FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU COHN, TA CAULDER, DL GILROY, EJ ZYNJUK, LD SUMMERS, RM AF COHN, TA CAULDER, DL GILROY, EJ ZYNJUK, LD SUMMERS, RM TI THE VALIDITY OF A SIMPLE STATISTICAL-MODEL FOR ESTIMATING FLUVIAL CONSTITUENT LOADS - AN EMPIRICAL-STUDY INVOLVING NUTRIENT LOADS ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB We consider the appropriateness of "rating curves" and other log linear models to estimate the fluvial transport of nutrients. Split-sample studies using data from tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay reveal that a minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE), based on a simple log linear model, provides satisfactory load estimates, even in some cases where the model exhibited significant lack of fit. For total nitrogen (TN) the average difference between the MVUE estimates and the observed loads ranges from -8% to +2% at the four sites. The corresponding range for total phosphorus (TP) is -6% to +5%. None of these differences is statistically significant. The observed variability of the MVUE load estimates for TN and TP, which ranges from 7% to 25% depending on the case, is accurately predicted by statistical theory. C1 MARYLAND DEPT ENVIRONM,SPECIAL PROJECTS,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. US GEOL SURVEY,TOWSON,MD 21204. RES SCI INST,MCLEAN,VA. RP COHN, TA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 410,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 25 TC 184 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1992 VL 28 IS 9 BP 2353 EP 2363 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA JL482 UT WOS:A1992JL48200015 ER PT J AU SCHROEDER, RL CABLE, TT HAIRE, SL AF SCHROEDER, RL CABLE, TT HAIRE, SL TI WILDLIFE SPECIES RICHNESS IN SHELTERBELTS - TEST OF A HABITAT MODEL SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FARMSTEAD SHELTERBELTS; MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,NATL ECOL RES CTR,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP SCHROEDER, RL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1992 VL 20 IS 3 BP 264 EP 273 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA JQ661 UT WOS:A1992JQ66100003 ER PT J AU DOUGLAS, DC RATTI, JT BLACK, RA ALLDREDGE, JR AF DOUGLAS, DC RATTI, JT BLACK, RA ALLDREDGE, JR TI AVIAN HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS IN RIPARIAN ZONES OF IDAHO CENTENNIAL MOUNTAINS SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID COLORADO RIVER VALLEY; BREEDING BIRDS; COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION; VEGETATION; ORDINATION; SELECTION; ATTRIBUTES; DIVERSITY; ARIZONA; FOREST AB Patterns of bird distribution within riparian habitat of the Centennial Mountains, Idaho, were investigated during the summers of 1983-1984. Avian habitat use, vegetative structure, and saturated soil coverage were surveyed in 98, 0.25-ha plots. Avian abundance distributions and habitat relationships were plotted and compared with reciprocal averaging and canonical correlation analyses. Use of riparian habitats by avian species was non-random and indicated a correlation with vegetative structure, life form, and soil moisture. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that avian distributions paralleled a moisture gradient. Our results allow assessment of impacts on avian populations by environmental perturbations causing vegetative-structure and composition, or soil-moisture changes to riparian systems. These data indicate that subtle changes to riparian areas (e.g., from cattle grazing, timber harvest, drainage, etc.) may have severe impacts on the bird community. C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,MOSCOW,ID 83843. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,PROGRAM STAT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP DOUGLAS, DC (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 54 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1992 VL 104 IS 3 BP 485 EP 500 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JQ029 UT WOS:A1992JQ02900009 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, WD AF NICHOLS, WD TI ENERGY BUDGETS AND RESISTANCES TO ENERGY-TRANSPORT IN SPARSELY VEGETATED RANGELAND SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CANOPY; MODEL; EVAPORATION; CROPS AB Partitioning available energy between plants and bare soil in sparsely vegetated rangelands will allow hydrologists and others to gain a greater understanding of water use by native vegetation, especially phreatophytes. Standard methods of conducting energy budget studies result in measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes above the plant canopy which therefore include the energy fluxes from both the canopy and the soil. One-dimensional theoretical numerical models have been proposed recently for the partitioning of energy in sparse crops. Bowen ratio and other micrometeorological data collected over phreatophytes growing in areas of shallow ground water in central Nevada were used to evaluate the feasibility of using these models, which are based on surface and within-canopy aerodynamic resistances, to determine heat and water vapor transport in sparsely vegetated rangelands. The models appear to provide reasonably good estimates of sensible heat flux from the soil and latent heat flux from the canopy. Estimates of latent heat flux from the soil were less satisfactory. Sensible heat flux from the canopy was not well predicted by the present resistance formulations. Also, estimates of total above-canopy fluxes were not satisfactory when using a single value for above-canopy bulk aerodynamic resistance. RP NICHOLS, WD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,705 N PLAZA ST,CARSON CITY,NV 89701, USA. NR 14 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD AUG 31 PY 1992 VL 60 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 247 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7 PG 27 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA JM339 UT WOS:A1992JM33900005 ER PT J AU SCHABER, GG STROM, RG MOORE, HJ SODERBLOM, LA KIRK, RL CHADWICK, DJ DAWSON, DD GADDIS, LR BOYCE, JM RUSSELL, J AF SCHABER, GG STROM, RG MOORE, HJ SODERBLOM, LA KIRK, RL CHADWICK, DJ DAWSON, DD GADDIS, LR BOYCE, JM RUSSELL, J TI GEOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF IMPACT CRATERS ON VENUS - WHAT ARE THEY TELLING US SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID INITIAL ANALYSIS; SCHEMATIC MODEL; BASIN FORMATION; MAGELLAN; MARS; GRAVITY; MOON; MORPHOLOGY; MERCURY; ORIGIN AB Magellan has revealed an ensemble of impact craters on Venus that is unique in many important ways. We have complied a data base describing the 842 craters on 89% of Venus' surface mapped through orbit 2578. (The craters range in diameter from 1.5 to 280 km.) We have studied the distribution, size-density, morphology, geology, and associated surface properties of these craters both in the aggregate and, for some craters, in greater detail. We find that (1) the spatial distribution of craters is highly uniform; (2) the size-density distribution of large craters (diameters greater-than-or-equal-to 35 km) is similar to the young crater populations on other terrestrial planets but at a much lower density that indicates an average age of only about 0.5 Ga (based on the estimated population of Venus-crossing asteroids); (3) unlike the case on other planets, the density of small craters (diameters less-than-or-equal-to 35 km) declines rapidly with decreasing diameters because of atmospheric filtering; (4) the spectrum of crater modification differs greatly from that on other planets: 62 % of all craters are pristine, only 4 % are embayed by lavas, and the remainder are affected by tectonism, but none are severely and progressively depleted (as extrapolated from the size-density distribution of larger craters); (5) large craters have a progression of morphologies generally similar to those on other planets, but small craters are typically irregular or multiple rather than bowl shaped; (6) diffuse radar-bright or -dark features surround some craters, and 367 similar diffuse 'splotches' with no central crater are observed; and (7) other crater features unique to Venus include radar-bright or -dark parabolic arcs opening westward and extensive outflows originating in crater ejecta. The first three of these observations are entirely unexpected. We interpret them as indicating that the planet's cratering record was erased by a global resurfacing event or events, the latest ending about 0.5 Ga, after which volcanic activity declined (but did not cease entirely). Since the last resurfacing event, a maximum of 10 % of the planet has been resurfaced and only about 4 % of the craters have been obliterated. Convective thermal evolution models support this interpretation (Arkani-Hamed and Toksoz, 1984). Observations 3-7 confirm quantitatively the expectation that the dense atmosphere of Venus has strongly affected the production of craters. Large impactors have been relatively unaffected, intermediate-sized ones have been fragmented and have produced overlapping or multiple craters, a narrow size range has produced shock-induced 'splotches' but no craters, and the smallest bodies have had no observable effect on the surface. The number of craters eliminated by the 'atmospheric filter" is enormous, about 98 % of the craters between 2 and 35 km in diameter that Magellan might have observed on a hypothetical airless Venus. Unique crater-related features such as parabolas and outflow deposits demonstrate the roles of Venus' high atmospheric density and temperature in modifying the craw formation process. Finally, heavily fractured craters and lava-embayed craters are found to have higher than average densities along the major fracture belts and rifted uplands connecting Aphrodite Terra and Ada, Beta, Themis, and Phoebe regiones. These craters thus provide physical evidence for recent volcanic and tectonic activity at a low level. C1 NASA,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 90425. RP SCHABER, GG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 124 TC 245 Z9 248 U1 6 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 25 PY 1992 VL 97 IS E8 BP 13257 EP 13301 PG 45 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JP211 UT WOS:A1992JP21100008 ER PT J AU SENSKE, DA SCHABER, GG STOFAN, ER AF SENSKE, DA SCHABER, GG STOFAN, ER TI REGIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC RISES ON VENUS - GEOLOGY OF WESTERN EISTLA REGIO AND COMPARISON TO BETA-REGIO AND ATLA-REGIO SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID INITIAL ANALYSIS; APHRODITE TERRA; VOLCANISM; TECTONICS; MAGELLAN; EVOLUTION AB Regional topographic rises in the equatorial region of Venus (Western Eistla Regio, Beta Regio, and Atla Regio) form a unique class of structures which on the basis of geologic mapping and geophysical data are interpreted to be sites of mantle upwelling or plumes. The geologically least complex of these regions is Western Eistla Regio, an elongated domical rise that contains the volcanoes Sif and Gula montes. Sif Mons is a large volcano (diameter > 100 km) whose local stratigraphy indicates that it has undergone a history marked by initial radial fracturing, widespread outpouring of lava, additional fracturing along its northern flank, and extrusion of lava that is either extremely fluid or was erupted at a high rate of effusion. Sif contains a 40-km-diameter summit caldera Within which are nested smaller calderas and pit structures. Theoretical considerations suggest multiple levels of magma emplacement within the volcano, with the primary reservoir residing in the crust below the edifice. Gula Mons is made up of multiple volcanic source regions and is associated with Guor Linea, a zone of lithospheric stretching, faulting, and rifting. The geologically complex highland of Beta Regio is a tectonic junction with three arms of Devana Chasma intersecting at Theia Mons. Magellan data reveal (1) the details of rifting and volcanism concentrated at Theia Mons, (2) that Rhea Mons is highly deformed and possesses characteristics of tesserae and whose origin as a volcano is placed in question, (3) that tesserae are a major unit, arrayed in a pattern around Theia from east to west starting on the eastern flank of Beta and continuing westward to the northern pan of Asteria Regio, (4) that the northern periphery of the highland contains coronae connected by fractures forming chains, and (.5) the presence of a deformed crater within Devana Chasma, split and extended in an east-west direction, indicating that pan of the rift has undergone as much as 20-30% extension. Like Beta, Atla Regio is a complex area of converging rifts (five separate arms) that are centered on the volcano Ozza Mons. The Magellan images show that volcanism and rifting have occurred contemporaneously at Ozza, with lava flows both covering and being crosscut by faults. A second volcano, Maat Mons, contributes to the infilling of the rift Dali Chasma and does not appear to be deformed by faulting. Two of the rifts at Atla contain chains of coronae, suggesting that upwelling along linear zones of extension has occurred. Beta, Atla, and Western Eistla am similar in that they are broad regional rises, are associated with major rift zones, have large apparent depths of isostatic compensation, and contain large volcanoes. Their associations with features mapped as coronae and tesserae are quite variable, suggesting that the detailed characteristics of the individual highlands are most likely linked to each areas local geologic environment. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. RP SENSKE, DA (reprint author), BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOX 1846,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA. NR 34 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 25 PY 1992 VL 97 IS E8 BP 13395 EP 13420 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JP211 UT WOS:A1992JP21100013 ER PT J AU MOORE, HJ PLAUT, JJ SCHENK, PM HEAD, JW AF MOORE, HJ PLAUT, JJ SCHENK, PM HEAD, JW TI AN UNUSUAL VOLCANO ON VENUS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; LAVA FLOWS; EFFUSION RATES; DOME; VISCOSITY; SURFACE; GROWTH; DYNAMICS; RHEOLOGY; MAGELLAN AB Materials that issued from an unusual Venusian volcano produced (1) a complex domical structure about 100 km across with thick, broad flow lobes up to 41 km wide, (2) an extensive sheet of thick flows, and (3) radar-bright surfaces that extend to 360400 km from the volcano. Altimetry indicates that the relief of the domical structure is about 0.5-1.1 km. The lobes and flows have prominent regularly spaced ridges approximately 686-820 m apart. Thick flows with large ridge separations and broad lobes are rare on Venus. We suggest that the viscosities these flows were larger than those of most lava flows on Venus. Comparisons of the dimensions of the volcano's lobes with lava flows on Earth suggest that the Venusian lavas may have large silica contents. Radar-bright surfaces around the volcano may represent the result of an explosive eruption or very thin deposits of low-viscosity lavas. Thus we suggest that the radar-bright surfaces and lavas of the volcano were derived from a magma that differentiated within the crust or mantle of Venus. The differentiation produced (1) a gas-rich low-viscosity phase, (2) high-viscosity lavas, and (3) a residual primary magma. C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. LUNAR & PLANETARY INST,HOUSTON,TX 77058. RP MOORE, HJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 975,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 73 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 25 PY 1992 VL 97 IS E8 BP 13479 EP 13493 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JP211 UT WOS:A1992JP21100016 ER PT J AU KIMBALL, BA BENCALA, KE AF KIMBALL, BA BENCALA, KE TI ESTIMATED RATES OF NET CHEMICAL-REACTIONS IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM TRANSPORTING SULFIDE OXIDATION-PRODUCTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 24 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201625 ER PT J AU HUCKINS, JN MANUWEERA, GK PETTY, JD LEBO, JA GIBSON, VL MEADOWS, JC AF HUCKINS, JN MANUWEERA, GK PETTY, JD LEBO, JA GIBSON, VL MEADOWS, JC TI BACKGROUND AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF LIPID-CONTAINING SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES FOR ESTIMATION OF TIME-WEIGHTED WATER CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 38 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201320 ER PT J AU ALPERS, CN NORDSTROM, DK THOMPSON, JM LUND, M AF ALPERS, CN NORDSTROM, DK THOMPSON, JM LUND, M TI CYCLIC PRECIPITATION AND DISSOLUTION OF ZN-CU-BEARING MELANTERITE CONTROLLING THE COMPOSITION OF ACID-MINE DRAINAGE FROM IRON MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. MCGILL UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,MONTREAL H3A 2A7,QUEBEC,CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 39 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201640 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, DH MAJEED, BS LEWAN, MD AF FREEMAN, DH MAJEED, BS LEWAN, MD TI SORET BAND PORPHYRIN STRUCTURE INDEX VIA 3RD DERIVATIVE UV/VIS SPECTROSCOPY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,COLL PK,MD 20742. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 57 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201658 ER PT J AU BROSHEARS, RE KIMBALL, BA BENCALA, KE MCKNIGHT, DM AF BROSHEARS, RE KIMBALL, BA BENCALA, KE MCKNIGHT, DM TI RESPONSE OF ALUMINUM AND IRON TO AN EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF PH IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM AFFECTED BY ACID-MINE DRAINAGE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 66 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201667 ER PT J AU WEBSTER, JG NORDSTROM, DK AF WEBSTER, JG NORDSTROM, DK TI TRANSPORT AND NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CU, ZN AND AS IN THE LEVIATHAN BRYANT CREEK DRAINAGE SYSTEM SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CRI GEOSPHERE,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 67 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201668 ER PT J AU LEWAN, MD AF LEWAN, MD TI NOMENCLATURE FOR PYROLYSIS EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING H2O SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 70 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201534 ER PT J AU NIMICK, DA MOORE, JN AF NIMICK, DA MOORE, JN TI STRATIGRAPHY AND CHEMISTRY OF OXIDIZED SULFIDIC FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTS, UPPER CLARK FORK BASIN, MONTANA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HELENA,MT. UNIV MONTANA,DEPT GEOL,MISSOULA,MT 59812. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 75 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201676 ER PT J AU CRAVOTTA, CA AF CRAVOTTA, CA TI SECONDARY IRON SULFATE MINERALS AS SOURCES OF STORED ACIDITY AND FERRIC IONS IN ACIDIC GROUND-WATER AT A RECLAIMED COAL-MINE IN PENNSYLVANIA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LEMOYNE,PA 17043. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 78 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201679 ER PT J AU BAYLESS, ER OLYPHANT, GA AF BAYLESS, ER OLYPHANT, GA TI ACID-GENERATING SALTS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO THE CHEMISTRY OF GROUND-WATER AND STORM RUNOFF AT A PYRITIC COAL-REFUSE PILE IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46278. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 79 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201680 ER PT J AU CHRISTIAN, EK AF CHRISTIAN, EK TI MECHANISMS TO ACCESS INFORMATION ABOUT SPATIAL DATA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 84 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201366 ER PT J AU WALTONDAY, K AF WALTONDAY, K TI ACCUMULATION OF SULFIDE OXIDATION-PRODUCTS IN A SUB-ALPINE WETLAND RECEIVING ACID-MINE DRAINAGE, ST-KEVIN GULCH, COLORADO SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 84 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201685 ER PT J AU STOFFREGEN, RE RYE, RO AF STOFFREGEN, RE RYE, RO TI JAROSITE-WATER O-18 AND D-FRACTIONATIONS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AWK CONSULTING ENGINEERS,TURTLE CREEK,PA 15145. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 86 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201687 ER PT J AU LEWAN, MD AF LEWAN, MD TI WATER AS A SOURCE OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IN PETROLEUM FORMATION BY HYDROUS PYROLYSIS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 91 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201555 ER PT J AU KUWABARA, JS AF KUWABARA, JS TI DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED SULFIDES IN THE OXIC SAN-FRANCISCO BAY WATER COLUMN SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 94 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201694 ER PT J AU WRIGHT, WG BUTLER, DL WOLNY, DG FUKUI, LM AF WRIGHT, WG BUTLER, DL WOLNY, DG FUKUI, LM TI FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED SELENIUM IN THE MANCOS SHALE AND ASSOCIATED ALLUVIUM IN THE IRRIGATED GRAND AND UNCOMPAHGRE VALLEYS, WESTERN COLORADO SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,GRAND JCT,CO. CHEM NUCL GEOTECH,GRAND JCT,CO 81502. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 96 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201696 ER PT J AU GOOLSBY, DA AF GOOLSBY, DA TI OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 111 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31200346 ER PT J AU LEIF, RN SIMONEIT, BRT KVENVOLDEN, KA AF LEIF, RN SIMONEIT, BRT KVENVOLDEN, KA TI HYDROUS PYROLYSIS OF N-C32H66 IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF INORGANIC COMPONENTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEANOG,PETR RES GRP,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI SIMONEIT, BERND/A-2008-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 121 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201585 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, DH LEWAN, MD MAJEED, BS AF FREEMAN, DH LEWAN, MD MAJEED, BS TI SIMULATING NATURAL MATURATION OF VANADYLPORPHYRINS IN WOODFORD SHALE BY HYDROUS PYROLYSIS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,COLL PK,MD 20742. US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 122 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201586 ER PT J AU MEYER, MT GOOLSBY, DA THURMAN, EM AF MEYER, MT GOOLSBY, DA THURMAN, EM TI HERBICIDES AND NITRATE IN STORM RUNOFF FROM WATERSHEDS IN THE MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 123 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31200358 ER PT J AU COUPE, RH GOOLSBY, DA AF COUPE, RH GOOLSBY, DA TI DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT OF HERBICIDES IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 124 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31200359 ER PT J AU LUOMA, SN AF LUOMA, SN TI BIOAVAILABILITY OF TRACE CONTAMINANTS IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 125 EP IEC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31201850 ER PT J AU BATTAGLIN, WA GOOLSBY, DA AF BATTAGLIN, WA GOOLSBY, DA TI USE OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEM TO INVESTIGATE RELATIONS BETWEEN APPLICATION AND MASS-TRANSPORT OF HERBICIDES IN MIDWESTERN RIVERS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 23 PY 1992 VL 204 BP 150 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA JJ312 UT WOS:A1992JJ31200385 ER PT J AU DIETERICH, JH LINKER, MF AF DIETERICH, JH LINKER, MF TI FAULT STABILITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF VARIABLE NORMAL STRESS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STATE DEPENDENT FRICTION; CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR; SINGLE DEGREE; SYSTEM; INSTABILITY; MOTION; LAW AB The stability of fault slip under conditions of varying normal stress is modeled as a spring and slider system with rate- and state-dependent friction. Coupling of normal stress to shear stress is achieved by inclining the spring at an angle, phi, to the sliding surface. Linear analysis yields two conditions for unstable slip. The first, of a type previously identified for constant normal stress systems, results in instability if stiffness is below a critical value. Critical stiffness depends on normal stress, constitutive parameters, characteristic sliding distance and the spring angle. Instability of the first type is possible only for velocity-weakening friction. The second condition yields instability if spring angle phi < -cot-1-mu(ss), where mu(ss) is steady-state sliding friction. The second condition can arise under conditions of velocity strengthening or weakening. Stability fields for finite perturbations are investigated by numerical simulation. C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. RP DIETERICH, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 21 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 16 BP 1691 EP 1694 DI 10.1029/92GL01821 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JL393 UT WOS:A1992JL39300017 ER PT J AU KELEMEN, PB DICK, HJB QUICK, JE AF KELEMEN, PB DICK, HJB QUICK, JE TI FORMATION OF HARZBURGITE BY PERVASIVE MELT ROCK REACTION IN THE UPPER MANTLE SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID FRACTIONATING BASALTIC MAGMA; OCEANIC UPPER MANTLE; ULTRAMAFIC ROCK; ION-MICROPROBE; DRY PERIDOTITE; HIGH-PRESSURES; EARTH; GENESIS; ORIGIN; ISLAND AB Many mantle peridotite samples are too rich in SiO2 (in the form of orthopyroxene) and have ratios of light to heavy rare earth elements that are too high to be consistent with an origin as the residuum of partial melting of the primitive mantle. Trace element studies of melt/rock reaction zones in the Trinity peridotite provide evidence for reaction of the mantle lithosphere with ascending melts, which dissolved calcium-pyroxene and precipitated orthopyroxene as magma mass decreased. This process can account for the observed major and trace element compositions of lithospheric mantle samples, and may accordingly be prevalent in the upper mantle. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP KELEMEN, PB (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Kelemen, Peter/D-6813-2013 OI Kelemen, Peter/0000-0003-4757-0855 NR 58 TC 420 Z9 448 U1 8 U2 54 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 20 PY 1992 VL 358 IS 6388 BP 635 EP 641 DI 10.1038/358635a0 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JJ882 UT WOS:A1992JJ88200044 ER PT J AU ENGDAHL, ER BERGMAN, EA AF ENGDAHL, ER BERGMAN, EA TI THE INTERNATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVING PERIOD IN AFRICA SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT REGIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL ASSEMBLY IN AFRICA : SEISMOLOGY AND RELATED SCIENCES IN AFRICA CY AUG 22-29, 1990 CL NAIROBI, KENYA SP INT ASSOC SEISMOL & PHYS EARTHS INTERIORS, UNESCO, INT COMMISS LITHOSPHERE AB The International Seismological Observing Period (ISOP) is a specific time interval designated for enhanced international cooperation in the collection and dissemination of observatory measurements from the global seismographic network. The primary purpose of the ISOP is to strengthen the international infrastructure that supports current seismological practice and increase the cooperation among nations that operate seismological observatories. Measurements, reported by the existing global network and compiled by agencies such as the International Seismological Centre (ISC), are providing new information about earthquakes and the structure of the Earth of fundamental importance to the Earth sciences. However, these data represent but a small fraction of the information contained in the seismograms. One of the goals of the ISOP is to collect improved sets of data. In particular, the measurement and reporting of later-arriving phases, during a fixed ISOP period, from earthquakes selected for detailed observation by the cooperating stations will be encouraged. The use of advanced, digital instrumentation provides an unprecedented opportunity for enhancing the methods of seismogram interpretation and seismic parameter extraction, by the implementation of digital processing methods at seismic observatories worldwide. It must be ensured that this new information will be available to the entire seismological community. It is believed that this purpose is best served with an ISOP that promotes increased on-site processing at digital stations in Africa and elsewhere. Improvements in seismology require truly international cooperation and the educational aspects of seismological practice form one of the goals of the ISOP. Thus, workshops will be needed in Africa to train analysts in ISOP procedures and to introduce them to modem techniques and applications of the data. Participants will, thus, benefit from theoretical results and practical experience that are of direct relevance to their own work. RP ENGDAHL, ER (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,NATL EARTHQUAKE INFORMAT CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 967,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD AUG 20 PY 1992 VL 209 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90003-O PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JN389 UT WOS:A1992JN38900002 ER PT J AU WIBERG, PL NELSON, JM AF WIBERG, PL NELSON, JM TI UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OVER ASYMMETRIC AND SYMMETRICAL RIPPLES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BED; ROUGHNESS AB Detailed measurements of velocity and turbulence over fixed sets of two-dimensional asymmetric and symmetric ripples were collected in a flume equipped with a laser-Doppler velocimeter. The measured velocity profiles show a region of strong wake influence extending 2-3 bedform heights above the bed and an outer, spatially uniform flow that has adjusted to the hydrodynamic roughness of the ripples. The measured velocities over ripples, when compared to measurements of flow over larger-scale dunes of a similar geometry made by Nelson and Smith (1989), differ in two major respects: the velocity gradients are significantly larger in the outer region of the flow, and the velocity profiles exhibit no sharp inflection at the top of the lowest wake. A model for flow over bedforms that had provided excellent agreement with the dune measurements is modified herein in a physically reasonable manner to represent better the observed flow over ripples. The predictions of the modified model compare well with the velocity measurements made over sets of asymmetric and symmetric ripples in a unidirectional flow when the appropriate drag coefficients for the two bed geometries are used. Drag coefficients deduced from the measurements suggest a possible dependence on relative depth as well as ripple geometry. Hydrodynamic ripple roughnesses determined from the measured and calculated profiles have values of the same order as estimates made using several existing expressions for the roughness of bedforms and regular roughness arrays. However, the measurements and calculations also indicate that bottom roughness depends on more than the ripple height times ripple steepness length scale used in these formulations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. RP WIBERG, PL (reprint author), UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903, USA. NR 20 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 15 PY 1992 VL 97 IS C8 BP 12745 EP 12761 DI 10.1029/92JC01228 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA JK503 UT WOS:A1992JK50300020 ER PT J AU ANTHONY, SS AF ANTHONY, SS TI ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS FOR MAPPING FRESH-WATER LENSES ON MICRONESIAN ATOLL ISLANDS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The overall shape of freshwater lenses can be determined by applying electromagnetic methods and inverse layered-earth modeling to the mapping of atoll island freshwater lenses. Conductivity profiles were run across the width of the inhabited islands at Mwoakilloa, Pingelap, and Sapwuahfik atolls of the Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia using a dual-loop, frequency-domain, electromagnetic profiling system. Six values of apparent conductivity were recorded at each sounding station and were used to interpret layer conductivities and/or thicknesses. A three-layer model that includes the unsaturated, freshwater, and saltwater zones was used to simulate apparent-conductivity data measured in the field. Interpreted results were compared with chloride-concentration data from monitoring wells and indicate that the interface between freshwater and saltwater layers, defined from electromagnetic data, is located in the upper part of the transition zone, where the chloride-concentration profile shows a rapid increase with depth. The electromagnetic method can be used to interpret the thickness of the freshwater between monitoring wells, but can not be used to interpret the thickness of freshwater from monitoring wells to the margin of an island. RP ANTHONY, SS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,677 ALA MOANA BLVD,SUITE 415,HONOLULU,HI 96813, USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG 15 PY 1992 VL 137 IS 1-4 BP 99 EP 111 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90050-6 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JL368 UT WOS:A1992JL36800005 ER PT J AU BLANPIED, ML LOCKNER, DA BYERLEE, JD AF BLANPIED, ML LOCKNER, DA BYERLEE, JD TI AN EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM BASED ON RAPID SEALING OF FAULTS SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DEEP-FOCUS EARTHQUAKES; FLUID PRESSURE; QUARTZ; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION; PETROLEUM; FRICTION; POROSITY; GRANITE; STRESS AB RECENT seismological, heat flow and stress measurements in active fault zones such as the San Andreas have led to the suggestion1,2 that such zones can be relatively weak. One explanation for this may be the presence of overpressured fluids along the fault3-5, which would reduce the shear stress required for sliding by partially 'floating' the rock. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for overpressurizing fault fluids3,4,6,7, we recall that 'pressure seals' are known to form in both sedimentary8 and igneous9 rocks by the redistribution of materials in solution, the formation of such a seal along the boundaries of a fault will prevent the communication of fluids between the porous, deforming fault zone and the surrounding country rock. Compaction of fault gouge, under hydrostatic loading and/or during shear, elevates pore pressure in the sealed fault and allows sliding at low shear stress. We report the results of laboratory sliding experiments on granite, which demonstrate that the sliding resistance of faults can be significantly decreased by sealing and compaction. The weakening that results from shear-induced compaction can be rapid, and may provide an instability mechanism for earthquakes. RP BLANPIED, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 37 TC 175 Z9 177 U1 0 U2 9 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 13 PY 1992 VL 358 IS 6387 BP 574 EP 576 DI 10.1038/358574a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JH829 UT WOS:A1992JH82900056 ER PT J AU FOULGER, GR JAHN, CH SEEBER, G EINARSSON, P JULIAN, BR HEKI, K AF FOULGER, GR JAHN, CH SEEBER, G EINARSSON, P JULIAN, BR HEKI, K TI POST-RIFTING STRESS-RELAXATION AT THE DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY IN NORTHEAST ICELAND SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ASAL-GHOUBBET RIFT; DEFLATION; DJIBOUTI; VOLCANO AB INTERACTION of the elastic lithosphere with the underlying anelastic asthenosphere causes strain to propagate along the Earth's surface in a diffusion-like manner following tectonism at plate boundaries. This process transfers stress between adjacent tectonic segments and influences the temporal tectonic pattern along a plate boundary. Observations of such strain transients have been rare, and have hitherto been confined to strike-slip and underthrusting plate boundaries1. Here we report the observation of a strain transient at the divergent (spreading) plate boundary in Iceland. A Global Positioning System survey undertaken a decade after an episode of dyke intrusion accompanying several metres of crustal spreading reveals a spatially varying strain field with the expected diffusion-pulse shape and an amplitude three times greater than the 5.7 cm that would be expected from the average spreading rate2. A simple one-dimensional model with a thin elastic layer overlying a viscous layer fits the data well and yields a stress diffusivity of 1.1 +/- 0.3 m2 s-1. Combined with structural information from magnetotelluric measurements, this implies a viscosity of 0.3-2 x 10(19) Pa s-a value comparable to that derived for Iceland from post-glacial rebound23, but low compared with estimates for mantle viscosity obtained elsewhere3. C1 UNIV ICELAND,INST SCI,REYKJAVIK,ICELAND. UNIV HANOVER,INST ERDMESSUNG,W-3000 HANNOVER 1,GERMANY. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP FOULGER, GR (reprint author), UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. NR 26 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 6 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 6 PY 1992 VL 358 IS 6386 BP 488 EP 490 DI 10.1038/358488a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JG739 UT WOS:A1992JG73900044 ER PT J AU MCGARR, A AF MCGARR, A TI AN IMPLOSIVE COMPONENT IN THE SEISMIC MOMENT TENSOR OF A MINING-INDUCED TREMOR SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEEP-LEVEL; SEISMOGRAMS AB In early 1988, a special study in one of the major South African gold fields yielded seismograms that indicate seismic moment tensors having substantial implosive components. The moment tensor, resulting from the inversion of the ground motion data from the best-recorded event, was decomposed into isotropic and deviatoric components from which both the coseismic volumetric closure DELTA-V and the total shear deformation AD, where A is fault area and D is average slip, could be estimated. The finding here that DELTA-V approximately AD is consistent with earlier analyses of how the tabular mine stopes interact with the surrounding rock mass to produce seismic deformation. RP MCGARR, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 22 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 15 BP 1579 EP 1582 DI 10.1029/92GL01581 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JH144 UT WOS:A1992JH14400013 ER PT J AU LONZARICH, DG HARVEY, TE TAKEKAWA, JE AF LONZARICH, DG HARVEY, TE TAKEKAWA, JE TI TRACE-ELEMENT AND ORGANOCHLORINE CONCENTRATIONS IN CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL (RALLUS-LONGIROSTRIS-OBSOLETUS) EGGS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SELENIUM; REPRODUCTION; DUCKS AB Trace contaminant concentrations were measured in eggs of endangered California clapper rails (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) collected from San Francisco Bay during 1975, 1986, and 1987, and in clapper rail eggs (R. l. waynei) from North Carolina during 1987. Residues of 10 detected organochlorines (OC) were low and decreased by 2 to 3-fold from 1975 to 1986-1987 for San Francisco Bay samples, whereas eggshell thickness remained unchanged and comparable to eggs collected prior to 1940. Mercury (Hg) concentrations in eggs from San Francisco Bay were higher than those from North Carolina, and comparable to concentrations associated with reproductive effects in other avian species. Selenium (Se) concentrations in eggs from San Francisco Bay were also higher than those from North Carolina, and were highest in a north San Francisco Bay marsh adjacent to an oil refinery. Individual Se concentrations were slightly lower than values associated with embryotoxicity in other rallids. We recommend additional research on the effects of these and other contaminants on California clapper rails and the restoration of rail habitat. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SAN FRANCISCO BAY NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,NEWARK,CA 94560. NR 33 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 23 IS 2 BP 147 EP 153 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA JF109 UT WOS:A1992JF10900001 ER PT J AU HOFFMAN, DJ SANDERSON, CJ LECAPTAIN, LJ CROMARTIE, E PENDLETON, GW AF HOFFMAN, DJ SANDERSON, CJ LECAPTAIN, LJ CROMARTIE, E PENDLETON, GW TI INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SELENIUM, METHIONINE, AND DIETARY-PROTEIN ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGY IN MALLARD DUCKLINGS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; AMERICAN KESTRELS; AQUATIC BIRDS; VITAMIN-E; TOXICITY; TISSUE; SELENOMETHIONINE; REPRODUCTION; PEROXIDASE; REDUCTASE AB Concentrations of over 100 ppm (100 mg/kg) selenium (Se) have been found in aquatic food chains associated with irrigation drainwater. Both quantity and composition of dietary protein for wild ducklings may vary in selenium-contaminated environments. Day-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings received one of the following diets containing 22% protein: unsupplemented (controls), 15 ppm Se (as selenomethionine), 60 ppm Se, methionine supplemented, 15 ppm Se with methionine supplement, or 60 ppm Se with methionine supplement. In a second concurrent experiment the above sequence was repeated with a protein-restricted (11%) but isocaloric diet. In a third concurrent experiment all ducklings received 44% protein with 0, 15, or 60 ppm Se added. After 4 weeks, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological examination. With 22% protein and 60 ppm Se in the diet, duckling survival and growth was reduced and histopathological lesions of the liver occurred. Antagonistic interactive effects occurred between supplementary methionine and Se, including complete to partial alleviation of the following Se effects by methionine: mortality, hepatic lesions, and altered glutathione and thiol status. With 11% protein, growth of controls was less than that with 22% protein, Se (60 ppm) caused 100% mortality, and methionine supplementation, although protective afforded less protection than it did with 22% protein. With 44% protein, ducklings experienced physiological stress, and Se was more toxic than with methionine-supplemented 22% protein. These findings suggest the potential for antagonistic effects of Se, methionine, and protein on duckling survival and physiology. RP HOFFMAN, DJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 23 IS 2 BP 163 EP 171 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA JF109 UT WOS:A1992JF10900003 PM 1514839 ER PT J AU BRUNSTEIN, FC YAMAGUCHI, DK AF BRUNSTEIN, FC YAMAGUCHI, DK TI THE OLDEST KNOWN ROCKY-MOUNTAIN BRISTLECONE-PINES (PINUS-ARISTATA ENGELM) SO ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TREES AB We have found 12 living Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines (Pinus aristata) more than 1600 yr old, including four that are more than 2100 yr old, on Black Mountain, near South Park, and on Almagre Mountain, in the southern Front Range, Colorado. A core from the oldest of these trees has an inner-ring date of 442 B.C. This tree is therefore at least 2435 yr old and exceeds the age of the oldest previously reported Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine by 846 yr. The ages of these trees show that Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, under arid environmental conditions, achieve much older ages than have been previously reported. The ages also show that previously inferred trends in bristlecone pine ages, where maximum ages in the eastern range of Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines are much less than maximum ages in the western range of Great Basin bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva), are less strong than previously supposed. Ancient Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, such as those found in this study, have the potential to expand our knowledge of late Holocene climatic conditions in western North America. C1 UNIV COLORADO,MT RES STN,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP BRUNSTEIN, FC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 902,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 15 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 SN 0004-0851 J9 ARCTIC ALPINE RES JI Arct. Alp. Res. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 24 IS 3 BP 253 EP 256 DI 10.2307/1551666 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA JH161 UT WOS:A1992JH16100010 ER PT J AU LIU, HP WARRICK, RE WESTERLUND, RE SEMBERA, ED WENNERBERG, L AF LIU, HP WARRICK, RE WESTERLUND, RE SEMBERA, ED WENNERBERG, L TI OBSERVATION OF LOCAL SITE EFFECTS AT A DOWNHOLE-AND-SURFACE STATION IN THE MARINA DISTRICT OF SAN-FRANCISCO SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND MOTION; CALIFORNIA; SEISMOGRAMS; SEDIMENTS; FAULT AB The Marina District of San Francisco, California, with its artificial fill and a thick section of sand and clay covering a northwest-trending valley in the bedrock, suffered extensive damage during the 18 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Following the earthquake, the USGS drilled a hole at Winfield Scott School at Beach and Divisadero Streets; the borehole intersects bedrock surface at a 79.5-m depth. Two three-component seismometers, one in bedrock at a 88-m depth and one located at the surface, have been installed at the site; each seismometer consists of one vertical and two orthogonally oriented horizontal geophones having a natural period of 0.5 sec. Between August 1990 and January 1991, more than 50 earthquakes have been recorded digitally. Eight among these, ranging in magnitude between 2.8 and 3.6 and originating on the Calaveras, Franklin, Greenville, and Hayward faults and on faults parallel and close to the San Andreas fault, generated seismograms with high signal-to-noise ratio. Horizontal ground-motion amplification, expressed as spectral ratio between ground motions at the surface and those in the bedrock, has been calculated for motions in two orthogonal directions (along Divisadero and Beach Street); each ground-motion spectrum has been calculated using an entire seismogram consisting of body waves, surface waves, multiply reflected and scattered coda waves, and a short section (approximately 2 sec) of pre-event ambient noise. Before calculating spectral ratio, each spectrum has been smoothed using a truncated Gaussian window 0.61-Hz wide. Except for the lowest-frequency spectral-ratio peak at approximately 1 Hz, frequency of other peaks depends on earthquake location. Amplitude of spectral-ratio peaks also show variation depending on ground-motion direction and earthquake location. For example, amplitude of the 1-Hz spectral-ratio peak varies from 7.2 to 12.7. The surface-downhole spectral ratio therefore provides only partial information on how ground motions are amplified by sediment deposits. If we choose to use this ratio for earthquake engineering applications, the ratios from the eight earthquakes give an indication of the variation in spectral ratio to be expected from earthquakes with similar magnitudes and epicentral distances on various Bay area faults. Also noteworthy are the observations that the two horizontal-component seismograms recorded by each seismometer have similar coda amplitude and duration regardless of earthquake location and that particle-motion polarization becomes complex shortly after the P-wave and S-wave onset. The complex particle-motion polarization indicates that wave fields in the bedrock and at the surface are three-dimensional; the bedrock topography underlying the site has been delineated previously to be three-dimensional from drill-hole information. We suggest from these observations that three-dimensional effects need to be considered when modeling site amplification in the Marina District. Finally, the eight earthquakes are divided into two groups, comprising those whose epicenters are located east of San Francisco Bay and those whose epicenters are located south of San Francisco Bay. Within each group, spectral-ratio peaks from different earthquakes line up with each other, thus showing consistency in spectral-ratio peaks as a function of earthquake location. RP LIU, HP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94125, USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1563 EP 1591 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH631 UT WOS:A1992JH63100001 ER PT J AU ARCHULETA, RJ SEALE, SH SANGAS, PV BAKER, LM SWAIN, ST AF ARCHULETA, RJ SEALE, SH SANGAS, PV BAKER, LM SWAIN, ST TI GARNER VALLEY DOWNHOLE ARRAY OF ACCELEROMETERS - INSTRUMENTATION AND PRELIMINARY DATA-ANALYSIS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID JACINTO FAULT ZONE; STRONG GROUND MOTION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SOURCE PARAMETERS; TECTONIC STRESS; SITE RESPONSE; ANZA; EARTHQUAKES; SPECTRA; ATTENUATION AB The Garner Valley downhole array (GVDA) in southern California (33-degrees-41.60'N, 116-degrees-40.20'W) is a five-element array of three-component, dual-gain force balance accelerometers that are capable of measuring accelerations from 3 X 10(-6) to 2.0 g over a frequency range from 0.0 to 100 Hz. The accelerometers are placed at depths of 0, 6, 15, 22, and 220 m. The lithostratigraphy is 19 m of soil overlying a 24-m layer of weathered granite below which is granite (tonalite). The array, only 7 km from the San Jacinto fault, is located at the northern end of the Anza seismic gap on the San Jacinto fault, where an M 6.5 or greater earthquake can be expected. It is only 35 km from the Indio segment of the San Andreas fault, which last ruptured with an M > 8 earthquake around 1700 A.D. From its installation in July 1989 through July 1991, GVDA has recorded 280 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 1.2 to 4.7 and epicentral distances ranging from from 0 to 110 km. The maximum acceleration recorded was 89 cm/sec2 from an M(L) 4.2 earthquake 15.8 km (hypocentral distance) from GVDA. The average amplification of the apparent seismic moment between 220-m depth and the surface is about 13 for over five orders of magnitude in the size of the recorded earthquakes. The spectral ratio 0 / 220 of horizontal acceleration amplitude spectrum shows a mean amplification of about 10 for the frequency range of 2.0 to 30 Hz for 17 events. Resonance peaks exist at ab out 1.7, 3.0, and 12.0 Hz where the spectral ratio 0 / 220 is nearly 40. Analysis of the acceleration spectra of two specific earthquakes that have nearly the same hypocenter but with different magnitudes, M 4.2 and 2.5, shows that the weathered granite zone, beneath the soil, strongly attenuates the spectral amplitudes for frequencies greater than 40 Hz. The impedance of the soil relative to the weathered granite amplifies all frequencies by about a factor of 3, leading to spectral levels that are greater at the surface than at 22-m depth, near the top of the weathered granite. The acceleration spectra at each depth show resonant peaks at the same frequencies. The spectra at each depth are well correlated for both earthquakes. The acceleration spectrum at 220 m is nearly constant for frequencies less than 60 Hz, which implies that there is little or no attenuation. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 93101. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST CRUSTAL STUDIES,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. RP ARCHULETA, RJ (reprint author), WARREN & SELBERT INC,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93101, USA. NR 57 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1592 EP 1621 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH631 UT WOS:A1992JH63100002 ER PT J AU DU, YJ AYDIN, A SEGALL, P AF DU, YJ AYDIN, A SEGALL, P TI COMPARISON OF VARIOUS INVERSION TECHNIQUES AS APPLIED TO THE DETERMINATION OF A GEOPHYSICAL DEFORMATION MODEL FOR THE 1983 BORAH PEAK EARTHQUAKE SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SLIP DISTRIBUTION; GEODETIC DATA; CALIFORNIA; INACCURATE; IDAHO; UNIQUENESS; PARKFIELD AB A number of techniques are employed to overcome nonuniqueness and instability inherent in linear inverse problems. To test the tactors that enter into the selection of an inversion technique for fault slip distribution, we used a penalty function with smoothness (PF + S), a damped least-squares method (DLS), damped least-squares method with a positivity constraint (DLS + P), and a penalty function with smoothness and a positivity constraint (PF + S + P) for inverting the elevation changes for slip associated with the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake. Unlike solving an ill-posed inverse problem using a gradient technique (Ward and Barrientos, 1986), we have restored the well-posed character between the elevation changes and normal slip distribution. Studies showed that the constraints based on sound understanding of the physical nature of the problem are crucial in the derivation of a meaningful solution and dictates primarily the selection of a particular inversion technique. All available geological and geophysical information were used to determine a geophysical deformation model for the earthquake. It is suggested that the PF + S + P solution for a fault length of 75 km is the preferred model. The long wavelength features in the estimated slip distribution are similar to those obtained by Ward and Barrientos (1986), whereas the shorter wavelength features differ between two solutions. The fault dips 49-degrees to the southwest. The slipped zones deepen from the surface at the northwest to about 20-km downdip depth at the southeast. The fault extends to the southeast beyond the epicenter of the mainshock. It is also shown that only the long wavelength features of the slip distribution are well resolved. The resolution is better at shallower levels than at deeper levels. The resolution deteriorates when the deformation sources are away from the leveling lines. Smoothness constraints provide better resolution than damping does at depth. The addition of a positivity constraint significantly improves the model resolution. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. NR 48 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1840 EP 1866 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH631 UT WOS:A1992JH63100013 ER PT J AU BOORE, DM JOYNER, WB WENNERBERG, L AF BOORE, DM JOYNER, WB WENNERBERG, L TI FITTING THE STOCHASTIC OMEGA(-2) SOURCE MODEL TO OBSERVED RESPONSE SPECTRA IN WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA - TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN DELTA-SIGMA AND KAPPA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; WAVE RP BOORE, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 18 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1956 EP 1963 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH631 UT WOS:A1992JH63100018 ER PT J AU EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D STUART, WD AF EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D STUART, WD TI MATERIAL HETEROGENEITY SIMPLIFIES THE PICTURE - LOMA-PRIETA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note ID EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; GEOMETRY; VELOCITY; MODELS; SLIP RP EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,525 S WILSON AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 82 IS 4 BP 1964 EP 1968 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH631 UT WOS:A1992JH63100019 ER PT J AU MOORE, RB AF MOORE, RB TI VOLCANIC GEOLOGY AND ERUPTION FREQUENCY, LOWER EAST RIFT-ZONE OF KILAUEA VOLCANO, HAWAII SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Detailed geologic mapping and radiocarbon dating of tholeiitic basalts covering about 275 km2 on the lower east rift zone (LERZ) and adjoining flanks of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, show that at least 112 separate eruptions have occurred during the past 2360 years. Eruptive products include spatter ramparts and cones, a shield, two extensive lithic-rich tuff deposits, aa and pahoehoe flows, and three littoral cones. Areal coverage, number of eruptions and average dormant interval estimates in years for the five age groups assigned are: (I) historic, i.e. A D 1790 and younger: 25%, 5, 42.75; (II) 200400 years old: 50%, 15, 14.3: (III) 400-750 years old: 20%, 54, 6.6; (IV) 750-1500 years old: 5%, 37, 20.8; (V) 1500-3000 years old: < 1%, 1, unknown. At least 4.5-6 km3 of tholeiitic basalt have been erupted from the LERZ during the past 1500 years. Estimated volumes of the exposed products of individual eruptions range from a few tens of cubic meters for older units in small kipukas to as much as 0.4 km3 for the Heiheiahulu shield. The average dormant interval has been about 13.6 years during the past 1500 years. The most recent eruption occurred- in 1961, and the area may be overdue for its next eruption. However, eruptive activity will not resume on the LERZ until either the dike feeding the current eruption on the middle east rift zone extends farther down rift, or a new dike, unrelated to the current emption, extends into the LERZ. RP MOORE, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 54 IS 6 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.1007/BF00301393 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JH437 UT WOS:A1992JH43700003 ER PT J AU ROWE, GL OHSAWA, S TAKANO, B BRANTLEY, SL FERNANDEZ, JF BARQUERO, J AF ROWE, GL OHSAWA, S TAKANO, B BRANTLEY, SL FERNANDEZ, JF BARQUERO, J TI USING CRATER LAKE CHEMISTRY TO PREDICT VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT POAS VOLCANO, COSTA-RICA SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Monitoring of crater lake chemistry during the recent decline and disappearance of the crater lake of Poas Volcano revealed that large variations in SO4/Cl, F/Cl, and Mg/Cl ratios were caused by the enhanced release of HCI vapor from the lake surface due to increasing lake temperature and solution acidity. Variation in the concentration of polythionic acids (H2SxO6, x = 4-6) was the most reliable predictor of renewed phreatic eruptive activity at the volcano, exhibiting sharp decreases three months prior to the initiation of phreatic eruptions in June 1987. Polythionic acids may offer a direct indicator of changing subsurface magmatic activity whereas chloride-based element ratios may be influenced by surface volatilization of HCl and subsequent recycling of acidic fluids in crater lake volcanoes. RP ROWE, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,975 W 3RD AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43212, USA. NR 0 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 54 IS 6 BP 494 EP 503 DI 10.1007/BF00301395 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JH437 UT WOS:A1992JH43700005 ER PT J AU PRATT, DM BLUST, WH SELGEBY, JH AF PRATT, DM BLUST, WH SELGEBY, JH TI RUFFE, GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS - NEWLY INTRODUCED IN NORTH-AMERICA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB The Eurasian ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, was collected from the lower St. Louis River, Lake Superior's westernmost tributary, in late summer 1987. This is the first known occurrence of the ruffe in North America. The likely vector for this species was ballast water of a transoceanic vessel dumped into the international port of Duluth-Superior located on the lower end of the St. Louis River. The ruffe is increasing in abundance and expanding its range into other tributaries and nearshore areas of Lake Superior. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,ASHLAND,WI 54806. RP PRATT, DM (reprint author), WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,1325 TOWER AVE,SUPERIOR,WI 54880, USA. NR 8 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 49 IS 8 BP 1616 EP 1618 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JP088 UT WOS:A1992JP08800011 ER PT J AU RABENI, CF AF RABENI, CF TI TROPHIC LINKAGE BETWEEN STREAM CENTRARCHIDS AND THEIR CRAYFISH PREY SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN STREAM; SMALLMOUTH BASS; HABITAT USE; ROCK BASS; DYNAMICS; POPULATION; PREDATOR; FISH; COMMUNITY; ONTARIO AB Energetic links between smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) and their crayfish foods were examined in an Ozark stream. A trophic level energy budget was developed by enumerating food habits for different age (size) fish, estimating annual production for both fish and crayfish, and using laboratory- and and literature-derived bioenergetic and gross efficiency data. Both fishes began life feeding on small invertebrates (mayflies and chironomids) but within 3 mo switched to a diet of mainly crayfish and Cyprinidae. Total annual production of smallmouth bass was 0.262 g dry weight.m-2.yr-1 (6344 J) and rock bass 0.148 g.m-2.yr-1 (3607 J). Total annual production of crayfish was 4.15 g dry weight.m-1.yr-1 (55 736 J) for Orconectes luteus and 5.05 g.m-2.yr-1 (62 394 J) for O. punctimanus. Only about half of the crayfish production was available to fish, due to size-selective predation and behavioral traits of the prey. A predator-prey model suggested that nearly one third of total crayfish production during their vulnerable period was lost to centrarchids, and that half of the existing biomass was consumed. Fish are probably the major cause of mortality in crayfish and undoubtedly influence crayfish population dynamics and energy flow through the river system. RP RABENI, CF (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MISSOURI COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 59 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 49 IS 8 BP 1714 EP 1721 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JP088 UT WOS:A1992JP08800022 ER PT J AU SEDGWICK, JA KNOPF, FI AF SEDGWICK, JA KNOPF, FI TI DESCRIBING WILLOW FLYCATCHER HABITATS - SCALE PERSPECTIVES AND GENDER DIFFERENCES SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE WILLOW FLYCATCHER; EMPIDONAX-TRAILLII; HABITAT SELECTION; SCALE; GENDER DIFFERENCES; RIPARIAN; COLORADO ID INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS; PASSERINE BIRDS; BREEDING BIRDS; COMMUNITY; FOREST; VEGETATION; COLORADO AB We compared habitat characteristics of nest sites (female-selected sites) and song perch sites (male-selected sites) with those of sites unused by Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) at three different scales of vegetation measurement: (1) microplot (central willow [Salix spp.] bush and four adjacent bushes); (2) mesoplot (0.07 ha); and, (3) macroplot (flycatcher territory size). Willow Flycatchers exhibited vegetation preferences at all three scales. Nest sites were distinguished by high willow density and low variability in willow patch size and bush height. Song perch sites were characterized by large central shrubs, low central shrub vigor, and high variability in shrub size. Unused sites were characterized by greater distances between willows and willow patches, less willow coverage, and a smaller riparian zone width than either nest or song perch sites. At all scales, nest sites were situated farther from unused sites in multivariate habitat space than were song perch sites, suggesting (1) a correspondence among scales in their ability to describe Willow Flycatcher habitat, and (2) females are more discriminating in habitat selection than males. Microhabitat differences between male-selected (song perch) and female-selected (nest) sites were evident at the two smaller scales; at the finest scale, the segregation in habitat space between male-selected and female-selected sites was greater than that between male-selected and unused sites. Differences between song perch and nest sites were not apparent at the scale of flycatcher territory size, possibly due to inclusion of (1) both nest and song perch sites, (2) defended, but unused habitat, and/or (3) habitat outside of the territory, in larger scale analyses. The differences between nest and song perch sites at the finer scales reflect their different functions (e.g., nest concealment and microclimatic requirements vs. advertising and territorial defense, respectively), and suggest that the exclusive use of either nest or song perch sites in vegetation analyses can result in misleading, or at least incomplete, descriptions of a species' habitat. Habitat interpretations for Willow Flycatchers (and perhaps for many passerines) are a function of the gender-specific behavior of the birds observed and the scale of vegetation measurement. RP SEDGWICK, JA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 41 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1992 VL 94 IS 3 BP 720 EP 733 DI 10.2307/1369257 PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JL437 UT WOS:A1992JL43700018 ER PT J AU KNOPF, FL SEDGWICK, JA AF KNOPF, FL SEDGWICK, JA TI AN EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY OF NEST-SITE SELECTION BY YELLOW WARBLERS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE YELLOW WARBLER; DENDROICA-PETECHIA; HABITAT SELECTION; COLORADO; PREDATION; RIPARIAN ID BIRDS AB We studied nest-site selection of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) in a riparian community on the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, from 1981-1984. Our methodology included (1) comparing nest sites selected by warblers to the structure and vigor of the woody community available as potential sites, (2) experimentally removing shrubs used for nest sites and describing new sites selected, and (3) evaluating the reliability of habitat descriptors measured at nest sites across three years of pooled nest-site information. Warblers built nests proportionally among the seven species of willow (Salix) shrubs in the community. Of the original 34 descriptors of vegetation structure and vigor, 13 were considered insignificant to Yellow Warblers in used-vs.-available comparisons, an additional seven were eliminated comparing nest sites before and after the experimental manipulation of the shrub community, and another three were eliminated with a comparison of nest sites across all three years. In all, 11 descriptors remained after the multiple analyses. Virtually all descriptors of structure and vigor of bushes where warblers built nests were eliminated with the multiple analyses. Birds selected nest sites based primarily upon descriptors of the vegetation patch, the most powerful being those that defined horizontal patterning of bushes within the patch. We conclude that (except for the immediate branch structure supporting the nest) Yellow Warblers select nest sites based upon patch characteristics surrounding the bush where the nest was built rather than on characteristics of the nest bush itself. This behavior probably reflects selective pressures to reduce rates of nest predation and brood parasitism by concealing nests in larger stands of shrubs. Finally, the results of the multiple tests led us to conclude that published information on passerine habitats and habitat selection likely contains a large component of statistically valid, but biologically meaningless, relationships. RP KNOPF, FL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 31 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1992 VL 94 IS 3 BP 734 EP 742 DI 10.2307/1369258 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JL437 UT WOS:A1992JL43700019 ER PT J AU HUPP, CR AF HUPP, CR TI RIPARIAN VEGETATION RECOVERY PATTERNS FOLLOWING STREAM CHANNELIZATION - A GEOMORPHIC PERSPECTIVE SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BANK ACCRETION; BANK STABILITY; CHANNEL-EVOLUTION MODEL; CHANNELIZED STREAMS; CHANNEL WIDENING; DISPERSAL; ECESIS; GEOMORPHIC RECOVERY; PLANT ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; STREAM DISTURBANCE; STREAM MODELS; SUCCESSION; TENNESSEE; TREE-RING ANALYSIS; VEGETATION PATTERNS ID VIRGINIA AB Hundreds of kilometres of West Tennessee streams have been channelized since the turn of the century. After a stream is straightened, dredged, or cleared, basin-wide ecologic, hydrologic, and geomorphic processes bring about an integrated, characteristic recovery sequence. The rapid pace of channel responses to channelization provides an opportunity to document and interpret vegetation recovery patterns relative to otherwise long-term, concomitant evolution of river geomorphology. Nearly 150 sites along 15 streams were studied in the Obion, Forked Deer, Hatchie, and Wolf River basins. Channels of these streams, except that of the Hatchie River main stem, have undergone major modifications along all or parts of their courses. This paper presents the eco-geomorphic analyses and interpretation of a large multidisciplinary study, with special reference to the interrelated hydrogeomorphic aspects of channel recovery. Quantitative plant ecological analyses were conducted to infer relative bank stability, to identify indicator recovery species, and to determine patterns of vegetation development through the course of accelerated channel evolution. Binary-discriminant and ordination analyses show that distinctive riparian-species patterns reflect a six-stage model of channel evolution and can be used to infer channel stability and hydrogeomorphic conditions. Woody vegetation initially establishes on low- and mid-bank surfaces at the same location and time that bank accretion begins, and corresponds to the site of initial geomorphic restabilization. The linkage of channel bed aggradation, woody vegetation establishment, and bank accretion all lead to recovery of the channel. Pioneer species are hardy and fast growing, and can tolerate moderate amounts of slope instability and sediment deposition; these species include river birch (Betula nigra), black willow (Salix nigra), boxelder (Acer negundo), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum). High stem densities and root-mass development appear to enhance bank stability. Tree-ring analyses suggest that on average 65 yr may be required for recovery after channelization. RP HUPP, CR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 48 TC 147 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 40 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 73 IS 4 BP 1209 EP 1226 DI 10.2307/1940670 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JE984 UT WOS:A1992JE98400007 ER PT J AU OKITA, PM AF OKITA, PM TI MANGANESE CARBONATE MINERALIZATION IN THE MOLANGO DISTRICT, MEXICO SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID BLACK SHALES; SEDIMENTS; ORIGIN; GULF; GEOCHEMISTRY; OXIDATION; EVOLUTION; DEPOSITS; BASIN AB The Molango manganese deposit in Mexico is by far the largest known Mn deposit in North America. Mn carbonate mineralization is hosted by a finely laminated Upper Jurassic marine sedimentary sequence that forms the base of the Chipoco facies of the Taman Formation (Kimmeridgian). Manganese enrichment occurs over a total stratigraphic thickness of approximately 50 m, and a length of over 50 km along strike and serves as the protore for supergene Mn oxide ore. The carbonate ore zone comprises the basal 1 to 10 m of the Chipoco facies. The carbonate ore bed consists of fine-grained rhodochrosite and dispersed organic matter, magnetite, and maghemite but generally only trace quantities of pyrite. Fine laminations and clotted textures suggest deposition in a restricted marine environment. Manganese content is highest at the base of the mineralized interval, drops abruptly to subore grade, Mn-rich carbonates, and then gradually decreases upward to background levels (i.e., trace Mn in calcite). Chemical and mineralogical studies indicate that the predominant mineralogy changes upward from rhodochrosite in the ore zone, to mixed carbonates (Mn calcite, kutnohorite, +/- rhodochrosite), to Mn calcite. Several geologic and geochemical processes resulted in the formation of Mn carbonate by the early diagenetic reduction of Mn oxides through the oxidation of organic matter and iron sulfide. Mn oxides were concentrated at the margins of a dysaerobic to mildly anoxic stratified basin and became an important oxidizing agent of organic matter in the sediment pile. Effects of organic matter oxidation reactions included production of manganous ion (Mn+2), MnCO3 precipitation, oxidation of iron monosulfide (precursor to pyrite), and formation of Fe oxide. The latter two processes explain the anomalously low pyrite and abundant magnetite content in the ore zone. The observed vertical variation of Mn carbonate mineralogy and the mineral compositions reflect variations in the concentrations of reduced manganese in the pore waters. Thus, Mn carbonate precipitated from pore water and did not form as a chemical sediment in the water column- The ultimate source of the manganese is uncertain but may have been fluvial-sediment loads or hydrothermal activity associated with the rifting of the Gulf of Mexico. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 67 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1345 EP 1366 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JK950 UT WOS:A1992JK95000010 ER PT J AU MCMAHON, PB CHAPELLE, FH JAGUCKI, ML AF MCMAHON, PB CHAPELLE, FH JAGUCKI, ML TI ATRAZINE MINERALIZATION POTENTIAL OF ALLUVIAL-AQUIFER SEDIMENTS UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VADOSE ZONE; DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; SOILS AB Microorganisms in aerobic incubations of alluvial-aquifer sediment mineralized 9-14% of added [U-C-14]-D-glucose in 24 h, compared with < 0.1-1.5% of added [ethyl-2-C-14]atrazine and < 0.1% of added [U-ring-C-14]atrazine in 23 days. (CO2)-C-14 production from glucose and atrazine ethyl-2 carbon was greater in shallow sediment (< 6 m) than in deep sediment (> 17 m). Although first-order rate constants for (CO2)-C-14 production from the atrazine ethyl-2 carbon were low (< 4.5 x 10(-5)-5.4 x 10(-4) day-1), they may be significant in the time frame of groundwater flow. Laboratory-measured rate constants were similar to field-estimated rate constants [(3.2 +/- 1.4) x 10(-4) day-1] required to mineralize the atrazine ethyl carbon in groundwater prior to its discharge into an adjacent river. These results are consistent with the occurrence of detectable levels of deethylatrazine, but not atrazine, in groundwater from monitoring wells at the river. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBIA,SC 29210. US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBUS,OH 43212. NR 20 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1556 EP 1559 DI 10.1021/es00032a010 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JF520 UT WOS:A1992JF52000015 ER PT J AU ARGYLE, RL AF ARGYLE, RL TI ACOUSTICS AS A TOOL FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GREAT-LAKES FORAGE FISHES SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Sharp reductions in forage fish populations in Lake Michigan have raised concerns about the continued ability of the forage stocks to support large populations Of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and other salmonid predators. There was a need for a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of forage fish abundance and distribution to evaluate these concerns. In response. cooperative diel surveys of the Lake Michigan forage species were conducted in late summer 1987 and spring 1989 with acoustics, midwater and bottom trawls. In late summer 1987, the acoustic estimate (night) of the midwater standing stock of alewives Alosa pseudoharangus, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and bloaters Coregonus hoyi was 366 900 +/- 73 600 (95% CI) t. In comparison, bottom-trawl catches estimated the stocks at 235 500 t (day) and only 23 500 t (night). In spring 1989, the acoustic estimate was 435 000 +/- 110 000 t and the bottom-trawl estimates were 269 300 t (day) and 25 400 t (night). The composition of the stock (by weight) was similar both years; bloaters dominated the catches with alewives and smelt represented in roughly equal proportions. The target strength-length (cm) relationship, TS = 18.2 log10(L)-67.5, was determined for rainbow smelt, based on midwater trawling data. As most of the fish caught in midwater were rainbow smelt, the equation was nol representative of the mixed-species population so the average backscattering cross-section per unit weight was used to scale the echo-integrator for biomass computations. Data from the acoustic surveys appeared to provide a more accurate estimate of the size of the mixed-species populations in Lake Michigan than did the trawl catches. RP ARGYLE, RL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 0 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 14 IS 2-3 BP 179 EP 196 DI 10.1016/0165-7836(92)90052-U PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JL076 UT WOS:A1992JL07600008 ER PT J AU PLUMMER, LN BUSENBERG, E GLYNN, PD BLUM, AE AF PLUMMER, LN BUSENBERG, E GLYNN, PD BLUM, AE TI DISSOLUTION OF ARAGONITE-STRONTIANITE SOLID-SOLUTIONS IN NONSTOICHIOMETRIC SR(HCO3)2-CA(HCO3)2-CO2-H2O SOLUTIONS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID GEOLOGICALLY RELEVANT SITUATIONS; SURFACE PRECIPITATION MODEL; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; CALCITE DISSOLUTION; TOTAL PRESSURE; DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS; MAGNESIAN CALCITES; CO2-H2O SOLUTIONS; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; KARST AREAS AB Synthetic strontianite-aragonite solid-solution minerals were dissolved in CO2-saturated nonstoichiometric solutions of Sr(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 at 25-degrees-C. The results show that none of the dissolution reactions reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Congruent dissolution in Ca(HCO3)2 solutions either attains or closely approaches stoichiometric saturation with respect to the dissolving solid. In Sr(HCO3)2 solutions the reactions usually become incongruent, precipitating a Sr-rich phase before reaching stoichiometric saturation. Dissolution of mechanical mixtures of solids approaches stoichiometric saturation with respect to the least stable solid in the mixture. Surface uptake from subsaturated bulk solutions was observed in the initial minutes of dissolution. This surficial phase is 0-10 atomic layers thick in Sr(HCO3)2 solutions and 0-4 layers thick in Ca(HCO3)2 solutions, and subsequently dissolves and/or recrystallizes, usually within 6 min of reaction. The initial transient surface precipitation (recrystallization) process is followed by congruent dissolution of the original solid which proceeds to stoichiometric saturation, or until the precipitation of a more stable Sr-rich solid. The compositions of secondary precipitates do not correspond to thermodynamic equilibrium or stoichiometric saturation states. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate the formation of solid solutions on surfaces of aragonite and strontianite single crystals immersed in Sr(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 solutions, respectively. In Sr(HCO3)2 solutions, the XPS signal from the outer approximately 60 angstrom on aragonite indicates a composition of 16 mol% SrCO3 after only 2 min of contact, and 14-18 mol% SrCO3 after 3 weeks of contact. The strontianite surface averages approximately 22 mol% CaCO3 after 2 min of contact with Ca(HCO3)2 solution, and is 34-39 mol% CaCO3 after 3 weeks of contact. XPS analysis suggests the surface composition is zoned with somewhat greater enrichment in the outer approximately 25 angstrom (as much as 26 mol% SrCO3 on aragonite and 44 mol% CaCO3 on strontianite). The results indicate rapid formation of a solid-solution surface phase from subsaturated aqueous solutions. The surface phase continually adjusts in composition in response to changes in composition of the bulk fluid as net dissolution proceeds. Dissolution rates of the endmembers are greatly reduced in nonstoichiometric solutions relative to dissolution rates observed in stoichiometric solutions. All solids dissolve more slowly in solutions spiked with the least soluble component ((Sr(HCO3)2) than in solutions spiked with the more soluble component (Ca(HCO3)2), an effect that becomes increasingly significant as stoichiometric saturation is approached. It is proposed that the formation of a nonstoichiometric surface reactive zone significantly decreases dissolution rates. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP PLUMMER, LN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,432 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. OI Plummer, L. Niel/0000-0002-4020-1013 NR 99 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 1992 VL 56 IS 8 BP 3045 EP 3072 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90289-U PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JL901 UT WOS:A1992JL90100008 ER PT J AU ACKER, JG BRICKER, OP AF ACKER, JG BRICKER, OP TI THE INFLUENCE OF PH ON BIOTITE DISSOLUTION AND ALTERATION KINETICS AT LOW-TEMPERATURE SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID OCTAHEDRAL IRON; MECHANISM; VERMICULITES; OXIDATION; SILICATES; PIEDMONT; MARYLAND; BALANCE; RATES AB Biotite dissolution rates in acidic solutions were determined in fluidized-bed reactors and flow-through columns. Biotite dissolution rates increased inversely as a linear function of pH in the pH range 3-7, where the rate order n = -0.34. Biotite dissolved incongruently over this pH range, with preferential release of magnesium and iron from the octahedral layer. Release of tetrahedral silicon was much greater at pH 3 than at higher pH. Iron release was significantly enhanced by low pH conditions. Solution compositions from a continuous exposure flow-through column of biotite indicated biotite dissolves incongruently at pH 4, consistent with alteration to a vermiculite-type product. Solution compositions from a second intermittent-flow column exhibited elevated cation release rates upon the initiation of each exposure to solution. The presence of strong oxidizing agents, the mineral surface area, and sample preparation methodology also influenced the dissolution or alteration kinetics of biotite. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 54 TC 125 Z9 125 U1 3 U2 39 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 1992 VL 56 IS 8 BP 3073 EP 3092 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90290-Y PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JL901 UT WOS:A1992JL90100009 ER PT J AU SATO, M AF SATO, M TI PERSISTENCY-FIELD EH-PH DIAGRAMS FOR SULFIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO SUPERGENE OXIDATION AND ENRICHMENT OF SULFIDE ORE BODIES SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITS; KINETICS AB At temperatures prevailing near the Earth's surface, metastable co-existence of chemical substances is common because chemical reactions that would directly lead to the attainment of thermodynamically most stable equilibria are often blocked by high activation energy barriers. The persistency of a metastable assemblage is then governed by alternative reaction paths that provide lower activation energy barriers. Comparison of observed mineral assemblages in the supergene oxidized and enriched sulfide ores with corresponding stability Eh-pH diagrams reveals that the supergene assemblages are mostly metastable due primarily to the persistency of sulfide minerals beyond stability boundaries. A new set of diagrams called persistency-field Eh-pH diagrams has been constructed for binary metal sulfides on the basis of electrochemical and other experimental data. Each diagram delineates the persistency field, which is a combined field of thermodynamic stability and reaction path-controlled metastability, for a specific sulfide mineral. When applied to the supergene assemblages, these new diagrams show much better correspondence to the field observations. Although there may still be room for further refinement, the new diagrams appear to provide a strong visual aid to the understanding of the behavior of sulfide minerals in the supergene conditions. RP SATO, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 46 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 1992 VL 56 IS 8 BP 3133 EP 3156 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90294-S PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JL901 UT WOS:A1992JL90100013 ER PT J AU FEIN, JB HEMLEY, JJ DANGELO, WM KOMNINOU, A SVERJENSKY, DA AF FEIN, JB HEMLEY, JJ DANGELO, WM KOMNINOU, A SVERJENSKY, DA TI EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY OF IRON-CHLORIDE COMPLEXING IN HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; ACTIVITY-COEFFICIENTS; BUFFER ASSEMBLAGE; HIGH-PRESSURES; DEGREES-C; SOLUBILITY; MAGNETITE; SYSTEM; 200-DEGREES-C; TEMPERATURES AB Mineral assemblage solubilities were measured in cold-seal pressure vessels as a function of pressure, temperature, and potassium chloride concentration in order to determine the nature and thermodynamic properties of iron-chloride complexes under hydrothermal conditions. The assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite was used to buffer fS2 and fO2, and K+/H+ ratios were buffered at reasonable geologic values using the assemblage potassium feldspar-muscovite (or andalusite)-quartz. The pressure-temperature ranges were 0.5-2.0 kbar and 300-600-degrees-C, and initial fluid compositions ranged from 0.01-2.0 molal KCl. With all other factors constant, the concentration of iron in solution increases with increasing temperature, with decreasing pressure, and with increasing total potassium chloride concentration. Changes in iron concentrations as a function of KCl concentration, in conjunction with charge balance, mass action, and mass balance constraints on the system, place constraints on the stoichiometry of the important iron-chloride complexes under each of the experimental conditions. Using least-squared linear regression fits to determine these slopes, the calculations yield values for the average ligand numbers that are in the range 1.2-1.9, with uncertainties ranging from +/-0.1-0.6 at the several PT conditions considered. The slopes of the regressed fits to the data suggest that both FeCl+ and FeCl20 are important in the experimental fluids, with FeCl20 becoming dominant at the higher temperatures. Theoretical calculations, however, indicate that FeCl+ does not contribute significantly to the solubility. Because of the large uncertainties associated with some of the calculated average ligand numbers, we base our data analysis on the theoretical calculations. A statistical analysis is applied to the solubility data in order to determine the values and uncertainties of the dissociation constant for FeCl20 that best fit the data at each of the experimental pressures and temperatures. The calculated stability of FeCl20 increases with increasing temperature and total chloride concentration, and with decreasing pressure. The values of the dissociation constant of FeCl20 that are calculated in this study are in moderately good agreement with FeCl20 dissociation constants from other studies of iron-chloride complexing in supercritical fluids. Differences are likely due to different assumptions made concerning activity coefficients of aqueous species. Log k(d) values for full dissociation of FeCl20 at 0.5 kbar-300-degrees-C-and at 1 kbar-400, 500, and 600-degrees-C, respectively-are -3.75 +/- 0.40, -6.25 +/- 0.10, -9.19 +/- 0.44, and -13.29 +/- 0.09. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. RP FEIN, JB (reprint author), UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,W MAINS RD,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,SCOTLAND. RI Sverjensky, Dimitri/A-4612-2017 NR 25 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD AUG PY 1992 VL 56 IS 8 BP 3179 EP 3190 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90296-U PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JL901 UT WOS:A1992JL90100015 ER PT J AU POGUE, KR WARDLAW, BR HARRIS, AG HUSSAIN, A AF POGUE, KR WARDLAW, BR HARRIS, AG HUSSAIN, A TI PALEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PESHAWAR BASIN, PAKISTAN - CORRELATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HIMALAYA; OROGENY AB The most complete Paleozoic sequence described from Pakistan is exposed in bedrock inliers and in ranges fringing the eastern Peshawar basin. Interbedded quartzite and argillite of the Precambrian and Cambrian Tanawal Formation is overlain unconformably by the Cambrian(?) Ambar Formation. The Misri Banda Quartzite unconformably overlies the Ambar and contains Ordovician Cruziana ichnofossils. New conodont discoveries restrict the ages of overlying formations as follows: Panjpir Formation, Llandoverian to Pridolian; Nowshera Formation, Lochkovian to Frasnian; and Jafar Kandao Formation, Kinderhookian to Westphalian. The Karapa Greenschist, consisting of metamorphosed lava flows, separates the Jafar Kandao from Upper Triassic (Carnian) marbles of the Kashala Formation. The Upper Triassic and Jurassic(?) Nikanai Ghar Formation forms the top of the section. Correlatives to the Peshawar basin stratigraphy are present locally in the Sherwan synclinorium of Hazara and in the Khyber Pass region. The sequence contrasts markedly with the Paleozoic and Mesozoic section exposed south of the Khairabad thrust in the Attock-Cherat Range. This thrust and its northeastern continuation in Hazara north of Abbottabad thus form the boundary in Pakistan between the Lesser Himalayan and Tethyan Himalayan sections, a function performed by the Main Central thrust (MCT) in the central Himalaya of India and Nepal. The newly dated Carboniferous to Triassic horizons provide the first firm age constraints on the protoliths of the high-grade Swat metasediments. The dating of the metasediments has, in turn, provided age constraints on pre-Himalayan tectonism and associated intrusions. Two major tectonic episodes during the Late(?) Cambrian and Carboniferous produced positive areas north of the Peshawar basin that provided coarse detritus to the Misri Banda Quartzite and Jafar Kandao Formation. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. GEOL SURVEY PAKISTAN,PESHAWAR,PAKISTAN. NR 52 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 104 IS 8 BP 915 EP 927 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0915:PAMSOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JG432 UT WOS:A1992JG43200001 ER PT J AU GEISSMAN, JW SNEE, LW GRAASKAMP, GW CARTEN, RB GERAGHTY, EP AF GEISSMAN, JW SNEE, LW GRAASKAMP, GW CARTEN, RB GERAGHTY, EP TI DEFORMATION AND AGE OF THE RED MOUNTAIN INTRUSIVE SYSTEM (URAD-HENDERSON MOLYBDENUM DEPOSITS), COLORADO - EVIDENCE FROM PALEOMAGNETIC AND AR-40/AR-39 DATA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; TECTONIC HISTORY; AR-40 AR-39; CALIFORNIA; NEVADA; MAGNETITE; THERMOCHRONOLOGY; MAGNETIZATION; EVOLUTION; OXIDATION AB Paleomagnetic and Ar-40/Ar-39 age-spectrum data from most stocks of the Red Mountain intrusive system, in the northwest Colorado mineral belt, provide an improved understanding of the structural and cooling history of the suite of intrusions host to a world-class molybdenum deposit. Paleomagnetic data from five stocks at the surface and eight younger stocks exposed in the subsurface Henderson Mine support field observations (for example, dike and vein orientations, stock geometries, and distribution of zones of mineralization) that imply moderate tilting (15-degrees-25-degrees down to the east-southeast) since latest Oligocene time after cooling and mineralization. Surface stocks contain magnetizations carried by both magnetite and hematite. The Red Mountain stock is the youngest surface intrusion and contains mostly normal polarity magnetizations (for example, D = 321-degrees, I = 59-degrees, alpha-95 = 19-degrees, k = 9, N = 6 samples, site RM9), whereas older East Knob and Rubble Rock breccia intrusions contain a nearly antipodal, well-characterized magnetization (East Knob stock: declination = 161-degrees, inclination = -47-degrees, alpha-95 = 13-degrees, k = 23, average of five site means). Polarity changed from reverse to normal during emplacement and cooling of the Red Mountain intrusions exposed at the surface. Ar-40/Ar-39 age-spectrum data on biotite and orthoclase from the Red Mountain stock and stocks of the Henderson Mine indicate the reversal to be older than 30 Ma. All Henderson Mine stocks have normal polarity magnetizations (Primos stock: D = 333-degrees, I = 51-degrees, alpha-95 = 5-degrees, k = 44, average of six site means) which, on the basis of Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra from orthoclase and biotite, were blocked between 28.7 and 27.6 Ma. Magnetite and maghemite are the major carriers of magnetization in these rocks. On the basis of an Ar-40/Ar-39 thermochronologic study of the Red Mountain intrusive system, thermal activity started at or just before 29.9 +/- 0.3 Ma and ended at 26.95 +/- 0.08 Ma. The age-spectrum data are interpreted to indicate that the porphyry of Red Mountain, one of the oldest stocks, was emplaced before 29.9 +/- 0.3 Ma (possibly before 30.38 +/- 0.09 Ma). Nearby lamprophyre dikes were emplaced at 29.8 +/- 0.1 Ma; rhyolite dikes intruded at 29.4 +/- 0.2 Ma. The Urad and Seriate stocks intruded after 29.8 Ma but before emplacement of the Vasquez stock at 28.71 +/- 0.08 Ma. The system core cooled below 280 +/- 40-degrees-C (the argon closure temperature of biotite) at 27.59 +/- 0.03 Ma. The last period of thermal activity involved pulses of magnetite-sericite alteration around the Seriate stock between 27.51 +/- 0.03 and 26.95 +/- 0.08 Ma; this activity did not thermally overprint unaltered parts of the intrusive system. Tilting of the Red Mountain area is implied by a comparison between a grand mean (on the basis of 10 stock means, D = 333-degrees, I = 49-degrees, alpha-95 = 5-degrees, k = 78) and a mid-Tertiary reference field. The Red Mountain intrusive system and host Precambrian rocks probably were deformed along a nearly north-south horizontal axis in response to northwest-side down, strike-slip faulting with displacement largely along the Woods Creek fault zone. Late Tertiary deformation of Precambrian-cored parts of the Front Range, host to numerous mineral deposits, was more complicated than simple, near-vertical uplift of the crust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV GEOSCI CORP,LATHAM,NY 12110. US GEOL SURVEY,NEW YORK,NY 09697. STILLWATER MIN CO,NYE,MT 59061. RP GEISSMAN, JW (reprint author), UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131, USA. NR 83 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 104 IS 8 BP 1031 EP 1047 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1031:DAAOTR>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JG432 UT WOS:A1992JG43200011 ER PT J AU STEVENS, CH STONE, P BELASKY, P AF STEVENS, CH STONE, P BELASKY, P TI PALEOGEOGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AN UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN FACIES BOUNDARY IN SOUTHERN NEVADA AND EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA - REPLY SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Letter C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP STEVENS, CH (reprint author), SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 104 IS 8 BP 1069 EP 1071 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JG432 UT WOS:A1992JG43200016 ER PT J AU TWICHELL, DC SCHWAB, WC NELSON, CH KENYON, NH LEE, HJ AF TWICHELL, DC SCHWAB, WC NELSON, CH KENYON, NH LEE, HJ TI CHARACTERISTICS OF A SANDY DEPOSITIONAL LOBE ON THE OUTER MISSISSIPPI FAN FROM SEAMARC IA SIDESCAN SONAR IMAGES SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBMARINE FAN AB SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images of the distal reaches of a depositional lobe on the Mississippi Fan show that channelized rather than unconfined transport was the dominant transport mechanism for coarse-grained sediment during the formation of this part of the deep-sea fan. Overbank sheet flow of sands was not an important process in the transport and deposition of the sandy and silty sediment found on this fan. The dendritic distributary pattern and the high order of splaying of the channel, only one of which appears to have been active at a time, suggest that coarse-grained deposits on this fan are laterally discontinuous. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. INST OCEANOG SCI,WORMLEY GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND. RP TWICHELL, DC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 15 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 20 IS 8 BP 689 EP 692 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0689:COASDL>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA JG428 UT WOS:A1992JG42800004 ER PT J AU NELSON, CH TWICHELL, DC SCHWAB, WC LEE, HJ KENYON, NH AF NELSON, CH TWICHELL, DC SCHWAB, WC LEE, HJ KENYON, NH TI UPPER PLEISTOCENE TURBIDITE SAND BEDS AND CHAOTIC SILT BEDS IN THE CHANNELIZED, DISTAL, OUTER-FAN LOBES OF THE MISSISSIPPI FAN SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Cores from a Mississippi outer-fan depositional lobe demonstrate that sublobes at the distal edge contain a complex local network of channelized-turbidite beds of graded sand and debris-flow beds of chaotic silt. Off-lobe basin plains lack siliciclastic coarse-grained beds. The basin-plain mud facies exhibit low acoustic backscatter on SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images, whereas high acoustic backscatter is characteristic of the lobe sand and silt facies. The depth of the first sand-silt layer correlates with relative backscatter intensity and stratigraphic age of the distal sublobes (i.e., shallowest sand = highest backscatter and youngest sublobe). The high proportion (>50%) of chaotic silt compared to graded sand in the distal, outer-fan sublobes may be related to the unstable, muddy, canyon-wall source areas of the extensive Mississippi delta-fed basin slope. A predominance of chaotic silt in cores or outcrops from outer-fan lobes thus may predict similar settings for ancient fans. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. INST OCEANOG SCI,WORMLEY GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND. RP NELSON, CH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 14 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 20 IS 8 BP 693 EP 696 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0693:UPTSBA>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA JG428 UT WOS:A1992JG42800005 ER PT J AU WHITE, JDL WHITE, DL VALLIER, T STANLEY, GD ASH, SR AF WHITE, JDL WHITE, DL VALLIER, T STANLEY, GD ASH, SR TI MIDDLE JURASSIC STRATA LINK WALLOWA, OLDS FERRY, AND IZEE TERRANES IN THE ACCRETED BLUE MOUNTAINS ISLAND-ARC, NORTHEASTERN OREGON SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIASSIC BIVALVES; EASTERN OREGON; NORTH-AMERICA; VOLCANIC ARC; CORALS; IDAHO AB Middle Jurassic strata atop the Wallowa terrane in northeastern Oregon link the Wallowa, Izee, and Olds Ferry terranes as related elements of a single long-lived and complex oceanic feature, the Blue Mountains island arc. Middle Jurassic strata in the Wallowa terrane include a dacitic ash-flow deposit and contain fossil corals and bivalves of North American affinity. Plant fossils in fluvial sandstones support a Jurassic age and indicate a seasonal temperate climate. Corals in a transgressive sequence gradationally overlying the fluvial units are of Bajocian age and are closely related to endemic varieties of the Western Interior embayment. They are unlike Middle Jurassic corals in other Cordilleran terranes; their presence suggests that the Blue Mountains island arc first approached the North American craton at high paleolatitudes in Middle Jurassic time. We consider the Bajocian marine strata and underlying fluvial volcaniclastic units to be a basin-margin equivalent of the Izee terrane, a largely Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) succession of basinal volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks known to overlie the Olds Ferry and Baker terrane. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV MONTANA,DEPT GEOL,MISSOULA,MT 59812. WEBER STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,OGDEN,UT 84408. RP WHITE, JDL (reprint author), DALHOUSIE UNIV,CTR MARINE GEOL,HALIFAX B3H 3J5,NS,CANADA. RI White, James Daniel Lee/D-7751-2013 OI White, James Daniel Lee/0000-0002-2970-711X NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 20 IS 8 BP 729 EP 732 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0729:MJSLWO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA JG428 UT WOS:A1992JG42800014 ER PT J AU MCCABE, PJ SHANLEY, KW AF MCCABE, PJ SHANLEY, KW TI ORGANIC CONTROL ON SHOREFACE STACKING PATTERNS - BOGGED DOWN IN THE MIRE SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITIONAL MODELS; DELTAIC COALS; RIVER BASIN; STRATA; UTAH AB In ever-wet climates, raised mires that are elevated several metres above flood levels can cover significant portions of coastal plains. Because peat accumulation may keep pace with moderate rates of base-level rise, the development of raised mires may reduce the areal extent of marine transgressions. Thick, low-ash coals are present immediately landward of many vertically stacked shoreface parasequences in Cretaceous strata of the Western Interior of North America. We suggest that these coals formed in raised mires that stabilized shorelines for long periods of time. In such settings, the rate of sediment supply (including peat accumulation) to the coastal environment is partly a function of the rate of change in base level. C1 SHELL DEV CO,HOUSTON,TX 77001. RP MCCABE, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR FED,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI McCabe, Peter/0000-0001-5262-1018 NR 27 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 20 IS 8 BP 741 EP 744 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0741:OCOSSP>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA JG428 UT WOS:A1992JG42800017 ER PT J AU SIMON, A AF SIMON, A TI ENERGY, TIME, AND CHANNEL EVOLUTION IN CATASTROPHICALLY DISTURBED FLUVIAL SYSTEMS SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Two diverse fluvial systems show that with time, channels adjust such that the rate of energy dissipation is minimized. One fluvial system, characterized by high relief and coarse-grained sediment, was subjected to an explosive volcanic eruption; the other system, characterized by low relief and fine-grained sediment, was subjected to dredging and straightening. Study of the expenditure of kinetic- and potential-energy components of total-mechanical energy provide an energy-based rationale of the interdependency between processes and forms during channel evolution. Spatial and temporal trends of aggradation and degradation are similar although relative amounts of aggradation in the high-energy system are greatly enhanced by the deposition of large amounts of eroded bank material from upstream reaches. Degradation accompanied by widening is the most efficient means of energy dissipation because all components of total-mechanical energy decrease with time. Widening dominates energy dissipation in the coarse-grained system to offset increases in hydraulic depth caused by incision. In the low-energy fine-grained system, channel adjustment and energy dissipation are dominated by vertical processes because of low relative values of kinetic energy, and because eroded bank sediment is transported out of the drainage basin and does not aid in downstream aggradation, energy dissipation, or channel recovery. Specific energy is shown to decrease nonlinearly with time during channel evolution and provides a measure of reductions in available energy at the channel bed. Data from two sites show convergence towards a minimum specific energy with time. Time-dependent reductions in specific energy at a point act in concert with minimization of the rate of energy dissipation over a reach during channel evolution as the fluvial systems adjust to a new equilibrium. RP SIMON, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 0 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 5 IS 3-5 BP 345 EP 372 DI 10.1016/0169-555X(92)90013-E PG 28 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA JM779 UT WOS:A1992JM77900013 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, LNR MCCABE, PJ AF ROBERTS, LNR MCCABE, PJ TI PEAT ACCUMULATION IN COASTAL-PLAIN MIRES - A MODEL FOR COALS OF THE FRUITLAND FORMATION (UPPER CRETACEOUS) OF SOUTHERN COLORADO, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI DELTA; SEQUENCES; DEPOSITS; BASIN; SEDIMENTARY; BEDS AB In the northwestern part of the San Juan basin, Colorado, thick high-volatile B bituminous coal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation are associated with nearshore marine sandstones of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone. Detailed work along the outcrop and examination of drill cores, revealed two coal-bearing zones in the lower 60 m of the Fruitland Formation. Each zone is up to 13 m thick and consists of interbedded bright and dull coal (average ash values of 17 and 34% on a moisture-free basis, respectively), thin fine-grained clastic partings and abundant altered volcanic ash partings. Isopachs of the interval between the top of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone and a marker bed (Huerfanito Bentonite Bed) in the underlying Lewis Shale show linear zones where the interval abruptly thickens. These zones, which trend northwest to southeast, represent areas where the shoreline paused during an overall migration to the northeast. Isopach maps of coal in the lower part of the Fruitland Formation and subsurface correlation of shoreface sandstones with coal zones show that the thickest accumulation of coal is 20-25 km landward of these coeval shorelines. The Fruitland coals may be compared to the high-ash peats of the Dismal Swamp in the southeastern U.S.A., which for-m in pocosin mires about 20 km inland from the Atlantic coast. Clastic deposition, resulting from coastal processes, precludes the formation of peat in low-lying mires adjacent to the shoreline. The high ash yield, numerous partings and the relationship with the coeval shoreline suggest that the coals in the lower part of the Fruitland Formation accumulated in mires that were transitional from low-lying to raised. RP ROBERTS, LNR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR MS972,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI McCabe, Peter/0000-0001-5262-1018 NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 21 IS 3 BP 115 EP 138 PG 24 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA JM956 UT WOS:A1992JM95600001 ER PT J AU ROSS, RM BACKMAN, TWH AF ROSS, RM BACKMAN, TWH TI MECHANISMS AND FUNCTION OF SCHOOL FORMATION IN SUBYEARLING AMERICAN SHAD (ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CORAL-REEF FISH; BEHAVIOR; SIZE AB The behavioural repertoire of subyearling American shad (Alosa sapidissima) was studied in the laboratory to examine pathways leading to Aggregation and School formation at various group sizes (3-100 fish per 500-liter tank). Three hypotheses were tested: (1) schooling is the dominant behavioural activity of subyearling American shad, (2) development and maintenance of cohesive social behaviour is affected by group size, and (3) survival is a function of group size. Seventeen discrete behaviour patterns were observed. In relation to group size, the amount of time spent Schooling varied directly whereas Following and Aggregating varied inversely. The number of bouts of Parallel orient, Parallel swim, and Pivot also varied inversely with group size. A conceptual model was developed and tested to show how norma schooling behaviour is achieved in small or fragmented groups through intermediary modal action pattern Sequence analysis showed behavioural diversity to diminish with group size, thereby increasing group cohesion and uniformity of response to stimuli. Probability of survival, determined from weekly mortality in experimental tanks, increased significantly with group size (0.87-0.98 for 3-100 fish). It is hypothesized that survival improves with an increase in the proportion of time spent Schooling, which may increase feeding efficiency, reduce stress, or reduce metabolic expenditures. RP ROSS, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RD 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol.-Z. Angew. Ichthyol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 8 IS 1-4 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00676.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JQ787 UT WOS:A1992JQ78700014 ER PT J AU DINEHART, RL AF DINEHART, RL TI GRAVEL-BED DEPOSITION AND EROSION BY BEDFORM MIGRATION OBSERVED ULTRASONICALLY DURING STORM FLOW, NORTH FORK TOUTLE RIVER, WASHINGTON SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOAD TRANSPORT; SEDIMENT AB Ultrasonic depth sounding provides useful and unexpected information about peak discharge and sediment transport when applied during storm flow in channels with erodible beds. Streambed elevation was measured with dual ultrasonic depth sounders during the rise, crest, and recession of a storm flow in the North Fork Toutle River, Washington, on 3 December 1987. The sounder transducers were held in the flow on a rigid pipe which was suspended from a boom over the channel thalweg. The 12 h episode of depth sounding detected the superposition of fine-gravel dunes on large bed waves, the depth-limited growth of mean dune heights from 13 to 25 cm, and bedform-related deposition and erosion in the channel thalweg. The streambed elevation rose 0.3 m in 2 h with increasing stream discharge. Dune heights diminished for about an hour before the peak river stage was attained. Scour of the streambed continued through the peak stage and recession, with 0.7 m of scour over 10 h. Rapid scour of the streambed produced a falling stage while discharge was still rising. Dune heights grew as flow depth increased after peak stage. Streambed elevation was lowered as large bed waves of fine gravel migrated along the thalweg with successively lower troughs leading each bed wave. Bed elevation records from the dual depth sounders were used to calculate dune celerities of 3-6 cm s-1 and bedform wavelengths of 2-11 m. The large bed waves were subtle, dune-like gravel bedforms with wavelengths of 25-30 m. The celerities and bedform dimensions yielded bedform transport weight rates between 3 and 20 kg s-1 m-1 and grain shear stresses between 40 and 100 N m-2 for the depth-sounding episode. RP DINEHART, RL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DW WATER RESOURCES,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 136 IS 1-4 BP 51 EP 71 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90004-F PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JJ217 UT WOS:A1992JJ21700003 ER PT J AU SACKS, LA HERMAN, JS KONIKOW, LF VELA, AL AF SACKS, LA HERMAN, JS KONIKOW, LF VELA, AL TI SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF GROUNDWATER-LAKE INTERACTIONS AT DONANA NATIONAL-PARK, SPAIN SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; SANDHILLS; NEBRASKA; BUDGETS; USA AB The hydrologic and solute budgets of a lake can be strongly influenced by transient groundwater flow. Several shallow interdunal lakes in southwest Spain are in close hydraulic connection with the shallow ground water. Two permanent lakes and one intermittent lake have chloride concentrations that differ by almost an order of magnitude. A two-dimensional solute-transport model, modified to simulate transient groundwater-lake interaction, suggests that the rising water table during the wet season leads to local flow reversals toward the lakes. Response of the individual lakes, however, varies depending on the lake's position in the regional flow system. The most dilute lake is a flow-through lake during the entire year; the through flow is driven by regional groundwater flow. The other permanent lake, which has a higher solute concentration, undergoes seasonal groundwater flow reversals at its downgradient end, resulting in complex seepage patterns and higher solute concentrations in the ground water near the lake. The solute concentration of the intermittent lake is influenced more strongly by the seasonal wetting and drying cycle than by the regional flow system. Although evaporation is the major process affecting the concentration of conservative solutes in the lakes, geochemical and biochemical reactions influence the concentration of nonconservative solutes. Probable reactions in the lakes include biological uptake of solutes and calcite precipitation; probable reactions as lake water seeps into the aquifer are sulfate reduction and calcite dissolution. Seepage reversals can result in water composition that appears inconsistent with predictions based on head measurements because, under transient flow conditions, the flow direction at any instant may not satisfactorily depict the source of the water. Understanding the dynamic nature of groundwater-lake interaction aids in the interpretation of hydrologic and chemical relations between the lakes and the ground water. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903. UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID,FAC CIENCIAS GEOL,CATEDRA GEODINAMICA,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN. NR 32 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 136 IS 1-4 BP 123 EP 154 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90008-J PG 32 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JJ217 UT WOS:A1992JJ21700007 ER PT J AU MECH, LD AF MECH, LD TI DAYTIME ACTIVITY OF WOLVES DURING WINTER IN NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE CANIS-LUPUS; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; MINNESOTA AB Intermittent aerial observations of 405 radiocollared wolves from November 1968 through March 1989 showed the following percentages of activity: sleeping, 34%; resting, 31%; traveling, 28%, feeding, 6%; other, 2%. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 7 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 73 IS 3 BP 570 EP 571 DI 10.2307/1382025 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JK336 UT WOS:A1992JK33600014 ER PT J AU GUNDERSEN, LCS AF GUNDERSEN, LCS TI THE EFFECT OF ROCK TYPE, GRAIN-SIZE, SORTING, PERMEABILITY, AND MOISTURE ON MEASUREMENTS OF RADON IN SOIL GAS - A COMPARISON OF 2 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY-ARTICLES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONF ON METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF RADIOANALYTIC CHEMISTRY ( MARC-II ) CY APR 21-27, 1991 CL KONA, HI SP AMER NUCL SOC AB Soil surveys of radon conducted in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Alabama and Texas indicate that soil composition and grain size exert the strongest control on the concentration of radon measured. Soil-gas radon was measured in-situ using two techniques; one developed by G. Michael REIMER of the U. S. Geological Survey; the other developed by Rogers and Associates Engineering Corp. for use by the Environmental Protection Agency. The Reimer technique aquires a small-volume, grab sample of soil gas, whereas the Rogers and Associatess technique acquires a large-volume, flow-through sample of soil gas. The two techniques yield similar radon concentrations in well-sorted sands, but do not correlate as well for poorly sorted soils and clays. RP GUNDERSEN, LCS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 939,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AKADEMIAI KIADO PI BUDAPEST PA PO BOX 245, H-1519 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOAN NUCL CH AR JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.-Artic. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 161 IS 2 BP 325 EP 337 DI 10.1007/BF02040479 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA JP687 UT WOS:A1992JP68700003 ER PT J AU REIMER, GM AF REIMER, GM TI METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE RADON POTENTIAL OF SOILS SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY-ARTICLES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONF ON METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF RADIOANALYTIC CHEMISTRY ( MARC-II ) CY APR 21-27, 1991 CL KONA, HI SP AMER NUCL SOC ID GAS AB A technique using a small diameter probe and a portable alpha-particle scintillometer for sample collection and analysis has been developed. It is fast, efficient, cost-effective, and can be modified to accommodate a wide spectrum of sampling conditions. When soil-gas sampling for radon is combined with geophysical gamma-ray measurements, pedological characteristics of surficial materials, and geologic knowledge of bedrock, the combination forms a powerful technological basis for estimating radon potential of soils. The method can help provide information on a short time-frame so thal local governments, land developers, and builders can take appropriate measures when planning new construction. RP REIMER, GM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 939,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AKADEMIAI KIADO PI BUDAPEST PA PO BOX 245, H-1519 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOAN NUCL CH AR JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.-Artic. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 161 IS 2 BP 377 EP 387 DI 10.1007/BF02040484 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA JP687 UT WOS:A1992JP68700008 ER PT J AU POPPE, LJ MANHEIM, FT POPENOE, P AF POPPE, LJ MANHEIM, FT POPENOE, P TI LATE CRETACEOUS TO MIOCENE PHOSPHATIC SEDIMENTS IN THE GEORGES BANK BASIN, UNITED-STATES NORTH-ATLANTIC OUTER CONTINENTAL-SHELF SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STRATIGRAPHY AB Phosphorite and phosphatic sediments are present in the Georges Bank Basin in marine, Late Cretaceous to Miocene strata equivalent to the Dawson Canyon Formation and Banquereau Formation of offshore Nova Scotia. The Late Cretaceous to Paleocene phosphorite occurs predominantely as sand- and gravel-sized pellets and as cement in conglomeratic aggregates. The Eocene and Miocene phosphate occurs mainly as fine verv fine sand-sized spheroidal ovoidal pellets in unconsolidated clayey silts. The older phosphorites form intraformational conglomerates that are the result of a winnowed finer-grained matrix, leaving lag deposits of phosphorite. We present evidence that most of the Eocene and Miocene phosphate is primary and formed during marine trangressions. Our observations extend the geographic and temporal limits of the major phosphogenic system of the Western North Atlantic northward and through time. However, compared to the well-known phosphorite deposits along the southeastern margin of the U.S.A., these northern deposits are not of commercial scale due to a high terrigenous input and the lack of a mechanism capable of driving persistant upwelling. RP POPPE, LJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,OFF MARINE GEOL,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 107 IS 4 BP 227 EP 238 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(92)90073-Q PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA JM630 UT WOS:A1992JM63000001 ER PT J AU HEY, RN SINTON, JM KLEINROCK, MC YONOVER, RN MACDONALD, KC MILLER, SP SEARLE, RC CHRISTIE, DM ATWATER, TM SLEEP, NH JOHNSON, HP NEAL, CA AF HEY, RN SINTON, JM KLEINROCK, MC YONOVER, RN MACDONALD, KC MILLER, SP SEARLE, RC CHRISTIE, DM ATWATER, TM SLEEP, NH JOHNSON, HP NEAL, CA TI ALVIN INVESTIGATION OF AN ACTIVE PROPAGATING RIFT SYSTEM, GALAPAGOS 95.5-DEGREES-W SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE PLATE TECTONICS; SEA-FLOOR SPREADING; RIFT PROPAGATION; RIFT FAILURE; LITHOSPHERIC TRANSFER; MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION ID NAZCA SPREADING CENTER; W PROPAGATOR; SEA BEAM; DEEP-TOW; EVOLUTION; TECTONICS; RIDGES; ZONE AB ALVIN investigations have defined the fine-scale structural and volcanic patterns produced by active rift and spreading center propagation and failure near 95.5-degrees-W on the Galapagos spreading center. Behind the initial lithospheric rifting, which is propagating nearly due west at about 50 km m.y.-1, a triangular block of preexisting lithosphere is being stretched and fractured, with some recent volcanism along curving fissures. A well-organized seafloor spreading center, an extensively faulted and fissured volcanic ridge, develops approximately 10km (approximately 200,000 years) behind the tectonic rift tip. Regional variations in the chemical compositions of the youngest lavas collected during this program contrast with those encompassing the entire 3 m.y. of propagation history for this region. A maximum in degree of magmatic differentiation occurs about 9 km behind the propagating rift tip, in a region of diffuse rifting. The propagating spreading center shows a gentle gradient in magmatic differentiation culminating at the SW-curving spreading center tip. Except for the doomed rift, which is in a constructional phase, tectonic activity also dominates over volcanic activity along the failing spreading system. In contrast to the propagating rift, failing rift lavas show a highly restricted range of compositions consistent with derivation from a declining upwelling zone accompanying rift failure. The lithosphere transferred from the Cocos to the Nazca plate by this propagator is extensively faulted and characterized by ubiquitous talus in one of the most tectonically disrupted areas of seafloor known. The pseudofault scarps, where the preexisting lithosphere was rifted apart, appear to include both normal and propagator lavas and are thus more lithologically complex than previously thought. Biological communities, probably vestimentiferan tubeworms, occur near the top of the outer pseudofault scarp, although no hydrothermal venting was observed. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UNIV DURHAM,DEPT GEOL SCI,DURHAM DH1 3LE,ENGLAND. OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEANOG,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US GEOL SURVEY,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. RP HEY, RN (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. RI Macdonald, Ken/G-3936-2011; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Sinton, John/L-2815-2013 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 14 IS 3 BP 207 EP 226 DI 10.1007/BF01270630 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA JP799 UT WOS:A1992JP79900002 ER PT J AU BENSON, L CURREY, D LAO, Y HOSTETLER, S AF BENSON, L CURREY, D LAO, Y HOSTETLER, S TI LAKE-SIZE VARIATIONS IN THE LAHONTAN AND BONNEVILLE BASINS BETWEEN 13,000 AND 9000 C-14 YR BP SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROCK VARNISH; GREAT-BASIN; CHRONOLOGY; USA AB Recessions of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville that commenced approximately 13,500 C-14 yr B.P. were interrupted at greater-than-or-equal-to 11,500 C-14 yr B.P. in the Lahontan basin and approximately 12,200 C-14 yr B.P. in the Bonneville basin by relatively large perturbations in lake level that persisted for approximately 2000 years. Minor glacial readvances in the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of California-Nevada occurred during the latter half of this interval (between 11,000 and 9700 C-14 yr B.P.). The hydrologic response of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville and the mountain glacial advances were concurrent with the Allerod/Younger Dryas climatic intervals recorded in vegetational and glacial records of western and central Europe. C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT GEOG,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964. RP BENSON, L (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES US4,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 40 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 95 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 32 DI 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90162-X PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA JK702 UT WOS:A1992JK70200002 ER PT J AU RAMEY, BS AF RAMEY, BS TI UNITED-STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL MAPPING PROGRAM - DIGITAL MAPMAKING PROCEDURES FOR THE 1990S SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB As the United States' economy continues to change during the 1990s and into the next century from the resource-based methods of the past to the information-based methods of the future, the need will steadily grow for a coordinated national information infrastructure to facilitate the sharing of information resources. The national infrastructure will require a spatial component, and the timely and efficient development of a national spatial data infrastructure will be an important and significant challenge for the mapping sciences community. This development will require a solid foundation of base cartographic and geographic data, as well as cooperation and coordination among all elements of the mapping sciences community, particularly Government agencies. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) will be a major participant in the development process as a coordinator and facilitator and as a major source for information and spatial data. The basic foundation for this role is, and will continue to be, the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). Accordingly, the focus of the USGS National Mapping Program is evolving from the provision of primary series quadrangle maps and related map products to population and maintenance of the NDCDB through implementation of advanced digital data collection and revision techniques and equipment. RP RAMEY, BS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,519 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 58 IS 8 BP 1113 EP 1116 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA JF232 UT WOS:A1992JF23200022 ER PT J AU MOCALA, K NAVROTSKY, A SHERMAN, DM AF MOCALA, K NAVROTSKY, A SHERMAN, DM TI HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT-CAPACITY OF CO3O4 SPINEL - THERMALLY INDUCED SPIN UNPAIRING TRANSITION SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS LA English DT Article ID DIOPSIDE AB A strong anomaly was found in the heat capacity of Co3O4 between 1000 K and the decomposition temperature. This anomaly is not related to the decomposition if Co3O4 to CoO. The measured entropy of transition, DELTA-S = 46 +/- 4 J mol-1 K-1 of Co3O4, supports the interpretation that this anomaly reflects a spin unpairing transition in octahedrally coordinated Co3+ cations. Experimental values of heat capacity, heat content and entropy of Co3O4 in the high temperature region are provided. The enthalpy of the spin unpairing transition is 53 +/- 4 kJ mol-1 of Co3O4. C1 PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON MAT INST, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS SCI, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA. RI Sherman, David/A-7538-2008 OI Sherman, David/0000-0003-1835-6470 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0342-1791 EI 1432-2021 J9 PHYS CHEM MINER JI Phys. Chem. Miner. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 19 IS 2 BP 88 EP 95 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Materials Science; Mineralogy GA JG208 UT WOS:A1992JG20800003 ER PT J AU DVORAK, JJ JOHNSON, C TILLING, RI AF DVORAK, JJ JOHNSON, C TILLING, RI TI DYNAMICS OF KILAUEA VOLCANO SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LA English DT Article C1 UNIV HAWAII,GEOL,HILO,HI 96720. UNIV HAWAII,CTR STUDY ACT VOLCANOES,HILO,HI 96720. US GEOL SURVEY,IGNEOUS & GEOTHERMAL PROC BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP DVORAK, JJ (reprint author), CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SCI AMERICAN INC PI NEW YORK PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0036-8733 J9 SCI AM JI Sci.Am. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 267 IS 2 BP 46 EP 53 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JE094 UT WOS:A1992JE09400009 ER PT J AU KIRSCHBAUM, MA MCCABE, PJ AF KIRSCHBAUM, MA MCCABE, PJ TI CONTROLS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF COAL AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANASTOMOSED FLUVIAL SYSTEMS IN THE CRETACEOUS DAKOTA FORMATION OF SOUTHERN UTAH SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITIONAL MODELS; RIVER DEPOSITS; SEDIMENTATION; BASIN; SEQUENCES; PATTERNS; EXAMPLES; ALBERTA; CANADA AB Alluvial strata of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah are part of a transgressive systems tract associated with a foreland basin developed adjacent to the Sevier orogenic belt. These strata contain valley fill deposits, anastomosed channel systems and widespread coals. The coals constitute a relatively minor part of the Dakota Formation in terms of sediment volume, but may represent a substantial amount of the time represented by the formation. The coals are separated by clastic units up to 20 m thick. The stratigraphically lowest clastic unit of the Dakota Formation lies above an unconformity cut into Jurassic rocks. Incised valleys associated with the unconformity are up to 12 m deep. Two discrete episodes of valley fill sedimentation are recognized, including a lower sandstone unit with conglomerate layers, and an upper, discontinuous, coal-bearing unit. After the valleys filled, the area became one of low relief where extensive mires formed. Peat accumulation was interrupted at least three times by deposition of clastic sediment derived from the west. The clastic units consist of sandstone, mudstone or heterolithic ribbon bodies, stacked tabular sandstones, and laminated mudstones, and contain minor coal beds less than 0.35 m thick. Ribbon bodies are 1-9 m thick and 15-160 m wide, have pronounced basal scours, and are filled with both lateral and vertical accretion deposits. An anastomosed channel complex is suggested by the large number of coeval channels of varying dimensions, the variation in the structure and grain size of channel fills, and the presence of abundant tabular sandstones interpreted as crevasse splays. Although some sandstone bodies have well developed lateral accretion surfaces, the overall ribbon geometry indicates that mature meandering streams were not well developed. This is in contrast to modern anastomosed systems, which are commonly thought to be a transitional morphology caused by avulsion of a meander belt to a new position on its floodplain. Rather than being a transitional channel pattern related to river avulsion, the anastomosed channels of the Dakota Formation may have formed part of a large inland delta that episodically invaded widespread mires. The mires developed during periods when clastic influx was reduced either by high rates of subsidence close to the thrust belt or by deflection of rivers by emergent thrusts. RP KIRSCHBAUM, MA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FED CTR MS972,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI McCabe, Peter/0000-0001-5262-1018 NR 59 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 39 IS 4 BP 581 EP 598 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02138.x PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA JN610 UT WOS:A1992JN61000004 ER PT J AU HEIN, JR GRAY, SC RICHMOND, BM WHITE, LD AF HEIN, JR GRAY, SC RICHMOND, BM WHITE, LD TI DOLOMITIZATION OF QUATERNARY REEF LIMESTONE, AITUTAKI, COOK ISLANDS SO SEDIMENTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIXING ZONE DOLOMITIZATION; LATE PLEISTOCENE; AUSTRAL-ISLANDS; SOUTH-PACIFIC; WEST-INDIES; SOUTHEASTERN BARBADOS; CALCITE CEMENTS; MURUROA ATOLL; DIAGENESIS; ISOTOPES AB Six holes were drilled to depths of 30-69 m in the shallow lagoon of Aitutaki in the southern Cook Islands. One hole encountered pervasively dolomitized reef limestones at 36 m subbottom depth, which extended to the base of the drilled section at 69.3 m. This hole was drilled near the inner edge of the present barrier reef flat on the flank of a seismically defined subsurface ridge. Both the morphology and biofacies indicate that this ridge may represent an outer reef crest. Mineralogy, porosity and cementation change in concert downhole through three zones. Zone 1, 0-9 m, is composed of primary skeletal aragonite and calcite with minor void-filling aragonite and magnesian calcite cement of marine phreatic origin. Zone 2, 9-36 m, is composed of replacement calcite and calcite cement infilling intergranular, intragranular, mouldic and vuggy porosity. Stable isotopes (mean delta-O-18 = - 5.4 parts per thousand PDB for carbonate; delta-D = - 50 parts per thousand SMOW for fluid inclusions) support the petrographic evidence indicating that sparry calcite cements formed in predominantly freshwater. Carbon isotope values of - 4-0 to - 11.0 parts per thousand for calcite indicate that organic matter and seawater were the sources of carbon. Zone 3, 36-69.3 m, is composed of replacement dolostone, consisting of protodolomite with, on average, 7 mol% excess CaCO3 and broad and weak ordering X-ray reflections at 2.41 and 2.54 angstrom. The fine-scale replacement of skeletal grains and freshwater void-filling cements by dolomite did not significantly reduce porosity. Stable isotopes (mean delta-O-18 = + 2.6 parts per thousand PDB for dolomite; maximum delta-D = - 27 parts per thousand SMOW for fluid inclusions) and chemical composition indicate that the dolomite probably formed from seawater, although formation in the lower part of a mixed freshwater-seawater zone, with up to 40% freshwater contribution, cannot be completely ruled out. The carbon (delta-C-13 = 2.7 parts per thousand) and magnesium were derived from seawater. Low-temperature hydrothermal iron hydroxides and associated transition metals occur in void space in several narrow stratigraphic intervals in the limestone section that was replaced by dolomite. The entire section of dolomite is also enriched in these transition metals. The metals dispersed throughout the dolostone section were introduced at the time of dolomitization by a different and later episode of hydrothermal circulation than the one(s) that produced the localized deposits near the base of the section. The primary reef framework is considered to have been deposited during several highstands of sea level. Following partial to local recrystallization of the limestone, a single episode of dolomitization occurred. Both tidal and thermal pumping drove large quantities of seawater through the porous rocks and perhaps maintained a wide mixing zone. However, the isotopic, geochemical and petrographic data do not clearly indicate the extent of seawater mixing. RP HEIN, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 62 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0037-0746 J9 SEDIMENTOLOGY JI Sedimentology PD AUG PY 1992 VL 39 IS 4 BP 645 EP 661 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02142.x PG 17 WC Geology SC Geology GA JN610 UT WOS:A1992JN61000008 ER PT J AU PLAFKER, G WARD, SN AF PLAFKER, G WARD, SN TI BACKARC THRUST FAULTING AND TECTONIC UPLIFT ALONG THE CARIBBEAN SEA COAST DURING THE APRIL 22, 1991 COSTA-RICA EARTHQUAKE SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID PANAMA AB Surface deformation and a tsunami accompanied the destructive April 22, 1991, Costa Rica-Panama earthquake (Ms=7.5). Along a 135 km stretch of Caribbean coast, coseismic uplift was measured between the lower and upper limits of sessile intertidal organisms stranded on coral reefs, the preearthquake and postearthquake high tide levels located from driftwood lines on beaches, and the preearthquake and postearthquake tide levels as pointed out by local residents, The nature and distribution of offshore vertical displacements were further constrained from analysis of measured run-up heights and reported arrival times of the tsunami. Uplift detected along the coast jumped, within 4 km, from zero to 157 cm near Limon and generally decreased over a distance of 70 km southward to the border with Panama. These data map an axis of uplift that intersects the coastal beach ridge just north of the port of Moin and runs offshore to the east and south roughly parallel to the coast. No surface faulting was found. The earthquake and tsunami were generated by backarc thrusting along faults that bound the north Panama deformed belt and dip from the Caribbean Sea beneath Costa Rica and northern Panama. Combined geodetic and seismological data indicate that the main rupture dips landward at an angle of about 30-degrees and is approximately 40 km wide and 80 km long. Dislocation models suggest 2.2 m of slip on a causative thrust fault striking between 105-degrees and 120-degrees. We estimate that the repeat time for this type of earthquake is 200 to 1100 years. The historical record and new isotopic data favor the middle of the range. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ, INST TECTON, SANTA CRUZ, CA 95064 USA. RP PLAFKER, G (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MS-904, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 25 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD AUG PY 1992 VL 11 IS 4 BP 709 EP 718 DI 10.1029/92TC00609 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH209 UT WOS:A1992JH20900001 ER PT J AU COOPER, AK MARLOW, MS SCHOLL, DW STEVENSON, AJ AF COOPER, AK MARLOW, MS SCHOLL, DW STEVENSON, AJ TI EVIDENCE FOR CENOZOIC CRUSTAL EXTENSION IN THE BERING SEA REGION SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID EVOLUTION; ALASKA; RIDGE; PLATE AB Geophysical and regional geologic data provide evidence that parts of the oceanic crust in the abyssal basins of the Bering Sea have been created or altered by crustal extension and back-arc spreading. These processes have occurred during and since early Eocene time when the Aleutian Ridge developed and isolated oceanic crust within parts of the Bering Sea. The crust in the Aleutian Basin, previously noted as presumably Early Cretaceous in age (M1-M13 anomalies), is still uncertain. Some crust may be younger. Vitus arch, a buried 100- to 200-km-wide extensionally deformed zone with linear basement structures and geophysical anomalies, crosses the entire west central Aleutian Basin. We suggest that the arch and the inferred fracture zones in the Aleutian Basin are early Cenozoic structures related to the early entrapment history of the Bering Sea. These structures lie on trend with known early Cenozoic structures near the Bowers-Shirshov-Aleutian ridge junction and on the Beringian continental margin (with possible continuation into Alaska); the structures may have coeval and cogenetic(?) histories for early Cenozoic and possibly younger times. Cenozoic deformation within parts of the Bering Sea region is principally extensional, although the total amount of extension is not known. As examples, the Komandorsky basin formed by back-arc seafloor spreading, the Aleutian Ridge has been extensively sheared, and extensional block faulting is common. Sedimentary basins of the Bering shelf have formed by extension associated with wrench faulting. The Cenozoic deformation throughout the Bering Sea region probably results from the interaction of major lithospheric plates and associated regional strike-slip faults. We present models for the Bering Sea over the past 55 m.y. that show oceanic plate entrapment, back-arc faulting and spreading along Vitus arch, breakup of the oceanic crust in the Aleutian Basin at fracture zones, and back-arc spreading in Bowers Basin. RP COOPER, AK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-999,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 35 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD AUG PY 1992 VL 11 IS 4 BP 719 EP 731 DI 10.1029/92TC00214 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JH209 UT WOS:A1992JH20900002 ER PT J AU HESS, KM WOLF, SH CELIA, MA AF HESS, KM WOLF, SH CELIA, MA TI LARGE-SCALE NATURAL GRADIENT TRACER TEST IN SAND AND GRAVEL, CAPE-COD, MASSACHUSETTS .3. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY VARIABILITY AND CALCULATED MACRODISPERSIVITIES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; MACROSCOPIC DISPERSION; SPATIAL MOMENTS; AQUIFER AB Hydraulic conductivity (K) variability in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, was measured and subsequently used in stochastic transport theories to estimate macrodispersivities. Nearly 1500 K measurements were obtained by borehole flowmeter tests and permeameter analyses of cores. The geometric mean for the flowmeter tests (0.11cm/s) is similar to that estimated from other field tests. The mean for the permeameter tests (0.035 cm/s) is significantly lower, possibly because of compaction of the cores. The variance for the flowmeter (0.24) is also greater than that for the permeameter (0.14). Geostatistical analyses applying negative exponential models with and without nuggets reveal similar spatial correlation structures for the two data sets. Estimated correlation scales range from 2.9 to 8 m in the horizontal and from 0.18 to 0.38 m in the vertical. Estimates of asymptotic longitudinal dispersivity (0.35-0.78 m) are similar in magnitude to that observed in the natural gradient tracer test (0.96 m) previously conducted at this site. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. ENSR CONSULTING & ENGN,ACTON,MA 01720. RP HESS, KM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,28 LORD RD,SUITE 280,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752, USA. NR 41 TC 240 Z9 243 U1 2 U2 38 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 28 IS 8 BP 2011 EP 2027 DI 10.1029/92WR00668 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA JF701 UT WOS:A1992JF70100003 ER PT J AU YANOSKY, TM VROBLESKY, DA AF YANOSKY, TM VROBLESKY, DA TI RELATION OF NICKEL CONCENTRATIONS IN TREE RINGS TO GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY AB Increment cores were collected from trees growing at two sites where groundwater is contaminated by nickel. Proton-induced X ray emission spectroscopy was used to determine the nickel concentrations in selected individual rings and in parts of individual rings. Ring nickel concentrations were interpreted on the basis of recent concentrations of nickel in aquifers, historical information about site use activities, and model simulations of groundwater flow. Nickel concentrations in rings increased during years of site use but not in trees outside the contaminated aquifers. Consequently, it was concluded that trees may preserve in their rings an annual record of nickel contamination in groundwater. Tulip trees and oaks contained higher concentrations of nickel than did sassafras, sweet gum, or black cherry. No evidence was found that nickel accumulates consistently within parts of individual rings or that nickel is translocated across ring boundaries. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBIA,SC 29210. RP YANOSKY, TM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,461 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1992 VL 28 IS 8 BP 2077 EP 2083 DI 10.1029/92WR00731 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA JF701 UT WOS:A1992JF70100009 ER PT J AU ZOBACK, ML AF ZOBACK, ML TI 1ST-ORDER AND 2ND-ORDER PATTERNS OF STRESS IN THE LITHOSPHERE - THE WORLD STRESS MAP PROJECT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CENTROID-MOMENT TENSOR; ANTARCTIC RIFT SYSTEM; INSITU STRESS; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; INDIAN-OCEAN; CONTINENTAL COLLISION; TECTONIC STRESS; UNITED-STATES; INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKES AB To date, more than 7300 in situ stress orientations have been compiled as Part of the World Stress Map project. Of these, over 4400 are considered reliable tectonic stress indicators, recording horizontal stress orientations to within <+/-25-degrees. Remarkably good correlation is observed between stress orientations deduced from in situ stress measurements and geologic observations made in the upper 1-2 km, well bore breakouts extending to 4-5 km depth and earthquake focal mechanisms to depths of approximately 20 km. Regionally uniform stress orientations and relative magnitudes permit definition of broad-scale regional stress patterns often extending 20-200 times the approximately 20-25 km thickness of the upper brittle lithosphere. The "first-order" midplate stress fields are believed to be largely the result of compressional forces applied at plate boundaries, primarily ridge push and continental collision. The orientation of the intraplate stress field is thus largely controlled by the geometry of the plate boundaries. There is no evidence of large lateral stress gradients (as evidenced by lateral variations in stress regime) which would be expected across large plates if simple resistive or driving basal drag tractions (parallel or antiparallel to absolute motion) controlled the intraplate stress field. Intraplate areas of active extension are generally associated with regions of high topography: western U.S. Cordillera, high Andes, Tibetan plateau, western Indian Ocean plateau. Buoyancy stresses related to crustal thickening and/or lithospheric thinning in these regions dominate the intraplate compressional stress field due to plate-driving forces. These buoyancy forces are just one of several categories of "second-order" stresses, or local perturbations, that can be identified once the first-order stress patterns are recognized. These second-order stress fields can often be associated with specific geologic or tectonic features, for example, lithospheric flexure, lateral strength contrasts, as well as the lateral density contrasts which give rise to buoyancy forces. These second-order stress patterns typically have wavelengths ranging from 5 to 10+ times the thickness of the brittle upper lithosphere. A two-dimensional analysis of the amount of rotation of regional horizontal stress orientations due to a superimposed local stress constrains the ratio of the magnitude of the horizontal regional stress differences to the local uniaxial stress. For a detectable rotation of 15-degrees, the local horizontal uniaxial stress must be at least twice the magnitude of the regional horizontal stress differences. Examples of local rotations of S(Hmax) orientations include a 75-degrees-85-degrees rotation on the northeastern Canadian continental shelf possibly related to margin-normal extension derived from sediment-loading flexural stresses, a 50-degrees-60-degrees rotation within the East African rift relative to western Africa due to extensional buoyancy forces caused by lithospheric thinning, and an approximately 90-degrees rotation along the northern margin of the Paleozoic Amazonas rift in central Brazil. In this final example, this rotation is hypothesized as being due to deviatoric compression oriented normal to the rift axis resulting from local lithospheric support of a dense mass in the lower crust beneath the rift (rift pillow"). Estimates of the magnitudes of first-order (plate boundary force-derived) regional stress differences computed from modeling the source of observed local stress rotations magnitudes can be compared with regional stress differences based on the frictional strength of the crust (i.e., "Byerlee's law") assuming hydrostatic pore pressure. The examples given here are too few to provide a definitive evaluation of the direct applicability of Byerlee's law to the upper brittle part of the lithosphere, particularly in view of uncertainties such as pore pressure and relative magnitude of the intermediate principal stresses. Nonetheless, the observed rotations all indicate that the magnitude of the local horizontal uniaxial stresses must be 1-2.5+ times the magnitude of the regional first-order horizontal stress differences and suggest that careful evaluation of such local rotations may be a powerful technique for constraining the in situ magnitude stress differences in the upper, brittle part of the lithosphere. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 154 TC 895 Z9 974 U1 9 U2 90 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 30 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B8 BP 11703 EP 11728 DI 10.1029/92JB00132 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JG862 UT WOS:A1992JG86200001 ER PT J AU ZOBACK, ML AF ZOBACK, ML TI STRESS-FIELD CONSTRAINTS ON INTRAPLATE SEISMICITY IN EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; INSITU STRESS; FOCAL MECHANISMS; NEW-YORK; UNITED-STATES; NEW-BRUNSWICK; NAHANNI EARTHQUAKES; BOREHOLE ELONGATION; COMPRESSIVE STRESS; FLUID PRESSURE AB Focal mechanisms of 32 North American midplate earthquakes (m(b) = 3.8-6.5) were evaluated to determine if slip is compatible with a broad-scale regional stress field derived from plate-driving forces and, if so, under what conditions (stress regime, pore pressure, and frictional coefficient). Using independent information on in situ stress orientations from well bore breakout and hydraulic fracturing data and assuming that the regional principal stresses are in approximately horizontal and vertical planes (+/-10-degrees), the constraint that the slip vector represents the direction of maximum resolved shear stress on the fault plane was used to calculate relative stress magnitudes defined by the parameter phi = (S2 - S3)/(S1 - S3) from the fault/stress geometry. As long as the focal mechanism has a component of oblique slip (i.e., the B axis does not coincide with the intermediate principal stress direction), this calculation identifies which of the two nodal planes is a geometrically possible slip plane (Gephart, 1985). Slip in a majority of the earthquakes (25 of 32) was found to be geometrically compatible with reactivation of favorably oriented preexisting fault planes in response to the broad-scale uniform regional stress field. Slip in five events was clearly inconsistent with the regional stress field and appears to require a localized stress anomaly to explain the seismicity. Significantly, all five of these events occurred prior to 1970 (when many regional networks were installed), and their focal mechanisms are inconsistent with more recent solutions of nearby smaller events. The frictional likelihood of the geometrically possible slip on the selected fault planes was evaluated in the context of conventional frictional faulting theory. The ratio of shear to normal stress on the fault planes at hypocentral depth was calculated relative to an assumed regional stress field. Regional stress magnitudes were determined from (1) S1/S3 ratios based on the frictional strength of optimally oriented faults (the basis for the linear brittle portion of lithospheric strength profiles), (2) the computed relative stress magnitude (phi) values, and (3) a vertical principal stress assumed equal to the lithostat. Two end-member possibilities were examined to explain the observed slip in these less than optimally oriented fault planes. First, the frictional coefficient was held constant on all faults, hydrostatic pore pressure was assumed regionally, and the fault zone pore pressure was determined. Since pore pressure is a measurable quantity with real limits in the crust (P0 < S3), this end-member case was used to determine which of the geometrically possible slip planes were frictionally likely slip planes. Alternately, pore pressure was fixed at hydrostatic everywhere, and the required relative lowered frictional coefficient of the fault zone was computed. Slip in 23 of the 25 geometrically compatible earthquakes was determined to also be frictionally likely in response to an approximately horizontal and vertical regional stress field derived from plate-driving forces whose magnitudes are constrained by the frictional strength of optimally oriented faults (assuming hydrostatic pore pressure regionally). The conditions for slip on these 23 relatively "well-oriented" earthquake faults were determined relative to this regional crustal strength model and require only moderate increases in pore pressure (between about 0.4-0.8 of lithostatic, hydrostatic is about 0.37 of lithostatic) or, alternately, moderate lowering (<50%) of the frictional coefficient on the faults which slipped. Superlithostatic pore pressures are not required. Focal mechanisms for the two other earthquakes with slip vectors geometrically consistent with the regional stress field, however, did require pore pressures far exceeding the least principal stress (or extremely low coefficients of friction). These events may reflect either local stress rotations undetected with current sampling or poorly constrained focal mechanisms. The analysis also confirmed a roughly north to south contrast in stress regime between the central eastern United States and southeastern Canada previously inferred from a contrast in focal mechanisms between the two areas: most central eastern United States earthquakes occur in response to a strike-slip stress regime, whereas the southeastern Canadian events require a thrust faulting stress regime. This contrast in stress regime, with a constant maximum horizontal stress orientation determined by far-field plate-driving forces, requires a systematic lateral variation in relative stress magnitudes. Superposition of stresses due to simple flexural models of glacial rebound stresses are of the correct sense to explain the observed lateral variation, but maximum computed rebound-related stress magnitude changes are quite small (about 10 MPa) and do not appear large enough to account for the stress regime change if commonly assumed stress magnitudes determined from frictional strength apply to the crust at seismogenic depths. RP ZOBACK, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS 977, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 105 TC 159 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 30 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B8 BP 11761 EP 11782 DI 10.1029/92JB00221 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JG862 UT WOS:A1992JG86200005 ER PT J AU TURRIN, BD CHAMPION, DE FLECK, RJ AF TURRIN, BD CHAMPION, DE FLECK, RJ TI MEASURING THE AGE OF THE LATHROP WELLS VOLCANIC CENTER AT YUCCA MOUNTAIN - REPLY SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RADIOACTIVE-WASTE REPOSITORY; SOUTHERN NEVADA; COSMOGENIC HE-3; SPECTRA C1 INST HUMAN ORIGINS,CTR GEOCHRONOL,BERKELEY,CA 94709. RP TURRIN, BD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 24 PY 1992 VL 257 IS 5069 BP 556 EP 557 DI 10.1126/science.257.5069.556 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JE755 UT WOS:A1992JE75500038 PM 17778688 ER PT J AU LINDH, AG AF LINDH, AG TI NATURAL-SELECTION SO NATURE LA English DT Letter RP LINDH, AG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,OFF EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES & ENGN,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MAIL STOP 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 23 PY 1992 VL 358 IS 6384 BP 272 EP 272 DI 10.1038/358272b0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JE684 UT WOS:A1992JE68400025 PM 1640993 ER PT J AU NORD, GL LAWSON, CA AF NORD, GL LAWSON, CA TI MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES OF ILMENITE70-HEMATITE30 - EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATION-INDUCED TWIN BOUNDARIES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID IRON-TITANIUM-OXIDES; ANTIPHASE BOUNDARIES; ILMENITE-HEMATITE; DOMAINS; ALLOYS; ORDER AB Twin domains and boundaries arising from the order-disorder transition (T(cr) approximately 1025-degrees-C) in ilmenite70-hematite30 have little effect on intrinsic magnetic properties (T(Curie), J(saturation)) but a large effect on extrinsic properties (isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), thermoremanent magnetization (TRM), and alternating field (AF) and thermal demagnetization). At twin domain sizes between 800 and 1000 angstrom, J(IRM) reaches a maximum, and the orientation of acquired TRM changes from reverse to normal, suggesting that the twin domains and magnetic domains are coincident below this size and the twin boundaries are also magnetic walls. Above 800-1000 angstrom, free-standing magnetic walls can form, reducing the IRM. Wall pinning by the twin boundaries is also demonstrated by AF demagnetization of both IRM and TRM. Thermal demagnetization of TRM reconfirms the Fe-enriched nature of the twin boundaries ("x" phase), a necessary condition for self-reversal. Samples annealed within the miscibility gap (below 600-degrees-C) show increased Curie temperatures caused by compositional fluctuations (observed by transmission electron microscopy) forming within the two-phase field. RP NORD, GL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 29 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B7 BP 10897 EP 10910 DI 10.1029/91JB02259 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JD389 UT WOS:A1992JD38900002 ER PT J AU ZUCCA, JJ EVANS, JR AF ZUCCA, JJ EVANS, JR TI ACTIVE HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPRESSIONAL WAVE ATTENUATION TOMOGRAPHY AT NEWBERRY VOLCANO, CENTRAL CASCADE RANGE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID OREGON; VELOCITY AB In this study, we use the seismic data from a previous study at Newberry to compute its three-dimensional compressional wave attenuation structure. The data consist of eight explosions recorded on an array of about 120 seismograph stations. The shots are located on two concentric circles centered on the caldera with radii of 39 and 85 km. Attenuation is estimated using spectral ratios to compute delta-t* at each station for each shot. The data are inverted using a least squares technique. Our results indicate that regions of inferred boiling water (i.e., two-phase pore fluid) are correlated spatially with regions of high attenuation not corresponding to low velocities. Two regions are of particular interest. One is underneath the Newberry II drill hole, in the central part of the caldera, where results from a flow test suggest that two-phase fluid conditions existed in the bottom of the hole before the flow test. The other region is beneath the west flank of the volcano, which has been interpreted as an attractive geothermal prospect because of a shallow conductive anomaly. Our results are consistent with the suggestion made in an earlier paper by us that two-phase geothermal reservoirs can be located within complex three-dimensional structures by using jointly interpreted compressional wave velocity and attenuation images. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP ZUCCA, JJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BOX 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B7 BP 11047 EP 11055 DI 10.1029/92JB00492 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JD389 UT WOS:A1992JD38900011 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, JC THATCHER, W AF SAVAGE, JC THATCHER, W TI INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION AT THE NANKAI TROUGH, JAPAN, SUBDUCTION ZONE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE; TIDE-GAUGE RECORDS; SOUTHWEST JAPAN; DISLOCATION MODEL; EARTHQUAKES; VISCOSITY; MECHANISM; CYCLE AB Uplift along the coast of southwestern Japan following the 1944 Tonankai (M(s) = 8.0) and 1946 Nankaido (M(s) = 8.2) earthquakes has been inferred from the 1950-1985 tide gage records. Although uplift rates vary with geographic position, the temporal dependence at each site can be described as the superposition of an exponentially decaying (time constant approximately 5 years) transient, significant only in the first decade postseismic, and a steady interseismic rate. The steady interseismic uplift rate is defined only over the 1956-1985 interval, but the linearity in time of that uplift record is such that uplift over the remainder of the interseismic cycle (approximately 80 years) might reasonably be expected to occur at the same rate. Moreover, the spatial pattern and magnitude of the steady uplift rate are reasonably close to those predicted by a simple dislocation model of subduction. However, the currently observed steady uplift rate is not consistent with the uplift rate inferred from geodetic leveling for the final half of the previous earthquake cycle. Thus, either the hypothesis of a steady interseismic uplift rate after the first decade postseismic is wrong or the strain accumulation pattern for one earthquake need not be the same as for the preceding earthquake on the same segment. RP SAVAGE, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 29 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B7 BP 11117 EP 11135 DI 10.1029/92JB00810 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JD389 UT WOS:A1992JD38900016 ER PT J AU MOORE, TA HILBERT, RE AF MOORE, TA HILBERT, RE TI PETROGRAPHIC AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT-MATERIAL FROM 2 PEAT DEPOSITS OF HOLOCENE AND MIOCENE AGE, KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EARLY COALIFICATION; COAL; PEATIFICATION; WOOD; DECAY; PETROLOGY; DELTA; VIEW AB Samples from two peat-forming environments of Holocene and Miocene age in Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, were studied petrographically using nearly identical sample preparation and microscopic methodologies. Both deposits consist of two basic types of organic material: plant organs/tissues and fine-grained matrix. There are seven predominant types of plant organs and tissues: roots possessing only primary growth, stems possessing only primary growth, leaves, stems/roots with secondary growth, secondary xylem fragments, fragments of cork cells, and macerated tissue of undetermined origin. The fine-grained matrix consists of fragments of cell walls and cell fillings, fungal remains, spores and pollen grains, and resin. Some of the matrix material does not have distinct grain boundaries (at x 500) and this material is designated amorphous matrix. The major difference between the Holocene peat and Miocene lignite in reflected light, oil immersion is a loss of red coloration in the cell walls of tissue in the lignite, presumably due to loss of cellulosic compounds. In addition, cortex and phloem tissue (hence primary roots and stems) are difficult to recognize in the lignite, probably because these large, thin-walled tissues are more susceptible to microbial degradation and compaction. Particle size in both peat and lignite samples display a bimodal distribution when measurements are transformed to a - log2 or phi (phi), scale. Most plant parts have modes of 2-3-phi (0.25-0.125 mm), whereas the finer-grained particulate matrix has modes of 7-9-phi (0.008-0.002 mm). This similarity suggest certain degradative processes. The 2-3-phi range may be a "stable" size for plant parts (regardless of origin) because this is a characteristic of a substrate which is most suitable for plant growth in peat. The finer-grained matrix material (7-9-phi) probably results from fungal decay which causes plant material to weaken and with slight physical pressure to shatter into its component parts, i.e. fragments of cell walls and fillings. The absence of differences in particle size between the peat and lignite also indicate little compaction of organic components; rather an extreme loss in water content and pore space has occurred from between the particles of organic material. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 60 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD JUL 7 PY 1992 VL 72 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 227 DI 10.1016/0034-6667(92)90027-E PG 29 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA JJ899 UT WOS:A1992JJ89900002 ER PT J AU VANGEEN, A LUOMA, SN FULLER, CC ANIMA, R CLIFTON, HE TRUMBORE, S AF VANGEEN, A LUOMA, SN FULLER, CC ANIMA, R CLIFTON, HE TRUMBORE, S TI EVIDENCE FROM CD/CA RATIOS IN FORAMINIFERA FOR GREATER UPWELLING OFF CALIFORNIA 4,000 YEARS AGO SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; CADMIUM; PACIFIC; SYSTEM; NICKEL; COPPER; WATER; GULF AB UPWELLING of nutrient-rich Pacific deep water along the North American west coast is ultimately driven by the temperature difference between air masses over land and over the ocean. The intensity of upwelling, and biological production in the region, could therefore be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Examination of the geological record is one way to study the link between climate and upwelling. Because Pacific deep water is enriched in cadmium, dissolved cadmium concentrations in coastal water off central California reflect the intensity of upwelling. By demonstrating that the Cd/Ca ratio in the shell of a benthic foraminifer, Elphidiella hannai, is proportional to the Cd concentration in coastal water, we show here that foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratios can be used to detect past changes in mean upwelling intensity. Examination of a sediment core from the mouth of San Francisco Bay reveals that foraminiferal Cd/Ca decreased by about 30% from 4,000 years ago to the present, probably because of a reduction in coastal upwelling. This observation is consistent with predictions of atmospheric general circulation models that northwesterly winds, which drive upwelling, became weaker over this period as summer insolation of the Northern Hemisphere decreased. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP VANGEEN, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 465,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013; OI Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 34 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 2 PY 1992 VL 358 IS 6381 BP 54 EP 56 DI 10.1038/358054a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JB341 UT WOS:A1992JB34100050 ER PT J AU ROWAN, LC PAWLEWICZ, MJ JONES, OD AF ROWAN, LC PAWLEWICZ, MJ JONES, OD TI MAPPING THERMAL MATURITY IN THE CHAINMAN SHALE, NEAR EUREKA, NEVADA, WITH LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER IMAGES SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE; VEGETATION; SPECTRA; IR AB The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between measurements of organic matter (OM) maturity and laboratory measurements of visible and near-infrared spectral reflectance, and if Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images could be used to map maturity. The maturity of Mississippian Chainman Shale samples collected in east-central Nevada and west-central Utah was determined by using vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. To establish the relations between maturity and spectral reflectance in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelength region, VNIR reflectance spectra of fresh and weathered whole-rock sample surfaces were measured in the laboratory. The spectra were convolved digitally with the Landsat TM filter band passes to facilitate the analysis, especially the relative sensitivities of individual band passes and ratios of band passes to spectral reflectance variations related to OM maturity. With increasing maturity, overall VNIR diffuse reflectance and mineral-absorption-feature intensities decrease, and the shape of the spectra changes from concave-downward to nearly flat. The spectral shape differences between mature and supermature samples remains distinctive in reflectance spectra of weathered surfaces. TM 4/TM 5 values correspond well to vitrinite reflectance and hydrogen index variations, and therefore this ratio was used to evaluate a TM image of the Eureka, Nevada, area for mapping thermal maturity differences in the Chainman Shale. First, the contribution of vegetation to the TM response was minimized using a linear regression technique, and then a TM 4/TM 5 density-sliced image was produced. Field evaluation of the TM 4/TM 5 density-sliced image shows that all the high values in the Chainman Shale, which correspond to high maturity, are located in the Diamond Mountains; in contrast, Chainman Shale in the northwestern Pancake Range exhibits low to moderate values. These results are consistent with published local maturity determinations. Locally, the presence of limonitic arenaceous exposures and colluvium causes anomalously low TM 4/TM 5 values, but these areas can be identified in TM images because of their diagnostic VNIR reflectance spectra. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ROWAN, LC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 927,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 76 IS 7 BP 1008 EP 1023 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JA235 UT WOS:A1992JA23500004 ER PT J AU ROSS, M FLOHR, MJK ROSS, DR AF ROSS, M FLOHR, MJK ROSS, DR TI CRYSTALLINE SOLUTION SERIES AND ORDER-DISORDER WITHIN THE NATROLITE MINERAL GROUP SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ALKALINE IGNEOUS ROCKS; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; X-RAY; STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; MAGNET-COVE; SCOLECITE; MESOLITE; NA2AL2SI3O10.2H2O; THOMSONITE; ARKANSAS AB The zeolite minerals of the natrolite group (natrolite, tetranatrolite, paranatrolite, mesolite, scolecite, thomsonite, gonnardite, edingtonite, and tetraedingtonite) have the general formula (Na,Ca,Ba)8-16(Al,Si)40O80.nH2O. Electron microprobe and X-ray analyses were made of natrolite, tetranatrolite, gonnardite, and thomsonite from the Magnet Cove alkaline igneous complex, Arkansas, and of selected specimens from the U.S. National Museum. This information and data from the literature indicate that natrolite, mesolite, scolecite, edingtonite, and tetraedingtonite show only small deviations from the ideal stoichiometry. In contrast, gonnardite, tetranatrolite, and thomsonite show large deviations from the ideal end-member compositions and compose three crystalline series. These are (1) the gonnardite series given by squarexNa16-3xCa2xAl16+xSi24-xO80.nH2O, where x varies from approximately 0.3 to 3.2 and square denotes a cation vacancy in the intraframework channels, (2) the tetranatrolite series given by square0Na16-,CaxAl16+xSi24-xO80.16H2O, where x varies from approximately 0.4 to 4, and (3) the thomsonite series given by square4Na4+xCa8-xAl20-xSi20+xO80.24H2O, where x varies from approximately 0 to 2. The structures of the natrolite minerals are composed of chains of AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra that link in one of three ways to form the natrolite-, thomsonite-, or edingtonite-type frameworks. The intraframework channels are occupied by NaO4(H2O)2, (Na,Ca)O4(H2O)2, CaO4(H2O)3, CaO4(H2O)2, (Na,Ca)O4(H2O)4, or BaO6(H2O)4 polyhedra. The Na-bearing polyhedra are edge linked to form continuous chains, whereas the Ca and Ba polyhedra are isolated from one another by channel vacancies. The structures of the natrolite minerals are defined by combining each of the three types of framework structures with various combinations of channel-occupying polyhedra. Various polysomatic series can be constructed by combining slices of two basic structures to form new hybrid structures. The compositional variation and complex crystallography of gonnardite can be explained if the gonnardite series is a polysomatic series composed of mixed domains of natrolite and thomsonite. A paranatrolite series (square0Na16-xCaAl16+xSi24-xO80.24H2O) is predicted, and it is proposed that the structure of paranatrolite combines the natrolite framework with channel-filling NaO4(H2O)2 and (Na,Ca)O4(H2O)4 polyhedra. C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,DEPT MINERAL SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. RP ROSS, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 959,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 50 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 77 IS 7-8 BP 685 EP 703 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA JH846 UT WOS:A1992JH84600001 ER PT J AU KOZIOL, AM BOHLEN, SR AF KOZIOL, AM BOHLEN, SR TI SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF ALMANDINE-PYROPE GARNET AS DETERMINED BY PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM EXPERIMENTS SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID MIXING PROPERTIES; EXPERIMENTAL CALIBRATION; TRIPLE POINT; MN GARNETS; CA-FE; MG; OLIVINE; GEOTHERMOMETRY; METAMORPHISM; ILMENITE AB The thermodynamic mixing properties of almandine-pyrope garnet were derived from phase equilibrium experiments at temperatures of 900 and 1000-degrees-C and pressures from 8 to 14 kbar for the assemblage garnet + rutile + sillimanite + ilmenite + quartz (GRAIL). Almandine (Alm) has essentially ideal behavior in almandine-pyrope garnet over the composition range Alm89-Alm61 at the above experimental conditions. In all experimental products a systematic partitioning of Fe and Mg between garnet and ilmenite was seen with In K(d) almost-equal-to 1.59. This partitioning does not appear to be temperature sensitive. The results of this study support the use of garnet mixing models that incorporate ideal or nearly ideal Fe-Mg parameters. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 77 IS 7-8 BP 765 EP 773 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA JH846 UT WOS:A1992JH84600009 ER PT J AU KAMPF, AR DUNN, PJ FOORD, EE AF KAMPF, AR DUNN, PJ FOORD, EE TI PARAFRANSOLETITE, A NEW DIMORPH OF FRANSOLETITE FROM THE TIP TOP PEGMATITE, CUSTER, SOUTH-DAKOTA SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article AB Parafransoletite, Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2.4H2O, is a triclinic dimorph of fransoletite from the Tip Top Pegmatite near Custer, South Dakota. Cell parameters are a = 7.327(1) angstrom, b = 7.696(1) angstrom, c = 7.061(1) angstrom, alpha = 94.903(5)-degrees, beta = 96.820(5)-degrees, gamma = 101.865(5)-degrees, and Z = 1; group P1BAR. The strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines are [d in angstrom (I)(hkl)] 3.032(100)(201,112BAR,112BAR,211BAR), 3.619(80)(111), 2.595(60)(112), 7.52(50)(010), 2.334(40)(220, 301BAR). Parafransoletite is a secondary mineral found on fracture surfaces in beryl along with roscherite, montgomeryite, robertsite, mitridatite, whitlockite, and englishite. It occurs as colorless to white spear-shaped blades up to 0.4 x 0.1 x 0.04 mm, as sheaf- and bow tie-like aggregates, and as compact radial sprays to 2 mm in diameter. Individual crystals are flattened on {010}, elongate parallel-to [100], and exhibit the forms {010}, {011}, {131BAR}, {131BAR}, and {144BAR}. The luster is vitreous for individual crystals, silky for aggregates. The Mohs hardness is about 2 1/2, and no cleavage was observed. The density is 2.54(1) g/cm3 (meas), 2.56 g/cm3 (calc). Optically, the mineral is biaxial positive with alpha = 1.562(2), beta = 1.564(2), gamma = 1.588(2); Euler angles are phi = 98-degrees, theta = 85-degrees, psi = -13-degrees; 2V (calc) = 33-degrees. Parafransoletite, like most beryllophosphate minerals, results from the reaction of beryl with P-bearing hydrothermal solutions. The formation of these minerals is probably highly dependent upon pH. C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,DEPT MINERAL SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. RP KAMPF, AR (reprint author), NAT HIST MUSEUM LOS ANGELES,MINERAL SECT,900 EXPOSIT BLVD,LOS ANGELES,CA 90007, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1130 17TH ST NW SUITE 330, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 77 IS 7-8 BP 843 EP 847 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA JH846 UT WOS:A1992JH84600017 ER PT J AU SCHMIDT, LJ HESSELBERG, RJ AF SCHMIDT, LJ HESSELBERG, RJ TI A MASS SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF AHH-INDUCING AND OTHER POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS AND SELECTED PESTICIDES IN FISH SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBSTITUTED COPLANAR PCBS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; SPECTROMETRY; SPECTRA; HYDROCARBONS; MIXTURES; RESIDUES; DERIVATIVES; SEDIMENTS AB The 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners exhibit a wide range in toxicity to fish, birds. and mammals. This paper discusses the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry negative chemical ionization (GC/MS-NCI) to quantify congeners of highly suspected toxicity such as IUPAC #77 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) and #126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl). GC/MS analysis time.needed to produce the necessary resolution was reduced to 1 h per sample or standard. allowing an autosampler to inject 12 samples in 24 hours, plus 12 standards/QC samples. Identification and quantification of some 60+ congeners and several selected pesticides and estimation of total PCBs are also possible within the 1 h analysis. For congeners of high chlorination (penta through octa), the method exhibited excellent sensitivity, such that we could not locate a fish which exhibited PCB levels below our calibrated quantitation range. NCI was not as sensitive for mono through tri and for some tetrachlorinated PCB congeners, an exception being PCB #77, for which sensitivity was of the same order as for the more highly chlorinated biphenyls. Long term stability was excellent. Over a 6-mo period, results of replicate analyses for PCB congeners and pesticides in a composited sample of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Michigan had a relative standard deviation of 12% of the mean. Over the same time period, mean recoveries for samples spiked at concentrations similar to those in Lake Michigan lake trout were 90-102%. Response was linear over a wide range of concentrations for each of the analyzed compounds. This method is now being used for routine analysis of PCB congeners and selected pesticides in our laboratory. RP SCHMIDT, LJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 42 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 23 IS 1 BP 37 EP 44 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HY127 UT WOS:A1992HY12700006 PM 1637197 ER PT J AU DUKERSCHEIN, JT WIENER, JG RADA, RG STEINGRAEBER, MT AF DUKERSCHEIN, JT WIENER, JG RADA, RG STEINGRAEBER, MT TI CADMIUM AND MERCURY IN EMERGENT MAYFLIES (HEXAGENIA-BILINEATA) FROM THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC INSECTS; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; HEAVY-METALS; BIOACCUMULATION; CONTAMINANTS; SEDIMENTS; LIMBATA; BURDENS; LAKE AB Burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia bilineata) were analyzed to assess longitudinal patterns in their cadmium and mercury content along the upper Mississippi River. Emergent mayflies (subimagoes and imagoes) were collected in 1988 at 34 sites (25 navigation pools), extending 1260 km from Little Falls, Minnesota, downstream to St. Louis, Missouri. Cadmium concentrations in composite samples of whole mayflies ranged from 7 to 219 ng/g dry weight in females and from <7 to 265 ng/g in males. Cadmium concentrations were highest (greater-than-or-equal-to 150 ng/g) in samples from Pools 2 and 3 (downstream from the Twin Cities metropolitan area), 15 (near the Quad Cities metropolitan area), and 27 (near the St. Louis metropolitan area). Cadmium concentrations in female mayflies decreased significantly with distance downstream from Pool 2 at river mile 825 to Pool 9 at river mile 648, paralleling spatial trends in the cadmium contamination of sediments in the reach downstream from the Twin Cities metropolitan area, reported in earlier studies; cadmium burdens in mayflies followed a similar spatial trend. Concentrations of mercury were much less variable, ranging from 44 to 102 ng/g dry weight in female mayflies and from 60 to 177 ng/g in males; concentrations and burdens were highest in mayflies collected at Pools 2, 20, 22, 25, and 27. Mercury concentrations in females decreased significantly with distance downstream from Pool 2 at river mile 825 to Pool 5A at river mile 728.5. Concentrations of mercury and cadmium in composite samples of female mayflies were not correlated, indicating dissimilar longitudinal patterns in concentrations of the two metals. Concentrations and burdens of both metals varied significantly between males and females; consequently, we recommend that programs involving analyses of mayflies to survey or monitor metals in aquatic systems analyze separately males and females. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,FIELD RES STN,LA CROSSE,WI 54602. RP DUKERSCHEIN, JT (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR RIVER STUDIES,DEPT BIOL & MICROBIOL,LA CROSSE,WI 54601, USA. NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 23 IS 1 BP 109 EP 116 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HY127 UT WOS:A1992HY12700016 PM 1637190 ER PT J AU LONGMIRE, JL GEE, GF HARDEKOPF, CL MARK, GA AF LONGMIRE, JL GEE, GF HARDEKOPF, CL MARK, GA TI ESTABLISHING PATERNITY IN WHOOPING-CRANES (GRUS-AMERICANA) BY DNA ANALYSIS SO AUK LA English DT Article ID FINGERPRINTS AB DNA fingerprinting was used to study paternity and genetic variability within a captive flock of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana). Fingerprint patterns for 42 individuals were obtained by digesting genomic crane DNAs with HaeIII followed by electrophoresis, blotting, and hybridization to the M13 minisatellite probe. Despite finding reduced levels of genetic variation in the Whooping Crane due to a population "bottleneck," these polymorphisms were successfully used to determine paternity in six of seven cases of captive propagation where the maternal-offspring relationship was known, but where the sire was unknown. These determinations of paternity are required for effective genetic management of the crane flock. These results also revealed a number of heterozygous minisatellite loci that will be valuable in future assessments of genetic variability in this endangered species. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE CTR,ENDANGERED SPECIES RES BRANCH,LAUREL,MD 20708. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV COMP & COMMUN,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP LONGMIRE, JL (reprint author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV LIFE SCI,GENOM & STRUCT BIOL GRP,MS M886,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 19 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JUL PY 1992 VL 109 IS 3 BP 522 EP 529 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JR933 UT WOS:A1992JR93300011 ER PT J AU ZIENTEK, ML PARDIARTO, B SIMANDJUNTAK, HRW WIKRAMA, A OSCARSON, RL MEIER, AL CARLSON, RR AF ZIENTEK, ML PARDIARTO, B SIMANDJUNTAK, HRW WIKRAMA, A OSCARSON, RL MEIER, AL CARLSON, RR TI PLACER AND LODE PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA - EVIDENCE FOR DERIVATION FROM ALASKAN-TYPE ULTRAMAFIC INTRUSIONS SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ALASKAN-TYPE INTRUSION; CHROMITITE; PLACER; PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; COMPLEX AB Platinum-group element minerals (PGM) occur in significant proportions in placer deposits in several localities in South Kalimantan. They consist of Pt-Fe alloy that may be intergrown with or contain inclusions of Ir-Os-Ru alloy, laurite and chromite. Alluvial PGM found along Sungai Tambanio are in part derived from chromitite schlieren in dunitic bodies intruded into clinopyroxene cumulates that may be part of an Alaskan-type ultramafic complex. A chromitite schlieren in serpentinite from one of these dunitic bodies is anomalous in PGE (Pt: 580 ppb; Pd: 3.4 ppb; Rh: 1 ppb; Ru: 9 ppb; Ir: 21 ppb; and Os: 3.9 ppb). The chondrite-normalized PGE pattern for this rock, pan concentrates from this area, and PGM concentrates from diamond-Au-PGM placer deposits have an 'M'-shaped pattern enriched in Ir and Pt that is typical of PGE-mineralization associated with Alaskan-type ultramafic complexes. C1 DIRECTORATE MINERAL RESOURCES,BANDUNG 40122,INDONESIA. PT ANEKA TAMBANG,BOGOR,INDONESIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ZIENTEK, ML (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,W 920 RIVERSIDE AVE,SPOKANE,WA 99201, USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0812-0099 J9 AUST J EARTH SCI JI Aust. J. Earth Sci. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 39 IS 3 BP 405 EP 417 DI 10.1080/08120099208728033 PN 2 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JJ362 UT WOS:A1992JJ36200005 ER PT J AU BOWERS, JE AF BOWERS, JE TI PLANT WORLD AND ITS METAMORPHOSIS FROM A POPULAR JOURNAL INTO ECOLOGY SO BULLETIN OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB LA English DT Article DE ECOLOGICAL-SOCIETY-OF-AMERICA; ECOLOGY; HISTORY OF ECOLOGY; PLANT-WORLD; SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS; SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES; FORREST SHREVE AB The Plant World, founded in 1897, passed through several changes in ownership and emphasis during its 23 years, first as a privately published botanical magazine, then as the house organ of the Wild Flower Preservation Society, and finally as an unofficial publication of the Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Tucson, Arizona. In 1911 Forrest Shreve became the eighth and final editor of the Plant World. Under his management, it became a respected scientific journal with a strong emphasis on plant ecology and physiology. The Ecological Society of America acquired the Plant World in 1920 and continued publication under the title Ecology. RP BOWERS, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,1675 W ANKLAM RD,TUCSON,AZ 85745, USA. NR 68 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0040-9618 J9 B TORREY BOT CLUB JI Bull. Torrey Bot. Club PD JUL-SEP PY 1992 VL 119 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.2307/2996765 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA JQ811 UT WOS:A1992JQ81100010 ER PT J AU HELZ, RT WRIGHT, TL AF HELZ, RT WRIGHT, TL TI DIFFERENTIATION AND MAGMA MIXING ON KILAUEA EAST RIFT-ZONE - A FURTHER LOOK AT THE ERUPTIONS OF 1955 AND 1960 .1. THE LATE 1955 LAVAS SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The lavas of the 1955 east rift eruption of Kilauea Volcano have been the object of considerable petrologic interest for two reasons. First, the early 1955 lavas are among the most differentiated ever erupted at Kilauea, and second, the petrographic character and chemical composition of the lava being erupted changed significantly during the eruption. This shift, from more differentiated (MgO = 5.0-5.7%) to more magnesian (MgO = 6.2-6.8%) lava, has been variously interpreted, as either due to systematic excavation of a zoned, differentiated magma body, or to invasion of the differentiated magma by more primitive magma, followed by rapid mixing and eruption of the resulting hybrid magmas. Petrologic examination of several nearvent spatter samples of the late 1955 lavas shows abundant evidence for magma mixing, including resorbed and/or reversely zoned crystals of olivine, augite and plagioclase. In addition, the compositional ranges of olivine, plagioclase and groundmass sulfide are very large, implying that the assemblages are hybrid. Core compositions of olivine phenocrysts range from Fo85 to Fo77. The most magnesian olivines in these samples must have originally crystallized from a melt containing 8.0-8.5% MgO, which is distinctly more magnesian than the bulk composition of the late 1955 lavas. The major-element and trace-element data are either permissive or supportive of a hybrid origin for the late 1955 lavas. In particular, the compositional trends of the 1955 lavas on plots of CaO vs MgO, and the virtual invariance of Al2O3 and Sr in these plagioclase-phyric lavas are more easily explained by magma mixing than by fractionation. The pattern of internal disequilibrium/re-equilibration in the late 1955 spatter samples is consistent with reintrusion and mixing having occurred at least twice, during the latter part of the 1955 eruption. Plagioclase zonation preserves possible evidence for additional, earlier reintrusion events. Least-squares modelling the mixing of early 1955 bulk compositions with various summit lavas +/- olivine pick the 1952 summit lava as most like the primitive component. The results also indicate the primitive component had MgO = 7.5-8.0%, corresponding to liquidus temperatures of 1165-1175-degrees-C. The absence of Fe-Ti oxide phenocrysts in the late 1955 lavas implies that the cooler component of the hybrid had T > 1110-degrees-C. Thus the thermal contrast between the two components may have been as much as 55-65-degrees-C, sufficient to produce the conspicuous disequilibrium effects visible in the spatter samples. RP HELZ, RT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 54 IS 5 BP 361 EP 384 DI 10.1007/BF00312319 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JE008 UT WOS:A1992JE00800002 ER PT J AU PETERSON, DJ MURPHY, RK AF PETERSON, DJ MURPHY, RK TI PREY DELIVERED TO 2 COOPERS-HAWK, ACCIPITER-COOPERII, NESTS IN NORTHERN MIXED GRASS PRAIRIE SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE COOPERS HAWK; ACCIPITER-COOPERII; DIET; PREDATION; NESTING; PRAIRIE; NORTH-DAKOTA AB Avian prey, especially passerines, comprised 70% of the number of food items (n = 74) and 58% of dietary biomass delivered to Cooper's Hawk broods at two nests surrounded by mixed grass prairie, northwestern North Dakota. Mammalian prey made up the remainder. RP PETERSON, DJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LOSTWOOD NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,RR 2 BOX 98,KENMARE,ND 58746, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1992 VL 106 IS 3 BP 385 EP 386 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LJ942 UT WOS:A1992LJ94200017 ER PT J AU ZELT, BC ELLIS, RM CLOWES, RM KANASEWICH, ER ASUDEH, I LUETGERT, JH HAJNAL, Z IKAMI, A SPENCE, GD HYNDMAN, RD AF ZELT, BC ELLIS, RM CLOWES, RM KANASEWICH, ER ASUDEH, I LUETGERT, JH HAJNAL, Z IKAMI, A SPENCE, GD HYNDMAN, RD TI CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF THE INTERMONTANE BELT, SOUTHERN CANADIAN CORDILLERA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COINCIDENT SEISMIC REFRACTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; NORTHWESTERN BASIN; REFLECTION DATA; RANGE PROVINCE; WESTERN CANADA; DEEP-STRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; TECTONICS AB As part of the Lithoprobe Southern Cordillera transect, seismic refraction data were recorded along a 330 km long strike profile in the Intermontane belt. An iterative combination of two-dimensional traveltime inversion and amplitude forward modelling was used to interpret crust and upper mantle P-wave velocity structure. This region is characterized by (i) a thin near-surface layer with large variations in velocity between 2.8 and 5.4 km/s, and low-velocity regions that correlate well with surface expressions of Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks; (ii) an upper and middle crust with low average velocity gradient, possibly a weak low-velocity zone, and lateral velocity variations between 6.0 and 6.4 km/s; (iii) a distinctive lower crust characterized by significantly higher average velocities relative to midcrustal values beginning at 23 km depth, approximately 8 km thick with average velocities of 6.5 and 6.7 km/s at top and base; (iv) a depth to Moho, as defined by wide-angle reflections, that averages 33 km with variations up to 2 km; and (v) a Moho transition zone of depth extent 1 - 3 km, below which lies the upper mantle with velocities decreasing from 7.9 km/s in the south to 7.7 km/s in the north. Where the refraction line obliquely crosses a Lithoprobe deep seismic-reflection profile, good agreement is obtained between the interpreted reflection section and the derived velocity structure model. In particular, depths to wide-angle reflectors in the upper crust agree with depths to prominent reflection events, and Moho depths agree within 1 km. From this comparison, the upper and middle crust probably comprise the upper part of the Quesnellia terrane. The lower crust from the refraction interpretation does not show the division into two components, parautochthonous and cratonic North America, that is inferred from the reflection data, indicating that their physical properties are not significantly different within the resolution of the refraction data. Based on these interpretations, the lower lithosphere of Quesnellia is absent and presumably was recycled in the mantle. At a depth of approximately 16 km below the Moho, an upper mantle reflector may represent the base of the present lithosphere. C1 UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT PHYS, EDMONTON T6G 2J1, ALBERTA, CANADA. GEOL SURVEY CANADA, DIV CONTINENTAL GEOSCI, OTTAWA K1A 0Y3, ONTARIO, CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN, DEPT GEOL SCI, SASKATOON S7N 0W0, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA. NAGOYA UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, NAGOYA, AICHI 464, JAPAN. UNIV VICTORIA, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, VICTORIA V8N 3P6, BC, CANADA. GEOL SURVEY CANADA, PACIFIC GEOSCI CTR, SIDNEY V8L 3X9, BC, CANADA. RP ZELT, BC (reprint author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, DEPT GEOPHYS & ASTRON, VANCOUVER V6T 1Z4, BC, CANADA. RI Clowes, Ronald/C-4599-2015 NR 36 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1530 EP 1548 DI 10.1139/e92-121 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JV494 UT WOS:A1992JV49400012 ER PT J AU PACKARD, JM MECH, LD REAM, RR AF PACKARD, JM MECH, LD REAM, RR TI WEANING IN AN ARCTIC WOLF PACK - BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PARENT OFFSPRING CONFLICT AB If behavioral mechanisms controlling suckling have been shaped by parent-offspring conflict in the ultimate sense, then proximate behavioral determinants of conflict should occur throughout lactation, with greatest intensity in the terminal phase, and offspring should have tactics for overcoming parental resistance. We observed the weaning process in a habituated wild wolf pack (Canis lupus) on Ellesmere Island, Canada, from estimated ages 5 through 10 weeks (including a continuous record for 192 h). The following variables declined with age: percentage of suckling bouts initiated by the nurser, persistence by pups, and mean duration of suckling bouts. Variables that increased with age were interbout interval, percentage of suckling bouts terminated by the nurser, and wincing or agonistic actions of the nurser. Behavioral conflict appeared in the developmental stage (estimated age 7 - 8 weeks) during which pups could feed on opened carcasses. Countertactics by pups to obtain milk were not apparent, although the pups developed diverse tactics for obtaining and sharing meat. In this group of wolves, weaning mechanisms were a complex function of food delivery by adults, discomfort of the nursing female as pups developed, and declining persistence of pups. If there is a conflict over what is optimal for pups and for the nurser in the ultimate sense, behavioral conflict is more likely to be expressed with regard to access to meat, or as conditional tactics dependent on food availability, rather than weaning conflict being controlled by fixed rules in this species. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MONTANA,SCH FORESTRY,MISSOULA,MT 59812. RP PACKARD, JM (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES SCI,COLL STN,TX 77843, USA. RI Packard, Jane/B-4812-2013 OI Packard, Jane/0000-0003-3758-6087 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 20 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 70 IS 7 BP 1269 EP 1275 DI 10.1139/z92-177 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JL311 UT WOS:A1992JL31100001 ER PT J AU MAC, MJ SCHWARTZ, TR AF MAC, MJ SCHWARTZ, TR TI INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE EFFECTS OF PCB CONGENERS ON REPRODUCTION IN LAKE TROUT FROM THE GREAT-LAKES SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11TH INTERNATIONAL SYMP ON CHLORINATED DIOXINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CY SEP 23-27, 1991 CL RESEARCH TRIANGLE PK, NC ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS AB Eggs of feral lake trout collected in Lake Michigan were reared under laboratory conditions and monitored for egg hatchability, physical abnormalities, and survival of fry. Subsamples of eggs were also analyzed for PCB congeners. A negative correlation was found between egg hatchability and total PCBs but expressing PCB dose as dioxin equivalents did not produce as strong a correlation. No other measure of reproductive success correlated significantly with PCB concentration in the egg. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO. RP MAC, MJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,ANN ARBOR,MI, USA. NR 5 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 1992 VL 25 IS 1-2 BP 189 EP 192 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(92)90510-X PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JN851 UT WOS:A1992JN85100045 ER PT J AU RUGG, RD KONECNY, M MORRISON, JL AF RUGG, RD KONECNY, M MORRISON, JL TI GIS TECHNOLOGY BRIDGE BETWEEN WEST AND EAST - A REPORT FROM THE BRNO CONFERENCE .2. DATABASES FOR GIS APPLICATIONS SO COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 MASARYK UNIV,DEPT GEOG,BRNO,CZECHOSLOVAKIA. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL MAPPING DIV,RESTON,VA 22092. RP RUGG, RD (reprint author), VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,DEPT URBAN STUDIES & PLANNING,RICHMOND,VA 23284, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0198-9715 J9 COMPUT ENVIRON URBAN JI Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 16 IS 4 BP 269 EP 269 DI 10.1016/0198-9715(92)90007-E PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Studies; Geography; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Operations Research & Management Science GA JL300 UT WOS:A1992JL30000001 ER PT J AU MORRISON, JL AF MORRISON, JL TI MODERNIZATION AND MULTISCALE DATABASES AT THE UNITED-STATES-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY SO COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT HISTORIC CONF ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS : MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION AND MULTIPLE USES CY APR 22-25, 1991 CL BRNO, CZECHOSLOVAKIA SP INT GEOG UNION AB The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has begun a digital cartographic modernization program. Keys to that program are the creation of a multiscale database, a feature-based file structure that is derived from a spatial data model, and a series of "templates" or rules that specify the relationships between instances of entities in reality and features in the database. The database will initially hold data collected from the USGS standard map products at scales of 1:24,000, 1:100,000, and 1:2,000,000. The spatial data model is called the digital line graph-enhanced model, and the comprehensive rule set consists of collection rules, product generation rules, and conflict resolution rules. This modernization program will affect the USGS mapmaking process because both digital and graphic products will be created from the database. In addition, non-USGS map users will have more flexibility in uses of the databases. These remarks are those of the session discussant made in response to the six papers and the keynote address given in the session. RP MORRISON, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,516 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0198-9715 J9 COMPUT ENVIRON URBAN JI Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 16 IS 4 BP 313 EP 319 DI 10.1016/0198-9715(92)90012-G PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Studies; Geography; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Operations Research & Management Science GA JL300 UT WOS:A1992JL30000006 ER PT J AU HAMMARSTROM, JM ZEN, EA AF HAMMARSTROM, JM ZEN, EA TI CALCIC AMPHIBOLE EQUILIBRIA AND A NEW AMPHIBOLE-PLAGIOCLASE GEOTHERMOMETER - DISCUSSION SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Discussion ID HORNBLENDE C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT GEOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP HAMMARSTROM, JM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,959 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 111 IS 2 BP 264 EP 266 DI 10.1007/BF00348957 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA JB841 UT WOS:A1992JB84100010 ER PT J AU FOREMAN, WT ZAUGG, SD FAIRES, LM WERNER, MG LEIKER, TJ ROGERSON, PF AF FOREMAN, WT ZAUGG, SD FAIRES, LM WERNER, MG LEIKER, TJ ROGERSON, PF TI ANALYTICAL INTERFERENCES OF MERCURIC-CHLORIDE PRESERVATIVE IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES - DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS ISOLATED BY CONTINUOUS LIQUID-LIQUID-EXTRACTION OR CLOSED-LOOP STRIPPING SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTABLE WATER; SUBSTANCES; PRECURSOR; CONTAMINANTS AB Analytical interferences were observed during the determination of organic compounds in groundwater samples preserved with mercuric chloride. The nature of the interference was different depending on the analytical isolation technique employed. (1) Water samples extracted with dichloromethane by continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed a broad HgCl2 "peak" eluting over a 3-5-min span which interfered with the determination of coeluting organic analytes. Substitution of CLLE for separatory funnel extraction in EPA method 508 also resulted in analytical interferences from the use of HgCl2 preservative. (2) Mercuric chloride was purged, along with organic contaminants, during closed-loop stripping (CLS) of groundwater samples and absorbed onto the activated charcoal trap. Competitive sorption of the HgCl2 by the trap appeared to contribute to the observed poor recoveries for spiked organic contaminants. The HgCl2 was not displaced from the charcoal with the dichloromethane elution solvent and required strong nitric acid to achieve rapid, complete displacement. Similar competitive sorption mechanisms might also occur in other purge and trap methods when this preservative is used. RP FOREMAN, WT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL WATER QUAL LAB,METHODS RES & DEV PROGRAM,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1307 EP 1312 DI 10.1021/es00031a004 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JA725 UT WOS:A1992JA72500009 ER PT J AU MCKNIGHT, DM BENCALA, KE ZELLWEGER, GW AIKEN, GR FEDER, GL THORN, KA AF MCKNIGHT, DM BENCALA, KE ZELLWEGER, GW AIKEN, GR FEDER, GL THORN, KA TI SORPTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON BY HYDROUS ALUMINUM AND IRON-OXIDES OCCURRING AT THE CONFLUENCE OF DEER CREEK WITH THE SNAKE RIVER, SUMMIT COUNTY, COLORADO SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES; MOUNTAIN STREAM; ADSORPTION; MODEL; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT; USA AB Organic solute sorption by hydrous iron and aluminum oxides was studied in an acidic, metal-enriched stream (the Snake River) at its confluence with a pristine stream (Deer Creek). From 1979 to 1986, typically 40% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed from solution by sorption onto aluminum and iron oxides, which precipitate as the two streamwaters mix. Upstream DOC concentrations, which increase during snowmelt, were identified as the most significant variables in a multiple regression for determining the DOC concentration below the confluence, and the extent of Al and Fe precipitation was much less significant. On hourly timescales, removal of Al and Fe varied erratically but DOC removal was steady, indicating that "sorbable" organic solutes are sorbed either by precipitating oxides or by oxides or by oxides on the streambed. Characterization of two reactive DOC fractions (fulvic and hydrophilic acids) showed that sorption results in chemical fractionation. Molecules with greater contents of aromatic moieties, carboxylic acid groups, and amino acid residues were preferentially sorbed, which is consistent with the ligand exchange-surface complexation model. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP MCKNIGHT, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,US4,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 25 TC 250 Z9 253 U1 5 U2 78 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1388 EP 1396 DI 10.1021/es00031a017 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JA725 UT WOS:A1992JA72500022 ER PT J AU SCHOLL, MA HARVEY, RW AF SCHOLL, MA HARVEY, RW TI LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ROLE OF SEDIMENT SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY IN TRANSPORT OF BACTERIA THROUGH A CONTAMINATED SANDY AQUIFER SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; SOLID-SURFACES; ADHESION; FILTRATION; ADSORPTION; HYDROPHOBICITY; DEPOSITION; PARTICLES; OXIDES; CHARGE AB The effects of pH and sediment surface characteristics on sorption of indigenous groundwater bacteria were determined using contaminated and uncontaminated aquifer material from Cape Cod, MA. Over the pH range of the aquifer (5-7), the extent of bacterial sorption onto sediment in uncontaminated groundwater was strongly pH-dependent, but relatively pH-insensitive in contaminated groundwater from the site. Bacterial sorption was also affected by the presence of oxyhydroxide coatings (iron, aluminum, and manganese). Surface coating effects were most pronounced in uncontaminated groundwater (pH 6.4 at 10-degrees-C). Desorption of attached bacteria (up to 14% of the total number of labeled cells added) occurred in both field and laboratory experiments upon adjustment of groundwater to pH 8. The dependence of bacterial sorption upon environmental conditions suggests that bacterial immobilization could change substantially over relatively short distances in contaminated, sandy aquifers and that effects caused by changes in groundwater geochemistry can be significant. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,US4,325 BROADWAY,COLORADO,CO 80303. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Harvey, Ronald/C-5783-2013; OI Harvey, Ronald/0000-0002-2791-8503; Scholl, Martha/0000-0001-6994-4614 NR 47 TC 135 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1410 EP 1417 DI 10.1021/es00031a020 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JA725 UT WOS:A1992JA72500025 ER PT J AU NAIMO, TJ ATCHISON, GJ HOLLANDBARTELS, LE AF NAIMO, TJ ATCHISON, GJ HOLLANDBARTELS, LE TI SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES IN THE POCKETBOOK MUSSEL, LAMPSILIS-VENTRICOSA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CADMIUM; FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; PHYSIOLOGY; ENERGETICS ID FRESH-WATER CLAMS; UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; ANODONTA-CYGNEA; MYTILUS-EDULIS; EXCRETION RATES; KINETICS; ZINC; CONCRETIONS; UNIONIDAE; EXPOSURE AB Recent studies indicate that the density and diversity of freshwater mussels are declining in many large river systems, possibly from low-level chemical contamination. Exposure of Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes, 1823) to 0, 22, 111, and 305-mu-g/L of cadmium for 28 d in a proportional diluter resulted in a significant decrease (p less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) in respiration rate as cadmium concentration increased. Although variations in cadmium concentrations did not significantly affect food clearance rates or ammonia excretion rates, mussels exposed to 305-mu-g cadmium per liter showed a decrease in ammonia excretion rates and a decrease in food clearance rates over the 28-d study. Assimilation efficiencies increased during the test in all treatments. Oxygen-to-nitrogen ratios were significantly increased in mussels exposed to either 111 or 305-mu-g cadmium per liter by day 28. Tissue condition index (TCI) values were significantly lower in mussels in the toxicity test than those in a field sample. The significant change in respiration rate after only a 28-d exposure to cadmium suggests that freshwater mussels may be sensitive indicators of sublethal contaminant exposure. However, the large variability in other physiological responses indicates that the study of contaminant effects requires careful selection of appropriate physiological indicators. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM ECOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP NAIMO, TJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 11 IS 7 BP 1013 EP 1021 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1992)11[1013:SEOCOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA JA713 UT WOS:A1992JA71300014 ER PT J AU PUGESEK, BH WOOD, P AF PUGESEK, BH WOOD, P TI ALTERNATE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE CALIFORNIA GULL SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGE; CLUTCH SIZE; FLEDGING SUCCESS; GULLS; GROWTH CURVE; ANALYSIS; LARUS; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES; SENESCENCE; TUCKER ANALYSIS AB We analysed 6 years of reproduction data tor 176 California gulls (Larus californicus) surviving from 1980 to 1988. Using a statistical model adapted from Rao's (1958) and Tucker's (1966) generalized growth curve analysis, we reconstructed the reproductive patterns of gulls aged from 0 to 26 years. Individuals were highly consistent in following one of two patterns of reproduction. In a primary pattern employed by most gulls, individuals skipped breeding less frequently and laid larger clutches as they aged. Clutch size increased to a plateau and remained at high levels throughout remaining life. In an alternate pattern employed by a smaller subset of the sample, clutch size also increased to a plateau. However, as a result of frequent skipping of breeding and smaller clutches. this plateau was considerably lower compared to that of gulls adopting the primary reproductive pattern. Data on fledging success from 1980 and 1984 were consistent with the finding of two reproductive patterns. Gulls adopting thc alternate reproductive pattern produce fewer offspring per breeding attempt but survive longer than gulls adopting the primary pattern. The frequency of gulls employing the alternate pattern will increase with age relative to gulls employing the primary pattern, The alternate pattern, and not senescence, may explain why several cross-sectional studies on seabirds report declines among the oldest breeders in measures of clutch size, egg mass, hatching success, and fledging success, RP PUGESEK, BH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,1010 GAUSE BLVD,SLIDELL,LA 70458, USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0269-7653 J9 EVOL ECOL JI Evol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 6 IS 4 BP 279 EP 295 DI 10.1007/BF02270965 PG 17 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA JD081 UT WOS:A1992JD08100001 ER PT J AU BURRUSS, RC GING, TG EPPINGER, RG SAMSON, IM AF BURRUSS, RC GING, TG EPPINGER, RG SAMSON, IM TI LASER-EXCITED FLUORESCENCE OF RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS IN FLUORITE - INITIAL OBSERVATIONS WITH A LASER RAMAN MICROPROBE SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID DEFECT CHEMISTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; EXCITATION; CAF2-ER3+ AB Fluorescence emission spectra of three samples of fluorite containing 226-867 ppm total rare earth elements (REE) were excited by visible and ultraviolet wavelength lines of an argon ion laser and recorded with a Raman microprobe spectrometer system. Narrow emission lines (< 1 nm) due to 4f-4f electron transitions in individual trivalent REE (Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu?, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) were observed in the wavelength range of 400-900 nm. Emission from individual REE occur in bands of overlapping lines in the wavelength intervals of 470-495 nm, 535-560 nm, 565-580 nm, 585-620 nm, 640-643 nm, 671.4 nm, and 758.2 nm. A broad band at 419 nm excited by the 363.8-nm ultraviolet line of the laser is due to a 4f-5d transition in Eu2+. Two bands of enigmatic origin are a narrow line at 682.8 nm present at all excitation wavelengths in only one sample and a broad band at 720 nm. We have tentatively assigned individual REE to specific lines in each emission band based on selection rules for strongly and weakly allowed 4f-4f transitions and the position of absorption and emission bands documented in the literature for REE in CaF2 and LaF3 host crystals. Working curves of integrated peak intensity of emission from Er3+ and Eu2, vs. ppm measured by ICP-MS give linear log-log fits with R2 > 0.9 for Eu2+, and 0.99 for Er3+. Detection limits for three micrometer spots are about 0.01 ppm Eu2+ and 0.07 ppm Er3+. These limits are less than chondrite abundance for Eu and Er, demonstrating the potential microprobe analytical applications of laser-excited fluorescence of REE in fluorite. However, application of this technique to common rock-forming minerals may be hampered by competition between fluorescence emission and radiationless energy transfer processes involving lattice phonons. C1 UNIV WINDSOR,DEPT GEOL,WINDSOR N9B 3P4,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP BURRUSS, RC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 7 BP 2713 EP 2723 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90355-M PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JD839 UT WOS:A1992JD83900011 ER PT J AU ELLIOTT, WC ARONSON, JL MILLARD, HT AF ELLIOTT, WC ARONSON, JL MILLARD, HT TI IRIDIUM CONTENT OF BASALTIC TUFFS AND ENCLOSING BLACK SHALES OF THE BALDER FORMATION, NORTH-SEA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Letter ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; STEVNS-KLINT; DENMARK; EVENT; CLAY; EXTINCTION; ENRICHMENT; VOLCANO; IMPACT; OCEAN AB The anomalous levels of Ir and the presence of shocked metamorphosed quartz deposited at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary worldwide is strong evidence that a meteorite impact took place during the K/T boundary interval. However, because of observed high Ir contents at Kilauea vents, it is still a major point of contention that the Ir anomaly could have been produced by flood basaltic volcanism. This might especially be true at Stevns Klint, Denmark, where the K/T boundary marl contains pyroclastic labradorite and Mg-smectite thought to have been produced by basaltic volcanism. However, up to now, no study has determined whether or not a depositional Ir anomaly has formed in association with a known major basaltic eruption. Herein, we report the concentrations of Ir, Pt, Au, and Ag in basaltic tuffs and enclosing marine black shales of the widespread Paleocene-Eocene Balder Formation. The tuffs in the Balder Formation represent explosive basaltic volcanism associated with the major volcano/tectonic activity of the opening of the northern North Atlantic Ocean. As such, they are the kind of eruption that could have possibly created a global K/T boundary-type Ir anomaly. Our results show that the tuffs and the shales on a per-weight basis both contain concentrations of Ir (0.1-0.25 ppb) that are higher than the Ir levels recently measured from terrestrial rocks including the Deccan Trap and Columbia River flood basalts, but are comparable to Hawaiian and Reunion Island basalts. Because of its thickness, the absolute amount of Ir expelled during the eruption of the main tuff sequence of the Balder Tuff is sizable. Yet for such an eruption to have produced a global Ir anomaly would mandate it having been one of an extremely high volatile content and it would have to have been erupted over a very short interval of time. Furthermore, such a high proportion of the volatilized Ir would have to have been injected into the stratosphere so that only small enrichments of Ir were formed in the proximal tuffs on a per gram basis. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ELLIOTT, WC (reprint author), CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,CLEVELAND,OH 44106, USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 7 BP 2955 EP 2961 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JD839 UT WOS:A1992JD83900029 ER PT J AU KENNEDY, WJ COBBAN, WA SCOTT, GR AF KENNEDY, WJ COBBAN, WA SCOTT, GR TI AMMONITE CORRELATION OF THE UPPERMOST CAMPANIAN OF WESTERN-EUROPE, THE UNITED-STATES GULF-COAST, ATLANTIC SEABOARD AND WESTERN INTERIOR, AND THE NUMERICAL AGE OF THE BASE OF THE MAASTRICHTIAN SO GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Note AB If the base of the Maastrichtian Stage is placed at the first appearance of the belemnite Belemnella lanceolata in Western Europe, the boundary between the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages in the U.S. Western Interior may lie between the zones of Baculites jenseni and Baculites eliasi. The B. jenseni Zone can be shown to be latest Campanian in age on the basis of the occurrence of Nostoceras (N.) hyatti Stephenson and Jeletzkytes nodosus (Owen), which range to the top of the Campanian in the well-dated Vistula Valley sequence in Poland, but disappear before the first appearance of B. lanceolata. So defined the numerical age of the Maastrichtian lies between 73.2+/-0.7 and 70.1+/-0.7 Ma, based upon dates from high temperature chronometers in bentonites in the Western Interior. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP KENNEDY, WJ (reprint author), UNIV MUSEUM OXFORD,GEOL COLLECT,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. NR 32 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0016-7568 J9 GEOL MAG JI Geol. Mag. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 129 IS 4 BP 497 EP 500 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JH520 UT WOS:A1992JH52000011 ER PT J AU COATES, AG JACKSON, JBC COLLINS, LS CRONIN, TM DOWSETT, HJ BYBELL, LM JUNG, P OBANDO, JA AF COATES, AG JACKSON, JBC COLLINS, LS CRONIN, TM DOWSETT, HJ BYBELL, LM JUNG, P OBANDO, JA TI CLOSURE OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA - THE NEAR-SHORE MARINE RECORD OF COSTA-RICA AND WESTERN PANAMA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-AMERICA; LIMON-BASIN; PLIOCENE; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; PACIFIC; MIOCENE; MEXICO; GULF; STRATIGRAPHY AB The final closure of the Isthmus of Panama at approximately 3.5 Ma divided the American tropical ocean into two separate and different oceanographic regions. Consequences for the marine biota were profound, but, hitherto, correlation of the Pacific and Caribbean coastal sections has not been precise enough to track biologic patterns. We present here a correlation of 31 sections from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica and western Panama. Using calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera at both the tops and bottoms of each formation, we estimate that the Caribbean section ranges from 8.2 Ma to 1.7 Ma; and the Pacific sequence, from 3.6 Ma to <1.7 Ma. These intervals bracket postulated dates for final closure of the Isthmus and provide the first well-dated record of middle and late Pliocene faunas from the region. The Caribbean and Pacific sections include very different environments of deposition, yet there is sufficient overlap and diversity of habitats to permit meaningful biological comparisons. On the Caribbean side, formations tied together by the overlap of the upper Pliocene markers Sphenolithus abies and Pseudo-emiliana lacunosa (3.5 Ma to 3.6 Ma) range from very shallow to shallow inner shelf (<200 m) and upper slope (200-800 m). The Pacific coast sections were mostly deposited in a trench slope environment, which is absent on the Caribbean side. These sections fortuitously include abundant thick intra-formational slumps containing shallow-water fauna more appropriate for biological comparison with the Caribbean biota. Similarly, the approximately 1.9 Ma to 1.5 Ma interval, well constrained by various taxa, includes middle- to outer-shelf, and inner-shelf to upper-slope deposits on the Caribbean side, and marginal-marine to inner-shelf deposits on the Pacific coast. Using our new biostratigraphic framework to correlate previously poorly constrained mollusc collections, we show that evolutionary divergence of the Pacific and Caribbean near-shore marine faunas had occurred by 3.5 Ma. This strongly suggests that the Isthmus was effectively closed by this time. C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20052. UNIV MICHIGAN,MUSEUM PALEONTOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. RECOPE SA,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NAT HIST MUSEUM,CH-4051 BASEL,SWITZERLAND. RP COATES, AG (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST,BOX 2072,BALBOA,PANAMA. OI Dowsett, Harry/0000-0003-1983-7524 NR 74 TC 331 Z9 349 U1 5 U2 50 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 104 IS 7 BP 814 EP 828 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0814:COTIOP>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JB686 UT WOS:A1992JB68600003 ER PT J AU MCINTOSH, WC CHAPIN, CE RATTE, JC SUTTER, JF AF MCINTOSH, WC CHAPIN, CE RATTE, JC SUTTER, JF TI TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE EOCENE-OLIGOCENE MOGOLLON-DATIL VOLCANIC FIELD, SOUTHWEST NEW-MEXICO SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; ASH-FLOW TUFFS; SECULAR VARIATION; COLORADO; PALEOMAGNETISM; EVOLUTION; NEVADA; ARGON; AGE; CONSTRAINTS AB A time-stratigraphic framework for discontinuously exposed regional ignimbrites in the Eocene-Oligocene Mogollon-Datil volcanic field has been established using correlations aided by Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations and paleomagnetic analyses. Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra from sanidine separates (25 regional ignimbrites, 85 samples, 97 spectra) yield well-defined plateau ages that are precise (within-sample and within-unit 1-sigma < +/- 0.5%) and agree closely with independently established stratigraphic order. Paleomagnetic remanence directions (404 sites) from individual ignimbrite outflow sheets are generally vertically and horizontally uniform throughout facies ranging from thick (100-500 m), densely welded, proximal ignimbrites to thin (1.5-30 m), unwelded, distal fringes. Between-unit differences in paleomagnetic directions provide useful correlation criteria, particularly for units having ages too close to be resolved using Ar-40/Ar-39 dating. The Mogollon-Datil time-stratigraphic framework clarifies ignimbrite history and provides improved age control for intercalated lavas and sedimentary rocks. Ignimbrite activity was strongly episodic; outflow sheets were primarily erupted in four discrete pulses representing synchronized activity of two separate cauldron complexes. Activity in the southern complex began at 36.2 Ma near Las Cruces, New Mexico, and subsequently migrated 220 km northwest, culminating in the 28.0 Ma Bursum cauldron. Activity in the northern complex, located west of Socorro, New Mexico, underwent a less defined and more modest 40-km westward migration over its 32.0 to 24.3 Ma life span. The four pulses of ignimbrite activity were (1) 36.2-24.3 Ma, 12 major units, >1,500 km3 total volume; (2) 32.0-31.4 Ma, three major units, >1,500 km3 volume; (3) 29.1-27.4 Ma, nine major units, >6,000 kM3; and (4) 24.3 Ma, one major unit. The third and largest ignimbrite pulse was accompanied by extensive rhyolitic dome and flow eruptions in the area between the two main cauldron complexes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP MCINTOSH, WC (reprint author), NEW MEXICO BUR MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA. NR 75 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 104 IS 7 BP 851 EP 871 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0851:TSFFTE>2.3.CO;2 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JB686 UT WOS:A1992JB68600006 ER PT J AU HUTCHINSON, DR GOLMSHTOK, AJ ZONENSHAIN, LP MOORE, TC SCHOLZ, CA KLITGORD, KD AF HUTCHINSON, DR GOLMSHTOK, AJ ZONENSHAIN, LP MOORE, TC SCHOLZ, CA KLITGORD, KD TI DEPOSITIONAL AND TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE RIFT BASINS OF LAKE BAIKAL FROM MULTICHANNEL SEISMIC DATA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZONE; SYSTEM AB Recent multichannel seismic reflection data from Lake Baikal, located in a large, active, continental rift in central Asia, image three major stratigraphic units totaling 3.5 to 7.5 km thick in four subbasins. A major change in rift deposition and faulting between the oldest and middle-rift units probably corresponds to the change from slow to fast rifting in early Pliocene time inferred from on-land studies. A minor modification of fault patterns characterizes the youngest unit. A brief comparison of the basins of Lake Baikal with those of the East African rift system highlights differences in structural style that can be explained by differences in age and evolution of the surrounding basement rocks. C1 DUKE UNIV,MARINE LAB,BEAUFORT,NC 28516. GELENDZHIK OCEANOL INST,SO BRANCH,GELENDZHIK,USSR. UNIV MICHIGAN,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. MOSCOW OCEANOL INST,MOSCOW,USSR. RP HUTCHINSON, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. RI Moore, Theodore/N-8848-2014 OI Moore, Theodore/0000-0003-4121-1325 NR 25 TC 157 Z9 165 U1 1 U2 13 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1992 VL 20 IS 7 BP 589 EP & DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0589:DATFOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 0 WC Geology SC Geology GA JB677 UT WOS:A1992JB67700004 ER PT J AU QUICK, JE SINIGOI, S NEGRINI, L DEMARCHI, G MAYER, A AF QUICK, JE SINIGOI, S NEGRINI, L DEMARCHI, G MAYER, A TI SYNMAGMATIC DEFORMATION IN THE UNDERPLATED IGNEOUS COMPLEX OF THE IVREA-VERBANO ZONE SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN ALPS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; EVOLUTION; MODEL; EMPLACEMENT; CONSTRAINTS; MAGMATISM; LINE AB The Ivrea-Verbano zone, northern Italy, contains an igneous complex up to 10 km thick that is thought to have been intruded near the interface between the continental crust and mantle during the late Paleozoic. New data indicate that this complex is pervasively deformed and concentrically foliated. Widespread deformation under hypersolidus conditions is indicated by growth of undeformed poikilitic phases across the foliation and segregation of late-stage melts into high-temperature faults and pressure shadows of boudins. The presence of analogous features in ophiolitic gabbros suggests that emplacement of the Ivrea-Verbano zone plutonic rocks involved large-scale flow of crystal mush in a dynamic, and possibly extensional, tectonic environment. C1 UNIV TRIESTE, IST MINERAL & PETROG, I-34100 TRIESTE, ITALY. RP QUICK, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 903, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. OI DEMARCHI, Gabriella/0000-0001-6927-864X; SINIGOI, Silvano/0000-0001-6812-4083 NR 40 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 EI 1943-2682 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1992 VL 20 IS 7 BP 613 EP 616 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0613:SDITUI>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA JB677 UT WOS:A1992JB67700010 ER PT J AU STANLEY, GD VALLIER, TL AF STANLEY, GD VALLIER, TL TI GALAPAGOS-ISLANDS - A HOLOCENE ANALOG TO THE WALLOWA ACCRETED TERRANE, WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note ID OREGON C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP STANLEY, GD (reprint author), UNIV MONTANA,DEPT GEOL,MISSOULA,MT 59812, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1992 VL 20 IS 7 BP 661 EP 661 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA JB677 UT WOS:A1992JB67700022 ER PT J AU DURRHEIM, RJ MOONEY, WD AF DURRHEIM, RJ MOONEY, WD TI ARCHEAN AND PROTEROZOIC CRUSTAL EVOLUTION - EVIDENCE FROM CRUSTAL SEISMOLOGY - REPLY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP DURRHEIM, RJ (reprint author), UNIV WITWATERSRAND, DEPT GEOPHYS, JOHANNESBURG 2050, SOUTH AFRICA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 19 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1992 VL 20 IS 7 BP 665 EP 665 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA JB677 UT WOS:A1992JB67700027 ER PT J AU BREDEHOEFT, J AF BREDEHOEFT, J TI THE INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGE OF HYDROGEOLOGY SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID GENESIS; BASIN RP BREDEHOEFT, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 1992 VL 20 IS 7 BP 672 EP 672 PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA JB677 UT WOS:A1992JB67700033 ER PT J AU FREDERICK, DG AF FREDERICK, DG TI GEOGRAPHIC DATABASES NEED YOUR HELP SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article RP FREDERICK, DG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1992 VL 37 IS 7 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JB679 UT WOS:A1992JB67900003 ER PT J AU KU, HFH HAGELIN, NW BUXTON, HT AF KU, HFH HAGELIN, NW BUXTON, HT TI EFFECTS OF URBAN STORM-RUNOFF CONTROL ON GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN NASSAU COUNTY, NEW-YORK SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB Before urban development, most ground-water recharge on Long Island, New York, occurred during the dormant season, when evapotranspiration is low. The use of recharge basins for collection and disposal of urban storm runoff in Nassau County has enabled ground-water recharge to occur also during the growing season. In contrast, the use of storm sewers to route storm runoff to streams and coastal waters has resulted in a decrease in ground-water recharge during the dormant season. The net result of these two forms of urban storm-runoff control has been an increase in annual recharge of about 12 percent in areas served by recharge basins and a decrease of about 10 percent in areas where storm runoff is routed to streams and tidewater. On a countywide basis, annual ground-water recharge has remained nearly the same as under predevelopment conditions, but its distribution pattern has changed. Redistribution resulted in increased recharge in the eastern and central parts of the county, and decreased recharge in the western and nearshore areas. Model simulation of recharge indicates that the water-table altitude has increased by as much as 5 ft above predevelopment levels in areas served by recharge basins and declined by as much as 3 feet in areas where stormwater is discharged to streams and tidewater. C1 ABB ENVIRONM SERV INC,PORTLAND,ME 04112. US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. RP KU, HFH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5 AERIAL WAY,SYOSSET,NY 11791, USA. NR 19 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 15 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 30 IS 4 BP 507 EP 514 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01526.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA JB921 UT WOS:A1992JB92100005 ER PT J AU KONIKOW, LF AF KONIKOW, LF TI THE MODELING PROCESS AND MODEL VALIDATION - DISCUSSION SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Discussion ID GROUNDWATER MODEL RP KONIKOW, LF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 30 IS 4 BP 622 EP 623 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01543.x PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA JB921 UT WOS:A1992JB92100022 ER PT J AU HALL, RJ HENRY, PFP AF HALL, RJ HENRY, PFP TI ASSESSING EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES - STATUS AND NEEDS SO HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review AB Growing concern about the decline of certain amphibian populations and for conservation of amphibians and reptiles has led to renewed awareness of problems from pesticides. Testing amphibians and reptiles as a requirement for chemical registration has been proposed but is difficult because of the phylogenetic diversity of these groups. Information from the literature and research may determine whether amphibians and reptiles are adequately protected by current tests for mammals, birds, and fish. Existing information indicates that amphibians are unpredictably more resistant to certain cholinesterase inhibitors, and more sensitive to two chemicals used in fishery applications than could have been predicted. A single study on one species of lizard suggests that reptiles may be close in sensitivity to mammals and birds. Research on effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles should compare responses to currently tested groups and should seek to delineate those taxa and chemicals for which cross-group prediction is not possible. New tests for amphibians and reptiles should rely to the greatest extent possible on existing data bases, and should be designed for maximum economy and minimum harm to test animals. A strategy for developing the needed information is proposed. Good field testing and surveillance of chemicals in use may compensate for failures of predictive evaluations and may ultimately lead to improved tests. RP HALL, RJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MAIL STOP 725,ARLSQ,1849 C ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20240, USA. NR 0 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 26 PU BRITISH HERPETOL SOC PI LONDON PA C/O ZOOL SOC LONDON REGENTS PARK, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 4RY SN 0268-0130 J9 HERPETOL J JI Herpetolog. J. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 2 IS 3 BP 65 EP 71 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JJ931 UT WOS:A1992JJ93100001 ER PT J AU CARR, MH WANKE, H AF CARR, MH WANKE, H TI EARTH AND MARS - WATER INVENTORIES AS CLUES TO ACCRETIONAL HISTORIES SO ICARUS LA English DT Article ID GROUND ICE INTERACTIONS; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS; MASS FRACTIONATION; THERMAL HISTORY; OCEANIC BASALTS; EARLY EVOLUTION; SNC METEORITES; CORE FORMATION; RICH PLANET; ATMOSPHERE C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, KOSMOCHEM ABT, W-6500 MAINZ, GERMANY. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS-946, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 88 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUL PY 1992 VL 98 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 DI 10.1016/0019-1035(92)90207-N PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA JF951 UT WOS:A1992JF95100007 ER PT J AU ALLEN, JL MEINERTZ, JR GOFUS, JE AF ALLEN, JL MEINERTZ, JR GOFUS, JE TI DETERMINATION OF MALACHITE GREEN AND ITS LEUCO FORM IN WATER SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEUCOGENTIAN VIOLET; GENTIAN-VIOLET; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION AB Liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis can detect malachite green residues in water at less than 10 mu-g/L. Water samples were concentrated on disposable diol columns, eluted with 0.05M p-toluene-sulfonic acid in methanol, and determined by reversed-phase LC. When combined with a lead oxide postcolumn reactor, the LC method can simultaneously determine both leuco and chromatic forms of malachite green. Recoveries averaged 95.4% for the chromatic form and 57.3% for the leuco form of malachite green oxalate and leuco malachite green in spiked pond water samples. Recoveries of the carbinol form of malachite green (an equilibrium product of the dye in water) from spiked tap water samples averaged 98.6%. Recoveries of leuco malachite green were low and pH-dependent. RP ALLEN, JL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1992 VL 75 IS 4 BP 646 EP 649 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA JF687 UT WOS:A1992JF68700007 ER PT J AU HEVESI, JA ISTOK, JD FLINT, AL AF HEVESI, JA ISTOK, JD FLINT, AL TI PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN USING MULTIVARIATE GEOSTATISTICS .1. STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER AB Values of average annual precipitation (AAP) are desired for hydrologic studies within a watershed containing Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high-level nuclear-waste repository. Reliable values of AAP are not yet available for most areas within this watershed because of a sparsity of precipitation measurements and the need to obtain measurements over a sufficient length of time. To estimate AAP over the entire watershed, historical precipitation data and station elevations were obtained from a network of 62 stations in southern Nevada and southeastern California. Multivariate geostatistics (cokriging) was selected as an estimation method because of a significant (p = 0.05) correlation of r = .75 between the natural log of AAP and station elevation. A sample direct variogram for the transformed variable, TAAP = In [ (AAP) 1 000 ], was fitted with an isotropic, spherical model defined by a small nugget value of 5000, a range of 190 000 ft, and a sill value equal to the sample variance of 163 151. Elevations for 1531 additional locations were obtained from topographic maps to improve the accuracy of cokriged estimates. A sample direct variogram for elevation was fitted with an isotropic model consisting of a nugget value of 5500 and three nested transition structures: a Gaussian structure with a range of 61 000 ft, a spherical structure with a range of 70 000 ft, and a quasi-stationary, linear structure. The use of an isotropic, stationary model for elevation was considered valid within a sliding-neighborhood radius of 120 000 ft. The problem of fitting a positive-definite, nonlinear model of coregionalization to an inconsistent sample cross variogram for TAAP and elevation was solved by a modified use of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. A selected cross-variogram model consisted of two nested structures: a Gaussian structure with a range of 61 000 ft and a spherical structure with a range of 190 000 ft. Cross validation was used for model selection and for comparing the geostatistical model with six alternate estimation methods. Multivariate geostatistics provided the best cross-validation results. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HYDROL RES FACIL,POB 327,MS 721,MERCURY,NV 89023. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RAYTHEON SERV NEVADA,LAS VEGAS,NV. NR 17 TC 188 Z9 202 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 31 IS 7 BP 661 EP 676 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0661:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA JB334 UT WOS:A1992JB33400003 ER PT J AU HEVESI, JA FLINT, AL ISTOK, JD AF HEVESI, JA FLINT, AL ISTOK, JD TI PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN USING MULTIVARIATE GEOSTATISTICS .2. ISOHYETAL MAPS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Values of average annual precipitation (AAP) may be important for hydrologic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear-waste repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Reliable measurements of AAP are sparse in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, and estimates of AAP were needed for an isohyetal mapping over a 2600-square-mile watershed containing Yucca Mountain. Estimates were obtained with a multivariate geostatistical model developed using AAP and elevation data from a network of 42 precipitation stations in southern Nevada and southeastern California. An additional 1531 elevations were obtained to improve estimation accuracy. Isohyets representing estimates obtained using univariate geostatistics (kriging) defined a smooth and continuous surface. Isohyets representing estimates obtained using multivariate geostatistics (cokriging) defined an irregular surface that more accurately represented expected local orographic influences on AAP. Cokriging results included a maximum estimate within the study area of 335 mm at an elevation of 7400 ft, an average estimate of 157 mm for the study area, and an average estimate of 172 mm at eight locations in the vicinity of the potential repository site. Kriging estimates tended to be lower in comparison because the increased AAP expected for remote mountainous topograpby was not adequately represented by the available sample. Regression results between cokriging estimates and elevation were similar to regression results between measured AAP and elevation. The position of the cokriging 250-mm isohyet relative to the boundaries of pinyon pine and juniper woodlands provided indirect evidence of improved estimation accuracy because the cokriging result agreed well with investigations by others concerning the relationship between elevation, vegetation, and climate in the Great Basin. Calculated estimation variances were also mapped and compared to evaluate improvements in estimation accuracy. Cokriging estimation variances were reduced by an average of 54% relative to kriging variances within the study area. Cokriging reduced estimation variances at the potential repository site by 55% relative to kriging. The usefulness of an existing network of stations for measuring AAP within the study area was evaluated using cokriging variances, and twenty additional stations were located for the purpose of improving the accuracy of future isohyetal mappings. Using the expanded network of stations, the maximum cokriging estimation variance within the study area was reduced by 78% relative to the existing network, and the average estimation variance was reduced by 52%. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HYDROL RES FACIL,POB 327,MS 721,MERCURY,NV 89023. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RAYTHEON SERV NEVADA,LAS VEGAS,NV. NR 12 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 31 IS 7 BP 677 EP 688 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0677:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA JB334 UT WOS:A1992JB33400004 ER PT J AU MCCONNELL, VD SCHWARZ, GE AF MCCONNELL, VD SCHWARZ, GE TI THE SUPPLY-AND-DEMAND FOR POLLUTION-CONTROL - EVIDENCE FROM WASTE-WATER TREATMENT SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MS 410 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP MCCONNELL, VD (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ECON,CATONSVILLE,MD 21228, USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 23 IS 1 BP 54 EP 77 DI 10.1016/0095-0696(92)90041-T PG 24 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HY819 UT WOS:A1992HY81900004 ER PT J AU MILLER, EK HUNTINGTON, TG JOHNSON, AH FRIEDLAND, AJ AF MILLER, EK HUNTINGTON, TG JOHNSON, AH FRIEDLAND, AJ TI PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS - ALUMINUM IN SOIL SOLUTIONS FROM A SUB-ALPINE SPRUCE FIR FOREST AT WHITEFACE MOUNTAIN, NEW-YORK SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RED SPRUCE; ACID PRECIPITATION; AQUEOUS ALUMINUM; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; SEEDLINGS; DEPOSITION; WATERSHEDS; WASHINGTON; NORTHERN AB Direct or indirect Al toxicity has been suggested as a principal factor in forest tree declines. We monitored ambient soil solutions in undisturbed and experimentally manipulated soils from a fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.]-spruce forest on Whiteface Mountain, NY, in order to characterize soil solution Al concentrations over a range of acid anion loadings. Under both natural and experimental conditions total Al and labile Al concentrations rarely exceeded values (180-250-mu-mol L-1) associated with reduced root growth in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). Over a 2-yr period ambient soil solutions averaged 76 and 46-mu-mol L-1 total Al in the organic and mineral horizons, respectively. The highest monthly mean concentrations occurred in winter. Disturbance-induced NO3 accumulation and simulated acid rain applications produced higher peak Al values in experimental plots than were observed in undisturbed and untreated plots. Although soils of the fir-spruce zone exhibited the potential to yield solutions with phytotoxic Al concentrations, it appears that such concentrations are both spatially and temporally limited and infrequently present a direct stress to root growth in red spruce. C1 DARTMOUTH COLL,ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,HANOVER,NH 03755. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DORAVILLE,GA 30360. UNIV PENN,DEPT GEOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP MILLER, EK (reprint author), DARTMOUTH COLL,DEPT EARTH SCI,HANOVER,NH 03755, USA. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1992 VL 21 IS 3 BP 345 EP 352 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JG872 UT WOS:A1992JG87200007 ER PT J AU SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP AF SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP TI SELENIUM AND SULFUR RELATIONSHIPS IN ALFALFA AND SOIL UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS, SAN-JOAQUIN-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS AB Relationships between total Se and S or soluble SeO4 and SO4 in soils and tissue concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), under field conditions in the San Joaquin Valley of California, suggest that the rate of accumulation of Se in alfalfa may be reduced in areas where high Se and S concentrations in soils were measured. These data suggest that the balance between carbonate and sulfate minerals in soil may have a greater influence on uptake of Se by alfalfa than does the balance of SeO4 and SO4 in soil solution. Soil and alfalfa were sampled from areas representing a wide range in soil Se and S concentrations. Specific sampling locations were selected based on a previous study of Se, S, and other elements where 721 soil samples were collected to map landscape variability and distribution of elements. Six multiple-linear regression equations were developed between total and/or soluble soil chemical constituents and tissue concentrations of Se in alfalfa. We chose a regression model that accounted for 72% of the variability in alfalfa Se concentrations based on an association of elements in soil (total C, S, Se, and Sr) determined by factor analysis. To prepare a map showing the spatial distribution of estimated alfalfa Se concentrations, the model was applied to the data from the previously collected 721 soil samples. Estimated alfalfa Se concentrations in most of the study area were within a range that is predicted to produce alfalfa with neither Se deficiency nor toxicity when consumed by livestock. A few small areas are predicted to produce alfalfa that potentially would not meet minimum dietary needs of livestock. RP SEVERSON, RC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 973,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-SEP PY 1992 VL 21 IS 3 BP 353 EP 358 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JG872 UT WOS:A1992JG87200008 ER PT J AU KANE, JS AF KANE, JS TI REFERENCE SAMPLES FOR USE IN ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY - THEIR AVAILABILITY, PREPARATION, AND APPROPRIATE USE SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION DATA; ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES; 1987 COMPILATION; LABORATORIES; STANDARD; PROGRAMS; SEDIMENT; VALUES AB A large number of certified and other reference samples are available for use in analytical geochemistry. Certified materials are preferred, but of much more limited availability than other reference samples for most geochemical applications. The availability of rock, sediment, soil, water, and plant reference samples is outlined; ore and mineral separate reference samples are not included in the discussion. The preparation of these materials, including the establishment of certified or recommended concentrations, is then reviewed. It is shown that comparable quality can be achieved for both certified and recommended concentrations, though it has not always been achieved in the past. Finally, the most appropriate ways to use reference samples in quality control and instrument calibration are discussed. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 88 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 44 IS 1-3 BP 37 EP 63 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90047-C PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JE385 UT WOS:A1992JE38500004 ER PT J AU CHAO, TT SANZOLONE, RF AF CHAO, TT SANZOLONE, RF TI DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; IMPREGNATED GRAPHITE-FURNACE; NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; ANION-EXCHANGE SEPARATION; OVEN SAMPLE DISSOLUTION; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS; X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS AB Sample decomposition is a fundamental and integral step in the procedure of geochemical analysis. It is often the limiting factor to sample throughput, especially with the recent application of the fast and modern multi-element measurement instrumentation. The complexity of geological materials makes it necessary to choose the sample decomposition technique that is compatible with the specific objective of the analysis. When selecting a decomposition technique, consideration should be given to the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the sample, elements to be determined, precision and accuracy requirements, sample throughput, technical capability of personnel, and time constraints. This paper addresses these concerns and discusses the attributes and limitations of many techniques of sample decomposition along with examples of their application to geochemical analysis. The chemical properties of reagents as to their function as decomposition agents are also reviewed. The section on acid dissolution techniques addresses the various inorganic acids that are used individually or in combination in both open and closed systems. Fluxes used in sample fusion are discussed. The promising microwave-oven technology and the emerging field of automation are also examined. A section on applications highlights the use of decomposition techniques for the determination of Au, platinum group elements (PGEs), Hg, U, hydride-forming elements, rare earth elements (REEs), and multi-elements in geological materials. Partial dissolution techniques used for geochemical exploration which have been treated in detail elsewhere are not discussed here; nor are fire-assaying for noble metals and decomposition techniques for X-ray fluorescence or nuclear methods be discussed. RP CHAO, TT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 973,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 269 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 44 IS 1-3 BP 65 EP 106 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90048-D PG 42 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JE385 UT WOS:A1992JE38500005 ER PT J AU VIETS, JG OLEARY, RM AF VIETS, JG OLEARY, RM TI THE ROLE OF ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY IN GEOCHEMICAL-EXPLORATION SO JOURNAL OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION LA English DT Article ID GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; GOLD; EXTRACTION; ANTIMONY; SAMPLES; BISMUTH; FLAME; SPECTROSCOPY; GENERATION AB In this paper we briefly describe the principles of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and the basic hardware components necessary to make measurements of analyte concentrations. Then we discuss a variety of methods that have been developed for the introduction of analyte atoms into the light path of the spectrophotometer. This section deals with sample digestion, elimination of interferences, and optimum production of ground-state atoms, all critical considerations when choosing an AAS method. Other critical considerations are cost, speed, simplicity, precision, and applicability of the method to the wide range of materials sampled in geochemical exploration. We cannot attempt to review all of the AAS methods developed for geological materials but instead will restrict our discussion to some of those appropriate for geochemical exploration. Our background and familiarity are reflected in the methods we discuss, and we have no doubt overlooked many good methods. Our discussion should therefore be considered a starting point in finding the right method for the problem, rather than the end of the search. Finally, we discuss the future of AAS relative to other instrumental techniques and the promising new directions for AAS in geochemical exploration. RP VIETS, JG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 973,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 87 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-6742 J9 J GEOCHEM EXPLOR JI J. Geochem. Explor. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 44 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 138 DI 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90049-E PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JE385 UT WOS:A1992JE38500006 ER PT J AU PUDAR, RS LIGGETT, JA AF PUDAR, RS LIGGETT, JA TI LEAKS IN PIPE NETWORKS SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION AB Leak detection in water-distribution systems can be accomplished by solving an inverse problem using measurements of pressure and/or flow. The problem is formulated with equivalent orifice areas of possible leaks as the unknowns. Minimization of the difference between measured and calculated heads produces a solution for the areas. The quality of the result depends on number and location of the measurements. A sensitivity matrix is key to deciding where to make measurements. Both location and magnitude of leaks are sensitive to the quantity and quality of pressure measurements and to how well the pipe friction parameters are known. The overdetermined problem (more measurements than suspected leaks) gives the best results, but some information can be derived from the underdetermined problem. The variance of leak areas, based on the quality of system characteristics and pressure data, indicates the likely accuracy of the results. The method will not substitute for more traditional leak surveys but can serve as a guide and supplement. C1 CORNELL UNIV,SCH CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP PUDAR, RS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOUR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78216, USA. NR 13 TC 98 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 21 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1992 VL 118 IS 7 BP 1031 EP 1046 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:7(1031) PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA JA195 UT WOS:A1992JA19500006 ER PT J AU MCCARTHY, KA MCFARLAND, WD WILKINSON, JM WHITE, LD AF MCCARTHY, KA MCFARLAND, WD WILKINSON, JM WHITE, LD TI THE DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUND-WATER AND THE COLUMBIA RIVER - USING DEUTERIUM AND O-18 AS TRACERS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPE AB Deuterium and oxygen- 18 were used as natural tracers to investigate the hydraulic relationship between the Columbia River and the Blue Lake gravel aquifer near Portland, Oregon. A time series of stable-isotope data collected from surface and ground waters during a March 1990 aquifer test confirms that the river and aquifer are hydraulically connected. Calculations based on simple mixing show that the river contributed 40-50% of the yield of three wells after 5-6 days of pumping. Data collected during August 1990, show that the river contributed 65-80% of the yield of one well after 22 days of pumping and indicate that the contribution of the river was still increasing. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP MCCARTHY, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,10615 SE CHERRY BLOSSOM DR,PORTLAND,OR 97216, USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JF931 UT WOS:A1992JF93100001 ER PT J AU MOODY, JA TROUTMAN, BM AF MOODY, JA TROUTMAN, BM TI EVALUATION OF THE DEPTH-INTEGRATION METHOD OF MEASURING WATER DISCHARGE IN LARGE RIVERS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The depth-integration method of measuring water discharge makes a continuous measurement of the water velocity from the water surface to the bottom at 20 to 40 locations or verticals across a river. It is especially practical for large rivers where river traffic makes it impractical to use boats attached to taglines strung across the river or to use current meters suspended from bridges. This method has the additional advantage over the standard two- and eight-tenths method in that a discharge-weighted suspended-sediment sample can be collected at the same time. When this method is used in large rivers such as the Missouri, Mississippi and Ohio, a microwave navigation system is used to determine the ship's position at each vertical sampling location across the river, and to make accurate velocity corrections to compensate for ship drift. An essential feature is a hydraulic winch that can lower and raise the current meter at a constant transit velocity so that the velocities at all depths are measured for equal lengths of time. Field calibration measurements show that: (1) the mean velocity measured on the upcast (bottom to surface) is within 1% of the standard mean velocity determined by 9-11 point measurements; (2) if the transit velocity is less than 25% of the mean velocity, then average error in the mean velocity is 4% or less. The major source of bias error is a result of mounting the current meter above a sounding weight and sometimes above a suspended-sediment sampling bottle, which prevents measurement of the velocity all the way to the bottom. The measured mean velocity is slightly larger than the true mean velocity. This bias error in the discharge is largest in shallow water (approximately 8% for the Missouri River at Hermann, MO, where the mean depth was 4.3 m) and smallest in deeper water (approximately 3% for the Mississippi River at Vicksburg, MS, where the mean depth was 14.5 m). The major source of random error in the discharge is the natural variability of river velocities, which we assumed to be independent and random at each vertical. The standard error of the estimated mean velocity, at an individual vertical sampling location, may be as large as 9%, for large sand-bed alluvial rivers. The computed discharge, however, is a weighted mean of these random velocities. Consequently the standard error of computed discharge is divided by the square root of the number of verticals, producing typical values between 1 and 2%. The discharges measured by the depth-integrated method agreed within +/- 5% of those measured simultaneously by the standard two- and eight-tenths, six-tenth and moving boat methods. RP MOODY, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 201 EP 236 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90089-E PG 36 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JF931 UT WOS:A1992JF93100012 ER PT J AU WAGNER, BJ AF WAGNER, BJ TI SIMULTANEOUS PARAMETER-ESTIMATION AND CONTAMINANT SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION FOR COUPLED GROUNDWATER-FLOW AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT MODELING SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; INVERSE PROBLEM; GEOSTATISTICAL APPROACH; SAMPLING DESIGN; STEADY-STATE; IDENTIFICATION; AQUIFER; SENSITIVITIES; UNCERTAINTY AB Parameter estimation and contaminant source characterization are key steps in the development of a coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation model. Here a methodology for simultaneous model parameter estimation and source characterization is presented. The parameter estimation/source characterization inverse model combines groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation with non-linear maximum likelihood estimation to determine optimal estimates of the unknown model parameters and source characteristics based on measurements of hydraulic head and contaminant concentration. First-order uncertainty analysis provides a means for assessing the reliability of the maximum likelihood estimates and evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the flow and transport model predictions. A series of hypothetical examples is presented to demonstrate the ability of the inverse model to solve the combined parameter estimation/source characterization inverse problem. Hydraulic conductivities, effective porosity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivities, boundary flux, and contaminant flux at the source are estimated for a two-dimensional groundwater system. In addition, characterization of the history of contaminant disposal or location of the contaminant source is demonstrated. Finally, the problem of estimating the statistical parameters that describe the errors associated with the head and concentration data is addressed. A stage-wise estimation procedure is used to jointly estimate these statistical parameters along with the unknown model parameters and source characteristics. RP WAGNER, BJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 28 TC 126 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 275 EP 303 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90092-A PG 29 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JF931 UT WOS:A1992JF93100015 ER PT J AU COBBAN, WA KENNEDY, WJ AF COBBAN, WA KENNEDY, WJ TI THE LAST WESTERN INTERIOR BACULITES FROM THE FOX HILLS FORMATION OF SOUTH-DAKOTA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 UNIV OXFORD MUSEUM,GEOL COLLECT,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. RP COBBAN, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 919,FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 66 IS 4 BP 682 EP 684 PG 3 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA JQ446 UT WOS:A1992JQ44600015 ER PT J AU CLOERN, JE ALPINE, AE COLE, BE HELLER, T AF CLOERN, JE ALPINE, AE COLE, BE HELLER, T TI SEASONAL-CHANGES IN THE SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN SMALL, TEMPERATE-ZONE LAKES SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Note ID CHLOROPHYLL; PLANKTON; WIND AB Seasonal sampling across two small lakes shows that phytoplankton patchiness is greatly enhanced during winter ice-cover relative to the open-water seasons of exposure to wind stress and rapid turbulent mixing. RP US GEOL SURVEY, MS496, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 EI 1464-3774 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1017 EP 1024 DI 10.1093/plankt/14.7.1017 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA JD907 UT WOS:A1992JD90700010 ER PT J AU SCHULZ, CA LESLIE, DM LOCHMILLER, RL ENGLE, DM AF SCHULZ, CA LESLIE, DM LOCHMILLER, RL ENGLE, DM TI HERBICIDE EFFECTS ON CROSS TIMBERS BREEDING BIRDS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE BREEDING NONGAME BIRDS; HERBICIDES; HABITAT ALTERATION; OKLAHOMA; TEBUTHIURON; TRICLOPYR ID EXPERIMENTAL RANGE; BRUSH MANAGEMENT; HABITAT MODIFICATION; NONGAME BIRDS; COMMUNITY; GLYPHOSATE; RESPONSES AB We censused breeding nongame birds on replicated 5- and 6-year post herbicide-treated (tebuthiuron and triclopyr) and untreated cross timbers rangeland in central Oklahoma. Twenty species of breeding birds were observed. No treatment effects were detected for total bird density, species diversity, or richness, however, species composition varied considerably among treatments. Control sites supported species associated with closed canopy woodlands, and treated sites supported species associated with brushy and prairie habitat. Generally, control sites had greater foliar cover, fewer snags, and less slash and herbaceous cover than treated sites. Densities of 6 of the 7 most abundant bird species were correlated variously with habitat variables. We concluded that changes in habitat structure resulted in differences in bird species composition among treatments. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 45 IS 4 BP 407 EP 411 DI 10.2307/4003093 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA JD608 UT WOS:A1992JD60800017 ER PT J AU NELSON, AR AF NELSON, AR TI LITHOFACIES ANALYSIS OF COLLUVIAL SEDIMENTS - AN AID IN INTERPRETING THE RECENT HISTORY OF QUATERNARY NORMAL FAULTS IN THE BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE, WESTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-CENTRAL NEVADA; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKES; WASATCH; ZONE; UTAH; SEGMENTATION; HILLSLOPES; DEPOSITION AB Inferring the frequency and magnitude of past earthquakes from the stratigraphy in exposures of normal-faulted sediments is difficult because colluvial lithofacies assemblages adjacent to faults are complex. Similarities in facies assemblages adjacent to young fault scarps in arid to semiarid areas, such as the Basin and Range province, allow lithofacies to be grouped into two genetic architectural elements: debris and wash elements. Upper and lower facies associations can commonly be recognized within each element. A lithofacies code scheme, similar to those used in the analysis of fluvial and glacial lithofacies sequences, provides a concise way of illustrating lithofacies relations in fault exposures. The source lithology of colluvial lithofacies is shown in the code, and soil-horizon symbols can be included. The architecture of lithofacies assemblages near fault scarps in semiarid areas is explained by a model of colluvial sedimentation in response to a single surface faulting event. Analysis of lithofacies assemblages exposed in three trenches across normal faults in the eastern Basin and Range shows how the model can be used to interpret fault histories. Similar facies analysis methods may be useful in interpreting colluvial sequences formed by non-tectonic processes. RP NELSON, AR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 70 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD JUL PY 1992 VL 62 IS 4 BP 607 EP 621 PG 15 WC Geology SC Geology GA JM036 UT WOS:A1992JM03600005 ER PT J AU MOZLEY, PS CAROTHERS, WW AF MOZLEY, PS CAROTHERS, WW TI ELEMENTAL AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SIDERITE IN THE KUPARUK FORMATION, ALASKA - EFFECT OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND WATER SEDIMENT INTERACTION ON EARLY PORE-WATER CHEMISTRY SO JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BANDED IRON FORMATIONS; GEOCHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION; SEPTARIAN CONCRETIONS; CARBONATE CEMENTS; DIAGENESIS; ENVIRONMENTS; ORIGIN; SANDSTONES; EVOLUTION; HISTORY AB The Kuparuk Formation (Neocomian) consists of glauconitic sandstones and mudrocks of marine origin. Authigenic siderite is common throughout the formation, either concentrated in distinct layers or as isolated rhombs. Examination of siderite-rich samples with back-scattered electron imaging reveals complex compositional zonation in the siderite. The samples are principally composed of mixtures of relatively early-formed Fe-rich siderite and relatively late-formed Mg-rich siderite, with mean compositions of (Fe77.5Mg13.8Ca7.9Mn0.7)CO3 and (Fe55.8Mg32.8Ca10.8Mn0.6)CO3, respectively. Fe-rich siderites are most abundant in glauconitic sandstone intervals, whereas Mg-rich siderites are most abundant in non-glauconitic sandstones and mudrocks. The whole-rock isotopic composition of the siderite is highly variable, with delta-C-13 values ranging from -20.3 to 7.9 parts per thousand PDB, and delta-O-18 values from 21.4 to 31.1 parts per thousand SMOW. This variation in isotopic composition correlates with the relative proportions of the two siderite types in a given sample. The Fe-rich siderites have low delta-C-13 and high delta-O-18 values, whereas the Mg-rich siderites have high delta-C-13 and low delta-O-18 values. Both the elemental and carbon isotopic compositions of the siderite result from modification of the marine pore waters during successive stages of microbial decomposition of organic matter. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the siderite indicate that early pore waters were depleted in O-18, perhaps as a result of water/sediment interaction. Authigenic ankerite associated with the siderite-bearing samples is unzoned and has a mean composition of Ca1.11Fe0.35Mg0.53(CO3)2. The ankerites have higher delta-C-13 values and lower delta-O-18 values than the Fe-rich siderite, but have delta-C-13 values less than and delta-O-18 values greater than (with one exception) that of the Mg-rich siderite. The isotopic data suggest that ankerite precipitation began prior to precipitation of Mg-rich siderite and ended subsequent to or during Mg-rich siderite precipitation. C1 UNIV BERN,INST GEOL,CH-3012 BERN,SWITZERLAND. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 61 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 11 PU SEPM-SOC SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY PI TULSA PA 1731 E 71ST STREET, TULSA, OK 74136-5108 SN 0022-4472 J9 J SEDIMENT PETROL PD JUL PY 1992 VL 62 IS 4 BP 681 EP 692 PG 12 WC Geology SC Geology GA JM036 UT WOS:A1992JM03600010 ER PT J AU HOUGHTON, BF WEAVER, SD WILSON, CJN LANPHERE, MA AF HOUGHTON, BF WEAVER, SD WILSON, CJN LANPHERE, MA TI EVOLUTION OF A QUATERNARY PERALKALINE VOLCANO - MAYOR-ISLAND, NEW-ZEALAND SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SILICATE LIQUIDS; MAGMATISM AB Mayor Island is a Holocene pantelleritic volcano showing a wide range of dispersive power and eruptive intensity despite a very limited range in magma composition of only 2% SiO2. The primary controls on this range appear to have been the magmatic gas content on eruption and a varying involvement of basaltic magma, rather than major-element chemistry of the rhyolites. The ca. 130 ka subaerial history of the volcano contains portions of three geochemical cycles with abrupt changes in trace-element chemistry following episodes of caldera collapse. The uniform major-element chemistry of the magma may relate to a fine balance between rates of eruption and supply and the higher density of the more evolved (Fe-rich) magmas which could be tapped only after caldera-forming events had removed significant volumes of less evolved but lighter magma. C1 UNIV CANTERBURY,DEPT GEOL,CHRISTCHURCH 1,NEW ZEALAND. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND. RP HOUGHTON, BF (reprint author), DSIR,GEOL & GEOPHYS,POB 499,ROTORUA,NEW ZEALAND. RI Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011 OI Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743 NR 24 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 51 IS 3 BP 217 EP 236 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JG529 UT WOS:A1992JG52900003 ER PT J AU MCGEE, KA AF MCGEE, KA TI THE STRUCTURE, DYNAMICS, AND CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION OF NONERUPTIVE PLUMES FROM MOUNT ST HELENS, 1980-88 SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB From May 1980 to September 1988, more than 1000 fixed-wing aircraft flights were made with a correlation spectrometer to measure the sulfur dioxide flux from Mount St. Helens volcano. These flights also provided valuable data on the structure and dynamics of noneruptive plumes emanating from Mount St. Helens. During 1980 and part of 1981, an infrared spectrometer was also used to measure carbon dioxide emission rates. At distances up to 25 km from Mount St. Helens, plume widths can range up to 20 km or more, with width/thickness ratios from 3 to about 30. Maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations in these plumes depend on wind speed and are typically under 5 ppm and usually 1 ppm or less. Close examination of the plume data reveals that the characteristics of quiescent plumes from Mount St. Helens are strongly affected by certain meteorological conditions such as thermal and wind stratification in the troposphere, as well as by the topography of the volcano. RP MCGEE, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 51 IS 3 BP 269 EP 282 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90127-Y PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JG529 UT WOS:A1992JG52900006 ER PT J AU GOYAL, SM MECH, LD NELSON, ME AF GOYAL, SM MECH, LD NELSON, ME TI PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY-TITERS TO LEPTOSPIRA SPP IN MINNESOTA WHITE-TAILED DEER SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Note DE LEPTOSPIROSIS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; LEPTOSPIRA-INTERROGANS; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; REGIONAL SEROSURVEY; MICROTITER AGGLUTINATION ID WOLVES AB Serum samples (n = 204) from 124 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota (USA) were collected from 1984 through 1989 and tested for antibodies to six serovars of Leptospira interrogans (bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, and pomona) using a microtiter agglutination test. Eighty-eight (43%) sera were positive at greater-than-or-equal-to 1:100 for antibodies against serovars pomona and/or bratislava; none was positive for any of the other four serovars. None of the 31 sera collected in 1984-85 was positive, whereas all 54 sera collected from 1986 through 1988 had titers of greater-than-or-equal-to 1:100. During 1989, only 34 (29%) of 119 sera had titers of greater-than-or-equal-to 1:100. Based on these results, we believe there to be wide variability in exposure of Minnesota deer to Leptospira interrogans. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP GOYAL, SM (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET DIAGNOST MED,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 445 EP 448 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA JF485 UT WOS:A1992JF48500016 PM 1512878 ER PT J AU CORN, JG RAPHAEL, MG AF CORN, JG RAPHAEL, MG TI HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS AT MARTEN SUBNIVEAN ACCESS SITES SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND; FOOD-HABITS; WINTER; AMERICANA AB The occurrence of coarse woody debris (CWD) at sites of subnivean (under snow) access by martens (Martes americana) has not been quantified adequately, and must be better understood to provide suitable winter habitat management for the species. Consequently, we studied subnivean activity of martens in a subalpine forest in southern Wyoming to determine how subnivean space was accessed, and to examine microhabitat characteristics around entry sites. Martens used existing openings in snow, created primarily by logs at low snow depths and by small live spruce and fir trees at greater snow depths. Sites of marten subnivean entry had greater percent cover (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.01) and total volume of CWD (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.01), greater numbers of log layers (all P less-than-or-equal-to 0.02), greater volume of undecayed (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) and moderately decayed logs (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.02), less volume of very decayed logs (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.001), and fewer small root masses (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.001) than surrounding forest stands. Provision of sufficient CWD in winter habitat of martens may require specific effort, particularly in managed forests of the central Rocky Mountains. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,OLYMPIA,WA 98502. RP CORN, JG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRY AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 22 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 5 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 442 EP 448 DI 10.2307/3808856 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400004 ER PT J AU WALSH, NE FANCY, SG MCCABE, TR PANK, LF AF WALSH, NE FANCY, SG MCCABE, TR PANK, LF TI HABITAT USE BY THE PORCUPINE CARIBOU HERD DURING PREDICTED INSECT HARASSMENT SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT; RANGIFER-TARANDUS; AVAILABILITY DATA; ACTIVITY BUDGETS; NORTHERN ALASKA; ARCTIC ALASKA; MOVEMENTS; PIPELINES; ROADS AB Harassment of female caribou (Rangifer tarandus) by insects may negatively affect the cows' energy balance during the critical post-calving and lactation period, and certain habitats may provide relief from such harassment. Consequently, we tracked adult, female caribou from the Porcupine Caribou Herd (PCH) by satellite between 25 June and 31 July 1985-89 to determine their habitat preferences during periods of predicted harassment by insects, primarily mosquitoes (Culicidae). When insect harassment was predicted (ambient temperatures greater-than-or-equal-to 13 C and winds <6 m/sec) dry prostrate dwarf scrub vegetation type was preferred by caribou. Caribou used areas of this vegetation type on ridgetops in the foothills and mountains of the Brooks Range and on elevated sites of the coastal plain, as well as areas adjacent to the Beaufort Sea coast to gain relief from mosquitoes. Unlike the caribou in the adjacent Central Arctic Herd, caribou in this sample of the PCH did not show a strong tendency to move to the coastline at the onset of predicted harassment. However, observations of movements of unmarked animals during survey flights indicated that segments of the herd often follow the coastline while moving across the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in july. Our findings are only an initial step toward recommendations of habitat mitigation if the coastal plain of the ANWR is opened to petroleum development. Studies that address the interactions between foraging opportunities and insect densities at potential relief sites are necessary to determine consequences to the population if access to relief habitat is restricted. RP WALSH, NE (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,101 12TH AVE,BOX 20,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 465 EP 473 DI 10.2307/3808860 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400008 ER PT J AU SEDGWICK, JA KNOPF, FL AF SEDGWICK, JA KNOPF, FL TI CAVITY TURNOVER AND EQUILIBRIUM CAVITY DENSITIES IN A COTTONWOOD BOTTOMLAND SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID HOLE-NESTING BIRDS; SITES; COMPETITION; LIMITATION; EVOLUTION; SELECTION AB A fundamental factor regulating the numbers of secondary cavity nesting (SCN) birds is the number of extant cavities available for nesting. The number of available cavities may be thought of as being in an approximate equilibrium maintained by a very rough balance between recruitment and loss of cavities. Based on estimates of cavity recruitment and loss, we ascertained equilibrium cavity densities in a mature plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii) bottomland along the South Platte River in northeastern Colorado. Annual cavity recruitment, derived from density estimates of primary cavity nesting (PCN) birds and cavity excavation rates, was estimated to be 71-86 new cavities excavated/100 ha. Of 180 active cavities of 11 species of cavity-nesting birds found in 1985 and 1986, 83 were no longer usable by 1990, giving an average instantaneous rate of cavity loss of r = -0.230. From these values of cavity recruitment and cavity loss, equilibrium cavity density along the South Platte is 238-289 cavities/100 ha. This range of equilibrium cavity density is only slightly above the minimum of 205 cavities/100 ha required by SCN's and suggests that cavity availability may be limiting SCN densities along the South Platte River. We submit that snag management alone does not adequately address SCN habitat needs, and that cavity management, expressed in terms of cavity turnover and cavity densities, may be more useful. RP SEDGWICK, JA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,4512 MCMURRY,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 477 EP 484 DI 10.2307/3808862 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400010 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, JD BART, J LIMPERT, RJ SLADEN, WJL HINES, JE AF NICHOLS, JD BART, J LIMPERT, RJ SLADEN, WJL HINES, JE TI ANNUAL SURVIVAL RATES OF ADULT AND IMMATURE EASTERN POPULATION TUNDRA SWANS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) of the eastern population were neckbanded in Maryland, North Carolina, and Alaska from 1966 through 1990. These swans were resighted and recaptured during autumn, winter, and spring, 1966-90. Although the original motivation for this study involved swan movements, we wanted to use the resulting data to test hypotheses about sources of variation in swan survival rates. Recaptures of legbanded and neckbanded swans permitted us to estimate neckband loss rates, which were found to vary with age and sex of swans, and number of years since initial application. Estimates of annual neckband retention rate ranged from about 0.50 for adult male swans greater-than-or-equal-to 2 years after initial neckbanding to >0.96 for immature swans and adult females the first year following neckbanding. This variation in neckband loss rates prevented the simple correction of survival estimates to account for such loss. Consequently, we developed a series of multinomial models parameterized with survival, sighting, and neckband retention probabilities for use with the recapture and resighting data. Annual survival rate estimates for adult males and females were similar and very high (0.92). Estimates for immature males and immature females were 0.81 and 0.52, respectively. We recommend this model-based approach for the direct estimation of survival rates from capture-resighting data in the presence of neckband loss. We also recommend that future neckband study designs include regular recapture efforts for the purpose of estimating rates of neckband loss. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, OHIO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT IMMUNOL & INFECT DIS, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA. CHESAPEAKE WILDLIFE HERITAGE, EASTON, MD 21601 USA. RP NICHOLS, JD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. NR 23 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 485 EP 494 DI 10.2307/3808863 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400011 ER PT J AU REINECKE, KJ BROWN, MW NASSAR, JR AF REINECKE, KJ BROWN, MW NASSAR, JR TI EVALUATION OF AERIAL TRANSECTS FOR COUNTING WINTERING MALLARDS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI AB Winter waterfowl surveys rarely use sampling methods, and little is known about the precision and biases of their population estimates. Consequently, we developed aerial transect surveys (n = 5) in 4 strata comprising 16 substrata in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley during winters 1987-88 through 1989-90 to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population indices and determine regional patterns of habitat use. Mallard population indices ranged from 1,147,628 (SE = 192,341) in December 1988 to 1,790,708 (SE = 179,406) in january 1988. Coefficients of variation (CV's) for early winter surveys averaged 0. 15 and those for late winter surveys averaged 0.10. During early winter, 59-69% of mallards were on wetlands with water regimes managed for waterfowl; whereas in late winter, 52-79% used wetlands with unmanaged water regimes. Late winter was wet during 1987-88 and 1988-89, and most mallards (62-68%) were on naturally flooded croplands. Use of forested wetlands (3-11%) and moist-soil habitats (3-29%) varied among surveys but was not correlated with water conditions. The number of mallards using naturally flooded croplands (e.g., > 1,100,000 in jan 1988) illustrated the extent of habitat use on private lands. We recommend transect surveys (e.g., 5-yr intervals) for evaluating responses of mallard populations to management programs and as a sam in framework for integrating regional waterfowl research and management data. RP REINECKE, KJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,RM 223,900 CLAY ST,VICKSBURG,MS 39180, USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 515 EP 525 DI 10.2307/3808867 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400015 ER PT J AU REINECKE, KJ SHAIFFER, CW DELNICKI, D AF REINECKE, KJ SHAIFFER, CW DELNICKI, D TI BAND REPORTING RATES OF MALLARDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS AB We captured 2,182 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)in eastcentral Arkansas and marked 730 with standard bands, 728 with $10 reward bands, and 724 with "dummy" radio transmitters during November 1986-89 to estimate band reporting rates in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). Assuming all transmitters were reported, reporting rates were 0.16 (SE = 0.049) for standard bands and 0.34 (SE = 0.081) for $10 reward bands. Interviews with hunters indicated that flock size distributions differed (P = 0.03) between mallards wearing transmitters and those wearing bands (standard or reward). Mallards wearing transmitters were more likely to be alone and less likely to be in large flocks when recovered than were mallards wearing bands. These results suggest that either band reporting rates of mallards in the MAV are substantially less than those of midcontinent mallards (P = 0.03), or marking mallards with external transmitters increases susceptibility to hunting mortality. RP REINECKE, KJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,RM 223,900 CLAY ST,VICKSBURG,MS 39180, USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 526 EP 531 DI 10.2307/3808868 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400016 ER PT J AU SERIE, JR TRAUGER, DL AUSTIN, JE AF SERIE, JR TRAUGER, DL AUSTIN, JE TI INFLUENCE OF AGE AND SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS ON REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE OF CANVASBACKS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FEMALE MALLARDS; NEST SUCCESS; PARASITISM; REDHEADS AB Age, productivity, and other factors affecting breeding performance of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) are poorly understood. Consequently, we tested whether reproductive performance of female canvasbacks varied with age and selected environmental factors in southwestern Manitoba from 1974 to 1980. Neither clutch size, nest parasitism, nest success, nor the number of ducklings/brood varied with age. Return rates, nest initiation dates, renesting, and hen success were age-related. Return rates averaged 21% for second-year (SY) and 69% for after-second-year (ASY) females (58% for third-year and 79% for after-third-year females). Additionally, water conditions and spring temperatures influenced chronology of arrival, timing of nesting, and reproductive success. Nest initiation by birds of all ages was affected by minimum April temperatures. Clutch size was higher in nests initiated earlier. Interspecific nest parasitism did not affect clutch size, nest success, hen success, or hatching success. Nest success was lower in dry years (17%) than in moderately wet (54%) or wet (60%) years. Nests per female were highest during wet years. No nests of SY females were found in dry years. In years of moderate to good wetland conditions, females of all ages nested. Predation was the primary factor influencing nest success. Hen success averaged 58% over all years. The number of ducklings surviving greater-than-or-equal-to 20 days averaged 4.7/brood. Because SY females have lower return rates and hen success than ASY females, especially during drier years, management to increase canvasback populations might best be directed to increasing first year recruitment (no. of females returning to breed) and to increasing overall breeding success by reducing predation and enhancing local habitat conditions during nesting. RP SERIE, JR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. OI Austin, Jane/0000-0001-8775-2210 NR 55 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 546 EP 556 DI 10.2307/3808871 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA JE904 UT WOS:A1992JE90400019 ER PT J AU ALPINE, AE CLOERN, JE AF ALPINE, AE CLOERN, JE TI TROPHIC INTERACTIONS AND DIRECT PHYSICAL EFFECTS CONTROL PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION IN AN ESTUARY SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; LIGHT; LAKE; CALIFORNIA; INVASION; WATERS AB The recent invasion of San Francisco Bay by the suspension-feeding clam Potamocorbula amurensis has provided an opportunity to document the ecological consequences of a major biological disturbance. Previous work over the last two decades has shown that phytoplankton biomass in the upper estuary is low (2-3 mg Chl a m-3) during seasonal periods of high river flow and short residence time, and it is usually high (peak > 30 mg Chl a m-3) during the summer-autumn seasons of low river flow and long residence time. However since P. amurensis became widespread and abundant in 1987, the summer phytoplankton biomass maximum has disappeared, presumably because of increased grazing pressure by this newly introduced species. For the period 1977-1990, mean estimated primary production was only 39 g C m-2 yr-1 during years when bivalve suspension feeders were abundant (>2,000 m-2), compared to 106 g C m-2 yr-1 when bivalves were absent or present in low numbers. These observations support the hypothesis that seasonal and interannual fluctuations in estuarine phytoplankton biomass and primary production can be regulated jointly by direct physical effects (e.g. river-driven transport) and trophic interactions (episodes of enhanced grazing pressure by immigrant populations of benthic suspension feeders). RP ALPINE, AE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS472,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 26 TC 306 Z9 317 U1 1 U2 49 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 37 IS 5 BP 946 EP 955 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA JX358 UT WOS:A1992JX35800003 ER PT J AU BOHOR, BF KROGH, TE KAMO, SL AF BOHOR, BF KROGH, TE KAMO, SL TI U-PB ISOTOPIC AGES OF THE K/T IMPACT EVENT AND ITS TARGET ROCKS FROM SHOCKED ZIRCONS SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, GEOCHRON LAB, TORONTO M5S 2C6, ONTARIO, CANADA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD JUL PY 1992 VL 27 IS 3 BP 205 EP 205 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JE029 UT WOS:A1992JE02900019 ER PT J AU BATES, AL HATCHER, PG AF BATES, AL HATCHER, PG TI QUANTITATIVE SOLID-STATE C-13 NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSES OF WOOD XYLEM - EFFECT OF INCREASING CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE LIGNIN; CELLULOSE; SOLID-STATE C-13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY; DIPOLAR DEPHASING NMR; CROSS-POLARIZATION WITH MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING NMR (CPMAS) ID NMR-SPECTRA; ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS; BROWN COAL; SPECTROSCOPY; COALIFICATION; GYMNOSPERM; LIGNINS AB Isolated lignin with a low carbohydrate content was spiked with increasing amounts of alpha-cellulose, and then analysed by solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using crosspolarization with magic angle spinning (CPMAS) and dipolar dephasing methods in order to assess the quantitative reliability of CPMAS measurement of carbohydrate content and to determine how increasingly intense resonances for carbohydrate carbons affect calculations of the degree of lignin's aromatic ring substitution and methoxyl carbon content. Comparisons were made of the carbohydrate content calculated by NMR with carbohydrate concentrations obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid assay and by calculation from the known amounts of cellulose added. The NMR methods used in this study yield overestimates for carbohydrate carbons due to resonance area overlap from the aliphatic side chain carbons of lignin. When corrections are made for these overlapping resonance areas, the NMR results agree very well with results obtained by other methods. Neither the calculated methoxyl carbon content nor the degree of aromatic ring substitution in lignin, both calculated from dipolar dephasing spectra, change with cellulose content. Likewise, lignin methoxyl content does not correlate with cellulose abundance when measured by integration of CPMAS spectra. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,FUEL SCI PROGRAM,UNIV PK,PA 16802. RP BATES, AL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 18 IS 4 BP 407 EP 416 DI 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90103-5 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JK622 UT WOS:A1992JK62200002 ER PT J AU AIKEN, GR MCKNIGHT, DM THORN, KA THURMAN, EM AF AIKEN, GR MCKNIGHT, DM THORN, KA THURMAN, EM TI ISOLATION OF HYDROPHILIC ORGANIC-ACIDS FROM WATER USING NONIONIC MACROPOROUS RESINS SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE HYDROPHOBIC ACIDS; AQUATIC FULVIC ACID; XAD-RESINS; NATURAL WATERS; DOC; ISOLATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NATURAL-WATERS; PREPARATIVE ISOLATION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SOLUTES AB A method has been developed for the isolation of hydrophilic organic acids from aquatic environments using Amberlite XAD-4 resin. The method uses a two column array of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins in series. The hydrophobic organic acids, composed primarily of aquatic fulvic acid, are removed from the sample on XAD-8, followed by the isolation of the more hydrophilic organic acids on XAD-4. For samples from a number of diverse environments, more of the dissolved organic carbon was isolated on the XAD-8 resin (23-58%) than on the XAD-4 resin (7-25%). For these samples, the hydrophilic acids have lower carbon and hydrogen contents, higher oxygen and nitrogen contents, and are lower in molecular weight than the corresponding fulvic acids. C-13 NMR analyses indicate that the hydrophilic acids have a lower concentration of aromatic carbon and greater heteroaliphatic, ketone and carboxyl content than the fulvic acid. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RP AIKEN, GR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 458,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 17 TC 406 Z9 449 U1 14 U2 131 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 18 IS 4 BP 567 EP 573 DI 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90119-I PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JK622 UT WOS:A1992JK62200018 ER PT J AU WEEMS, RE AF WEEMS, RE TI THE TERMINAL TRIASSIC CATASTROPHIC EXTINCTION EVENT IN PERSPECTIVE - A REVIEW OF CARBONIFEROUS THROUGH EARLY JURASSIC TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATE EXTINCTION PATTERNS SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; DECCAN FLOOD BASALTS; MASS EXTINCTION; SHOCKED QUARTZ; FOSSIL RECORD; UNITED-STATES; IMPACT; TETRAPODS; DINOSAUR AB A catastrophic terminal Triassic extinction event among terrestrial vertebrates is not supported by available evidence. The current model for such an extinction is based on at least eight weak or untenable assumptions: (1) a terminal Triassic extinction-inducing asteroid impact occurred, (2) a terminal Triassic synchronous mass extinction of terrestrial vertebrates occurred, (3) a concurrent terminal Triassic marine extinction occurred. (4) all terrestrial vertebrate families have similar diversities and ecologies, (5) changes in familial diversity can be gauged accurately from the known fossil record, (6) extinction of families can be compared through time without normalizing for changes in familial diversity through time. (7) extinction rates can be compared without normalizing for differing lengths of geologic stages, and (8) catastrophic mass extinctions do not select for small size. These assumptions have resulted in unsupportable and (or) erroneous conclusions. Carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate families mostly have evolution and extinction patterns unlike the vertebrate evolution and extinction patterns during the terminal Cretaceous event. Only the Serpukhovian (mid Carboniferous) extinction event shows strong analogy to the terminal Cretaceous event. Available data suggest no terminal Triassic extinction anomaly, but rather a prolonged and nearly steady decline in the global terrestrial vertebrate extinction rate throughout the Triassic and earliest Jurassic. RP WEEMS, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 928,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 135 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 94 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 29 DI 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90111-H PG 29 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA JJ843 UT WOS:A1992JJ84300001 ER PT J AU ROGERS, KL LARSON, EE SMITH, G KATZMAN, D SMITH, GR CERLING, T WANG, Y BAKER, RG LOHMANN, KC REPENNING, CA PATTERSON, P MACKIE, G AF ROGERS, KL LARSON, EE SMITH, G KATZMAN, D SMITH, GR CERLING, T WANG, Y BAKER, RG LOHMANN, KC REPENNING, CA PATTERSON, P MACKIE, G TI PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGIC AND CLIMATIC EVOLUTION IN THE SAN-LUIS VALLEY OF SOUTH-CENTRAL COLORADO SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; NEW-MEXICO; VEGETATION; MOUNTAINS; SEDIMENTS; PATTERNS; HISTORY; TIME; ICE AB Sediments of the Alamosa Formation spanning the upper part of the Gauss and most of the Matuyama Chrons were recovered by coring in the high (2300 m) San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado. The study site is located at the northern end of the Rio Grande rift. Lithologic changes in the core sediments provide evidence of events leading to integration of the San Luis drainage basin into the Rio Grande. The section, which includes the Huckleberry Ridge Ash (2.02 Ma) and spans the entire Matuyama Chron, contains pollen, and invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. Stable isotope analyses of inorganic and biogenic carbonate taken over most of the core indicate substantially warmer temperatures than occur today in the San Luis Valley. At the end of the Olduvai Subchron, summer precipitation decreased, summer pan evaporation increased, and temperatures increased slightly compared to the earlier climate represented in the core. By the end of the Jaramillo Subchron, however, cold/wet and warm/dry cycles become evident and continue into the cold/wet regime associated with the deep-sea oxygen-isotope Stage 22 glaciation previously determined from outcrops at the same locality. Correspondence between the Hansen Bluff climatic record and the deep-sea oxygen-isotope record (oxygen-isotope stages from about 110-18) is apparent, indicating that climate at Hansen Bluff was responding to global climatic changes. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,MUSEUM PALEONTOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48104. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV IOWA,DEPT GEOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. UNIV UTAH,DEPT GEOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48104. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT ZOOL,GUELPH N1G 2W1,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP ROGERS, KL (reprint author), ADAMS STATE COLL,DEPT BIOL,ALAMOSA,CO 81102, USA. NR 74 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 94 IS 1-4 BP 55 EP 86 DI 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90113-J PG 32 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA JJ843 UT WOS:A1992JJ84300003 ER PT J AU CHAVEZ, PS AF CHAVEZ, PS TI COMPARISON OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRAL IMAGES SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION AB The visible and near-infrared bands of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and the Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) were analyzed to determine which band contained more spatial variability. It is important for applications that require spatial information, such as those dealing with mapping linear features and automatic image-to-image correlation, to know which spectral band image should be used. Statistical and visual analyses were used in the project. The amount of variance in an 11 by 11 pixel spatial filter and in the first difference at the six spacings of 1, 5, 11, 23, 47, and 95 pixels was computed for the visible and near-infrared bands, The results indicate that the near-infrared band has more spatial variability than the visible band, especially in images covering densely vegetated areas. RP CHAVEZ, PS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 58 IS 7 BP 957 EP 964 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA JA634 UT WOS:A1992JA63400003 ER PT J AU BANKS, JL AF BANKS, JL TI EFFECTS OF DENSITY AND LOADING ON COHO SALMON DURING HATCHERY REARING AND AFTER RELEASE SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; TRIPHOSPHATASE AB Two broods of coho salmon fingerlings (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were reared at three densities (25,000, 50,000, and 7 5,000 fish/raceway) and at three levels of water inflow (757, 1,514, and 2,271 L/min per raceway) at a year-round coldwater hatchery. All nine density-inflow combinations were tested (2 raceways/treatment). During the rearing phase of the study, various physiological and disease status indicators were tested for differences from rearing density (kg of fish/m3 of rearing space) and loading (kg of fish/[L of water flow . min]). After release from the hatchery, survival, adult contribution, and fishery catch data were also examined for treatment effects. Fingerlings reared at the lowest density were smaller at release than fish reared at the two higher densities. Gill ATPase at release was reduced in fish reared at the highest density and also in fish reared at the lowest water inflow rate. Increased rearing density produced small but significant reductions in percent survival of smolts after release but did not significantly depress total adult contributions per raceway. A direct linear relationship was found between increased rearing density and adult contribution per raceway. Of the adults returning to the hatchery, those that had been reared at the lowest density were longer (based on fork length) than those that had been reared at higher densities. Raceway loadings produced no measurable effects on fish growth, survival, or adult contribution after release. RP BANKS, JL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ABERNATHY SALMON CULTURE TECHNOL CTR,1440 ABERNATHY RD,LONGVIEW,WA 98632, USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 54 IS 3 BP 137 EP 147 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0137:EODALO>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JX718 UT WOS:A1992JX71800001 ER PT J AU WINFREE, RA ALLRED, A AF WINFREE, RA ALLRED, A TI BENTONITE REDUCES MEASURABLE AFLATOXIN B-1 IN FISH FEED SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID SODIUM BENTONITE; PRACTICAL DIETS; RAINBOW-TROUT; METHANOL AB Methods for extraction and quantification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were tested and adapted for use with fish feed. We tested a wide range of minerals in vitro to find practical methods to reduce the bioavailability of AFB1. Several common feed additives previously reported to have a beneficial effect in fish or in livestock were included. The amount of AFB1 recovered from methanol-water extracts declined by an average of 70% within 1 h of adding 10% bentonite to moistened trout feed. If bentonite has a similar in vivo effect, then the adsorption of undetected feed toxins might explain the reported beneficial effects of feeding bentonite to fish. RP WINFREE, RA (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,TUNISON LAB FISH NUTR,HAGERMAN FIELD STN,3059F NATL FISH HATCHERY RD,HAGERMAN,ID 83332, USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 54 IS 3 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0157:BRMABI>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JX718 UT WOS:A1992JX71800003 ER PT J AU KINCAID, HL CALKINS, GT AF KINCAID, HL CALKINS, GT TI RETENTION OF VISIBLE IMPLANT TAGS IN LAKE TROUT AND ATLANTIC SALMON SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL AB Retention and readability of visible implant (VI) tags were evaluated in adult (2-year-old) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), adult (4-year-old) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and yearling (10-month-old) fish of both species. Tags were implanted in adipose eyelid tissue posterior to the eye. After 10 months, retention in yearlings was 49% by Atlantic salmon and 41% by lake trout. In adults, retention was 84% by Atlantic salmon and 45% by lake trout. Tag retention in yearling Atlantic salmon increased with fish weight at tagging; tag retention, by weight-groups, was 0% for fish that weighed 20 g or less; 46% for 21-40-g fish; and 71% for 41-99-g fish. Tag retention in adults of Atlantic salmon and lake trout was not related to fish weight. After 10 months, the percentage of readable tags was 100% in yearling Atlantic salmon and 82% in adult Atlantic salmon, and 0% in yearling lake trout and 77% in adult lake trout. None of the tags in yearling lake trout were readable 294 d after implant, because of cloudiness of the adipose eyelid tissue. Tags recovered from fish with cloudy adipose tissue were readable. The proportion of total tag loss occurring in the first 70 d after tagging was 78% in yearling Atlantic salmon and 22% in adult Atlantic salmon, and 67% in yearling lake trout and 41% in adult lake trout. An illuminated magnifier lamp (1.7 x magnification) greatly increased the readability of the VI tags. The VI tags were effective for Atlantic salmon larger than 30 g, but they were not effective for lake trout. RP KINCAID, HL (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 54 IS 3 BP 163 EP 170 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0163:ROVITI>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JX718 UT WOS:A1992JX71800004 ER PT J AU WOODS, LC BENNETT, RO SULLIVAN, CV AF WOODS, LC BENNETT, RO SULLIVAN, CV TI REPRODUCTION OF A DOMESTIC STRIPED BASS BROOD STOCK SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note AB Fingerlings of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were reared to sexual maturity in tanks, during which time they were fed only commercial trout and salmon diets. Spawning trials were conducted with two of the 6-year-old domestic females. They ovulated after being injected with 330 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) per Kilogram of body weight, and their eggs were manually stripped and fertilized with the milt from four HCG-injected males (150 IU/kg body weight). Approximately 41% of the eggs were fertilized. Aside from accidental losses or deliberate cropping of the population, no significant mortality of the progeny was observed after they hatched. The larvae were fed live brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) for 30 d after hatching and then adapted to commercial salmon or trout diets. Several hundred of these F1 domestic brood stock have been reared for 3 years in intensive culture and most of the males are now sexually mature. These results conclusively demonstrate the viability of the progeny of domestic brood stock produced under intensive culture conditions and fed only dry commercial diets. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ARLINGTON,VA 22203. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP WOODS, LC (reprint author), MARYLAND AGR EXPT STN,CRANE AQUACULTURE FACIL,POB 1475,BALTIMORE,MD 21203, USA. RI Sullivan, Craig/B-3863-2014 OI Sullivan, Craig/0000-0002-3609-9458 NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 54 IS 3 BP 184 EP 188 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0184:ROADSB>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JX718 UT WOS:A1992JX71800008 ER PT J AU NELSON, AR AF NELSON, AR TI DISCORDANT C-14 AGES FROM BURIED TIDAL-MARSH SOILS IN THE CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE, SOUTHERN OREGON COAST SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MARINE TERRACES; RADIOCARBON; EARTHQUAKES; PALEOSEISMICITY; DEFORMATION; CALIBRATION; MARGIN; JAPAN; TIME; ARC RP NELSON, AR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 63 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 38 IS 1 BP 74 EP 90 DI 10.1016/0033-5894(92)90031-D PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA JD207 UT WOS:A1992JD20700005 ER PT J AU ROSS, RM BACKMAN, TWH AF ROSS, RM BACKMAN, TWH TI LARVAL AMERICAN SHAD - EFFECTS OF AGE AND GROUP-SIZE ON SWIMMING AND FEEDING-BEHAVIOR SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CENTRARCHID FISH; ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA; CONNECTICUT RIVER; ONTOGENY; MORTALITY AB We analyzed the behavior of 3-4-d-old prolarval and 28-33-d-old metalarval American shad Alosa sapidissima in groups of 3-1,000 fish per 22-L glass tank, to determine whether (1) previously described juvenile behavior patterns first develop in larvae, (2) group size or density alters the behavior of larvae, and (3) schooling or other forms of cohesive behavior develop in larvae to promote social interactions. Twelve discrete behaviors or modal action patterns (MAPs) of larvae were observed at all group sizes; half these patterns are unique to larval stages. Conversely, larvae do not develop five previously described juvenile MAPs. Stereotyped metalarval feeding sequences were absent or poorly developed in prolarvae. Group size was directly related to duration of free swimming in water column (metalarvae only) and to frequencies of "proximity to another fish" (all larvae), "contact another fish" (all larvae), and "escape or flee" (all larvae). Age or larval stage significantly affected all swimming-related activities and three feeding behaviors. Larvae foraged and fed independently of one another and used MAPs typical of other larval fishes ("fixate," "sigmoid," "lunge," and "capture"). With one exception (a direct relationship between frequency of food capture and metalarval size), group size and individual size did not significantly affect larval feeding success. Neither schooling nor forms of behavior leading to coordinated group swimming were observed at either larval stage. Larval behavior differed from juvenile behavior in a way that suggests survival in riverine habitats is promoted by behavior that disperses larvae and enables them to function nonsocially. RP ROSS, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 121 IS 4 BP 508 EP 516 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0508:LASEOA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JZ974 UT WOS:A1992JZ97400008 ER PT J AU OLLA, BL DAVIS, MW SCHRECK, CB AF OLLA, BL DAVIS, MW SCHRECK, CB TI COMPARISON OF PREDATOR AVOIDANCE CAPABILITIES WITH CORTICOSTEROID LEVELS INDUCED BY STRESS IN JUVENILE COHO SALMON SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Note ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH SMOLTS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; CHINOOK SALMON; CORTISOL; TRANSPORTATION; RESPONSES; SEAWATER; PLASMA AB The relationship between predator avoidance deficits induced by a simple handling stress and the level of plasma corticosteroids was determined for juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Groups of fish were held out of water for 1 min, then allowed to recover from this stress for 1, 90, or 240 min. After each recovery period, some unstressed and stressed fish were sampled for plasma cortisol, and others were subjected to predation by lingcod Ophiodon elongatus. Levels of corticosteroids in stressed fish remained high throughout the 240-min period of recovery, but predator avoidance returned to control levels in less than 90 min. Results suggest that juvenile coho salmon quickly recover basic survival skills of predator avoidance after mild stress, even though cortisol levels continue to indicate a stressed condition. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,OREGON COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP OLLA, BL (reprint author), HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,ALASKA FISHERIES SCI CTR,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 19 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 121 IS 4 BP 544 EP 547 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0544:NCOPAC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JZ974 UT WOS:A1992JZ97400012 ER PT J AU COBLE, DW BRUESEWITZ, RE FRATT, TW SCHEIRER, JW AF COBLE, DW BRUESEWITZ, RE FRATT, TW SCHEIRER, JW TI DECLINE OF LAKE TROUT IN LAKE HURON SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Note ID LAMPREY PETROMYZON-MARINUS; SEA LAMPREYS; SUPERIOR C1 MINNESOTA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,AITKIN,MN 56431. US FOREST SERV,STEAMBOAT SPRINGS,CO 80487. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,PARK FALLS,WI 54552. RP COBLE, DW (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,WISCONSIN COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,STEVENS POINT,WI 54481, USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 121 IS 4 BP 550 EP 554 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JZ974 UT WOS:A1992JZ97400014 ER PT J AU CROCK, JG SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP AF CROCK, JG SEVERSON, RC GOUGH, LP TI DETERMINING BASE-LINES AND VARIABILITY OF ELEMENTS IN PLANTS AND SOILS NEAR THE KENAI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, ALASKA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; HEAVY-METAL POLLUTION; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; MOSS; CLASSIFICATION; ACCUMULATION; FLOW AB Recent investigations on the Kenai Peninsula had two major objectives: (1) to establish elemental baseline concentrations ranges for native vegetation and soils; and, (2) to determine the sampling density required for preparing stable regional geochemical maps for various elements in native plants and soils. These objectives were accomplished using an unbalanced, nested analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) barbell sampling design. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG (feather moss, whole plant), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce, twigs and needles), and soil horizons (02 and C) were collected and analyzed for major and trace total element concentrations. Using geometric means and geometric deviations, expected baseline ranges for elements were calculated. Results of the ANOVA show that intensive soil or plant sampling is needed to reliably map the geochemistry of the area, due to large local variability. For example, producing reliable element maps of feather moss using a 50 km cell (at 95% probability) would require sampling densities of from 4 samples per cell for Al, Co, Fe, La, Li , and V, to more than 15 samples per cell for Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn. RP CROCK, JG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 973,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 253 EP 271 DI 10.1007/BF00475493 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA HY921 UT WOS:A1992HY92100003 ER PT J AU FRIEDLY, JC RUBIN, J AF FRIEDLY, JC RUBIN, J TI SOLUTE TRANSPORT WITH MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM-CONTROLLED OR KINETICALLY CONTROLLED CHEMICAL-REACTIONS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MASS-TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; MODEL; CHEMISTRY AB A new approach is applied to the problem of modeling solute transport accompanied by many chemical reactions. The approach, based on concepts of the concentration space and its stoichiometric subspaces, uses elements of the subspaces as primary dependent variables. It is shown that the resulting model equations are compact in form, isolate the chemical reaction expressions from flow expressions, and can be used for either equilibrium or kinetically controlled reactions. The implications of the results on numerical algorithms for solving the equations are discussed. The application of the theory is illustrated throughout with examples involving a simple but broadly representative set of reactions previously considered in the literature. Numerical results are presented for four interconnected reactions: a homogeneous complexation reaction, two sorption reactions, and a dissolution/precipitation reaction. Three cases are considered: (1) four kinetically controlled reactions, (2) four equilibrium-controlled reactions, and (3) a system with two kinetically controlled reactions and two equilibrium-controlled reactions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP FRIEDLY, JC (reprint author), UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT CHEM ENGN,ROCHESTER,NY 14627, USA. NR 31 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1935 EP 1953 DI 10.1029/92WR00699 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA JC483 UT WOS:A1992JC48300018 ER PT J AU KARLINGER, MR TROUTMAN, BM AF KARLINGER, MR TROUTMAN, BM TI FAT FRACTAL SCALING OF DRAINAGE NETWORKS FROM A RANDOM SPATIAL NETWORK MODEL SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIMENSION AB An alternative quantification of the scaling properties of river channel networks is explored using a spatial network model. Whereas scaling descriptions of drainage networks previously have been presented using a fractal analysis primarily of the channel lengths, we illustrate the scaling of the surface area of the channels defining the network pattern with an exponent which is independent of the fractal dimension but not of the fractal nature of the network. The methodology presented is a fat fractal analysis in which the drainage basin minus the channel area is considered the fat fractal. Random channel networks within a fixed basin area are generated on grids of different scales. The sample channel networks generated by the model have a common outlet of fixed width and a rule of upstream channel narrowing specified by a diameter branching exponent using hydraulic and geomorphologic principles. Scaling exponents are computed for each sample network on a given grid size and are regressed against network magnitude. Results indicate that the size of the exponents are related to magnitude of the networks and generally decrease as network magnitude increases. Cases showing differences in scaling exponents with like magnitudes suggest a direction of future work regarding other topologic basin characteristics as potential explanatory variables. RP KARLINGER, MR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 418,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1975 EP 1981 DI 10.1029/92WR00805 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA JC483 UT WOS:A1992JC48300020 ER PT J AU HOOPER, RP CHRISTOPHERSEN, N AF HOOPER, RP CHRISTOPHERSEN, N TI PREDICTING EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES - COMBINING A LONG-TERM ACIDIFICATION MODEL AND THE END-MEMBER MIXING CONCEPT SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACID NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY; ORGANIC-ACIDS; CHEMISTRY; CATCHMENT; WATER; DEPOSITION; BIRKENES; MIXTURE; NORWAY AB The model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC) was applied to data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed located near Atlanta, Georgia, in the southern Piedmont physiographic province of the United States. In contrast to past applications, MAGIC was calibrated directly to two soil environments using information gained from an independent mixing model rather than to the stream water. A third soil environment, the deeper soil horizons which provide base flow, was identified from the mixing model, but its chemistry was assumed to be invariant during the forecast period, and hence it was not included in MAGIC. This mixing model identified soil environments that appear to be important in determining present stream water chemistry, determined the hydrologic routing parameters necessary for the model, and permitted predictions of stream water chemistry during future storm events. Annual average stream water acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) was predicted to decrease during the next 50 years in a manner largely consistent with a regional analysis of the nearby southern Blue Ridge province performed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The two upper soil layers, however, were predicted to acidify substantially within the next 20 years so that the stream water may become unsuitable for sensitive aquatic biota for much of the year, despite a positive annual average ANC. This approach, which combines a predictive model and a mixing model, provides testable hypotheses because actual soil environments are modeled; field experiments to test the processes contained in the model are suggested. C1 UNIV OSLO,DEPT INFORMAT,N-0316 OSLO 3,NORWAY. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DORAVILLE,GA. RP HOOPER, RP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,PEACHTREE BUSINESS CTR,3039 AMWITER RD,SUITE 130,ATLANTA,GA 30360, USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 28 IS 7 BP 1983 EP 1990 DI 10.1029/92WR00706 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA JC483 UT WOS:A1992JC48300021 ER PT J AU COLLETT, TS AF COLLETT, TS TI POTENTIAL OF GAS HYDRATES OUTLINED SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP COLLETT, TS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD JUN 22 PY 1992 VL 90 IS 25 BP 84 EP 87 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA HZ970 UT WOS:A1992HZ97000018 ER PT J AU ARNIZAUT, AB HAYES, L OLSEN, GH TORRES, JS RUIZ, C PEREZRIVERA, R AF ARNIZAUT, AB HAYES, L OLSEN, GH TORRES, JS RUIZ, C PEREZRIVERA, R TI AN EPIZOOTIC OF TANAISIA-BRAGAI IN A CAPTIVE POPULATION OF PUERTO-RICAN PLAIN PIGEON (COLUMBA-INORNATA-WETMOREI) SO ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 DEPT NAT RESOURCES,SAN JUAN,PR 00906. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT BIOL,HUMACAO,PR 00791. SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY,ATHENS,GA 30602. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. CAGUAS VET HOSP,CAGUAS,PR 00726. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 E 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 SN 0077-8923 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. PD JUN 16 PY 1992 VL 653 BP 202 EP 205 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb19647.x PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA JM564 UT WOS:A1992JM56400026 PM 1626872 ER PT J AU NOBLE, MA GELFENBAUM, GR AF NOBLE, MA GELFENBAUM, GR TI SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL ON THE SOUTH-CAROLINA SHELF AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE GULF-STREAM SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; FLORIDA CURRENT; APRIL 1982; SEAWARD DEFLECTION; CHARLESTON BUMP; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; WATERS; VOLUME AB Near-bottom pressure measurements obtained over a 9-month period in 1978 on the outer continental shelf off South Carolina document that sea level rose 35 to 50 cm between July and October. Records of coastal sea level showed a similar rise. When the pressure and coastal sea level records were corrected for the effects of wind stress and temperature, the largest portion of the rise in the two variables remained. The amplitude of the change in residual sea level was largest at the shelf break, 28 cm, and decayed to 22 cm at the coast. The relatively small magnitude of the decay suggests that alongshelf pressure gradients imposed at the shelf break have minimum alongshelf wavelengths of 2000 km. The changes in residual sea level were seasonal and associated with seasonal changes in the transport of the Gulf Stream. The 3 years of residual sea level records examined here indicate that the amplitude of a typical decrease in transport of the Gulf Stream off South Carolina between July and October has a strong interannual variability. The change in transport can be 50% lower to over 100% higher than the historical average. The residual sea level records also suggest that a change in transport of the Gulf Stream is not strongly related to the onshore/offshore position of the Gulf Stream. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. RP NOBLE, MA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 15 PY 1992 VL 97 IS C6 BP 9521 EP 9529 DI 10.1029/92JC00811 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA JA086 UT WOS:A1992JA08600012 ER PT J AU WAITT, RB AF WAITT, RB TI CURVED SAPLINGS AT MT-ST-HELENS SO NATURE LA English DT Letter RP WAITT, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,5400 MACARTHUR BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98661, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 11 PY 1992 VL 357 IS 6378 BP 449 EP 449 DI 10.1038/357449a0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HY052 UT WOS:A1992HY05200039 ER PT J AU JONES, LE MORI, J HELMBERGER, DV AF JONES, LE MORI, J HELMBERGER, DV TI SHORT-PERIOD CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROPOSED TRANSITION ZONE DISCONTINUITY SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID UPPER-MANTLE STRUCTURE; P VELOCITY STRUCTURE; UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA AB Short-period P wave data from several events which occurred off the coast of northern Mexico and were recorded on the Southern California Seismic Network are used to investigate the existence and nature of the proposed transition zone discontinuity at 520 km. Synthetically, the 520 discontinuity produces a characteristic signature at 19-degrees to 22-degrees epicentral distance, seen as a small triplication which adds constructively to the first arriving phase to produce a large-amplitude first arrival. Convincing evidence for such an amplitude pattern is not present in record sections. Thus, the possibility of a diffuse discontinuity at 520 km is explored: several models with 1%, 2%, and 2.5% velocity contrasts distributed over zones from 10 to 30 km are tested. Again, evidence for this feature in our data set is negligible and does not justify its inclusion in our model. However, a model with a simple, sharp density contrast at 520 km produces subcritical angle reflections similar to those observed by other authors, and does not violate the short-period triplication data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA. RP JONES, LE (reprint author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,252-21,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B6 BP 8765 EP 8774 DI 10.1029/92JB00887 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ072 UT WOS:A1992HZ07200004 ER PT J AU JACKSON, MD ENDO, ET DELANEY, PT ARNADOTTIR, T RUBIN, AM AF JACKSON, MD ENDO, ET DELANEY, PT ARNADOTTIR, T RUBIN, AM TI GROUND RUPTURES OF THE 1974 AND 1983 KAOIKI EARTHQUAKES, MAUNA-LOA VOLCANO, HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID = 6.6 EARTHQUAKE; EMPIRICAL RELATIONS; THEORETICAL BASIS; GEODETIC DATA; RIFT ZONES; CODA-Q; FAULT; DEFORMATION; SEISMOLOGY; BENEATH AB The November 30, 1974, M(L) = 5.5 and November 16, 1983, M(L) = 6.6 earthquakes generated left-stepping, en echelon ground cracks within the Kaoiki seismic zone, on the southeast flank of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii. The general trend of the ruptures, N48-degrees-55-degrees-E, parallels a nodal plane of the main shocks' focal mechanisms. The ruptures themselves consist of short, predominantly extension cracks, which are up to 20 m long and strike roughly E-W, 30-degrees-50-degrees clockwise from the overall trend of the zones. Some of the cracks are linked by secondary fractures and rubble breccia to form left-stepping crack arrays, which are themselves linked to form longer en echelon systems of ground rupture. Geologic maps and field observations indicate that these features emerge from an underlying strike-slip fault, and they form a "fracture-process zone" above its tip. The maximum displacement measured across cracks in the 1983 rupture zone is 0.5 m. Trilateration data, however, suggests that the overall shear displacement was about 1.5 m at depth. Elastic solutions indicate that a region of significant tensile stress can exist above buried strike-slip faults. We suggest that these stresses generated the extensional ground cracks and that shear displacements were transmitted to the Earth's surface by subsequent growth and linkage of these cracks into the observed arrays. We infer that the crack arrays accommodate increased displacement with depth and they merge downward into the "parent" strike-slip fault at an estimated 1-2 km depth, where strike-slip displacement was probably more or less continuous along the approximately 7 km length of the rupture. In the Kaoiki region, only three major ground ruptures traverse a series of basaltic lava flows that date back 1500 years. This suggests that the recent approximately 10-year periodicity of moderate-magnitude Kaoiki strike-slip events may not have extended far into the past. The tectonic significance of strike-slip faulting on Mauna Loa volcano remains enigmatic. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,VANCOUVER,WA. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. RI Jackson, Marie/C-8463-2012; Arnadottir, Thora/C-7183-2013; OI Arnadottir, Thora/0000-0002-8275-8813; Jackson, Marie D./0000-0002-5180-3060 NR 45 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUN 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B6 BP 8775 EP 8796 DI 10.1029/92JB00649 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ072 UT WOS:A1992HZ07200005 ER PT J AU HANKS, TC AF HANKS, TC TI SMALL EARTHQUAKES, TECTONIC FORCES SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STRONG GROUND MOTION; FAULT ZONES; STRESS; PARAMETERS; EASTERN; ORIGIN; MODELS; FMAX AB Earthquake scaling and frequency-of-occurrence relations require that small earthquakes be just as important as larger ones in redistributing the forces that drive relative displacements across active faults of any dimension, including plate boundaries. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 43 TC 50 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 5 PY 1992 VL 256 IS 5062 BP 1430 EP 1432 DI 10.1126/science.256.5062.1430 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HX337 UT WOS:A1992HX33700030 PM 17791611 ER PT J AU HANSLEY, PL NUCCIO, VF AF HANSLEY, PL NUCCIO, VF TI UPPER CRETACEOUS SHANNON SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS, POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING - EVIDENCE FOR ORGANIC-ACID DIAGENESIS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY POROSITY; PRESERVATION; KEROGEN; ANIONS; WATERS; ORIGIN AB Comparison of the petrology of shallow and deep oil reservoirs in the Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Beds of the Steele Member of the Cody Shale strongly suggests that organic acids have had a more significant impact on the diagenetic alteration of aluminosilicate grains and carbonate cements in the deep reservoirs than in the shallow reservoirs. Vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval measurements, as well as the time-temperature index and kinetic modeling, indicate that deep reservoirs have been subjected to maximum temperatures of approximately 110-120-degrees-C, whereas shallow reservoirs have reached only 75-degrees-C. Only the deep reservoirs, therefore, have reached higher temperatures and have been (and some still are) within the zone (80-120-degrees-C) of maximum organic acid production. Burial history reconstruction and paragenetic relations show that oil migration into Shannon reservoirs occurred in the middle to late Tertiary. In shallow reservoirs, detrital grains exhibit minor dissolution, sparse and small overgrowths, and secondary porosity created by dissolution of early calcite cement. However, deeper sandstones are characterized by extensive dissolution of detrital K-feldspar and detrital glauconite grains, and precipitation of abundant, large quartz and feldspar overgrowths. Quartz overgrowths commonly have crystallographically controlled etch pits, Throughout the Shannon and Steele, dissolution of glauconite and degradation of kerogen were probably aided by clay mineral/organic catalysis, which caused simultaneous reduction of iron and oxidation of kerogen. This process resulted in release of ferrous iron and organic acids and was promoted in the deep reservoirs by higher formation temperatures accounting for more extensive dissolution of aluminosilicate grains. At the temperatures of deep Shannon reservoirs, alkalinity was buffered by organic acid anions so that iron released from glauconite precipitated as chlorite and abundant, multistage ferroan carbonate overgrowths. Carbonic acid produced from the dissolution of early calcite cement, decarboxylation of organic matter, and influx of meteoric water after Laramide uplift produced additional dissolution of cements and grains. Dissolution by organic acids and complexing by organic acid anions, however, best explain the intensity of diagenesis and absence of dissolution products in secondary pores and on etched surfaces of framework grains in deep reservoirs. RP HANSLEY, PL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 939,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 76 IS 6 BP 781 EP 791 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HW715 UT WOS:A1992HW71500001 ER PT J AU PIKE, RJ THELIN, GP AF PIKE, RJ THELIN, GP TI VISUALIZING THE UNITED-STATES IN COMPUTER CHIAROSCURO SO ANNALS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS LA English DT Review ID RELIEF RP PIKE, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02148-5023 SN 0004-5608 J9 ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR JI Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 300 EP 302 DI 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01910.x PG 3 WC Geography SC Geography GA HZ184 UT WOS:A1992HZ18400007 ER PT J AU BAEDECKER, PA REDDY, MM REIMANN, KJ SCIAMMARELLA, CA AF BAEDECKER, PA REDDY, MM REIMANN, KJ SCIAMMARELLA, CA TI EFFECTS OF ACIDIC DEPOSITION ON THE EROSION OF CARBONATE STONE - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM THE UNITED-STATES NATIONAL ACID PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NAPAP) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT PART B-URBAN ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT INTERNATIONAL CONF ON ACIDIC DEPOSITION : ITS NATURE AND IMPACTS CY SEP 16-21, 1990 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND DE CARBONATE STONE DECAY; ACID RAIN; MATERIALS DAMAGE; AIR POLLUTION AB One of the goals of NAPAP-sponsored research on the effects of acidic deposition on carbonate stone has been to quantify the incremental effects of wet and dry deposition of hydrogen ion, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides on stone erosion. Test briquettes and slabs of freshly quarried Indiana limestone and Vermont marble have been exposed to ambient environmental conditions in a long-term exposure program. Physical measurements of the recession of test stones exposed to ambient conditions at an angle of 30-degrees to horizontal at the five NAPAP materials exposure sites range from approximately 15 to approximately 30-mu-m yr-1 for marble, and from approximately 25 to approximately 45-mu-m yr-1 for limestone, and are approximately double the recession estimates based on the observed calcium content of run-off solutions from test slabs. The difference between the physical and chemical recession measurements is attributed to the loss of mineral grains from the stone surfaces that are not measured in the run-off experiments. The erosion due to grain loss does not appear to be influenced by rainfall acidity, however, preliminary evidence suggests that grain loss may be influenced by dry deposition of sulfur dioxide between rainfall events. Chemical analyses of the run-off solutions and associated rainfall blanks suggest that approximately 30% of erosion by dissolution can be attributed to the wet deposition of hydrogen ion and the dry deposition of sulfur dioxide and nitric acid between rain events. The remaining approximately 70% of erosion by dissolution is accounted for by the solubility of carbonate stone in rain that is in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide ("clean rain"). These results are for marble and limestone slabs exposed at an angle of 30-degrees from horizontal. The relative contribution of sulfur dioxide to chemical erosion is significantly enhanced for stone slabs having an inclination of 60-degrees or 85-degrees. The dry deposition of alkaline particulate material has a mitigating effect at the two urban field exposure sites at Washington, DC, and Steubenville, OH. C1 IIT,CHICAGO,IL 60616. US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. ARGONNE NATL LAB,ARGONNE,IL 60439. RP BAEDECKER, PA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 17 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 6 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0957-1272 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON B-URB PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90018-N PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA JD996 UT WOS:A1992JD99600001 ER PT J AU MCGEE, ES MOSSOTTI, VG AF MCGEE, ES MOSSOTTI, VG TI GYPSUM ACCUMULATION ON CARBONATE STONE SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT PART B-URBAN ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Note DE GYPSUM CRUST; LIMESTONE; MARBLE; HISTORIC BUILDINGS ID LIMESTONE; DECAY AB The accumulation of gypsum on carbonate stone has been investigated through exposure of fresh samples of limestone and marble at monitored sites, through examination of alteration crusts from old buildings and through laboratory experiments. Several factors contribute to gypsum accumulation on carbonate stone. Marble or limestone that is sheltered from direct washing by rain in an urban environment with elevated pollution levels is likely to accumulate a gypsum crust. Crust development may be enhanced if the stone is porous or has an irregular surface area. Gypsum crusts are a surficial alteration feature; gypsum crystals form at the pore opening-air interface, where evaporation is greatest. RP MCGEE, ES (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DEPT INTERIOR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0957-1272 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON B-URB PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90028-Q PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA JD996 UT WOS:A1992JD99600011 ER PT J AU WYSS, M KOYANAGI, RY AF WYSS, M KOYANAGI, RY TI SEISMIC GAPS IN HAWAII SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; NOVEMBER 29; SOUTH FLANK; EARTHQUAKE; RECURRENCE; MAGMA; BOUNDARIES; PACIFIC AB We propose that two seismic gaps exist in southern Hawaii. From their dimensions and tectonic setting, we estimate that the south Kona gap may be capable of a mainshock in the magnitude range of 7 1/4 to 7 1/2, while the east Kona gap will probably not produce earthquakes larger than M = 6 1/2. During historic time (1832 to the present), no mainshocks have occurred in these gaps. Since there is no evidence that fault creep relieves stress in these areas, we expect earthquakes to fill these gaps. The boundaries of the south Kona gap are defined by the approximate rupture extent of the earthquakes of 2 April 1868 (M = 7.9) and 21 August 1951 (M = 6.9), those of the east Kona gap by the latter mainshock and the extent of the seismogenic zone. The seismotectonic model on which we base our gap hypothesis defines a major seismic zone in the southern half of the island of Hawaii. We propose that most major and large earthquakes within this zone are of a decollement type, in which the upper 10 km of the crust is pushed seaward along a near-horizontal plane of weakness, provided by the oceanic sediments buried beneath the volcanic edifice. The direction of slip is away from the volcano summits and perpendicularly away from the volcano rifts. Several recurrence intervals are known for the Kaoiki area, where M = 6 +/- 0.6 mainshocks occur every 10.4 +/- 1.5 years. For the Kalapana area, one recurrence interval of 108 years is known for earthquakes with 7 < M < 8. In most of the major seismic zone in Hawaii, the recurrence times are not known, and no information on strain accumulation rate is available. It is therefore not possible to estimate when the portion of the 1868 rupture that has not re-ruptured yet (southern Kau) will produce another large mainshock. The potential for a large earthquake in this area is estimated to be intermediate. The potential in the Kalapana, the central Kona, and northern Kona areas are estimated to be low for the next several decades. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV, HAWAII NATL PK, HI 96718 USA. RP UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS, INST GEOPHYS, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 82 IS 3 BP 1373 EP 1387 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HY197 UT WOS:A1992HY19700010 ER PT J AU FRANKEL, A AF FRANKEL, A TI RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE 1987 SUPERSTITION HILLS EARTHQUAKE FROM THE INVERSION OF STRONG-MOTION DATA - COMMENT SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note ID 24 NOVEMBER 1987; CALIFORNIA RP FRANKEL, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,922 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 82 IS 3 BP 1511 EP 1518 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HY197 UT WOS:A1992HY19700019 ER PT J AU WALD, DJ HARTZELL, SH HELMBERGER, DV AF WALD, DJ HARTZELL, SH HELMBERGER, DV TI RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE 1987 SUPERSTITION HILLS EARTHQUAKE FROM THE INVERSION OF STRONG-MOTION DATA - REPLY SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Note ID 24 NOVEMBER 1987; CALIFORNIA C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP WALD, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA. OI Wald, David/0000-0002-1454-4514 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 82 IS 3 BP 1519 EP 1533 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HY197 UT WOS:A1992HY19700020 ER PT J AU SEIFERT, KE PETERMAN, ZE THIEBEN, SE AF SEIFERT, KE PETERMAN, ZE THIEBEN, SE TI POSSIBLE CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION OF MIDCONTINENT RIFT IGNEOUS ROCKS - EXAMPLES FROM THE MINERAL LAKE INTRUSIONS, WISCONSIN SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DULUTH COMPLEX; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; TRAPPED LIQUID; MAGMA GENESIS; TRACE-ELEMENT; MANTLE; SR; BASALT AB Interlayered mafic - felsic intrusions from the Mineral Lake intrusive complex in northwest Wisconsin reflect the typical bimodal basalt-rhyolite compositional pattern of the Midcontinent Rift flood basalt province in the Lake Superior region. The later felsic intrusions were emplaced between the mafic intrusions and overlying basalt flows, and postemplacement fractional crystallization produced gradational mineralogical and geochemical variations. Isotopic and trace-element data for the Mineral Lake intrusions are consistent with mantle sources for both mafic and felsic intrusions, with compositional differences explained by the extent of fractional crystallization and crustal contamination or mantle source characteristics. Epsilon(Nd)-epsilon(Sr) plots of analyzed Midcontinent Rift igneous rocks define three largely separate isotopic fields that suggest separate sources. However, the spread in isotopic data and a spider diagram plot of mafic samples from the epsilon(Nd) = epsilon(Sr) = 0 field suggest a crustal component and derivation from depleted rather than chondritic mantle. Evolved felsic rocks plotting in two negative epsilon(Nd) - positive epsilon(Sr) fields can be explained by derivation from separate enriched mantle sources or crustal contamination or both. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. RP SEIFERT, KE (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOL & ATMOSPHER SCI, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 63 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1140 EP 1153 DI 10.1139/e92-092 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JP696 UT WOS:A1992JP69600002 ER PT J AU CHANG, CCY KUWABARA, JS PASILIS, SP AF CHANG, CCY KUWABARA, JS PASILIS, SP TI PHOSPHATE AND IRON LIMITATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS IN LAKE TAHOE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT LIMITATION; MONOCHRYSIS-LUTHERI; LIMITED GROWTH; COPPER; WATER; RATES; SIZE; ALGA; COMPLEXATION; BACTERIA AB Field measurements and bioassay experiments were coupled to investigate the interdependent processes affecting phytoplankton biomass at Lake Tahoe using a trace metal protocol. Water samples were analyzed for suspended particulate matter, dissolved organic carbon, major ions and macronutrients, adenosine triphosphate, and phytoplankton abundance. Concentrations of total Cd (less-than-or-equal-to 18 pM), Cu (2.25-8.85 nM), and Fe (22-49 nM) were similar to or lower than those reported for other oligotrophic lakes. Bioassays were carried out to assess the response of inoculated, single-species diatom populations (Cyclotella meneghiniana and Aulocosiera italica) to additions of synthetic chelators (EDTA, EDDHA) and phosphate. A chemical speciation model along with the field data was also used to predict how trace metal speciation, and hence bioavailability, was affected by the chelator additions. Results suggest that phosphate was limiting to phytoplankton biomass. Other solutes, Fe in particular, may also exert controls on biomass. Nitrate limitation seems less likely, although Fe-limiting conditions, as suggested by the bioassays, may have led to an effective N limitation because algae require Fe to carry out nitrate reduction. Small perturbations in water chemistry may have pronounced effects on phytoplankton biomass in oligotrophic systems where essential nutrients are at low concentrations. RP CHANG, CCY (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MS 465,345 MIDDLEFIELD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Kuwabara, James/0000-0003-2502-1601 NR 67 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 49 IS 6 BP 1206 EP 1215 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HY493 UT WOS:A1992HY49300017 ER PT J AU CZAMANSKE, GK KUNILOV, VE ZIENTEK, ML CABRI, LJ LIKHACHEV, AP CALK, LC OSCARSON, RL AF CZAMANSKE, GK KUNILOV, VE ZIENTEK, ML CABRI, LJ LIKHACHEV, AP CALK, LC OSCARSON, RL TI A PROTON-MICROPROBE STUDY OF MAGMATIC SULFIDE ORES FROM THE NORILSK-TALNAKH DISTRICT, SIBERIA SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID PHASE RELATIONS; PLATINUM-GROUP; TRACE-ELEMENTS; S SYSTEM; AS-S; MINERALOGY; DEPOSITS; PENTLANDITE; SUDBURY; PIXE AB Proton and electron microprobes have been used to analyze all major coexisting Cu Fe-Ni sulfide minerals in a suite of 22 ore samples from the rich Cu-Ni-platinum-group-element deposits of the Noril'sk Talnakh district, Russia. Simultaneous analyses were obtained with the proton microprobe for 30 elements, ranging in atomic number from 26Fe to 83Bi; for the suite of trace constituents ranging from 30Zn to 83Bi, typical minimum detection levels (MDL) range from 4.5 to 50 ppm. Among the data arc some of the first microbeam analyses for low-level, trace-element contents of lamellar cubanite, mooihoekite, talnakhite, mackinawite, godlevskite, and bornite, and the first that reveal the presence of Pd in apparent solid-solution in sulfide phases other than pentlandite. Palladium concentrations range from 12 to 96 ppm for 16 analyses of chalcopyrite in 7 samples, from 7 to-52 ppm for 11 analyses Of cubanite in 6 samples, and from 77 to 2,920 ppm for 11 analyses of mackinawite in 4 samples. Platinum, Rh, and Ru are rarely above their MDL in any Cu-Fe-Ni sulfide mineral. Thallium-bearing chalcopyrite and pentlandite are present in several samples. The distribution of Se is remarkably uniform among coexisting sulfide minerals and, surprisingly, only Pd, Zn, and Ga show a consistent preference for a particular mineral. Results of bulk analyses are presented for 20 samples of ore from the enormous, mineralogically zoned Kharaelakhsky orebody of the Kharaelakhsky intrusion and the Medvezhy Creek open-pit mine of the Noril'sk I intrusion. Palladium concentrations in massive sulfide ore range from 10 to 445 ppm, and Pt concentrations, from 1.4 to 215 ppm. Palladium concentrations in pentlandite are related to ore type, not bulk Pd concentration in the ore, Ni/Fe ratio in pentlandite, or sulfur fugacity. Palladium concentrations in pentlandite in massive ores from the Kharaelakhsky orebody range from 68 to 284 ppm in pyrrhotite-bearing ore and from <5 to 14 ppm in Cu-rich, pyrrhotite-free ore; in contrast, they range from 203 to 2540 ppm in three samples of Cu-rich, pyrrhotite-free vein ore from the Medvezhy Creek open pit. The spatial distribution of mineral assemblages, ore textures, bulk-composition data, and experimental studies of the Cu-Fe-Ni-S system indicate that fractional crystallization of monosulfide solid solution (Mss) and migration of resultant Cu-rich (20-29 wt.% Cu) sulfide liquids were important processes in the evolution of the Noril'sk-Talnakh ores. These processes gave rise to differences in bulk composition that caused pentlandite to crystallize predominantly from Mss in ores that ultimately became pyrrhotite-bearing, and from trace-element-enriched, intermediate solid-solution in ores that ultimately became pyrrhotite-free. Enrichment of the Cu-rich liquids in the suite of trace elements critical to platinum-group-mineral (PGM) crystallization significantly lowered solidus temperatures within those ores. When large amounts of Cu-rich liquid (e.g., parts of the Kharaelakhsky orebody) cooled relatively slowly, both high-temperature crystallization of PGM and migration of Pd to a low-melting, dispersed liquid phase concentrated Pd that might otherwise have entered pentlandite. When the Cu-rich liquid was injected as veins, rapid quenching precluded both processes; minute (typically <5-mu-m). PGM crystallized within Cu-Fe-Ni sulfide minerals, leaving substantial concentrations of Pd in solid solution in pentlandite. Relatively lower concentrations of Ag, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Sn in the Cu-rich liquids that crystallized as veins at Medvezhy Creek also may have inhibited high-temperature crystallization of PGM. Weight ratios of (Se/S) X 10(6) in the ores average 420 and support a predominantly magmatic origin for the ore sulfur. C1 NORILSK NICKEL STATE CONCERN,NORILSK 663300,USSR. US GEOL SURVEY,SPOKANE,WA 99201. CANADA CTR MINERAL & ENERGY TECHNOL,OTTAWA K1A 0G1,ONTARIO,CANADA. GEOL PROSPECTING BASE & PRECIOUS MET CENT RES INST,MOSCOW 113545,USSR. RP CZAMANSKE, GK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 63 TC 92 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 10 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI NEPEAN PA CITYVIEW 78087, NEPEAN ON K2G 5W2, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 30 BP 249 EP 287 PN 2 PG 39 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA JL302 UT WOS:A1992JL30200001 ER PT J AU LESLIE, DM TISSESCU, A AF LESLIE, DM TISSESCU, A TI BEYOND THE DANUBE DELTA - FOREST CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN ROMANIA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP LESLIE, DM (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 6 IS 2 BP 165 EP 167 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.6201651.x PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HW990 UT WOS:A1992HW99000005 ER PT J AU AYUSO, RA ARTH, JG AF AYUSO, RA ARTH, JG TI THE NORTHEAST KINGDOM BATHOLITH, VERMONT - MAGMATIC EVOLUTION AND GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE ORIGIN OF ACADIAN GRANITIC-ROCKS SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; CONNECTICUT VALLEY TROUGH; TRACE-ELEMENT; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; PETROGENETIC IMPLICATIONS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; IGNEOUS ROCKS; NB VARIATIONS; EARTH AB Five Devonian plutons (West Charleston, Echo Pond, Nulhegan, Derby, and Willoughby) that constitute the Northeast Kingdom batholith in Vermont show wide ranges in elemental abundances and ratios consistent with major crustal contributions during their evolution. The batholith consists of metaluminous quartz gabbro, diorite and quartz monzodiorite, peraluminous granodiorite and granite, and strongly peraluminous leucogranite. Contents of major elements vary systematically with increasing SiO2 (48 to 77 wt.%). The batholith has calc-alkaline features, for example a Peacock index of 57, and values for K2O/Na2O ( < 1), K/Rb (60-350), Zr/Hf (30-50), Nb/Ta (2-22), Hf/Ta (up to 10), and Rb/Zr ( < 2) in the range of plutonic rocks found in continental magmatic arcs. Wide diversity and high values of minor- and trace-element ratios, including Th/Ta (0.5-22), Th/Yb (0-27), Ba/La (0-80), etc., are attributed to intracrustal contributions. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of metaluminous and relatively mafic intrusives have slightly negative slopes (La/Yb(cn) < 10) and negative Eu anomalies are small or absent. The metaluminous to peraluminous intermediate plutons are relatively enriched in the light REE (La/Yb(cn) > 40) and have small negative Eu anomalies. The strongly peraluminous Willoughby leucogranite has unique trace-element abundances and ratios relative to the rest of the batholith, including low contents of Hf, Zr, Sr, and Ba, low values of K/Rb (80-164), Th/Ta ( < 9), Rb/Cs (7-40), K/Cs (0. 1 -0.5), Ce/Pb (0.5-4), high values of Rb/Sr (1-18) low to moderate REE contents and light-REE enriched patterns (with small negative Eu anomalies). Flat REE patterns (with large negative Eu anomalies) are found in a small, hydrothermally-altered area characterized by high abundances of Sn (up to 26 ppm), Rb (up to 670 ppm), Li (up to 310 ppm), Ta (up to 13.1 ppm), and U (up to 10 ppm). There is no single mixing trend, fractional crystallization assemblage, or assimilation scheme that accounts for all trace element variations from quartz gabbro to granite in the Northeast Kingdom batholith. The plutons originated by mixing mantle-derived components and crustal melts generated at different levels in the heterogeneous lithosphere in a continental collisional environment. Hybrid rocks in the batholith evolved by fractional crystallization and assimilation of country rocks ( < 50% by mass), and some of the leucogranitic rocks were subsequently disturbed by a mild hydrothermal event that resulted in the deposition of small amounts of sulfide minerals. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP AYUSO, RA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 954,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 82 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 111 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1007/BF00296574 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA HZ978 UT WOS:A1992HZ97800001 ER PT J AU WOODEN, JL CZAMANSKE, GK BOUSE, RM LIKHACHEV, AP KUNILOV, VE LYULKO, V AF WOODEN, JL CZAMANSKE, GK BOUSE, RM LIKHACHEV, AP KUNILOV, VE LYULKO, V TI PB ISOTOPE DATA INDICATE A COMPLEX, MANTLE ORIGIN FOR THE NORILSK-TALNAKH ORES, SIBERIA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note ID EVOLUTION; HAWAII; LEAD; ND; SR C1 CENT RES INST GEOL PROSPECTING BASE & PRECIOUS MET,MOSCOW 113545,USSR. NORILSK NICKEL STATE CONCERN,NORILSK 663300,USSR. NORILSK EXPEDIT,NORILSK 663300,USSR. RP WOODEN, JL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1992 VL 87 IS 4 BP 1153 EP 1165 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JC648 UT WOS:A1992JC64800010 ER PT J AU CHUNG, CF SINGER, DA MENZIE, WD AF CHUNG, CF SINGER, DA MENZIE, WD TI PREDICTING SIZES OF UNDISCOVERED MINERAL-DEPOSITS - AN EXAMPLE USING MERCURY DEPOSITS IN CALIFORNIA SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP CHUNG, CF (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,601 BOOTH ST,OTTAWA K1A 0E8,ONTARIO,CANADA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1992 VL 87 IS 4 BP 1174 EP 1179 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JC648 UT WOS:A1992JC64800012 ER PT J AU SCLAR, CB LEONARD, BF AF SCLAR, CB LEONARD, BF TI QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN A FRANKLINITE-MAGNETITE EXSOLUTION INTERGROWTH FROM FRANKLIN, SUSSEX COUNTY, NEW-JERSEY SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP SCLAR, CB (reprint author), LEHIGH UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BETHLEHEM,PA 18015, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1992 VL 87 IS 4 BP 1180 EP 1183 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JC648 UT WOS:A1992JC64800013 ER PT J AU NEBEL, ML HUTCHINSON, RW ZARTMAN, RE AF NEBEL, ML HUTCHINSON, RW ZARTMAN, RE TI METAMORPHISM AND POLYGENESIS OF THE MADEM LAKKOS POLYMETALLIC SULFIDE DEPOSIT, CHALKIDIKI, GREECE - A REPLY SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Discussion C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT GEOL & GEOL ENGN,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP NEBEL, ML (reprint author), BHP MINERALS INT INC,POB 834,RHINELANDER,WI 54501, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1992 VL 87 IS 4 BP 1187 EP 1190 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JC648 UT WOS:A1992JC64800015 ER PT J AU ANGERMEIER, PL AF ANGERMEIER, PL TI PREDATION BY ROCK BASS ON OTHER STREAM FISHES - EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS OF DEPTH AND COVER SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE CENTRAL STONEROLLER; DIEL ACTIVITY; FANTAIL DARTER; FISH BEHAVIOR; PREY SIZE; PUMPKINSEED; RISK ID CHUB SEMOTILUS-ATROMACULATUS; LARGEMOUTH BASS; TIGER MUSKELLUNGE; HABITAT USE; ETHEOSTOMA-FLABELLARE; FORAGING MINNOWS; SMALLMOUTH BASS; PREY; RISK; BEHAVIOR AB Effects of water depth and cover availability on predation rates by adult rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris, on juvenile central stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum, pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosa, ad fantail darter, Etheostoma flabellare, were measured in a laboratory stream. A predation rate experiment and a prey activity experiment were conducted. In the first experiment, each prey type shared experimental chambers with predatory rock bass under all combinations of two depths (shallow and deep) and two cover levels (absent and present). Predation rates after 72 h were greater in deep (35-38 cm) than in shallow (7-10 cm) water for fantail darter and two sizes of central stoneroller, but not for pumpkinseed. Presence of cover (opaque plastic tubes) on the stream bottom had no direct effect on predation rates. which were higher for pumpkinseed and small stoneroller (35-64 mm total length) than for fantail darter and large stoneroller (70-89 mm total length). In the second experiment, diel patterns of small stoneroller activity were monitored under all combinations of two water depths and three levels of predation risk. Small stonerollers were more active during the day and in the absence of rock bass, but were not affected directly by water depth. My results suggest that effects of habitat features (e.g., depth, cover) on predator-prey interactions vary according to the natural history and behavior of particular prey and predators. Future research should integrate habitat-specific responses of prey to predation risk into models that predict the distribution of prey among available habitats. RP ANGERMEIER, PL (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 56 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 1992 VL 34 IS 2 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1007/BF00002392 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JB643 UT WOS:A1992JB64300007 ER PT J AU FIELD, JA BARBER, LB THURMAN, EM MOORE, BL LAWRENCE, DL PEAKE, DA AF FIELD, JA BARBER, LB THURMAN, EM MOORE, BL LAWRENCE, DL PEAKE, DA TI FATE OF ALKYLBENZENESULFONATES AND DIALKYLTETRALINSULFONATES IN SEWAGE-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT; LINEAR ALKYLBENZENESULFONATES; ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES; ANIONIC SURFACTANTS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AQUATIC TOXICITY; SULFONATE LAS; BIODEGRADATION; REDUCTION AB The fate and transport of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) during sewage treatment, infiltration, and groundwater transport were investigated at the U.S. Geological Survey Cape Cod Toxic Waste Research Site (CCTWRS). High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FL) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS) were used for this investigation. HPLC/FL results indicated 96% removal of LAS from the aqueous phase during sewage treatment and an additional 3% during infiltration to give groundwater concentrations of LAS <10-20-mu-g/L. Removal refers to parent compound disappearance due to processes such as partitioning, primary biodegradation to intermediates, or mineralization. Treatment and infiltration have affected preferential removal of long alkyl chain LAS homologues. LAS disappearance during groundwater infiltration can be described by first-order kinetics. FAB/MS confirmed trace levels of LAS in groundwater 20-500 m downgradient from infiltration. Trace levels of LAS detected in groundwater at 500 m from infiltration have been stable over a period of time corresponding to between 50 and 500 LAS half-lives. Dialkyltetralinsulfonates (DATS), reaction byproducts of LAS synthesis, were identified by FAB/MS and estimated to be at concentrations comparable to LAS in groundwater. LAS and DATS represented approximately 5 % of the methylene blue active substance (MBAS) response measured in groundwater within 500 m of infiltration. Branched-chain alkylbenzenesulfonates (ABS) were observed in wells 3000 and 3400 m downgradient from infiltration beds. An ABS concentration of 2.1 mg/L was measured in groundwater from the 2900-m-downgradient well, accounting for 90% of MBAS and 50% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,IVORYDALE TECH CTR,CINCINNATI,OH 45217. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 43 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1140 EP 1148 DI 10.1021/es50002a600 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HX727 UT WOS:A1992HX72700015 ER PT J AU GEYER, WR SIGNELL, RP AF GEYER, WR SIGNELL, RP TI A REASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF TIDAL DISPERSION IN ESTUARIES AND BAYS SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION; HEADLAND; CURRENTS AB The role of tidal dispersion is reassessed, based on a consideration of the relevant physical mechanisms, particularly those elucidated by numerical simulations of tide-induced dispersion. It appears that the principal influence of tidal currents on dispersion occurs at length scales of the tidal excursion and smaller; thus the effectiveness of tidal dispersion depends on the relative scale of the tidal excursion to the spacing between major bathymetric and shoreline features. In estuaries where the typical spacing of topographic features is less than the tidal excursion, tidal dispersion may contribute significantly to the overall flushing. In estuaries and embayments in which the typical spacing between major features is larger than the tidal excursion, the influence of tidal dispersion will be localized, and it will not markedly contribute to overall flushing. Tidal dispersion is most pronounced in regions of abrupt topographic changes such as headlands and inlets, where flow separation occurs. The strong strain rate in the region of flow separation tends to stretch patches of fluid into long filaments, which are subsequently rolled up and distorted by the transient eddy field. The dispersion process accomplished by the tides varies strongly as a function of position and tidal phase and thus does not lend itself to parameterization by an eddy diffusion coefficient. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP GEYER, WR (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. OI Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 36 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 11 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1992 VL 15 IS 2 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.2307/1352684 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HZ369 UT WOS:A1992HZ36900001 ER PT J AU BURGER, J COOPER, K GOCHFELD, DJ SALIVA, JE SAFINA, C LIPSKY, D GOCHFELD, M AF BURGER, J COOPER, K GOCHFELD, DJ SALIVA, JE SAFINA, C LIPSKY, D GOCHFELD, M TI DOMINANCE OF TILAPIA-MOSSAMBICA, AN INTRODUCED FISH SPECIES, IN 3 PUERTO-RICAN ESTUARIES SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH AB We compared species presence, abundance, and size characteristics of fish in three brackish, coastal marshes at Humacao, Roosevelt Roads, and Boqueron, Puerto Rico, in February and March 1988. The three marsh ecosystems were similar with respect to the presence of large expanses of open water bordered by emergent vegetation, creeks, and mangroves, and all had some recreational use. We sampled fish using gill nets. Tilapia (Oreochromis) mossambica were the most abundant fish, accounting for 55-79% of the samples at all three marshes. Overall, tilapia were both the largest (North Lagoon) and the smallest (Frontera Creek) at Humacao. Tilapia were most common in open lagoons rather than creeks or bays (except for Mandri Creek), and their distribution seemed unrelated to salinity. Tarpon (Megalops atlantica) were more abundant at low salinities, whereas other fish were more abundant at higher salinities. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,INST COASTAL & MARINE SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,GRAD PROGRAM TOXICOL,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855. UNIV HAWAII,DEPT ZOOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BOQUERON,PR 00622. NATL AUDUBON RES DIV,ISLIP,NY 11721. DYNAMAC CORP,FT LEE,NJ 07024. UNITED MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,INST ENVIRONM & COMMUNITY MED SCI INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. UNITED MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,INST ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SCI,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. RP BURGER, J (reprint author), RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855, USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1992 VL 15 IS 2 BP 239 EP 245 DI 10.2307/1352698 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HZ369 UT WOS:A1992HZ36900015 ER PT J AU CHOU, IM STERNER, SM PITZER, KS AF CHOU, IM STERNER, SM PITZER, KS TI PHASE-RELATIONS IN THE SYSTEM NACL-KCL-H2O .4. DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL-ANALYSIS OF THE SYLVITE LIQUIDUS IN THE KCL-H2O BINARY, THE LIQUIDUS IN THE NACL-KCL-H2O TERNARY, AND THE SOLIDUS IN THE NACL-KCL BINARY TO 2-KB PRESSURE, AND A SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL-DATA FOR THERMODYNAMIC-PTX ANALYSIS OF SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA AT ELEVATED P-T CONDITIONS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID 1500 BARS; HALITE AB The sylvite liquidus in the binary system KCl-H2O and the liquidus in the ternary system NaCl-KCl-H2O were determined by using isobaric differential thermal analysis (DTA) cooling scans at pressures up to 2 kbars. Sylvite solubilities along the three-phase curve in the binary system KCl-H2O were obtained by the intersection of sylvite-liquidus isopleths with the three-phase curve in a P-T plot. These solubility data can be represented by the equation Wt.% KCl (+/-0.2) = 12.19 + 0.1557T - 5.4071 x 10(-5)T2, where 400 less-than-or-equal-to T less-than-or-equal-to 770-degrees-C. These data are consistent with previous experimental observations. The solidus in the binary system NaCl-KCl was determined by using isobaric DTA heating scans at pressures up to 2 kbars. Using these liquidus and solidus data and other published information, a thermodynamic-PTX analysis of solid-liquid equilibria at high pressures and temperatures for the ternary system has been performed and is presented in an accompanying paper (Part V of this series). However, all experimental liquidus, solidus, and solvus data used in this analysis are summarized in this report (Part IV) and they are compared with the calculated values based on the analysis. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 959 NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 20 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 6 BP 2281 EP 2293 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90189-P PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ452 UT WOS:A1992HZ45200008 ER PT J AU STERNER, SM CHOU, IM DOWNS, RT PITZER, KS AF STERNER, SM CHOU, IM DOWNS, RT PITZER, KS TI PHASE-RELATIONS IN THE SYSTEM NACL-KCL-H2O .5. THERMODYNAMIC-PTX ANALYSIS OF SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA AT HIGH-TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL-ANALYSIS; NACL-H2O; CHLORIDE; MIXTURES; EQUATION; HALITE; STATE; BARS AB The Gibbs energies of mixing for NaCl-KCl binary solids and liquids and solid-saturated NaCl-KCl-H2O ternary liquids were modeled using asymmetric Margules treatments. The coefficients of the expressions were calibrated using an extensive array of binary solvus and solidus data, and both binary and ternary liquidus data. Over the PTX range considered, the system exhibits complete liquid miscibility among all three components and extensive solid solution along the anhydrous binary. Solid-liquid and solid-solid phase equilibria were calculated by using the resulting equations and invoking the equality of chemical potentials of NaCl and KCl between appropriate phases at equilibrium. The equations reproduce the ternary liquidus and predict activity coefficients for NaCl and KCl components in the aqueous liquid under solid-saturation conditions between 673 and 1200 K from vapor saturation up to 5 kbar. In the NaCl-KCl anhydrous binary system, the equations describe phase equilibria and predict activity coefficients of the salt components for all stable compositions of solid and liquid phases between room temperature and 1200 K and from 1 bar to 5 kbar. C1 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. RP UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 20 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 EI 1872-9533 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 6 BP 2295 EP 2309 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90190-T PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ452 UT WOS:A1992HZ45200009 ER PT J AU GLYNN, PD REARDON, EJ PLUMMER, LN BUSENBERG, E AF GLYNN, PD REARDON, EJ PLUMMER, LN BUSENBERG, E TI REACTION PATHS AND EQUILIBRIUM END-POINTS IN SOLID-SOLUTION AQUEOUS-SOLUTION SYSTEMS - REPLY SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Note ID 25-DEGREES-C; SEAWATER; SOLUBILITY; CRITERIA; CALCITE; HALITE AB In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients of bromide in halite (gamma(NaBr)) have been calculated by least-squares fitting of SIMONs et al.'s (1952) bromide distribution coefficient data for the Na(Cl,Br)-NaOH-H2O system at 35-degrees-C. Regular and subregular solid-solution model fits give gamma(NaBr) = 7.4 and gamma(NaBr) = 8.8, respectively. The Br contents of halite at equilibrium with seawater at initial halite saturation, calculated from the regular and subregular fits, are 17 ppm and 14 ppm, respectively. A survey of literature data for trace bromide in halite shows a wide spread in distribution coefficients, with lower values (D(Br-) almost-equal-to 0.01) reported by BLOCH and SCHNERB (1953), PUCHELT et al.(1972), and LUTZ (1975), and higher values (D(Br-) almost-equal-to 0.03) reported by BRAITSCH and HERRMANN (1963), KUHN (1968), HERRMANN (1972), HERRMANN (1980), MCCAFFREY et al. (1987), VALIASHKO et al. (1976), VALIASHKO and LAVROVA (1976), and Fontes (pers. commun., 1990). The measurement of stoichiometric saturation states for halite (or sylvite) with trace bromide mole-fractions is not practical, given the insensitivity of the measured solubilities on the bromide mole-fractions. Distribution coefficient measurements, with proof of thermodynamic equilibrium, need to be obtained instead, to conclusively determine the thermodynamic-mixing properties of both Na(Cl,Br) and K(Cl,Br) solid-solution series at very low mole-fractions of bromide. The applicability of the stoichiometric saturation concept to the interpretation of precipitation processes is questionable, primarily because the concept requires solid-solutions to behave as one-component solids with fixed composition. Lippmann diagrams are useful in depicting stoichiometric saturation, endmember saturation, and thermodynamic equilibrium states in binary-solid-solution aqueous-solution systems. Lippmann diagrams can contribute a better understanding of these systems, regardless of the concentration of the endmember components. C1 UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT EARTH SCI,WATERLOO N2L 3G1,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP GLYNN, PD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,432 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 6 BP 2559 EP 2572 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90210-A PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ452 UT WOS:A1992HZ45200029 ER PT J AU BARTSCHWINKLER, S SCHMOLL, HR AF BARTSCHWINKLER, S SCHMOLL, HR TI UTILITY OF RADIOCARBON-DATED STRATIGRAPHY IN DETERMINING LATE HOLOCENE EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE INTERVALS, UPPER COOK INLET REGION, ALASKA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREAT EARTHQUAKES; CALIBRATION AB During the great 1964 earthquake, parts of coastal southern Alaska subsided tectonically as much as 2 m, and this led to burial of high-intertidal organic-rich marshes by low-intertidal and tidal silt. In the tectonically active part of upper Cook Inlet, the presence of stratigraphic sections containing numerous prehistoric interbedded layers of peat and silt suggests that such stratigraphy resulted when marshes and forests were similarly inundated and buried by intertidal and tidal sediment as a result of great, prehistoric earthquakes. This study tests the feasibility of using buried, radiocarbon-dated, late Holocene peat layers that are exposed in the intertidal zone of upper Cook Inlet to determine earthquake recurrence intervals, because estimates of the recurrence intervals of past earthquakes are needed for evaluation of the potential for future earthquakes. In a reconnaissance study of interbedded peat and silt, 65 conventional radiocarbon dates from peat and other organic material in 25 measured sections in the intertidal zone and one drillhole were used. Radiocarbon ages from the tops of peat beds cluster weakly but may indicate that regional subsidence events recurred at irregular intervals between about 200 to 800 radiocarbon yr within the past 3,200 radiocarbon yr. Conversion to calibrated ages does not alter this range substantially but may extend both ends of the age range. Coeval and correlative stratigraphy and radiocarbon data in the buried peat layers of upper Cook Inlet strongly suggest sudden, subsidence-induced layering. Because of problems associated with conventional radiocarbon dating, the complex stratigraphy of the study area, the tectonic setting, and regional changes in sea level, conclusions from the study do not permit precise identification of the timing and recurrence of paleoseismic events. RP BARTSCHWINKLER, S (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 905,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 104 IS 6 BP 684 EP 694 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0684:UORDSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HW496 UT WOS:A1992HW49600005 ER PT J AU GADDIS, LR AF GADDIS, LR TI LAVA-FLOW CHARACTERIZATION AT PISGAH VOLCANIC FIELD, CALIFORNIA, WITH MULTIPARAMETER IMAGING RADAR SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Multi-incidence-angle (in the 25-degrees to 55-degrees range) radar data acquired by the NASA/JPL Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) at three, wavelengths simultaneously and displayed at three polarizations are examined for their utility in characterizing lava flows at Pisgah volcanic field, California. Pisgah lava flows were erupted in three phases; now textures consist of hummocky pahoehoe, smooth pahoehoe, and aa (with and without thin sedimentary cover). Of the eight AIRSAR images used here, four were calibrated to within an accuracy of +/- 2 dB with trihedral corner reflectors, and data from these calibrations were used to process the additional images to a conservatively estimated +/- 5 dB level of accuracy. Calibrated radar backscatter data (sigma-degrees, in dB) were plotted as a function of incidence angle at three wavelengths (P-band, 68 cm; L-band, 24 cm; and C-band, 5.6 cm) and three polarizations (HH, horizontal transmit/horizontal receive; HV, horizontal transmit/vertical receive; and VV, vertical transmit/vertical receive) for eight major units at Pisgah for which multi-incidence-angle AIRSAR data were available. The eight units consist of near-vent and distal aa flows; near-vent and distal, hummocky pahoehoe flows; a mantled, hummocky pahoehoe flow; a platform pahoehoe flow; an alluvial fan; and a playa. Analyses of these backscatter data show that major unmodified volcanic units at Pisgah are readily distinguishable from each other and that they exhibit diffuse (HH, VV) and/or multiple (HV) scattering behavior typical of rough surfaces at these wavelengths. These analyses show that discrimination of smooth lavas (platform pahoehoe) from mantled units with greater primary roughness (hummocky pahoehoe) is difficult and must rely on supporting observations (such as evidence of localized weathering and/or sediment deposition, contrast with surrounding units, and SuPerposition of flow units). L-band backscatter and image data at HV polarization show the best discrimination of Pisgah lava flows, with optimal unit separation observed between approximately 40-degrees and 50-degrees incidence angles. Backscatter data shown as a function of relative age of Pisgah flows indicate that dating of lava flows on the basis of average radar backscatter may yield ambiguous results if primary now textures and modification processes are not well understood. RP GADDIS, LR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 104 IS 6 BP 695 EP 703 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0695:LFCAPV>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HW496 UT WOS:A1992HW49600006 ER PT J AU SHANKS, WC CALLENDER, E AF SHANKS, WC CALLENDER, E TI THERMAL SPRINGS IN LAKE BAIKAL SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; CHEMISTRY; OCEAN AB Pore waters extracted from sediment cores were analyzed for their oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions and major ion chemistry to determine the source of water from a vent area for diffuse lake-bottom thermal springs or seeps in Frolikha Bay, northeastern Lake Baikal. The delta-O-18 values of pore waters range from -15.2 parts per thousand to -16.7 parts per thousand and delta-D values range from -119 parts per thousand to -126 parts per thousand (both isotopes determined relative to standard mean ocean water [SMOW]). Bottom water in Lake Baikal has a delta-O-18 value of -5.6 parts per thousand and a delta-D value of -120 parts per thousand. Pore waters in the vent area are significantly enriched in Mg, K, Ca, and especially Na and have the lowest delta-D and delta-O-18 values; these pore waters are isotopically and chemically distinct from pore waters in other, more typical parts of the lake. The pore-water isotopic data fall on a local meteoric water line, and covariations in water isotopes and chemistry are not consistent with evaporation or hydrothermal water-rock interaction. The thermal springs represent discharging meteoric waters that have been gently heated during subsurface circulation and are largely unaltered isotopically. Chemical variations are most likely due to dissolution of subsurface evaporites. RP SHANKS, WC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,954 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 6 BP 495 EP 497 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0495:TSILB>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Geology SC Geology GA HW495 UT WOS:A1992HW49500004 ER PT J AU HAGSTRUM, JT AF HAGSTRUM, JT TI REMAGNETIZATION OF THE COAST RANGE OPHIOLITE AT STANLEY MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA, DURING ACCRETION NEAR 10-DEGREES-N PALEOLATITUDE SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT VALLEY SEQUENCE; SAN-JUAN-ISLANDS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; PALEOMAGNETISM; WASHINGTON; TRANSPORT; SEDIMENT; TERRANE; MOTION; ROCKS AB Paleomagnetic data are presented for a 50-m-thick sequence of Oxfordian to Tithonian sedimentary rocks conformably overlying Upper Jurassic pillow basalt within the Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain, California. These new data are similar in direction and polarity to previously published paleomagnetic data for the pillow basalt. The Jurassic sedimentary rocks were deposited during a mixed-polarity interval of the geomagnetic field, and uniformity of the remanent magnetization within the entire section of pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks indicates later remagnetization. Remagnetization of the Coast Range ophiolite is interpreted to have occurred during accretion to the continental margin, possibly by burial and low-temperature alteration related to this event. Similar paleolatitudes calculated for the ophiolite (11-degrees +/- 3-degrees) and for mid-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Stanley Mountain terrane at Figueroa Mountain (6-degrees +/- 5-degrees) are consistent with remagnetization of the ophiolite at low paleolatitudes. Uniform-polarity directions for other remnants of ophiolite in southern California and elsewhere along the Pacific coast imply that these rocks were also overprinted, and their magnetic inclinations suggest remagnetization at low paleolatitudes as well The Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain is thus inferred to have been remagnetized along the North American margin near 10-degrees-N paleolatitude between earliest and mid-Cretaceous time and subsequently transported northward by strike-Slip faulting related to relative motions between the Farallon, Kula, Pacific, and North American plates. RP HAGSTRUM, JT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 937,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 6 BP 503 EP 506 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0503:ROTCRO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HW495 UT WOS:A1992HW49500006 ER PT J AU PRINGLE, MS MCWILLIAMS, M HOUGHTON, BF LANPHERE, MA WILSON, CJN AF PRINGLE, MS MCWILLIAMS, M HOUGHTON, BF LANPHERE, MA WILSON, CJN TI AR-40/AR-39 DATING OF QUATERNARY FELDSPAR - EXAMPLES FROM THE TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE, NEW-ZEALAND SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LASER AB Using a continuous laser and resistance furnace, we have measured ages on Quaternary plagioclase with an absolute precision of about +/- 30 ka and on Quaternary sanidine with a relative precision of better than 1%. Such precision was achieved by using low-temperature heating steps to remove much of the nonradiogenic argon contamination. Plagioclase is one of the most common mineral phases in volcanic rocks; thus, these procedures will be widely applicable to many problems for which precise radiometric age control has not been available. We studied plagioclase and plagioclase-sanidine concentrates from the oldest and the three largest silicic ash-flow deposits of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, one of the world's largest and most active volcanic systems. The results are in close agreement with new magnetostratigraphic data, suggest that existing fission-track age determinations significantly under-estimate the age of older units, and shift the inception of Taupo Volcanic Zone volcanism back to at least 1600 ka. The improved precision has permitted the first correlations between proximal and distal units; previous correlations with deep-sea ash flows in the western Pacific require major revision. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. DSIR,ROTORUA,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND. RP PRINGLE, MS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI McWilliams, Michael/A-9548-2011; Wilson, Colin/E-9457-2011 OI McWilliams, Michael/0000-0002-4107-7069; Wilson, Colin/0000-0001-7565-0743 NR 23 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 6 BP 531 EP 534 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0531:AADOQF>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HW495 UT WOS:A1992HW49500013 ER PT J AU WOOD, WW SANFORD, WE REEVES, CC AF WOOD, WW SANFORD, WE REEVES, CC TI LARGE LAKE BASINS OF THE SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS - GROUNDWATER CONTROL OF THEIR ORIGIN SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-MEXICO; TEXAS AB The origin of the approximately 40-50 topographically large lake basins on the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico has been an enigma. Previous workers have considered deflation or evaporite dissolution at depth and subsequent collapse as the most probable mechanisms. However, the eolian hypotheses have been unable to provide convincing arguments as to how the wind selectively erodes the thick, deflation-resistant calcrete "caprock" that is persistent over much of the southern High Plains. Furthermore, recent detailed studies on some of the basins show no significant evaporite dissolution at depth, and neither mechanism offers a satisfactory explanation as to why the basins are almost universally associated with subsurface topographic highs, or why they are absent where the High Plains aquifer thickness exceeds 60 m. We address these latter concerns and modify the deflation hypothesis by proposing that the calcrete caprock may never have been deposited in the areas now occupied by the basins. The absence of calcrete deposition is proposed to have resulted from high water tables caused by an increase in hydraulic gradient where aquifers thinned above bedrock highs. A high water table dose to and/or intersecting the surface prevents deposition of calcrete, and, thus, the uncemented surface would be more susceptible to deflation than the surrounding calcrete-covered areas after decline of the water table. The rise in water table associated with bedrock highs is documented by numerical simulation using boundary conditions and hydrologic parameters representative of the southern High Plains. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. RP WOOD, WW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,MS 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUN PY 1992 VL 20 IS 6 BP 535 EP 538 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0535:LLBOTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HW495 UT WOS:A1992HW49500014 ER PT J AU PODDAR, M ANDERSON, WL AF PODDAR, M ANDERSON, WL TI TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF SHALLOW A-TYPE SECTIONS WITH 3-D INHOMOGENEITIES SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article AB A hard rock area underlain by granitic/gneissic or basaltic rocks often has an A-type three-layer geoelectric section in which resistivity increases with depth. The middle layer of moderate resistivity caused by fracturing/fissuring that lies between the surface-weathered layer and the substratum of unfractured rock is not a good target for a direct current (DC) resistivity sounding since it is generally suppressed in the observations. Moreover, its definition requires expanding the electrode spacing-to a length several times the depth of the target layer, and this may be a drawback if the target layer is either laterally variable or limited in its horizontal extent. We first studied the transient electric field of a horizontal electric dipole (HED) source excited by a step turn-off current for a 1-D model of an A-type geoelectric section. The results of this theoretical study are presented as graphs of normalized apparent resistivity versus a time-related dimensionless parameter. Irrespective of the separation between the transmitter and receiver dipoles, these transient sounding curves become similar to the corresponding Schlumberger sounding curves at late time. Hence the transient electric field measurement offers the possibility of sounding at a fixed transmitter-receiver spacing that may be shorter than the target depth. Also, at early times, for a certain ratio of the dipole separation to the target depth, there is a dramatic increase in the resolution of the response. Thus, it is possible to resolve suppressed layers of an A-type section in this type of sounding. A study of the effects of transmitter ramp time and receiver bandwidth on the transient apparent resistivity curves shows that a very fast current shut-off and wideband measurement are required to realize all the possibilities suggested by this modeling. Some 3-D transient electromagnetic (TEM) modeling was also done to simulate (1) a lateral variation in the resistivity of the middle layer of an A-type section and (2) a weak zone of limited horizontal extent in the substratum of a two-layer section. We observed that the 3-D inclusion has less effect at late time but is more pronounced at early time. In view of the above results, we conclude that the transient E-field sounding with a grounded wire source can be used in place of a conventional DC resistivity sounding to overcome the problem of poor resolution due to the suppression of the intermediate layer in a geoelectric section where the resistivity increases with depth. As such, it has a potential application in groundwater as well as geotechnical surveys, because together with the overlying weathered layer, the fractured rock constitutes the aquifer in hard rocks. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP PODDAR, M (reprint author), NATL GEOPHYS RES INST,UPPAL RD,HYDERABAD 500007,ANDHRA PRADESH,INDIA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JUN PY 1992 VL 57 IS 6 BP 774 EP 780 DI 10.1190/1.1443291 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ461 UT WOS:A1992HZ46100002 ER PT J AU CHAPMAN, MJ BAIR, ES AF CHAPMAN, MJ BAIR, ES TI MAPPING A BRINE PLUME USING SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS IN CONJUNCTION WITH GROUND-WATER QUALITY DATA SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Oil field brine was applied to a gravel roadbed at an instrumented study site in Newark, Ohio, to simulate the use of brine as a deicer on roads in certain areas of Ohio. Brine was applied on a weekly basis eight times during the winter of 1988 as part of the deicing simulation. Eleven wells were installed at the site prior to brine application to permit collection of ground water quality samples. Surface geophysical methods - electrical resistivity and electromagnetic conductivity - were used to map the resulting brine plume. The accuracy of the methods was evaluated by comparing geophysical and ground water quality data. The presence of brine in ground water resulted in a decrease in resistivity and an increase in conductivity. Specific conductance measured in the field was used as a general indicator of the presence of the brine plume in ground water. Chloride concentration was an indicator of brine in the ground water. Results of the surface geophysical surveys correlated best with chloride and dissolved solids concentrations, and with specific conductance in ground water. The surface geophysical methods were found to be useful for qualitative interpretations of ground water quality changes resulting from the application of brine on roads. RP CHAPMAN, MJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 12 IS 3 BP 203 EP 209 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1992.tb00061.x PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA JE478 UT WOS:A1992JE47800012 ER PT J AU SCOTT, JM CSUTI, B LAROE, ET AF SCOTT, JM CSUTI, B LAROE, ET TI PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CTR COOPERAT RES UNITS,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. RP SCOTT, JM (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,IDAHO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 8 IS 4 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA JE506 UT WOS:A1992JE50600024 ER PT J AU GRADY, AW MCLAUGHLIN, RM CALDWELL, CW SCHMITT, CJ STALLING, DL AF GRADY, AW MCLAUGHLIN, RM CALDWELL, CW SCHMITT, CJ STALLING, DL TI FLOW-CYTOMETRY, MORPHOMETRY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY AS BIOMARKERS OF BENZO[A]PYRENE EXPOSURE IN BROWN BULLHEADS (AMEIURUS-NEBULOSUS) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BENZO[A]PYRENE; BROWN BULLHEAD; LIVER; BLOOD; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRY; HEPATOSOMATIC INDEX ID DNA-REPAIR SYNTHESIS; RAINBOW-TROUT; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; MILL EFFLUENT; ENGLISH SOLE; FISH; LIVER; MICRONUCLEI AB Brown bullheads were given a single intraperitoneal dose of 0, 5, 25 or 125 mg kg-1 benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and evaluated over 18 months. Flow cytometric analyses of hepatocyte DNA content indicated an increase in DNA synthesis in BaP-exposed fish prior to day 14 post-exposure. Thereafter, all flow cytometric variables returned to initial levels. Histopathological evaluation of livers from fish sampled at 18 months revealed significant differences among treatments in the amount of hepatic macrophage ceroid pigmentation and basophilic staining intensity. No neoplasms or changes in blood cell DNA content were detected. Significant morphometric variations existed among fish, but differences between sexes overshadowed differences attributable to dose. Flow cytometry yielded no evidence of long-term DNA alterations from a single exposure to BaP; however, the differences detected by DNA analysis shortly after the toxic event suggest that flow cytometric cell cycle analysis may be useful for documenting continuing exposures. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,OFF LAB ANIM MED,COLUMBIA,MO 65212. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT PATHOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65212. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR07004-13] NR 75 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 12 IS 3 BP 165 EP 177 DI 10.1002/jat.2550120304 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA HV664 UT WOS:A1992HV66400002 PM 1629512 ER PT J AU HESS, KM HERKELRATH, WN ESSAID, HI AF HESS, KM HERKELRATH, WN ESSAID, HI TI DETERMINATION OF SUBSURFACE FLUID CONTENTS AT A CRUDE-OIL SPILL SITE SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONITORING WELLS; POROUS-MEDIA; VOLUME AB Measurement of the fluid-content distribution at sites contaminated by immiscible fluids, including crude oil, is needed to better understand the movement of these fluids in the subsurface and to provide data to calibrate and verify numerical models and geophysical methods. A laboratory method was used to quantify the fluid contents of 146 core sections retrieved from boreholes aligned along a 120-m longitudinal transect at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. The 47-mm-diameter, minimally disturbed cores spanned a 4-m vertical interval contaminated by oil. Cores were frozen on site in a dry ice-alcohol bath to prevent redistribution and loss of fluids while sectioning the cores. We gravimetrically determined oil and water contents using a two-step method: (1) samples were slurried and the oil was removed by absorption onto strips of hydrophobic porous polyethylene (PPE); and (2) the samples were oven-dried to remove the water. The resulting data show sharp vertical gradients in the water and oil contents and a clearly defined oil body. The subsurface distribution is complex and appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water-table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary, and the oil is migrating laterally within the capillary fringe. The oil contents are as high as 0.3 cm3 cm-3, which indicates that oil is probably still mobile 10 years after the spill occurred. The thickness of oil measured in wells suggests that accumulated thickness in wells is a poor indicator of the actual distribution of oil in the subsurface. Several possible sources of error are identified with the field and laboratory methods. An error analysis indicates that adsorption of water and sediment into the PPE adds as much as 4% to the measured oil masses and that uncertainties in the calculated sample volume and the assumed oil density introduce an additional +/- 3% error when the masses are converted to fluid contents. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP HESS, KM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,28 LORD RD,SUITE 280,MARLBOROUGH,MA 01752, USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 10 IS 1 BP 75 EP 96 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(92)90044-F PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA JB985 UT WOS:A1992JB98500004 ER PT J AU PETERSEN, MR AF PETERSEN, MR TI INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN EGG SHAPE AMONG INDIVIDUAL EMPEROR GEESE SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLUTCH SIZE; CANADA GEESE; HERITABILITY; PARASITISM; MALLARDS; WEIGHT; MASS AB Within-clutch variability in shape of 1743 eggs from 301 nests of Emperor Geese (Chen canagicus) laid over a 5-yr period was measured. Individual females laid similar shaped eggs in successive years, and eggs among clutches within females could not be distinguished. Cluster analysis correctly identified 69.9% of 136 known conspecific parasitic eggs. Repeatability estimates of elongation (0.73), sphericity (0.72), maximum width (0.69) and radius of the point (0.68) were high and similar to repeatability estimates of egg mass and volume of other species. Although width, volume and area measurements varied inversely with spring population size, shape variables did not. The consistency in shape variables despite changes in egg size suggests that shape variables may be used to separate and identify individuals within and among years despite changes in the population that may result in changes in egg size. Differences in egg shape among eggs within a nest are viable criteria for identifying parasitic eggs, especially when used in conjunction with other methods. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP PETERSEN, MR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 63 IS 3 BP 344 EP 354 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JJ486 UT WOS:A1992JJ48600015 ER PT J AU MILLER, JE SAVINO, JF NEELY, RK AF MILLER, JE SAVINO, JF NEELY, RK TI COMPETITION FOR FOOD BETWEEN CRAYFISH (ORCONECTES-VIRILIS) AND THE SLIMY SCULPIN (COTTUS-COGNATUS) SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAKE-SUPERIOR; PREDATOR; FISH; HABITAT; ONTARIO; BIOLOGY; BURBOT; SHIFTS; DIET AB Interspecific competition for a food resource (fish eggs) was examined in a laboratory setting between two common benthic organisms of the Great Lakes, the slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and crayfish (Orconectes virilis). In monospecific tests, the median egg predation in aquarium microcosms ranged from 2.5 eggs/d for the sculpin to 3.0 eggs/d for the crayfish. In mixed-species tests, sculpin feeding rates were no different than in the monospecific tests. Feeding rates for crayfish, however, were significantly reduced by the presence of sculpin. In mixed-species treatments in which small refuges were included in the aquaria, crayfish predation of eggs was 50% less than in the monospecific tests, i.e., 1.5 eggs/d, and, crayfish went on 93% fewer excursions outside refuges, spent 94% less time outside refuges, and engaged in 83% fewer feeding bouts than sculpin (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05 for all comparisons). When no refuges were provided, crayfish ceased feeding (0 eggs/d). These results suggest the potential for an asymmetrical competitive interaction in a natural setting in which crayfish may be forced into a suboptimal diet by such an interaction with the slimy sculpin. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. EASTERN MICHIGAN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,YPSILANTI,MI 48197. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 7 IS 2 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1080/02705060.1992.9664678 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JG369 UT WOS:A1992JG36900003 ER PT J AU NAIMO, TJ WALLER, DL HOLLANDBARTELS, LE AF NAIMO, TJ WALLER, DL HOLLANDBARTELS, LE TI HEAVY-METALS IN THE THREERIDGE MUSSEL AMBLEMA-PLICATA-PLICATA (SAY, 1817) IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELLIPTIO-COMPLANATA; FRESHWATER CLAMS; SEDIMENTS; WATER; UNIONIDAE; CADMIUM; LEAD; SIZE; LAKE AB Concentrations of mercury and zinc in the threeridge mussel Amblema plicata plicata, sampled in 1987 from Pools 3 and 10 in the upper Mississippi River, were comparable to concentrations in mussels from moderately contaminated systems, while copper concentrations were similar to concentrations in mussels from more polluted waters. Cadmium concentrations in mussels were significantly less at a lightly contaminated site (Pool 10, range 0.53 to 0.92-mu-g/g dry weight) than at a site where metal abundances were strongly influenced by industrial and domestic inputs (Pool 3, range 0.80 to 1.25-mu-g/g dry weight). Yet, cadmium concentrations in Pool 3 were an order of magnitude less than values reported for mussels from more metal-polluted systems. In contrast, concentrations of copper, mercury, and zinc did not differ between sites. Cadmium and zinc concentrations generally increased with size of the mussel, copper concentrations decreased with size, and mercury concentrations were unrelated to size. RP NAIMO, TJ (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,POB 818,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. OI Newton, Teresa/0000-0001-9351-5852 NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 7 IS 2 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1080/02705060.1992.9664686 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JG369 UT WOS:A1992JG36900011 ER PT J AU HUBERT, WA OSHEA, DT AF HUBERT, WA OSHEA, DT TI USE OF SPATIAL RESOURCES BY FISHES IN GRAYROCKS RESERVOIR, WYOMING SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LITTORAL-ZONE; LAKE; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS AB Relative abundance of fishes in different habitat types and sampling areas of a reservoir in eastern Wyoming was assessed with experimental gill nets during summer 1989. Seven of 12 species captured in the gill nets were numerous enough to enable statistical evaluation: quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). All seven species were significantly more numerous in samples from littoral and offshore bottom areas than in samples from offshore surface areas throughout the summer. Common carp and walleye were significantly more abundant in the upstream portion of the reservoir throughout the summer, whereas quillback, gizzard shad, shorthead redhorse, and channel catfish were more abundant in the upstream portion during early summer. RP HUBERT, WA (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 7 IS 2 BP 219 EP 225 DI 10.1080/02705060.1992.9664687 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JG369 UT WOS:A1992JG36900012 ER PT J AU RODDA, GH FRITTS, TH AF RODDA, GH FRITTS, TH TI THE IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COLUBRID SNAKE BOIGA-IRREGULARIS ON GUAM LIZARDS SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISLAND AB The extirpation of Guam's forest avifuana has been attributed to the accidental introduction and subsequent irruption of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis. However, recent dietary studies of this nocturnal arboreal snake indicate that it now preys primarily on lizards, not birds. We evaluated the effect the snake has had on Guam's lizards by contrasting lizard communities on Guam with those on adjacent snake-free islands and by comparing the extant lizard communities on Guam with those that were present before the snake arrived. Both comparisons revealed radical reductions in abundance of Guam's native nocturnal lizards and the extirpation of several species. The effect of the snake on diurnal lizards (skinks) is more equivocal. Skinks are still common on Guam, but several species no longer exist on the island. Identification of causes of these extirpations is complicated by the snake's elimination of an important avian skink predator, the concurrent irruption of a shrew, and the effects of predation and competition between the native skinks and an introduced skink. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,ARIZONA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,NATL ECOL RES CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. NR 31 TC 78 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 31 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI OXFORD PA MIAMI UNIV, DEPT ZOOLOGY, OXFORD, OH 45056 SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 166 EP 174 DI 10.2307/1564858 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JE272 UT WOS:A1992JE27200008 ER PT J AU HJALMARSON, HW THOMAS, BE AF HJALMARSON, HW THOMAS, BE TI NEW LOOK AT REGIONAL FLOOD-FREQUENCY RELATIONS FOR ARID LANDS SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB In the southwestern United States, flood-frequency relations for streams that drain small and basins are difficult to estimate, largely because of the extreme temporal and spatial variability of floods, many years of no flow, and short periods of systematic records of annual peaks. A new method is proposed that combines records for several streamflow-gaging stations, as in the station-year approach, and produces regional flood-frequency relations using an iterative regression technique. This technique eliminates the need to extrapolate the flood-frequency relation to thc flood probability of interest. The resulting multiparameter regional flood-frequency relation is based on all the available annual peak-flow data. The method was applied to a group of records from 42 gaging stations in Nevada with many years of no flow and with many poorly defined flood-frequency relations. One- and two-parameter models were developed in which much of the variance in peak discharge is explained by drainage area. The log-Pearson type III and Weibull probability distributions were used in the models. Part of the error is directly assessed using randomly selected subsamples of the annual peak discharges. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TACOMA,WA 98402. RP HJALMARSON, HW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,375 S EUCLID AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1992 VL 118 IS 6 BP 868 EP 886 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:6(868) PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA HV712 UT WOS:A1992HV71200003 ER PT J AU VARLAND, DE LOUGHIN, TM AF VARLAND, DE LOUGHIN, TM TI SOCIAL HUNTING IN BROODS OF 2 AND 5 AMERICAN KESTRELS AFTER FLEDGING SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STARVATION; ADVANTAGES; OSPREYS; FLOCKS AB Young American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) presumably learn hunting skills during the first 4-6 wk after fledging. Imitative social hunting during this period may provide an adaptive advantage later in the juvenile period, if there is sufficient selection for learned efficiency in hunting. We report the results of a test of the hypothesis that imitative hunting in large broods increases hunting efficiency of American Kestrels after fledging. We experimentally adjusted the size of kestrel broods prior to fledging to two or five young. No differences in hunting efficiency were detected during the 4 wk of observation. Sample sizes, however, were small because of high mortality or signal failure among radio-marked birds. Most deaths occurred during the first week after fledging, and predation was the main cause of mortality. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT STAT,AGR EXPT STN,AMES,IA 50011. RP VARLAND, DE (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,IOWA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 74 EP 80 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JD484 UT WOS:A1992JD48400004 ER PT J AU ELLIS, DH ELLIS, CH PENDLETON, GW PANTELEYEV, AV REBROVA, IV MARKIN, YM AF ELLIS, DH ELLIS, CH PENDLETON, GW PANTELEYEV, AV REBROVA, IV MARKIN, YM TI DISTRIBUTION AND COLOR VARIATION OF GYRFALCONS IN RUSSIA SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) museum specimens in Moscow (73) and St. Petersburg (132) were divided into four color classes (gray, light gray, white gray, and white) and four longitudinal belts representing major physiographic regions of northern Russia. Gray variants predominated in the west and central regions. White birds were most common in extreme eastern Siberia, but were occasionally found even west of the Ural Mountains. Frequencies were as follows: European Russia 4% white, 50% gray (the remainder were intermediates); western Siberia 0% white, 58% gray; central Siberia 15% white, 42% gray; and eastern Siberia 47% white, 33% gray. Remarkably, in the easternmost subregion, white birds predominated even near the southernmost extension. Because the northernmost portions of the species' range in continental Russia are in central Siberia where white variants were rare, we propose that a better predictor of the white variant is longitude, not latitude. White birds were most frequent at the eastern reaches of both the Palearctic and Nearctic. The best environmental correlates of this distribution pattern may be the southward bending thermal isoclines proceeding eastward toward Greenland or Kamchatka, where both land masses are bathed by cold oceanic currents of Arctic origin. By contrast, the western reaches of both land masses are bathed by warm currents. In these western reaches, Gyrfalcon summer distribution is displaced northward and dark variants predominate. The breeding range of the Gyrfalcon, determined by mapping the locations of the specimens we examined, differs little from the range proposed in 1951. C1 ACAD SCI USSR,INST ZOOL,ST PETERSBURG 199034,USSR. MOSCOW LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,ZOOL MUSEUM,MOSCOW 103009,USSR. CENT ORNITHOL STN,OKA STATE RESERVE,RYAZAN,USSR. RP ELLIS, DH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 81 EP 88 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JD484 UT WOS:A1992JD48400005 ER PT J AU SWEM, T ADAMS, M AF SWEM, T ADAMS, M TI A NORTHERN GOSHAWK NEST IN THE TUNDRA BIOME SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter RP SWEM, T (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,1412 AIRPORT WAY,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 2 BP 102 EP 102 PG 1 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA JD484 UT WOS:A1992JD48400013 ER PT J AU CELEBI, M SAFAK, E AF CELEBI, M SAFAK, E TI SEISMIC RESPONSE OF PACIFIC PARK PLAZA .1. DATA AND PRELIMINARY-ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The objective of this paper is to present analyses of a set of acceleration response records obtained during the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (M(s) = 7.1) from the 30-story, three-winged, ductile moment-resistant reinforced-concrete-framed Pacific Park Plaza Building, located in Emeryville, east of San Francisco, Calif. The building was constructed in 1983, and instrumented in 1985 with 21 channels of synchronized uniaxial accelerometers deployed throughout the structure, and three channels of accelerometers located at free-field outside on the north side of the building, all connected to a central recording system. In addition, a triaxial strong-motion accelerograph is deployed at free-field on the south side of the building. The predominant response modes of the building and the associated frequencies at approximately 0.4 Hz and 1.0 Hz are identified visually from the unprocessed records, and also from Fourier amplitude spectra of the processed records, which, as expected, reveal significant torsional motion. In addition, the response spectra of the free-field and basement motions are very similar. These spectra show that significant structural resonances at higher modes influence both the ground level and the free-field motions, thus raising the question as to the definition of free-field motion, at least at this site. This part of the paper includes the preliminary analyses of the data acquired from this building. Part 2 of the paper provides detailed analyses of the data using system identification techniques. