen-isotope-ratio measurements : USGS25 (ammonium sulfate) deltaN-15 = -30 per mil USGS26 (ammonium sulfate) deltaN-15 = +54 per mil USGS32 (potassium nitrate) deltaN-15 = +180 per mil where deltaN-15, relative to atmospheric nitrogen, is an approximate value subject to change following interlaboratory comparisons. These materials are isotopically homogeneous in aliquots at least as small as 10 mumol N2 (or about 1-2 mg of salt). The new reference materials greatly extend the range of deltaN-15 values of internationally distributed standards, and they allow normalization of deltaN-15 measurements over almost the full range of known natural isotope variation on Earth. The methods used to produce these materials may be adapted to produce homogeneous local laboratory standards for routine use. RP BOHLKE, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU GEOSTANDARDS PI VANDOEUVRE NANCY PA 15 RUE NOTRE-DAME-DES-PAUVRES BP 20, 54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY, FRANCE SN 0150-5505 J9 GEOSTANDARD NEWSLETT JI Geostand. Newsl. PD APR PY 1993 VL 17 IS 1 BP 159 EP 164 DI 10.1111/j.1751-908X.1993.tb00131.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KX906 UT WOS:A1993KX90600012 ER PT J AU KRUSHENSKY, RD AF KRUSHENSKY, RD TI TREASURE TROVE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN-EUROPE SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP KRUSHENSKY, RD (reprint author), USGS,OFF INT GEOL,917 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD APR PY 1993 VL 38 IS 4 BP 19 EP 21 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KV913 UT WOS:A1993KV91300005 ER PT J AU TORROBA, M ANDERSON, DP DIXON, OW CASARES, F VARAS, A ALONSO, L DELMORAL, MG ZAPATA, AG AF TORROBA, M ANDERSON, DP DIXON, OW CASARES, F VARAS, A ALONSO, L DELMORAL, MG ZAPATA, AG TI INVITRO ANTIGEN TRAPPING BY GILL CELLS OF THE RAINBOW-TROUT - AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY SO HISTOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANTIGEN-TRAPPING; GILLS; O-ANTIGEN; RAINBOW TROUT; YERSINIA-RUCKERI ID DIRECT IMMERSION EXPERIMENTS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; VACCINE; CARP AB An in vitro assay was used to study the involvement of gill cells in the trapping and processing of particulate antigens. Gills were routinely processed for light microscopy after being placed in medium containing either Yersinia ruckeri O-antigen-labelled fluorescent beads, unlabelled fluorescent beads, Y. ruckeri O-antigen or formalin-killed Y. ruckeri, for O, 30 s, 1, 5 and 30 min. Y. ruckeri formalin-killed cells, Y. ruckeri O-antigen and fluorescent beads labelled with Y. ruckeri O-antigen were taken in by gill epithelial cells as soon as 30 s after administration. In contrast, unlabelled fluorescent beads adhered to the epithelial cell membranes, but did not occur inside the gill cells. These results are discussed principally in relationship with the specificity of antigen trapping. C1 UNIV COMPLUTENSE,FAC BIOL,DEPT CELL BIOL,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV. RI Varas, Alberto/B-8292-2015 OI Varas, Alberto/0000-0001-8329-6457 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU F HERNANDEZ PI MURCIA PA PLAZA FUENSANTA 2-7 C, 30008 MURCIA, SPAIN SN 0213-3911 J9 HISTOL HISTOPATHOL JI Histol. Histopath. PD APR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 363 EP 367 PG 5 WC Cell Biology; Pathology SC Cell Biology; Pathology GA KU886 UT WOS:A1993KU88600021 PM 8490265 ER PT J AU SOLLEY, WB AF SOLLEY, WB TI WATER-USE TRENDS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED-STATES, 1950-85 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article RP SOLLEY, WB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD APR PY 1993 VL 28 IS 4 BP 283 EP 285 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA LF389 UT WOS:A1993LF38900008 ER PT J AU LIGHT, TD MOLL, SH BIE, SW LEE, GK AF LIGHT, TD MOLL, SH BIE, SW LEE, GK TI RECONNAISSANCE GUIDELINES FOR GOLD EXPLORATION IN CENTRAL ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article AB Distribution of more than 300 gold-bearing samples from the Livengood (Tolovana) and parts of the Fairbanks and Rampart mining districts in central Alaska, USA, indicate that the concentration of gold in placers is spatially related both to structural features and to Late Cretaceous and (or) Tertiary felsic plutons. The regional consistency of these spatial relationships is demonstrated by proximity analysis using a Geographic Information System (GIS), and suggests a genetic association between faults, felsic plutons, and gold occurrences. The local presence of gold within several of the plutons indicates that these are the source of some of the gold. In addition, some gold occurs proximal to faults where plutons are not present, suggesting that some of the gold was also derived from the country rock. We envision a model whereby weakly mineralized solutions, thermally driven by latent plutonic heat, were enriched by circulation through clastic units that may have had a naturally elevated gold background. The resultant enriched solutions were channeled and reconcentrated along or adjacent to large-scale fault systems. Future exploration to define individual target areas should be directed toward areas where Late Cretaceous and (or) Tertiary felsic plutons occur near major faults. C1 TGS TECHNOL INC,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP LIGHT, TD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4200 UNIV DR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508, USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD APR PY 1993 VL 47 IS 1-3 BP 89 EP 108 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(93)90060-Y PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KY551 UT WOS:A1993KY55100007 ER PT J AU SMITH, DB THEOBALD, PK SHEN, SQ REN, TX HOU, ZH AF SMITH, DB THEOBALD, PK SHEN, SQ REN, TX HOU, ZH TI THE HATU GOLD ANOMALY, XINJIANG-UYGUR AUTONOMOUS REGION, CHINA - TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS OF AEOLIAN TRANSPORT OF GOLD SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID EXPLORATION AB In 1987, a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration was initiated to evaluate the origin of the Hatu gold anomaly. The anomaly is located in the Hatu mining district in the northwest corner of Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China. The climate is semiarid to arid and wind erosion predominates. A regional soil survey of the Hatu district, based on samples collected on a 200 by 500 m grid and composited prior to chemical analysis to a density of one sample per square km, delineated a series of south-southeast-trending Au anomalies. Anomalous Au values range from 5 ppb to more than 700 ppb. The Hatu anomaly, the most prominent of these anomalies, is more than 30 km long and about 5 km wide. The mining town of Hatu and the economic gold deposits of Qiqu 1 and Qiqu 2 are at the northern end of this anomaly. The axis of the Hatu anomaly cuts across mapped structure and stratigraphy in the district, but is parallel to the prevailing wind direction. This observation led to the hypothesis that the Hatu anomaly is the result of aeolian dispersion of gold from the vicinity of Qiqu 1 and Qiqu 2. The alternative interpretation, that the anomalies reflected additional primary gold occurrences, was not consistent with existing information on the known occurrences and the geology. The investigation led to the identification of three types of gold in heavy-mineral concentrates derived from stream sediments that were collected along the axis of the Hatu anomaly: (1) free gold, (2) gold in pyrite, and (3) gold included in quartz. Gold in quartz was only observed within 2 km of Qiqu 1. The size of the gold particles and the number of gold particles in these samples did not decrease with distance from Qiqu 1 as would be expected from aeolian or fluvial dispersion from a point source. Instead, both the size and amount of gold increased significantly at a distance of 3.5 km from Qiqu 1 and this increase continued to approximately 5.5 km from Qiqu 1. The mean intermediate diameter of gold particles increased from 0. 1 mm to approximately 0.25 mm and the gold particle content increased from approximately 0.3 particles per kg of sample to almost 8 particles per kg of sample. The morphology of the gold changed from a delicate filigree texture near Qiqu 1 to coarse, blocky particles in the southern part of the anomaly. The Hatu anomaly is caused primarily by alluvial dispersion of free gold from local point sources along the anomaly. Aeolian dispersion is restricted to very fine-grained (+/- 2 mum) gold included in sulfide minerals or quartz grains and is significant only within 1-2 km of the known deposits. C1 MINIST GEOL & MINERAL RESOURCES,ADVISORY COMM SCI & TECHNOL,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. INST GEOPHYS & GEOCHEM EXPLORAT,LANGFANG 102849,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP SMITH, DB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD APR PY 1993 VL 47 IS 1-3 BP 201 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(93)90066-U PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KY551 UT WOS:A1993KY55100013 ER PT J AU CELEBI, M AF CELEBI, M TI SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ECCENTRICALLY BRACED TALL BUILDING SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Spectral analyses and system identification techniques are used to analyze a set of acceleration response records obtained during the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake (M(s) = 7.1) from the 47-story, moment-resisting framed and eccentrically braced Embarcadero Building (EMB), located in San Francisco. The EMB was constructed in 1979 based on the 1976 Uniform Building Code requirements and a design response spectra defined by two levels of earthquake performances. The EMB is in the Lower Market area of San Francisco, which is of great interest to the engineering community because of the area's soft-soil characteristics that amplify ground motions originating at long distances, and because the Embarcadero Freeway (within 100 m of the building) suffered extensive damage during the earthquake and was razed in 1991. The first modal frequencies of the building at approximately 0.19 Hz (north-south) and 0.16 Hz (east-west) are identified. The torsional response and rocking motions of the building are insignificant. Discontinuity of stiffness and mass at the 40th-floor level causes significant response issues above that floor such as excessive drift ratios. RP CELEBI, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 1993 VL 119 IS 4 BP 1188 EP 1205 PG 18 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA KU160 UT WOS:A1993KU16000011 ER PT J AU BOGACZYK, BA KROHN, WB GIBBS, HC AF BOGACZYK, BA KROHN, WB GIBBS, HC TI FACTORS AFFECTING PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS-TENUIS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS, VIRGINIANUS) FROM MAINE SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE MAINE; MOOSE (ALCES-ALCES); MENINGEAL WORM; PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS-TENUIS; WHITE-TAILED DEER, ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS AB White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected in Maine (USA) from November 1988 to December 1989 were examined for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Relationships of deer age class, sex, collection year, and deer density to prevalence and intensity of P. tenuis infections were analyzed. Prevalence increased with deer age (P < 0.001) and interaction of deer age class and collection year (P < 0.001). Prevalence did not vary by year in deer greater-than-or-equal-to 1 yr old (85%, n = 519), but was higher in fawns in 1988 (66%, n = 87) than 1989 (23%, n = 73, P < 0.001). Based on such yearly variations, prevalence in fawns during late autumn could provide an index of annual transmission of P. tenuis. Intensity of P. tenuis averaged 2.5 worms per infected fawn (SD = 2.8, n = 72) versus 3.9 (SD = 3.1, n = 375) in deer greater-than-or-equal-to 1 yr old (P = 0.032). Neither prevalence (P > 0.50) nor intensity (P > 0.50) of infection was associated with deer density over a range of 1.4 to 5.8 deer per km2. Heads and fecal samples from the same individuals (n = 42) provided prevalence estimates of 73% and 44%, respectively. No differences in prevalence, intensity, or geographic distribution of P. tenuis in adult deer collected in Maine during fall were evident between the late 1980's (this study) and the late 1960's (Gilbert, 1973). Moose (Alces alces) populations increased from the 1960's through 1980's in areas of Maine where >80% of adult deer carried P. tenuis, despite the risk of a lethal neurologic disease that occurs when moose become infected with the parasite. C1 UNIV MAINE,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MAINE COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ORONO,ME 04469. UNIV MAINE,DEPT ANIM VET & AQUAT SCI,ORONO,ME 04469. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 266 EP 272 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA KY278 UT WOS:A1993KY27800011 PM 8487376 ER PT J AU ROFFE, TJ AF ROFFE, TJ TI PERINATAL-MORTALITY IN CARIBOU FROM THE PORCUPINE HERD, ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE CARIBOU; RANGIFER-TARANDUS; MORTALITY; NEONATES; ARCTIC-NATIONAL-WILDLIFE-REFUGE; NORTH SLOPE; ALASKA AB During the 1989 caribou (Rangifer tarandus) calving season on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (USA), 61 calf carcasses were examined for cause of death and associated pathology. Dead calves were located by low-level aerial searches with two fixed-wing aircraft and a helicopter over high density calving areas between the Hulahula and Aichilik rivers. Primary diagnoses included emaciation (39%), malnutrition (8%), stillbirth (21%), trauma (16%), other primary causes (7%), and undetermined causes (8%). Twenty calves had contributory renal tubular degeneration. The findings indicate that factors contributing to nutritional deprivation in calves were the major cause of neonatal mortality; however, factors affecting stillbirth, abortion, or the urogenital system may have major effects on neonatal caribou and warrant further investigation. RP ROFFE, TJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,6006 SCHROEDER RD,MADISON,WI 53711, USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 295 EP 303 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA KY278 UT WOS:A1993KY27800016 PM 8098070 ER PT J AU MECH, LD GOYAL, SM AF MECH, LD GOYAL, SM TI CANINE PARVOVIRUS EFFECT ON WOLF POPULATION-CHANGE AND PUP SURVIVAL SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Note DE CANINE PARVOVIRUS; WOLF; CANIS-LUPUS; DISEASE; SURVIVAL; MORTALITY; SEROLOGY; ENDANGERED SPECIES; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY ID MINNESOTA; WOLVES AB Canine parvovirus infected wild canids more than a decade ago, but no population effect has been documented. In wild Minnesota wolves (Canis lupus) over a 12-yr period; the annual percent population increase and proportion of pups each were inversely related to the percentage of wolves serologically positive to the disease. Although these effects did not seem to retard this large extant population, similar relationships in more isolated wolf populations might hinder recovery of this endangered and threatened species. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MINNESOTA,COLL VET MED,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 13 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 330 EP 333 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA KY278 UT WOS:A1993KY27800021 PM 8387611 ER PT J AU MICHOT, TC NAULT, AJ AF MICHOT, TC NAULT, AJ TI DIET DIFFERENCES IN REDHEADS FROM NEARSHORE AND OFFSHORE ZONES IN LOUISIANA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FEEDING ECOLOGY; FOOD-HABITS; BLACK DUCKS; MOVEMENTS; NUTRITION; PINTAILS; NEVADA; WINTER; GEESE; FALL AB Habitat management decisions for diving ducks in winter are limited by the lack of information concerning their use of nearshore and offshore zones. Therefore, we compared diets of redheads (Aythya americana) collected from nearshore (n = 206) and offshore (n = 72) zones during winters at the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, 1987-89. A greater (P < 0.05) proportion of redheads from nearshore had food in their esophagus and proventriculus than redheads from offshore. Feeding redheads in the offshore zone consumed more (P < 0.05) animal matter (42% in esophagus) and less plant material (58%) than conspecifics feeding nearshore (13% animal, 87% plant). Contents of proventriculi showed the same trend (P < 0.05). Zone-related diet differences occurred in both sexes and in early and late winter. Food availability and nutritional needs ma affect these differences. RP MICHOT, TC (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,700 CAJUNDOME BLVD,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506, USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 2 BP 238 EP 244 DI 10.2307/3809419 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LA012 UT WOS:A1993LA01200006 ER PT J AU ESLER, D GRAND, JB AF ESLER, D GRAND, JB TI FACTORS INFLUENCING DEPREDATION OF ARTIFICIAL DUCK NESTS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PREDATION; EDGE; HABITAT AB Because artificial nests can facilitate controlled experiments of nest success, we used them to assess whether human visitation, nest density, vegetation structure, and proximity to habitat edge could affect depredation of duck nests on Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. More (P < 0.01) nests in a plot visited daily (100%) were depredated than those in plots visited at intervals of 7 (40%), 14 (35%), or 28 days (45%). More (P < 0.01) nests were depredated in a plot with 10 nests/ha (95%) than nests in a plot of a lower density (2/ha; 40%). Vegetation height, vegetation density, distance to a wetland, distance to forest edge, or distance to the nearest ecotone did not differ (P > 0.05) between depredated and undisturbed nests. We suggest that daily visitation of duck nests increases depredation, but longer intervals, typical of most nest studies, do not. High nesting densities, which could occur when flooding limits nesting habitat, may result in higher depredation rates. RP ESLER, D (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 23 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 2 BP 244 EP 248 DI 10.2307/3809420 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LA012 UT WOS:A1993LA01200007 ER PT J AU BOWEN, BS KRUSE, AD AF BOWEN, BS KRUSE, AD TI EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON NESTING BY UPLAND SANDPIPERS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL NORTH-DAKOTA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY DATA; SUCCESS AB Grazing by livestock is often used to reduce litter, improve plant vigor, and alter plant species composition, but additional information is needed on the effects of these management practices on upland-nesting birds. Thus, we conducted an experimental study of the effect of grazing on nest density and nest success of upland sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) in southcentral North Dakota from 1981 to 1987. Our experimental design consisted of 4 treatments and 1 control, each applied to 1 field in each of 3 study areas. The treatments represented options available to grassland managers: spring grazing, autumn grazing, autumn-and-spring grazing, season-long grazing, and control (ungrazed during the study). Nests (n = 342) were found by searching study areas with a cable-chain drag. Nest density was lower (P = 0.006) for treatments where cattle were present (spring, autumn-and-spring, and season-long) than where cattle were not present (autumn and control) during the nesting season. We concluded that grazing during the nesting season reduced the nest density of upland sandpipers. Nest success varied among years (P = 0.01) and was low in the first year of grazing and higher at the end of the study period. We found little evidence that the grazing treatment influenced nest success. We recommend that public lands with breeding populations of upland sandpipers include a complex of fields under various management practices, including fields undisturbed during the nesting season. RP BOWEN, BS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. NR 42 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 2 BP 291 EP 301 DI 10.2307/3809426 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LA012 UT WOS:A1993LA01200013 ER PT J AU CONWAY, CJ MARTIN, TE AF CONWAY, CJ MARTIN, TE TI HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR WILLIAMSONS SAPSUCKERS IN MIXED-CONIFER FORESTS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; SITE SELECTION; SUCCESS; PREDATION AB Williamson's sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus thyroideus) have narrow habitat requirements and are sensitive indicators of change in intensively managed forest habitats of western North America. Thus, we studied habitat suitability for Williamson's sapsuckers at 99 4-ha sites (33 nest sites, 66 non-use sites) in mixed-conifer forests in Arizona during 1991. Nesting success of sapsuckers was high in this habitat (93.2% nest success, 0.0014 daily mortality, n = 724 nest days), and they preferred to nest in tall (P < 0.05) aspen snags (P < 0.001) near the bottom (P = 0.012) of snow-melt drainages with 0-20% of the canopies dominated by aspen. Sapsucker nest sites had particularly large (P < 0.05) live aspen and aspen snags in the surrounding area. Nest sites also had high (P < 0.05) snag densities (xBAR = 7.65 snags/ha) in the surrounding area, and these snag densities exceeded those commonly used in forest management plans. Effective snag management should concentrate snags in groups within low-lying areas and conserve large-sized snags. A Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) correctly predicted that Williamson's sapsuckers should generally prefer drainages over ridgetops, but the model could not distinguish between use and non-use sites within drainages. Future HSI models for Williamson's sapsucker should continue to stress snag density, but should consider aspen snag density separately from density of other snags, incorporate height and diameter of aspen snags, and use a more liberal definition of aspens contributing to overstory canopy cover. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT BIOL SCI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ARKANSAS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 2 BP 322 EP 328 DI 10.2307/3809429 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LA012 UT WOS:A1993LA01200016 ER PT J AU ROSENBERG, DK ANTHONY, RG AF ROSENBERG, DK ANTHONY, RG TI DIFFERENCES IN TOWNSENDS CHIPMUNK POPULATIONS BETWEEN 2ND-GROWTH AND OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN WESTERN OREGON SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SMALL-MAMMAL POPULATIONS; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; HOME RANGE; SIZE; FOOD; DENSITY AB Because Townsend's chipmunks (Tomias townsendii) may be important in maintaining natural ecosystem processes in forests in the central Oregon Cascade Range, we compared their population characteristics in young second-growth and old-growth forests. We live-trapped Townsend's chipmunks in 5 young (30-60 yr old) second-growth and 5 old-growth (>400 yr old) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands during spring and autumn 1987-90 in western Oregon. We tested the null hypothesis of no difference in characteristics of chipmunk populations in these 2 stand age-classes. Densities ranged from 0.4 to 10.3 chipmunks/ha and were greater (P < 0.05) in old-growth (xBAR +/- SE, 5.1 +/- 0.4) than in second-growth (2.8 +/-0.3) stands. Chipmunk densities were related to large (greater-than-or-equal-to 50 cm diam at breast height [dbh]) snags in old-growth (P = 0.002) but not in second-growth (P = 0.6) stands. Chipmunks in old-growth stands moved shorter (P = 0.03) distances in autumn and had a greater proportion of young-of-the-year (P = 0.007) than those in second-growth stands. These differences suggest that old-growth stands provide better habitat for Townsend's chipmunks than young second-growth stands, and may reflect important functional differences in food chains and energy flow between the different stand age-classes. RP OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 2 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.2307/3809435 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA LA012 UT WOS:A1993LA01200022 ER PT J AU JAMESON, RJ JOHNSON, AM AF JAMESON, RJ JOHNSON, AM TI REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMALE SEA OTTERS SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ALASKA; CALIFORNIA; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; GESTATION; PUP DEPENDENCY; REPRODUCTION; REPRODUCTIVE RATE ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; PATTERNS; ALASKA AB Several important aspects of reproduction in the female sea otter, such as gestation, pupping frequency, period of pup dependency, and annual pupping rate, were unclear when this study was begun. We present data from 75 tagged adult females that indicate gestation is variable, but on average is about 6 months, the length of pup dependency is 6 mo, thus the pupping interval is usually 12-13 mo. Most females breed for the first time in their fifth year of life. About 85-90% of adult females pup in a given year. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,HECLA,SD 57446. RP JAMESON, RJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,POB 70,SAN SIMEON,CA 93452, USA. NR 44 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 20 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 1993 VL 9 IS 2 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00440.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA KY395 UT WOS:A1993KY39500003 ER PT J AU DREW, LJ AF DREW, LJ TI GRIFFITHS,JOHN,C., 1912-1992 - IN MEMORIAM SO MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Item About an Individual RP DREW, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0882-8121 J9 MATH GEOL JI Math. Geol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 25 IS 3 BP 421 EP 424 DI 10.1007/BF00901431 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA LA482 UT WOS:A1993LA48200009 ER PT J AU NASH, JT CONNOR, JJ AF NASH, JT CONNOR, JJ TI IRON AND CHLORINE AS GUIDES TO STRATIFORM CU-CO-AU DEPOSITS, IDAHO COBALT BELT, USA SO MINERALIUM DEPOSITA LA English DT Article ID TOURMALINITES; EVAPORITES; SCAPOLITE; DISTRICT; BEARING; ROCKS; DEEP AB The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt are in lithostratigraphic zones of the Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation characterized by distinctive chemical and mineralogical compositions including high concentrations of Fe (15- > 30 wt. percent Fe2O3), Cl (0.1-1.10 wt. percent), and magnetite or biotite ( > 50 vol. percent). The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Blackbird mine are stratabound in Fe-silicate facies rocks that are rich in biotite, Fe, and Cl, but stratigraphically equivalent rocks farther than 10 km from ore deposits have similar compositions. A lower lithostratigraphic zone containing magnetite and small Cu-Co-Au deposits extends for more than 40 km. The Fe-rich strata are probably exhalative units related to mafic volcanism and submarine hot springs, but the origin of the high Cl concentrations is less clear. Former chlorine-rich pore fluids are suggested by the presence of supersaline fluid inclusions, by Cl-rich biotite and scapolite (as much as 1.87 percent Cl in Fe-rich biotite), and by high Cl concentrations in rock samples. Chlorine is enriched in specific strata and in zones characterized by soft-sediment deformation, thus probably was introduced during sedimentation or diagenesis. Unlike some metasedimentary rocks containing scapolite and high Cl, the Yellowjacket Formation lacks evidence for evaporitic strata that could have been a source of Cl. More likely, the Cl reflects a submarine brine that carried Fe, K, and base metals. Strata containing anomalous Fe-K-Cl are considered to be a guide to sub-basins favorable for the occurrence of stratiform base-metal deposits. RP NASH, JT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-4598 J9 MINER DEPOSITA JI Miner. Depos. PD APR PY 1993 VL 28 IS 2 BP 99 EP 106 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA LC690 UT WOS:A1993LC69000003 ER PT J AU CHEN, JR CHAO, ECT BACK, JM MINKIN, JA RIVERS, ML SUTTON, SR CYGAN, GL GROSSMAN, JN REED, MJ AF CHEN, JR CHAO, ECT BACK, JM MINKIN, JA RIVERS, ML SUTTON, SR CYGAN, GL GROSSMAN, JN REED, MJ TI RARE-EARTH ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN GEOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC SAMPLES USING SYNCHROTRON X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON PIXE ( PARTICLE INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION ) AND ITS ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS CY JUL 20-24, 1992 CL WASADEA UNIV CONF HALL, TOKYO, JAPAN SP WASEDA UNIV, COMMEMORAT ASSOC JAPAN WORLD EXPOSIT, INOUE FDN SCI, KAJIMA FDN, MURATA SCI FDN, NIPPON SHEET GLASS FDN MAT SCI HO WASADEA UNIV CONF HALL ID RADIATION; MINERALS AB The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) in specific mineral grains from the Bayan Obo ore deposit and synthetic high-silica glass samples have been measured by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) analysis using excitation of the REE K lines between 33 and 63 keV. Because SXRF, a nondestructive analytical technique, has much lower minimum detection limits (MDLs) for REEs, it is an important device that extends the in situ analytical capability of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The distribution of trace amounts of REEs in common rock-forming minerals, as well as in REE minerals and minerals having minor quantities of REEs, can be analyzed with SXRF. Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet and a wiggler source at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was used to excite the REEs. MDLs of 6 ppm (La) to 26 ppm (Lu) for 3600 s in 60-mum-thick standard samples were obtained with a 25-mum diameter wiggler beam. The MDLs for the light REEs were a factor of 10-20 lower than the MDLs obtained with a bending magnet beam. The SXRF REE concentrations in mineral grains greater than 25 mum compared favorably with measurements using EPMA. Because EPMA offered REE MDLs as low as several hundred ppm, the comparison was limited to the abundant light REEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd). For trace values of medium and heavy REEs, the SXRF concentrations were in good agreement with measurements using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), a bulk analysis technique. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV CHICAGO,CHICAGO,IL 60637. UNIV MARYLAND,COLL PK,MD 20742. RP CHEN, JR (reprint author), SUNY COLL GENESEO,GENESEO,NY 14454, USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD APR PY 1993 VL 75 IS 1-4 BP 576 EP 581 DI 10.1016/0168-583X(93)95718-K PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA KY498 UT WOS:A1993KY49800121 ER PT J AU CHANG, HW EMLEN, JM AF CHANG, HW EMLEN, JM TI SEASONAL-VARIATION OF MICROHABITAT DISTRIBUTION OF THE POLYMORPHIC LAND SNAIL CEPAEA-NEMORALIS SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE LAND SNAIL; CEPAEA; MICROHABITAT; POLYMORPHISM ID HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS; GENETIC-VARIATION; WEIGHT-LOSS; TEMPERATURE; POPULATIONS; BEHAVIOR; FOOD AB We studied the seasonal variation of microhabitat distribution of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis over a 3-year period in a population at Dansville, New York. Stratified random quadrat sampling was used to determine snail densities and environmental variables in each month. The plant cover of each quadrat was estimated by a modified Daubenmire measure. Canonical correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the morph density and the environmental variables. Significant relations existed between snail morphs and environmental variables in 8 of the 13 months analyzed. Temperature and rainfall are two important factors affecting such relations. In hot and dry summer months, morphs had a stronger canonical correlation with the environmental variables than in cool and wet months. Food and shelter were important in determining distribution over habitats of the snail. Food was primarily responsible for snail distribution over habitats in the early summer. As the weather became hot and dry, the importance of shelter became more evident. Both banded and unbanded morphs tended to be associated strongly with sheltered microhabitats in hot dry seasons. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98115. RP CHANG, HW (reprint author), NATL SUN YAT SEN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,KAOHSIUNG,TAIWAN. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 12 U2 27 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD APR PY 1993 VL 93 IS 4 BP 501 EP 507 DI 10.1007/BF00328957 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KW414 UT WOS:A1993KW41400006 PM 28313817 ER PT J AU BROUWERS, EM DEDECKKER, P AF BROUWERS, EM DEDECKKER, P TI LATE MAASTRICHTIAN AND DANIAN OSTRACODE FAUNAS FROM NORTHERN ALASKA - RECONSTRUCTIONS OF ENVIRONMENT AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY SO PALAIOS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-LATITUDE; SLOPE; VEGETATION; CLIMATES AB A 300-m sequence of well-exposed fossiliferous outcrops in bluffs along the Colville River, northern Alaska, has yielded diverse, well-preserved Maastrichtian and Danian ostracode assemblages. High-latitude faunas of this age are uncommon, so that this locality provides a unique opportunity to reconstruct an ancient arctic environment. The Maastrichtian strata are nonmarine flood-plain deposits and contain diverse terrestrial and aquatic fossils. The paleoenvironment was a broad, flat, water-saturated delta plain with a diverse herbaceous ground cover, emergent and subaquatic vegetation, and a dry ground upland microthermal forest of deciduous coniferous and broad-leaved plants. The nonmarine ostracodes indicate a ground-water system with elevated salinity of marine composition. The Danian strata are predominantly marginal-marine and shallow-marine and include an abundant and diverse invertebrate fauna. The paleoenvironment was a mild- to cold-temperate shallow ocean dominated by reduced salinity, terrestrial influence, and frequent storm activity. Sediments and faunas show a gradual shift upsection from lagoonal and bay facies to inner shelf facies. During the Maastrichtian and early Paleocene, polar terrestrial and marine assemblages consisted predominantly of endemic organisms that were adapted to the cool temperatures, seasonal low light conditions, and geographic isolation characteristic of northern high-latitude environments. Some of the nonmarine arctic ostracode genera are believed to represent their oldest geologic occurrence, suggesting that the genera perhaps evolved in northern Alaska during the Late Cretaceous. These ''arctic'' genera migrated southward during the Tertiary and constitute some of the more typical Nearctic fossil and recent nonmarine genera of the temperate middle latitudes. C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,DEPT GEOL,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA. RP BROUWERS, EM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 919,BOX 25046,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 50 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0883-1351 J9 PALAIOS JI Palaios PD APR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 140 EP 154 DI 10.2307/3515168 PG 15 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA LA091 UT WOS:A1993LA09100003 ER PT J AU POORE, RZ PHILLIPS, RL RIECK, HJ AF POORE, RZ PHILLIPS, RL RIECK, HJ TI PALEOCLIMATE RECORD FOR NORTHWIND RIDGE, WESTERN ARCTIC-OCEAN SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SUSCEPTIBILITY; REMANENCE; SEDIMENTS; REVERSAL; BRUNHES; CLIMATE AB Core NWR 5 from Northwind Ridge in the western Arctic Ocean contains a climatic record that extends back for over 1 million years. Dark brown beds with abundant planktonic foraminifers represent interglacial conditions, whereas glacial and transitional conditions are represented by lithologies barren or nearly barren of planktonic foraminifers. We conclude that seven, and possibly all nine, interglacials of the Brunhes magnetic chronozone (the last 780,000 years) are represented in NWR 5. For about the last 800,000 years, the western Arctic Ocean apparently had a permanent, thick ice cover and was unable to support significant populations of planktonic foraminifers except during major interglacials when seasonally open and high-productivity surface waters occurred at least along the basin margins. Our results support previous interpretations that climate variations in the Arctic are in phase with glacial/interglacial cycles observed in other proxy records of the Brunhes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP POORE, RZ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,955 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1029/93PA00146 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA KZ518 UT WOS:A1993KZ51800003 ER PT J AU CRONIN, TM WHATLEY, R WOOD, A TSUKAGOSHI, A IKEYA, N BROUWERS, EM BRIGGS, WM AF CRONIN, TM WHATLEY, R WOOD, A TSUKAGOSHI, A IKEYA, N BROUWERS, EM BRIGGS, WM TI MICROFAUNAL EVIDENCE FOR ELEVATED PLIOCENE TEMPERATURES IN THE ARCTIC-OCEAN SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SEA ICE; CIRCULATION; GREENLAND; CLIMATE; DEPOSITS; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; CALIBRATION; ICELAND; WATER AB The migration of thermophilic marine Ostracoda into the Arctic Ocean during the Pliocene indicates that winter and summer ocean temperatures around Arctic margins were greater-than-or-equal-to 0-degrees-C and > 3-degrees-C, respectively, and that ice-free conditions existed for most or all of the Arctic. By at least 3.5-3.0 Ma, probably earlier, the opening of the Bering Strait allowed marine organisms to migrate through the Arctic Ocean, mostly from the Pacific Ocean. Migrant taxa such as Cythere, Hemicythere, and Neomonoceratina are known from Pliocene deposits of Alaska and Canada as well as Neogene deposits of the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans. On the basis of ecological and zoogeographic information on ostracode species from more than 800 modern ''core top'' samples for the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, we determined winter and summer temperature tolerances for migrant taxa to be at or above about 0-degrees-C and 3-degrees-C. This suggests ice-free summers, and probably, a perennially ice-free Arctic Ocean in some regions. Elevated water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean between 3.5 and 2.0 Ma is supported by evidence for late Pliocene increased meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean. C1 UNIV COLL ABERYSTWYTH,INST EARTH STUDIES,ABERYSTWYTH SY23 1NE,DYFED,WALES. UNIV TOKYO MUSEUM,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO,JAPAN. SHIZUOKA UNIV,INST GEOSCI,OYA,SHIZUOKA 422,JAPAN. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV COLORADO,INSTAAR,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP CRONIN, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 970 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 93 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1029/93PA00060 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA KZ518 UT WOS:A1993KZ51800004 ER PT J AU HEIN, JR YEH, HW GUNN, SH SLITER, WV BENNINGER, LM WANG, CH AF HEIN, JR YEH, HW GUNN, SH SLITER, WV BENNINGER, LM WANG, CH TI 2 MAJOR CENOZOIC EPISODES OF PHOSPHOGENESIS RECORDED IN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC SEAMOUNT DEPOSITS SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; OXYGEN ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; MARGIN PHOSPHORITES; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS; SOUTH-AFRICA; SEA-WATER; MIOCENE AB Seamount phosphorites have been recognized since the 1950s, but this is the first study to provide an in depth exploration of the origin and history of these widespread deposits. Representative samples from equatorial Pacific Cretaceous seamounts were analyzed for chemical, mineralogical, and stable isotope compositions. The phosphorites occur in a wide variety of forms, but most commonly carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) replaced middle Eocene and older carbonate sediment in a deep water environment (> 1000 m). Element ratios distinguish seamount phosphorites from continental margin, plateau, and insular phosphorites. Uranium and thorium contents are low and total rare earth element (REE) contents are generally high. REE ratios and shale-normalized patterns demonstrate that the REEs and host CFA were derived from seawater. Strontium isotopic compositions compared with inferred Cenozoic seawater curves define two major episodes of Cenozoic phosphatization: Late Eocene/early Oligocene (39-34 Ma) and late Oligocene/early Miocene (27-21 Ma); three minor events are also indicated. The major episodes occurred at times of climate transition, the first from a nonglacial to glacial earth and the second from a predominantly glacial to warm earth. The paleoceanographic conditions that existed at those times initiated and sustained development of phosphorite by accumulation of dissolved phosphorus in the deep sea during relatively stable climatic conditions when oceanic circulation was sluggish. Fluctuations in climate, sealevel, and upwelling that accompanied the climate transitions may have driven cycles of enrichment and depletion of the deep-sea phosphorus reservoir. As temperature gradients in the oceans increased, Antarctic glaciation expanded and oceanic circulation and upwelling intensified. Expansion and intensification of the oxygen minimum zone may have increased the capacity for midwater storage of phosphorus supplied by dynamic upwelling around seamounts; however, the bottom waters never became anoxic during the phosphogenic episodes. Fluctuations in the CCD and lysocline, CO2 fluxes, and changes in bottom water circulation and temperatures may have bathed the seamount carbonates in more corrosive waters which, coupled with increased supplies of dissolved phosphorus, promoted replacement processes. The late Eocene/early Oligocene phosphogenic episode recorded in seamount deposits is not matched by large phosphorite deposits in the geologic record, whereas the late Oligocene/early Miocene episode and middle Miocene event are matched by large deposits distributed globally. The seamount phosphorites are exposed at the surface of the seamounts and have been for most of the Neogene and Oligocene. The phosphorites do not show signs of etching that would indicate substantial undersaturation of seawater phosphate with respect Lo CFA. Mass balance calculations indicate that about 5.4-19 x 10(12) g of P2O5 are locked up in equatorial Pacific seamount phosphorites. That amount is equivalent to about 2-7 years of the present annual input from rivers. C1 UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI 96822. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT GEOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. ACAD SINICA,INST EARTH SCI,TAIPEI 115,TAIWAN. RP HEIN, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 137 TC 73 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 293 EP 311 DI 10.1029/93PA00320 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA KZ518 UT WOS:A1993KZ51800010 ER PT J AU PARROT, M JOHNSTON, MJS AF PARROT, M JOHNSTON, MJS TI SPECIAL ISSUE - SEISMO-ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS - FOREWORD SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP PARROT, M (reprint author), CNRS,LPCE,3A AVE RECH SCI,F-45071 ORLEANS 2,FRANCE. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD APR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP R7 EP R7 DI 10.1016/0031-9201(93)90028-8 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KX391 UT WOS:A1993KX39100001 ER PT J AU BARROWS, FT KINDSCHI, GA ZITZOW, RE AF BARROWS, FT KINDSCHI, GA ZITZOW, RE TI DETECTING SWIM BLADDER INFLATION IN FINGERLING WALLEYES SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID UNINFLATED GAS BLADDERS; INTENSIVE CULTURE; STRIPED BASS; LARVAE; FISH; FRY AB The lack of swim bladder inflation has been recognized as a problem in intensively reared walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) for many years. This phenomenon has also been recently observed in extensively reared walleye fingerlings. Four methods for detecting the presence of an inflated swim bladder-light table, anesthesia, saltwater float, and radiographic (X-ray)-were compared for accuracy, cost, and effect on survival. The light table method appeared to be fast and inexpensive, but was less accurate than the other three methods, probably because the fish were relatively large: the larger and more pigmented the fish, the more difficult the light table method is to use. The anesthesia method was accurate but time-consuming. The saltwater float method was accurate, simple, and cost-effective, but only dead fish were tested- The X-ray method is easy, accurate, and provides a permanent record, but it is expensive. Survival was not affected by handling or anesthesia in the light table or anesthesia methods. Each method has certain advantages over the other methods; the method of choice would depend on the particular situation (i.e., sorting versus quantifying). RP BARROWS, FT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CTR FISH TECHNOL,4050 BRIDGER CANYON RD,BOZEMAN,MT 59715, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1993 VL 55 IS 2 BP 90 EP 94 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0090:DSBIIF>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LP059 UT WOS:A1993LP05900004 ER PT J AU DWYER, WP PETERSON, JE AF DWYER, WP PETERSON, JE TI EVALUATION OF A LOW HEAD OXYGENATOR AT GIANT SPRINGS STATE FISH HATCHERY, GREAT FALLS, MONTANA SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID COLUMNS AB Oxygen content of water is often the primary limiting factor for fish production, as it was at the Giant Springs State Fish Hatchery, Great Falls. Montana. Spring water supplying the 24 outdoor rearing raceways has a dissolved oxygen concentration of only 6.2 ppm and is also supersaturated with gas, primarily nitrogen. The low head oxygenator (LHO) manufactured by Zeigler Brothers. Inc., was tested. The units were evaluated to determine absorption efficiency, degassing ability, and effect on fish performance. The LHO units efficiently increased the DO, reduced nitrogen from 120 to 110% saturation, and reduced total gas from 112 to 108%. Carrying capacity of raceways with the LHO units was at least 2.2 times greater than that of the controls at the time the tests were ended. C1 MONTANA DEPT FISH WILDLIFE & PARKS,GIANT SPRINGS STATE FISH HATCHERY,GREAT FALLS,MT 59403. RP DWYER, WP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,4050 BRIDGER CANYON RD,BOZEMAN,MT 59715, USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1993 VL 55 IS 2 BP 121 EP 124 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0121:EOALHO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LP059 UT WOS:A1993LP05900010 ER PT J AU LEMLY, AD AF LEMLY, AD TI SUBSURFACE AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION DRAINAGE - THE NEED FOR REGULATION SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; KESTERSON-RESERVOIR; AQUATIC BIRDS; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; ORGANIC SELENIUM; CHINOOK SALMON; CALIFORNIA; TOXICITY; BORON; REPRODUCTION C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 84 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 1993 VL 17 IS 2 BP 157 EP 180 DI 10.1006/rtph.1993.1015 PN 1 PG 24 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA KY664 UT WOS:A1993KY66400004 PM 8484025 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, J BURKARDT, N AF TAYLOR, J BURKARDT, N TI INTRODUCTION - THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM BIOSPHERE RESERVES AND ECONOMICS SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article C1 TGS TECHNOL INC,FT COLLINS,CO. RP TAYLOR, J (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD APR-JUN PY 1993 VL 6 IS 2 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1080/08941929309380813 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA LF194 UT WOS:A1993LF19400001 ER PT J AU MURDOCH, PS STODDARD, JL AF MURDOCH, PS STODDARD, JL TI CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TEMPORAL TRENDS IN 8 STREAMS OF THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS, NEW-YORK SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SURFACE WATERS; ACID; DEPOSITION; CHEMISTRY; SNOWMELT; FOREST; MODEL; FLUX AB Discharge to concentration relationships for eight streams studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) Long-Term Monitoring Project (1983-89) indicate acidification of some streams by H2SO4 and HNO3 in atmospheric deposition and by organic acids in soils. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation were similar to those reported at other sites in the northeastern United States. Average concentrations of SO42- and NO3- were similar among streams, but base cation concentrations differed widely, and these differences paralleled the differences in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Baseflow ANC is not a reliable predictor of stream acidity at high flow; some streams with high baseflow ANC (> 150 mueq L-1) declined to near zero ANC at high flow, and one stream with low baseflow ANC (< 50 mueq L-1) did not approach zero ANC as flow increased. Episodic decreases in ANC and pH during peak flows were associated with increased concentrations of NO3- and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Aluminum concentrations exceeding 300 mug L-1 were observed during peak flows in headwater streams of the Neversink River and Rondout Creek. Seasonal Kendall Tau tests for temporal trends indicate that SO42- concentrations in streamwater generally decreased and NO3- concentrations increased during the period 1983-1989. Combined acid anion concentrations (SO42- + NO3-) were generally unchanged throughout the period of record, indicating both that the status of these streams with respect to acidic deposition is unchanged, and that NO3- is gradually replacing SO42- as the dominant acid anion in the Catskill streams. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP MURDOCH, PS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,POB 1669,ALBANY,NY 12201, USA. NR 51 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD APR PY 1993 VL 67 IS 3-4 BP 367 EP 395 DI 10.1007/BF00478154 PG 29 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA LP415 UT WOS:A1993LP41500008 ER PT J AU TURK, JT CAMPBELL, DH SPAHR, NE AF TURK, JT CAMPBELL, DH SPAHR, NE TI USE OF CHEMISTRY AND STABLE SULFUR ISOTOPES TO DETERMINE SOURCES OF TRENDS IN SULFATE OF COLORADO LAKES SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article AB The chemistry of lakes in the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness Area (MZWA) and the Weminuche Wilderness Area (WWA) of Colorado has been monitored since 1985. The initial results indicate that changes have occurred in the chemistry of some lakes in both areas. Increased concentration of sulfate in lakes may be related to increased atmospheric depositon of sulfate or to changes of sulfate released by weathering and to changing dilution of sulfate by snowmelt. Stable S isotopes seem to be capable of separating the fraction of change in sulfate that is related to atmospheric and watershed sources. Because of the short period of record, it is not possible to determine whether the changes are part of a long-term trend or are merely natural fluctuations about some baseline. RP TURK, JT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 415,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD APR PY 1993 VL 67 IS 3-4 BP 415 EP 431 DI 10.1007/BF00478156 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA LP415 UT WOS:A1993LP41500010 ER PT J AU CONSTANTZ, J AF CONSTANTZ, J TI CONFIRMATION OF RATE-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR IN WATER-RETENTION DURING DRAINAGE IN NONSWELLING POROUS MATERIALS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER; AIR AB In the water retention process in porous material, changes in water content are assumed to be independent of the rate at which the matric potential varies. Periodically, researchers have presented results that do not support this assumption, indicating that water retention may be rate-dependent under certain conditions. In the present study, long-term experiments were performed on five porous materials in which core samples were drained at different rates down to matric potentials of -50 kPa. Comparisons of these results with previous results confirm that slight rate-dependent behavior occurs during drainage of porous materials in this matric potential range. Specifically, new and previous results indicate that on average 4-5% more water was retained for a slow, multistep drainage versus a fast, one-step drainage treatment. For the present study, average results for individual materials were variable, ranging from a 1 to a 10% difference in water content due to treatment. Several possible mechanisms for the observed rate-dependent behavior are discussed. The only plausible mechanism is related to variations in pore water salt concentrations that induce differences in the pore water surface tension for fast versus slow drainage. Regardless of the mechanism, results suggest that rate-dependent behavior during water retention may contribute to an enhanced temperature dependence of water retention, due to higher rates of water redistribution at higher temperatures. RP CONSTANTZ, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MAIL STOP 496,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1331 EP 1334 DI 10.1029/93WR00005 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA KW178 UT WOS:A1993KW17800054 ER PT J AU POLLMAN, CD LEE, TM AF POLLMAN, CD LEE, TM TI PRELIMINARY-ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS ON ACID-NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY IN 2 ACIDIC SEEPAGE LAKES IN FLORIDA - REPLY SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TAMPA,FL 33634. RP POLLMAN, CD (reprint author), KBN ENGN & APPL SCI INC,1034 NW 57TH ST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32605, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1346 EP 1349 DI 10.1029/92WR02620 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA KW178 UT WOS:A1993KW17800058 ER PT J AU MCKNIGHT, DM AF MCKNIGHT, DM TI AQUEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH IN AN EARTH-SCIENCE AGENCY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 3 EP YCC PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ983 UT WOS:A1993KQ98301704 ER PT J AU ROSTAD, CE MONSTERLEET, SG AF ROSTAD, CE MONSTERLEET, SG TI DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC-CARBON IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER - COMPARISON OF SILT AND COLLOIDAL TRANSPORT SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 3 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101969 ER PT J AU JACKSON, LL FOOTE, AL BALISTRIERI, LS SMITH, KS AF JACKSON, LL FOOTE, AL BALISTRIERI, LS SMITH, KS TI THE EFFECTS OF HURRICANE ANDREW ON COASTAL MARSHES IN TERREBONNE BASIN, LOUISIANA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,LAFAYETTE,LA 70500. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 4 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101970 ER PT J AU ROSTAD, CE AF ROSTAD, CE TI COLLOIDAL DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC-CARBON IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, 1991-92 SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 5 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101971 ER PT J AU ASHERBOLINDER, S ZIELINSKI, RA MEIER, AL AF ASHERBOLINDER, S ZIELINSKI, RA MEIER, AL TI GEOLOGIC AND ANTHROPOGENIC CONTROLS ON URANIUM IN WATER OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER DRAINAGE, SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 16 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101982 ER PT J AU VIVIT, DV THORN, KA HEM, JD AF VIVIT, DV THORN, KA HEM, JD TI COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF AL-27 NMR SPECTROMETRIC AND FERRON COLORIMETRIC ANALYSES OF HYDROXYALUMINUM HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS IN MILDLY ACIDIC AQUEOUS SYSTEMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 17 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101730 ER PT J AU THORN, KA AIKEN, GR AF THORN, KA AIKEN, GR TI NMR INVESTIGATION OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF CRUDE-OIL INTO NONVOLATILE ORGANIC-ACIDS IN A CONTAMINATED AQUIFER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USGS,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 39 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101752 ER PT J AU WERSHAW, RL MELVIN, RL RIGATTI, GP AF WERSHAW, RL MELVIN, RL RIGATTI, GP TI CHARACTERIZATION OF A COMPOST LEACHATE BY C-13 NMR-SPECTROSCOPY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,HARTFORD,CT 06103. US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 40 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101753 ER PT J AU LEENHEER, JA NOYES, TI WERSHAW, RL AF LEENHEER, JA NOYES, TI WERSHAW, RL TI ACQUISITION AND INTERPRETATION OF LIQUID-STATE H-1-NMR SPECTRA OF HUMIC AND FULVIC-ACIDS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 41 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101754 ER PT J AU LEENHEER, JA MACIEL, GE NOYES, TI AF LEENHEER, JA MACIEL, GE NOYES, TI TI PREPARATION OF LOW-CARBON SEDIMENTS FROM THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER FOR SOLID-STATE, CPMAS C-13-NMR ANALYSIS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 42 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101755 ER PT J AU JURKIEWICZ, A LEENHEER, JA MACIEL, GE AF JURKIEWICZ, A LEENHEER, JA MACIEL, GE TI QUANTITATIVENESS IN THE ANALYSIS OF HUMIC AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES BY SOLID-STATE C-13 NMR-SPECTROSCOPY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 43 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101756 ER PT J AU DAVIS, JA COSTON, JA FULLER, CC AF DAVIS, JA COSTON, JA FULLER, CC TI ON THE APPLICATION OF SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODEL CONSTANTS FOR REFERENCE MATERIALS TO NATURAL MINERAL SURFACES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 53 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102019 ER PT J AU LEWAN, MD WHITNEY, GC AF LEWAN, MD WHITNEY, GC TI THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SMECTITE ON PETROLEUM EXPULSION IN HYDROUS PYROLYSIS EXPERIMENTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 58 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102024 ER PT J AU NORDSTROM, DK AF NORDSTROM, DK TI ELUCIDATING MINERAL SOLUBILITY REACTIONS IN NATURAL-WATERS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 69 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102035 ER PT J AU GATES, PM FOREMAN, WT AF GATES, PM FOREMAN, WT TI THE OPERATION OF THE GOULDEN LARGE-SAMPLE EXTRACTOR IN THE YAKIMA RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,METHODS RES & DEV PROGRAM,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. GEORGE MASON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FAIRFAX,VA 22030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 72 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101785 ER PT J AU FOREMAN, WT GATES, PM AF FOREMAN, WT GATES, PM TI PERFORMANCE OF THE GOULDEN LARGE-SAMPLE EXTRACTOR FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN SURFACE-WATER SAMPLES FROM THE YAKIMA RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,METHODS RES & DEV PROGRAM,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. GEORGE MASON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FAIRFAX,VA 22030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 73 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101786 ER PT J AU WHITE, AF BLUM, AE AF WHITE, AF BLUM, AE TI THE EFFECTS OF TIME ON THE SURFACE-CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL MINERAL SUBSTRATES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 78 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102044 ER PT J AU MCKNIGHT, DM AF MCKNIGHT, DM TI DYNAMICS OF REACTIONS OCCURRING AT SURFACES IN HEADWATER STREAMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 80 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102046 ER PT J AU ROSTAD, CE ELLIS, GS SCHMITT, CJ HUCKINS, JN PETTY, JD AF ROSTAD, CE ELLIS, GS SCHMITT, CJ HUCKINS, JN PETTY, JD TI INSITU APPLICATION OF SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES FOR MONITORING LIPOPHILIC CONTAMINANTS IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RI Ellis, Geoffrey/G-8970-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 83 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101796 ER PT J AU WAYCHUNAS, GA FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA REA, BA AF WAYCHUNAS, GA FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA REA, BA TI EXAFS STUDY OF THE GEOMETRY OF ZN(II) SURFACE COMPLEXES SORBED ON FERRIHYDRITE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT RES,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 83 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102049 ER PT J AU AIKEN, GR THORN, KA AF AIKEN, GR THORN, KA TI NONVOLATILE ORGANIC-ACIDS IN GROUND-WATER RESULTING FROM THE DEGRADATION OF CRUDE-OIL SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 84 EP NUCL PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ983 UT WOS:A1993KQ98300082 ER PT J AU HARNISH, RA MCKNIGHT, DM RANVILLE, JF STEPHENS, VC HONEYMAN, BD AF HARNISH, RA MCKNIGHT, DM RANVILLE, JF STEPHENS, VC HONEYMAN, BD TI PARTICULATE, COLLOIDAL, AND SOLUTION PHASE ASSOCIATIONS OF PLUTONIUM, AMERICIUM, AND URANIUM IN SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER AT THE ROCKY FLATS PLANT, COLORADO SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DFC,DENVER,CO 80225. COLORADO SCH MINES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 85 EP NUCL PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ983 UT WOS:A1993KQ98300083 ER PT J AU FOREMAN, WT FOSTER, GD GATES, PM AF FOREMAN, WT FOSTER, GD GATES, PM TI ISOLATION OF MULTIPLE CLASSES OF PESTICIDES FROM WATER SAMPLES USING COMMERCIAL 10-GRAM C-18 SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION CARTRIDGES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,METHODS RES & DEV PROGRAM,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,ARVADA,CO 80002. GEORGE MASON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FAIRFAX,VA 22030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 88 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101801 ER PT J AU WAITE, TD PAYNE, TE DAVIS, JA AF WAITE, TD PAYNE, TE DAVIS, JA TI URANIUM SORPTION TO NATURAL SUBSTRATES - INSIGHTS PROVIDED BY ISOTOPE EXCHANGE, SELECTIVE EXTRACTION AND SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODELING APPROACHES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AUSTRALIAN NUCL SCI & TECHNOL ORG,MENAI,NSW 2234,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Waite, T. David/A-1400-2008 OI Waite, T. David/0000-0002-5411-3233 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 92 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102058 ER PT J AU SMITH, KS RANVILLE, JF MACALADY, DL AF SMITH, KS RANVILLE, JF MACALADY, DL TI INFLUENCE OF FULVIC-ACID ON TRACE-METAL SORPTION ONTO FERRIC OXYHYDROXYSULFATE PARTICLES IN ACIDIC SYSTEMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM & GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. MONASH UNIV,CTR WATER STUDIES,MELBOURNE,VIC 3145,AUSTRALIA. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 96 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102062 ER PT J AU LEENHEER, JA WERSHAW, RL REDDY, MM AF LEENHEER, JA WERSHAW, RL REDDY, MM TI STRONG-ACID, CARBOXYL-GROUP STRUCTURES IN FULVIC-ACID FROM THE SUWANNEE RIVER, GEORGIA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 99 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101812 ER PT J AU COSTON, JA DAVIS, JA FULLER, CC AF COSTON, JA DAVIS, JA FULLER, CC TI DETERMINING THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF AL AND FE RICH SURFACE-COATINGS ON PB-2+ AND ZN-2+ ADSORPTION BY AN AQUIFER SAND SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 100 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102066 ER PT J AU REDDY, MM LEITH, SD AF REDDY, MM LEITH, SD TI DRY DEPOSITION OF SULFUR TO LIMESTONE AND MARBLE - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A PROCESS BASED MODEL SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 103 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101816 ER PT J AU TABOR, CF BARBER, LB RUNNELLS, DD AF TABOR, CF BARBER, LB RUNNELLS, DD TI ANIONIC SURFACTANTS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER - A DETAILED EXAMINATION OF THE OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 105 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101818 ER PT J AU BLUM, A WHITE, A BULLEN, T SCHULZ, M HARDEN, J AF BLUM, A WHITE, A BULLEN, T SCHULZ, M HARDEN, J TI THE RATES AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERAL WEATHERING OVER 3 MILLION YEARS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 108 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102074 ER PT J AU PRITT, JW DRIVER, NE AF PRITT, JW DRIVER, NE TI QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY-CONTROL DATABASES AND APPLICATIONS USED BY THE UNITED-STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY-NATIONAL-WATER-QUALITY-LABORATORY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 108 EP NUCL PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ983 UT WOS:A1993KQ98300106 ER PT J AU CHIOU, CT RUTHERFORD, DW MANES, M AF CHIOU, CT RUTHERFORD, DW MANES, M TI DETERMINATION OF SURFACE-AREA OF SOIL COMPONENTS BY SORPTION OF NITROGEN AND EGME VAPORS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. KENT STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,KENT,OH 44242. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 110 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101823 ER PT J AU KENT, DB DAVIS, JA AF KENT, DB DAVIS, JA TI APPLYING SURFACE COMPLEXATION MODELS TO SORPTION PROCESSES IN FIELD PROBLEMS - DO WE REALLY NEED AN ELECTROSTATIC TERM SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 123 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102089 ER PT J AU SIMON, NS PAPAGEORGIOU, AJ AF SIMON, NS PAPAGEORGIOU, AJ TI SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF METALS AND METALLOORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM SEDIMENT SAMPLES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092. AMERICAN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20016. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 126 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98101839 ER PT J AU MARSH, JD ASHWOOD, TL HICKS, DS AF MARSH, JD ASHWOOD, TL HICKS, DS TI GEOCHEMICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF CM-244 AND AM-241 IN GROUNDWATER AT A SHALLOW WASTE BURIAL SITE AT OAK-RIDGE-NATIONAL-LABORATORY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. ANSTO,SUTHERLAND,NSW,AUSTRALIA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 131 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102097 ER PT J AU DAVIS, JA PAYNE, TE WAITE, TD KOHLER, M KENT, DB AF DAVIS, JA PAYNE, TE WAITE, TD KOHLER, M KENT, DB TI MODELING THE EFFECTS OF PH AND COMPLEXING LIGANDS ON THE ADSORPTION AND MOBILITY OF U(VI) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. ANSTO,SUTHERLAND,NSW,AUSTRALIA. RI Waite, T. David/A-1400-2008 OI Waite, T. David/0000-0002-5411-3233 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 132 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ981 UT WOS:A1993KQ98102098 ER PT J AU SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP AF SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP TI UNITED-STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH IN THE ROCKY-MOUNTAIN REGION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 1993 VL 205 BP 135 EP NUCL PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA KQ983 UT WOS:A1993KQ98300133 ER PT J AU ARKANIHAMED, J SCHABER, GG STROM, RG AF ARKANIHAMED, J SCHABER, GG STROM, RG TI CONSTRAINTS ON THE THERMAL EVOLUTION OF VENUS INFERRED FROM MAGELLAN DATA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID ISHTAR-TERRA; MANTLE CONVECTION; MOUNTAIN BELTS; HEAT-TRANSFER; GRAVITY; CONVERGENCE; EARTH; ANOMALIES; MODEL; FLOW AB One interpretation of the Magellan data suggests that the cratering record on Venus was erased by a global resurfacing event, or events, the latest ending about 500 m.y. ago. In this global-resurfacing model the resurfacing was followed by minor volcanism and tectonism that has been concentrated primarily in the equatorial highland regions characterized by extensive fracture belts and rifts. A thermal evolution model of Venus that can explain these observations is one in which a deformable lithosphere, capable of being incorporated in mantle circulations, provides an almost stress-free condition at the surface. Mantle convection with an almost stress-free boundary at the surface cools the interior more efficiently. Rapid cooling decreases the Rayleigh number of mantle convection below a transition value required for oscillatory convection, and the vigor of convection diminishes as the mantle changes to a quasi-steady circulation after about 500 m.y. ago. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP ARKANIHAMED, J (reprint author), MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL H3A 2A7,QUEBEC,CANADA. NR 41 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAR 25 PY 1993 VL 98 IS E3 BP 5309 EP 5315 DI 10.1029/93JE00052 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KW894 UT WOS:A1993KW89400004 ER PT J AU HOSTETLER, SW BATES, GT GIORGI, F AF HOSTETLER, SW BATES, GT GIORGI, F TI INTERACTIVE COUPLING OF A LAKE THERMAL-MODEL WITH A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EVAPORATION; SIMULATION; LAHONTAN; IFYGL; LEVEL; ICE AB A one-dimensional model of lake temperature, evaporation, and ke has been coupled in an interactive mode with the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University regional (mesoscale) atmospheric model (MM4). The coupled MM4-lake model makes possible high-resolution simulations of climate in the proximity of large water bodies. Atmospheric variables required as input for the lake model are supplied by MM4 and simulated values of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover are supplied to MM4 by the lake model. We have tested the coupled model system with a 60-clay, summertime simulation at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and with a 10-day, wintertime simulation of the North American Great Lakes and vicinity. Both simulations were conducted at a 60-km resolution. Results from these tests indicate the coupled model system produces realistic simulations of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover and that the coupled system is applicable to simulations of regional climate change. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 3215 MARINE ST, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RI Giorgi, Filippo/C-3169-2013 NR 26 TC 100 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 20 PY 1993 VL 98 IS D3 BP 5045 EP 5057 DI 10.1029/92JD02843 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA KU069 UT WOS:A1993KU06900015 ER PT J AU LUDWIG, GM AF LUDWIG, GM TI EFFECTS OF TRICHLORFON, FENTHION, AND DIFLUBENZURON ON THE ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY AND ON PRODUCTION OF RECIPROCAL-CROSS HYBRID STRIPED BASS FRY IN CULTURE PONDS SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID REARING PONDS; FEEDING-HABITS; MANIPULATION; LARVAL; FISH AB The application of trichlorfon, diflubenzuron, or fenthion to fertilized culture ponds stocked with 5-day-old, reciprocal-cross, hybrid striped bass fry resulted in an initial reduction in the concentration of rotifers and longer-term alteration of zooplankton successional stages, including changes in concentrations of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. Culture ponds without applied chemicals had the highest concentrations of small rotifers when fry were stocked, followed by high concentrations of cladocerans, copepod nauplii, and adult copepods. Fry survival in untreated ponds was higher than in chemically-treated ponds. Initial high concentrations of copepods in some ponds corresponded with low fry survival. Untreated ponds that were filled at the time of broodfish spawning, and stocked with fry 5 days later, had the highest fry survival rates, corresponding with peak rotifer concentrations, followed by a typical zooplankton succession. RP LUDWIG, GM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FISH FARMING EXPTL LAB,POB 860,STUTTGART,AR 72160, USA. NR 46 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 15 PY 1993 VL 110 IS 3-4 BP 301 EP 319 DI 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90378-C PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KR935 UT WOS:A1993KR93500010 ER PT J AU VONHUENE, R SCHOLL, DW AF VONHUENE, R SCHOLL, DW TI THE RETURN OF SIALIC MATERIAL TO THE MANTLE INDICATED BY TERRIGENEOUS MATERIAL SUBDUCTED AT CONVERGENT MARGINS SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON PLATE TECTONIC SIGNATURES IN THE CONTINENTAL INTERIOR, AT THE 20TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS CY 1991 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP INT UNION GEODESY & GEOPHYS ID CONTINENTAL-GROWTH; TECTONIC EROSION; BARBADOS RIDGE; ANDEAN MAGMAS; ARC MAGMAS; CRUST; GENERATION; SEDIMENTS; EARTHQUAKES; MECHANICS AB At convergent margins where oceanic crust is subducted beneath continental or island-arc crust, sediment on the igneous oceanic crust divides into an accreted and a subducted fraction. Although the subducted fraction is larger, it is obscured in many seismic reflection records because of its depth and the effects of the overlying complex structure. Volumes of accreted and underthrust sediment were quantified at individual margins and global estimates were made of the terrigeneous debris subducted. Also included were debris from subduction erosion. The estimated volume of terrigeneous material subducted beneath continental and island-arc crust is sufficiently large to significantly affect processes along the plate boundary. The possible volume reaching the mantle could have considerable affect on mantle evolution. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP VONHUENE, R (reprint author), UNIV KIEL,RES INST,GEOMAR,WISCHOFST 1-3,W-2300 KIEL 14,GERMANY. NR 40 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 15 PY 1993 VL 219 IS 1-3 BP 163 EP 175 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90294-T PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KT520 UT WOS:A1993KT52000012 ER PT J AU LUDWIG, KR SIMMONS, KR WINOGRAD, IJ SZABO, BJ RIGGS, AC AF LUDWIG, KR SIMMONS, KR WINOGRAD, IJ SZABO, BJ RIGGS, AC TI DATING OF THE DEVILS HOLE CALCITE VEIN - RESPONSE SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP LUDWIG, KR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 4 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 12 PY 1993 VL 259 IS 5101 BP 1626 EP 1627 DI 10.1126/science.259.5101.1626-a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA KR543 UT WOS:A1993KR54300045 PM 17733028 ER PT J AU HILDENBRAND, TG ROSENBAUM, JG KAUAHIKAUA, JP AF HILDENBRAND, TG ROSENBAUM, JG KAUAHIKAUA, JP TI AEROMAGNETIC STUDY OF THE ISLAND OF HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EAST RIFT-ZONE; STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; KILAUEA VOLCANO; MAUNA-LOA; GRAVITY; SEAMOUNT; DENSITY; ORIGIN; ROCKS AB An aeromagnetic study of the Island of Hawaii provides new insight on magnetic properties of subsurface rock and geologic structure. On a regional scale, spectral-depth analysis delineates two shallow magnetic zones, each roughly 1.5 km thick, lying at a depth of 1 km. One zone (of unknown origin) lies in the center of the island and correlates with a regional magnetic high. The other zone coincides with pronounced magnetic lows paralleling Kilauea's active east rift zone. These magnetic lows probably depict rocks chemically altered by hydrothermal fluids, in which titanomagnetite has been destroyed. Analysis of magnetic terrain effects indicates that magnetization also decreases with depth within Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. We estimate that magnetization is reduced by about half at a depth of 1 km. The magnetic method is particularly useful in delineating the lateral extent of local shield structures, such as rifts, summit calderas, pit craters, and vent fissures. Rifts possess characteristic magnetic patterns, primarily long-wavelength linear magnetic low zones. We propose alteration processes reduce magnetizations along the flanks of rifts. On the other hand, along young rifts (e.g., Kilauea's east rift zone), short-wavelength magnetic anomalies probably reflect slowly cooled, unaltered intrusions. Altered rock may also produce magnetic lows that help define buried summit calderas. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV, HILO, HI 96718 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 79 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B3 BP 4099 EP 4119 DI 10.1029/92JB02483 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KQ873 UT WOS:A1993KQ87300003 ER PT J AU HARRIS, RA DAY, SM AF HARRIS, RA DAY, SM TI DYNAMICS OF FAULT INTERACTION - PARALLEL STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID 1979 IMPERIAL-VALLEY; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; SIMULATION; STRAIN; CRACK; AFTERSHOCKS; VELOCITY; FRICTION AB We use a two-dimensional finite difference computer program to study the effect of fault steps on dynamic ruptures. Our results indicate that a strike-slip earthquake is unlikely to jump a fault step wider than 5 km, in correlation with field observations of moderate to great-sized earthquakes. We also find that dynamically propagating ruptures can jump both compressional and dilational fault steps, although wider dilational fault steps can be jumped. Dilational steps tend to delay the rupture for a longer time than compressional steps do. This delay leads to a slower apparent rupture velocity in the vicinity of dilational steps. These ''dry'' cases assumed hydrostatic or greater pore-pressures but did not include the effects of changing pore pressures. In an additional study, we simulated the dynamic effects of a fault rupture on 'undrained' pore fluids to test Sibson's (1985, 1986) suggestion that ''wet'' dilational steps are a barrier to rupture propagation. Our numerical results validate Sibson's hypothesis by demonstrating that the effect of the rupture on the 'undrained' pore fluids is to inhibit the rupture from jumping dilational stepovers. The basis of our result differs from Sibson's hypothesis in that our model is purely elastic and does not necessitate the opening of extension fractures between the fault segments. C1 SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182. RP HARRIS, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013 OI Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768 NR 44 TC 255 Z9 265 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B3 BP 4461 EP 4472 DI 10.1029/92JB02272 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KQ873 UT WOS:A1993KQ87300027 ER PT J AU GOMBERG, J AF GOMBERG, J TI SEISMICITY AND SHEAR STRAIN IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN OF NEVADA AND CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article RP GOMBERG, J (reprint author), USGS,GEOL RISK ASSESSMENT BRANCH,DENVER FED CTR,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B3 BP 4473 EP 4476 DI 10.1029/92JB02693 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KQ873 UT WOS:A1993KQ87300028 ER PT J AU SEGALL, P DU, YJ AF SEGALL, P DU, YJ TI HOW SIMILAR WERE THE 1934 AND 1966 PARKFIELD EARTHQUAKES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; GEODETIC DATA; CALIFORNIA; MODELS; SLIP AB Bakun and McEvilly (1984) showed that surface waves from the 1934 and 1966 Parkfield earthquakes are remarkably similar. This observation, together with other seismic and geologic data, led to the forecast of a repeat of a ''characteristic'' Parkfield earthquake by 1993. In this paper we model near-field geodetic measurements collected before and after the 1934 and 1966 Parkfield earthquakes. The slip in 1934 on the northwestern half of the rupture is poorly constrained due to the limited station coverage. In this part of the rupture, near the hypocenter, the geodetic measurements permit the two earthquakes to have the same slip distribution. On the other hand, the data clearly show that the 1966 earthquake ruptured through the right step in the surface trace of the fault, while the 1934 earthquake stopped northwest of the step. If we assume only that the slip distribution is to some degree smooth, we find that the centroid of the 1934 slip distribution could be as much as 10 km northwest of the centroid of the 1966 slip. The data are consistent with, but do not demand, the largest slip in 1934 occurring in a region of low slip in 1966. The geodetically determined moments of the two earthquakes from smooth inversions are indistinguishable (M0 = 4.4 +/- 0.4 x 10(18) N m). We also examine inversions in which we assume that the two earthquakes start identically and estimate how far down the fault the two earthquakes could have remained the same. We find that the 1934 event could have had the same slip as in 1966 up to the fault step. The 1934 earthquake must have stopped at the step, whereas the 1966 event slipped southeast of the step. In this ''quasi-characteristic'' model, M0 of the 1934 quake is only 60% of that in 1966, the difference presumably occurring as afterslip in 1966. If the 1934 geodetic moment was indeed less than in 1966 and the loading rate was constant, this observation could explain the ''early'' occurrence of the 1934 earthquake. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP SEGALL, P (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT APPL EARTH SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 22 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B3 BP 4527 EP 4538 DI 10.1029/92JB02408 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KQ873 UT WOS:A1993KQ87300032 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, CR ARNADOTTIR, T SEGALL, P AF WILLIAMS, CR ARNADOTTIR, T SEGALL, P TI COSEISMIC DEFORMATION AND DISLOCATION MODELS OF THE 1989 LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE DERIVED FROM GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SLIP; INVERSION; GEOMETRY; HAZARD AB Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys were used to determine coseismic displacements within the epicentral region of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake near Santa Cruz. The California Highway Department (Caltrans) conducted the preearthquake survey in February and March 1989 using single-frequency GPS receivers. In March 1990, we reoccupied eight of the Caltrans stations using dual-frequency receivers. Relative displacements were computed by differencing the station coordinates determined froin these two surveys. Displacements were determined relative to sites remote from the earthquake by incorporating GPS measurements from Loma Prieta (station LPI) to the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) site at Fort Ord. Examination of repeated measurements in the single frequency preearthquake survey indicates precision is approximately 10 mm in the horizontal, although it may be as low as approximately 40 mm in the weakly connected part of the network. The precision in the vertical is generally 30-40 mm. In contrast, the largest observed coseismic displacement is 410 mm horizontal and 341 mm vertical. We use a quasi-Newton method to estimate the parameters of the uniform rectangular dislocation source that best fits the observed displacements. The best fitting dislocation dips 68-degrees southwest, extending from 3 to 16 km depth, strikes N66-degrees W, and has 1.8 m of dip slip and 1.2 m of strike slip. The best fitting dislocation overlaps the aftershocks but is rotated 15-degrees counterclockwise from the trend of the afterhock zone. We find that the data can be fit nearly as well with a dislocation that is constrained to lie in the plane of the aftershocks. In this case the fault extends from 5 to 15 km depth. The constrained model explains 96% of the data. Both models have a moment, of M0 = 2.9 x 10(19) N m. We also use the quasi-Newton method to estimate rectangular dislocation models from the leveling data of Marshall et al. (1991), and the trilateration and GPS data of it Lisowski et al. (1990). In contrast to the previous studies, we find that both of these data sets are independently best fit with dislocations embedded within the aftershock zone. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP WILLIAMS, CR (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. RI Arnadottir, Thora/C-7183-2013 OI Arnadottir, Thora/0000-0002-8275-8813 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1993 VL 98 IS B3 BP 4567 EP 4578 DI 10.1029/92JB02294 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KQ873 UT WOS:A1993KQ87300037 ER PT J AU MASTERS, CD AF MASTERS, CD TI UNITED-STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY PETROLEUM RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Review ID GAS-FIELDS; OIL; SIZE; FORECAST RP MASTERS, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 955,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 111 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 3 BP 452 EP & PG 0 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ550 UT WOS:A1993KQ55000006 ER PT J AU HOUGHTON, JC DOLTON, GL MAST, RF MASTERS, CD ROOT, DH AF HOUGHTON, JC DOLTON, GL MAST, RF MASTERS, CD ROOT, DH TI UNITED-STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY ESTIMATION PROCEDURE FOR ACCUMULATION SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS BY PLAY SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB How much oil and gas remains to be discovered in the United States is an important question for petroleum geologists. This paper presents an overview of the methods used by the U.S. Geological Survey in its assessment by play of undiscovered resources of the onshore and state offshore areas of the United States. For the 1989 assessment, new estimation procedures were designed to aid the geologist in the assessment of the size distribution for the remaining population of undiscovered accumulations. This paper presents the details of that procedure and examples of its application for two oil plays in Wyoming and Montana: the Minnelusa play in the Powder River basin and the Basin- Margin Anticline play in the Bighorn basin. In the new procedure, a truncated shifted Pareto (TSP) distribution was fitted to the size data for the discovered accumulations, which were generally split into three sequential parts: the first, second, and last one-third of the accumulations discovered in each play. Parameters from the fitted curves describing size and shape of the discovered accumulations provided a reference model for use in estimating the size distribution of the undiscovered accumulations in a play. In a given play, these accumulation size distributions multiplied by the estimated distribution for the numbers of undiscovered accumulations produced the resource estimates. This method provides a simple, straightforward, and flexible means for the geologist to use statistics as an aid in estimating undiscovered resources. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP HOUGHTON, JC (reprint author), US DOE,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,ER-74,GTN,WASHINGTON,DC 20585, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 3 BP 454 EP 466 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ550 UT WOS:A1993KQ55000007 ER PT J AU DREW, LJ SCHUENEMEYER, JH AF DREW, LJ SCHUENEMEYER, JH TI THE EVOLUTION AND USE OF DISCOVERY PROCESS MODELS AT THE UNITED-STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB The development and the application of discovery process models have evolved to the point that these models now can be used to estimate the number of oil and gas fields remaining to be discovered in partially explored regions, and the rates at which fields will be discovered in the future. The fundamental data used to calibrate these models are taken from the systematic order that exists in the historical pattern of discovery in such regions (exploration plays, basins, provinces). The characteristic patterns of discovery vary from region to region, and ordinarily exhibit diminishing rates of return to wildcat drilling as a function of field size. The number of fields remaining to be discovered in each field-size class is estimated by a two stage procedure: direct nonlinear estimation of fields in the portion of the size distribution not truncated by economic factors (larger fields) and indirect estimating by using a relative frequency factor for the field-size classes in the economically truncated portion of the distribution (smaller fields). The forecast of the future rates of discovery then considers the total range of field sizes, on the basis of wildcat wells drilled, by applying the discovery process model to both segments of the estimated size distribution. The application of this procedure is illustrated for a variety of onshore and offshore exploration plays from different geologic environments that have different economic conditions (size truncation points). C1 UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT MATH,NEWARK,DE 19716. RP DREW, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 920,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 3 BP 467 EP 478 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ550 UT WOS:A1993KQ55000008 ER PT J AU ROOT, DH MAST, RF AF ROOT, DH MAST, RF TI FUTURE GROWTH OF KNOWN OIL AND GAS-FIELDS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB Estimating the amounts of oil and gas that will be produced from known fields beyond proved reserves was an important part of the 1987 assessment of U.S. oil and gas potential. These resources, inferred reserves, are comparable in magnitude to proved reserves. Their estimation was based upon the only nationwide series of successive estimates of proved reserves of fields grouped by year of discovery. Although that data series ended in 1979, it documented a pattern of field growth that could be extrapolated for known fields. The estimated inferred reserves for the lower 48 states were 16 billion bbl of crude oil and 96 tcf of natural gas. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ROOT, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 920,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 3 BP 479 EP 484 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ550 UT WOS:A1993KQ55000009 ER PT J AU ROOT, DH ATTANASI, ED AF ROOT, DH ATTANASI, ED TI SMALL FIELDS IN THE NATIONAL OIL AND GAS ASSESSMENT SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB In the 1989 National Oil and Gas Assessment prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Minerals Management Service, undiscovered oil and gas resources in small fields were assessed separately from resources in fields containing more than 1 million bbl of oil equivalent. This paper concerns the USGS part of the study: onshore and state waters in the conterminous United States. After the resources in small fields were assessed by geologists, statistical techniques were used to allocate these resources to field-size distributions at the province level. The total numbers of small fields remaining to be discovered is estimated at about 77,800. They account for about 10.6 billion bbl of oil equivalent or 20% of the undiscovered resources in the conterminous United States. When an economic analysis was applied to the small fields, none of the off-shore small fields were estimated to be commercially developable. For the onshore study area, about 52% of the small oil fields and 46% of the small gas fields are commercially developable. Overall, because more hydrocarbons are contained in the larger size classes of the small fields, about 70% of the undiscovered resources in small fields is expected to be commercially developable. RP ROOT, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 920,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 3 BP 485 EP 490 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ550 UT WOS:A1993KQ55000010 ER PT J AU ATTANASI, ED BIRD, KJ MAST, RF AF ATTANASI, ED BIRD, KJ MAST, RF TI ECONOMICS AND THE NATIONAL OIL AND GAS ASSESSMENT - THE CASE OF ONSHORE NORTHERN ALASKA SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB The National Oil and Gas Assessment of undiscovered recoverable conventional oil and gas resources assigned nearly 36% of the undiscovered U.S. onshore oil resources and 28% of the commercially developable undiscovered oil resources to onshore northern Alaska. Economic screening models were applied to the geologic play assessment to estimate the commercially developable resources. This paper presents the geologic and economic assessment methodology and results; it also focuses on the robustness of estimates of the commercially developable onshore resources to changes in economic assumptions. With the economic assumptions used in the national assessment, about 60% or 6.49 billion bbl of oil of the recoverable undiscovered resources of 10.76 billion bbl of oil assessed in fields larger than 1 million bbl of oil are estimated to be commercially developable. Changes in facilities costs induced the most significant cost-related response in the commercially developable resource estimates. Price increases or cost reductions that reduce the minimum commercially developable field size to 250 million bbl from the base case size of 380 million bbl added 1 billion bbl of oil to the commercially developable resources. If, through facilities sharing or satellite-field development, the minimum commercial field size is reduced to just below 100 million bbl, estimated developable oil would increase to 9.17 billion bbl of oil or more than 85% of the assessed recoverable oil in onshore plays. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ATTANASI, ED (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 920,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 77 IS 3 BP 491 EP 504 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ550 UT WOS:A1993KQ55000011 ER PT J AU MILTON, C MCGEE, JJ EVANS, HT AF MILTON, C MCGEE, JJ EVANS, HT TI MAHLMOODITE, FEZR(PO4)2.4H2O, A NEW IRON ZIRCONIUM-PHOSPHATE MINERAL FROM WILSON-SPRINGS, ARKANSAS SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ION-EXCHANGE; MECHANISM AB Small (< 0.5 mm) cream white spheres observed in V ore from the Union Carbide mine at Wilson Springs, Garland County, Arkansas, have been identified as ferrous zirconium phosphate tetrahydrate, FeZr(PO4)2 - 4H2O. This new mineral, named mahlmoodite, occurs as spherules of radiating fibers usually perched on crystals of pyroxene in vugs. The X-ray powder diffraction data, which are analogous to those of synthetic alpha-MZr(PO4)2.4H2O where M is a divalent cation Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, or Zn, have been indexed on a monoclinic lattice in space group P2(1)/c. The refined unit-cell dimensions are a = 9.12(2) angstrom, b = 5.42(1) angstrom, c = 19.17(2) angstrom, beta = 94.8(1)-degrees; Z = 4. Density (calc.) is 2.877 g/cm3. The strongest powder lines are (hkl), d, I: (002), 9.58, 75; (111BAR), 4.572, 65; (104BAR), 4.382, 80; (104), 4.092, 60; (204), 3.160, 1 00; (3 10), 2.640, 70. The soft, lathlike fibers have optically negative refractive indices beta = gamma = 1.650 in the plane of the laths, and alpha < 1.646. RP MILTON, C (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 78 IS 3-4 BP 437 EP 440 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA KY023 UT WOS:A1993KY02300021 ER PT J AU RODEN, EE LOVLEY, DR AF RODEN, EE LOVLEY, DR TI DISSIMILATORY FE(III) REDUCTION BY THE MARINE MICROORGANISM DESULFUROMONAS-ACETOXIDANS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL IRON REDUCTION; FERRIC IRON; ALTEROMONAS-PUTREFACIENS; MAGNETOTACTIC BACTERIUM; MANGANESE REDUCTION; ACETATE CATABOLISM; SULFATE REDUCTION; ELEMENTAL SULFUR; ORGANIC-MATTER; SEDIMENTS AB The ability of the marine microorganism Desulfuromonas acetoxidans to reduce Fe(III) was investigated because of its close phylogenetic relationship with the freshwater dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer Geobacter metallireducens. Washed cell suspensions of the type strain of D. acetoxidans reduced soluble Fe(III)-citrate and Fe(III) complexed with nitriloacetic acid. The c-type cytochrome(s) of D. acetoxidans was oxidized by Fe(III)-citrate and Mn(IV)-oxalate, as well as by two electron acceptors known to support growth, colloidal sulfur and malate. D. acetoxidans grew in defined anoxic, bicarbonate-buffered medium with acetate as the sole electron donor and poorly crystalline Fe(III) or Mn(IV) as the sole electron acceptor. Magnetite (Fe3O4) and siderite (FeCO3) were the major end products of Fe(III) reduction, whereas rhodochrosite (MnCO3) was the end product of Mn(IV) reduction. Ethanol, propanol, pyruvate, and butanol also served as electron donors for Fe(III)reduction. In contrast to D. acetoxidans, G. metallireducens could only grow in freshwater medium and it did not conserve energy to support growth from colloidal S0 reduction. D. acetoxidans is the first marine microorganism shown to conserve energy so support growth by coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV). Thus, D. aceloxidans provides a model enzymatic mechanism for Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxidation of organic compounds in marine and estuarine sediments. These findings demonstrate that 16S rRNA phylogenetic analyses can suggest previously unrecognized metabolic capabilities of microorganisms. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 68 TC 180 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 59 IS 3 BP 734 EP 742 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA KQ123 UT WOS:A1993KQ12300014 PM 16348888 ER PT J AU NAFTZ, DL SEE, RB RAMIREZ, P AF NAFTZ, DL SEE, RB RAMIREZ, P TI SELENIUM SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES CONTROLLING SELENIUM IN SURFACE-WATER AND BIOTA, KENDRICK RECLAMATION PROJECT, WYOMING, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The major tributaries draining the Kendrick Reclamation Project (KRP) account for an average of 52% of the total Se load measured in the North Platte River downstream from Casper, Wyoming. The Casper Creek drainage basin contributed the largest Se load of the five tributary sites to the North Platte River. The 4-d average Se concentration in water samples from one site in the part of the North Platte River that receives irrigation return flows exceeded the 5 mug/l U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's aquatic life criterion five times during a 50-d monitoring period in 1989. In agreement with the water-quality data, muscle and liver tissue from rainbow trout collected from the same part of the North Platte River had Se concentrations exceeding levels known to cause reproductive failure and chronic Se poisoning. On the basis of Se: Cl, O-18/O-16 and D/H ratios in water from Goose and Rasmus Lee Lakes (closed-basin systems), the large Se concentrations in those lakes were derived by natural evaporation of irrigation water without leaching of soluble forms of Se from soil or rocks. Water samples from Thirtythree Mile Reservoir and Illco Pond (flow-through systems) showed considerable enrichment in Se over evaporative concentration, presumably due to leaching and desorption of Se from soil and rock. The Se: Cl ratios of irrigation drain water collected from the KRP indicate that leaching and desorption of soluble forms of Se from soils and rocks are the dominant processes in drain water. Results of a Wilcoxon matched-pairs test for 43 paired drain-water samples collected during June and August 1988, indicated there is a statistically larger concentration of Se (0.01 significance level) during the June sampling period. The larger concentrations of Se and other chemical constitutents during the early part of the irrigation season probably were due to dissolution of seleniferous salts that have accumulated in soils within the KRP since the last irrigation season. The large Se concentrations in water samples from wetland sites in the KRP were reflected in the aquatic-bird food chain. Most waterfowl and shorebirds nesting at the KRP showed Se concentrations in livers and eggs greater than levels suspected of causing adverse reproductive effects. RP NAFTZ, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1745 W 1700 S,RM 1016,ADM BLDG,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84104, USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 2 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1016/0883-2927(93)90028-F PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KP610 UT WOS:A1993KP61000001 ER PT J AU KAUFMAN, DS CARTER, LD MILLER, GH FARMER, GL BUDD, DA AF KAUFMAN, DS CARTER, LD MILLER, GH FARMER, GL BUDD, DA TI STRONTIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM EMERGED MARINE DEPOSITS, NORTH-AMERICAN ARCTIC SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STANDARD OLIGOCENE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY; HIGH-LATITUDE APPLICATION; SR-87 SR-86; NUWOK BEDS; SEAWATER; STRATIGRAPHY; ALASKA; DIAGENESIS; EVOLUTION; NEOGENE AB High-precision strontium (Sr) isotopic measurements were obtained for 53 Pliocene and Pleistocene molluscan shells from emerged marine deposits around the coasts of Arctic North America to test whether such data can be used for chronostratigraphic purposes. Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios from Sr isotopic measurements on many marine fossils from Arctic Ocean borderland sites are broadly consistent with their expected values based on independent age control and on a comparison with the Sr isotopic evolution of seawater recorded in deep-sea cores. All Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios measured for shells from Middle and Late Pleistocene deposits are consistent with expected values, but only 9 of 22 ratios in shells from older deposits are consistent with independent age estimates. Aberrant Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios are consistently higher than expected. At Nome, Alaska, and Baffin Island, Canada, all Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios are higher than expected. Because these shells were formed along the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean margins, respectively, their high Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios cannot be attributed to possible differences in the Sr isotopic evolution of the Arctic Ocean relative to that of remainder of the world's oceans. Radiogenic Sr from proximal river-water input, or leaching of detritus within the shell matrix, may have changed the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios by as much as about 5 X 10(-5), but these mechanisms cannot account for the very high Sr-87/Sr-86 values (from 20 x 10(-5) to 200 x 10(-5) higher than those of modem seawater) measured for some shells. Alteration by diagenetic fluids rich in radiogenic Sr is the most plausible explanation for the aberrant results. Diagenesis is recognized petrographically in the most altered shells by micritic overprinting of the original shell microstructure; in addition, one shell enriched in Sr-87 from Baffin Island exhibits a broad range (170 X 10(-5)) of Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios across the shell, and an oxygen isotopic gradient (1.6 parts per thousand) that is greater than the expected primary variability. Although our data suggest that Sr isotopic data from young Arctic molluscan fossils may offer a viable dating method, criteria for screening altered shells must be devised before the technique can be considered a reliable chronostratigraphic tool. C1 UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, CTR GEOCHRONOL RES, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ALASKAN GEOL BRANCH, ANCHORAGE, AK 99508 USA. UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RI Kaufman, Darrell/A-2471-2008 OI Kaufman, Darrell/0000-0002-7572-1414 NR 69 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 30 IS 3 BP 519 EP 534 DI 10.1139/e93-041 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA LM391 UT WOS:A1993LM39100012 ER PT J AU DORAZIO, RM AF DORAZIO, RM TI PRERELEASE STRATIFICATION IN TAG-RECOVERY MODELS WITH TIME-DEPENDENCE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BAND-RECOVERY; SURVIVAL RATES AB A statistical model is developed for estimating time-dependent survival and recovery rates of tagged populations that are stratified into groups at release. For populations of fish, the groups might include different sexes or stocks, or they might be distinguished by the location or method of capture. In the model developed here, survival and recovery rates are formulated as linear combinations of parameters that include the effects of time, group, and time-group interactions. Methods of testing the statistical significance of these potential sources of variation are described and illustrated with the recoveries of different stocks of anadromous striped bass (Morone saxatilis). For the striped bass data, elimination of time- and stock-specific sources of variation substantially improved the precision of survival estimates without introducing important bias. During 1988-89 the average survival of both stocks was 0.78 (SE = 0.04). Calculations of statistical power indicate that stock-specific differences in survival of +/- 0.2 could have been detected about 50% of the time, given the low rates of recovery and numbers of fish released. RP DORAZIO, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,BOX 700,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 50 IS 3 BP 535 EP 541 DI 10.1139/f93-062 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK198 UT WOS:A1993LK19800010 ER PT J AU MCCORMICK, SD AF MCCORMICK, SD TI METHODS FOR NONLETHAL GILL BIOPSY AND MEASUREMENT OF NA+, K+ -ATPASE ACTIVITY SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CHLORIDE CELL; SALMO-SALAR; TRANSPORT AB A gill biopsy, in which a small portion of gill tissue was removed from anesthetized fish, was shown to have no detrimental effect on subsequent survival, growth, and salinity tolerance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A method for measurement of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in this small amount of gill tissue is presented. These methods are useful for nonlethal monitoring of physiological smolt characteristics in salmonids and may have applications in the study of disease, toxicology, and physiological ecology of many fish species. RP MCCORMICK, SD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANADROMOUS FISH RES CTR,POB 796,TURNERS FALLS,MA 01376, USA. NR 14 TC 614 Z9 631 U1 3 U2 66 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 50 IS 3 BP 656 EP 658 DI 10.1139/f93-075 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK198 UT WOS:A1993LK19800023 ER PT J AU TRISKA, FJ PRINGLE, CM ZELLWEGER, GW DUFF, JH AVANZINO, RJ AF TRISKA, FJ PRINGLE, CM ZELLWEGER, GW DUFF, JH AVANZINO, RJ TI DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOSITION, TRANSFORMATION, RETENTION, AND TRANSPORT IN NATURALLY PHOSPHATE-RICH AND PHOSPHATE-POOR TROPICAL STREAMS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SMALL MOUNTAIN STREAM; RAINFOREST SUCCESSION; 3RD-ORDER STREAM; WOODLAND STREAM; DESERT STREAM; COSTA-RICA; PHOSPHORUS; DYNAMICS; NITRATE; CARBON AB The composition, transformation, and transport of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was compared in waters associated with two lowland streams in Costa Rica. The Salto River is enriched by geothermal-based soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), which raises the concentration up to 200 mug/L whereas Pantano Creek, an unimpacted tributary, has an SRP concentration <10 mug/L. Ammonium concentration in springs adjacent to the Salto and Pantano was typically greater than channel water (1 3 of 22 locations) whereas nitrate concentration was less (20 of 22 locations). Ground waters were typically high in ammonium relative to nitrate whereas channel waters were high in nitrate relative to ammonium. Sediment slurry studies indicated nitrification potential in two sediment types, firm clay (3.34 mug N.cm-3.d-1) and uncompacted organic-rich sediment (1.76 mug N.cm-3.d-1). Ammonium and nitrate amendments to each stream separately resulted in nitrate concentrations in excess of that expected after correction for dilution using a conservative tracer. SRP concentration was not affected by DIN amendment to either stream. SRP concentration in the Pantano appeared to be regulated by abiotic sediment exchange reactions whereas DIN composition and concentration were regulated by a combination of biotic and abiotic processes. C1 CORNELL UNIV,CTR ENVIRONM,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,ECOL & SYSTEMAT SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP TRISKA, FJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012 NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 50 IS 3 BP 665 EP 675 DI 10.1139/f93-077 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LK198 UT WOS:A1993LK19800025 ER PT J AU CAMERON, RD SMITH, WT FANCY, SG GERHART, KL WHITE, RG AF CAMERON, RD SMITH, WT FANCY, SG GERHART, KL WHITE, RG TI CALVING SUCCESS OF FEMALE CARIBOU IN RELATION TO BODY-WEIGHT SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID RANGIFER-TARANDUS; WILD REINDEER; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; WINTER; ISLAND; DEER AB In late September and October 1987-1990 and early July 1988-1991, 66 radio-collared female caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) of the Central Arctic Herd were captured and weighed 117 times. Caribou were relocated repeatedly during early June 1988-1991; parturition status, calving date, and perinatal calf survival were determined. Mean autumn body weights of subsequently parturient (90.0 kg) and nonparturient (82.5 kg) females differed significantly (P < 0.01). Mean summer weights 4-5 weeks after parturition were significantly higher for females that had calved on or before 7 June (82.2 kg) than for those that had calved after 7 June (72.1 kg; P < 0.01), and for females whose calves survived at least 2 days post partum (80.2 kg) than for those whose calves died within 2 days (70.3 kg; P < 0.01). Significant logistic models were generated for relationships between parturition rate and autumn weight (P < 0.01), between the occurrence of early calving and summer weight (P < 0.05), and between calf survival rate and summer weight (P < 0.02). Body weight appears to be a reasonable index of body condition, which in turn is related to reproductive performance. The probability of a successful pregnancy is largely predetermined at breeding, based on autumn condition, whereas calving date and early calf survival appear to be influenced primarily by maternal condition during late pregnancy. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. UNIV ALASKA,INST ARCTIC BIOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP CAMERON, RD (reprint author), ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,1300 COLL RD,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 48 TC 145 Z9 153 U1 3 U2 23 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 71 IS 3 BP 480 EP 486 DI 10.1139/z93-069 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA KX258 UT WOS:A1993KX25800006 ER PT J AU JONES, PD ANKLEY, GT BEST, DA CRAWFORD, R DEGALAN, N GIESY, JP KUBIAK, TJ LUDWIG, JP NEWSTED, JL TILLITT, DE VERBRUGGE, DA AF JONES, PD ANKLEY, GT BEST, DA CRAWFORD, R DEGALAN, N GIESY, JP KUBIAK, TJ LUDWIG, JP NEWSTED, JL TILLITT, DE VERBRUGGE, DA TI BIOMAGNIFICATION OF BIOASSAY DERIVED 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN EQUIVALENTS SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE INDUCTION; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; GREAT-LAKES; PCBS; DIOXINS; EGGS; RATS; FISH; DDT AB In recent years contamination of the Great Lakes ecosystem with planar chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) has attracted considerable concern due to their known reproductive and teratogenic effects. The H4IIE bioassay has been standardized as a means of measuring the biological potency of a PCH mixture as 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ). Using this bioassay we have investigated the biomagnification of TCDD-EQ in a semi-closed ecosystem. The biomagnification of TCDD-EQ is demonstrated and results indicate that the food chain is the major pathway for TCDD-EQ through this ecosystem. The H4IIE assay system is demonstrated to be a viable integrative measure of the total concentration of TCDD-EQ in different trophic levels. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,E LANSING,MI 48823. ECOL RES SERV,ANN ARBOR,MI 48104. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP JONES, PD (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. RI Jones, Paul/O-2046-2015 OI Jones, Paul/0000-0002-7483-5380 NR 25 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 1993 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1203 EP 1212 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90206-K PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KX253 UT WOS:A1993KX25300014 ER PT J AU EBERL, DD VELDE, B MCCORMICK, T AF EBERL, DD VELDE, B MCCORMICK, T TI SYNTHESIS OF ILLITE-SMECTITE FROM SMECTITE AT EARTH SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND HIGH PH SO CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article ID COLORADO; DIAGENESIS; SEDIMENTS; LAKE AB It is well known that illite-smectite can form from smectite at elevated temperatures in natural and experimental systems. However, the conversion of smectite to illite-smectite is also found in some natural systems that have never been heated. The present experiments show that illite layers can form from smectite by chemical reaction at 35-degrees and 60-degrees-C at high solution pH. The rate of this reaction is accelerated by wetting and drying. C1 ECOLE NORM SUPER,DEPT GEOL,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP EBERL, DD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 23 TC 105 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 13 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0009-8558 J9 CLAY MINER JI Clay Min. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 28 IS 1 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1180/claymin.1993.028.1.06 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy GA KR068 UT WOS:A1993KR06800006 ER PT J AU FREDRICKS, KT GINGERICH, WH FATER, DC AF FREDRICKS, KT GINGERICH, WH FATER, DC TI COMPARATIVE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF 4 FISHERY ANESTHETICS IN SPINALLY TRANSECTED RAINBOW-TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; GABA RECEPTOR; ELIMINATION; BENZOCAINE AB 1. We compared the effects of four anesthetics on heart rate, dorsal and ventral aortic blood pressure, and electrocardiograms of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2. Exposure to the local anesthetics tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and benzocaine hydrochloride (BZH) produced minimal cardiovascular alterations. Mean dorsal aortic pressure (DAP) decreased during exposure to MS-222, and mean DAP and mean ventral aortic pressure (VAP) increased 15% during recovery from BZH. 3. Exposure to the general anesthetic 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) or the hypnotic agent etomidate (ET) dramatically decreased heart rate and blood pressures and altered EKG patterns. 4. During recovery, VAP and DAP increased above baseline for an extended period. Heart rate and EKG patterns rapidly returned to normal. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOL,LA CROSSE,WI 54601. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,LA CROSSE,WI. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PHYS THERAPY,LA CROSSE,WI 54601. NR 39 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 104 IS 3 BP 477 EP 483 DI 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90021-C PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA LG471 UT WOS:A1993LG47100021 ER PT J AU DONNELLYNOLAN, JM BURNS, MG GOFF, FE PETERS, EK THOMPSON, JM AF DONNELLYNOLAN, JM BURNS, MG GOFF, FE PETERS, EK THOMPSON, JM TI THE GEYSERS-CLEAR LAKE AREA, CALIFORNIA - THERMAL WATERS, MINERALIZATION, VOLCANISM, AND GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID COAST-RANGES; SEDIMENTATION; TECTONICS; SYSTEMS AB Manifestations of a major thermal anomaly in the Geysers-Clear Lake area of northern California include the late Pliocene to Holocene Clear Lake Volcanics, The Geysers geothermal field, abundant thermal springs, and epithermal mercury and gold mineralization. The epithermal mineralization and thermal springs typically occur along high-angle faults within the broad San Andreas transform fault system that forms the western boundary of the North American plate in this area. The young volcanic rocks overlie Mesozoic marine rocks of the Great Valley sequence which have been thrust above the coeval Franciscan Complex and penecontemporaneously dropped back down along low-angle detachment faults. Many of the waters of the region are nonmeteoric as defined by their isotopic signature. One type of isotopically shifted water emerges from or near Great Valley sequence rocks and is the most chloride rich. It is interpreted to be evolved connate in origin. A second type, evolved meteoric water, has moderate chloride contents, high boron contents, and high B/Cl ratios and is found locally in Franciscan rocks, notably at the Sulphur Bank mercury mine, where it probably results from near-closed-system, repeated boiling of meteoric water in host rocks that also contribute organic components to the water. At the Sulphur Bank mine fracturing of otherwise impermeable Franciscan rocks by faulting has created a localized zone of permeability in which thermal water boils repeatedly with limited venting to the surface. Boron-rich fluids were apparently present at depth in The Geysers geothermal field when intrusion of silicic magma occurred, because the concealed intrusion of felsite is surrounded by a halo of tourmaline-bearing hornfels. The volume of this poorly dated early to middle Quaternary intrusive body probably exceeds the 100 km3 of erupted Clear Lake Volcanics. Similar intrusions may have occurred in the eastern part of the area at Wilbur Springs and the McLaughlin mine, where gold deposition and evidence of hydrothermal phenomena suggest more magmatic activity than is indicated by the small exposed bodies of early Quaternary basaltic lava. The Clear Lake Volcanics are the present locus of volcanism in the northern Coast Ranges and progressively older volcanic centers occur to the south. Geophysical data suggest that a large silicic magma body may be centered north of The Geysers steam field, providing the heat for the geothermal field. Geothermal power production has peaked at The Geysers and pressure declines indicate significant depletion of the fluid resource. The vapor-dominated field evolved from a preexisting hydrothermal system within fractured, otherwise impermeable Franciscan metamorphic rocks. A deep water table of saline fluid has been postulated to be present under the steam field, but no chloride-rich water has been found at drillable depth. We propose that recently discovered, isotopically shifted steam in the northwest Geysers area indicates the presence not of deep connate water but rather of boiled-down, boron-rich Franciscan evolved meteoric water. This water is likely to be present in limited quantities and will not provide a significant hot water resource for geothermal power production at The Geysers field or from the main Clear Lake volcanic field. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. HARVARD UNIV,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. RP DONNELLYNOLAN, JM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 76 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 88 IS 2 BP 301 EP 316 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KY602 UT WOS:A1993KY60200005 ER PT J AU CONRAD, JE MCKEE, EH RYTUBA, JJ NASH, JT UTTERBACK, WC AF CONRAD, JE MCKEE, EH RYTUBA, JJ NASH, JT UTTERBACK, WC TI GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE SLEEPER DEPOSIT, HUMBOLDT COUNTY, NEVADA - EPITHERMAL GOLD-SILVER MINERALIZATION FOLLOWING EMPLACEMENT OF A SILICIC FLOW-DOME COMPLEX SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BASIN; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; OREGON; ARGON AB The high-grade gold-silver deposits at the Sleeper mine are low sulfidation, quartz-adularia-type epithermal deposits, formed during the final stages of igneous hydrothermal activity of a small middle Miocene silicic flow-dome complex in north-central Nevada. Potassium-argon and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of alkali feldspar indicate that the rhyolitic flow-dome complex was emplaced before about 16.5 Ma; hydrothermal alteration and mineralization followed, lasting from about 16.2 to 14+ Ma based on ages of adularia associated with electrum. There were multiple pulses of alteration and mineralization but all occurred within a period of less than 2 m.y. Later supergene alteration formed opal and alunite about 5.4 Ma but produced no Au or Ag mineralization other than some remobilization to produce locally rich pockets of secondary Au and Ag enrichment and is unrelated to the older magmatic hydrothermal system. The Sleeper deposit in the northern part of the Great Basin is genetically related to bimodal volcanism that followed a long period of arc-related andesitic volcanism in the same general region. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. AMAX GOLD INC,WINNEMUCCA,NV 89445. RP CONRAD, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 88 IS 2 BP 317 EP 327 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KY602 UT WOS:A1993KY60200006 ER PT J AU LANGE, IM NOKLEBERG, WJ NEWKIRK, SR ALEINIKOFF, JN CHURCH, SE KROUSE, HR AF LANGE, IM NOKLEBERG, WJ NEWKIRK, SR ALEINIKOFF, JN CHURCH, SE KROUSE, HR TI DEVONIAN VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS AND OCCURRENCES, SOUTHERN YUKON-TANANA TERRANE, EASTERN ALASKA RANGE, ALASKA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID VOLCANIC-ROCKS; ISOTOPE; SULFUR; DISTRICT; ISLANDS AB A belt of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits extends for over 150 km along the southern margin of the Yukon-Tanana terrane of the eastern Alaska Range. Located north of the Denali fault, the Yukon-Tanana terrane forms a major basement unit in east-central Alaska. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are primarily in the jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane, one of the highest structural-stratigraphic levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane. The Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane consists of a volcanogenic massive sulfide-bearing metavolcanic rock member and a metasedimentary rock member. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and enclosing metavolcanic and metasedimentary schists exhibit two periods of regional metamorphism and penetrative deformation: an older, Early Cretaceous, amphibolite facies event and a younger, mid-Cretaceous lower greenschist facies event. From northwest to southeast, the major voleanogenic massive sulfide districts are the Bonnifield, Trident Glacier, and Delta. The Bonnifield district contains massive sulfide deposits in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that are correlated with the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane. The 25-km-long, northwest-trending Trident Glacier district contains several occurrences consisting of massive pyrrhotite and lesser pyrite, minor chalcopyrite with or without sphalerite, and galena and arsenopyrite in south-dipping massive sulfide pods, lenses, and stringers that parallel the foliation of the enclosing schists. Host-rock protoliths were mainly andesite, dacite, rhyodacite tuffs and flows, shale, and limestone, with lesser quartz-rich keratophyre flows and tuffs, volcanic graywacke, and siltstone. The Delta district contains at least 35 deposits in an 800-km2 area. Thirty-one of the deposits define four mineral trends, 5 to 32 km long, that are subparallel to the west-northwest striking, southwest-dipping structures and lithologies. The deposits consist of layers and zones containing varying amounts of massive to disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, and lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. The larger deposits range between 1.0 and 12.4 million metric tons with combined grades of 5.6 percent total metal (Cu, Pb, Zn), and Ag and Au contents of 56 and 1.9 g/metric ton, respectively. Hostrock protoliths are similar to those found in the Trident Glacier district, but some of the deposits are spatially associated with diorite or gabbro sills that exhibit lower greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation. Sulfur isotope values of 26 pyrrhotite separates from the Trident Glacier district occurrences average 7.7 per mil, the mean value of seven pyrite separates is 8.1 per mil. Forty-one Delta district pyrite separates average 5.9 per mil and ranges of values of the four northwest trending trends overlap. The relative consistency of sulfur isotope values of iron-bearing sulfides in the Trident Glacier district, and the apparent lithologic relationship of isotope values in the Delta district, may reflect original-rock sulfur isotope values. Alternatively, the S-34-enriched values may have resulted from the addition of reduced seawater sulfate to the hydrothermal fluid. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV CALGARY,DEPT PHYS,CALGARY T2N 1N4,ALBERTA,CANADA. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 88 IS 2 BP 344 EP 376 PG 33 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KY602 UT WOS:A1993KY60200008 ER PT J AU MAHER, BJ BROWNE, QJ MCKEE, EH AF MAHER, BJ BROWNE, QJ MCKEE, EH TI CONSTRAINTS ON THE AGE OF GOLD MINERALIZATION AND METALLOGENESIS IN THE BATTLE MOUNTAIN-EUREKA MINERAL BELT, NEVADA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note ID BASIN C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP MAHER, BJ (reprint author), ASARCO INC,510 E PLUMB LANE,RENO,NV 89502, USA. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 88 IS 2 BP 469 EP 478 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KY602 UT WOS:A1993KY60200014 ER PT J AU GARMAN, GC MORING, JR AF GARMAN, GC MORING, JR TI DIET AND ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF 2 BOREAL RIVER FISHES FOLLOWING CLEAR-CUT LOGGING SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE DEFORESTATION; FEEDING ECOLOGY; CYPRINID; RHINICHTHYS-ATRATULUS; SEMOTILUS-ATROMACULATUS ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; STREAM FISH; SEMOTILUS-ATROMACULATUS; RHINICHTHYS-ATRATULUS; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSE; APPALACHIAN STREAM; BLACKNOSE DACE; CYPRINID FISH; RAINBOW-TROUT; PREY AB Diet and annual production of two cyprinid fishes in the Piscataquis River, Maine, were investigated before and after extensive deforestation of the surrounding watershed. Observed patterns were evaluated relative to post-logging changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community, and to differences in ecomorphology between the two fishes. Prey selection was generally density-dependent for both predator species throughout the study, but significant exceptions to density-dependence were observed for several aquatic insect life-mode groups (e.g., swimmers, climbers, burrowers). This apparent preference/avoidance for certain prey taxa by fish predators could be adequately explained by differential availability (vulnerability) among prey taxa. Compared to the year before logging, significant post-logging changes in diet composition and gut fullness were observed for both blacknose dace, Rhinichthys atratulus, and creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, concomitant with post-logging changes in the availability of benthic prey. Annual production of blacknose dace was significantly lower (52.7 vs. 37.7 kg ha-1 y-1) in the year following logging. In contrast, annual production of creek chub increased significantly after logging, from 8.6 to 17.4 kg ha-1 y-1. Because post-logging changes in the physical environment were probably not sufficient to directly affect fish populations, we hypothesize that blacknose dace were morphologically constrained to feed on a declining aquatic prey resource, with a resultant decline in production. In contrast, the generalist creek chub switched to a non-aquatic prey resource (terrestrial arthropods) and no decline in production was observed for that species. C1 UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MAINE COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ORONO,ME 04469. RP GARMAN, GC (reprint author), VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,DEPT BIOL,RICHMOND,VA 23284, USA. NR 65 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 1993 VL 36 IS 3 BP 301 EP 311 DI 10.1007/BF00001726 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KR417 UT WOS:A1993KR41700010 ER PT J AU SCHULER, CA RICKARD, WH SARGEANT, GA AF SCHULER, CA RICKARD, WH SARGEANT, GA TI CONSERVATION OF HABITATS FOR SHRUBSTEPPE BIRDS SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB Extending over a year, all the birds that could be detected were counted on two transects which together sampled an area of 1.39 km2. Only 37 species were recorded during 82 surveys. Total bird density during the spring (March-June) was 43.0 birds/km2, and the density for the entire year was 26.7 birdS/km2. The characteristic nesting birds were Western Meadowlark, Sage Sparrow, Burrowing Owl, Mourning Dove, Homed Lark, Long-billed Curlew, Lark Sparrow, and Loggerhead Shrike. Western Meadow-larks and Sage Sparrows were the most abundant nesting birds, having an average density of 11.2 and 7.8 birdS/km2, respectively. Seasonal distribution of birds varied with species, but most species were present only from March to September. Sixty-three per cent of the habitat surveyed was dominated by Big Sagebrush, 26% was dominated by Cheatgrass, and the remaining 11% was dominated by Spiny Hopsage. Big Sagebrush habitat supported a greater total bird density than the Cheatgrass or Hopsage habitats. Sage Sparrows were closely associated with Sagebrush habitats, while Western Meadowlarks showed no strong habitat affinities. Extensive habitat modifications induced by more than a century of agriculture and livestock grazing have greatly depleted native Shrubsteppe habitat in the Columbia Basin. Over the past 40 years, the Hanford Site has served as a refugium for Shrubsteppe habitat that supports populations of native Shrubsteppe birds. The concept of the Hanford Site as a refugium for native Shrubsteppe habitat and Shrubsteppe nesting birds is favourably discussed. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RP SCHULER, CA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PORTLAND FIELD OFF, 727 NE 24TH AVE, PORTLAND, OR 97232 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 11 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 20 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LP091 UT WOS:A1993LP09100010 ER PT J AU BAIN, MB AF BAIN, MB TI ASSESSING IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED AQUATIC SPECIES - GRASS CARP IN LARGE SYSTEMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE INTRODUCED SPECIES; EXOTIC FISH; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; GRASS CARP; BIOCONTROL; WATER RESOURCES; AQUATIC PLANTS ID 4 FLORIDA LAKES; CTENOPHARYNGODON-IDELLA VAL; SUBMERGED VEGETATION; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; HYDRILLA CONTROL; WATER-QUALITY; HABITAT; FISH; PHYTOPLANKTON; MANIPULATION AB Introduced species have created environmental benefits and unanticipated disasters so a priori assessments of species introductions are needed for environmental management. A checklist for assessing impacts of introduced species was developed from studies of introduced species and recommendations for planning introductions. Sterile, triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are just beginning to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of aquatic vegetation in open waterways. Potential impacts of grass carp in open systems were identified by reviewing grass carp biology relative to the impact assessment checklist. The potential consequences of introduced grass carp were reviewed for one case study. The case study demonstrated that conclusions about potential impacts and monitoring needs can be made despite incomplete information and uncertainty. Indicators of environmental impact and vulnerability of host systems were grouped into six categories: population control, hybridization, diseases and parasites, habitat alterations, biological effects, and management issues. Triploid grass carp can significantly alter habitat and biological resources through the secondary effects of reductions in aquatic vegetation. Potential impacts and significant uncertainties involve fish dispersions from plant control areas, inability to control vegetation loss, loss of diverse plant communities and their dependent species, and conflicts with human use of the water resource. Adequate knowledge existed to assess most potential consequences of releasing large numbers of triploid grass carp in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. However, the assessment of potential impacts indicated that moderate, incremental stockings combined with monitoring of vegetation and biological resources are necessary to control the effects of grass carp and achieve desirable, intermediate plant densities. C1 AUBURN UNIV,ALABAMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,AUBURN,AL 36849. NR 102 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 7 U2 45 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 17 IS 2 BP 211 EP 224 DI 10.1007/BF02394691 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KL476 UT WOS:A1993KL47600007 ER PT J AU POPPE, LJ MOFFETT, AM AF POPPE, LJ MOFFETT, AM TI GROUND-WATER DISCHARGE AND THE RELATED NUTRIENT AND TRACE-METAL FLUXES INTO QUINCY BAY, MASSACHUSETTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB Measurement of the rate and direction of ground water flow beneath Wollaston Beach, Quincy, Massachusetts by use of a heat-pulsing flowmeter shows a mean velocity in the bulk sediment of 40 cm d-1. The estimated total discharge of ground water into Quincy Bay during October 1990 was 1324-2177 m3 d-1, a relatively low ground water discharge rate. The tides have only a moderate effect on the rate and direction of this flow. Other important controls on the rate and volume of ground water flow are the limited thickness, geographic extent, and permeability of the aquifer. Comparisons of published streamflow data and estimates of ground water discharge indicate that ground water makes up between 7.4-12.1% of the gaged freshwater input into Quincy Bay. The data from this study suggest the ground water discharge is a less important recharge component to Quincy Bay than predicted by National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) models. The high nitrate and low nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the ground water at the backshore well sites and low nitrate and high nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the water flowing from the foreshore suggests that denitrification is active in the sediments. The low ground water flow rates and low nitrate concentrations in the foreshore samples suggest that little or no nitrate is surviving the denitrification process to affect the planktonic community. Similarly, oxidizing conditions in the aquifer and low trace metal concentrations in the ground water samples suggest that the metals may be precipitating and binding to sedimentary phases before impacting the bay. RP POPPE, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BRANCH ATLANTIC MARINE GEOL,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 25 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1007/BF00549789 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KR395 UT WOS:A1993KR39500002 PM 24227453 ER PT J AU COYLE, JJ BUCKLER, DR INGERSOLL, CG FAIRCHILD, JF MAY, TW AF COYLE, JJ BUCKLER, DR INGERSOLL, CG FAIRCHILD, JF MAY, TW TI EFFECT OF DIETARY SELENIUM ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF BLUEGILLS (LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE REPRODUCTION; SELENIUM; BLUEGILL; DIETARY; WATERBORNE ID RAINBOW-TROUT SALMO; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; DIGESTION METHODS; TOXICITY; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; REQUIREMENT; ABSORPTION; GAIRDNERI; TISSUES AB The effects of dietary and waterborne selenium on the reproductive success of adult blue-gills were evaluated in a chronic toxicity study. Before spawning, two-year-old bluegills were exposed for 60 d to six combinations of dietary and waterborne selenium. Mean seleno-L-Methionine (as selenium) concentrations measured in the diet were 0.8 (control), 4.6, 8.5, 16.8, and 33.3 mug/g (dry weight). Waterborne selenium was supplied as a 6:1 mixture of selenate and selenite. Nominal waterborne selenium exposure concentration was 10 mug/L in all exposures except the control. Morphological measurements of adult fish, including length, weight, condition factor, and Gonado Somatic Index, were measured at days 60 and 140 of exposure. Reproductive indicators, including spawning frequency, number of eggs per spawn, percentage of hatch, and survival of resulting fry for 30 d after hatch were monitored during the 11-week spawning period. Selenium concentrations were determined in adult fish, eggs, and 30-d-old fry. Only fry were significantly affected. Survival was severely reduced in fry of parents exposed to 10 mug/L waterborne selenium in combination with dietary exposure of 33.3 mug/g (dry weight) seleno-L-methionine. These results support field observations that indicate food-chain accumulation of selenium can severely reduce reproductive success of bluegills. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 42 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 18 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 12 IS 3 BP 551 EP 565 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1993)12[551:EODSOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KQ427 UT WOS:A1993KQ42700015 ER PT J AU CARR, MH KUZMIN, RO MASSON, PL AF CARR, MH KUZMIN, RO MASSON, PL TI GEOLOGY OF MARS SO EPISODES LA English DT Article RP CARR, MH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI KEYWORTH PA C/O BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, KEYWORTH, NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND NG12 5GG SN 0705-3797 J9 EPISODES JI Episodes PD MAR-JUN PY 1993 VL 16 IS 1-2 BP 307 EP 315 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA MA543 UT WOS:A1993MA54300001 ER PT J AU GELFENBAUM, G STUMPF, RP AF GELFENBAUM, G STUMPF, RP TI OBSERVATIONS OF CURRENTS AND DENSITY STRUCTURE ACROSS A BUOYANT PLUME FRONT SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID RIVER PLUME; SHELF; MODEL; DISCHARGE; WATERS AB Observations of the Mobile Bay, Alabama, plume during a flood event in April 1991 reveal significant differences in the current field on either side of a front associated with the buoyant plume. During a strong southeasterly wind, turbid, low salinity water from Mobile Bay was pushed through an opening in the west side of the ebb-tidal delta and moved parallel to the coast. A stable front developed between the low salinity water of the buoyant plume (11 parts per thousand) and the high salinity coastal water (> 23 parts per thousand) that was being forced landward by the prevailing winds. Despite the shallow water depth of 6 m, measurements of currents, temperature, and salinity show large shears and density gradients in both the vertical and the horizontal directions. At a station outside of the buoyant plume, currents at 0.5 m and 1.5 m below the surface were in the same direction as the wind. Inside the plume, however, currents at 0.5 m below the surface were parallel to the coast, 45-degrees off the direction of the wind and the magnitude was 45% larger than the magnitude of the surface currents outside the plume. Beneath the level of the plume, the currents were identical to the wind-driven currents in the ambient water south of the front. Our observations suggest that the wind-driven surface currents of the ambient water converged with the buoyant plume at the front and were subducted beneath the plume. The motion of the ambient coastal surface water was in the direction of the local wind stress, however, the motion of the plume had no northerly component of motion. The plume also did not show any flow toward the front, suggesting a balance between the northerly component of wind stress and the southerly component of buoyant spreading. In addition, the motion of the plume did not appear to affect the motion of the underlying ambient water, suggesting a lack of mixing between the two waters. RP GELFENBAUM, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD MAR PY 1993 VL 16 IS 1 BP 40 EP 52 DI 10.2307/1352762 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA LJ175 UT WOS:A1993LJ17500003 ER PT J AU CHENG, RT CASULLI, V GARTNER, JW AF CHENG, RT CASULLI, V GARTNER, JW TI TIDAL, RESIDUAL, INTERTIDAL MUDFLAT (TRIM) MODEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO SAN-FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ESTUARINE HYDRODYNAMICS; SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS; NUMERICAL MODEL; SEMIIMPLICIT FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD; BAROCLINIC FORCING; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY ID SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; CURRENTS; COMPUTATIONS; CIRCULATION; DISPERSION; TRANSPORT; TIDES; SEA C1 UNIV TRENT,DEPT MATH,I-38050 TRENT,ITALY. RP CHENG, RT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI casulli, vincenzo/A-8507-2013; OI Casulli, Vincenzo/0000-0002-2398-9339 NR 65 TC 134 Z9 135 U1 3 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 36 IS 3 BP 235 EP 280 DI 10.1006/ecss.1993.1016 PG 46 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA KU398 UT WOS:A1993KU39800003 ER PT J AU MORING, JR AF MORING, JR TI RECORDS OF LONG-RANGE, DOWNSTREAM MOVEMENTS OF STOCKED RAINBOW-TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS) SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Note AB The Cape Cod, Roaring River, and Oak Springs strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are highly domesticated; fertilized eggs have been distributed both throughout the western United States and also to other countries. Analyses of tag recapture data indicate that 22% of Roaring River trout moved at least 12 km downstream, some as far as 84 km within 4 days; 11% of the Oak Springs and 7% of the Cape Cod strain fish moved at least 12 km downstream. RP MORING, JR (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MAINE COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 16 IS 2 BP 195 EP 199 DI 10.1016/0165-7836(93)90052-9 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA KR862 UT WOS:A1993KR86200007 ER PT J AU AREFYEV, SS PLETNEV, KG TATEVOSYAN, RE BORISOV, BA APTEKMAN, JY VASILYEV, VY DELITSYN, LL ROMANOV, AA OSHER, BV PARINI, IE AFIMYINA, TV SHILOVA, NE SHUMILINA, LS JAVAKHISHVILI, Z CISTERNAS, A HAESSLER, A RIVERA, L DORBATH, L KING, G FUENZALIDA, A OWEN, T MCCORMACK, D BAKER, C LANGER, CJ MAYERROZA, D SMITH, P AF AREFYEV, SS PLETNEV, KG TATEVOSYAN, RE BORISOV, BA APTEKMAN, JY VASILYEV, VY DELITSYN, LL ROMANOV, AA OSHER, BV PARINI, IE AFIMYINA, TV SHILOVA, NE SHUMILINA, LS JAVAKHISHVILI, Z CISTERNAS, A HAESSLER, A RIVERA, L DORBATH, L KING, G FUENZALIDA, A OWEN, T MCCORMACK, D BAKER, C LANGER, CJ MAYERROZA, D SMITH, P TI THE RACHA EARTHQUAKE OF 1991 - RESULTS OF FIELD SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS SO FIZIKA ZEMLI LA Russian DT Article C1 TBILISI GEOPHYS INST, TBILISI, REP OF GEORGIA. INST PHYS GLOBE STRASBOURG, F-67084 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. BULLARD LABS, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. INST GEOPHYS, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND. RP AREFYEV, SS (reprint author), OY SHMIDT INST EARTH PHYS, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., MOSCOW, 113095, RUSSIA SN 0002-3337 J9 FIZ ZEMLI+ JI Fiz. Zemli PD MAR PY 1993 IS 3 BP 12 EP 23 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KW874 UT WOS:A1993KW87400002 ER PT J AU CHANTON, JP MARTENS, CS PAULL, CK COSTON, JA AF CHANTON, JP MARTENS, CS PAULL, CK COSTON, JA TI SULFUR ISOTOPE AND POREWATER GEOCHEMISTRY OF FLORIDA ESCARPMENT SEEP SEDIMENTS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID COASTAL MARINE BASIN; ABYSSAL BRINE SEEPS; NUTRIENT REGENERATION; ORGANIC-CARBON; SULFATE REDUCTION; WATER CHEMISTRY; SULFIDE; IRON; COMMUNITIES; BAY AB Distributions of porewater constituents, SO4=, NH4+, Cl-, SIGMACO2, and H2S, solid phase iron, and sulfur concentrations, and the sulfur isotopic CoMposition of dissolved and solid phases were investigated in sediments from abyssal seeps at the base of the Florida escarpment. Despite the apparent similarity of seep sediment porewater chemistry to that of typical marine sediments undergoing early diagenesis, relationships between chemical distributions and isotopic measurements revealed that the distribution of pore fluid constituents was dominated by processes occurring within the platform rather than by in situ microbial processes. Ammonium and sulfate concentrations were linearly correlated with chloride concentrations, indicating that variations in porewater chemistry were controlled by the admixture of seawater and a sulfate depleted brine with a chlorinity of 27.5 +/- 1.9 parts per thousand and 2.2 +/- 1.3 mM ammonium concentration. At sites dominated by seepage, dissolved sulfate isotopic composition remained near seawater values despite depletion in porewater concentrations. Porewater SIGMACO2 concentrations were found to be elevated relative to seawater, but not to the extent predicted from the observed sulfate depletion. Sediment solid phase sulfur was predominantly pyrite, at concentrations as high as 20% S by weight. In contrast to typical marine deposits, pyrite concentrations were not related to the quantity of sedimentary organic matter. Pyrite deltaS-34 values ranged from -29 parts per thousand to +21 parts per thousand (CDT). However, only positive deltaS-34 values were observed at sites associated with high-pyrite concentrations. Isotopically heavy pyrite was observed at sites with porewater sulfate of seawater-like isotopic composition. Isotopically light pyrite was associated with sites where porewater sulfate exhibited deltaS-34 values greater than those in seawater, indicating the activity of in situ microbial sulfate reduction. Thus, dual sulfide sources are suggested to explain the range in sediment pyrite isotopic composition: a deltaS-34 enriched (+ 10 to +20 parts per thousand) source advected from within the Florida platform, and a lighter S-34 depleted component generated in situ from microbial reduction of seawater sulfate. The degree of pyritization of seep sediments was as high as 0.9 and was controlled by pyrite concentrations, which varied over a wider range than did the non-pyrite solid phase iron concentrations. The highest non-sulfide solid phase iron concentrations were observed in sediments that are believed to be at the ''front'' of the advancing seep fluids (i.e., hemipelagic sediments newly exposed to the seep fluids), indicating that dissolution of hemipelagic background sediment may be the source of at least half of the iron to the highly pyritized seep sediments. Porewater sulfide concentrations were variable, reaching a maximum of 5.7 mM, and were not correlated with the degree of pyritization of the sediments, suggesting that iron was not particularly limiting to pyrite formation. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,MARINE SCI PROGRAM,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP CHANTON, JP (reprint author), FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306, USA. NR 80 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR PY 1993 VL 57 IS 6 BP 1253 EP 1266 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90062-2 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KW203 UT WOS:A1993KW20300008 ER PT J AU SEAL, RR RYE, RO AF SEAL, RR RYE, RO TI STABLE ISOTOPE STUDY OF FLUID INCLUSIONS IN FLUORITE FROM IDAHO - IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTINENTAL CLIMATES DURING THE EOCENE SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID O-18; SPHALERITE; DEUTERIUM; HISTORY AB Isotopic studies of fluid inclusions from meteoric water-dominated epithermal ore deposits offer a unique opportunity to study paleoclimates because the fluids can provide direct samples of ancient waters. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of meteoric waters vary because of changes in climatic variables such as mean annual temperature of precipitation, relative humidity, origin and history of air masses, and the isotope composition of the oceans. Inclusion fluids found in fluorite (CaF2) are especially useful because their host is devoid of oxygen or hydrogen, thus precluding postentrapment isotope exchange. Fluorite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Eocene (51-50 Ma) epithermal deposits of the Bayhorse mining district, northeastern Idaho, have low salinities, most less than 0.6 equivalent wt% NaCl, and low to moderate homogenization temperatures (98 to 146-degrees-C), indicating meteoric origins for the fluids. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data on inclusion fluids are almost identical to those of modern meteoric waters in the area. The equivalence of the isotope composition of the Eocene inclusion fluids and modern meteoric waters indicates that the Eocene climatic conditions were similar to those today. This conclusion supports the climate modeling of Sloan and Barron, who suggested that the climates of continental interiors do not reflect the magnitude of warming preserved by the deep-ocean paleoclimate record during the Eocene. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP SEAL, RR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,954 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 3 BP 219 EP 222 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0219:SISOFI>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA KQ023 UT WOS:A1993KQ02300007 ER PT J AU CORTINI, M BARTON, CC AF CORTINI, M BARTON, CC TI NONLINEAR FORECASTING ANALYSIS OF INFLATION-DEFLATION PATTERNS OF AN ACTIVE CALDERA (CAMPI FLEGREI, ITALY) SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL GROUND MOVEMENTS; CHAOTIC TIME-SERIES; DYNAMICS AB The ground level in Pozzuoli, Italy, at the center of the Campi Flegrei caldera, was monitored by tide gauges between 1970 and 1976 and then continuously since 1982. Tide gauges offer a long record of a variable that is believed to be related to the activity of an underlying shallow magma chamber. Previous work suggests that the dynamics of the Campi Flegrei system, as reconstructed from the tide gauge record, is chaotic and low dimensional. According to this suggestion, in spite of the complexity of the system, at a time scale of days the ground motion is driven by a deterministic mechanism with few degrees of freedom; however, the interactions of the system may never be describable in full detail. Our new analysis of the tide gauge record from January 1987 to June 1989, using Nonlinear Forecasting, confirms low-dimensional chaos in the ground elevation record at Campi Flegrei and suggests that Nonlinear Forecasting could be a useful tool in volcanic surveillance. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 3 BP 239 EP 242 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0239:NFAOID>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA KQ023 UT WOS:A1993KQ02300012 ER PT J AU WATTERSON, JR AF WATTERSON, JR TI PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF BUDDING BACTERIA IN THE ORIGIN OF ALASKAN PLACER GOLD - REPLY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note RP WATTERSON, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 3 BP 280 EP 280 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA KQ023 UT WOS:A1993KQ02300023 ER PT J AU HOUSEKNECHT, DW AF HOUSEKNECHT, DW TI USGS RESEARCHES ENERGY SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP HOUSEKNECHT, DW (reprint author), USGS,OFF ENERGY & MARINE GEOL,915 NATL CTR,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD MAR PY 1993 VL 38 IS 3 BP 21 EP 22 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KQ166 UT WOS:A1993KQ16600006 ER PT J AU BREDEHOEFT, JD KONIKOW, LF AF BREDEHOEFT, JD KONIKOW, LF TI GROUNDWATER MODELS - VALIDATE OR INVALIDATE SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP BREDEHOEFT, JD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 178 EP 179 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01808.x PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA KP620 UT WOS:A1993KP62000001 ER PT J AU GIBS, J BROWN, GA TURNER, KS MACLEOD, CL JELINSKI, JC KOEHNLEIN, SA AF GIBS, J BROWN, GA TURNER, KS MACLEOD, CL JELINSKI, JC KOEHNLEIN, SA TI EFFECTS OF SMALL-SCALE VERTICAL VARIATIONS IN WELL-SCREEN INFLOW RATES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS ON THE COLLECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE GROUND-WATER-QUALITY SAMPLES SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DESIGN AB Because a water sample collected from a well is an integration of water from different depths along the well screen, measured concentrations can be biased if analyte concentrations are not uniform along the length of the well screen. The resulting concentration in the sample, therefore, is a function of variations in well-screen inflow rate and analyte concentration with depth. A multiport sampler with seven short screened intervals was designed and used to investigate small-scale vertical variations in water chemistry and aquifer hydraulic conductivity in ground water contaminated by leaded gasoline at Galloway Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey. The multiport samplers were used to collect independent samples from seven intervals within the screened zone that were flow-rate weighted and integrated to simulate a 5-foot-long, 2.375-inch-outside-diameter conventional wire-wound screen. The integrations of the results of analyses of samples collected from two multiport samplers showed that a conventional 5-foot-long well screen would integrate contaminant concentrations over its length and resulted in an apparent contaminant concentration that was as little as 28 percent of the maximum concentration observed in the multiport sampler. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,HYDROLOG INSTRUMENTAT FACIL,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529. MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY STSY,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP GIBS, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 201 EP 208 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01812.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA KP620 UT WOS:A1993KP62000005 ER PT J AU KOMOR, SC ANDERSON, HW AF KOMOR, SC ANDERSON, HW TI NITROGEN ISOTOPES AS INDICATORS OF NITRATE SOURCES IN MINNESOTA SAND-PLAIN AQUIFERS SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER NITRATE; LONG-ISLAND; NEW-YORK; DENITRIFICATION; POLLUTION; RATIOS AB Nitrate concentrations in excess of national drinking-water standards (10 mg/l as N) are present in certain sand-plain aquifers in central Minnesota. To investigate nitrate sources in the aquifers, nitrogen-isotope values of nitrate (delta(N(NO3))-N-15) were measured in shallow ground water from 51 wells in five land-use settings. The land-use settings and corresponding average nitrate concentrations (as N) and delta(N(NO3)-N-15 values are: livestock feedlots, 12.7 mg/l, 21.3 parts per thousand cultivated-irrigated fields, 13 mg/l, 7.4 parts per thousand; residential areas with septic systems, 8.3 mg/l, 6.0 parts per thousand; cultivated-nonirrigated fields, 15.5 mg/l, 3.4 parts per thousand; and natural, undeveloped areas, 3.8 mg/l, 3.1 parts per thousand. Values of delta(N(NO3))-N-15 less than 2 parts per thousand suggest that nitrogen from commercial inorganic fertilizers exists in ground water beneath all settings except the feedlots. Values of delta(N(NO3))-N-15 greater than 10 parts per thousand suggest that nitrogen from animal waste is present in ground water beneath certain feedlots, cultivated-irrigated fields that are fertilized with manure, and residential areas with septic systems. Values of delta(N(NO3))N-15 between 22 and 43 parts per thousand in ground water beneath the feedlots probably result from denitrification. Values of delta(N(NO3))-N-15 increase with depth in many locations in the sand-plain aquifers. These increases may be caused by progressive denitrification with depth or by changes with depth in the proportions of nitrate from different sources. Similarly, variations of delta(N(NO3))-N-15 values from 1986 to 1987 in certain locations may be due to temporal variations in the amounts of denitrification or to changes in the proportions of nitrate from different sources. Ambiguities in the interpretation of changes in delta(N(NO3))N-15 values could be eliminated by increasing the spatial and temporal frequency of sampling. C1 MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,WELL MANAGEMENT UNIT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55459. RP KOMOR, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2280 WOODALE DR,MOUNDS VIEW,MN 55112, USA. NR 31 TC 76 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 260 EP 270 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01818.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA KP620 UT WOS:A1993KP62000011 ER PT J AU BEASLEY, TM CECIL, LD SHARMA, P KUBIK, PW FEHN, U MANN, LJ GOVE, HE AF BEASLEY, TM CECIL, LD SHARMA, P KUBIK, PW FEHN, U MANN, LJ GOVE, HE TI CL-36 IN THE SNAKE RIVER PLAIN AQUIFER AT THE IDAHO-NATIONAL-ENGINEERING-LABORATORY - ORIGIN AND IMPLICATIONS SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CL-36; STRIPA AB Between 1952 and 1984, low-level radioactive waste was introduced directly into the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho. These wastes were generated, principally, at the nuclear fuel reprocessing facility on the site. Our measurements of Cl-36 in monitoring and production well waters, downgradient from disposal wells and seepage ponds, found easily detectable, nonhazardous concentrations of this radionuclide from the point of injection to the INEL southern site boundary. Comparisons are made between H-3 and Cl-36 concentrations in aquifer water and the advantages of Cl-36 as a tracer of subsurface-water dynamics at the site are discussed. C1 IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,USGS PROJECT OFF,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83401. UNIV ROCHESTER,NUCL STRUCT RES LAB,ROCHESTER,NY 14627. SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,PAUL SCHERRER INST,INST INTERMEDIATE PHYS,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. RP BEASLEY, TM (reprint author), US DOE,ENVIRONM MEASUREMENTS LAB,376 HUDSON ST,NEW YORK,NY 10014, USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 31 IS 2 BP 302 EP 310 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01822.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA KP620 UT WOS:A1993KP62000015 ER PT J AU KNOBEL, LL MANN, LJ AF KNOBEL, LL MANN, LJ TI SAMPLING FOR PURGEABLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS USING POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PISTON AND CENTRIFUGAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS - A COMPARATIVE-STUDY SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Positive-displacement piston pumps that minimize sample agitation have no apparent advantage over centrifugal submersible pumps when used to collect ground water samples for analysis of low concentrations of purgeable organic compounds. Analytical uncertainties inherent in laboratory environments appear to influence analytical results of low-concentration purgeable organic compound samples more than either pump type or sampling team. Centrifugal submersible pumps are at least equally efficient as positive-displacement piston pumps in the recovery of carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform after sampling and analytical influences are made constant. RP KNOBEL, LL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,INEL,MS 4148,POB 2230,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83403, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 13 IS 2 BP 142 EP 148 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00446.x PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA KZ632 UT WOS:A1993KZ63200011 ER PT J AU VARLAND, DE KLAAS, EE LOUGHIN, TM AF VARLAND, DE KLAAS, EE LOUGHIN, TM TI USE OF HABITAT AND PERCHES, CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND TIME UNTIL DISPERSAL IN POSTFLEDGING AMERICAN KESTRELS SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHILOPATRY AB The use of habitat and perches, causes of mortality and time until dispersal of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) after they fledged from nest boxes on the backs of highway signs were studied along Interstate 35 in central Iowa. Between 1988 and 1990, radio-transmitters were attached to 61 nestlings in 47 nests just before nest departure. During the first week after fledging and before hunting began, kestrels spent substantial amounts of time perched on the ground along the interstate right-of-way and in row-crop fields. All but one of the 16 kestrels found dead died during the first week after they fledged, before their flying skills had developed. Mammalian predation accounted for six of the deaths and was the main cause of mortality. Only two deaths resulted from collisions with vehicles on the interstate. After the first week, fledgling kestrels began hunting along secondary roads and increased the use of this habitat throughout the 4 wk birds were observed. Mean time until the initiation of dispersal was 22.7 d after fledging. Only one of 17 birds recaptured in a nest box as a breeding bird was banded as a nestling. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT STAT,AGR & HOME ECON EXPT STN,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,IOWA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 169 EP 178 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500006 ER PT J AU RAVE, DP CORDES, CL AF RAVE, DP CORDES, CL TI TIME-ACTIVITY BUDGET OF NORTHERN PINTAILS USING NONHUNTED RICE FIELDS IN SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; FEEDING ECOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; WATERFOWL; TEXAS AB Monthly behavioral observations of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) were conducted on five leased tracts of nonhunted private land, each including 60 ha of flooded rice fields, in southwest Louisiana during November-February 1988-1989. Pintails spent 52% of diurnal time resting, 21% feeding, 16% in comfort activities, 6% in locomotion, 4% courting and 1% in other behaviors. Activities differed among months and periods of the day. Pintails used nonhunted rice fields only during the day, departing after sunset. Pintail time budgets in Louisiana approximated those reported in California. Pintails using rice fields during the day, however, fed more than did those roosting on open water pools at Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Louisiana. Small (60 ha), nonhunted rice fields provided wintering Northern Pintails security plus food during the day. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR WETLANDS RESOURCES,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. NASA,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,SLIDELL,LA 70458. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 211 EP 218 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500012 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, CA CARLSON, J AF MITCHELL, CA CARLSON, J TI LESSER SCAUP FORAGE ON ZEBRA MUSSELS AT COOK NUCLEAR-PLANT, MICHIGAN SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; MOLLUSK; LAKES AB Nineteen of 21 Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) entrained while foraging at the water intake structures of Cook Nuclear Plant, Bridgman, Michigan had consumed zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). The average number of zebra mussels in the upper gastrointestinal tract was 260; maximum number was 987. Migrating Lesser Scaup found this new food source during the first winter following settlement of zebra mussels on the water intake structures of the power plant. C1 INDIANA MICHIGAN POWER CO,COOK NUCL PLANT,BRIDGMAN,MI 49106. RP MITCHELL, CA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 2226,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 219 EP 222 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500013 ER PT J AU VILELLA, FJ ZWANK, PJ AF VILELLA, FJ ZWANK, PJ TI GEOGRAPHIC-DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE PUERTO-RICAN NIGHTJAR SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Six areas of Puerto Rico with high potential for occurrence of the Puerto Rican Nightjar (Caprimulgus noctitherus) were surveyed to determine present geographic distribution and abundance. Nightjar abundance and distribution were studied in Puerto Rico in 1985-1987, 1989-1990, and 1992. No relict nightjar populations were found in three areas in the northern moist limestone forest region of the island. Nightjars were found in three main areas located in the coastal dry limestone forest and lower cordillera forest of southwestern Puerto Rico. Singing rates of male nightjars were higher during winter (January-March) than during summer (June-August) surveys. A total of 712 singing male nightjars were recorded in 9839 ha. These were distributed among three separate areas: Susua-Maricao (177), Guanica (347), and Guayanilla (188). Densities were 0.00-0.33 nightjar/ha on Susua-Maricao, 0.00-0.19 nightjars/ha on Guanica, and 0.04-0.13 nightjars/ha on Guayanilla. First site records of nightjars for the Parguera Hills and Sierra Bermeja, a region of coastal dry forest located in the southwestern end of Puerto Rico, were obtained in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Included in this total were 315 nightjars on 4583 ha of private forest land that is rapidly being cleared for urban, resort and industrial development. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 13 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 223 EP 238 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500014 ER PT J AU WILSON, UW AF WILSON, UW TI RHINOCEROS AUKLET BURROW USE, BREEDING SUCCESS, AND CHICK GROWTH - GULL-FREE VS GULL-OCCUPIED HABITAT SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRATERCULA-ARCTICA; COMMON PUFFINS; GREAT-ISLAND; KLEPTOPARASITISM; NEWFOUNDLAND; FOOD AB The effect of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) on the breeding of Rhinoceros Auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) was studied by installing 20 artificial burrows each, in gull-occupied and gull-free level nesting areas on Protection Island, Washington. The burrows were monitored from 1989 to 1991. The presence of gulls did not affect auklet burrow use, breeding success or egg-laying dates. Analysis of weight/wing composite growth curves showed that auklet chicks from gull-free areas grew significantly faster than chicks from the gull colony throughout this study. Adult auklets, delivering fish to their young, are presumably more prone to kleptoparasitism by gulls when nesting in level areas, where they have to run across open ground to their burrows. On Protection Island only a small percentage of auklets nest in level areas occupied by gulls. RP WILSON, UW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COASTAL REFUGES OFF,POB 450,SEQUIM,WA 98382, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 256 EP 261 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500018 ER PT J AU FANCY, SG PRATT, TK LINDSEY, GD HARADA, CK PARENT, AH JACOBI, JD AF FANCY, SG PRATT, TK LINDSEY, GD HARADA, CK PARENT, AH JACOBI, JD TI IDENTIFYING SEX AND AGE OF APAPANE AND IIWI ON HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Methods to determine the sex and age of Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea) were developed on the basis of 189 museum specimens and 91 live birds captured in mist nets on the Island of Hawaii. Both species retain all juvenal primaries and some juvenal secondaries and body feathers after the first prebasic molt and attain full adult plumage after the second prebasic molt. Apapane in their first basic plumage retain some buff-edged juvenal secondaries (particularly secondaries five and six) and sometimes retain a few gray-brown feathers on the head. The first basic plumage of Awe is characterized by secondaries 6-9 being longer and darker than secondaries 1-4 and the presence of a few yellowish juvenal body feathers with black spots at the tips. Adult male Apapane and Awe have longer wing, tail, exposed culmen, culmen and tarso-metatarsus lengths than females. Linear discriminant functions are presented to sex adult Apapane and Awe from lengths of their wing chord and exposed culmen. RP FANCY, SG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,HAWAII RES GRP,POB 44,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718, USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 262 EP 269 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500019 ER PT J AU MEYERS, JM PARDIECK, KL AF MEYERS, JM PARDIECK, KL TI EVALUATION OF 3 ELEVATED MIST-NET SYSTEMS FOR SAMPLING BIRDS SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Three light-weight, low-canopy mist-net systems were developed and tested in dry tropical scrub, mangrove and forest habitats. One plastic (polyvinyl chloride) and two aluminum pole systems (with and without pulleys) were used to support mist nets to heights of up to 7.3 m. Although the aluminum telescoping-pole system (without pulleys) was expensive initially ($79-141/unit [US]), its use reduced capture of nontarget species and may have increased capture of target species when compared with ground-level netting. In one year, its use also reduced labor costs by $756, which completely offset the higher cost of the aluminum telescoping-pole system when compared to the plastic-pole system ($19/unit). Unlike the plastic-pole system, the aluminum telescoping-pole system was adjustable to any height within its range of 1.8 to 7.3 m, was 1.5 m higher, was more efficient to operate in the field, and was easily moved to new locations. For capture of psittacines, the pulleys of the aluminum telescoping-pole system were not necessary, but their use may assist in efficiently retrieving large numbers of birds from the nets. The aluminum telescoping-pole system was efficient in capturing psittacines, columbids, passerines and possibly chiropterans in habitats with canopies < 10 m or in the forest subcanopy. RP MEYERS, JM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,ENDANGERED SPECIES RES BRANCH,POB N,PALMER,PR 00721, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 64 IS 2 BP 270 EP 277 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KZ075 UT WOS:A1993KZ07500020 ER PT J AU WOODY, CA HOLLANDBARTELS, L AF WOODY, CA HOLLANDBARTELS, L TI REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION OF THE WASHBOARD MUSSEL MEGALONAIAS-NERVOSA (RAFINESQUE 1820) IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We examined monthly and age-specific gametogenic development of the washboard mussel, Megalonaias nervosa, from April 1986 to March 1987 in navigation Pool 10 of the upper Mississippi River. We found M. nervosa to be a late tachytictic breeder. Female marsupia contained eggs or glochidia primarily from August (17-degrees-C) through October (9-degrees-C). Males were mature from July through October. Most females released their glochidia in October. Only one female was gravid in November (3-degrees-C). Most mussels were sexually mature at 8 years of age and then had an estimated average size of 68 mm (shell height). Only 8% of individuals less-than-or-equal-to 4 years of age showed any degree of reproductive development, while > 90% of age 5 and older individuals had recognizable reproductive material present. In host specificity studies, we verified three fish species as hosts for the glochidial stage. Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), black bullhead (Ictalurus melas), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) produced juveniles after 26-28 days at 17-degrees-C. White suckers (Catastomus commersoni) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) retained glochidia from 23 up to 26 days, but no juveniles were produced. Glochidia remained attached to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) less-than-or-equal-to 3 days. Channel catfish were retested at 12-degrees-C and produced juveniles after 56 days. RP WOODY, CA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 7 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 8 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1080/02705060.1993.9664724 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KT873 UT WOS:A1993KT87300007 ER PT J AU CAMPBELL, WH ARORA, BR SCHIFFMACHER, ER AF CAMPBELL, WH ARORA, BR SCHIFFMACHER, ER TI EXTERNAL SQ CURRENTS IN THE INDIA-SIBERIA REGION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD; RECORDS AB The Sq current systems for quiet days of 1976 and 1977 were studied for observatories established near 76-degrees-E. longitude in the northern hemisphere. We used a special spherical harmonic analysis technique to separate the internal and external contributions of the quiet field variations and to determine the equivalent external current contours responsible for the Sq field variations on the sixth and twenty-first of each month. The average ratio of the external to internal spectral power was 6.7 in 1976 and 7.4 in 1977. Focus positions for the India-Siberia region external Sq current vortex, near 22-degrees to 29-degrees, were found to be at lower geomagnetic latitudes than for Europe and North America. The usual mid-latitude vortex current, reaching 11.0 to 13.2 x 10(4) A in summertime, disappeared completely during winter months in both the years. The Sq current position was affected clearly by the off-spin axis position of the north geomagnetic pole. Throughout the 2 years, we also found small current vorticies near 70-degrees to 80-degrees geomagnetic latitude, which we ascribed to auroral region activity on quiet days. C1 INDIAN INST GEOMAGNETISM,BOMBAY 400005,INDIA. RP CAMPBELL, WH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 968,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 1993 VL 98 IS A3 BP 3741 EP 3752 DI 10.1029/92JA02552 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA KP929 UT WOS:A1993KP92900024 ER PT J AU BLODGETT, RB AF BLODGETT, RB TI DUTROCHUS, A NEW MICRODOMATID (GASTROPODA) GENUS FROM THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN (EIFELIAN) OF WEST-CENTRAL ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A new gastropod genus, Dutrochus, is established for members of the family Microdomatidae that are characterized by a reticulate ornament of spiral cords and intersecting, finer collabral threads, with all but one spiral cord being of nearly equal strength, and the single remaining cord being of stronger (nearly twice the order) magnitude and being situated at the periphery. It is represented by the type and only known species, Dutrochus alaskensis n. gen. and sp., from the upper part (lower Middle Devonian; lower Eifelian) of the Lower? and Middle Devonian Cheeneetnuk Limestone, McGrath A-5 quadrangle, west-central Alaska. The genus is very close and nearly homeomorphic to the Permian microdomatid genus Glyptospira, but differs from the latter in possessing an extremely strong, peripheral spiral cord and an extremely thick, multi-layered apertural margin. RP BLODGETT, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,MS 970,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 67 IS 2 BP 194 EP 197 PG 4 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA KR707 UT WOS:A1993KR70700003 ER PT J AU BOWN, TM FLEAGLE, JG AF BOWN, TM FLEAGLE, JG TI SYSTEMATICS, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, AND DENTAL EVOLUTION OF THE PALAEOTHENTIDAE, LATER OLIGOCENE TO EARLY-MIDDLE MIOCENE (DESEADAN-SANTACRUCIAN) CAENOLESTOID MARSUPIALS OF SOUTH-AMERICA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SANTA-CRUZ-PROVINCE; FOSSIL PLATYRRHINES; ALLUVIAL PALEOSOLS; PINTURAS FORMATION; FLOODPLAIN SUITES; ARGENTINA; GEOCHRONOLOGY; INTEGRATION; LOCALITIES; PHYLOGENY AB The family Palaeothentidae contains some of the dentally more specialized of the small-bodied marsupials of South America and was a clade almost equivalent with the Abderitidae in having been the most abundant caenolestoids. They were unquestionably the most diverse, containing two subfamilies, nine genera, and 19 species, with a distribution ranging from Colombia to Tierra del Fuego. The best and most continuous record of the Palaeothentidae is from Patagonian Argentina where eight genera and 17 species are recognized. There, the Palaeothentidae ranged in age from the Deseadan (later Oligocene) through the late Santacrucian (middle Miocene-the Santacrucian record lasting from about 19.4 m.y. to considerably less than 16.05 m.y. before the present). The family appears to have survived longer in Colombia. The palaeothentine Palaeothentes boliviensis (Bolivia) and the incertae sedis genus and species Hondathentes cazador (Colombia) are the only taxa restricted to an extra-Argentine distribution. Two palaeothentid subfamilies are-recognized. The subfamily Acdestinae is new and is erected to accommodate four genera and five species of herbivorous to frugivorous palaeothentids known from the Deseadan through the middle-late Santacrucian. Three of those genera are new (Acdestoides, Acdestodon, and Trelewthentes), as are three acdestine species placed in the genera Acdestodon, Trelewthentes, and Acdestis. The largely faunivorous Palaeothentinae includes four genera and 13 species; the genera Propalaeothentes and Carlothentes are new and new species are described for the genera Propalaeothentes (2) and Palaeothentes (3). Carlothentes is named for Ameghino's Deseadan species Epanorthus chubutensis, and Ameghino's genus Pilchenia is resurrected to accommodate Deseadan P. lucina. New species include: Acdestodon bonapartei, Trelewthentes rothi, Acdestis lemairei, Palaeothentes marshalli, P. migueli, P. pascuali, and Propalaeothentes hatcheri. The Palaeothentinae contains more generalized palaeothentid species than does the Acdestinae, but also includes some very specialized forms. The most generalized known palaeothentid is the Colombian Hondathentes cazador. Both the Acdestinae and Palaeothentinae have large- and small-bodied species; Palaeothentes aratae was the largest palaeothentid (about 550 g), and P. pascuali n. sp. the smallest (about 50 g). The oldest known members of both subfamilies consist of five of the six largest palaeothentids. The evolutionary history of the Palaeothentidae is complicated by thick sequences containing no fossils, several lacunae in sequences that yield fossils, and a continent-wide distribution of localities. By far the densest and most continuous record of the family exists in the coastal Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonian Argentina. Three major clades exist within the Palaeothentidae: 1) the incertae sedis species Hondathentes cazador, 2) the Acdestinae; and 3) the Palaeothentinae (including the new genus Propalaeothentes). The evolution of dental characters in these clades is documented with the aid of 719 new specimens (about 80% of the hypodigm of the family), most of which (about 90% of the new specimens) have precise stratigraphic data. Biostratigraphic study of the new samples was assisted by a new technique of temporal analysis of paleosols and by radiometric age determinations, the latter indicating that the upper part of the Pinturas Formation (I 6.6 Ma) is older than the lower part of the Santa Cruz Formation (16.4 Ma) and that the top of the marine Monte Leon Formation (Grupo Patagonica) is older than either (19.4 Ma). Fifty-two gnathic and dental characters were used to identify the taxonomy and to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Palaeothentidae. Analysis of sequencing of appearances of derived characters documents rampant convergences at all taxonomic levels and considerable phenotypic plasticity (variable percent representation of different mutable character morphs) in the organization of the palaeothentid dentition. Certain highly generalized character states survive for the duration of the family in some lineages, whereas others are phenotypically lost for a time and then reappear as a minor percentage of character variability. In general, replacement faunas of palaeothentids were morphologically more generalized than their antecedent forms. The high rate of character mutability and the survival and reappearance of generalized dental characters in the Palaeothentidae were probably related to massive events of pyroclastic deposition that periodically caused at least local extinctions of small mammal populations throughout the duration of the Patagonian middle Tertiary. Dental character regression indicates that palaeothentids arose prior to the Deseadan from a relatively large-bodied marsupial having generalized tribosphenic molars with more or less bunodont cusps; probably an unknown member of the Didelphidae. C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. RP BOWN, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 919,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 91 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 67 IS 2 SU S BP U1 EP & PN 2 PG 0 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA KT254 UT WOS:A1993KT25400001 ER PT J AU GEE, GF MORRELL, CA FRANSON, JC PATTEE, OH AF GEE, GF MORRELL, CA FRANSON, JC PATTEE, OH TI CRYOPRESERVATION OF AMERICAN KESTREL SEMEN WITH DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CRYOGENIC PRESERVATION; CHICKEN SEMEN AB Semen samples from 15 male American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) were frozen in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The semen was thawed 1-14 mo later and used to inseminate six females during three breeding seasons. Kestrels inseminated with thawed semen containing 4% DMSO produced only infertile eggs (N = 14). Kestrels inseminated with thawed semen containing 6%, 8%, or 10% DMSO produced fertile eggs (N = 14) and live chicks (N = 6). Progressive motility of spermatozoa in thawed semen containing 10% DMSO was less (44 +/- 6%) than in thawed semen containing 6% (62 +/- 10%) or 8% (61 +/- 1%) DMSO. RP GEE, GF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 27 IS 1 BP 21 EP 25 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KV209 UT WOS:A1993KV20900004 ER PT J AU GILL, RE KINCHELOE, KL AF GILL, RE KINCHELOE, KL TI ARE BALD EAGLES IMPORTANT PREDATORS OF EMPEROR GEESE SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Note ID SNOW GEESE; DIET; AGE RP GILL, RE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 27 IS 1 BP 34 EP 36 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KV209 UT WOS:A1993KV20900007 ER PT J AU BENCALA, KE AF BENCALA, KE TI A PERSPECTIVE ON STREAM-CATCHMENT CONNECTIONS SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE HYPORHEIC ZONE; ALLUVIUM; FLOW PATH; TRANSIENT STORAGE; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; CATCHMENTS; STREAMS AB Ecological study of the hyporheic zone is leading to recognition of a need for additional hydrologic understanding. Some of this understanding can be obtained by viewing the hyporheic zone as a succession of isolated boxes adjacent to the stream. Further understanding, particularly relevant to catchment-scale ecology, may come from studies focussed on the fluid mechanics of the flow-path connections between streams and their catchments. RP BENCALA, KE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010 NR 0 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 21 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 12 IS 1 BP 44 EP 47 DI 10.2307/1467684 PG 4 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA KR243 UT WOS:A1993KR24300006 ER PT J AU KODOSKY, LG KEITH, TEC AF KODOSKY, LG KEITH, TEC TI FACTORS CONTROLLING THE GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF FUMAROLIC ENCRUSTATIONS, VALLEY-OF-10000-SMOKES, ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID KATMAI-NATIONAL-PARK; THOUSAND-SMOKES; RICH PROTOLITH; 10,000 SMOKES; 10000 SMOKES; VALLEY; DEPOSITS; ELEMENTS; VOLCANO; FLOW AB Factor and canonical correlation analysis of geochemical data from eight fossil fumaroles suggest that six major factors controlled the formation and evolution of fumarolic encrustations on the 1912 ash-flow sheet in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS). The six-factor solution model explains a large proportion (low of 74% for Ni to high of 99% for Si) of the individual element data variance. Although the primary fumarolic deposits have been degraded by secondary alteration reactions and up to 75 years of weathering, the relict encrustations still preserve a signature of vapor-phase element transport. This vapor-phase transport probably occurred as halide or oxyhalide species and was significant for As, Sb and Br. At least three, and possibly four, varied temperature leaching events affected the fumarolic deposits. High-temperature gases/liquids heavily altered the ejecta glass and mineral phases adjacent to the fumarolic conduit. As the fumaroles cooled, Fe-rich acidic condensate leached the ejecta and primary fumarolic deposits and resulted in the subsequent precipitation of Fe-hydroxides and/or Fe-oxides. Low- to ambient-temperature leaching and hydration reactions generated abundant hydrated amorphous phases. Up to 87% of the individual element data variance is apparently controlled by the chemistry of the ejecta on which the relict encrustations are found. This matrix chemistry factor illustrates that the primary fumarolic minerals surrounding the active VTTS vents observed by earlier workers have been effectively removed by the dissolution reactions. Element enrichment factors calculated for the VTTS relict encrustations support the statistical factor interpretations. On the average, the relict encrustations are enriched, relative to visibly unaltered matrix protolith, in As, Br, Cr, Sb, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, and LOI (an indirect measure of sample H2O content). C1 UNIV ALASKA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 185 EP 200 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(93)90036-Q PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KU488 UT WOS:A1993KU48800001 ER PT J AU DUFFIELD, W HEIKEN, G FOLEY, D MCEWEN, A AF DUFFIELD, W HEIKEN, G FOLEY, D MCEWEN, A TI OBLIQUE SYNOPTIC IMAGES, PRODUCED FROM DIGITAL DATA, DISPLAY STRONG EVIDENCE OF A NEW CALDERA IN SOUTHWESTERN GUATEMALA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WESTERN AB The synoptic view of broad regions of the Earth's surface as displayed in Landsat and other satellite images has greatly aided in the recognition of calderas, ignimbrite plateaus and other geologic landforms. Remote-sensing images that include visual representation of depth are an even more powerful tool for geologic interpretation of landscapes, but their use has been largely restricted to the exploration of planets other than Earth. By combining Landsat images with digitized topography, we have generated regional oblique views that display compelling evidence for a previously undocumented late-Cenozoic caldera within the active volcanic zone of southwestern Guatemala. This ''new'' caldera, herein called Xela, is a depression about 30 km wide and 400-600 m deep, which includes the Quezaltenango basin. The caldera depression is breached only by a single river canyon. The caldera outline is broadly circular, but a locally scalloped form suggests the occurrence of multiple caldera-collapse events, or local slumping of steep caldera walls, or both. Within its northern part, Xela caldera contains a toreva block, about 500 m high and 2 km long, that may be incompletely foundered pre-caldera bedrock. Xela contains several post-caldera volcanoes, some of which are active. A Bouguer gravity low, tens of milligals in amplitude, is approximately co-located with the proposed caldera. The oblique images also display an extensive plateau that dips about 2-degrees away from the north margin of Xela caldera. We interpret this landform to be underlain by pyroclastic outflow from Xela and nearby Atitlan calderas. Field mapping by others has documented a voluminous rhyolitic pumiceous fallout deposit immediately east of Xela caldera. We speculate that Xela caldera was the source of this deposit. If so, the age of at least part of the caldera is between about 84 ka and 126 ka, the ages of deposits that stratigraphically bracket this fallout. Most of the floor of Xela caldera is covered with Los Chocoyos pyroclastics, 84-ka deposits erupted from Atitlan caldera. Oblique images produced from digital data are unique tools that can greatly facilitate initial geologic interpretation of morphologically young volcanic (and other) terrains where field access is limited, especially because conventional visual representations commonly lack depth perspective and may cover only part of the region of interest. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. PACIFIC LUTHERAN UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,TACOMA,WA 98447. RP DUFFIELD, W (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(93)90038-S PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KU488 UT WOS:A1993KU48800003 ER PT J AU SCHOELLHAMER, DH AF SCHOELLHAMER, DH TI BIOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF OPTICAL BACKSCATTERANCE SENSORS IN TAMPA-BAY, FLORIDA SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED-SOLIDS SENSORS AB Optical backscatterance (OBS, D&A Instruments, Inc.1) sensors for measuring suspended-solids concentrations have been deployed in Tampa Bay to monitor resuspension of bottom sediments. This paper describes biological factors that affected the OBS sensors deployed in Tampa Bay and discusses deployment strategies that minimize biological interference. Phytoplankton may interfere with the OBS sensors when the suspended-solids concentration is near or below the sensor response threshold. Fish swimming in front of the OBS sensors caused spikes in the OBS sensor output, so the median average was more appropriate than the mean average. An algal slime on the OBS sensors caused excessive backscatterance that dominated the backscatterance from suspended material. Because of the fouling problem, deployments were limited to less than a week, and OBS sensors were cleaned daily, if possible. Calibration of OBS sensors with water samples collected from Tampa Bay was satisfactory when biological interference was not significant. When properly deployed, the OBS sensors can successfully monitor sediment resuspension in Tampa Bay and similar subtropical estuaries. RP SCHOELLHAMER, DH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,4710 EISENHOWER BLVD,SUITE B-5,TAMPA,FL 33634, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 110 IS 3-4 BP 303 EP 313 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(93)90090-I PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA KU348 UT WOS:A1993KU34800006 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, S AF JOHNSON, S TI 2 TO TANGO SO PHOTONICS SPECTRA LA English DT Letter RP JOHNSON, S (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAURIN PUBL CO INC PI PITTSFIELD PA BERKSHIRE COMMON PO BOX 1146, PITTSFIELD, MA 01202 SN 0731-1230 J9 PHOTON SPECTRA JI Photon. Spect. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 27 IS 3 BP 10 EP 10 PG 1 WC Optics SC Optics GA KR119 UT WOS:A1993KR11900004 ER PT J AU NAGY, B LEVENTHAL, JS GRAUCH, RI AF NAGY, B LEVENTHAL, JS GRAUCH, RI TI SPECIAL ISSUE - METALLIFEROUS BLACK SHALES AND RELATED ORE-DEPOSITS - FOREWORD SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP NAGY, B (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,ORGAN GEOCHEM LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 61 IS 3-4 BP 169 EP 169 DI 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90110-N PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA KT863 UT WOS:A1993KT86300001 ER PT J AU BENSON, L AF BENSON, L TI FACTORS AFFECTING C-14 AGES OF LACUSTRINE CARBONATES - TIMING AND DURATION OF THE LAST HIGHSTAND LAKE IN THE LAHONTAN BASIN SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS; CHRONOLOGY; LEVEL RP BENSON, L (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOULDER LAB,MS 458,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 23 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 39 IS 2 BP 163 EP 174 DI 10.1006/qres.1993.1020 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA KQ610 UT WOS:A1993KQ61000004 ER PT J AU SIDLE, JG NAGEL, HG CLARK, R GILBERT, C STUART, D WILLBURN, K ORR, M AF SIDLE, JG NAGEL, HG CLARK, R GILBERT, C STUART, D WILLBURN, K ORR, M TI AERIAL THERMAL INFRARED IMAGING OF SANDHILL CRANES ON THE PLATTE RIVER, NEBRASKA SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article AB We counted sandhill cranes on thermal infrared images recorded by the Nebraska Air National Guard's AN/AAD-5 infrared reconnaissance system above the Platte River, Nebraska, in March and April 1989. Individual cranes roosting in the river at night were readily visible on the imagery. Cranes roosted in channel widths averaging 150 m, and there was a correlation between roost site and distance to wetland meadow Wide channels and wetland meadows have declined greatly. The AN/AAD-5 can be used to supplement current sandhill crane population and habitat monitoring. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOL,KEARNEY,NE. NEBRASKA AIR NATL GUARD,TACT RECONNAISSANCE GRP 155,LINCOLN,NE. RP SIDLE, JG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,203 W 2ND ST,GRAND ISL,NE 68801, USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 43 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.1016/0034-4257(93)90074-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA KN759 UT WOS:A1993KN75900007 ER PT J AU WILSON, EC HUBERT, WA ANDERSON, SH AF WILSON, EC HUBERT, WA ANDERSON, SH TI NESTING AND FORAGING OF LEAST TERNS ON SAND PITS IN CENTRAL NEBRASKA SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Nesting and foraging of least terns (Sterna antillarum) at sand pits near the Platte River in Nebraska were studied during summers of 1989 and 1990. Birds nested on spoil piles of coarse sand and small gravel with <10% vegetative cover adjacent to water-filled pits connected to the Platte River by channels. Adults foraged at sand pits and on the Platte River >1.5 km from the colony. Adults took primarily small (<3.8 cm total length) cyprinid fish to their nests. Six of eight nests yielded hatchlings in 1989 and five of six nests in 1990. Causes of egg and chick mortality were flooding and predation. Sand pits provide nesting and foraging sites for least terns, but encroachment of vegetation seems to render spoil piles unsuitable for nesting within 10-20 years after completion of sand extraction. RP WILSON, EC (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 38 IS 1 BP 9 EP 14 DI 10.2307/3671637 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KR492 UT WOS:A1993KR49200002 ER PT J AU FARLEY, GH AF FARLEY, GH TI OBSERVATION OF A RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (REGULUS-CALENDULA) ROOSTING IN A VERDIN (AURIPARUS-FLAVICEPS) NEST IN WINTER SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Note RP FARLEY, GH (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 38 IS 1 BP 72 EP 73 DI 10.2307/3671649 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KR492 UT WOS:A1993KR49200014 ER PT J AU PARSLEY, MJ BECKMAN, LG MCCABE, GT AF PARSLEY, MJ BECKMAN, LG MCCABE, GT TI SPAWNING AND REARING HABITAT USE BY WHITE STURGEONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER DOWNSTREAM FROM MCNARY DAM SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-TRANSMONTANUS AB Spawning and rearing habitats used by white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus were described from water temperature, depth, and velocity measurements and substrate types present at sites where eggs, larvae, young-of-the-year, and juveniles (ages 1-7) were collected. Spawning and egg incubation occurred in the swiftest water available (mean water column velocity, 0.8-2.8 m/s), which was within 8 km downstream from each of the four main-stem Columbia River dams in our study area. Substrates where spawning occurred were mainly cobble, boulder, and bedrock. Yolk-sac larvae were transported by the river currents from spawning areas into deeper areas with lower water velocities and finer substrates. Young-of-the-year white sturgeons were found at depths of 9-57 m, at mean water column velocities of 0.6 m/s and less, and over substrates of hard clay, mud and silt, sand, gravel, and cobble. Juvenile fish were found at depths of 2-58 m, at mean water column velocities of 1.2 m/s and less, and over substrates of hard clay, mud and silt, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, and bedrock. C1 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,POINT ADAMS BIOL STN,HAMMOND,OR 97121. RP PARSLEY, MJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,SEATTLE COLUMBIA RIVER FIELD STN,COOK,WA 98605, USA. NR 38 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 122 IS 2 BP 217 EP 227 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0217:SARHUB>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LL921 UT WOS:A1993LL92100005 ER PT J AU HEADRICK, MR CARLINE, RF AF HEADRICK, MR CARLINE, RF TI RESTRICTED SUMMER HABITAT AND GROWTH OF NORTHERN PIKE IN 2 SOUTHERN OHIO IMPOUNDMENTS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LAC STE ANNE; STRIPED BASS; ESOX-LUCIUS; ACTIVITY PERIODS; MOVEMENTS; SELECTION; ALBERTA; LAKE AB Available summer habitat for northern pike Esox lucius in southern Ohio impoundments is restricted by warm epilimnetic temperatures and anoxic bottom waters. We used temperature-sensitive radio transmitters to determine locations of adult northern pike in two impoundments, and we related seasonal growth of other tagged fish to availability of suitable habitat. We implanted transmitters in eight fish in one lake and nine fish in the other; fish locations were monitored from April to October. Condition factors were highest in spring and lowest in late summer. Individually tagged fish lost weight during summer. At the onset of summer thermal stratification, fish moved from inshore to offshore locations that were frequently associated with macrophytes or bottom structures such as submerged stream channels. When lake surface temperatures exceeded 25-degrees-C, fish were found in the coolest available water with dissolved oxygen concentrations of at least 3.0 mg/L, and they were restricted to this stratum for 2-3 months. Although northern pike lost weight during the period of habitat constriction, their annual growth exceeded the average for the species. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. NR 24 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 122 IS 2 BP 228 EP 236 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0228:RSHAGO>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LL921 UT WOS:A1993LL92100006 ER PT J AU FOSTER, NR OCONNOR, DV SCHRECK, CB AF FOSTER, NR OCONNOR, DV SCHRECK, CB TI GAMETE RIPENING AND HORMONAL CORRELATES IN 3 STRAINS OF LAKE TROUT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MALE RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SEX STEROIDS; COHO SALMON; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; FINAL MATURATION; THYROID-HORMONES; PLASMA-CORTISOL; ARCTIC CHARR; BROWN TROUT AB In our 2-year laboratory study of hatchery-reared adult lake trout Salvelinus namaycush of the Seneca Lake, Marquette (Lake Superior Lean), and Jenny Lake strains, we compared gamete ripening times and changes in plasma concentrations of seven hormones. If interstrain differences in these traits were found, such differences might help explain the apparent failure of stocked fish of these strains to develop large, naturally reproducing populations in the Great Lakes. The complex temporal changes in plasma hormone levels that occur during sexual maturation in lake trout have not been previously described. We detected little evidence of temporal isolation that would prevent interbreeding among the three strains. Strain had no effect on ovulation date (OD) in either year. Strain did not affect spermiation onset date (SOD) in year 1 but did in year 2, when the mean SOD of Jenny Lake males was earlier than that of Seneca Lake males but not different from that of Marquette males. Hormonal data were normalized around ODs for individual females and SODs for individual males. In females, estradiol-17beta (E2) was highest 8 weeks before the OD; the highest testosterone (T) level occurred 6 weeks before the OD, and the next highest level occurred simultaneously with the highest level of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) 2 weeks before the OD. Plasma levels of 17alpha-hydroxy-20beta-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) peaked 1 week before the OD, then abruptly declined immediately after. Cortisol (F), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were highly variable, but F was the only hormone that showed no trend with week in either year. In males, plasma E2 levels were highest 3 weeks before the SOD, highest levels of T and of 11-KT occurred simultaneously 2 weeks after the SOD, and DHP peaked 5 weeks after the SOD and 3 weeks after the highest levels of T and 11-KT. As in females, plasma levels of F, T3, and T4 were highly variable, and F was the only hormone that showed no trend with week in either year. Strain had no effect on any hormones in females and only on T and F in males. The lack of pronounced interstrain differences in gamete ripening dates and reproductive endocrinology and the similarity of the temporal patterns and relative concentrations of hormones to those reported for other salmonids suggest nothing unusual or dysfunctional about these reproductive traits that would impede lake trout rehabilitation in the Great Lakes. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OREGON COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP FOSTER, NR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 122 IS 2 BP 252 EP 267 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0252:GRAHCI>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LL921 UT WOS:A1993LL92100009 ER PT J AU FISS, FC CARLINE, RF AF FISS, FC CARLINE, RF TI SURVIVAL OF BROOK TROUT EMBRYOS IN 3 EPISODICALLY ACIDIFIED STREAMS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; LOW PH; RAINBOW-TROUT; LAKE TROUT; ALUMINUM; WATERS; FISH; EMERGENCE; SNOWMELT; EXPOSURE AB We evaluated, for brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in three streams that undergo episodic acidification during critical periods of embryo development, survival of embryos from egg deposition to preemergence in natural redds and survival of sac fry in toxicity tests done in situ. Twenty-five natural redds were used for comparisons among streams. Median survival to preemergence (range, 16-68%) was different (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) among streams and was inversely related to stream concentration of inorganic monomeric Al. Survival to preemergence was not related to intragravel dissolved oxygen concentration, gravel quality, or depth or velocity of stream water at redd sites. Median survival of sac fry exposed to stream water for 39 d was different among streams (range, 51-95%) and was inversely related to stream concentration of inorganic monomeric Al. Episodic acidification could lead to declines in populations of brook trout by causing decreased survival of early life stages. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIV PK,PA 16802. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIV PK,PA 16802. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 122 IS 2 BP 268 EP 278 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0268:SOBTEI>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA LL921 UT WOS:A1993LL92100010 ER PT J AU PUPACKO, A AF PUPACKO, A TI VARIATIONS IN NORTHERN SIERRA-NEVADA STREAMFLOW - IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE-CHANGE SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE SIERRA-NEVADA; STREAMFLOW; CLIMATE CHANGE; WATER SUPPLY ID CALIFORNIA AB Historical records of streamflow for an eastward- and a westward-draining stream in the northern Sierra Nevada have been analyzed for evidence of changes in runoff characteristics and patterns of variability. A trend of increasing and more variable winter streamflow began in the mid-1960s. Mean monthly streamflow during December through March was substantially greater for water years 1965-1990 compared to water years 1939-1964. Increased winter and early-spring streamflow during the later period is attributed to small increases in temperature, which increase the rain-to-snow ratio at lower altitudes and cause the snowpack to melt earlier in the season at higher altitudes. The timing of snowmelt runoff on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is more sensitive than it is on the eastern slope to changes in temperature, owing to predominantly lower altitudes on the west side. This difference in sensitivity suggests that basins on the east side of the Sierra Nevada have a more reliable water supply (as snow storage) than western-slope basins during warming trends. RP PUPACKO, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,333 W NYE LANE,CARSON CITY,NV 89706, USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAR-APR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 2 BP 283 EP 290 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA LU297 UT WOS:A1993LU29700012 ER PT J AU HARPMAN, DA SPARLING, EW WADDLE, TJ AF HARPMAN, DA SPARLING, EW WADDLE, TJ TI A METHODOLOGY FOR QUANTIFYING AND VALUING THE IMPACTS OF FLOW CHANGES ON A FISHERY SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CHOICE CONTINGENT VALUATION; REFERENDUM DATA; BENEFITS; MODEL; RIVER AB A quasi-population model for adult brown trout was developed for the Taylor River below the Taylor Park Reservoir in Colorado. This model allows the population to be predicted under alternative flow management regimes. The predicted population effects of two different flow release patterns were compared with the predicted population for the current reservoir operation regime. Changes in angler catch were imputed for these scenarios. The changes in catch were valued using estimates of willingness to pay obtained from anglers fishing at the site. Total angling effort was held constant. For both of the flow scenarios examined the difference in economic use value was limited. The relatively small changes in value predicted were shaped by the small changes in catch predicted and the high number of fish caught under current conditions. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP HARPMAN, DA (reprint author), US BUR RECLAMAT,ECON ANAL BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 29 IS 3 BP 575 EP 582 DI 10.1029/92WR02304 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA KP943 UT WOS:A1993KP94300003 ER PT J AU HAUKOS, DA SMITH, LM AF HAUKOS, DA SMITH, LM TI SEED-BANK COMPOSITION AND PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF FIELD VEGETATION IN PLAYA LAKES SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE DISTURBANCE; DRAWDOWN; GLEASONIAN MODEL; PLAYA LAKES; SEED BANK; WETLAND AB We conducted an assessment of seed banks in 8 playa lakes on the Southern High Plains of Texas. The seedling-emergence technique was used to determine species composition in 2 environmental moisture regimes (drawdown and submerged). The Gleasonian model of van der Valk was used to predict field vegetation from floristic composition of the seed bank in each playa lake. Based on life-history characteristics of species found in the seed-bank, we predicted the composition of playa vegetation during May, June, and August for 2 years under 3 moisture regimes (dry, moist, flooded). Twenty-six of the 39 species found in the seed-bank were annuals that were able to exploit the rapidly changing moisture regime of playas. Although, seedling densities differed among playas, the model adequately predicted the composition of vegetation in the playas. As environmental variability increased (more annual wet-dry fluctuations), the model became less reliable. To improve the model for playas, we suggest inclusion of frequency, depth, and longevity of flooding in the model. RP HAUKOS, DA (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DEPT RANGE & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,LUBBOCK,TX 79409, USA. NR 0 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1993 VL 13 IS 1 BP 32 EP 40 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KU852 UT WOS:A1993KU85200005 ER PT J AU TINER, RW AF TINER, RW TI THE PRIMARY INDICATORS METHOD - A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO WETLAND RECOGNITION AND DELINEATION IN THE UNITED-STATES SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE WETLAND DELINEATION; WETLANDS; UNITED-STATES WETLANDS; HYDROPHYTIC VEGETATION; HYDRIC SOILS; WETLAND HYDROLOGY; DISTURBED WETLANDS; WETLAND BOUNDARY AB Over the past 30 years, various methods have been developed to identify and delineate wetlands for regulatory purposes in the United States. This paper discusses major limitations of existing methods and offers an alternative method called the ''primary indicators method.'' This new method is based on using features (national and regional plant and soil characteristics) unique to wetlands for identifying wetlands and their boundaries. These primary indicators permit accurate wetland determinations and delineations in the absence of significant hydrologic modification because these features only develop in wetlands. Wetlands subject to significant drainage require an assessment of the current hydrology. RP TINER, RW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,REG 5,HADLEY,MA 01035, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1993 VL 13 IS 1 BP 50 EP 64 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KU852 UT WOS:A1993KU85200007 ER PT J AU GABREY, SW VOHS, PA JACKSON, DH AF GABREY, SW VOHS, PA JACKSON, DH TI PERCEIVED AND REAL CROP DAMAGE BY WILD TURKEYS IN NORTHEASTERN IOWA SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,IOWA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BOONE,IA 50036. RP GABREY, SW (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM ECOL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1993 VL 21 IS 1 BP 39 EP 45 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA KY763 UT WOS:A1993KY76300005 ER PT J AU ENGILIS, A PRATT, TK AF ENGILIS, A PRATT, TK TI STATUS AND POPULATION TRENDS OF HAWAII NATIVE WATERBIRDS, 1977-1987 SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MALLARDS AB Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds were examined from 1977 through 1987. Waterbird population fluctuations were analyzed in relation to rainfall and land use dynamics. Numbers of Hawaiian Duck (Koloa) (Anas wyvilliana) and Hawaiian Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) appeared stable over time; however, surveys were limited. Increase in Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) abundance appeared linked to expansion of aquaculture, particularly on Oahu, and not to climatic events. Annual rainfall patterns help explain and predict population fluctuations and anomalous distribution patterns involving Hawaiian American Coots (Fulica americana alai), moorhens, and Hawaiian Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni). Coot, stilt, and moorhen populations fluctuated with climatic events, and intra-island dispersal to ephemeral wetlands occurred. Stilts exhibited regular inter-island migratory behavior, but coots dispersed in relation to major rainfall events. Seasonal fluctuation recorded for coots by past observers is the result of survey techniques not accounting for seasonal dispersal patterns. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,HAWAII RES GRP,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. RP ENGILIS, A (reprint author), DUCKS UNLTD INC,WESTERN REG OFF,9823 OLD WINERY PL,SUITE 16,SACRAMENTO,CA 95827, USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 7 U2 20 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1993 VL 105 IS 1 BP 142 EP 158 PG 17 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KT548 UT WOS:A1993KT54800009 ER PT J AU CONSOLE, R DIGIOVAMBATTISTA, R FAVALI, P PRESGRAVE, BW SMRIGLIO, G AF CONSOLE, R DIGIOVAMBATTISTA, R FAVALI, P PRESGRAVE, BW SMRIGLIO, G TI SEISMICITY OF THE ADRIATIC MICROPLATE SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TERTIARY GEODYNAMICAL EVOLUTION; PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE; CLOCKWISE ROTATION; ACTIVE TECTONICS; REGION; GREECE; ARC AB The Adriatic microplate was previously considered to be a unique block. tectonically active only along its margins. The seismic sequences that took place in the basin from 1986 to 1990 give new information about the geodynamics of this area. Three subsets of well recorded events were relocated by the joint hypocentre determination technique. On the whole, this seismic activity was concentrated in a belt crossing the southern Adriatic sea around latitude 42-degrees, in connection with regional E-W fault systems. Some features of this seismicity, similar to those observed in other well known active margins of the Adriatic plate, support a model of a southern Adriatic lithospheric block, detached from the Northern one. Other geophysical information Provides evidence of a transitional zone at the same latitude. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NEIC,DENVER,CO 80225. RP CONSOLE, R (reprint author), IST NAZL GEOFIS,VIA VILLA RICOTTI 42,I-00161 ROME,ITALY. RI Di Giovambattista, Rita/L-5747-2015 OI Di Giovambattista, Rita/0000-0001-5622-1396 NR 32 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD FEB 28 PY 1993 VL 218 IS 4 BP 343 EP 354 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KQ067 UT WOS:A1993KQ06700004 ER PT J AU TROUTMAN, BM KARLINGER, MR AF TROUTMAN, BM KARLINGER, MR TI A NOTE ON SUBTREES ROOTED ALONG THE PRIMARY PATH OF A BINARY-TREE SO DISCRETE APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article ID RANDOM CHANNEL NETWORKS AB Let F(n) denote the set of rooted binary plane trees with n external nodes, for given T is-an-element-of F(n) let u(i)(T) be the altitude i node along the primary path of T, and let delta(i)(T) denote the number of external nodes in the induced subtree rooted at u(i)(T). We set delta(i)(T) = 0 if i is greater than the length of the primary path of T. We prove lim(n-->infinity) SIGMA(i less-than-or-equal-to x/n) E(n){delta(i)}/SIGMA(i50 mug/l) were lethal at pH 5.5. In roach, beryllium concentrations greater-than-or-equal-to 100 mug/l killed most fish within 96 h, regardless of pH. Beryllium also produced gill abnormalities similar to those caused by aluminum at concentrations as low as 10 mu/l. The abnormalities became more severe at higher beryllium levels, and included development of chloride cell apical crypts, increased mucus production, microridge loss, epithelial hyperplasia, and fusions of primary lamellae. The effects of beryllium and aluminum are similar, but beryllium causes gill damage at lower concentrations, suggesting that it may be an important, unrecognized contaminant in some acidic waters. C1 INST BIOL INLAND WATERS,YAROSLAVL OBLAST,RUSSIA. UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,ORONO,ME 04473. RP JAGOE, CH (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,PO DRAWER E,AIKEN,SC 29802, USA. RI Komov, Viktor/O-8916-2015 OI Komov, Viktor/0000-0001-9124-7428 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 24 IS 3-4 BP 241 EP 256 DI 10.1016/0166-445X(93)90074-B PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA KP917 UT WOS:A1993KP91700006 ER PT J AU MILES, AK GRUE, CE PENDLETON, GW SOARES, JH AF MILES, AK GRUE, CE PENDLETON, GW SOARES, JH TI EFFECTS OF DIETARY ALUMINUM, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS ON EGG AND BONE OF EUROPEAN STARLINGS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIZE; SURVIVAL; DEPOSITION; SULFATE; ACIDITY; ONTARIO; QUALITY; GROWTH; TISSUE; BIRDS AB Egg and bone of passerine birds nesting in acidified habitats may be affected by high levels of Al or P, or low levels of Ca. Nine treatments of three levels of dietary Al (target levels of 200, 1,000, and 5,000 mug/g) and three levels of Ca:P (target levels of NN = 1. 3% Ca: 0.9% P; LL = 0. 19 Ca:0.45 P; LH = 0. 19 Ca: 1.65 P) were fed to 16-17 starling pairs during two breeding seasons. Eggs of starlings fed the LH diet were smaller and weighed less than eggs from the NN and LL treatments. Treatment effects on thickness, strength, and weight of eggshells were not consistent between seasons, probably because of differences in actual dietary levels of Al, Ca, and P or in incubation intervals. In one season, birds fed the highest Al diet had thicker eggshells than those from the other Al treatments (no effect from Ca:P); the following season, eggshells from the NN and LH treatments were thicker and stronger than those from the LL treatment. Eggshells from the NN treatment weighed more than those from the other Ca:P treatments. Starlings on the LH diet had the strongest femurs, but the effect was interactive with different levels of dietary Al. Effects of Ca:P on egg and bone were more evident than Al effects. RP MILES, AK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 24 IS 2 BP 206 EP 212 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KG963 UT WOS:A1993KG96300012 ER PT J AU WIEMEYER, SN BUNCK, CM STAFFORD, CJ AF WIEMEYER, SN BUNCK, CM STAFFORD, CJ TI ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS IN BALD EAGLE EGGS 1980-84 AND FURTHER INTERPRETATIONS OF RELATIONSHIPS TO PRODUCTIVITY AND SHELL THICKNESS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXIC COPLANAR PCBS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; NECROPSY DATA; RESIDUES; MERCURY; REPRODUCTION; STATES; BIRDS; DIET AB Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs were collected in 15 States in the United States in 1980-84 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury. Data were compared and combined with data from earlier studies to examine trends and refine relationships of contaminants to shell thickness and young production. Moderate shell thinning occurred in eggs from several States. The frequency of occurrence of detectable residues of several contaminants declined during 1969-84. DDE concentrations declined significantly in Wisconsin, Maine, and the Chesapeake Bay region. Some other contaminant residues declined, but usually not significantly. During 1980-84, DDE, PCB, and mercury concentrations were highest in eggs from Maine, whereas most contaminant concentrations were lowest in eggs from Arizona. DDE was most closely related to shell thickness and young production at sampled breeding areas. Fifteen percent shell thinning was associated with 16 mug/g DDE (wet weight) for eggs collected early in incubation. Young production was normal when eggs at sampled breeding areas contained < 3.6 mug/g DDE (wet weight), was nearly halved between 3.6 to 6.3 mug/g, and halved again when concentrations exceeded 6.3 mug/g. Several other contaminants were also associated with poor reproduction and eggshell thinning; however, their impact appeared to be secondary to that of DDE and was probably related to their high correlation with DDE. Data relating contaminant concentrations to mean 5-year production are applicable only to breeding areas where eggs are collected after failure to hatch, because such breeding areas are not representative of all nesting bald eagles in a given population. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLUMBIA NATL FISHERY RES LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 45 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 24 IS 2 BP 213 EP 227 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA KG963 UT WOS:A1993KG96300013 ER PT J AU DENNISON, WC ORTH, RJ MOORE, KA STEVENSON, JC CARTER, V KOLLAR, S BERGSTROM, PW BATIUK, RA AF DENNISON, WC ORTH, RJ MOORE, KA STEVENSON, JC CARTER, V KOLLAR, S BERGSTROM, PW BATIUK, RA TI ASSESSING WATER-QUALITY WITH SUBMERSED AQUATIC VEGETATION SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER; UPPER CHESAPEAKE BAY; MACROPHYTE COMMUNITIES; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; LIGHT; GROWTH; DECLINE; PLANTS; SEA; ESTUARINE C1 COLL WILLIAM & MARY,VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI,GLOUCESTER POINT,VA 23602. UNIV QUEENSLAND,DEPT BOT,ST LUCIA,QLD 4072,AUSTRALIA. UNIV MARYLAND,HORN POINT ENVIRONM LAB,CAMBRIDGE,MD 21613. HARFORD COMMUNITY COLL,BEL AIR,MD 21014. COMP SCI CORP,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21403. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US EPA,CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM OFF,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21403. RI Dennison, William/D-7739-2012 NR 50 TC 493 Z9 515 U1 10 U2 78 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 1993 VL 43 IS 2 BP 86 EP 94 DI 10.2307/1311969 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA KJ362 UT WOS:A1993KJ36200007 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, JC AF SAVAGE, JC TI THE PARKFIELD PREDICTION FALLACY SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA AB The Parkfield earthquake prediction is generally stated as a 95% probability that the next, moderate earthquake there should occur before January 1993. That time limit is based on a two-sided 95% confidence interval. Because at the time of the prediction (1985) it was already clear that the earthquake had not occurred prior to 1985, a one-sided 95% confidence interval would have been more appropriate. That confidence interval ended in October 1991. The Parkfield prediction was based on an extrapolation of five of the six events in the 1857 to 1966 earthquake sequence; the 1934 event was omitted because it did not fit the regularity exhibited by the other data. The fallacy in the prediction is that it did not take account of other less-contrived explanations of the Parkfield seismicity (e.g., not excluding the 1934 event). Even if the Parkfield earthquake should occur in the near future, it would be better explained by less-contrived hypotheses. RP SAVAGE, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 9 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 83 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KL912 UT WOS:A1993KL91200001 ER PT J AU FOULGER, GR JULIAN, BR AF FOULGER, GR JULIAN, BR TI NON-DOUBLE-COUPLE EARTHQUAKES AT THE HENGILL-GRENSDALUR VOLCANIC COMPLEX, ICELAND - ARE THEY ARTIFACTS OF CRUSTAL HETEROGENEITY SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FOCAL MECHANISMS; TRIPLE JUNCTION; PLATE BOUNDARY; SW ICELAND; CALIFORNIA; RESERVOIR; INVERSION; MODEL AB Earthquakes with anomalous non-double-couple (non-DC) mechanisms have been observed at many geothermal and volcanic areas, and possible physical explanations have been offered for them that involve tensile fracture caused by high fluid pressure or thermal contraction due to cooling. Nevertheless, the possible biasing effects of wave propagation in structurally complicated volcanic regions has made the identification of non-DC mechanisms as true source phenomena uncertain. Non-DC earthquakes are common at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex in southwestern Iceland. Of 178 microearthquakes recorded by a 23-station network in the summer of 1981, 84, or 47%, have non-DC mechanisms, based on conventional interpretation of P-wave first motions using one-dimensional crustal model. In this paper, we re-analyze the best constrained of these events by numerically tracing rays in a three-dimensional tomographically derived model of the crust. Computed positions of rays on the focal spheres change by as much as 35-degrees, with the largest changes being caused by revision of focal depths. The number of earthquakes with clearly non-DC mechanisms remains large, however (56 out of 131 or 43%); the anomalous mechanisms are not artifacts of the mis-mapping of rays onto the focal sphere. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP FOULGER, GR (reprint author), UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,SCI LABS,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 83 IS 1 BP 38 EP 52 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KL912 UT WOS:A1993KL91200004 ER PT J AU RODBELL, DT SCHWEIG, ES AF RODBELL, DT SCHWEIG, ES TI THE RECORD OF SEISMICALLY INDUCED LIQUEFACTION ON LATE QUATERNARY TERRACES IN NORTHWESTERN TENNESSEE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note ID EARTHQUAKES; RECURRENCE; ZONE C1 MEMPHIS STATE UNIV,US GEOL SURV,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. MEMPHIS STATE UNIV,CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & INFORMAT,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. OHIO STATE UNIV,BYRD POLAR RES CTR,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP RODBELL, DT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 83 IS 1 BP 269 EP 278 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KL912 UT WOS:A1993KL91200017 ER PT J AU WENNERBERG, L AF WENNERBERG, L TI MULTIPLE-SCATTERING INTERPRETATIONS OF CODA-Q MEASUREMENTS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; INTRINSIC ATTENUATION; RECORD ENVELOPE; SHEAR-WAVES; LITHOSPHERE; ENERGY; EARTHQUAKE; SEPARATION; KAMCHATKA RP WENNERBERG, L (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 23 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 83 IS 1 BP 279 EP 290 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KL912 UT WOS:A1993KL91200018 ER PT J AU MILLER, DC BIRKELAND, PW RODBELL, DT AF MILLER, DC BIRKELAND, PW RODBELL, DT TI EVIDENCE FOR HOLOCENE STABILITY OF STEEP SLOPES, NORTHERN PERUVIAN ANDES, BASED ON SOILS AND RADIOCARBON-DATES SO CATENA LA English DT Article ID RIVER MOUNTAINS; CALIFORNIA; PINEDALE; MORAINES; CATENAS; LAKE AB Radiocarbon dating and soil relationships indicate that landscapes in high-altitude glaciated valleys of the northern Peruvian Andes have been remarkably stable during the Holocene. Radiocarbon dates show that deglaciation was underway by 12 ka, and that slopes and alluvial fans at the bases of slopes were essentially stabilized by at least 8 ka. The soils consist of fine-grained loessial A horizons overlying Bw horizons in gravelly till or alluvial-fan gravel. Following deglaciation, widespread gullying took place in till on the steep (maximum angle: 37-degrees) sideslopes of most valleys; the eroded material was deposited as fans at the bases of the slopes. Loess was then deposited as a fairly uniform blanket across most elements of the landscape. Soil formation began during or following loess deposition, and because soil-profile morphology is sufficiently similar at most sites, soil formation has been a dominant process during much of the Holocene. This remarkable stability, especially for such steep slopes, is attributed to a combination of tight packing of the till, permeability of the capping loess, rapid revegetation following ice retreat, and roots from the present grassland vegetation and possibly former forests. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP MILLER, DC (reprint author), FM STOLLER CORP,5700 FLATIRON PKWY,BOULDER,CO 80301, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD FEB-APR PY 1993 VL 20 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/0341-8162(93)90025-K PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA KN357 UT WOS:A1993KN35700001 ER PT J AU POLLASTRO, RM BOHOR, BF AF POLLASTRO, RM BOHOR, BF TI ORIGIN AND CLAY-MINERAL GENESIS OF THE CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY UNIT, WESTERN INTERIOR OF NORTH-AMERICA SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE CLAYSTONE; EJECTA; GLASS ALTERATION; HALLOYSITE; KAOLINITE; K/T BOUNDARY UNIT; METEORITE IMPACT; SEM; XRD ID IMPACT EVENT; KAOLINITE; HALLOYSITE; SPHERULES; COLORADO; LAYER; GLASS AB A 3-cm-thick, two-layered clay unit that records mineralogic and textural evidence of a catastrophic event that occurred at a time now marked as the end of the Cretaceous Period was preserved in ancient peat-forming environments of the Western Interior Basin of North America. The two layers of this unit consist of altered distal ejecta and are easily distinguished by their distinctive texture and impact components from other clay beds, mainly tonsteins and detrital shales, occurring within the sequence of rocks enclosing the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary interval. The lower claystone layer of the K/T boundary unit represents melted silicic target rock that has altered mainly to kaolin minerals. Impact components and signatures of this lower layer include a relict imbricate fabric of glass fragments, shards, bubbles, hollow spherules (altered microtektites), small amounts of shocked mineral grains, and a subdued iridium anomaly. These components and textures, combined with the layer's restricted areal distribution, indicate that this layer, called the ''melt ejecta layer,'' is the distal part of an ejecta blanket deposit. We interpret the melt ejecta layer to be an altered deposit of mostly impact-derived, shock-melted, silicic target material that traveled through the atmosphere within a detached ejecta curtain and on other ballistic trajectories. The upper laminated layer of the K/T boundary unit consists mostly of altered vitric dust and abundant shocked minerals whose size and amounts decrease away from the putative crater site in the Caribbean area. High-nickel magnesioferrite crystals, high iridium content, geochemical signature, and worldwide distribution all suggest this upper layer originated from a cloud of vaporized bolide and entrained target-rock materials ejected above the atmosphere. The components of this layer, called the ''fireball layer,'' settled slowly by gravitational processes from an Earth-girdling vapor cloud and were deposited immediately on top of the already-emplaced melt ejecta layer. The clay minerals that formed in the two layers are largely a function of composition and the highly unstable, shock-modified state of the fallout materials altered in acidic, organic-rich waters of ancient peat swamps. The fireball layer is mostly altered to smectitic clay from a mafic glass condensed from the vaporized chondritic bolide, along with some kaolinite formed from blebs of melted silicic target material entrained in the vapor plume cloud during ejection. In contrast, the melt ejecta layer is mainly kaolinitic, derived from silicic glass formed from melted target rocks. In this layer, the glass rapidly altered to mostly disordered, micrometer-sized ''cabbage-like'' or submicrometer-sized embryonic forms of spherical halloysite, probably from an allophane precursor. These crystallization characteristics of the melt ejecta layer are much different than those which formed coarse vermicular aggregates and platy kaolinite crystals in tonsteins from outside the K/T boundary inter-val throughout the Western Interior. The contrast in the incipient formation of dominantly kaolinitic clay minerals in the basal melt ejecta layer and of smectitic clay minerals in the overlying fireball layer reflect silicic versus mafic starting materials, respectively, and also supports the proposed two-phased meteorite impact ejection and dispersal model. During subsequent burial and diagenesis of the K/T boundary unit, the metastable halloysite and smectite aggraded to kaolinite and mixed-layer illite/smectite, respectively. Both the ordering of kaolinite and illitization of smectite varies locally as a function of the degree of diagenetic grade or maturity, probably in response to local variations in temperature due to maximum burial depth (burial diagenesis). RP POLLASTRO, RM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 68 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 41 IS 1 BP 7 EP 25 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410102 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA LL436 UT WOS:A1993LL43600002 ER PT J AU EBERL, DD AF EBERL, DD TI 3 ZONES FOR ILLITE FORMATION DURING BURIAL DIAGENESIS AND METAMORPHISM SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE AGE DATING; BURIAL DIAGENESIS; GULF COAST BASIN; ILLITE; ILLITE SMECTITE; OSTWALD RIPENING; POTASSIUM ARGON; PUNCTUATED DIAGENESIS; SEDIMENTARY BASINS; SHALE; SMECTITES ID ANALYTICAL ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; GULF-COAST SHALES; CLAY-MINERALS; SMECTITE DIAGENESIS; ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENTS; VIENNA BASIN; SALTON-SEA; TRANSMISSION; MECHANISM; TRANSFORMATION AB Reinterpretation of published data for shale cuttings from the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin identifies three reaction zones for illite formation with increasing depth for well CWRU6. In a shallow zone (1.85 to 3 km), non-expanding illite-like layers formed primarily by the coalescence of smectite 2.1 layers around interlayer K+. In a middle zone (3 to 4 km), illite crystals neoformed from solution as coarser K-bearing phases and smectite were dissolved by organic acids. In the deepest zone (>4 km), illite recrystallized as less stable illite crystals dissolved, and more stable illite crystals grew during mineral ripening. The progressive loss of radiogenic argon in the deepest zone yielded a constant apparent age for the clays with depth, an effect previously attributed to ''punctuated diagenesis.'' The above hypothesis for illite formation emphasizes the need to establish the zone (i.e., the reaction mechanism) from which shales were derived before making detailed geologic interpretations based on illite mineralogy. RP EBERL, DD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 77 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 4 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 41 IS 1 BP 26 EP 37 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410103 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA LL436 UT WOS:A1993LL43600003 ER PT J AU HAIG, SM PLISSNER, JH AF HAIG, SM PLISSNER, JH TI DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF PIPING PLOVERS - RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE 1991 INTERNATIONAL CENSUS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE ABUNDANCE; CHARADRIUS-MELODUS; DISTRIBUTION; ENDANGERED SPECIES; PIPING PLOVER; POPULATION TRENDS ID UNITED-STATES; PREDATION; NESTS AB Assessing status and recovery of the endangered Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) requires knowledge of the species' current distribution and abundance throughout the annual cycle. To address this issue, over 1,000 biologists and volunteers from 10 nations collaborated in the 1991 International Piping Plover Census. Approximately 2,099 sites were censused yielding the highest number of breeding (5,482 adults) and wintering (3,451 birds) Piping Plovers ever recorded. Most winter birds occur-red in Texas (55%) and along other United States Gulf Coast sites (93%). Among winter birds, 51% used ocean beaches, 43% used sand or algal flats in protected bays, and 6% used areas where protected bays met ocean beaches. Breeding birds were widely distributed in small populations in the Northern Great Plains/Prairie (63.2%) and on the Atlantic Coast (36%). Few birds (N = 39) remain on the Great Lakes. Habitat use among breeding birds varied considerably across the species range. While most Atlantic (93.9%) and Great Lakes (100%) birds used sandy beaches, 59.6% of Northern Great Plains/Prairie birds used shorelines around small alkaline lakes, 18.2% used large reservoir beaches, 19.9% used river islands and adjacent sand pits, 2% used beaches on large lakes, and 0.4% used industrial pond shorelines. Change in status from previous censuses was difficult to determine. New populations were found in Montana, Colorado, and Saskatchewan, Canada; however, the distribution gap between Atlantic and Northern Great Plains/Prairie Piping Plover distribution grows as numbers decline in Minnesota; Manitoba, Canada; and the Great Lakes. Repeated international censuses every five years and a better assessment of reproductive success in local populations will help determine future population trends for the species. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,CLEMSON,SC 29634. RP HAIG, SM (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,S CAROLINA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,CLEMSON,SC 29634, USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 12 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1993 VL 95 IS 1 BP 145 EP 156 DI 10.2307/1369396 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KQ367 UT WOS:A1993KQ36700015 ER PT J AU SCHMUTZ, JA AF SCHMUTZ, JA TI SURVIVAL AND PRE-FLEDGING BODY-MASS IN JUVENILE EMPEROR GEESE SO CONDOR LA English DT Note DE BODY MASS; CHEN-CANAGICUS; EMPEROR GOOSE; MIGRATION; PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION; SURVIVAL ID CANADA GEESE; BARNACLE RP SCHMUTZ, JA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 15 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1993 VL 95 IS 1 BP 222 EP 225 DI 10.2307/1369404 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA KQ367 UT WOS:A1993KQ36700023 ER PT J AU WANG, WC AF WANG, WC TI COMPARATIVE RICE SEED TOXICITY TESTS USING FILTER-PAPER, GROWTH POUCH-TM, AND SEED TRAY METHODS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article AB Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish, has long been used for the plant seed toxicity test (PSTT). Although this method is simple and inexpensive, recent evidence indicates that it gives results that are significantly different from those obtained using a method that does not involve paper, especially when testing metal cations. The study compared PSTT using three methods: filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray. The Growth Pouch-TM is a commercially available device. The seed tray is a newly designed plastic receptacle placed inside a Petri dish. The results of the Growth Pouch-TM method showed no toxic effects on rice for Ag up to 40 mg L-1 and Cd up to 20 mg L-1. Using the seed tray method, IC50 (50% inhibitory effect concentration) values were 0.55 and 1.4 mg L-1 for Ag and Cd, respectively. Although results of filter paper and seed tray methods were nearly identical for NaF, Cr(VI), and phenol, the toxicities of cations Ag and Cd were reduced by using the filter paper method; IC50 values were 22 and 18 mg L-1, respectively. The results clearly indicate that paper substrate is not advisable for PSTT. RP WANG, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 1230,IOWA CITY,IA 52244, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 1993 VL 24 IS 3 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1007/BF00545982 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA KN375 UT WOS:A1993KN37500006 PM 24227383 ER PT J AU GERLACH, TM AF GERLACH, TM TI OXYGEN BUFFERING OF KILAUEA VOLCANIC GASES AND THE OXYGEN FUGACITY OF KILAUEA BASALT SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID REDOX STATES; MAGMATIC GAS; UPPER MANTLE; HAWAII; OXIDATION; SULFUR; TEMPERATURE; EQUILIBRIA; SYSTEM; SPECIATION AB Volcanic gases collected during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption along the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, have uniform C-O-H-S-Cl-F compositions that are sharply depleted in CO2. The CO2-poor gases are typical of Type II volcanic gases (GERLACH and GRAEBER, 1985) and were emitted from evolved magma stored for a prolonged period of time in the east rift zone after releasing CO2-rich gases during an earlier period of temporary residence in the summit magma chamber. The samples are remarkably free of contamination by atmospheric gases and meteoric water. Thermodynamic evaluation of the analytical data shows that the episode 1 gases have equilibrium compositions appropriate for temperatures between 935 and 1032-degrees-C. Open- and closed-system equilibrium models of species distributions for the episode 1 gases show unequivocally that coexisting lavas buffered the gas oxygen fugacities during cooling. These models indicate that the f(O2) buffering process occurs by transfer of oxygen from the major species in the gas phase (H2O, CO2, SO2) to the lava during cooling and that the transfer of oxygen also controls the fugacities of several minor and trace species (H-2, CO, H2S, S2, Cl2, F2), in addition to O2 during cooling. Gas/lava exchanges of other components are apparently insignificant and exert little influence, compared to oxygen exchange, during cooling. Oxygen transfer during cooling is variable, presumably reflecting short-term fluctuations in gas flow rates. Higher flow rates restrict the time available for gas/lava oxygen transfer and result in gases with higher equilibrium temperatures. Lower flow rates favor f(O2)-constrained equilibration by oxygen transfer down to lower temperatures. Thus, the chemical equilibrium preserved in these gases is a heterogeneous equilibrium constrained by oxygen fugacity, and the equilibrium temperatures implied by the compositions of the gases reflect the temperatures at which gas/lava oxygen exchange ceased. This conclusion challenges the common assumption that volcanic gases are released from lava in a state of chemical equilibrium and then continue equilibrating homogeneously with falling temperature until reaction rates are unable to keep pace with cooling. No evidence is found, moreover, that certain gas species are kinetically more responsive and able to equilibrate down to lower temperatures than those of the last gas/lava oxygen exchange. Homogeneous reaction rates in the gas phase are apparently slow compared to the time it took for the gases to move from the last site of gas/lava equilibration to the site of collection. An earlier set of data for higher temperature CO2-rich Type I volcanic gases, which come from sustained summit lava lake eruptions supplied by magma that experienced substantially shorter periods of crustal storage, shows f(O2) buffering by oxygen transfer up to 1185-degrees-C. Oxygen fugacity measurements in drill holes into ponded lava flows suggest that buffering by oxygen transfer may control the f(O2) of residual gases down to several hundred degrees below the solidus in the early stages of cooling. Although the details of the f(O2) buffering mechanisms for oxygen transfer are unknown, the fact that f(O2) buffering is effective from molten to subsolidus conditions suggests that the reaction mechanisms must change with cooling as the reactants change from predominantly melt, to melt plus crystals, to glass plus crystals. Mass balance calculations suggest that redox reactions between the gas and ferrous/ferric iron in the lava are plausible mechanisms for the oxygen transfer and that the f(O2) of the gases is buffered by sliding ferrous/ferric equilibria in the erupting lavas. Contrary to expectations based on models predicting the oxidation of basalt by H-2 and CO escape during crustal storage, CO2-rich Type I gases and CO2-poor Type II gases have identical oxygen fugacities despite greatly different crustal storage and degassing histories. Volcanic gas data give a tightly constrained log f(O2) of NNO - 0.5 (+/-0.05) for subaerially erupted Kilauea basalt from liquidus to solidus temperatures, consistent with recent f(O2) determinations for the mantle source regions of ocean island basalts. Because the oxygen fugacities of volcanic gases emitted by subaerial lavas imply that the f(O2) of Kilauea basalt is unchanged during crustal storage, Kilauea basalt either arrives in the crust with an oxygen fugacity between NNO and FMQ, or it develops an oxygen fugacity in this range immediately upon arrival in the summit chamber. RP GERLACH, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 56 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD FEB PY 1993 VL 57 IS 4 BP 795 EP 814 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KN412 UT WOS:A1993KN41200006 ER EF