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP CELEBI, M (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS-977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1992 VL 118 IS 6 BP 1547 EP 1565 PG 19 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA HV333 UT WOS:A1992HV33300007 ER PT J AU SAFAK, E CELEBI, M AF SAFAK, E CELEBI, M TI RECORDED SEISMIC RESPONSE OF PACIFIC PARK PLAZA .2. SYSTEM-IDENTIFICATION SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB This is the second of two companion papers on the recorded seismic response of the Pacific Park Plaza building, in Emeryville, Calif., during the October 17, 1989, M(s) = 7.1 (surface-wave magnitude) Loma Prieta earthquake. In this second part, the recorded data are analyzed in more detail by using system-identification techniques. The three-dimensional behavior and the coupled modes of the building are determined, and the effects of soil-structure interaction are investigated. The study shows that the response of the building is nonlinear at the beginning, and becomes linear after 17 sec into the earthquake. The dominant motion of the building follows an elliptical path oriented in the southeast-northwest direction. Some of the modes are complex, with nonproportional damping, and there are phase differences among modal response components. The fundamental mode of the building is a translation in the southeast-northwest direction at 0.4 Hz, with 13% damping. The wing displacements relative to the center core are large, about 50% of the center core displacements, and indicate significant torsion in the center core. The soil-structure interaction is characterized by a vibration at 0.7 Hz. This is believed to be the fundamental frequency of the surrounding soil medium. The rocking motions of the building are negligible. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP SAFAK, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1992 VL 118 IS 6 BP 1566 EP 1589 PG 24 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA HV333 UT WOS:A1992HV33300008 ER PT J AU LIPIN, BR MYSEN, BO ULMER, GC AF LIPIN, BR MYSEN, BO ULMER, GC TI COLLECTION OF PAPERS ON PHASE-EQUILIBRIA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20015. TEMPLE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19122. RP LIPIN, BR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1316 EP 1316 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04187.x PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA HZ219 UT WOS:A1992HZ21900001 ER PT J AU ULMER, GC MYSEN, BO LIPIN, BR AF ULMER, GC MYSEN, BO LIPIN, BR TI REACTIONS BETWEEN IRON-OXIDES AND ALUMINA-SILICA REFRACTORIES - COMMENT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP ULMER, GC (reprint author), TEMPLE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19122, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1331 EP 1332 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04190.x PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA HZ219 UT WOS:A1992HZ21900004 ER PT J AU KUWABARA, JS AF KUWABARA, JS TI ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BENTHIC FLORA AND DIEL CHANGES IN DISSOLVED ARSENIC, PHOSPHORUS, AND RELATED PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE SOLUBLE REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS; ARSENATE; CELL SORPTION; PH; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; BENTHIC BIOMASS; GROUNDWATER INTERACTIONS AB Diel relationships between physical and chemical parameters and biomass were examined along a 57-km reach of Whitewood Creek, South Dakota, between 29 August and 2 September 1988. A time lag of approximately 3-6 h for fluctuations in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations (ranging from 0.1 to 0.5-mu-M at the downstream sites) relative to dissolved arsenic (ranging from 0.3 to 1.2-mu-M as arsenate (pentavalent arsenic)) was consistent with our laboratory studies (reported elsewhere) showing preferential cell sorption of orthophosphate over arsenate by creek periphyton. The potential biological effects on SRP diel fluctuations contrasts with abiotic sorption controls for dissolved arsenate (a chemically similar anion). Cycles for pH, like water temperature cycles, lagged irradiance cycles by 1-3 h. Like pH, the amplitude of dissolved arsenic diel cycles was greatest at the site with most abundant biomass. Diel fluctuations in specific conductance (an indicator of groundwater inputs at elevated conductivity relative to the water column) were out of phase with both SRP and dissolved arsenic concentrations suggesting that groundwater was not the direct source of these solutes. RP KUWABARA, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI 张, 楠/B-1010-2010 NR 0 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 11 IS 2 BP 218 EP 228 DI 10.2307/1467387 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HV975 UT WOS:A1992HV97500008 ER PT J AU SHEPPARD, DS TRUESDELL, AH JANIK, CJ AF SHEPPARD, DS TRUESDELL, AH JANIK, CJ TI GEOTHERMAL GAS COMPOSITIONS IN YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK, USA SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GEOCHEMISTRY AB Gas samples collected between 1974 and 1986 have been analysed for the ten major components. Samples have been collected almost exclusively from the tops of pools, which has degraded the value of the data, and limited inter-comparisons to the relatively insoluble components, Ar, N2, CH4, H-2 and He. A general gas distribution pattern in the park, in terms of these components, shows the major heat source (s) to underlie the Gibbon and Mud Volcano areas with all other geothermal areas having gas compositions consistent with a general north-south water flow. Shoshone Basin gases show a large range of compositions and these are analysed in detail, The patterns conform to that which would be expected from an east-west flow or fluid with progressive boiling and subsequent dilution. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP SHEPPARD, DS (reprint author), DSIR,PRIVATE BAG,PETONE,NEW ZEALAND. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 79 EP 93 DI 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90061-H PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JF348 UT WOS:A1992JF34800005 ER PT J AU CARPENTER, JW NOVILLA, MN HATFIELD, JS AF CARPENTER, JW NOVILLA, MN HATFIELD, JS TI THE SAFETY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL-EFFECTS OF THE ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUGS MONENSIN AND CLAZURIL IN SANDHILL CRANES (GRUS-CANADENSIS) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE COCCIDIOSTAT; CLAZURIL; MONENSIN; TOXICITY; SANDHILL CRANE; GRUS-CANADENSIS AB Coccidia (Eimeria gruis and E. reichenowi) are common parasites of whooping (Grus americana) and sandhill (G. canadensis) cranes. Although Eimeria spp. infections are generally a disease of the intestinal tract, this parasite can become extraintestinal (disseminated visceral coccidiosis [DVC]) in cranes. In DVC, granulomatous nodules may form in many tissues and organs or may result in bronchopneumonia, hepatitis, myocarditis, splenitis, and enteritis. Because crane chick mortality from DVC at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center increased in 1988, suggesting that the parasite may be developing a resistance to the coccidiostat amprolium, a target animal safety study using two coccidiostats monensin and clazuril, was conducted on 27 subadult sandhill cranes. Results of this study indicate that both monensin and clazuril are safe in cranes when administered at 1 x, 2 x, and 5 x the dosage approved for use in poultry. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. ELI LILLY & CO,LILLY RES LAB,DEPT PATHOL,GREENFIELD,IN 46140. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 23 IS 2 BP 214 EP 221 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA JF842 UT WOS:A1992JF84200009 ER PT J AU COLE, BE THOMPSON, JK CLOERN, JE AF COLE, BE THOMPSON, JK CLOERN, JE TI MEASUREMENT OF FILTRATION-RATES BY INFAUNAL BIVALVES IN A RECIRCULATING FLUME SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SCALLOPS ARGOPECTEN-IRRADIANS; MYTILUS-EDULIS-L; PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS; FEEDING BIVALVES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FLOW VELOCITY; TIDAL CHANNEL; SUSPENSION; BENTHOS AB A flume system and protocol for measuring the filtration rate of infaunal bivalves is described. Assemblages of multi-sized clams, at natural densities and in normal filter-feeding positions, removed phytoplankton suspended in a unidirectional flow of water. The free-stream velocity and friction velocity of the flow, and bottom roughness height were similar to those in natural estuarine waters. Continuous variations in phytoplankton (Chroomonas salinay) cell density were used to measure the filtration rate of the suspension-feeding clam Potamocorbula amurensis for periods of 2 to 28 h. Filtration rates of P. amurensis varied from 100 to 580 liters (gd)-1 over a free-stream velocity range of 9 to 25 cm s-1. Phytoplankton loss rates were usually constant throughout the experiments. Our results suggest that suspension-feeding by infaunal bivalves is sensitive to flow velocity. RP COLE, BE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS-496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Cloern, James/C-1499-2011; OI Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862 NR 44 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 113 IS 2 BP 219 EP 225 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA JA911 UT WOS:A1992JA91100006 ER PT J AU JAFFE, HW HALL, LM AF JAFFE, HW HALL, LM TI WAGNERITE WITH ISOKITE FROM THE BENSON MINES, WEST-CENTRAL ADIRONDACK HIGHLANDS, NEW-YORK SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE WAGNERITE; ISOKITE; BENSON MINES; ADIRONDACK HIGHLANDS; GRENVILLE PROVINCE; NEW-YORK ID SYNTHETIC TITANITE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB The rare fluophosphate minerals wagnerite, ideally Mg2(PO4)F, and isokite, ideally CaMg(PO4)F, are intimately associated with magnetite-hematite deposits in sillimanite-, garnet-, and pyroxene-rich paragneisses and migmatites at the Benson Mines, near Star Lake in the west-central Adirondack Highlands of New York State. Coarsely crystalline wagnerite occurs in lenticular masses, typically 4 x 8 cm, delineated by sharply cross-cutting, sinuous, 2 cm-wide veins of fine-grained, fibrous to platy isokite and granular fluorapatite. These also penetrate transverse fractures across wagnerite lenses. Isokite formed from the introduction of Ca- and O-rich hydrothermal solutions into wagnerite. Both minerals are monoclinic: wagnerite crystallises in space group P2(1)/a with a = 11.945, b = 12.717, c = 9.70 angstrom, beta = 108.18-degrees, V = 1400.2 angstrom-3, D(calc) = 3.291 g/cm3 for Z = 16; isokite crystallises in space group A2/a with a = 6.909, b = 8.746, c = 6.518 angstrom, beta = 112.20-degrees, V = 364.7 angstrom-3, D(calc) = 3.248 for Z = 4. Optical properties for wagnerite are: alpha = 1.5845, beta = 1.5875, gamma = 1.6010, 2V = 51-degrees(calc.) disp = r < v weak, absorption alpha < beta > gamma with a = col., beta = pale yel., gamma = v. pale yel. For isokite only a mean index of refraction, n = 1.598, could be measured. Wet chemical analysis of wagnerite containing a calculated 11.4% of isokite as fine lamellae, gave the formula: (Mg1.530Fe0.1992+Ca0.111Mn0.091Fe0.0343+Al0.031Na0.004Ti0.001]SIGMA-2.001[P0.944Al0.047Si0.003C0.006] SIGMA-1.000[O3.965(OH)0.035]SIGMA-4.000[F0.948(OH)0.052]SIGMA-1.000. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT GEOL & GEOG,AMHERST,MA 01003. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 959,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 383 BP 227 EP 233 DI 10.1180/minmag.1992.056.383.09 PG 7 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA HZ191 UT WOS:A1992HZ19100009 ER PT J AU WHITE, JS ERD, RC AF WHITE, JS ERD, RC TI KEHOEITE IS NOT A VALID SPECIES SO MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Note DE KEHOEITE; PHOSPHATE MINERALS; MERRITT MINE; SOUTH-DAKOTA C1 NATL MUSEUM NAT SCI,DEPT MINERAL SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 41 QUEENS GATE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW7 5HR SN 0026-461X J9 MINERAL MAG JI Mineral. Mag. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 56 IS 383 BP 256 EP 258 DI 10.1180/minmag.1992.056.383.14 PG 3 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA HZ191 UT WOS:A1992HZ19100014 ER PT J AU GRACE, JB KEOUGH, J GUNTENSPERGEN, GR AF GRACE, JB KEOUGH, J GUNTENSPERGEN, GR TI SIZE BIAS IN TRADITIONAL ANALYSES OF SUBSTITUTIVE COMPETITION EXPERIMENTS SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE COMPETITION; METHODS; SIZE; SUBSTITUTIVE EXPERIMENT ID MIXTURE EXPERIMENTS; PLANTS; TYPHA AB The objective of this study was to examine the claim that traditional measures of competitive performance in substitutive experiments are biased towards larger plants. Results from a three-year diallele experiment of 6 marsh plant species were analyzed using both Relative Yields (a traditional analysis) and the Relative Efficiency Index (a recently proposed analysis presumed to be size-independent). In addition, a mechanistic model of competition was used to explore the behavior of both methods of estimating competitive performance. Results from the three-year experiment showed that Relative Yields (RYs) were correlated with the initial sizes of plants for the first two years but not the third. By the third year, RYs were highly correlated with Relative Efficiency Index values (REIs) suggesting that the effects of initial size were eventually overcome. Model results showed that RYs are inherently biased in favor of larger plants during the early phases of competition while REIs are not. Further, model analysis confirmed that the size bias associated with RYs declines with increasing duration of the experiment. It is concluded that current generalizations about the relationship between plant size and competitive ability may be biased by the procedures used to analyze competition experiments. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WETLANDS RES CTR,SLIDELL,LA 70458. RP GRACE, JB (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 21 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 1992 VL 90 IS 3 BP 429 EP 434 DI 10.1007/BF00317702 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HW294 UT WOS:A1992HW29400017 PM 28313532 ER PT J AU DELAETER, JR HEUMANN, KG BARBER, RC CESARIO, JW COPLEN, TB DIETZE, HJ GRAMLICH, JW HERTZ, HS KROUSE, HR LAMBERTY, A MURPHY, TJ ROSMAN, KJR SEYFRIED, MP SHIMA, M WADE, K DEBIEVRE, P GREENWOOD, NN PEISER, HS RAO, NK AF DELAETER, JR HEUMANN, KG BARBER, RC CESARIO, JW COPLEN, TB DIETZE, HJ GRAMLICH, JW HERTZ, HS KROUSE, HR LAMBERTY, A MURPHY, TJ ROSMAN, KJR SEYFRIED, MP SHIMA, M WADE, K DEBIEVRE, P GREENWOOD, NN PEISER, HS RAO, NK TI REPORTING OF NITROGEN-ISOTOPE ABUNDANCES - (TECHNICAL REPORT) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WORKSHOP ON ELECTRON SPIN ECHO SPECTROSCOPY CY SEP 25-28, 1991 CL NOVOSIBIRSK, USSR SP INT SOC MAGNET RESONANCE, ACAD SCI USSR, SIBERIAN BRANCH, INST CHEM KINET & COMBUST NOVOSIBIRSK AB To eliminate possible confusion in the reporting of nitrogen-isotope analyses, the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances recommends that the value 272 be employed for the N-14/N-15 value of N2 in air for calculating atom percent N-15 from measured delta-N-15 values. C1 UNIV CALGARY,CALGARY T2N 1N4,ALBERTA,CANADA. RP DELAETER, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 3 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 64 IS 6 BP 907 EP 908 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HV742 UT WOS:A1992HV74200017 ER PT J AU BRANTLEY, SL ROWE, GL KONIKOW, LF SANFORD, WE AF BRANTLEY, SL ROWE, GL KONIKOW, LF SANFORD, WE TI TOXIC WATERS OF POAS VOLCANO SO RESEARCH & EXPLORATION LA English DT Article AB Aqueous lakes within the craters of active volcanoes can contain the most acidic natural waters on the Earth's surface (pH <0). Evaporation of water from such lakes and circulation Of water facilitates heat removal from the underlying magma, but also creates natural environmental problems. At Poas Volcano, Costa Rica, acidic volcanic gases condense to form dense corrosive brines that dissolve underlying rock and seep into the Rio Agrio watershed on the northwestern flank of the volcano. The environmental effects of these acidic waters are manifested in the lack of vegetation and the toxicity Of surface and ground waters throughout the summit and northwestern quadrant of the volcano, as well as by the widespread precipitation of iron hydroxide at seeps and river confluences far from the summit. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIV PK,PA 16802. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 3 PU NATL GEOGRAPHIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 17TH AND M STS NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 8755-724X J9 RES EXPLOR JI Res. Explor. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 8 IS 3 BP 328 EP 337 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA LD400 UT WOS:A1992LD40000008 ER PT J AU SHANLEY, JB AF SHANLEY, JB TI SULFATE RETENTION AND RELEASE IN SOILS AT PANOLA-MOUNTAIN, GEORGIA SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACID FOREST SOILS; ADSORPTION-ISOTHERMS; ORGANIC-CARBON; ALUMINUM; SORPTION; REVERSIBILITY; DESORPTION; VARIETY; SULFUR; IRON AB Inorganic sulfate pools, sulfate sorption characteristics, and Fe and Al fractions were determined on soils at Panola Mountain, a 41-ha forested watershed in the Georgia piedmont. Sulfate adsorption was measured in batch solutions that bracketed the range of ambient sulfate concentrations and soil solution acidity. The slope and intercept of the initial mass (IM) isotherms, formed from plots of sulfate retained against sulfate added, were used to compare sorption behavior among soils. The reversibility of sulfate adsorption was determined by measuring desorption of soluble sulfate from soil before and after equilibration with a concentrated sulfate solution. Sulfate sorption properties of soils at Panola Mountain fall along a continuum between two end members. The "low-adsorbing" end member comprises shallow soils (0-10 cm), with high water-soluble sulfate (S(w)), low phosphate-extractable sulfate (S(p-w)), high organic matter, low sulfate retention ability (IM isotherm slope near 0.0), and high sulfate adsorption reversibility. The "high-adsorbing" end member comprises deeper soils (>10 cm), with higher total native sulfate (mostly as S(p-w)), low organic matter, high sulfate retention ability (isotherm slope near 1.0), and low sulfate adsorption reversibility. Sulfate retention was only weakly related to Fe and Al fractions, possibly because of inhibition of adsorption by organic matter. Sulfate concentrations in surface waters reflect the spatial distribution of soil sulfate retention properties; baseflow, representing water which has equilibrated with the mineral subsoil, has sulfate concentrations near 10-mu-eq/L, whereas stormflow, which is dominated by water flowing through shallow horizons, has sulfate concentrations near 100-mu-eq/L. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DORAVILLE,GA 30360. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 153 IS 6 BP 499 EP 508 DI 10.1097/00010694-199206000-00009 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA JB909 UT WOS:A1992JB90900009 ER PT J AU WINTSCH, RP SUTTER, JF KUNK, MJ ALEINIKOFF, JN DORAIS, MJ AF WINTSCH, RP SUTTER, JF KUNK, MJ ALEINIKOFF, JN DORAIS, MJ TI CONTRASTING P-T-T PATHS - THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A LATE PALEOZOIC FINAL ASSEMBLY OF THE AVALON COMPOSITE TERRANE IN THE NEW-ENGLAND APPALACHIANS SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN NEW-ENGLAND; RHODE-ISLAND; TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS; UNITED-STATES; AGES; METAMORPHISM; EASTERN; ZONE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; EVOLUTION AB Strongly contrasting pressure-temperature-time paths for the Avalon composite terrane and the structurally overlying Putnam-Nashoba zone in eastem New England obtained from thermochronologic and thermobarometric data are best explained by a late Paleozoic underthrusting of cover rocks by the Avalon composite terrane. We present new Ar and U-Pb thermochronologic data that show that in the southern Hope Valley zone, Permian (280 Ma) anatectic metamorphic conditions of 700-degrees-C and 6 kbar were quenched by relatively rapid cooling (12-degrees-C/m.y.) and exhumation (0.5 km/m.y.) for approximately 40 m.y. In contrast, peak metamorphic conditions in the Putnam-Nashoba zone predate Silurian intrusions, and slower cooling (3.5-degrees-C/m.y.) began at about 400 Ma. One-dimensional thermal modeling suggests that these two belts were not in thermal equilibrium during the Permian metamorphism of the Avalon composite terrane. Because of the absence of high-grade Alleghanian metamorphism in rocks overlying the Avalon terrane, we conclude that high-grade Alleghanian metamorphism in the Avalon terrane occurred east of rocks now overlying it and that significant motion between Avalon and this cover occurred after peak Alleghanian metamorphism. Similarly contrasting metamorphic histories between Avalon inliers (Willimantic window, Massabesic complex gneiss, Pelham dome) and their cover rocks reveals the regional significance of this boundary. The core rocks all show Permian cooling, but the cover rocks show post-Acadian cooling ages decreasing from east to west to the Pelham area, where hornblende ages in Avalon and cover differ by only 35 rather than 80 m.y. Model calculations show that thermal equilibrium between instantaneously thrusted blocks of rocks is generally obtained in tens of millions of years. Consequently, underthrusting of Avalon is constrained to be middle Mississippian or younger. Because the leading edge of the underthrusting block would have been heated the longest and would have most closely approached thermal equilibrium with its cover, core rocks of the Pelham dome must have been relatively close to this leading edge. Thus Carboniferous to Permian underplating from a generally eastward direction best explains these thermochronologic relationships. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP WINTSCH, RP (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV,DEPT GEOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47401, USA. NR 85 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD JUN PY 1992 VL 11 IS 3 BP 672 EP 689 DI 10.1029/91TC02904 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ359 UT WOS:A1992HZ35900017 ER PT J AU HOROWITZ, AJ ELRICK, KA COLBERG, MR AF HOROWITZ, AJ ELRICK, KA COLBERG, MR TI THE EFFECT OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION ARTIFACTS ON DISSOLVED TRACE-ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DISSOLVED TRACE ELEMENTS; COLLOIDALLY-ASSOCIATED TRACE ELEMENTS; MEMBRANE FILTRATION; FILTRATION ARTIFACTS AB Among environment scientists, the current and almost universally accepted definition of dissolved constituents is an operational one-only those materials which pass through a 0.45-mu-m membrane filter are considered to be dissolved. Detailed laboratory and field studies on Fe and Al indicate that a number of factors associated with filtration, other than just pore size, can substantially alter "dissolved" trace element concentrations; these include: filter type, filter diameter, filtration method, volume of sample processed, suspended sediment concentration, suspended sediment grain-size distribution, concentration of colloids and colloidally-associated trace elements and concentration of organic matter. As such, reported filtered-water concentrations employing the same pore size filter may not be equal. Filtration artifacts may lead to the production of chemical data that indicate seasonal or annual "dissolved" chemical trends which do not reflect actual environmental conditions. Further, the development of worldwide averages for various dissolved chemical constituents, the quantification of geochemical cycles, and the determination of short- or long-term environmental chemical trends may be subject to substantial errors, due to filtration artifacts, when data from the same or multiple sources are combined. Finally, filtration effects could have a substantial impact on various regulatory requirements. RP HOROWITZ, AJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,6481-B PEACHTREE IND BLVD,DORAVILLE,GA 30360, USA. NR 35 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 26 IS 6 BP 753 EP 763 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(92)90006-P PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA HT535 UT WOS:A1992HT53500005 ER PT J AU STURROCK, AM WINTER, TC ROSENBERRY, DO AF STURROCK, AM WINTER, TC ROSENBERRY, DO TI ENERGY BUDGET EVAPORATION FROM WILLIAMS LAKE - A CLOSED LAKE IN NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Evaporation from Williams Lake, computed by the energy budget method for the five open-water seasons of 1982-1986, varied from a maximum seasonal rate of 0.282 cm/d in 1983 to a minimum seasonal rate of 0.219 cm/d in 1982. The pattern of monthly values of evaporation is not consistent from year to year. The normally expected pattern of low evaporation values in May, followed by increasing values in June to maximum values in July is true for only 3 of the 5 years. Comparison of annual evaporation calculated by the energy budget and mass transfer methods indicates that energy budget values varied from 13% greater to 11% less than mass transfer values. Furthermore, there is no seasonal bias in the pattern. Large differences exist in the magnitude of energy fluxes to and from Williams Lake. By far the greatest energy fluxes, having magnitudes of hundreds of watts per square meter, are incoming solar radiation, incoming atmospheric radiation, and outgoing long-wave radiation emitted by the lake water. The least energy fluxes are related to advection, which generally have magnitudes less than 5 W m-2. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. RP STURROCK, AM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BLDG 2101,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529, USA. RI Rosenberry, Donald/C-2241-2013; OI Rosenberry, Donald/0000-0003-0681-5641 NR 19 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1605 EP 1617 DI 10.1029/92WR00553 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HX309 UT WOS:A1992HX30900010 ER PT J AU RUBIN, J AF RUBIN, J TI SOLUTE TRANSPORT WITH MULTISEGMENT, EQUILIBRIUM-CONTROLLED, CLASSICAL REACTIONS - PROBLEM SOLVABILITY AND FEED FORWARD METHODS APPLICABILITY FOR COMPLEX SEGMENTS OF AT MOST BINARY PARTICIPANTS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MASS-TRANSPORT; POROUS-MEDIA; SIMULATION; GROUNDWATER; CHEMISTRY; EXCHANGE AB The feed forward (FF) method derives efficient operational equations for simulating transport of reacting solutes. It has been shown to be applicable in the presence of networks with any number of homogeneous and/or heterogeneous, classical reaction segments that consist of three, at most binary participants. Using a sequential (network type after network type) exploration approach and, independently, theoretical explanations, it is demonstrated for networks with classical reaction segments containing more than three, at most binary participants that if any one of such networks leads to a solvable transport problem then the FF method is applicable. Ways of helping to avoid networks that produce problem insolvability are developed and demonstrated. A previously suggested algebraic, matrix rank procedure has been adapted and augmented to serve as the main, easy-to-apply solvability test for already postulated networks. Four network conditions that often generate insolvability have been identified and studied. Their early detection during network formulation may help to avoid postulation of insolvable networks. RP RUBIN, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MAIL STOP 421,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1681 EP 1702 DI 10.1029/92WR00572 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HX309 UT WOS:A1992HX30900017 ER PT J AU REED, TM ROCKE, TE AF REED, TM ROCKE, TE TI THE ROLE OF AVIAN CARCASSES IN BOTULISM EPIZOOTICS SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53711. RP REED, TM (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,COLL NAT RESOURCES,WISCONSIN COOPERAT FISHERY UNIT,STEVENS POINT,WI 54481, USA. NR 23 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 20 IS 2 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA HX684 UT WOS:A1992HX68400007 ER PT J AU STORM, GL COTTAM, DF YAHNER, RH NICHOLS, JD AF STORM, GL COTTAM, DF YAHNER, RH NICHOLS, JD TI A COMPARISON OF 2 TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING DEER DENSITY SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER C1 PENN STATE UNIV, SCH FOREST RESOURCES, UNIV PK, PA 16802 USA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. RP PENN STATE UNIV, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, UNIV PK, PA 16802 USA. RI Storm, Gert/O-8696-2016 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 20 IS 2 BP 197 EP 203 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA HX684 UT WOS:A1992HX68400010 ER PT J AU MECH, LD GESE, EM AF MECH, LD GESE, EM TI FIELD TESTING THE WILDLINK CAPTURE COLLAR ON WOLVES SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GRAY WOLVES; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; IMMOBILIZATION C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RI Gese, Eric/B-4578-2011 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 20 IS 2 BP 221 EP 223 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA HX684 UT WOS:A1992HX68400014 ER PT J AU LINDZEY, FG VANSICKLE, WD LAING, SP MECHAM, CS AF LINDZEY, FG VANSICKLE, WD LAING, SP MECHAM, CS TI COUGAR POPULATION RESPONSE TO MANIPULATION IN SOUTHERN UTAH SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP LINDZEY, FG (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BOX 3166 UNIV STN,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 11 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1992 VL 20 IS 2 BP 224 EP 227 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA HX684 UT WOS:A1992HX68400015 ER PT J AU HOWELL, DG BIRD, KJ CUNNINGHAM, R AF HOWELL, DG BIRD, KJ CUNNINGHAM, R TI COMPRESSIONAL TECTONICS POINT TO MORE GAS-RESERVES SO WORLD OIL LA English DT Article RP HOWELL, DG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GULF PUBL CO PI HOUSTON PA BOX 2608, HOUSTON, TX 77252-2608 SN 0043-8790 J9 WORLD OIL JI World Oil PD JUN PY 1992 VL 213 IS 6 BP 117 EP & PG 0 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA HY430 UT WOS:A1992HY43000009 ER PT J AU WILSHIRE, HG RENEAU, SL AF WILSHIRE, HG RENEAU, SL TI GEOMORPHIC SURFACES AND UNDERLYING DEPOSITS OF THE MOHAVE MOUNTAINS PIEDMONT, LOWER COLORADO RIVER, ARIZONA SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GEOMORPHOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID QUATERNARY CLIMATIC CHANGES; EASTERN MOJAVE DESERT; CIMA VOLCANIC FIELD; CALIFORNIA; BASIN AB The piedmont of the Mohave Mountains, Arizona formed under conditions of relative tectonic inactivity and external drainage, with the regional base level controlled by the Colorado River. Well-developed geomorphic surfaces formed on sedimentary deposits that range from middle Miocene to Pleistocene in age, but principally on late Miocene (?)-Pleistocene fanglomerate (QTs1) of local origin. Geomorphic units younger than QTs1 generally consist of an erosional platform that may or may not be covered by contemporaneous gravel deposits (typically 1 to 2 m thick). Contemporaneous deposits are generally much coarser than Miocene(?)-Pleistocene fanglomerates on which most erosional platforms were cut, and are interpreted in part as lag gravels. The surfaces are interpreted as erosional- or pediment-terrace sequences that formed on alluvium (rather than hard bedrock) in periods of temporary base-level stability during progressive dissection of the older (QTs1) fans. In general, soils on older surfaces are better developed than those on younger surfaces, but substantial variation in the soils makes local and regional correlation uncertain. Cumulative clast-size distributions of terrace deposits and of pavements developed on the surfaces reveal no distinctive differences useful for correlation. Although climate changes may have influenced formation of the terraces, evidence for that was not found in the clast size distributions of terrace substrates. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. RP WILSHIRE, HG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD MS-975,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0372-8854 J9 Z GEOMORPHOL JI Z. Geomorphol. PD JUN PY 1992 VL 36 IS 2 BP 207 EP 226 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA JA057 UT WOS:A1992JA05700006 ER PT J AU MCKNIGHT, DM WERSHAW, RL BENCALA, KE ZELLWEGER, GW FEDER, GL AF MCKNIGHT, DM WERSHAW, RL BENCALA, KE ZELLWEGER, GW FEDER, GL TI HUMIC SUBSTANCES AND TRACE-METALS ASSOCIATED WITH FE AND AL OXIDES DEPOSITED IN AN ACIDIC MOUNTAIN STREAM SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMIC SUBSTANCES SOC : ADVANCES IN HUMIC SUBSTANCES RESEARCH CY AUG 06-10, 1990 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP INT HUM SUBST SOC DE TRACE METALS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ACIDIC STREAMS; HYDROUS METAL OXIDE; FULVIC ACIDS; SORPTION ID COMPLEXATION AB Hydrous iron and aluminum oxides are deposited on the streambed in the confluence of the Snake River and Deer Creek, two streams in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The Snake River is acidic and has high concentrations of dissolved Fe and Al. These metals precipitate at the confluence with the pristine, neutral pH, Deer Creek because of the greater pH (4.5-6.0) in the confluence. The composition of the deposited oxides changes consistently with distance downstream, with the most upstream oxide samples having the greatest Fe and organic carbon content. Fulvic acid accounts for most of the organic content of the oxides. Results indicate that streambed oxides in the confluence are not saturated with respect to their capacity to sorb dissolved humic substances from streamwater. The contents of several trace metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Co) also decrease with distance downstream and are correlated with both the Fe and organic carbon contents. Strong metal-binding sites associated with the sorbed fulvic acid are more than sufficient to account for the trace metal content of the oxides. Complexation of trace metals by sorbed fulvic acid may explain the observed downstream decrease in trace metal content. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 30 PY 1992 VL 118 BP 485 EP 498 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HX715 UT WOS:A1992HX71500047 ER PT J AU ISHIWATARI, R LOWE, L MCKNIGHT, D SHINOZUKA, N YONEBAYASHI, K AF ISHIWATARI, R LOWE, L MCKNIGHT, D SHINOZUKA, N YONEBAYASHI, K TI ADVANCES IN HUMIC SUBSTANCES RESEARCH - A COLLECTION OF PAPERS FROM THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL-HUMIC-SUBSTANCES-SOCIETY, NAGOYA, JAPAN, 6-10 AUGUST 1990 - PREFACE SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT SOIL SCI,VANCOUVER V6T 2A2,BC,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP ISHIWATARI, R (reprint author), TOKYO METROPOLITAN UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT CHEM,TOKYO 158,JAPAN. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 30 PY 1992 VL 118 BP R11 EP R11 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HX715 UT WOS:A1992HX71500001 ER PT J AU MALIN, MC DANIELSON, GE INGERSOLL, AP MASURSKY, H VEVERKA, J RAVINE, MA SOULANILLE, TA AF MALIN, MC DANIELSON, GE INGERSOLL, AP MASURSKY, H VEVERKA, J RAVINE, MA SOULANILLE, TA TI MARS-OBSERVER CAMERA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; WIND STREAKS; DUST; MORPHOLOGY; VENUS; WATER; CIRCULATION; PATTERNS AB The Mars Observer camera (MOC) is a three-component system (one narrow-angle and two wide-angle cameras) designed to take high spatial resolution pictures of the surface of Mars and to obtain lower spatial resolution, synoptic coverage of the planet's surface and atmosphere. The cameras are based on the ''push broom'' technique; that is, they do not take ''frames'' but rather build pictures, one line at a time, as the spacecraft moves around the planet in its orbit. MOC is primarily a telescope for taking extremely high resolution pictures of selected locations on Mars. Using the narrow-angle camera, areas ranging from 2.8 km x 2.8 km to 2.8 km x 25.2 km (depending on available internal digital buffer memory) can be photographed at about 1.4 m/pixel. Additionally, lower-resolution pictures (to a lowest resolution of about 11 m/pixel) can be acquired by pixel averaging: these images can be much longer, ranging up to 2.8 x 500 km at 11 m/pixel. High-resolution data will be used to study sediments and sedimentary processes, polar processes and deposits, volcanism, and other geologic/geomorphic processes. The MOC wide-angle cameras are capable of viewing Mars from horizon to horizon and are designed for low-resolution global and intermediate resolution regional studies. Low-resolution observations can be made every orbit, so that in a single 24-hour period a complete global picture of the planet can be assembled at a resolution of at least 7.5 km/pixel. Regional areas (covering hundreds of kilometers on a side) may be photographed at a resolution of better than 250 m/pixel at the nadir. Such images will be particularly useful in studying time-variable features such as lee clouds, the polar cap edge, and wind streaks, as well as acquiring stereoscopic coverage of areas of geological interest. The limb can be imaged at a vertical and along-track resolution of better than 1.5 km. Different color filters within the two wide-angle cameras permit color images of the surface and atmosphere to be made to distinguish between clouds and the ground and between clouds of different composition. C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. CALTECH,DIV GEOPHYS & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125. US GEOL SURVEY,ASTROGEOL BRANCH,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. CORNELL UNIV,CTR RADIOPHYS & SPACE PHYS,ITHACA,NY 14853. ALTADENA INSTRUMENTS CORP,PASADENA,CA. NR 56 TC 189 Z9 191 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 25 PY 1992 VL 97 IS E5 BP 7699 EP 7718 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KU049 UT WOS:A1992KU04900004 ER PT J AU CHRISTENSEN, PR ANDERSON, DL CHASE, SC CLARK, RN KIEFFER, HH MALIN, MC PEARL, JC CARPENTER, J BANDIERA, N BROWN, FG SILVERMAN, S AF CHRISTENSEN, PR ANDERSON, DL CHASE, SC CLARK, RN KIEFFER, HH MALIN, MC PEARL, JC CARPENTER, J BANDIERA, N BROWN, FG SILVERMAN, S TI THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT - MARS-OBSERVER MISSION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER; RESIDUAL CO2 FROST; NORTH POLAR-CAP; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; COMPOSITIONAL IMPLICATIONS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; IGNEOUS ROCKS; DEATH-VALLEY; SURFACE; DUST AB Thermal infrared spectral measurements will be made of the surface and atmosphere of Mars by the thermal emission spectrometer (TES) on board Mars Observer. By using these observations the composition of the surface rocks, minerals, and condensates will be determined and mapped. In addition, the composition and distribution of atmospheric dust and condensate clouds, together with temperature profiles of the CO2 atmosphere, will be determined. Broadband solar reflectance and thermal emittance measurements will also he made to determine the energy balance in the polar regions and to map the thermophysical properties of the surface. The specific science objectives of this investigation are to determine (1) the composition and distribution of surface materials, (2) the composition, particle size, and spatial and temporal distribution of suspended dust, (3) the location, temperature, height, and water abundance of H2O clouds. (4) the composition, seasonal behavior, total energy balance, and physical properties of the polar caps, and (5) the particle size distribution of rocks and fines on the surface. The instrument consists of three subsections: a Michelson interferometer, a solar reflectance sensor. and a broadband radiance sensor. The spectrometer covers the wavelength range from 6 to 50 mum (approximately 1600-200 cm-1) with nominal 5 and 10 cm-1 spectral resolution. The solar reflectance band extends from 0.3 to 2.7 mum: the broadband radiance channel extends from 5.5 to 100 mum. There are six 8.3-mrad fields of view for each sensor arranged in a 3 x 2 array, each with 3-km resolution at the nadir. Uncooled deuterated triglycine sulphate (DTGS) pyroelectic detectors provide a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 500 at 10 mum for daytime spectral observations at a surface temperature of 270 K. The SNR of the albedo and thermal bolometers will be approximately 2000 at the peak signal levels expected. The instrument is 23.6 x 35.5 x 40.0 cm, with a mass of 14.4 kg and an average power consumption of 14.5 W. The approach will be to measure the spectral properties of thermal energy emitted from the surface and atmosphere. Emission phase angle studies and day-night observations will be used to separate the spectral character of the surface and atmosphere. The distinctive thermal infrared spectral features present in minerals, rocks, and condensates will be used to determine the mineralogic and petrologic character of the surface and to identify and study aerosols and volatiles in the atmosphere. C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. SANTA BARBARA RES CTR,GOLETA,CA. US GEOL SURVEY,GEOPHYS BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771. NR 102 TC 229 Z9 231 U1 5 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY 25 PY 1992 VL 97 IS E5 BP 7719 EP 7734 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA KU049 UT WOS:A1992KU04900005 ER PT J AU DELANEY, PT AF DELANEY, PT TI VOLCANOS - YOU CAN PILE IT ONLY SO HIGH SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID VALLE-DEL-BOVE; MOUNT-ETNA; STRATIGRAPHY; ORIGIN; HAWAII; ISLAND RP DELANEY, PT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 21 PY 1992 VL 357 IS 6375 BP 194 EP 196 DI 10.1038/357194a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HV195 UT WOS:A1992HV19500029 ER PT J AU MICHAEL, A AF MICHAEL, A TI EARTHQUAKES - 3S A CROWD IN CALIFORNIA SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material RP MICHAEL, A (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 14 PY 1992 VL 357 IS 6374 BP 111 EP 112 DI 10.1038/357111a0 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HU122 UT WOS:A1992HU12200025 ER PT J AU STRIEGL, RG MCCONNAUGHEY, TA THORSTENSON, DC WEEKS, EP WOODWARD, JC AF STRIEGL, RG MCCONNAUGHEY, TA THORSTENSON, DC WEEKS, EP WOODWARD, JC TI CONSUMPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE BY DESERT SOILS SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; NITROUS-OXIDE; TRENDS; FIELD AB ATMOSPHERIC concentrations of methane, a greenhouse gas, are increasing at a rate of about 1% yr-1 (refs 1-4). Oxidation by methylotrophic bacteria in soil is the largest terrestrial sink for atmospheric CH4, and is estimated to consume about 30 x 10(12) g CH4 yr-1 (refs 4-6). Spatial and temporal variability in the rate of soil CH4 consumption are incompletely understood 6-19, as are the apparent inhibitory 12,13,18 or enhancing 20 effects of changes in land use. Dry deserts, which constitute 20% of total land surface, are not currently included in global soil uptake estimates. Here we describe measurements of the rate of uptake of atmospheric CH4 by undisturbed desert soils. We observed rates as great as 4.38 mg CH4 m-2 day-1; 50% of the measured rates were between 0.24 and 0.92 mg CH4 m-2 d-1. Uptake of CH4 by desert soil is enhanced by rainfall after an initial soil-drainage period-opposite to the response of temperate forest soils 12. Methane is consumed to a depth of about 2 m, allowing for deep removal of atmospheric CH4 if near-surface conditions are unfavourable for consumption. On the basis of an annual average CH4 consumption rate of 0.66 Mg CH4 m-2 d-1, we estimate that the global CH4 sink term needs to be increased by about 7 x 10(12) g yr-1 to account for the contribution of desert soils. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP STRIEGL, RG (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 413,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 26 TC 151 Z9 165 U1 7 U2 25 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 14 PY 1992 VL 357 IS 6374 BP 145 EP 147 DI 10.1038/357145a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HU122 UT WOS:A1992HU12200053 ER PT J AU GILLARD, D WYSS, M NAKATA, JS AF GILLARD, D WYSS, M NAKATA, JS TI A SEISMOTECTONIC MODEL FOR WESTERN HAWAII BASED ON STRESS TENSOR INVERSION FROM FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FOCAL MECHANISM DATA; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; MAUNA-LOA; REGIONAL STRESS; EARTHQUAKE; TECTONICS; SEISMICITY; SEQUENCE; VOLCANOS; BENEATH AB For 57 fault plane solutions of earthquakes with magnitude M(L) greater-than-or-equal-to 3.0 located west of the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, which occurred between 1972 and 1988, the dominant focal mechanisms (44 events) are decollement type with one nodal plane nearly horizontal (dip less-than-or-equal-to 30-degrees). The average slip vector of the upper crust on the decollement plane points in an azimuth of 260-degrees toward the ocean, away from Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone at an angle of about 150-degrees with respect to the NE-SW oriented rift. Two other types of focal mechanisms are present: normal faults (four events) and strike-slip faults with normal component (nine events). The orientation of the principal stresses was derived by minimizing the sum of the misfits between the theoretical and observed fault geometry for each focal mechanism. After subdividing the data set into three different regions we found that the stress tensor is not homogeneous in west Hawaii. The orientation for the stress tensor is best resolved in the area located between latitudes 19.27-degrees-N and 19.4-degrees-N and longitudes 155.7-degrees and 155.9-degrees-W where the greatest principal stress directions within the 95% confidence limits are nearly vertical with some spreading to the west. Their plunge varies between 53-degrees and 85-degrees. The intermediate and least principal stresses are mostly horizontal and have similar magnitudes. Their plunge varies between 1-degrees and 36-degrees. The area between latitudes 19.4-degrees and 19.6-degrees-N and longitudes 155.7-degrees and 156-degrees-W is characterized partly by near-vertical and partly by east-west oriented greatest principal stresses. The least principal stresses are approximately horizontal and have magnitudes similar to the intermediate principal stresses. In the two areas where the stress tensor was well resolved, the principal strain directions differed from the principal stress directions by 30-degrees in the plunge, suggesting that the faulting in western Hawaii takes place on a weak plane, but this result could not be established at the 95% confidence level. The tectonic model proposed for west Hawaii is similar to the model for the Kalapana region. The strain is accumulated through magmatic intrusions in the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa, and the earthquakes occur along a zone of weakness composed of oceanic sediment at about 10 km depth. The west flank of Mauna Loa slips in the direction away from the rift. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. NR 46 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B5 BP 6629 EP 6641 DI 10.1029/91JB02709 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HT848 UT WOS:A1992HT84800006 ER PT J AU MORI, J FRANKEL, A AF MORI, J FRANKEL, A TI CORRELATION OF P-WAVE AMPLITUDES AND TRAVEL TIME RESIDUALS FOR TELESEISMS RECORDED ON THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SEISMIC NETWORK SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE; GROUND MOTION; UNITED-STATES; SCATTERING; EARTHQUAKE; ANOMALIES; LASA; SEISMOGRAMS; NORSAR; SCALE AB P waves from 13 teleseismic events, well distributed in azimuth and recorded on a large short-period network in southern California, show a positive correlation between travel time residuals and relative amplitudes. Slower arrivals are consistently larger than faster arrivals. Although them is a large amount of scatter, the data show an amplitude increase of about a factor of 2 for a 1-s increase in travel time. The correlation can be seen in various subsets of the data: individual earthquakes, single stations recording 10 or more earthquakes and data averaged over all recorded events at each station. Because the variations in amplitude and travel time can be associated with surface geology, much of the data recorded at non bedrock sites can be explained in terms of a near-surface layer of varying velocity. The travel time residual would then be directly proportional to the velocity in the layer and the amplitude proportional to the square root of the velocity contrast at the base of the layer. However, some stations show azimuthally varying travel time residuals that are attributed to upper mantle velocity structures. We use a two-dimensional finite difference calculation to show that velocity anomalies in the upper mantle can also contribute to the observed correlation of travel time and amplitude. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. RP MORI, J (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,525 S WILSON AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B5 BP 6661 EP 6674 DI 10.1029/91JB02578 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HT848 UT WOS:A1992HT84800008 ER PT J AU BARKER, F FARMER, GL AYUSO, RA PLAFKER, G LULL, JS AF BARKER, F FARMER, GL AYUSO, RA PLAFKER, G LULL, JS TI THE 50-MA GRANODIORITE OF THE EASTERN GULF OF ALASKA - MELTING IN AN ACCRETIONARY PRISM IN THE FORE-ARC SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; CRUSTAL TRANSECT; SOUTHERN ALASKA; METAMORPHIC COMPLEX; CHUGACH MOUNTAINS; NORTH-AMERICA; NEW-ZEALAND; EVOLUTION; TERRANES AB The generation of granitic rocks by melting of flyschoid sediments in an accretionary prism is addressed in this study of 50 Ma silicic igneous rocks in the Gulf of Alaska, near Cordova, Alaska. Plutons of relatively homogeneous biotite and biotite-hornblende granodiorite and minor tonalite and granite are scattered through the Paleocene and Eocene Orca Group. Two masses of cointrusive gabbro and minor dacite dikes also were intruded here. The Orca Group consists of flysch, (quartzofeldspathic graywacke and argillite of turbidite or deep-sea fan origin) and of minor basaltic rocks and pelagic sedimentary rocks. The Orca represents the youngest and structurally lowest part of a late Cretaceous to Eocene composite accretionary prism that extends for 2100 km along the Gulf of Alaska. The plutons are 5-150 km2 in plan and represent less than perhaps 5% of the total volume of this part of the prism. These granitic rocks are unusual in that they were emplaced in a forearc environment during the last stages of deformation of the prism. The three intrusive bodies chosen for study (the McKinley Peak, Rude River, and Sheep Bay plutons) show a range of chemical and initial isotopic compositions (SiO2 = 66.3-71.3%, Na2O = 2.8-3.6%, K2O = 1.8-3.0%, epsilon(Nd) = +2.1 to -3.3, Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7051-0.7067, Pb-206/Pb-204 = 19.04-19.20, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.60-15.66, and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.59-38.85). Relative to the other two plutons, the McKinley Peak pluton generally shows slightly lower K2O, higher Al2O3, higher epsilon(Nd), and lower Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios. All three plutons, however, have similar, well-defined minor and trace element abundances characterized by relative enrichment in light rare earth elements and depletion in high field strength elements. The granodiorites and flysch of the Orca Group show overlapping elemental and isotopic compositions. The only clearly defined chemical differences between the flysch and the granodiorites are weak negative Eu anomalies in the granodiorites and slightly lower Ca and higher Na contents in the flysch. The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of the Rude River and Sheep Bay plutons completely overlap those of the flysch. The McKinley Peak pluton, however, shows discretely higher epsilon(Nd) and slightly lower Sr-87/Sr-86 values than those of the flysch. The Pb isotopic compositions of the flysch and the Rude River pluton also overlap, but Pb of the other two plutons is slightly less radiogenic. Our chemical data, modeling, and comparison with Conrad et al.'s (1988) melting experiments of graywacke indicate that the granodiorite originated by large fractions (65-90%) of melting of the Orca Group graywacke and argillite. Plagioclase, pyroxene(s), and biotite(?) were residual to melting at about 850-degrees-950-degrees-C and at low H2O activities. The distinct chemical and isotopic compositions of the McKinley Peak pluton probably result from variations in the character of the flysch at depth in the prism, rather than from mixing between melts of the flysch and mafic magmas injected into the prism itself. However, basaltic magmas were injected into the accretionary pile, as evidenced by the coeval gabbroic plutons, and these apparently provided the heat necessary for crustal melting. The mafic magmas probably originated from the subjacent oceanic Kula plate. We suggest that the subducting Kula "plate" consisted of several small plates, much as the modem Juan de Fuca and nearby smaller plates lie at the margin of the Pacific plate. Basaltic magmas produced along the boundaries of such small plates were injected for more than 12 m.y., first into the Orca Group deep-sea fans and later into the accretionary prism. Accretionary prisms have been an important, but little discussed, source of granitic magmas since Archean time. Their emplacement as complete sections of lower to upper crust means that any basaltic magma coming up from the mantle will impinge upon and tend to melt them. Furthermore, many prisms, especially those bearing high proportions of quartzofeldspathic graywacke, are fertile in granitic melts. These Alaskan granodiorites do not fit into the alphabetical classification of Australian workers. Being melts of sedimentary rocks, they should have S-type character. Because the source flysch is quartzofeldspathic and of arc origin, however, the granodiorite shows I-type character. Our results also highlight a problem with Pearce et al.'s (1984) and Harris et al.'s (1986) purportedly tectonic-discriminant plots for granitic rocks. These diagrams classify our granodiorites as "volcanic arc granite"-and reflect their source rocks rather than their tectonic environment of origin. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP BARKER, F (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 913,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 83 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B5 BP 6757 EP 6778 DI 10.1029/92JB00257 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HT848 UT WOS:A1992HT84800014 ER PT J AU NELSON, PH ANDERSON, LA AF NELSON, PH ANDERSON, LA TI PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF ASH FLOW TUFF FROM YUCCA MOUNTAIN, NEVADA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PRESSURE; POROSITY; ROCK AB We have measured the density and determined the porosity of 198 samples of ash flow tuffs from three boreholes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The electrical properties, velocity, and permeability of many of these samples have also been determined. We use mineralogical and physical data from other sources to determine the dependence of measured physical properties upon petrology. Porosity in the samples varies over a wide range, from as low as 1% in the densely welded tuffs to 53% in the zeolitized nonwelded tuffs. Porosity is the primary control on the other measured physical properties that consequently vary over broad ranges. Alteration (zeolites and clays) is a primary control on grain density and a significant secondary control on bulk density, resistivity. velocity, and permeability. Sorting the samples into rock classes defined in terms of the degree of welding and gross mineralogy enables us to separate the influence of zeolites and clays from that of porosity. Empirical rock property relationships established for sandstones can be applied with good success to tuffs. Archie's law relating resistivity to porosity is found to fit the unaltered samples with an exponent m of 2.0. An empirical expression relating compressional velocity to porosity and clay content forms an excellent upper bound to the velocity-porosity data. Permeability-porosity plots are similar in form to those obtained for clastic rocks, although the permeability is considerably lower than in clastic rocks of similar porosity. Zeolites and clays reduce the grain density, increase the electrical conductivity, reduce the compressional velocity, and reduce the permeability. RP NELSON, PH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B5 BP 6823 EP 6841 DI 10.1029/92JB00350 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HT848 UT WOS:A1992HT84800017 ER PT J AU DENLINGER, RP AF DENLINGER, RP TI A REVISED ESTIMATE FOR THE TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID INTRAPLATE SEISMICITY; HEAT-FLOW; RHEOLOGY; CONSTRAINTS; THICKNESS; STRESSES; FLEXURE; STATE; AGE AB Models for conductive cooling of the lithosphere provide the foundation for interpretation of oceanic bathymetry and heat flow and consequently provide the basis for the currently accepted temperature structure of the oceanic lithosphere. These models are based upon average values for the thermal properties of olivine and pyroxene and do not account for any variation in these properties with temperature. In this paper a solution of the heat flow equation is presented that incorporates the observed variation of thermal diffusivity with temperature for olivine and pyroxene. The surface heat flow and bathymetry can vary with the square root of lithosphere age with variable diffusivity just as they do for a constant diffusivity solution, but the temperature structure is significantly different. Specifically, the temperature gradients and temperatures at shallow depths (above the 800-degrees-C isotherm) obtained with the variable diffusivity model are less than those obtained with the averaged diffusivity model, whereas the temperature gradients at depths below the 800-degrees-C isotherm are greater. Temperatures at a given depth within the mechanically strong portion of the lithosphere (< 800-degrees-C) are about 100-degrees-C less using a variable diffusivity model, making this portion of the lithosphere thicker and the boundary with the asthenosphere more sharply defined mechanically as well as thermally. These changes reduce the effective elastic moduli interpreted from flexure of the lithosphere. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B5 BP 7219 EP 7222 DI 10.1029/91JB02998 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HT848 UT WOS:A1992HT84800041 ER PT J AU KIRSCHNER, CE GRANTZ, A MULLEN, MW AF KIRSCHNER, CE GRANTZ, A MULLEN, MW TI IMPACT ORIGIN OF THE AVAK STRUCTURE, ARCTIC ALASKA, AND GENESIS OF THE BARROW GAS-FIELDS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article AB Geophysical and subsurface geologic data suggest that the Avak structure. which underlies the Arctic Costal Plain 12 km southeast of Barrow, Alaska, is a hypervelocity meteorite or comet impact structure. The structure is a roughly circular area of uplifted, chaotically deformed Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks 8 km in diameter that is bounded by a ring of anastomosing, inwardly dipping, listric normal faults 12 km in diameter. A zone of gently outward-dipping sedimentary country rocks forms a discontinuous ring of "rim anticlines" within the peripheral ring of normal faults. Beyond these anticlines, the sedimentary rocks are almost flat-living. Basement consists of strongly deformed ordovician and Silurian argillite. Density and acoustic impedance contrasts between the argillite and the overlying strata produce gravity and seismic-reflection signatures that define a ring of anticlines around the disturbed zone and a structural high surrounded by an annular structural low at its center. In the adjacent Barrow gas fields, the tops of the informally named Neocomian "pebble shale" unit and the gas-producing Lower Jurassic Barrow sand (local usage) lie at average subsea depths of 488 m and 670 m, respectively. In the Avak 1 well, drilled on the central high, the pebble shale and the Barrow sand lie near the surface, documenting more than 500 m of relative uplift at the high. The cores in this well have steep dips (30-90-degrees), mixed breccia with Franklinian argillite clasts 10 and 90 m above basement, quartz grains with shock mosaicism and multiple sets of shock lamellae, oriented concussion fractures in sand-size quartz grains, and shatter cones resembling those found in the peripheral zones of well-documented impact structures. In addition, above-background levels of fractured quartz grains in Barrow sand were found as far as 19 km beyond the rim of the Avak structure. Data concerning the age of the Avak structure are not definitive. If submarine landslide deposits in the upper part of the Aptian and Albian Torok Formation, in the subsurface 200 km to the east, were triggered by the Avak event, then the Avak meteorite struck a submerged marine shelf about 100 +/- 5 Ma. However, the impact features found at Avak (shatter cones, concussion fractures, shock lamellae and shock mosaicism in quartz grains, and widespread cataclasis) characterize, the distal zones of meteorite impact structures. Fused rocks, plastic deformation. and shock-metamorphic minerals found in more proximal zones of impact structures are apparently missing. These observations. and the lack of Avak ejecta in cuttings and cores from the Torok Formation and Nanushuk Group (Albian to middle Cenomanian) in surrounding test wells, indicate that the impact event postdated these beds. In this case, the Avak meteorite Struck a Late Cretaceous or Tertiary marine shelf or coastal plain between the Cenomanian (ca. 95 Ma), and deposition of the basal beds of the overlying late Pliocene and Quaternary Gubik Formation (ca. 3 Ma). C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP KIRSCHNER, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,POB 154,UNION,WA 98592, USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 76 IS 5 BP 651 EP 679 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HR238 UT WOS:A1992HR23800005 ER PT J AU BROOKS, MH SMITH, RL MACALADY, DL AF BROOKS, MH SMITH, RL MACALADY, DL TI INHIBITION OF EXISTING DENITRIFICATION ENZYME-ACTIVITY BY CHLORAMPHENICOL SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE REDUCTION; SOIL; AQUIFER; ACETYLENE; GRAVEL; RATES; WATER; SAND AB Chloramphenicol completely inhibited the activity of existing denitrification enzymes in acetylene-block incubations with (i) sediments from a nitrate-contaminated aquifer and (ii) a continuous culture of denitrifying groundwater bacteria. Control flasks with no antibiotic produced significant amounts of nitrous oxide in the same time period. Amendment with chloramphenicol after nitrous oxide production had begun resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of nitrous oxide production. Chloramphenicol also decreased (> 50%) the activity of existing denitrification enzymes in pure cultures of Pseudomonas denitrificans that were harvested during log-phase growth and maintained for 2 weeks in a starvation medium lacking electron donor. Short-term time courses of nitrate consumption and nitrous oxide production in the presence of acetylene with P. denitrificans undergoing carbon starvation were performed under optimal conditions designed to mimic denitrification enzyme activity assays used with soils. Time courses were linear for both chloramphenicol and control flasks, and rate estimates for the two treatments were significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Complete or partial inhibition of existing enzyme activity is not consistent with the current understanding of the mode of action of chloramphenicol or current practice, in which the compound is frequently employed to inhibit de novo protein synthesis during the course of microbial activity assays. The results of this study demonstrate that chloramphenicol amendment can inhibit the activity of existing denitrification enzymes and suggest that caution is needed in the design and interpretation of denitrification activity assays in which chloramphenicol is used to prevent new protein synthesis. C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM & GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP BROOKS, MH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125 NR 33 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 58 IS 5 BP 1746 EP 1753 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA HR873 UT WOS:A1992HR87300048 PM 1622247 ER PT J AU ROSENBAUER, RJ BISCHOFF, JL KHARAKA, YK AF ROSENBAUER, RJ BISCHOFF, JL KHARAKA, YK TI GEOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF THE PARADOX VALLEY BRINE INTO PALEOZOIC CARBONATE ROCKS, COLORADO, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Brine seepage into the Dolores River from ground water in Paradox Valley, Colorado constitutes a major source of salt to the Colorado River. Plans are underway to remove this source of salt by drawing down the Paradox Valley brine (PVB) and forcibly injecting it into a deep disposal well (4.8 km). Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of deep-well injection of PVB. The results show that PVB is near saturation with anhydrite at 25-degrees-C, and that heating results in anhydrite precipitation. The amount and the rate at which anhydrite forms is temperature, pressure, and substrate dependent. Paradox Valley brine heated in the presence of Precambrian rocks from the drill core produces the same amount of anhydrite as PVB heated alone, but at a greatly accelerated rate. A 30% dilution of PVB with Dolores River water completely eliminates anhydrite precipitation when the fluid is heated with the Precambrian rocks. Interaction of PVB and Leadville Limestone is characterized by dolomitization of calcite by brine Mg which releases Ca to solution. This added Ca reacts with SO4 to form increased amounts of anhydrite. A 20% dilution of PVB by Dolores River water has no effect on dolomitization and reduces the amount of anhydrite only slightly. A 65% dilution of PVB by Dolores River water still does not prevent dolomitization but does suppress anhydrite formation. Computer modeling of PVB by programs utilizing the Pitzer ion-interaction parameters is in general agreement with the experimental results. Ion-activity products calculated by both SOLMINEQ and PHRQPITZ are close to equilibrium with both anhydrite and dolomite whenever these phases are present experimentally, although the calculations over-estimate by a factor of 2 the degree of saturation. Some discrepancies in the calculated results between the two programs are due largely to differences in mineral solubility data. RP ROSENBAUER, RJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 7 IS 3 BP 273 EP 286 DI 10.1016/0883-2927(92)90043-3 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA JB226 UT WOS:A1992JB22600006 ER PT J AU FAIRCHILD, JF LITTLE, EE HUCKINS, JN AF FAIRCHILD, JF LITTLE, EE HUCKINS, JN TI AQUATIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE FONOFOS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN PRAIRIE WETLAND; SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS; TOXICITY TESTS; WATER; RESIDUES; IMPACT; FIELDS; SOIL AB This study determined the acute and chronic toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide fonofos to standard fresh-water aquatic organisms under laboratory conditions. Fonofos was acutely toxic to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), Daphnia (D. magna), and midge (Chironomous riparius) at 5.3, 2.7, and 39-mu-g/L, respectively. Three fonofos formulations (technical. 94.8% A.I.; 20G, field granular 20% A.I.; and 4E, field liquid 4#/gal A.I.) exhibited similar acute toxicities to bluegill. Exposure to fonofos delayed reproduction and decreased the intrinsic rate of increase of Daphnia during 21-d chronic exposure at the lowest tested concentration (0.08-mu-g/L). The no observable effect concentration (NOEC) for Daphnia survival was 0.42-mu-g/L, 0% survival occurred at the lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 1.45-mu-g/L. The NOEC for midge emergence was 3.42-mu-g/L; only 34% emergence occurred at the LOEC of 8.24-mu-g/L. Chronic 30-d exposure of juvenile bluegills decreased growth and survival at 5.65-mu-g/L (LOEC), but no effects occurred at 2.33-mu-g/L (NOEC). The relative hazard of fonofos to aquatic life is similar to other carbamate and organophosphate corn insecticides. RP FAIRCHILD, JF (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 22 IS 4 BP 375 EP 379 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HP597 UT WOS:A1992HP59700005 PM 1375017 ER PT J AU CLARK, DR FOERSTER, KS MARN, CM HOTHEM, RL AF CLARK, DR FOERSTER, KS MARN, CM HOTHEM, RL TI UPTAKE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS BY SMALL MAMMALS IN PICKLEWEED HABITATS AT SAN-FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARSH HARVEST MICE; REITHRODONTOMYS-RAVIVENTRIS; SELENIUM AB Small mammals were live-trapped in pickleweed (Salicornia virginica) habitats near San Francisco Bay, California in order to measure the uptake of several contaminants and to evaluate the potential effects of these contaminants on the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris). Tissues of house mice (Mus musculus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and California voles (Microtus californicus) from nine sites were analyzed for chemical contaminants including mercury, selenium, cadmium, lead, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of contaminants differed significantly among sites and species. Mean concentrations at sites where uptake was greatest were less than maximum means for the same or similar species recorded elsewhere. Harvest mice (Reithrodontomys spp.) were captured only at sites where concentrations of mercury or PCBs were below specific levels in house mice. Additional studies aimed at the protection of the salt marsh harvest mouse are suggested. These include contaminant feeding studies in the laboratory as well as field monitoring of surrogate species and community structure in salt marsh harvest mouse habitats. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SAN FRANCISCO BAY NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,NEWARK,CA 94560. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,PACIFIC COAST RES GRP,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP CLARK, DR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 22 IS 4 BP 389 EP 396 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HP597 UT WOS:A1992HP59700008 PM 1586203 ER PT J AU MILES, AK CALKINS, DG COON, NC AF MILES, AK CALKINS, DG COON, NC TI TOXIC ELEMENTS AND ORGANOCHLORINES IN HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI), KODIAK, ALASKA, USA SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METAL RESIDUES; HEAVY-METALS; SELENIUM; ISLANDS C1 ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,ANCHORAGE,AK 99518. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30303. RP MILES, AK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 48 IS 5 BP 727 EP 732 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HM758 UT WOS:A1992HM75800014 PM 1504518 ER PT J AU MILLER, LD BARTON, CC FREDERICKSEN, RS BRESSLER, JR AF MILLER, LD BARTON, CC FREDERICKSEN, RS BRESSLER, JR TI STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE ALASKA JUNEAU LODE GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN COAST MOUNTAINS; WESTERN METAMORPHIC BELT; PLUTONIC COMPLEX; QUARTZ VEINS; DEFORMATION; SYSTEM; ZONES AB The Alaska Juneau lode gold deposit is hosted by a series of polydeformed Permian to Late Triassic volcanic, pelitic, volcaniclastic, and mafic intrusive rocks. Rocks in the mine area have been sheared and metamorphosed to greenschist grade. Interpretation of rock fabrics indicates several generations of ductile and brittle deformation. Prior to mineralization, reverse shear occurred along northwest-striking and northeast-dipping ductile shear zones. Mineralization consists of Eocene auriferous quartz-carbonate veins, which cut the regional metamorphic fabrics. Mineralization was followed by reverse right-lateral shear along northwest-trending ductile -brittle shear zones. Two northwest-striking and steeply dipping vein sets host the bulk of the ore. Orientation of carbonate fibers within the quartz veins were used to determine the deformation regime that existed during mineralization. Plunge of the fibers indicate that down-to-the-northeast extension occurred synchronous with mineralization. Structural data support a model whereby the Alaska Juneau deposit formed after the peak of ductile deformation during a period of local extension. Localization of veins to areas of infolded phyllite and gabbro suggests that competency contrasts within host rocks enhanced vein emplacement. Veining may have been facilitated by a change from a contractional to a transpressive deformational regime which may have led to local extension and fluid migration to favorable deposition sites. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. WGM INC, ANCHORAGE, AK 99510 USA. RP MILLER, LD (reprint author), ECHO BAY MINES, 3100 CHANNEL DR, JUNEAU, AK 99801 USA. NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 29 IS 5 BP 865 EP 878 DI 10.1139/e92-074 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JK894 UT WOS:A1992JK89400003 ER PT J AU BOZEK, MA HUBERT, WA AF BOZEK, MA HUBERT, WA TI SEGREGATION OF RESIDENT TROUT IN STREAMS AS PREDICTED BY 3 HABITAT DIMENSIONS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BROOK TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BROWN TROUT; MOUNTAIN STREAMS; STANDING STOCK; RAINBOW-TROUT; ABUNDANCE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; COMPETITION; POSITIONS AB We assessed the relation of three measures of habitat to the distribution of four species of Salmonidae, cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), arid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), in streams of the central Rocky Mountains. We examined whether single measures of three habitat dimensions (climate, stream energy, and stream size) could account for current distribution patterns of four resident trout species in Wyoming. The three habitat dimensions were represented by three habitat variables: elevation, channel gradient, and wetted stream width. Considerable overlap in the ranges of elevation, gradient, and wetted width was observed among reaches where the four species were found, but differences in the mean values of these habitat features were observed among species. Using discriminant analysis, we categorized the presence and absence of individual species in stream reaches by the three habitat variables. We successfully predicted the presence of brook trout (87%), cutthroat trout (59%), brown trout (50%), and rainbow trout (39%) in streams, but the absence of each species was predicted more successfully (rainbow trout (94%), brown trout (94%), cutthroat trout (90%), and brook trout (57%)). The three habitat features were useful in describing the segregation of trout species in streams of the central Rocky Mountains. C1 UNIV WYOMING,WYOMING COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LARAMIE,WY 82071. NR 29 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 70 IS 5 BP 886 EP 890 DI 10.1139/z92-126 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JD668 UT WOS:A1992JD66800007 ER PT J AU DESTEFANO, S BRAND, CJ RUSCH, DH AF DESTEFANO, S BRAND, CJ RUSCH, DH TI PREVALENCE OF LEAD-EXPOSURE AMONG AGE AND SEX COHORTS OF CANADA GEESE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DUCKS; SHOT AB We examined the prevalence of lead exposure from ingestion of waste lead shot among age and sex cohorts of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) on the breeding, migration, and wintering grounds of the Eastern Prairie Population. Blood samples from 6963 geese were assayed for lead concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. On the breeding grounds, no goslings and < 1 % of adults showed evidence of recent exposure to lead shot (i.e., concentrations in the blood elevated above the threshold value of 0. 18 ppm lead). However, median background blood lead concentrations (i.e., blood samples with < 0.18 ppm lead) were higher in adults than goslings, indicating that exposure of adults to lead had occurred during previous seasons. Waste lead shot was available on the migration and wintering grounds, where a larger proportion of the blood samples from immatures (< 1 year old) than adults (> 1 year old) had lead concentrations greater-than-or-equal-to 0.18 ppm. Median background lead levels remained higher in adults than in immatures throughout fall and winter. We also found that more immature males than immature females had elevated lead concentrations. Higher rates of intake of food and grit (including shot) probably partially account for the higher prevalence of elevated lead concentrations in immature Canada geese. C1 WISCONSIN COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53711. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 70 IS 5 BP 901 EP 906 DI 10.1139/z92-128 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JD668 UT WOS:A1992JD66800009 ER PT J AU DELGIUDICE, GD MECH, LD KUNKEL, KE GESE, EM SEAL, US AF DELGIUDICE, GD MECH, LD KUNKEL, KE GESE, EM SEAL, US TI SEASONAL PATTERNS OF WEIGHT, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE-RANGING FEMALE WHITE-TAILED DEER IN MINNESOTA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; BLACK BEARS; BODY-COMPOSITION; BLOOD PROFILES; WINTER; POPULATIONS; NITROGEN; PROTEIN; ENERGY; UREA AB Weights, hematology, and serum profiles of white-tailed does in the central Superior National Forest of northeastern Minnesota were examined year-around to determine seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and metabolism. Deer were initially captured by Clover trap or rocket net. Between 15 February 1989 and 23 January 1990, we recaptured 12 adult (>1.5 years) female deer 1-9 times each (a total of 59 recaptures) using a radio-controlled capture collar. Monthly weights of deer exhibited a cyclic seasonal pattern. Mean weight declined 22% from February to an annual minimum during May, then steadily increased 45 % to a maximum in October. Seasonal patterns were most evident for hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, packed cell volume, serum total protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine, the urea N to creatinine ratio, triiodothyronine, cortisol, and potassium. Wide seasonal variations of these characteristics were indicative of shifts in the deer's metabolic physiology. Although seasonal metabolic shifts are partially attributable to an endogenous rhythm, the intensity of their expression was most likely affected by nutritional changes and concomitant alterations of body condition. Annual changes in seasonal trends of blood characteristics may be useful in investigating nutritional effects of specific environmental and demographic factors. We compare our findings with those reported for deer on ranges farther south. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. US VET AFFAIRS MED CTR, RES SERV, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55417 USA. RP DELGIUDICE, GD (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. RI Gese, Eric/B-4578-2011 NR 73 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 10 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 70 IS 5 BP 974 EP 983 DI 10.1139/z92-139 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA JD668 UT WOS:A1992JD66800020 ER PT J AU RUGG, RD KONECNY, M MORRISON, JL AF RUGG, RD KONECNY, M MORRISON, JL TI GIS TECHNOLOGY BRIDGE BETWEEN WEST AND EAST - A REPORT FROM THE BRNO CONFERENCE - VOLUME I - SYSTEMS AND THEORY - INTRODUCTION SO COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 MASARYK UNIV,DEPT GEOG,BRNO,CZECHOSLOVAKIA. US GEOGR SURVEY,NATL MAPPING DIV,RESTON,VA. RP RUGG, RD (reprint author), VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,DEPT URBAN STUDIES & PLANNING,RICHMOND,VA 23284, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0198-9715 J9 COMPUT ENVIRON URBAN JI Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 16 IS 3 BP 165 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0198-9715(92)90027-O PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Studies; Geography; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Operations Research & Management Science GA JB039 UT WOS:A1992JB03900001 ER PT J AU PETERSEN, MR AF PETERSEN, MR TI REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF EMPEROR GEESE - ANNUAL AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN NESTING SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY; ANNUAL VARIATION; INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; NESTING; CHEN CANAGICUS; ALASKA ID ANSER-CAERULESCENS-CAERULESCENS; LESSER SNOW GEESE; BRANTA-B-BERNICLA; CLUTCH-SIZE; CANADA GEESE; GREAT TIT; ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS; INCUBATION BEHAVIOR; BREEDING PRODUCTION; NUTRIENT RESERVES AB I studied the nesting ecology of adult female Emperor Geese (Chen canagicus) from 1982-1986 on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), Alaska. I evaluated variation among and within years in date of migration, nest initiation date, clutch size, nesting success, and nesting frequency of 90 individually marked females. Geese arrived on their nesting areas at the same relative date of the season each year and initiated nests five days after their arrival on the study area. Individuals initiated nests at the same relative time of the season each year. There was no significant repeatability for clutch size, nor did mean clutch sizes vary among years. This may be related to geese having ready access to foods during spring migration and a relative short distance (600 km) between migration staging areas and nesting grounds. When data were pooled, clutch sizes declined as the season progressed; however, this decline was not significant within individuals among years. The proportion of adult females that nested annually varied from 38.5-52.0%; the probability of nesting was independent of clutch size or nesting success the previous season. This low nesting frequency may reflect high annual mortality resulting in a high proportion of newly paired birds each year (thus less likely to nest). Emperor Geese remain at food-rich, spring staging areas until nest sites are available, initiate nests early, lay large clutches, and frequently forgo nesting. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP PETERSEN, MR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 99 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1992 VL 94 IS 2 BP 383 EP 397 DI 10.2307/1369211 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HV531 UT WOS:A1992HV53100007 ER PT J AU PETERSEN, MR AF PETERSEN, MR TI REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF EMPEROR GEESE - SURVIVAL OF ADULT FEMALES SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY; ANNUAL SURVIVAL; FEMALE SURVIVAL; CHEN CANAGICUS; ALASKA ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; CANADA GEESE; BARNACLE GEESE; CLUTCH-SIZE; GOOSE; SUCCESS; EXPERIENCE; AGE; PERFORMANCE; PARASITISM AB Life history theory predicts a decrease in survival with increased reproductive effort of individuals. This relationship, however, is highly variable among and within species. I studied the nesting success and survival of adult female Emperor Geese during 1982-1986 and found no direct evidence that differential reproductive effort as measured by the number of eggs laid or hatching success had a significant negative effect on survival to the next breeding season. Incubated clutch size, hatched clutch size, number of parasitic eggs, nest initiation date, hatch date, and mass at hatch were not related to subsequent survival. Of the factors I examined, only an attempt to nest the previous season was related to survival of a female. I suggest that the higher probability of survival among non-nesting adult female Emperor Geese was primarily related to hunting pressure on the nesting area between spring and fall migration. The probability of survival was increased for females with larger clutches, suggesting a positive relationship between brood size and survival. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT WILDLIFE & FISHERIES BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP PETERSEN, MR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. NR 73 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1992 VL 94 IS 2 BP 398 EP 406 DI 10.2307/1369212 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HV531 UT WOS:A1992HV53100008 ER PT J AU LOKEMOEN, JT SHAFFER, TL AF LOKEMOEN, JT SHAFFER, TL TI ANALYSIS ERROR IN BROOD PARASITISM PAPER SO CONDOR LA English DT Note RP LOKEMOEN, JT (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1992 VL 94 IS 2 BP 554 EP 554 DI 10.2307/1369235 PG 1 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HV531 UT WOS:A1992HV53100031 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, JM MCDIARMID, RW AF SAVAGE, JM MCDIARMID, RW TI REDISCOVERY OF THE CENTRAL-AMERICAN COLUBRID SNAKE, SIBON-ARGUS, WITH COMMENTS ON RELATED SPECIES FROM THE REGION SO COPEIA LA English DT Article AB Sibon argus Cope, 1875, long known only from the holotype, is redescribed based on material from Costa Rica and Panama. It differs from the only other member of the genus having an ocellate dorsal pattern (S. longifrenis) in its attenuate habitus, enlarged blunt head, protuberant eyes, and high segmental counts (ventrals 181-201, subcaudals 112-121, total segmental counts 294-312). Sibon longifrenis of Atlantic slope Costa Rica and western Panama (ventrals 151-173, subcaudals 82-103, total segmental counts 231-275) is also redescribed. These species differ from all other Sibon in having an ocellate pattern and an enlarged penultimate supralabial bordering the orbit. The allied species, S. annulatus (Costa Rica and Panama) and S. dimidiatus (Mexico to southwestern Costa Rica), are shown to be distinct from S. argus and S. longifrenis in scalation and coloration. Although allopatric, S. annulatus and S. dimidiatus differ from one another most strikingly in adult coloration, postmental character states, and ventral counts (xBAR = 175.8 in annulatus and 193.6 in dimidiatus), and are regarded as valid species. Sibon annulatus occurs sympatrically with S. argus in Panama and with S. longifrenis in Costa Rica. Although S. argus and S. longifrenis occur in the same general area on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, they have not yet been taken at the same locality. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, BIOL SURVEY, NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. RP SAVAGE, JM (reprint author), DEPT BIOL, POB 249118, CORAL GABLES, FL 33124 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 1 PY 1992 IS 2 BP 421 EP 432 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HT728 UT WOS:A1992HT72800014 ER PT J AU BOHLKE, JK IRWIN, JJ AF BOHLKE, JK IRWIN, JJ TI BRINE HISTORY INDICATED BY ARGON, KRYPTON, CHLORINE, BROMINE, AND IODINE ANALYSES OF FLUID INCLUSIONS FROM THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY TYPE LEAD FLUORITE BARITE DEPOSITS AT HANSONBURG, NEW-MEXICO SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OIL-FIELD BRINES; SOUTHEAST MISSOURI; ORIGIN; GALENA; MINERALIZATION; SOLUBILITY; GASES AB Argon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, and iodine were measured in a homogeneous population of high-salinity hydrothermal fluid inclusions from the Tertiary-age Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-fluorite-barite deposits at Hansonburg, New Mexico to establish new types of evidence for the history of both the fluid and the major dissolved salts. Noble gases and halogens in fluid inclusions containing 10(-10)-10(-9) L of brine (Cl = 3 molal) were analyzed by laser microprobe noble-gas mass spectrometry (LMNGMS) on neutron-irradiated samples. The concentrations of Ar-36 (4.7 X 10(-8) molal) and Kr-84 (1.8 X 10(-9) molal) in the fluid inclusions are equal to those of fresh surface waters in equilibrium with air at approximately 20 +/- 5-degrees-C. The mole ratios of Br/Cl (1.2 X 10(-4)) and I/CI (1-2 X 10(-6) are among the lowest measured in any natural waters, similar to those of modern brines formed by dissolution of Permian NaCl-bearing evaporites in southeast New Mexico. Ar-40/Ar-36 ratios (600) are twice that of air, and indicate that the fluid inclusions had excess radiogenic Ar-40 (1.4 X 10(-5) molal) when trapped. The amount of exceSS Ar-40 appears to be too large to have been acquired with Cl by congruent dissolution of halite-bearing evaporites, and possibly too small to have been acquired with Pb by congruent dissolution of granitic basement rocks with Proterozoic K-Ar ages. From the LMNGms data, combined with published Pb and S isotope data, we infer the following sequence of events in the history of the Hansonburg MVT hydrothermal brine: (1) the brine originated as relatively dilute meteoric water, and it did not gain or lose atmospheric Ar or Kr after recharge; (2) the originally dilute fluid acquired the bulk of its Cl and sulfate in the subsurface after recharge by dissolving halite-bearing Permian? marine evaporites; (3) the high salinity brine then acquired most of its Pb and excess radiogenic Ar-40 from interactions with aquifer rocks other than evaporites, possibly clastic sedimentary rocks or basement rocks with Phanerozoic K-Ar "ages"; and (4) the brine deposited fluorite without having boiled or degassed. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP BOHLKE, JK (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR 431,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 56 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 110 IS 1-4 BP 51 EP 66 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90038-W PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HZ346 UT WOS:A1992HZ34600005 ER PT J AU DREHER, GB FINKELMAN, RB AF DREHER, GB FINKELMAN, RB TI SELENIUM MOBILIZATION IN A SURFACE COAL-MINE, POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND WATER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION AB Elevated concentrations (0.6-0.9 mg/l) of selenium were detected in the groundwater of a small backfill area at a surface mine in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. This report focuses on the source of selenium, its modes of occurrence in overburden deposits and backfill groundwater, and its fate. The immediate source of the selenium appeared to be the dissolution of preexisting soluble salts from the unsaturated zone of the overburden. The ultimate source of selenium was probably the oxidation of selenium-bearing pyrite in the geologic past. Overburden was placed partially in the saturated zone of the backfill where, upon resaturation, soluble salts dissolved in the groundwater. Water standing in the pit at the time of backfilling might have contributed to the elevated concentrations of selenium and other solutes. Selenium was found in an ash-rich coal and in clastic sediments in seven different modes of occurrence. The concentration of soluble selenium in the groundwater at this site has been decreasing since monitoring began in late 1982, and at the present rate of decrease, the concentration should drop below the State of Wyoming guideline of 0.05 mg/l for selenium in water intended for use by livestock by about mid-1992. The decrease in soluble selenium concentration may in part be due to microbially assisted reduction of selenate followed by sorption on clays and other sorbents. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP DREHER, GB (reprint author), ILLINOIS STATE GEOL SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820, USA. RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012 NR 25 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL WATER S PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 19 IS 3 BP 155 EP 167 DI 10.1007/BF01704083 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HW821 UT WOS:A1992HW82100003 ER PT J AU BROWN, CE MOSE, DG MUSHRUSH, GW CHROSNIAK, CE AF BROWN, CE MOSE, DG MUSHRUSH, GW CHROSNIAK, CE TI STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS OF THE RN-222 POTENTIAL OF ROCKS IN VIRGINIA, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND WATER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; MAINE; TEXAS AB More than 3,200 indoor radon-222 (Rn-222) measurements were made seasonally in an area of about 1,000 square kilometers of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont physiographic provinces in Virginia, U.S.A. Results of these measurements indicate that some geological units are associated, on the average, with twice as much indoor Rn-222 as other geological units, and that indoor Rn-222 varies seasonally. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test whether indoor Rn-222 concentrations for data gathered over the winter and summer seasons differ significantly by rock unit. The tests concluded that indoor Rn-222 concentrations for different rock units were not equal at the 5-percent significance level. The rocks associated with the highest median indoor Rn-222 concentration are specific rocks in the Mesozoic Culpeper basin, including shale and siltstone units with Jurassic diabase intrusives, and mica schists in the Piedmont physiographic province. The pre-Triassic Peters Creek Schist has the highest ranking in terms of indoor Rn-222 concentration. The rocks associated with the lowest indoor Rn-222 concentrations include coastal plain sediments, the Occoquan Granite, Falls Church Tonalite, Piney Branch Mafic and Ultramafic complex, and unnamed mafic and ultramafic inclusions, respectively. The rocks have been ranked according to observed Rn-222 concentration by transforming the average rank of indoor Rn-222 concentrations to z scores. C1 GEORGE MASON UNIV,CTR BASIC & APPL SCI,FAIRFAX,VA 22030. RP BROWN, CE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 431 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL WATER S PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 19 IS 3 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.1007/BF01704086 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HW821 UT WOS:A1992HW82100006 ER PT J AU SOLLER, DR BERG, RC AF SOLLER, DR BERG, RC TI A MODEL FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF AQUIFER CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL BASED ON REGIONAL GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND WATER SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB The texture and three-dimensional framework of geologic materials should be considered in assessments ot groundwater's vulnerability to contamination because geology controls the movement of contaminants and groundwater,and influences groundwater quality. Contaminants are introduced into, transmitted through, and stored by geologic materials. We present a model that identifies aquifers and ranks sequences of geologic materials by their relative potential for transmitting water and contaminants from land surface. With this basis, the model can be used to assess the potential for contamination of aquifers by surface activities such as landfilling of wastes or application of agricultural chemicals. A regional map of aquifer contamination potential can be generated from the model; it retains the geologic map information intact and available for reinterpretation or other uses. The model was developed using broad, regional map information and is intended to be a general tool for assessing the regional vulnerability of aquifers to contamination. It is not intended for local, site-specific use, but for prioritizing local areas where contamination potential and/or land-use history warrant more detailed assessment or monitoring. Because it provides a regional view of contamination potential, regional patterns or trends of map units should be evaluated, rather than using the map information literally to assess local areas. Methods of applying this model and contamination potential map to groundwater protection and management are currently being studied; research includes an attempt to statistically validate the model with water-quality data, and to identify natural groupings of the ranked contamination potential map units. C1 ILLINOIS STATE GEOL SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. RP SOLLER, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,926 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL WATER S PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 19 IS 3 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1007/BF01704087 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HW821 UT WOS:A1992HW82100007 ER PT J AU LOVLEY, DR WOODWARD, JC AF LOVLEY, DR WOODWARD, JC TI CONSUMPTION OF FREONS CFC-11 AND CFC-12 BY ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTS AND SOILS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE GASES; REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION; IRON REDUCTION; FERRIC IRON; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; CHLOROFLUOROMETHANES; TETRACHLOROMETHANE; TRICHLOROMETHANE; TRANSFORMATIONS; DECHLORINATION AB A variety of anaerobic sediments and soils consumed CFC-11 (CFC13) and CFC-12 (CF2C12). An aerobic soil did not. Active microbial metabolism was required for CFC-12 uptake in all of the sediments examined. CFC-11 uptake was faster in the presence of microbial activity, but reduced components in the sediments also resulted in nonenzymatic CFC-11 consumption in most instances. CFC-12 uptake in a culture of Clostridium pasteurianum provided a model for the sediment uptake of CFC-11 and CFC-12 that required active microbial metabolism. Consumption of CFC-11 in the presence of reduced hematin demonstrated a potential mechanism for nonenzymatic CFC-11 consumption. These findings demonstrate that CFC-11 and CFC-12 are not biochemically inert under anaerobic conditions. This suggests that anaerobic degradation of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in anaerobic landfills might prevent some disposed CFC-11 and CFC-12 from entering the atmosphere. The results also suggest that CFC-11 and CFC-12 cannot be used as stable tracers in anaerobic environments. Furthermore, although the microbial sink for atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 is much less than current anthropogenic release, this sink could have a significant long-term effect on the amount of CFC-11 and CFC-12 reaching the stratosphere. RP LOVLEY, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,430 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 36 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 26 IS 5 BP 925 EP 929 DI 10.1021/es00029a009 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HR623 UT WOS:A1992HR62300019 ER PT J AU RUTHERFORD, DW CHIOU, CT AF RUTHERFORD, DW CHIOU, CT TI EFFECT OF WATER SATURATION IN SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER ON THE PARTITION OF ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SORPTION; VAPORS AB The sorption of benzene, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride at room temperature from water solution and from vapor on two high-organic-content soils (peat and muck) was determined in order to evaluate the effect of water saturation on the solute partition in soil organic matter (SOM). The uptake of water vapor was similarly determined to define the amounts of water in the saturated soil samples. In such high-organic-content soils the organic vapor sorption and the respective solute sorption from water exhibit linear isotherms over a wide range of relative concentrations. This observation, along with the low BET surface areas of the samples, suggests that partition in the SOM of the samples is the dominant process in the uptake of these liquids. A comparison of the sorption from water solution and from vapor phase shows that water saturation reduces the sorption (partition) efficiency of SOM by approximately 42%; the saturated water content is approximately 38% by weight of dry SOM. This reduction is relatively small when compared with the almost complete suppression by water of organic compound adsorption on soil minerals. While the effect of water saturation on solute uptake by SOM is much expected in terms of solute partition in SOM, the influence of water on the solubility behavior of polar SOM can be explained only qualitatively by regular solution theory. The results suggest that the major effect of water in a drying-wetting cycle on the organic compound uptake by normal low-organic-content soils (and the associated compound's activity) is the suppression of adsorption by minerals rather than the mitigation of the partition effect in SOM. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 408,DENVER,CO 80225. RI Chiou, Cary/C-3203-2013 NR 22 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 26 IS 5 BP 965 EP 970 DI 10.1021/es00029a015 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HR623 UT WOS:A1992HR62300025 ER PT J AU RYAN, DF HUNTINGTON, TG MARTIN, CW AF RYAN, DF HUNTINGTON, TG MARTIN, CW TI REDISTRIBUTION OF SOIL-NITROGEN, CARBON AND ORGANIC-MATTER BY MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE DURING WHOLE-TREE HARVESTING IN NORTHERN HARDWOODS SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FOREST FLOOR; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS; BUDGETS AB To investigate whether mechanical mixing during harvesting could account for losses observed from forest floor, we measured surface disturbance on a 22 ha watershed that was whole-tree harvested. Surface soil on each 10 cm interval along 81, randomly placed transects was classified immediately after harvesting as mineral or organic, and as undisturbed, depressed, rutted, mounded, scarified, or scalped (forest floor scraped away). We quantitatively sampled these surface categories to collect soil in which preharvest forest floor might reside after harvest. Mechanically mixed mineral and organic soil horizons were readily identified. Buried forest floor under mixed mineral soil occurred in 57% of mounds with mineral surface soil. Harvesting disturbed 65% of the watershed surface and removed forest floor from 25% of the area. Mechanically mixed soil under ruts with organic or mineral surface soil, and mounds with mineral surface soil contained organic carbon and nitrogen pools significantly greater than undisturbed forest floor. Mechanical mixing into underlying mineral soil could account for the loss of forest floor observed between the preharvest condition and the second growing season after whole-tree harvesting. C1 US FOREST SERV,HUBBARD BROOK EXPTL FOREST,CAMPTON,NH 03223. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DORAVILLE,GA 30360. RP RYAN, DF (reprint author), UNIV PENN,MORRIS ARBORETUM,9414 MEADOWBROOK AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. OI Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 22 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 87 EP 99 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA HW913 UT WOS:A1992HW91300006 ER PT J AU PETER, JM SHANKS, WC AF PETER, JM SHANKS, WC TI SULFUR, CARBON, AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE VARIATIONS IN SUBMARINE HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS OF GUAYMAS BASIN, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, USA SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; ORGANIC-RICH SEDIMENT; DE-FUCA RIDGE; SULFATE REDUCTION; SOUTHERN TROUGH; SPREADING CENTERS; CHIMNEY MINERALS; STABLE ISOTOPES; WATER SULFATE; HOT SPRINGS AB Sulfur, carbon, and oxygen isotope values were measured in sulfide, sulfate, and carbonate from hydrothermal chimney, spire, and mound samples in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, USA. delta-S-34 values of sulfides range from -3.7 to 4.5% and indicate that sulfur originated from several sources: (1) dissolution of 0% sulfide contained within basaltic rocks, (2) thermal reduction of seawater sulfate during sediment alteration reactions in feeder zones to give sulfide with positive-delta-S-34, and (3) entrainment or leaching of isotopically light (negative-delta-S-34) bacteriogenic sulfide from sediments underlying the deposits. Delta-S-34 of barite and anhydrite indicate sulfur derivation mainly from unfractionated seawater sulfate, although some samples show evidence of sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation reactions during mixing within chimneys. Oxygen isotope temperatures calculated for chimney calcites are in reasonable agreement with measured vent fluid temperatures and fluid inclusion trapping temperatures. Hydrothermal fluids that formed calcite-rich chimneys in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin were enriched in O-18 with respect to seawater by about 2.4% due to isotopic exchange with sedimentary and/or basaltic rocks. Carbon isotope values of calcite range from -9.6 to -14.0% delta-C-13PDB, indicating that carbon was derived in approximately equal quantities from the dissolution of marine carbonate minerals and the oxidation of organic matter during migration of hydrothermal fluid through the underlying sediment column. Statistically significant positive, linear correlations of delta-S-34, delta-C-13, and delta-O-18 of sulfides and calcites with geographic location within the southern trough of Guaymas Basin are best explained by variations in water/rock (w/r) ratios or sediment reactivity within subsurface alteration zones. Low w / r ratios and the leaching of detrital carbonates and bacteriogenic sulfides at the southern vent sites result in relatively high delta-C-13 and low delta-S-34 in chimney carbonates and sulfides, respectively. In the north, where the depletion of alkalis in vent fluids indicates higher w/r ratios, positive delta-S-34 and more negative delta-C-13 are due to increased contributions from organic matter oxidation and sulfate reduction reactions. C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT GEOL,MARINE GEOL RES LAB,TORONTO M5S 3B1,ONTARIO,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 73 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY PY 1992 VL 56 IS 5 BP 2025 EP 2040 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90327-F PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HU413 UT WOS:A1992HU41300018 ER PT J AU SISSON, TW BACON, CR AF SISSON, TW BACON, CR TI GARNET HIGH-SILICA RHYOLITE TRACE-ELEMENT PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS MEASURED BY ION MICROPROBE SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Letter ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; DIFFERENTIATION; INCLUSIONS AB Garnet/liquid trace element partition coefficients have been measured in situ by ion microprobe in a rhyolite from Monache Mountain, California. Partition coefficients are reported for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Dy, Er, Yb, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Sr, Y, and Zr. The in situ analyses avoid the problem of contamination of the garnet phase by trace element-rich accessory minerals encountered in traditional bulk phenocryst/matrix partitioning studies. The partitioning pattern for the rare earth elements (REEs, excluding Eu) is smooth and rises steeply from the light to the heavy REEs with no sharp kinks or changes in slope, unlike patterns for garnet/silicic liquid REE partitioning determined by bulk methods. This difference suggests that the previous determinations by bulk methods are in error, having suffered from contamination of the phenocryst separates. C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANET SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAY PY 1992 VL 56 IS 5 BP 2133 EP 2136 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90336-H PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HU413 UT WOS:A1992HU41300027 ER PT J AU DEMING, D SASS, JH LACHENBRUCH, AH DERITO, RF AF DEMING, D SASS, JH LACHENBRUCH, AH DERITO, RF TI HEAT-FLOW AND SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE AS EVIDENCE FOR BASIN-SCALE GROUNDWATER-FLOW, NORTH SLOPE OF ALASKA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE; CANADA SEDIMENTARY BASIN; STRATABOUND ORE-DEPOSITS; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; NUMERICAL-MODEL; UNITED-STATES; GREAT-PLAINS; FLUID-FLOW AB In conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey's exploration program in the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska (NPRA) several high-resolution temperature logs were made in each of 21 drillholes between 1977 and 1984. These time-series of shallow (average 600-m depth) temperature profiles were extrapolated to infinite time to yield equilibrium temperature profiles (+/- 0.1-degrees-C). Thermal gradients are inversely correlated with elevation, and vary from 22-degrees-C/km in the foothills of the Brooks Range to as high as 53-degrees-C/km on the coastal plain to the north. Shallow temperature data were supplemented with 24 equilibrium temperatures (+/- 3-5-degrees-C) estimated from series of bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) measured near the bottom of petroleum exploration wells. A total of 601 thermal conductivity measurements were made on drill cuttings and cores. Near-surface heat flow (+/- 20%) is inversely correlated with elevation and ranges from a low of 27 mW/m2 in the foothills of the Brooks Range in the south, to a high of 90 mW/m2 near the north coast. Subsurface temperatures and thermal gradients estimated from corrected BHTs are similarly much higher on the coastal plain than in the foothills province to the south. Significant east-west variation in heat flow and subsurface temperature is also observed; higher heat flow and temperature coincide with higher basement topography. The observed thermal pattern is consistent with forced convection by a topographically driven ground-water flow system; alternative explanations are largely unsatisfactory. Average ground-water (Darcy) velocity in the postulated flow system is estimated to be of the order of 0.1 M/yr; the effective basin-scale permeability is estimated to be of the order of 10(-14) m2. Organic maturation data collected in other studies indicate that systematic variations in thermal state may have persisted for tens of millions of years. The ground-water flow system thought to be responsible for present heat-flow variations conceivably has existed for the same period of time, possibly providing the driving mechanism for petroleum migration and accumulation at Prudhoe Bay. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 88 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 23 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 104 IS 5 BP 528 EP 542 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0528:HFASTA>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HT490 UT WOS:A1992HT49000003 ER PT J AU HUDSON, MR AF HUDSON, MR TI PALEOMAGNETIC DATA BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF ARCUATE STRUCTURES IN THE FRENCH-PEAK MASSACHUSETTS-MOUNTAIN AREA OF SOUTHERN NEVADA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ASH-FLOW TUFFS; TECTONIC ROTATION; SIERRA-NEVADA; GREAT-BASIN; SHEAR ZONE; DIRECTION; GEOMETRY; PATTERNS; CENTERS; RANGE AB The eastern margin of the Yucca Flat basin, in southern Nevada, is bounded by north-northwest-striking tilted fault blocks of the Halfpint Range whose strikes curve as much as 90-degrees clockwise into east-northeast strikes in the French Peak-Massachusetts Mountain (FPMM) area. This pattern of arcuate structures has been attributed to clockwise drag along a postulated northwest-trending, right-lateral shear zone. The flexure model implies that rocks within the FPMM area were rotated strongly clockwise about a vertical axis. Directions of remanent magnetization of the middle Miocene Ammonia Tanks and Rainier Mesa Members of the Timber Mountain Tuff and of the Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff indicate no systematic vertical-axis rotation in the FPMM area and disprove the flexure model. After tilt correction, declinations of 29 site means obtained from the three ash-flow sheets in the FPMM area are not systematically different than declinations of 17 site means from the Halfpint Range or declinations of 16 site means from little-deformed mesa areas to the west. The paleomagnetic data thus indicate that structures in the FPMM area initiated with arcuate trends and were not originally straight elements that were rotated by right-lateral drag. The structures probably formed under the influence of spatially variable stress fields. The FPMM area lies in an accommodation zone between domains of oppositely tilted extensional fault blocks. Interaction between stress fields associated with propagating normal-fault zones may have been responsible for the arcuate structures in the FPMM area. RP HUDSON, MR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,BOX 25046,MS 913,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 58 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 104 IS 5 BP 581 EP 594 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0581:PDBOTO>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HT490 UT WOS:A1992HT49000007 ER PT J AU MCINTOSH, WC GEISSMAN, JW CHAPIN, CE KUNK, MJ HENRY, CD AF MCINTOSH, WC GEISSMAN, JW CHAPIN, CE KUNK, MJ HENRY, CD TI CALIBRATION OF THE LATEST EOCENE-OLIGOCENE GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE USING AR-40/AR-39 DATED IGNIMBRITES SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DATIL VOLCANIC FIELD; NORTH-AMERICA; AGE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; BOUNDARY; NEVADA; ROCKS AB A discontinuous record of late Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity has been determined using high-precision (+/- < 0.15 m.y.) Ar-40/Ar-39 sanidine dating and a paleomagnetic study of 37-27 Ma ignimbrites in New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas. This record provides age control for several geomagnetic polarity reversals that occurred during three periods of intense ignimbrite volcanism: 36.8-33.5 Ma, 32.7-31.4 Ma, 29.1-26.9 Ma. The relative timing of these polarity reversals permits four possible correlations with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). The preferred correlation yields calibration ages for Chron C1OR (28.0-29.0 Ma) and Chron C13R (34.4-33.1 Ma) that indicate an Eocene-Oligocene boundary age near 33.4 Ma, some 0.3-0.6 m.y. younger than boundary ages indicated by other recently proposed GPTS calibrations based on terrestrial and marine sedimentary sequences. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL SCI,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. TEXAS BUR ECON GEOL,AUSTIN,TX 78713. RP MCINTOSH, WC (reprint author), NEW MEXICO BUR MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAY PY 1992 VL 20 IS 5 BP 459 EP 463 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:COTLEO>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Geology SC Geology GA HT488 UT WOS:A1992HT48800019 ER PT J AU PUCCI, AA EHLKE, TA OWENS, JP AF PUCCI, AA EHLKE, TA OWENS, JP TI CONFINING UNIT EFFECTS ON WATER-QUALITY IN THE NEW-JERSEY COASTAL-PLAIN SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUND-WATER AB Sediment and pore-water samples from Tertiary and Cretaceous strata in the New Jersey Coastal Plain were collected from cores from Freehold Township, Monmouth County; Howell Township, Monmouth County; and from Clayton Township, Gloucester County. These strata form a multilayered aquifer system in which upper units are marine origin and lower units are predominantly nonmarine. Concentrations of major constituents in pore-water samples from confining units and aquifers were highly variable: calcium (1.7-660 mg/l), magnesium (0.3-140 mg/l), sulfate (1.5-2200 mg/l), and dissolved inorganic carbon (9-290 mg/l); with large differences between marine confining units and aquifers. Where the aquifers are unconfined and oxic, well waters in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the northern Coastal Plain have higher concentrations of nitrate, chloride, and dissolved oxygen. In areas where the aquifer system is confined and anoxic, there are higher concentrations of sulfate and bicarbonate. Differences in bicarbonate concentrations between two wells (12 and 67 mg/l) along a regional flow path can be caused by mixing of water in a nonmarine aquifer with leached sulfate-enriched, marine confining-unit water, and subsequent reduction of sulfate. Bacterially mediated organic carbon oxidation, iron reduction, and sulfate reduction, and ion-exchange reactions may explain constituent variations. Bacteriological assays of core sections from the Howell and Clayton Township coreholes showed viable sulfate-reducing bacteria as deep as 558 feet below land surface. Sediments from a depth of 210 feet showed populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria of 10(3)-10(6) organisms per gram of soil. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV GEOL,RESTON,VA 22092. RP PUCCI, AA (reprint author), LAFAYETTE COLL,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,EASTON,PA 18042, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 30 IS 3 BP 415 EP 427 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb02010.x PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA HT013 UT WOS:A1992HT01300012 ER PT J AU PRESTON, SD BIERMAN, VJ SILLIMAN, SE AF PRESTON, SD BIERMAN, VJ SILLIMAN, SE TI IMPACT OF FLOW VARIABILITY ON ERROR IN ESTIMATION OF TRIBUTARY MASS LOADS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Annual mass load estimators are evaluated for application to a range of tributary types including highly responsive systems. Evaluations are performed by conducting retrospective studies with comprehensive sets of field data for total phosphorus concentration and discharge. Four estimators from three broad categories are selected for study based on their performance in previous research. Extimators are evaluated using Monte Carlo sampling studies in which load estimates made from random subsamples are compared to true loads calculated from a complete loading record. The performance of the estimators differs strongly among the tributary test cases. Hydrograph characteristics and/or concentration/discharge relationships appear to play a strong role in the precision of all of the estimators and in the bias of averaging and regression estimators. Beale's ratio estimator is the only estimator to provide unbiased estimates for both stable and responsive systems, although stratification is necessary under event sampling. Consistent accuracy of the ratio estimator is valuable because it will allow the design of future sampling programs and accurate estimation of confidence intervals from collected sample data. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,TOWSON,MD 21204. RP PRESTON, SD (reprint author), UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556, USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 118 IS 3 BP 402 EP 419 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:3(402) PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HV096 UT WOS:A1992HV09600008 ER PT J AU RATHBUN, RE AF RATHBUN, RE TI AERATION AT OHIO RIVER BASIN NAVIGATION DAMS - DISCUSSION SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP RATHBUN, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 118 IS 3 BP 446 EP 447 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:3(446.2) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HV096 UT WOS:A1992HV09600013 ER PT J AU RATHBUN, RE AF RATHBUN, RE TI GAS-TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS USING HEADSPACE ANALYSIS OF PROPANE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP RATHBUN, RE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 118 IS 3 BP 454 EP 456 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:3(454.3) PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HV096 UT WOS:A1992HV09600017 ER PT J AU RAVE, EH HOLLER, NR AF RAVE, EH HOLLER, NR TI POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF BEACH MICE (PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS-AMMOBATES) IN SOUTHERN ALABAMA SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; MARK-RECAPTURE; ALABAMA AB Population dynamics of Alabama beach mice (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) were studied at two sites (Perdue and Ft. Morgan) on Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge, Baldwin Co., Alabama, from January 1987 to November 1989; 997 mice were marked and released. Closed population models (program CAPTURE) and minimum number of mice known alive were used to obtain population indices; open population models (program JOLLY) were used to estimate survival probabilities. Population numbers fluctuated seasonally, with mice most abundant in winter and spring. Sex ratios neither varied seasonally nor differed from 1:1, although numerically more males than females were captured in 19 of 24 trapping periods. Percentage of subadults was highest in winter and lowest in summer, whereas percentage of reproductively active females was highest in autumn and winter and lowest in summer. Mean body mass of adult mice did not vary seasonally; females weighed more than males during the winter. C1 AUBURN UNIV, DEPT ZOOL & WILDLIFE SCI, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 73 IS 2 BP 347 EP 355 DI 10.2307/1382069 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HW965 UT WOS:A1992HW96500015 ER PT J AU BREW, DA HIMMELBERG, GR LONEY, RA FORD, AB AF BREW, DA HIMMELBERG, GR LONEY, RA FORD, AB TI DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF METAMORPHIC BELTS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALASKA PART OF THE NORTH-AMERICAN CORDILLERA SO JOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT FIELD CONF ON METAMORPHIC STYLES IN YOUNG AND ANCIENT OROGENIC BELTS CY AUG, 1990 CL UNIV CALGARY, CALGARY, CANADA SP INT GEOL CORRELAT PROGRAMME HO UNIV CALGARY DE ALASKA; CONTACT METAMORPHIC COMPLEXES; CORDILLERAN OROGENY; REGIONAL; TERRANES ID CANADIAN CORDILLERA; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; TECTONIC ACCRETION; PLUTONIC WELTS; PHASE-DIAGRAM; TERRANE; ANDALUSITE; SILICATE; MINERALS; ORIGIN AB The Cordilleran orogen in south-eastern Alaska includes 14 distinct metamorphic belts that make up three major metamorphic complexes, from east to west: the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex in the Coast Mountains; the Glacier Bay-Chichagof plutonic-metamorphic complex in the central part of the Alexander Archipelago; and the Chugach plutonic-metamorphic complex in the northern outer islands. Each of these complexes is related to a major subduction event. The metamorphic history of the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex is lengthy and is related to the Late Cretaceous collision of the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes and the Gravina overlap assemblage to the west against the Stikine terrane to the east. The metamorphic history of the Glacier Bay-Chichagof plutonic-metamorphic complex is relatively simple and is related to the roots of a Late Jurassic to late Early Cretaceous island arc. The metamorphic history of the Chugach plutonic-metamorphic complex is complicated and developed during and after the Late Cretaceous collision of the Chugach terrane with the Wrangellia and Alexander terranes. The Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex records both dynamothermal and regional contact metamorphic events related to widespread plutonism within several juxtaposed terranes. Widespread moderate-P/T dynamothermal metamorphism affected most of this complex during the early Late Cretaceous, and local high-P/T metamorphism affected some parts during the middle Late Cretaceous. These events were contemporaneous with low- to moderate-P, high-T metamorphism elsewhere in the complex. Finally, widespread high-P-T conditions affected most of the western part of the complex in a culminating late Late Cretaceous event. The eastern part of the complex contains an older, pre-Late Triassic metamorphic belt that has been locally overprinted by a widespread middle Tertiary thermal event. The Glacier Bay-Chichagof plutonic-metamorphic complex records dominantly regional contact-metamorphic events that affected rocks of the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes. Widespread low-P, high-T assemblages occur adjacent to regionally extensive foliated granitic, dioritic and gabbroic rocks. Two closely related plutonic events are recognized, one of Late Jurassic age and another of late Early and early Late Cretaceous age; the associated metamorphic events are indistinguishable. A small Late Devonian or Early Mississippian dynamothermal belt occurs just north-east of the complex. Two older low-grade regional metamorphic belts on strike with the complex to the south are related to a Cambrian to Ordovician orogeny and to a widespread Middle Silurian to Early Devonian orogeny. The Chugach plutonic-metamorphic complex records a widespread late Late Cretaceous low- to medium/high-P, moderate-T metamorphic event and a local transitional or superposed early Tertiary low-P, high-T regional metamorphic event associated with mesozonal granitic intrusions that affected regionally deformed and metamorphosed rocks of the Chugach terrane. The Chugach complex also includes a post-Late Triassic to pre-Late Jurassic belt with uncertain relations to the younger belts. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT GEOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP BREW, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 77 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0263-4929 J9 J METAMORPH GEOL JI J. Metamorph. Geol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 10 IS 3 BP 465 EP 482 DI 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00097.x PG 18 WC Geology SC Geology GA HQ817 UT WOS:A1992HQ81700015 ER PT J AU BLOME, CD REED, KM AF BLOME, CD REED, KM TI PERMIAN AND EARLY - TRIASSIC RADIOLARIAN FAUNAS FROM THE GRINDSTONE TERRANE, CENTRAL OREGON SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Review ID WEST TEXAS; MOUNTAINS; JAPAN; BASIN; AGE; USA AB Moderately well preserved Permian (late Wolfcampian, Leonardian, Guadalupian, and Djulfian) and Early(?) Triassic radiolarian faunas from sedimentary melange cherts of the Grindstone terrane in central Oregon are nearly identical to coeval chert faunas in Japan. These Permian faunas are similar to those used in constructing the radiolarian zonations for Japan and the Tethyan regions. Although several Oregon taxa have been reported from limestone sequences in the central United States, most of the Oregon forms have.only been found in cherty rocks and nearly half have not previously been reported from North America. Forty-two taxa belonging to 19 genera (Albaillella Deflandre, Deflandrella De Wever and Caridroit, Entactinia Foreman, Entactinosphaera Foreman, Follicucullus Ormiston and Babcock, Haplentactinia Foreman, Hegleria Nazarov and Ormiston, Ishigaum De Wever and Caridroit. Kashiwara Sashida and Tonishi, Latentibifistula Nazarov and Ormiston, Latentifistula Nazarov and Ormiston, Nazarovella De Wever and Caridroit, Neoalbaillella Takemura and Nakaseko, Parentactinia Dumitrica, Praedeflandrella Kozur and Mostler, Pseudoalbaillella Holdsworth and Jones, Pseudotormentus De Wever and Caridroit, Quinqueremis Nazarov and Ormiston, and Triplanospongos Sashida and Tonishi) are systematically treated. Co-occurrences of some species in Oregon indicate that their ranges in North America may differ from those in Japan. This paper also contains the first illustrated record of Early(?) Triassic radiolarians from North America. C1 WASHINGTON DIV GEOL & EARTH RESOURCES,OLYMPIA,WA 98504. RP BLOME, CD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 919,BOX 25046 FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 111 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 66 IS 3 BP 351 EP 383 PG 33 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA JA229 UT WOS:A1992JA22900001 ER PT J AU SOHL, NF AF SOHL, NF TI UPPER CRETACEOUS GASTROPODS (FISSURELLIDAE, HALIOTIDAE, SCISSURELLIDAE) FROM PUERTO-RICO AND JAMAICA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The fissurellid, haliotid, and scissurellid gastropods described herein are representatives of a diverse, but poorly documented, molluscan assemblage from the Upper Cretaceous carbonate-platform deposits of the Caribbean Faunal Province. Among the Fissurellidae, the Emarginulinae are represented by Emarginula pojetai n. sp., E. marchmontensis n. sp., E. sp., Puncturella (Alatrix) leesi n. sp., and P. (A.) sp.; the Diodorinae by Diodora decussata n. sp., Diodora hazeli n. sp., Diodora? pedinostoma n. sp., and D. sp.; the Fissurellinae by Fissurella kollmanni n. sp. Haliotis antillesensis n. sp. is only the second verifiable member of the family Haliotidae to be described from the Cretaceous and Scissurella marchmontensis n. sp. represents the first record of the Scissurellidae in that period. RP SOHL, NF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 93 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 66 IS 3 BP 414 EP 434 PG 21 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA JA229 UT WOS:A1992JA22900004 ER PT J AU COBBAN, WA KENNEDY, WJ AF COBBAN, WA KENNEDY, WJ TI CAMPANIAN AMMONITES FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS GOBER CHALK OF LAMAR COUNTY, TEXAS SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Roxton Limestone Member at the top of the Gober Chalk in northeast Texas yields a rich fauna, dominated by Baculites haresi Reeside, 1927, and Inoceramus balticus Boehm, 1909, with sparse occurrences of Pachydiscus cf. P. paulsoni (Young, 1963), Anapachydiscus sp. juv., Placenticeras placenta (DeKay, 1828), Hoplitoplacenticeras aff. H. plasticum (Paulcke, 1907), Menabites (Delawarella) delawarensis (Morton, 1830), M. (D.) danei (Young, 1963), M. (D.) aff. M. (D.) vanuxemi (Morton, 1830), Submortoniceras vandalinaense Young, 1963, Submortoniceras sp., Eubostrychoceras sp., and Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay, 1828) III. The presence of S. hippocrepis III suggests a late early Campanian age assignment for the fauna. The assemblage includes species known from the Western Interior, Gulf Coast, Atlantic seaboard, and western Europe. C1 UNIV OXFORD MUSEUM,GEOL COLLECT,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND. RP COBBAN, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 919,BOX 25046 FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 86 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 66 IS 3 BP 440 EP 454 PG 15 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA JA229 UT WOS:A1992JA22900006 ER PT J AU BALISTRIERI, LS MURRAY, JW PAUL, B AF BALISTRIERI, LS MURRAY, JW PAUL, B TI THE CYCLING OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN THE WATER COLUMN OF LAKE SAMMAMISH, WASHINGTON SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID FERROUS SULFIDE; REDUCTION; SEAWATER; DISSOCIATION; EQUILIBRIUM; SOLUBILITY; SEDIMENTS; NITRATE; BASIN; H2S AB Processes controlling the distribution and mobility of Fe and Mn in Lake Sammamish, Washington, a seasonally anoxic lake, are deduced from a year-long monthly study of physical, chemical, and biological parameters in the lake. Inventories of dissolved Mn and Fe in the bottom waters increase as the redox potential lowers with dissolved Mn inventories during stagnation being much larger than inventories of dissolved Fe. The shapes of the dissolved metal profiles indicate that dissolved Fe is supplied to the hypolimnion during stratification by diffusion of Fe(II) from the sediments into the overlying anoxic water as well as reduction of Fe oxide particles settling through the anoxic water column, while the dominant source of dissolved Mn to the anoxic bottom waters during most of the stratification period appears to be reduction of settling Mn-oxide particles. Inventories of particulate Fe in the hypolimnion during the latter stages of stratification are significantly larger than inventories of particulate Mn. Peaks of particulate Fe and Mn occur in the water column from July through November and particulate Mn peaks always occur at shallower depths than peaks of particulate Fe. Flux calculations suggest that there is a sufficient supply of both oxygen and reduced metal to the particulate zones for metal-oxide precipitation to occur. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that during the sulfidic phase of stagnation dissolved Fe concentrations in the very bottom waters may be controlled by FeS precipitation. RP BALISTRIERI, LS (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,US GEOL SURVEY,SCH OCEANOG,WB-10,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. OI Murray, James/0000-0002-8577-7964 NR 45 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 37 IS 3 BP 510 EP 528 PG 19 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA JH235 UT WOS:A1992JH23500006 ER PT J AU BALISTRIERI, LS MURRAY, JW PAUL, B AF BALISTRIERI, LS MURRAY, JW PAUL, B TI THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF TRACE-METALS IN THE WATER COLUMN OF LAKE SAMMAMISH, WASHINGTON - RESPONSE TO SEASONALLY ANOXIC CONDITIONS SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC; CHROMIUM(III); SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; ELEMENTS; COPPER; REDOX; FRESH; ZINC AB Total acid-soluble and dissolved Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the water column of a seasonally anoxic lake (Lake Sammamish, Washington) were measured on a monthly basis during the course of a year. These data, in conjunction with Fe, Mn, sulfide, and nutrient data, are used to assess the biochemical processes controlling the distribution of trace metals in the lake and how the importance of these processes varies with time. Thermodynamic calculations are used to examine changes in dissolved metal speciation in the bottom waters during the year and to assess the saturation state of metal-sulfide phases. Spatial and temporal changes in the redox conditions of the bottom waters result in increases in dissolved Co and Ni concentrations, peaks in particulate Co profiles, decreases in dissolved Cu and Cr concentrations, and significant changes in dissolved metal speciation during stagnation. The redox-driven cycling of Fe and Mn in the hypolimnion has a dramatic effect on Co distributions, a slight effect on Ni concentrations, and virtually no effect on Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn concentrations. Biological uptake and regeneration processes result in a correlation between Zn and silicate concentrations throughout the water column, and it appears that biological cycling may also influence the distribution of Cd. During the sulfidic phase of stagnation dissolved Cd concentrations in the bottom waters may be controlled by metal-sulfide precipitation, Cr(VI) is probably reduced to more particle-reactive Cr(III) and removed by settling particles, and Cu(II) is most likely reduced to Cu(I) and precipitated as a metal-sulfide phase. RP BALISTRIERI, LS (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,US GEOL SURVEY,SCH OCEANOG,WB-10,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Murray, James/0000-0002-8577-7964 NR 28 TC 83 Z9 91 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 37 IS 3 BP 529 EP 548 PG 20 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA JH235 UT WOS:A1992JH23500007 ER PT J AU LUDWIG, KR MUHS, DR SIMMONS, KR MOORE, JG AF LUDWIG, KR MUHS, DR SIMMONS, KR MOORE, JG TI SR-ISOTOPE RECORD OF QUATERNARY MARINE TERRACES ON THE CALIFORNIA COAST AND OFF HAWAII SO QUATERNARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SAN-CLEMENTE ISLAND; STRONTIUM ISOTOPES; AGE; STRATIGRAPHY; SEAWATER; SUBSIDENCE; EVOLUTION; RATES; REEFS C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP LUDWIG, KR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0033-5894 J9 QUATERNARY RES JI Quat. Res. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 37 IS 3 BP 267 EP 280 DI 10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA HQ732 UT WOS:A1992HQ73200001 ER PT J AU BELTON, MJS KLAASEN, KP CLARY, MC ANDERSON, JL ANGER, CD CARR, MH CHAPMAN, CR DAVIES, ME GREELEY, R ANDERSON, D BOLEF, LK TOWNSEND, TE GREENBERG, R HEAD, JW NEUKUM, G PILCHER, CB VEVERKA, J GIERASCH, PJ FANALE, FP INGERSOLL, AP MASURSKY, H MORRISON, D POLLACK, JB AF BELTON, MJS KLAASEN, KP CLARY, MC ANDERSON, JL ANGER, CD CARR, MH CHAPMAN, CR DAVIES, ME GREELEY, R ANDERSON, D BOLEF, LK TOWNSEND, TE GREENBERG, R HEAD, JW NEUKUM, G PILCHER, CB VEVERKA, J GIERASCH, PJ FANALE, FP INGERSOLL, AP MASURSKY, H MORRISON, D POLLACK, JB TI THE GALILEO SOLID-STATE IMAGING EXPERIMENT SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID S-TYPE ASTEROIDS; GROOVED TERRAIN; TIDAL STRESSES; GANYMEDE; IO; PATTERNS; JUPITER; EUROPA; ATMOSPHERE; SATELLITES AB The Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment on the Galileo Orbiter spacecraft utilizes a high-resolution (1500 mm focal length) television camera with an 800 x 800 pixel virtual-phase, charge-coupled detector. It is designed to return images of Jupiter and its satellites that are characterized by a combination of sensitivity levels, spatial resolution, geometric fiedelity, and spectral range unmatched by imaging data obtained previously. The spectral range extends from approximately 375 to 1100 nm and only in the near ultra-violet region (approximately 350 nm) is the spectral coverage reduced from previous missions. The camera is approximately 100 times more sensitive than those used in the Voyager mission, and, because of the nature of the satellite encounters, will produce images with approximately 100 times the ground resolution (i.e., approximately 50 m lp-1) on the Galilean satellites. We describe aspects of the detector including its sensitivity to energetic particle radiation and how the requirements for a large full-well capacity and tong-term stability in operating voltages led to the choice of the virtual phase chip. The F/8.5 camera system can reach point sources of V(mag) approximately 11 with S/N approximately 10 and extended sources with surface brightness as low as 20 kR in its highest gain state and longest exposure mode. We describe the performance of the system as determined by ground calibration and the improvements that have been made to the telescope (same basic catadioptric design that was used in Mariner 10 and the Voyager high-resolution cameras) to reduce the scattered light reaching the detector. The images are linearly digitized 8-bits deep and, after flat-fielding, are cosmetically clean. Information 'preserving' and 'non-preserving' on-board data compression capabilities are outlined. A special "summation" mode, designed for use deep in the Jovian radiation belts, near Io, is also described. The detector is 'preflashed' before each exposure to ensure the photometric linearity. The dynamic range is spread over 3 gain states and an exposure range from 4.17 ms to 51.2 s. A low-level of radial, third-order, geometric distortion has been measured in the raw images that is entirely due to the optical design. The distortion is of the pincushion type and amounts to about 1.2 pixels in the corners of the images. It is expected to be very stable. We discuss the measurement objectives of the SSI experiment in the Jupiter system and emphasize their relationships to those of other experiments in the Galileo project. We outline objectives for Jupiter atmospheric science, noting the relationship of SSI data to that to be returned by experiments on the atmospheric entry Probe. We also outline SSI objectives for satellite surfaces, ring structure, and 'darkside' (e.g., aurorae, lightning, etc.) experiments. Proposed cruise measurement objectives that relate to encounters at Venus, Moon, Earth, Gaspra, and, possibly, Ida are also briefly outlined. The article concludes with a description of a 'fully distributed' data analysis system (HIIPS) that SSI team members intend to use at their home institutions. We also list the nature of systematic data products that will become available to the scientific community. Finally, we append a short 'historical' note outlining the responsibilities and roles of institutions and individuals that have been involved in the 14 year development of the SSI experiment so far. C1 JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. ITRES RES LTD,CALGARY,ALBERTA,CANADA. YORK UNIV,INST SPACE & TERR SCI,N YORK M3J 1P3,ONTARIO,CANADA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SAIC,INST PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ. RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,TEMPE,AZ 85287. UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. DLR,OBERPFAFFENHOFEN,GERMANY. NASA,WASHINGTON,DC 20546. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. INST GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI. CALTECH,PASADENA,CA 91125. US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. RP BELTON, MJS (reprint author), NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ, USA. NR 74 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 60 IS 1-4 BP 413 EP 455 PG 43 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA HW943 UT WOS:A1992HW94300018 ER PT J AU BRYAN, CF RUTHERFORD, DA WALKERBRYAN, B AF BRYAN, CF RUTHERFORD, DA WALKERBRYAN, B TI ACIDIFICATION OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; NATIONS RIVERS; TRENDS AB Nonpoint-source pollutants are implicated in the global acidification of fresh waters. Our ability to differentiate the effects of point-source and nonpoint-source pollution on the acidification of large rivers is limited. Most studies of point-source discharges have been concerned with municipal programs for reducing biochemical oxygen demand, bacterial counts, and total phosphorus; few have addressed acidification of rivers. Because of the meager information on the role of nonpoint-source and industrial pollution in the acidification of large rivers, we examined long-term trends (and cyclic seasonal events) in pH, alkalinity, and selected ions in the tower Mississippi River basin from 1958 to 1986. Time-series analyses disclosed significant declines in pH and alkalinity and increases in strong acid anions in the lower 300 km (industrial corridor) of the lower Mississippi River. However, upstream from most industry on the Mississippi River and throughout the Atchafalaya River, where agricultural development has predominated, long-term trends in those characteristics were variable or nonsignificant. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP BRYAN, CF (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 121 IS 3 BP 369 EP 377 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0369:AOTLMR>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JM119 UT WOS:A1992JM11900010 ER PT J AU ROSS, RM BACKMAN, TWH LIMBURG, KE AF ROSS, RM BACKMAN, TWH LIMBURG, KE TI GROUP-SIZE-MEDIATED METABOLIC-RATE REDUCTION IN AMERICAN SHAD SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Note ID CONSUMPTION AB The relation of oxygen consumption to ambient temperature and group size was studied in juvenile American shad Alosa sapidissima at three group sizes: 5 or 6 (small), 9-13 (medium), and 41-48 (large) fish per 500-L tank. Oxygen consumption rates, water temperatures, and behavior were measured concurrently in the three group-size treatments. Schooling predominated in large groups, whereas aggregating behavior dominated medium and small groups. Fish in small or medium groups consumed oxygen at two to four times the rate of fish in large groups (0. 3 6 or 0. 2 5 versus 0.11 mg O2/[g biomass.h]). This group-size-related respiratory rate reduction could be caused by the effect of calming, type of swimming, swimming speed, or hyarodynamic advantage. C1 CORNELL UNIV,ECOL & SYSTEMAT SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP ROSS, RM (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. RI Limburg, Karin/M-8380-2013 NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 121 IS 3 BP 385 EP 390 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0385:NGMRRI>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JM119 UT WOS:A1992JM11900012 ER PT J AU MCCABE, GJ WOLOCK, DM AF MCCABE, GJ WOLOCK, DM TI SENSITIVITY OF IRRIGATION DEMAND IN A HUMID-TEMPERATE REGION TO HYPOTHETICAL CLIMATIC-CHANGE SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE CLIMATIC CHANGE; WATER BALANCE; IRRIGATION; STOCHASTIC MODEL ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; CO2; INCREASES; LENGTH AB An irrigation model based on a modified Thornthwaite water balance was used to simulate the effects of various hypothetical climatic changes on annual irrigation demand in a humid-temperate climate. The climatic-change scenarios consisted of combinations of changes in temperature, precipitation, and stomatal resistance of plants to transpiration. The objectives were to (1) examine the effects of long-term changes in these components of climatic change on annual irrigation demand, and (2) identify which of these factors would cause the largest changes in annual irrigation demand. Hypothetical climatic changes that only included increases in temperature and changes in precipitation resulted in increased annual irrigation demand, even with a 20 percent increase in precipitation. The model results showed that, for the ranges of changes in temperature and precipitation used in this study, changes in irrigation demand were more sensitive to changes in temperature than to changes in precipitation. Model results also indicated that increased stomatal resistance to transpiration counteracted the effects of increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation on irrigation demand. Changes in irrigation demand were even more sensitive to changes in stomatal resistance than to changes in temperature. A large amount of uncertainty is associated with predictions of future climatic conditions; however, uncertainty associated with natural climatic variability may be larger and may mask the effects of climatic change on irrigation demand. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RP MCCABE, GJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 412,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 535 EP 543 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JR194 UT WOS:A1992JR19400009 ER PT J AU GROVES, JR MOODY, DW AF GROVES, JR MOODY, DW TI A SURVEY OF HYDROLOGY COURSE CONTENT IN NORTH-AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE WATER RESOURCES EDUCATION; HYDROLOGY COURSES; TEXTBOOKS; COMPUTERS AB This report presents the results of a survey of hydrology faculties of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. Information is presented on topics covered in classes, allocation of class periods to individual topics, textbooks, prerequisites, computer use, and accreditation categories for hydrology courses offered by engineering departments. Hydrology courses generally require courses in fluid mechanics, mathematics, statistics, and computer science as prerequisites. Topics that receive the largest allocation of time in both introductory and advanced courses include rainfall-runoff relations, the hydrologic cycle, routing and open channel flow, and statistics. Advanced courses place greater emphasis on watershed models than do the introductory courses. Hydrology courses at both levels allocate the smallest amounts of time to snow hydrology, ground-water hydrology, and "other topics." Very few courses include field or experimental work. In a discipline where computer modeling is a major tool, this lack of field and data-collection experience may lead students to underestimate the uncertainties associated with data used to calibrate models and the modeling results themselves. Survey responses on hydrology courses taught in departments other than civil engineering were too few to permit detailed analysis. Most of these courses spend approximately two-thirds of available class time on the same topics as presented in engineering hydrology courses. The balance of class time is spent on topics that emphasize the specialized interest of the particular discipline, such as soil physics and soil moisture in agricultural engineering. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WATER ASSESSMENT & DATA COORDINAT,RESTON,VA 22092. RP GROVES, JR (reprint author), VIRGINIA MIL INST,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,LEXINGTON,VA 24450, USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD MAY-JUN PY 1992 VL 28 IS 3 BP 615 EP 621 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA JR194 UT WOS:A1992JR19400015 ER PT J AU DAGAN, G CVETKOVIC V SHAPIRO, A AF DAGAN, G CVETKOVIC, V SHAPIRO, A TI A SOLUTE FLUX APPROACH TO TRANSPORT IN HETEROGENEOUS FORMATIONS .1. THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER-FUNCTION MODEL; POROUS-MEDIA; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; DISPERSION; SIMULATION; MOMENTS; SCALE AB It is common to represent solute transport in heterogeneous formations in terms of the resident concentration C(x, t), regarded as a random space function. The present study investigates the alternative representation by q, the solute mass flux at a point of a control plane normal to the mean flow. This representation is appropriate for many field applications in which the variable of interest is the mass of solute discharged through a control surface. A general framework to compute the statistical moments of q and of the associated total solute discharge Q and mass M is established. With x the direction of the mean flow, a solute particle is crossing the control plane at y = eta, z = zeta and at the travel (arrival) time-tau. The associated expected solute flux value is proportional to the joint probability density function (pdf) g1 of eta, zeta, and tau, whereas the variance of q is shown to depend on the joint pdf g2 of the same variables for two particles. In turn, the statistical moments of eta, zeta, and tau-depend on those of the velocity components through a system of stochastic ordinary differential equations. For a steady velocity field and neglecting the effect of pore-scale dispersion, a major simplification of the problem results in the independence of the random variables-eta, zeta, and tau. As a consequence, the pdf of eta and zeta can be derived independently of tau. A few approximate approaches to derive the statistical moments of eta, zeta, and tau are outlined. These methods will be explored in paper 2 in order to effectively derive the variances of the total solute discharge and mass, while paper 3 will deal with the nonlinear effect of the velocity variance upon the moments of eta, zeta, and tau. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. TEL AVIV UNIV, FAC ENGN, IL-69978 TEL AVIV, ISRAEL. ROYAL INST TECHNOL, DEPT WATER RESOURCES ENGN, S-10044 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. NR 24 TC 163 Z9 164 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1369 EP 1376 DI 10.1029/91WR03086 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HT438 UT WOS:A1992HT43800017 ER PT J AU CVETKOVIC, V SHAPIRO, AM DAGAN, G AF CVETKOVIC, V SHAPIRO, AM DAGAN, G TI A SOLUTE FLUX APPROACH TO TRANSPORT IN HETEROGENEOUS FORMATIONS .2. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; STRATIFIED AQUIFER; MACRODISPERSION; DISPERSION; GROUNDWATER; ADVECTION; ARRIVAL; MOMENTS AB Uncertainty in the mass flux for advection dominated solute movement in heterogeneous porous media is investigated using the Lagrangian framework developed in paper 1 by Dagan et al. (this issue). Expressions for the covariance of the mass flux and cumulative mass flux are derived as functions of the injection volume and sampling area size relative to the scale of heterogeneity. The result is illustrated for solute advection in three types of heterogeneous porous media: stratified formations, two- and three-dimensional porous media; small perturbation approximation is used for the two- and three-dimensional cases. Variances of the mass flux and cumulative mass flux are evaluated as functions of the injection volume (area) scale versus log-hydraulic conductivity integral scale. The greatest decrease in coefficient of variation (CV) of the mass flux is for the source scale 1-5 times the hydraulic conductivity integral scale; further increase in the source size decreases CV comparatively less. The variance of the cumulative mass flux (or total discharge) indicates that for the source size of 20 hydraulic conductivity integral scales, the transport conditions are almost ergodic. The present results also indicate that the cumulative mass flux is a relatively robust quantity for describing field-scale solute transport. C1 TEL AVIV UNIV,DIV WATER RESOURCES,IL-69978 TEL AVIV,ISRAEL. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22092. RP CVETKOVIC V (reprint author), ROYAL INST TECHNOL,DEPT WATER RESOURCES ENGN,S-10044 STOCKHOLM 70,SWEDEN. NR 26 TC 117 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAY PY 1992 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1377 EP 1388 DI 10.1029/91WR03085 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA HT438 UT WOS:A1992HT43800018 ER PT J AU MEYERS, TR SULLIVAN, J EMMENEGGER, E FOLLETT, J SHORT, S BATTS, WN WINTON, JR AF MEYERS, TR SULLIVAN, J EMMENEGGER, E FOLLETT, J SHORT, S BATTS, WN WINTON, JR TI IDENTIFICATION OF VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS ISOLATED FROM PACIFIC COD GADUS-MACROCEPHALUS IN PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND, ALASKA, USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article ID FISH AB Ulcerative skin tissues from 2 Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus caught in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, were examined for virus by Fish Pathology staff within the F.R.E.D. Division of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Six days after inoculation of Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells at 14-degrees-C, diffuse rounding and lifting of cells from the monolayers suggestive of cytopathic effect became visible in the lower sample dilutions. Ultrastructural examinations of affected EPC cells showed rhabdovirus particles within cytoplasmic vacuoles and on the cell surface membranes. Virus isolates from both cod were subsequently confirmed as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) by serum neutralization and immunoblot assay. This is the first VHSV isolated from Pacific cod, which represents a new host species for the virus. Histologically, cod skin ulcers appeared to be caused by a foreign-body-type inflammatory response to foci of protozoa resembling X cells that also had plasmodial stages. Whether the rhabdovirus was incidental to the skin lesion or played a role in its etiology remains to be determined, The possible relationship between this virus and the recent occurrences of VHSV in anadromous salmonids from Washington State, USA, is discussed. C1 ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,DIV FISHERIES REHABIL ENHANCEMENT & DEV,FISH PATHOL SECT,ANCHORAGE,AK 99802. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,NAVAL STN,SEATTLE,WA 98115. RP MEYERS, TR (reprint author), ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,DIV FISHERIES REHABIL ENHANCEMENT & DEV,FISH PATHOL SECT,JUNEAU,AK 99802, USA. NR 26 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 23 PY 1992 VL 12 IS 3 BP 167 EP 175 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA HU031 UT WOS:A1992HU03100002 ER PT J AU MICHAK, P SMITH, CE HOPPER, K AF MICHAK, P SMITH, CE HOPPER, K TI ERYTHROCYTIC INCLUSION BODY SYNDROME - A LIGHT AND ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF INFECTED ERYTHROCYTES OF CHINOOK ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA AND COHO ONCORHYNCUS-KISUTCH SALMON SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Note AB Investigation of natural infections of viral erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS) were conducted at Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF) salmon hatcheries. Comparisons were made of morphological changes seen in stained blood cells by light microscopy with those seen by electron microscopy, and it was determined whether erythrocytic inclusions were of viral origin. Blood was collected from 10 to 12 fish for each of 8 stocks of salmon. Blood smears and whole blood were processed for microscopic evaluation. By light microscopy infected erythrocytes typically had single, pale blue (Leishman-Giemsa stain) inclusions. ErYthrocytes in many stages of development were common, and in some stocks immature erythrocytes accounted for 50 to 75 % of cells present. Electron micrographs showed infected cells with 1 to 3 viral inclusions. Intact inclusions contained densely packed icosahedral virions. Dense-staining inclusions, by light microscopy, were seen infrequently and by electron microscopy appeared to be accumulations of membrane-bound material and not viral inclusions. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,CTR FISH TECHNOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. RP MICHAK, P (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE DEPT FISHERIES,OLYMPIA,WA 98504, USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 23 PY 1992 VL 12 IS 3 BP 229 EP 233 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA HU031 UT WOS:A1992HU03100010 ER PT J AU VIDALE, JE BENZ, HM AF VIDALE, JE BENZ, HM TI UPPER-MANTLE SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES AND THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF SUBDUCTION ZONES SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM MG2SIO4-FE2SIO4; MODIFIED SPINEL; TRANSITION; EARTHQUAKES; OLIVINE; SLABS AB The precise depths at which seismic velocities change abruptly in the upper mantle are revealed by the analysis of data from hundreds of seismometers across the western United States. The boundary near 410 km depth is locally elevated, that near 660 km depressed. The depths of these boundaries, which mark phase transitions, provide an in situ thermometer in subduction zones: the observed temperature contrasts require at least moderate thickening of the subducting slab near 660 km depth. In addition, a reflector near 210 km depth may mark the bottom of the aesthenosphere. RP VIDALE, JE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,SEISMOL BRANCH,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Vidale, John/H-4965-2011 OI Vidale, John/0000-0002-3658-818X NR 32 TC 153 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 13 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 23 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6371 BP 678 EP 683 DI 10.1038/356678a0 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HQ146 UT WOS:A1992HQ14600049 ER PT J AU BEGET, JE KIENLE, J AF BEGET, JE KIENLE, J TI CYCLIC FORMATION OF DEBRIS AVALANCHES AT MOUNT-ST-AUGUSTINE VOLCANO SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITS; EMPLACEMENT; ERUPTIONS; ALASKA AB VOLCANIC debris avalanches have been seen at many volcanoes since the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, but typically only one or two avalanche deposits are identified at each eruptive centre, suggesting that catastrophic slope failures are rare or even unique events in the lifetime of a volcano 1-4. Here we present a series of radiocarbon dates from volcanic deposits showing that the summit edifice of Mount St Augustine, a 1,220-m-high active volcano on Augustine Island in the Cook Inlet area of south-central Alaska, has repeatedly collapsed and regenerated, averaging 150-200 years per cycle, during the past 2,000 years. The unprecedented frequency of summit edifice failure was made possible by sustained lava effusion rates over 10 times greater than is typical of plate-margin volcanoes. C1 UNIV ALASKA,ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP BEGET, JE (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 30 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 7 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 23 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6371 BP 701 EP 704 DI 10.1038/356701a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HQ146 UT WOS:A1992HQ14600056 ER PT J AU FRIEDMAN, I SMITH, GI GLEASON, JD WARDEN, A HARRIS, JM AF FRIEDMAN, I SMITH, GI GLEASON, JD WARDEN, A HARRIS, JM TI STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF WATERS IN SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA .1. MODERN PRECIPITATION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA AREA; METEOROLOGICAL DATA; DEUTERIUM CONTENT; RESOLUTION; LAKES; SNOW AB Over a 7-year period from April 1982 to April 1989, integrated samples of rain and snow were collected at 32 sites by oil-sealed storage gage stations in (and adjoining) the southeast California desert; station elevations ranged from -65 m to 2280 m, and the collection network covered an area measuring about 400 km in each dimension. Deuterium (delta-D) analysis of 406 samples shows that the average delta-D of summer precipitation was -56 per mil (parts per thousand), whereas winter values averaged -78 parts per thousand; averaged annual values were close to -69 parts per thousand because most of the area is in a winter-dominated precipitation regime. We found no correlation between wetness or dryness of a season and the delta-D of its precipitation. The delta-O-18 versus delta-D plots show that rain samples define a tine of slope 6.5, less than the 8 of the Meteoric Water Line, whereas snow samples define a tine of slope 9.2. These differences in slope are the result of isotopic fractionation which occurred during evaporation of raindrops but not during sublimation of snow. Trajectory plots of 68 of the major storm events show that all of the winter storms originated in the Pacific, and passed over high mountains before reaching our collection stations. However, 21 of the 30 summer storms had trajectories that originated either over the Gulf of Mexico or the subtropical Pacific and traveled either west or north to reach our stations, without traversing high mountains. The difference in delta-D between winter and summer precipitation is due to different air flow patterns during those seasons. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NOAA, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RP FRIEDMAN, I (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, MS 963, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 21 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 1992 VL 97 IS D5 BP 5795 EP 5812 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HQ644 UT WOS:A1992HQ64400001 ER PT J AU SMITH, GI FRIEDMAN, I GLEASON, JD WARDEN, A AF SMITH, GI FRIEDMAN, I GLEASON, JD WARDEN, A TI STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF WATERS IN SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA .2. GROUNDWATERS AND THEIR RELATION TO MODERN PRECIPITATION SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA AREA; DEUTERIUM CONTENT; SNOW AB We compare isotopic data on modem groundwater recharge, estimated from a 7-year collection of precipitation samples, with the isotopic compositions of 82 samples from wells and perennial springs collected in southeastern California. Over half the samples represent recharge that is considerably more depleted in deuterium (delta-D) than the lightest (winter) precipitation delta-D values now precipitating in nearby areas. Wells in the vicinity of irrigation canals fed from the Colorado River contain water whose delta-D resembles that of the irrigation canals, and wells adjacent to the Mojave River are recharged by Mojave River water. The remainder of the samples from the 17 hydrologic units discussed in this paper include one or more whose delta-D values are depleted in deuterium by at least 10 parts per thousand compared to recharge estimated from modern winter precipitation. A plot of delta-O-18 versus delta-D for 56 wells and 22 springs shows substantial scatter (R2 = 0.66) and defines a slope of 4.9, which is lower than the slope of the Meteoric Water Line. This slope and the scatter of the data suggest these diverse waters were evaporated to different degrees before recharge, and they may also have exchanged oxygen with solid mineral phases. We interpret the fact that many groundwaters in this region have lower delta-D values than modem precipitation to indicate that recharge of many of the groundwater basins occurred during an earlier period, probably the late Pleistocene, when winters were colder, evaporation rates were lower, and precipitation was quantitatively greater and isotopically tighter. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP SMITH, GI (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MS902, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 1992 VL 97 IS D5 BP 5813 EP 5823 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HQ644 UT WOS:A1992HQ64400002 ER PT J AU LURIA, M BOATMAN, JF HARRIS, J RAY, J STRAUBE, T CHIN, J GUNTER, RL HERBERT, G GERLACH, TM VANVALIN, CC AF LURIA, M BOATMAN, JF HARRIS, J RAY, J STRAUBE, T CHIN, J GUNTER, RL HERBERT, G GERLACH, TM VANVALIN, CC TI ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR-DIOXIDE AT MAUNA-LOA, HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC-OCEAN; TRANSPORT AB Measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were made at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, during a 12-month period beginning in December 1988. SO2 concentrations varied from background levels of less than 0.05 ppbv to a maximum of 50 ppbv, during episodes that lasted from 2 to 24 hours. Emissions from the Kilauea crater, approximately 35 km southeast of the observatory at an elevation of about 1000 m above sea level (asl), and the current eruption at Puu O'o 50 km east-southeast, are the most likely sources for the higher concentrations. These episodes occurred 10-25 times each month, mostly during the day; peak concentrations were usually recorded at mid-day. The SO2 concentrations can be grouped into three periods; low (June-September), high (October-January) and intermediate (February-May). A clear diurnal cycle of SO2 concentration exists throughout the year, although day-night changes were greatest during October-January and were barely detectable during the June-September period. The highest SO2 concentrations were recorded when the predominant wind direction was northerly to northwesterly, even though the apparent sources are in the southeastern sector. Nighttime concentrations were usually at background levels; however, many exceptions were observed. A few cases of higher than background SO2 were observed when free tropospheric (FT) conditions were identified. The possibility that long-range transport was the cause for elevated SO2 concentrations under FT conditions was examined using air mass back trajectories analyses. The highest nighttime SO2 concentrations, under FT conditions, were observed during periods with slow easterly trajectories, and the lowest concentrations were found during westerly flows. Twenty-four nighttime free tropospheric events were recorded when the SO2 concentration exceeded 0.2 ppbv. During 18 of these episodes, unusually high CO2 concentrations were observed. C1 NOAA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, AIR RESOURCES LAB, AEROSOL RES SECT, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. NOAA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, MAUNA LOA OBSERV, HILO, HI USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 1992 VL 97 IS D5 BP 6011 EP 6022 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HQ644 UT WOS:A1992HQ64400019 ER PT J AU SARMIENTO, JL SUNDQUIST, ET AF SARMIENTO, JL SUNDQUIST, ET TI REVISED BUDGET FOR THE OCEANIC UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON-DIOXIDE SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON; RIVER; MODEL AB TRACER-CALIBRATED models of the total uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the world's oceans give estimates of about 2 gigatonnes carbon per year 1, significantly larger than a recent estimate 2 of 0.3-0.8 Gt C yr-1 for the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 influx. Although both estimates require that the global CO2 budget must be balanced by a large unknown terrestrial sink, the latter estimate implies a much larger terrestrial sink, and challenges the ocean model calculations on which previous CO2 budgets were based. The discrepancy is due in part to the net flux of carbon to the ocean by rivers and rain, which must be added to the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 flux to obtain the total oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Here we estimate the magnitude of this correction and of several other recently proposed adjustments to the synoptic air-sea CO2 exchange. These combined adjustments minimize the apparent inconsistency, and restore estimates of the terrestrial sink to values implied by the modelled oceanic uptake. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP SARMIENTO, JL (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI PROGRAM,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA. NR 33 TC 243 Z9 250 U1 4 U2 26 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 16 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6370 BP 589 EP 593 DI 10.1038/356589a0 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HP031 UT WOS:A1992HP03100044 ER PT J AU LIST, JH AF LIST, JH TI A MODEL FOR THE GENERATION OF 2-DIMENSIONAL SURF BEAT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-WAVES; EDGE WAVES AB A finite difference model predicting group-forced long waves in the nearshore is constructed with two interacting parts: an incident wave model providing time-varying radiation stress gradients across the nearshore, and a long-wave model which solves the equations of motion for the forcing imposed by the incident waves. Both shallow water group-bound long waves and long waves generated by a time-varying breakpoint are simulated. Model-generated time series are used to calculate the cross cor-relation between wave groups and long waves through the surf zone. The cross-correlation signal first observed by Tucker [1950] is well predicted. For the first time, this signal is decomposed into the contributions from the two mechanisms of leaky mode forcing. Results show that the cross-correlation signal can be explained by bound long waves which are amplified, though strongly modified, through the surf zone before reflection from the shoreline. The breakpoint-forced long waves are added to the bound long waves at a phase of pi/2 and are a secondary contribution owing to their relatively small size. RP LIST, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR COASTAL GEOL,600 4TH ST S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 38 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 15 PY 1992 VL 97 IS C4 BP 5623 EP 5635 DI 10.1029/91JC03147 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA HQ256 UT WOS:A1992HQ25600029 ER PT J AU MCCORMICK, SD HASEGAWA, S HIRANO, T AF MCCORMICK, SD HASEGAWA, S HIRANO, T TI CALCIUM-UPTAKE IN THE SKIN OF A FRESH-WATER TELEOST SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE TILAPIA; ION TRANSPORT; OPERCULAR MEMBRANE; CALCIUM METABOLISM ID FISH OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; HIGH-AFFINITY CA-2+-ATPASE; CHLORIDE CELLS; CARASSIUS-AURATUS; ATPASE ACTIVITIES; GILL EPITHELIUM; RAINBOW-TROUT; WATER TROUT; K+-ATPASE; DIFFERENTIATION AB The skin, particularly the opercular membrane of some teleosts, contains mitochondrion-rich "chloride" cells and has been widely used as a model to study branchial salt-extrusion mechanisms in seawater fish. Skin isolated from the operculum of the freshwater Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) can transport Ca2+ against an ionic and electrical gradient. Adaptation of Nile tilapia to a low-Ca2+ environment increased the capacity of the opercular membrane to transport Ca2+. The density of mitochondrion-rich cells increased in parallel With Ca2+ transport capacity. The results demonstrate net Ca2+ uptake by vertebrate skin and strongly implicate mitochondrion-rich cells as the site of Ca2+ uptake in fresh water. C1 UNIV TOKYO,OCEAN RES INST,NAKANO,TOKYO 164,JAPAN. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CANC RES LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP MCCORMICK, SD (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANADROMOUS FISH RES CTR,POB 796,TURNERS FALLS,MA 01376, USA. NR 38 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 15 PY 1992 VL 89 IS 8 BP 3635 EP 3638 DI 10.1073/pnas.89.8.3635 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HP043 UT WOS:A1992HP04300098 PM 1565659 ER PT J AU INGEBRITSEN, SE SHERROD, DR MARINER, RH AF INGEBRITSEN, SE SHERROD, DR MARINER, RH TI RATES AND PATTERNS OF GROUNDWATER-FLOW IN THE CASCADE RANGE VOLCANIC ARC, AND THE EFFECT ON SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID HEAT-FLOW; CENTRAL OREGON; SUBDUCTION; WASHINGTON; CALIFORNIA; GRAVITY AB The central Oregon section of the Cascade Range volcanic arc is characterized by relatively high Quaternary volcanic extrusion rates and hot-spring discharge rates, and by high conductive heat flow. However, a large area of near-zero near-surface conductive heat flow occurs in the younger volcanic rocks, due to downward and lateral flow of cold groundwater. Alternate models for the high heat flow observed in older rocks on the flanks of the Cascade Range involve (1) a laterally extensive midcrustal heat source or (2) a narrower, spottier deep heat source that is confined to the Quaternary arc and is flanked by relatively shallow conductive heat flow anomalies caused by regional groundwater flow. We simulated groundwater flow and heat transport through two cross sections west of the Cascade Range crest: one in the Breitenbush area, where there is no major arc-parallel normal faulting, and one in the McKenzie River drainage, where major graben-bounding faults exist. Measured temperature profiles, hot-spring discharge rates, and geochemical inferences constrain the results. The numerical simulations provide some estimates of regional-scale permeabilities; simulated bulk permeabilities of approximately 10(-14) m2 in the youngest (0-2.3 Ma) rocks and approximately 10(-17) m2 in the oldest (18-25 Ma) rocks allow the thermal observations to be matched. In general, permeability decreases downsection, but for rocks of any age, permeability at very shallow (< 50 m) depths is probably much higher than the bulk permeability values required by the thermal observations: this is indicated by high recharge rates in 0-7 Ma rocks (> 1 m yr-1) and well-test data from domestic wells in rocks older than 7 Ma (which indicate permeability values of about 10(-14) to 10(-12) m2). In the simulations, the alternate conceptual models for the deep thermal structure were represented as wide or localized deep heat sources. We found that either model can satisfy the observations. Thermal observations in the Breitenbush area seem to require significant advective heat transfer, whereas the sparser observations in the McKenzie River area can be satisfied with either advection- or conduction-dominated simulations. Available regional gravity, magnetic, and electrical geophysical data do not clearly favor either of the two alternate models. Deep drilling in areas of high heat flow in the older rocks would be the most definitive test. The actual thermal structure is probably more complex than either of the models considered here. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. RP INGEBRITSEN, SE (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 439,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 61 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4599 EP 4627 DI 10.1029/91JB03064 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600020 ER PT J AU LEE, MW HUTCHINSON, DR AF LEE, MW HUTCHINSON, DR TI LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS OF DEEP CRUSTAL SEISMIC-REFLECTION DATA - EXAMPLES FROM GLIMPCE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM; DEATH-VALLEY; MIGRATION; PROFILES; CALIFORNIA; NEVADA AB Amplitude preservation in seismic reflection data can be obtained by a relative true amplitude (RTA) processing technique in which the relative strength of reflection amplitudes is preserved vertically as well as horizontally, after compensating for amplitude distortion by near-surface effects and propagation effects. Quantitative analysis of relative true amplitudes of the Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution seismic data is hampered by large uncertainties in estimates of the water bottom reflection coefficient and the vertical amplitude correction and by inadequate noise suppression. Processing techniques such as deconvolution, F-K filtering, and migration significantly change the overall shape of amplitude curves and hence calculation of reflection coefficients and average reflectance. Thus lithological interpretation of deep crustal seismic data based on the absolute value of estimated reflection strength alone is meaningless. The relative strength of individual events, however, is preserved on curves generated at different stages in the processing. We suggest that qualitative comparisons of relative strength, if used carefully, provide a meaningful measure of variations in reflectivity. Simple theoretical models indicate that peg-leg multiples rather than water bottom multiples are the most severe source of noise contamination. These multiples are extremely difficult to remove when the water bottom reflection coefficient is large (> 0.6), a condition that exists beneath parts of Lake Superior and most of Lake Huron. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP LEE, MW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 960,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4705 EP 4719 DI 10.1029/92JB00129 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600025 ER PT J AU HUTCHINSON, DR LEE, MW BEHRENDT, J CANNON, WF GREEN, AG AF HUTCHINSON, DR LEE, MW BEHRENDT, J CANNON, WF GREEN, AG TI VARIATIONS IN THE REFLECTIVITY OF THE MOHO TRANSITION ZONE BENEATH THE MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM OF NORTH-AMERICA - RESULTS FROM TRUE AMPLITUDE ANALYSIS OF GLIMPCE DATA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DEEP SEISMIC-REFLECTION; CONTINENT-OCEAN BOUNDARY; LAKE-SUPERIOR REGION; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; UNITED-STATES; KAPUSKASING UPLIFT; CAROLINA TROUGH; UPPER-MANTLE; SHEAR ZONES; REFRACTION AB True amplitude processing of The Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution seismic reflection data from the Midcontinent Rift System of North America shows large differences in the reflectivity of the Moho transition zone beneath the axial rift, beneath the rift flanks, and outside of the rift. The Moho reflection from the axial rift has a discontinuous, diffractive character marginally stronger (several decibels) than an otherwise transparent lower crust and upper mantle. Beneath the axial rift, Moho is interpreted to be a synrift igneous feature. Beneath the rift flanks, the reflectivity of the Moho transition is generally well developed with two identifiable boundaries, although in places it is weakly reflective to nonreflective, similar to Moho outside the rift. The two boundaries are interpreted as the base of essentially intact, although stretched, prerift Archean crust (upper boundary) and new synrift Moho 1-2 s (6-7 km) deeper (lower boundary). Beneath the rift flanks, the layered reflection Moho transition results from the preexisting crustal composition and fabric modified by synrift igneous processes and extensional tectonic/metamorphic processes. The geologic evidence for extensive basaltic magmatism in the rift is the basis for interpreting the Moho signature as a Keweenawan structure that has been preserved for 1.1 b.y. Extension and magmatism appear to enhance reflectivity in the lower crust and Moho transition zone only where stretching factors are moderate (rift flanks) and not where they are extreme (axial rift). This leads to the prediction that the reflectivity across analogous volcanic passive continental margins should be greatest beneath the moderately stretched continental shelves and should decrease towards the ocean-continent boundary. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. GEOL SURVEY CANADA, OTTAWA K1A 0Y3, ONTARIO, CANADA. RP US GEOL SURVEY, QUISSETT CAMPUS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. NR 95 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4721 EP 4737 DI 10.1029/91JB02572 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600026 ER PT J AU WYSS, M LIANG, BY TANIGAWA, WR WU, XP AF WYSS, M LIANG, BY TANIGAWA, WR WU, XP TI COMPARISON OF ORIENTATIONS OF STRESS AND STRAIN TENSORS BASED ON FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS IN KAOIKI, HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID FOCAL MECHANISM DATA; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; MS = 6.6; REGIONAL STRESS; KILAUEA VOLCANO; EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; RATES; SEISMICITY; TECTONICS AB The stress tensor orientation was estimated based on inversion from 238 first motion fault plan solutions of earthquakes with mostly M = 3.5 +/- 0.6 located in the 10-km radius Kaoiki crustal volume. Separate inversions for subvolumes containing 20-50 events yielded the same results in several adjacent volumes, suggesting that the stress tensor is homogeneous in those parts of the Kaoiki area and that the inversion results are stable and meaningful. Five spatial subsets of the data were found for which the orientation of at least one of the principal axes was different from that in the other sets by 20-degrees-80-degrees and at confidence levels exceeding 95%. The volcano summits of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, and their rift systems, are identified as the source of stress in the Kaoiki crust, because the greatest principal stress points to Kilauea and Mauna Loa. In addition, the strain tensor due to energy released by these 238 earthquakes was computed for the Kaoiki area, and several subvolumes of it, by summing the moment tensors. The moment tensor of each earthquake was constructed from the individual fault plane solutions and from an estimate of the scalar moment derived from the moment-magnitude relationship. A comparison of the directions of strain and stress tensors showed close agreement for subvolumes with predominantly strike-slip faulting. In these volumes the inversion process for stress directions led to misfits of approximately equal size for the conjugate near vertical nodal planes. These observations are interpreted to show that in the strike-slip regime of the upper part of the crust, neither of the nodal planes is preferred for faulting. Rupture probably occurs along the NW and along the NE striking nodal planes in separate earthquakes. Subvolumes with more decollement faulting showed significant differences of 30-degrees-40-degrees between the principal strain and stress directions. In these volumes the near-horizontal nodal planes showed noticeably smaller misfits in the inversion for the stress directions. These facts are interpreted to indicate that the decollement plane is weak, allowing slip on it even if the principal stresses are inclined at a large angle to it. It is proposed that comparison of strain and stress tensor calculations may be able to differentiate between tectonic regimes uniform in strength (no well developed fault plane) and regimes in which a fault with low frictional strength dominates. As a function of time, significant rotations of the strain tensor by approximately 45-degrees can be observed, which seem to be related to the occurrences of Kaoiki mainshocks. During three background periods of about 7 years each, the average strain tensor showed an orientation typical for predominant decollement faulting, while two premainshock periods of 2.5 years each showed an orientation closer to strike-slip faulting. It is proposed that this pattern may be repeated before the next Kaoiki mainshock. The strain released seismically is less than the geodetically observed strain by approximately an order of magnitude. C1 UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. UNIV COLORADO,JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309. NR 48 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4769 EP 4790 DI 10.1029/91JB02968 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600029 ER PT J AU BENZ, HM ZANDT, G OPPENHEIMER, DH AF BENZ, HM ZANDT, G OPPENHEIMER, DH TI LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FROM TELESEISMIC IMAGES OF THE UPPER MANTLE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ANDREAS FAULT ZONE; GORDA PLATE; TRAVEL-TIMES; TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; TRIPLE JUNCTION; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; BENEATH; SUBDUCTION; WASHINGTON AB Teleseismic P wave travel time residuals from 120 earthquakes recorded across the U.S. Geological Survey California seismic network were used to determine the lithosphere P wave velocity structure beneath northern California, a region characterized by complex interactions between the Pacific, North American, and Gorda plates. Lateral P wave velocity variations beneath the array were determined by inversion of 9383 travel time residuals. Inversion results for the crust show strong correlations to volcanic features. The active volcanic fields, Shasta-Medicine Lake, Lassen, and Clear Lake, are characterized by crustal low-velocity anomalies that average approximately -6%, possibly identifying partially molten magma bodies. Cooled, solidified magma bodies beneath the extinct volcanic fields, Sonoma, southern Clear Lake, and Sutter Buttes, are denoted by relative velocity highs averaging +3%. The largest upper mantle velocity variations occur in the depth range 30-110 km, where velocities vary from -5.5% to +9.5%. These velocity variations reflect changes in the thickness and geometry of the Pacific, North American, and Gorda plates where they interact at the Mendocino Triple Junction. North of the Mendocino Triple Junction, the steep 70-degrees east dipping portion of the Gorda plate is imaged as a +5% velocity high to depths near 270 km. A presumed segment of the Gorda plate, observed beneath the northern Great Valley and south of the inferred edge of the plate, is characterized by a +9% velocity high in the depth range 30-70 km. Beneath the northern Coast Ranges, shallow asthenosphere is imaged in the depth range 30-100 km as a pronounced southward tapering -4% low-velocity zone, which we interpret as the slab window. Results from this study provide improved constraints on Gorda plate subduction, evolution of the San Andreas fault system, and development of the lithosphere beneath western North America. C1 UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,IGPP CTR GEOSCI L-202,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP BENZ, HM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Oppenheimer, David/0000-0002-6569-3640 NR 48 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4791 EP 4807 DI 10.1029/92JB00067 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600030 ER PT J AU DELANEY, PT WYSS, M LIPMAN, PW OKAMURA, AT AF DELANEY, PT WYSS, M LIPMAN, PW OKAMURA, AT TI PRECURSORS TO THE KALAPANA M = 7.2 EARTHQUAKE - COMMENT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Note ID NOVEMBER 29; HAWAII C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP DELANEY, PT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4839 EP 4841 DI 10.1029/91JB02924 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600033 ER PT J AU EKSTROM, G STEIN, RS EATON, JP EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D AF EKSTROM, G STEIN, RS EATON, JP EBERHARTPHILLIPS, D TI SEISMICITY AND GEOMETRY OF A 110-KM-LONG BLIND THRUST-FAULT .1. THE 1985 KETTLEMAN HILLS, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS; SOURCE PARAMETERS; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; COALINGA; STRESS; REGION; DEFORMATION; PARKFIELD; LAKE AB The August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills earthquake was the third in a sequence of moderate shocks to occur beneath the northern half of a 110-km-long fold chain bounding the eastern California Coast Ranges. The 1982 M(W) = 5.4 New Idria, 1983 M(W) = 6.5 Coalinga, and 1985 M(W) = 6.1 Kettleman Hills events define a southward progression of seismic activity beneath the fold. We use teleseismic waveforms, geodetic modeling, hypocenters relocated in a three-dimensional velocity model, and subsurface structural data to investigate the Kettleman Hills earthquake. The main shock results from motion on a shallowly dipping thrust fault buried at approximately 10 km depth. Aftershocks and coseismic fault slip extend 20 km along the fold axis, nearly the full extent of the Kettleman Hills North Dome anticline. Aftershocks occur primarily several kilometers in front of the fault tip and in the core of the anticline. The main shock and several foreshocks occurred at a 2-km right step in the Quaternary fold axis, which also corresponds to the southern end of the 1983 Coalinga and northern end of the 1985 Kettleman Hills aftershock zones. From this we infer that the step in the fold is caused by an offset or tear in the underlying fault. The scalar seismic moment is 1.6 x 10(18) N m, consistent with the geodetic deformation, and the duration of rupture is 16 s, 3-4 times greater than for the average earthquake with this scalar moment. The slow rate of moment release provides an explanation for the low level of ground shaking and low local magnitude reported for the event. The peak of the geodetic uplift is located 5 km perpendicular to the Quaternary fold axis. We argue that the fault is propagating northeast into the undeformed San Joaquin Valley sediments and that the overlying fold is growing at about 0.5 mm/yr. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP HARVARD UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, 20 OXFORD ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. RI Ekstrom, Goran/C-9771-2012 OI Ekstrom, Goran/0000-0001-6410-275X NR 55 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4843 EP 4864 DI 10.1029/91JB02925 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600034 ER PT J AU STEIN, RS EKSTROM, G AF STEIN, RS EKSTROM, G TI SEISMICITY AND GEOMETRY OF A 110-KM-LONG BLIND THRUST-FAULT .2. SYNTHESIS OF THE 1982-1985 CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID HISTORICAL LEVELING SURVEYS; REFRACTION ERROR; SAUGUS-PALMDALE; FIELD-TEST; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; 1983 COALINGA; DEFORMATION; REGION; FOLD; BELT AB During 1982-1985, three 5.4 less-than-or-equal-to M(w) less-than-or-equal-to 6.5 earthquakes migrated 65 km along the north half of a string of Quaternary folds at the east front of the California Coast Ranges. There is no surface fault associated with these earthquakes, but the fold chain, oriented parallel to the San Andreas fault 30 km to the west, takes up contraction normal to the San Andreas fault. Identification of active blind thrust faults is hindered by the absence of a fault trace but may be revealed by the presence of growing folds at the surface and by earthquakes at depth. Because of excellent seismic, geodetic, and geologic data, this earthquake sequence illuminates the geometry of the blind faults and enables us to probe their mechanics. We relocate seismicity and compute focal mechanisms in a three-dimensional velocity space and model the vertical deformation associated with the 1983 M = 6.5 Coalinga earthquake. The aftershock zones abut at echelon offsets in the fold axes, and the mainshocks display reverse slip perpendicular to the axes, suggesting that the folds conceal a contiguous, segmented thrust fault. Background seismicity concentrates at bends and breaks in the fold chain, sites that may correspond to tears and ramps in the thrust fault at depth. Seismic reflection profiles reveal thrust and reverse faults dipping toward the San Andreas fault at depths of 5-10 km with several kilometers of cumulative slip and high-angle reverse faults in the anticlines with several hundred meters cumulative slip. Coseismic fold uplift accompanied the Coalinga and Kettleman Hills North Dome earthquakes, suggesting that fold growth is episodic and coupled closely to repeated earthquakes on the underlying thrusts. The north half of the fold chain has been the site of several 6 less-than-or-equal-to M less-than-or-equal-to 6.5 earthquakes since 1885. Thus Kettleman Hills Middle Dome, the next fold segment to the south, has an elevated seismic potential. The aftershock zones of the three main shocks are diffuse and occupy a region much larger than the site of seismic slip. Aftershocks occur 5-7 km from the fault, regions where, on the basis of a boundary element model, the shear strain increase caused by the fault slip exceeds approximately 20 ppm (equivalent to about 0.7 MPa). We argue that the broad aftershock zone is a product of high, sustained off-fault stress caused by repeated displacement on faults that do not cut the Earth's surface. The fault tip stresses lead to the formation of secondary faults, which can become sites of aftershocks and postseismic creep. C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. RP STEIN, RS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Ekstrom, Goran/C-9771-2012 OI Ekstrom, Goran/0000-0001-6410-275X NR 60 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4865 EP 4883 DI 10.1029/91JB02847 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600035 ER PT J AU LINKER, MF DIETERICH, JH AF LINKER, MF DIETERICH, JH TI EFFECTS OF VARIABLE NORMAL STRESS ON ROCK FRICTION - OBSERVATIONS AND CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID STATE DEPENDENT FRICTION; SINGLE DEGREE; STICK-SLIP; EARTHQUAKE; FAULT; STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEM; INSTABILITIES; MOTION AB We investigate the effects of variable normal stress on frictional resistance by performing quasi-static sliding experiments with 5 x 5 cm blocks of Westerly granite in a double-direct shear apparatus under servo-control. The observed response to a change in normal stress mimics that which occurs in response to a change in slip velocity. In particular, a sudden change in normal stress results in a sudden change followed by a transient change in the resistance to sliding. We interpret these changes within the previously established constitutive framework in which frictional resistance is determined by the current slip speed V, the current normal stress, and the state of the sliding surface (Dieterich, 1979a, 1981; Ruina, 1980, 1983). Earlier work demonstrated that the state of the sliding surface depends on prior slip speed. Our observations indicate that the state of the sliding surface also depends on prior normal stress. In our model the functional dependence of state on normal stress is expressed in terms of the same state variable, theta, used previously to represent slip rate history effects. We assume that the steady state value of theta is independent of normal stress and that theta(ss) = D(c)/V, where D(c) is a characteristic slip distance. We interpret the variable theta as a measure of effective contact time. At constant slip speed and from an initial steady state, a sudden change in normal stress results in a sudden change in theta followed by a gradual change in theta back toward the initial theta(ss), as sliding proceeds. The magnitude of the sudden change in theta is determined by a newly identified parameter that we call alpha. Earlier workers have established that stability is influenced by stiffness, d-tau(ss)/dV, D(c), and slip rate history (Rice and Ruina, 1983). We conclude that stability will also be influenced by normal stress history and by alpha. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 41 TC 233 Z9 245 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4923 EP 4940 DI 10.1029/92JB00017 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600039 ER PT J AU GEIST, EL SCHOLL, DW AF GEIST, EL SCHOLL, DW TI APPLICATION OF CONTINUUM MODELS TO DEFORMATION OF THE ALEUTIAN ISLAND-ARC SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT RHEOLOGY; FINITE-ELEMENT MODELS; VISCOUS SHEET MODEL; CONTINENTAL DEFORMATION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; SUBDUCTION ZONES; FAULT FRICTION; TECTONIC FLOW; LOWER CRUST; LITHOSPHERE AB Continuum models were constructed to describe large-scale deformation of the Aleutian Island Arc over the past 5 m.y. These models consider the island arc as a continuum in the horizontal plane with the velocity boundary condition at the Pacific edge stated as a fraction of Pacific plate convergence transferred to the arc. First, a simple model of uniformly distributed strain is formulated to illustrate the mechanics of continuous deformation. Lineaments along the arc massif rotated about a vertical axis are matched by small-element rotation calculated from the model. However, this model does not predict across-arc variations in deformation and produces an unrealistic amount of crustal thickening after 5 m.y. A physically more meaningful model of deformation is the thin viscous sheet model based on averages of stress and rheology throughout the lithosphere. The amount of motion transferred from the Pacific plate to the arc is constrained by the rotated lineaments, while the effective stress-strain exponent (n) and the ability the lithosphere has to sustain crustal thickness contrasts (the Argand number) are independent variables. Primarily, bathymetry, earthquake focal mechanisms, and styles of faulting are used to evaluate the models. The preferred model is one where the amount of motion transferred from the Pacific plate is greater in an arc-parallel direction than in an arc-normal direction, producing stresses consistent with strike-slip faulting at the far western end of the arc and tensional stresses consistent with transverse normal faulting elsewhere in the arc massif. This model agrees with observations of slip vectors by Ekstrom and Engdahl (1989), who conclude that a portion of the arc-parallel component of relative plate motion is taken up in the overriding plate. This model implies that compressive stress transferred to the arc is small in comparison to along-arc shear stress and that stresses conducive to strike-slip faulting are prevalent throughout the arc. RP GEIST, EL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 999,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 79 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4953 EP 4967 DI 10.1029/91JB02992 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600041 ER PT J AU ZOBACK, MD LACHENBRUCH, AH AF ZOBACK, MD LACHENBRUCH, AH TI INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL SECTION ON THE CAJON PASS SCIENTIFIC DRILLING PROJECT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; HEAT-FLOW; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; INSITU STRESS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TECTONIC STRESSES; FRICTION; SLIP; STATE; LITHOSPHERE C1 US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP ZOBACK, MD (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 61 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4991 EP 4994 DI 10.1029/91JB03110 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600043 ER PT J AU LACHENBRUCH, AH SASS, JH AF LACHENBRUCH, AH SASS, JH TI HEAT-FLOW FROM CAJON PASS, FAULT STRENGTH, AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; INSITU STRESS MEASUREMENTS; 2.1 KM DEPTH; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; TRANSFORM FAULTS; FLUID PRESSURE; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; SCIENTIFIC DRILLHOLE; EARTHQUAKE CYCLE; PLATE MOTIONS AB Measured heat flow at Cajon Pass is consistent with predictions based on local site conditions and regional heat flow. With observations now ranging to a depth of 3 1/2 km, there is still no evidence for significant frictional heating anywhere on the San Andreas fault. The result supports the view, long suggested from heat flow studies, that the fault is weak in spite of estimates based on Byerlee's law, isotropic strength, and hydrostatic fluid pressure that suggest a strength several times larger. Recent evidence (Zoback et al., 1987; Mount and Suppe, 1987) that the maximum principal stress might be almost normal to the San Andreas fault would support the weak-fault model and add constraints over and above those imposed by heat flow; e.g., local friction coefficients mu approximately-less-than 0.1 or fluid pressures along the fault greater than lithostatic (lambda > 1), compared to mu approximately-less-than 0.2 or fluid pressure greater than twice hydrostatic (lambda > 0.74) for the heat flow constraint alone. These constraints are a challenge to existing models of faulting, and they are stimulating promising new points of view. The balance of plate boundary forces around a weak fault depends on the basal traction coupling the seismic layer to the rest of the system; heat flow limits the coupling force across the fault to an insignificant approximately 10(11) N/m. The weak fault also precludes significant near-field basal driving tractions, but it permits a large basal drag force which could result in a highly stressed seismic layer offering appreciable resistance to plate motion through its base. Such tractions could develop progressively if the fault surface weakens as it evolves; if they exist, they should cause an observable reduction in shear stress resolved in the fault direction and a rotation of principal axes as the fault is approached; if they do not exist, the seismic layer rides passively on the lower crust. Heat flow measurements should detect whether such basal tractions might be associated with basal decoupling and flow. Coupling at the base of the seismic layer is controlled by the rheological profile, the usual representation of which raises three questions in applications to the San Andreas fault zone. First, the linear frictional portion through the seismic layer implies a resisting force on the fault much greater than the heat flow limit permits. Second, the large stresses implied for the temperature-sensitive ductile layer might be unsustainable; they could lead to shear heating and weakening at plate boundary strain rates. Third, in the ductile layer the stress is sensitive to whether deformation is concentrated in narrow vertical mylonite zones, as sometimes assumed in models of the earthquake cycle, or more broadly distributed by bulk flow in a deep-crustal "asthenosphere." Horizontal basal shear stresses are of the same order as vertical strike-slip stresses near the base of the seismic layer; they could result in bulk flow or horizontal detachment leading to a different pattern of long-term stress, strain rate, and dissipation and a requirement for decoupling and basal drag on the seismic layer in the near field. Results from the San Andreas fault taken with long-standing speculation about the orthogonal relation between oceanic transform faults and extensional spreading centers suggest that strike-slip transform faults might be anomalously weak in both continental and oceanic settings. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,GEOTHERMAL STUDIES PROJECT,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP LACHENBRUCH, AH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GEOTHERMAL STUDIES PROJECT,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 107 TC 184 Z9 186 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 4995 EP 5015 DI 10.1029/91JB01506 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600044 ER PT J AU SASS, JH LACHENBRUCH, AH MOSES, TH MORGAN, P AF SASS, JH LACHENBRUCH, AH MOSES, TH MORGAN, P TI HEAT-FLOW FROM A SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH WELL AT CAJON PASS, CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY AB The long-standing "stress/heat flow paradox" was the primary scientific motivation for the Cajon Pass borehole. For nearly two decades, the absence of a fault-centered heat flow anomaly from measurements to relatively shallow (approximately 200 m) depths had indicated low average shear stresses (less-than-or-equal-to 20 MPa) on the San Andreas fault, while laboratory data on rock strength and in situ stress determinations to about a kilometer had indicated high stress (approximately 100 MPa). Initial results from an unsuccessful 1.7-km-deep oil well at the site gave a high heat flow (approximately 90 mW m-2) consistent with a strong San Andreas fault; however, the late Cenozoic geologic history of the Cajon Pass area suggested that the anomalous heat flow was the transient effect of rapid erosion. Theoretical studies predicted that the approximately 30% surface anomaly would be substantially reduced at depths of 3-5 km. The research borehole reached a total depth of 3.5 km. Below a superficial covering of Tertiary sedimentary rocks, it penetrated gneissic rocks with composition ranging from gabbroic to granodioritic. Core recovery amounted to only about 3% of the total depth, necessitating the use of drill cuttings to characterize thermal conductivity. This, in turn, resulted in much higher uncertainties in average conductivity (+/- 10-15%) than would have occurred with a continuously cored hole (+/- 3-5%). From a time series of temperature logs, equilibrium temperature gradients were established over selected intervals of 250-500 m to within 95% confidence limits of 2%. These gradients were combined with harmonic mean thermal conductivities having larger uncertainties to give interval heat flows, which vary systematically from 100 +/- 5 mW m-2 in the uppermost 400 m to 75 +/- 3 mW m-2 in the lowermost 300 m. Thus, at the Cajon Pass site, heat flow is decreasing with depth at a mean rate of more than 7 mW m-2 per kilometer, consistent with a frictionless fault and with theoretical predictions based on local erosional history. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,GEOTHERMAL STUDIES PROJECT 94025,MENLO PK,CA 94027. NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT GEOL,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. RP SASS, JH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,GEOTHERMAL STUDIES PROJECT,2255 N GEMINI DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 46 TC 87 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 5017 EP 5030 DI 10.1029/91JB01504 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600045 ER PT J AU ZOBACK, MD HEALY, JH AF ZOBACK, MD HEALY, JH TI INSITU STRESS MEASUREMENTS TO 3.5 KM DEPTH IN THE CAJON PASS SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH BOREHOLE - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANICS OF CRUSTAL FAULTING SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Review ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; HEAT-FLOW; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; TECTONIC STRESSES; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; FOCAL MECHANISMS; TRANSFORM FAULTS; GROUND MOTION AB Measurements of in situ stress orientation and magnitude at the site of the Cajon Pass research borehole have been made from depths of 0.9-3.5 km using the hydraulic fracturing technique and analysis of stress-induced well bore breakouts. The results of these measurements support two important conclusions about the mechanics of crustal faulting. First, the magnitudes of measured in situ stresses indicate ratios of shear to normal stress on favorably oriented fault planes that are consistent with predictions based on Mohr-Coulomb theory and laboratory-determined coefficients of friction in the range of 0.6-1.0 assuming hydrostatic pore pressure (this is commonly known as Byerlee's law). Thus the stress measurements indicate that the frictional strength of the crust adjacent to the San Andreas fault is high (i.e., consistent with laboratory-derived friction values) and that the level of shear stress in the crust adjacent to the San Andreas is principally controlled by its frictional strength. However, data on the orientation of maximum horizontal compression in the borehole from 1.75 to 3.5 km (N57-degrees-E +/- 19-degrees) indicate that the San Andreas must be quite weak as a complete absence of right-lateral shear stress resolved on planes parallel to the approximately N60-degrees-W striking San Andreas fault is observed. The lack of right-lateral shear stress on planes parallel to the San Andreas which has not had a major earthquake since 1812 and is thus presumably quite "late" in the earthquake cycle. Nevertheless, both the orientation and magnitudes of stresses measured in the well are consistent with the style of active faulting in the area surrounding the drill site, most notably normal faulting and Quaternary age left-lateral slip on the Cleghorn fault that parallels the San Andreas in the vicinity of the drill site (Meisling and Weldon, 1982; Weldon, 1986; R. J. Weldon et al., unpublished report, 1981). We argue that the stress state (and Quaternary fault offsets) observed in the Cajon Pass area could exist only if the San Andreas moved at low shear stresses comparable to seismic stress drops rather than the much higher values predicted by Byerlee's law, a conclusion consistent with the lack of frictionally generated heat flow along the San Andreas system (e.g., Brune et al., 1969; Henyey and Wasserburg, 1971; Lachenbruch and Sass, 1973, 1980). Taken together, the Cajon Pass in situ stress and heat flow measurements (Lachenbruch and Sass, this issue) support a conceptual model of the San Andreas system in which the San Andreas is extremely weak with respect to the surrounding crust. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, OFF EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES & ENGN, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP ZOBACK, MD (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOPHYS, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 133 TC 172 Z9 188 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 5039 EP 5057 DI 10.1029/91JB02175 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600047 ER PT J AU MORROW, CA BYERLEE, JD AF MORROW, CA BYERLEE, JD TI PERMEABILITY OF CORE SAMPLES FROM CAJON PASS SCIENTIFIC DRILL HOLE - RESULTS FROM 2100 TO 3500-M DEPTH SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS; STRESS; CALIFORNIA AB Hydrologic rock properties are important to the debate about the state of stress and heat flow regime of the San Andreas fault. In particular, these properties are pertinent to whether frictional heat generated by high shear stresses can be convected away by circulating ground water, thus accounting for the absence of a measurable heat flow anomaly across the fault. To help resolve this debate, we have conducted laboratory permeability measurements on intact core samples from the Cajon Pass drill hole extracted from depths between 2100 and 3500 m. These rocks were all crystalline in nature, including granodiorites, tonalites, monzogranites and gneisses. Confining and pore pressures matched the in situ pressures for each depth, and distilled water was used as the permeating medium. Permeabilities ranged from 10(-22) to 10(-19) m2 for effective pressures between 36 and 56 MPa. In general, the permeability values decreased with depth in a manner consistent with earlier studies of rocks between 500 and 2100 m in the drill hole. Petrographic observations indicate that repeated episodes of crack healing and sealing are the mechanisms responsible for the extremely low permeability values. Secondary minerals that seal the microfractures include abundant laumontite, calcite, quartz, chlorite, and other phyllosilicates. The permeability results suggest that water circulation in the vicinity of the drill hole must be restricted to major fracture zones, with minimal exchange of water in more intact regions. This finding is consistent with geochemical evidence of little mixing of the pore waters sampled from different sections of the borehole. The results also suggest that massive water circulation through the bulk of the rock is unlikely as a mechanism for obscuring the heat flow anomaly that would be expected if shear stresses along the San Andreas fault are high. RP MORROW, CA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD APR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B4 BP 5145 EP 5151 DI 10.1029/90JB00423 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ336 UT WOS:A1992HQ33600054 ER PT J AU HEM, JD AF HEM, JD TI MANGANESE-BEARING PRECIPITATES FORMED FROM WATER IN PINAL CREEK BASIN, ARIZONA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 12 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102482 ER PT J AU MILLS, MS THURMAN, EM AF MILLS, MS THURMAN, EM TI MIXED-MODE ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF TRIAZINE HERBICIDES FROM ORGANIC AND AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 12 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16101945 ER PT J AU THURMAN, EM MILLS, MS AF THURMAN, EM MILLS, MS TI MIXED-MODE SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION - SIMULATING INTERACTIONS WITH 3-D MOLECULAR-MODELING SOFTWARE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 13 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16101946 ER PT J AU VIVIT, DV HEM, JD THORN, KA AF VIVIT, DV HEM, JD THORN, KA TI THE DETECTION OF POLYMERIC HYDROXYALUMINUM SPECIES IN MILDLY ACIDIC SOLUTIONS USING SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 13 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102483 ER PT J AU MCKNIGHT, DA HARNISH, RA VONGUERARD, PB AF MCKNIGHT, DA HARNISH, RA VONGUERARD, PB TI INFLUENCE OF HYPORHEIC ZONE WEATHERING PROCESSES ON THE CHEMISTRY OF GLACIAL MELTWATER STREAMS IN TAYLOR VALLEY, ANTARCTICA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 14 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102484 ER PT J AU HARNISH, RA RANVILLE, JF MCKNIGHT, DM SPAULDING, SA AF HARNISH, RA RANVILLE, JF MCKNIGHT, DM SPAULDING, SA TI REDOX-MEDIATED CYCLING OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN LAKE FRYXELL, ANTARCTICA - ASSOCIATIONS WITH PARTICULATE, COLLOIDAL, AND DISSOLVED FORMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. RI Ranville, James/H-1428-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 15 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102485 ER PT J AU AIKEN, GR MCKNIGHT, DM AF AIKEN, GR MCKNIGHT, DM TI MICROBIALLY DERIVED ORGANIC-MATTER IN ANTARCTIC LAKES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 16 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102486 ER PT J AU MALCOLM, RL AF MALCOLM, RL TI SACCHARIDE COMPONENTS OF SURFACE-WATER DOC SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 19 EP CARB PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16100808 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, LD KENT, DB DAVIS, JA WAITE, TD AF ANDERSON, LD KENT, DB DAVIS, JA WAITE, TD TI BATCH EXPERIMENTS CHARACTERIZING THE REDUCTION OF CR(VI) USING SUBOXIC MATERIAL FROM A MILDLY REDUCING SAND AND GRAVEL AQUIFER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AUSTRALIAN NUCL SCI & TECHNOL ORG,SUTHERLAND,NSW,AUSTRALIA. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Waite, T. David/A-1400-2008 OI Waite, T. David/0000-0002-5411-3233 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 20 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16101953 ER PT J AU KENT, DB DAVIS, JA ANDERSON, LD REA, BA AF KENT, DB DAVIS, JA ANDERSON, LD REA, BA TI THE TRANSPORT OF CHROMIUM AND SELENIUM IN THE SUBOXIC ZONE OF A SHALLOW, SEWAGE-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 21 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16101954 ER PT J AU BENCALA, KE KIMBALL, BA MCKNIGHT, DM HARVEY, JW AF BENCALA, KE KIMBALL, BA MCKNIGHT, DM HARVEY, JW TI CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS BETWEEN AN ACIDIC STREAM AND THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 95070. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 27 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102497 ER PT J AU KIMBALL, BA MCKNIGHT, DM BENCALA, KE AF KIMBALL, BA MCKNIGHT, DM BENCALA, KE TI VARIATIONS IN THE REDOX CHEMISTRY OF IRON ACCOMPANYING TRANSPORT OF ACID STREAM WATER TO THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84104. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 28 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102498 ER PT J AU BROSHEARS, RE TATE, CM MCKNIGHT, DM KIMBALL, BA AF BROSHEARS, RE TATE, CM MCKNIGHT, DM KIMBALL, BA TI SORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY IRON-OXIDES AND PHOSPHATE-UPTAKE BY PERIPHYTON IN AN ACIDIC MOUNTAIN STREAM SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,BOULDER,CO 80303. US GEOL SURVEY,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84104. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 29 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102499 ER PT J AU ZIELINSKI, RA OTTON, JK SCHUMANN, RR OWEN, DE AF ZIELINSKI, RA OTTON, JK SCHUMANN, RR OWEN, DE TI THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF URANIUM IN A MONTANE WETLAND, COLORADO SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 31 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102501 ER PT J AU OREM, W ZIELINSKI, R OTTON, J LERCH, H AF OREM, W ZIELINSKI, R OTTON, J LERCH, H TI THE ASSOCIATION OF URANIUM WITH ORGANIC-MATTER IN PEAT AND PEAT WATER IN A WETLAND FROM THE CARSON RANGE, NEVADA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 32 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102502 ER PT J AU BARG, E LAL, D SOUTHON, J CAFFEE, MW FINKEL, RC PAVICH, M AF BARG, E LAL, D SOUTHON, J CAFFEE, MW FINKEL, RC PAVICH, M TI BE-10 BE-9 RATIO DATING OF SOIL MINERALS - AN EXPLORATORY-STUDY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 37 EP NUCL PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK162 UT WOS:A1992HK16201262 ER PT J AU BATES, AL SPIKER, EC OREM, WH AF BATES, AL SPIKER, EC OREM, WH TI SEDIMENTS FROM JELLYFISH LAKE, PALAU - SULFUR SPECIES AND THEIR ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 47 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102517 ER PT J AU COMER, VJ SPIKER, EC HATCHER, PG AF COMER, VJ SPIKER, EC HATCHER, PG TI CHEMICAL AND CARBON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF REFRACTORY COMPONENTS IN LEAVES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. PENN STATE UNIV,UNIV PK,PA 16802. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 48 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102518 ER PT J AU WAYCHUNAS, GA REA, BA FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA AF WAYCHUNAS, GA REA, BA FULLER, CC DAVIS, JA TI WIDE ANGLE X-RAY-SCATTERING (WAXS) STUDY OF 2-LINE FERRIHYDRITE - EFFECT OF BIDENTATE ARSENATE SORPTION ON FE OXYHYDROXYL POLYMER STRUCTURE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT RES,STANFORD,CA 94305. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 54 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102524 ER PT J AU REA, BA DAVIS, JA WAYCHUNAS, GA FULLER, CC AF REA, BA DAVIS, JA WAYCHUNAS, GA FULLER, CC TI IRON EXAFS STUDY OF 2-LINE FERRIHYDRITE WITH COPRECIPITATED ORTHOSILICATE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. STANFORD UNIV,CTR MAT RES,STANFORD,CA 94305. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 55 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102525 ER PT J AU LEENHEER, JA AF LEENHEER, JA TI CONSERVATIVE TRANSPORT OF COLLOIDAL ORGANIC-MATTER IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 58 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102528 ER PT J AU SMITH, JA AF SMITH, JA TI TRICHLOROETHENE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE AT PICATINNY-ARSENAL, NEW-JERSEY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 60 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16101993 ER PT J AU PETTIGREW, PJ THORN, KA AF PETTIGREW, PJ THORN, KA TI APPLICATION OF N-15 NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROMETRY TO THE STUDY OF THE PEROXIDASE CATALYZED BINDING OF ANILINE TO HUMIC SUBSTANCES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,ARVADA,CO. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 64 EP CHED PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16101067 ER PT J AU SHERMAN, DM AF SHERMAN, DM TI ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL-REACTIVITY OF THE BRUCITE (MG(OH)2) SURFACE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 68 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102538 ER PT J AU THORN, KA AF THORN, KA TI N-15 NMR INVESTIGATION OF AMMONIA AND NITRITE FIXATION BY HUMIC SUBSTANCES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ARVADA,CO. CALIF STATE COLL BAKERSFIELD,DEPT CHEM,BAKERSFIELD,CA 93309. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 77 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102547 ER PT J AU MEYER, MT MILLS, MS THURMAN, EM AF MEYER, MT MILLS, MS THURMAN, EM TI AUTOMATED SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF HERBICIDES FROM WATER FOR GC/MS ANALYSIS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 78 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102011 ER PT J AU WEBER, EJ THORN, KA SPIDLE, DL AF WEBER, EJ THORN, KA SPIDLE, DL TI KINETIC AND N-15 NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE COVALENT BINDING OF ANILINE TO HUMIC SUBSTANCES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30613. USGS,ARVADA,CO 80002. US EPA,TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 78 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102548 ER PT J AU MILLER, LG OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW AF MILLER, LG OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW TI THE METHANE CYCLE IN DECOMPOSING AGRICULTURAL PEAT SOILS OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN-JOAQUIN DELTA, CALIFORNIA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 80 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102550 ER PT J AU OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW AF OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW TI 2 NOVEL INHIBITORS OF METHANE MONOOXYGENASE AND THEIR APPLICATION TO INVESTIGATIONS OF METHANE FLUX SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 81 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102551 ER PT J AU OREM, WH LERCH, HE KOTRA, RK AF OREM, WH LERCH, HE KOTRA, RK TI LIGNIN OXIDATION-PRODUCTS IN SEDIMENTS OF LAKE BAIKAL, USSR - INDICATORS OF CLIMATE HISTORY OF NORTHEAST ASIA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 83 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102553 ER PT J AU KOTRA, RK AF KOTRA, RK TI GEOCHEMISTRY OF EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC-MATTER IN SEDIMENT CORES FROM LAKE BAIKAL, USSR SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 84 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102554 ER PT J AU PALMER, CA LYONS, PC SKEEN, CJ AF PALMER, CA LYONS, PC SKEEN, CJ TI CHEMOHISTOLOGY OF A MODERN TREE FERN - IMPLICATIONS FOR MINOR AND TRACE-ELEMENTS IN THE PITTSBURGH COAL SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 86 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102556 ER PT J AU BIRD, KJ AF BIRD, KJ TI CALIFORNIA ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE OIL RESOURCES - AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 107 EP PETR PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK162 UT WOS:A1992HK16202053 ER PT J AU CACCAVO, F BLAKEMORE, RP LOVLEY, DR AF CACCAVO, F BLAKEMORE, RP LOVLEY, DR TI ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A FE(III)-REDUCING AND MN(IV)-REDUCING MICROORGANISM FROM GREAT BAY, NEW-HAMPSHIRE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT MICROBIOL,DURHAM,NH 03824. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 123 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102593 ER PT J AU HOBART, DE MILLERO, FJ CHOU, IM BRUTON, CJ AF HOBART, DE MILLERO, FJ CHOU, IM BRUTON, CJ TI ESTIMATES OF THE SOLUBILITIES OF WASTE RADIONUCLIDES IN WIPP BRINES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,DIV ISOTOPE & NUCL CHEM,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT EARTH SCI,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 124 EP NUCL PN 2 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK162 UT WOS:A1992HK16201347 ER PT J AU EGANHOUSE, RP PHINNEY, CS DORSEY, TF WESTCOTT, S AF EGANHOUSE, RP PHINNEY, CS DORSEY, TF WESTCOTT, S TI TRANSPORT AND FATE OF MONOAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN A PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED AQUIFER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. SCCWRP,LONG BEACH,CA 90806. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 126 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102059 ER PT J AU GORBY, YA BOLTON, H LOVLEY, DR AF GORBY, YA BOLTON, H LOVLEY, DR TI MICROBIAL CHROMIUM REDUCTION AND IMMOBILIZATION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. RI Bolton, Harvey/E-5583-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 130 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102600 ER PT J AU CHAPELLE, FH LOVLEY, DR AF CHAPELLE, FH LOVLEY, DR TI MICROBIAL FE(III) REDUCTION COUPLED TO ORGANIC MATERIAL OXIDATION - A MECHANISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH IRON CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUND-WATER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,COLUMBIA,SC 29210. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 148 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102618 ER PT J AU LIND, CJ ANDERSON, LD AF LIND, CJ ANDERSON, LD TI RELATION BETWEEN SIZE-FRACTION, MINERALOGY, AND TRACE-METAL-UPTAKE IN A SEGMENT OF PINAL GREEK, ARIZONA WHERE MANGANESE IS ACTIVELY PRECIPITATING SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 154 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102623 ER PT J AU BARBER, LB BROWN, G TABOR, CF AF BARBER, LB BROWN, G TABOR, CF TI ANALYSIS OF ANIONIC AND NONIONIC SURFACTANTS DERIVED COMPOUNDS BY SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, DERIVATIZATION, AND GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SWISS FED INST, WATER RESOURCES & WATER POLLUT CONTROL, DUBENDORF, 80225, SWITZERLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 164 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102097 ER PT J AU OREMLAND, RS BLUM, JS STEINBERG, NA AF OREMLAND, RS BLUM, JS STEINBERG, NA TI SELENATE RESPIRATION BY A FRESH-WATER BACTERIAL CULTURE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 164 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102633 ER PT J AU GOOLSBY, DA AGA, DS AF GOOLSBY, DA AGA, DS TI SYNOPTIC PROFILES OF HERBICIDES IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER - A FIELD APPLICATION OF IMMUNOASSAY METHODS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 171 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16100306 ER PT J AU AGA, DS ZIMMERMAN, L THURMAN, EM AF AGA, DS ZIMMERMAN, L THURMAN, EM TI PART-PER-TRILLION ANALYSIS OF ATRAZINE IN PRISTINE WATER - A METHOD FOR COUPLING SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION AND IMMUNOASSAY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 172 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16100307 ER PT J AU LOVLEY, DR LANDA, ER PHILLIPS, EJP WOODWARD, JC AF LOVLEY, DR LANDA, ER PHILLIPS, EJP WOODWARD, JC TI REMEDIATION OF URANIUM-CONTAMINATED SOILS USING URANIUM EXTRACTANTS AND MICROBIAL URANIUM REDUCTION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,RESTON,VA 22091. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 173 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102642 ER PT J AU UPDEGRAFFL, DM REYNOLDS, JS SMITH, RL WILDEMAN, TR AF UPDEGRAFFL, DM REYNOLDS, JS SMITH, RL WILDEMAN, TR TI BIOREMEDIATION OF ACID-MINE DRAINAGE BY A CONSORTIUM OF ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 COLORADO SCH MINES,DEPT CHEM GEOCHEM,GOLDEN,CO 80401. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,BOULDER,CO 80303. RI Smith, Richard/A-6733-2008 OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-3829-0125 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 174 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102643 ER PT J AU PLUMMER, LN BUSENBERG, E GLYNN, PD BLUM, AE AF PLUMMER, LN BUSENBERG, E GLYNN, PD BLUM, AE TI DISSOLUTION OF SRCO3-CACO3 SOLID-SOLUTIONS IN NONSTOICHIOMETRIC AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 179 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102648 ER PT J AU GINWALLA, AS MIKITA, MA AF GINWALLA, AS MIKITA, MA TI REACTION OF SUWANNEE RIVER FULVIC-ACID WITH CHLORAMINE - CHARACTERIZATION OF PRODUCTS VIA N-15-NMR SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CALIF STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BAKERSFIELD,CA 93311. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ARVADA,CO 80002. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 222 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102155 ER PT J AU THURMAN, EM GOOLSBY, DA MEYER, MT POMES, ML MILLS, MS KOLPIN, DW AF THURMAN, EM GOOLSBY, DA MEYER, MT POMES, ML MILLS, MS KOLPIN, DW TI MAPPING THE REGIONAL OCCURRENCE OF HERBICIDES IN SURFACE-WATER OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES BY IMMUNOASSAY AND GC/MS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66044. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 257 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102190 ER PT J AU FIELD, JA BARBER, LB AF FIELD, JA BARBER, LB TI FATE OF ALKYLBENZENESULFONATE SURFACTANTS DURING RAPID INFILTRATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT TO A SHALLOW GROUNDWATER AQUIFER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SWISS FED INST, WATER RESOURCES & WATER POLLUT CONTROL, DUBENDORF, 80225, SWITZERLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER FED CTR, DENVER, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 298 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102231 ER PT J AU BARBER, LB TABOR, CF BROWN, G LEENHEER, JA NOYES, T AF BARBER, LB TABOR, CF BROWN, G LEENHEER, JA NOYES, T TI ANIONIC SURFACTANT DERIVED COMPOUNDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 299 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102232 ER PT J AU SMITH, JA AF SMITH, JA TI CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH LANDFILL LINERS CONTAINING ORGANOPHILIC BENTONITE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,W TRENTON,NJ 08628. PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN & OPERAT RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 5 PY 1992 VL 203 BP 323 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA HK161 UT WOS:A1992HK16102256 ER PT J AU BARRIENTOS, SE PLAFKER, G LORCA, E AF BARRIENTOS, SE PLAFKER, G LORCA, E TI POSTSEISMIC COASTAL UPLIFT IN SOUTHERN CHILE SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION; MECHANISM; JAPAN; MODEL; FAULT; SLIP AB Tide gage records at Puerto Montt, referenced to a mareograph in Talcahuano, indicate a large (at least 75 cm) postseismic uplift of the region following the 1960 M(W) = 9.5 event. Field observations carried out in 1989 at the same locations of previous measurements in 1968 are consistent with tide gage records. The postseismic elevation changes are modeled as the result of propagating creep on the downdip extension of the coseismic fault. For a 30-degrees E fault dip, minimum square error indicates a fault creep velocity of 4-6 km/yr and slip amplitude of 3-5 m. C1 SERV HIDROGRAF & OCEANOGRAF ARMADA CHILE, VALPARAISO, CHILE. US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RP BARRIENTOS, SE (reprint author), UNIV CHILE, DEPT GEOL & GEOFIS, CASILLA 2777, SANTIAGO, CHILE. NR 18 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 7 BP 701 EP 704 DI 10.1029/92GL00210 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HM703 UT WOS:A1992HM70300017 ER PT J AU SAVAGE, JC AF SAVAGE, JC TI THE UNCERTAINTY IN EARTHQUAKE CONDITIONAL PROBABILITIES SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) questioned the relevance of uncertainty intervals assigned to earthquake conditional probabilities on the basis that the uncertainty in the probability estimate seemed to be greater the smaller the intrinsic breadth of the recurrence-interval distribution. I show here that this paradox depends upon a faulty measure of uncertainty in the conditional probability and that with a proper measure of uncertainty no paradox exists. I also challenge the assertion that the WGCEP probability assessment in 1988 correctly forecast the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake by showing that posterior probability of rupture inferred after the occurrence of the earthquake from the prior WGCEP probability distribution reverts to a nearly informationless distribution. RP SAVAGE, JC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 7 BP 709 EP 712 DI 10.1029/92GL00544 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HM703 UT WOS:A1992HM70300019 ER PT J AU KANAMORI, H MORI, J AF KANAMORI, H MORI, J TI HARMONIC EXCITATION OF MANTLE RAYLEIGH-WAVES BY THE 1991 ERUPTION OF MOUNT PINATUBO, PHILIPPINES SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ST-HELENS AB An unusually long (at least two hours) seismic wave train having periods of about 230 sec was recorded at many worldwide seismic stations during the major eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. This wave train exhibits two sharp spectral peaks at 228 and 270 sec. The group velocity, phase velocity, and the particle motion of this wave train indicate that it is a Rayleigh wave. The most probable excitation mechanism is acoustic coupling of atmospheric oscillations that were set off by continuous thermal energy flux from the volcano. The two spectral peaks correspond to the characteristic periods of acoustic and gravity modes of the Earth's atmosphere. The magnitude of the vertical single force equivalent to the acoustic coupling is 1.6 x 10(17) dynes over a frequency band of 0.003 to 0.01 Hz. The results suggest the possibility of using acoustically coupled Rayleigh waves for detection, characterization and quantification of volcanic eruptions. Acoustic coupling of the atmosphere and the solid Earth provides a unique seismic source with long duration. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA 91106. RP KANAMORI, H (reprint author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA. NR 8 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 7 BP 721 EP 724 DI 10.1029/92GL00258 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HM703 UT WOS:A1992HM70300022 ER PT J AU OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW AF OREMLAND, RS CULBERTSON, CW TI IMPORTANCE OF METHANE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA IN THE METHANE BUDGET AS REVEALED BY THE USE OF A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; OXIDATION; SEDIMENTS; ACETYLENE; REDUCTION; INCREASE; LAKE AB METHANE is a greenhouse gas whose concentration in the atmosphere is increasing 1-3. Much of this methane is derived from the metabolism of methane-generating (methanogenic) bacteria 4,5, and over the past two decades much has been learned about the ecology of methanogens; specific inhibitors of methanogenesis, such as 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid, have proved useful in this regard 6. In contrast, although much is known about the biochemistry of methane-oxidizing (methanotrophic) bacteria 7, ecological investigations have been hampered by the lack of an analogous specific inhibitor 6. Methanotrophs limit the flux of methane to the atmosphere from sediments 8,9 and consume atmospheric methane 10, but the quantitative importance of methanotrophy in the global methane budget is not well known 5. Methylfluoride (CH3F) is known to inhibit oxygen consumption by Methylococcus capsulatus 11, and to inhibit the oxidation of (CH4)-C-14 to (CO2)-C-14, by endosymbionts in mussel gill tissues 12. Here we report that methylfluoride (MF) inhibits the oxidation of methane by methane monooxygenase, and by using methylfluoride in field investigations, we find that methanotrophic bacteria can consume more than 90% of the methane potentially available. RP OREMLAND, RS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 20 TC 115 Z9 120 U1 3 U2 44 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 2 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6368 BP 421 EP 423 DI 10.1038/356421a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HL830 UT WOS:A1992HL83000058 ER PT J AU PALLISTER, JS HOBLITT, RP REYES, AG AF PALLISTER, JS HOBLITT, RP REYES, AG TI A BASALT TRIGGER FOR THE 1991 ERUPTIONS OF PINATUBO VOLCANO SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MAGMA; GENERATION; OLIVINE; LIQUID AB THE eruptive products of calc-alkaline volcanos often show evidence for the mixing of basaltic and acid magmas before eruption (see, for example, refs 1, 2). These observations have led to the suggestion 3 that the injection of basaltic magma into the base of a magma chamber (or the catastrophic overturn of a stably stratified chamber containing basaltic magma at its base) might trigger an eruption. Here we report evidence for the mixing of basaltic and dacitic magmas shortly before the paroxysmal eruptions of Pinatubo volcano on 15 June 1991. Andesitic scoriae erupted on 12 June contain minerals and glass with disequilibrium compositions, and are considerably more mafic than the dacitic pumices erupted on 15 June. Differences in crystal abundance and glass composition among the pumices may arise from pre-heating of the dacite magma by the underlying basaltic liquid before mixing. Degassing of this basaltic magma may also have contributed to the climatologically important sulphur dioxide emissions that accompanied the Pinatubo eruptions. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DAVID A JOHNSTON CASCADES VOLCANO OBSERV,VANCOUVER,WA 98661. PHILIPPINE NATL OIL CO,MANILA,PHILIPPINES. RP PALLISTER, JS (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MS 903,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 197 Z9 206 U1 2 U2 29 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 2 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6368 BP 426 EP 428 DI 10.1038/356426a0 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HL830 UT WOS:A1992HL83000060 ER PT J AU BREDEHOEFT, JD BELITZ, K SHARPHANSEN, S AF BREDEHOEFT, JD BELITZ, K SHARPHANSEN, S TI THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE BIG HORN BASIN - A STUDY OF THE ROLE OF FAULTS SO AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID MODEL; FLOW AB A three-dimensional mathematical model simulates virgin groundwater flow in the Big Horn basin, Wyoming. The computed results are compared to two published interpretations of the Tensleep Sandstone virgin potentiometric surface; both of these interpretations, Bredehoeft and Bennett, and Haun, were made from the same data set. The published maps are quite different. Bredehoeft and Bennett ignored the faults; Haun treated the faults as horizontal barriers to flow. The hydraulic head at depth over much of the Big Horn basin is near the land surface elevation, a condition usually defined as hydrostatic. This condition indicates a high, regional-scale, vertical conductivity for the sediments in the basin. Our hypothesis to explain the high conductivity is that the faults act as vertical conduits for fluid flow. These same faults can act as either horizontal barriers to flow or nonbarriers, depending upon whether the fault zones are more permeable or less permeable than the adjoining aquifers. A three-dimensional simulation of fluid flow in the basin indicates that either of the potentiometric interpretations, that of Bredehoeft and Bennett or that of Haun, can be reproduced. The results depend upon whether the fault zones are lateral barriers to flow. In the case where the faults are lateral barriers, the basin is broken into compartments with much of the areal head loss occurring across the fault zones. C1 DARTMOUTH COLL,DEPT EARTH SCI,HANOVER,NH 03755. AQUA TERRA CONSULTANTS,MT VIEW,CA 94043. RP BREDEHOEFT, JD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74101 SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull.-Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 76 IS 4 BP 530 EP 546 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HL531 UT WOS:A1992HL53100007 ER PT J AU SCHULZ, CA LESLIE, DM LOCHMILLER, RL ENGLE, DM AF SCHULZ, CA LESLIE, DM LOCHMILLER, RL ENGLE, DM TI AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD POPULATIONS IN HERBICIDE-TREATED CROSS TIMBERS IN OKLAHOMA SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; BRUSH CONTROL; GLYPHOSATE; TIME AB Birds were counted during autumn and winter from October 1987 through February 1989 on sites in Cross Timbers in central Oklahoma 5 and 6 yr after herbicide treatments. We censused two replications of tebuthiuron-treated, triclopyr-treated, and untreated reference sites with a modification of the point-count method. Thirty-five species were documented during the entire census period; 16 species were observed only on herbicide-treated sites and two species only on reference sites. During autumn and winter, more birds and more species were found on sites treated with herbicides than on reference sites. Tebuthiuron- and triclopyr-treated sites supported similar numbers of species during both seasons. Herbicide-treated sites had the highest species richness, but untreated areas were needed to maintain interior woodland species. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OKLAHOMA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 1992 VL 127 IS 2 BP 215 EP 223 DI 10.2307/2426527 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HP079 UT WOS:A1992HP07900001 ER PT J AU CHAPMAN, DC AF CHAPMAN, DC TI FAILURE OF GAS BLADDER INFLATION IN STRIPED BASS - EFFECT ON SELENIUM TOXICITY SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CULTURE; LARVAE; FOOD AB Young striped bass (Morone saxatilis) with uninflated gas bladders were less sensitive to selenate and more sensitive to selenite exposure than normally developing striped bass in 96-hour acute toxicity tests. Gas bladder inflation failure is a common problem in the culture of striped bass and some other species, and care should be taken to avoid the use of fish with uninflated gas bladders in research. RP CHAPMAN, DC (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES CONTAMINANT RES CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 22 IS 3 BP 296 EP 299 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA HJ284 UT WOS:A1992HJ28400008 PM 1616315 ER PT J AU EATON, JP AF EATON, JP TI DETERMINATION OF AMPLITUDE AND DURATION MAGNITUDES AND SITE RESIDUALS FROM SHORT-PERIOD SEISMOGRAPHS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ML SCALE; MOMENTS AB Equations for determining amplitude magnitude (MX) and duration magnitude (MF) that employ all calibrated instruments in the USGS short-period telemetered seismic network in northern California (NCSN) were developed and tested against a set of 1276 earthquakes from 1986 to 1990 that were analyzed on the Caltech-USGS processing system (CUSP). The expressions for decay of amplitude and record duration in these equations are functions of distance alone. Sensitivity corrections for both MX and MF are simply the logarithms of the ratios of the magnification of the reference instrument to that of the instrument actually used. Component corrections were chosen so as to minimize the dependence of instrument site residuals on instrument component. MF site residuals were found to be closely linked to MX site residuals in a manner that suggests both depend primarily on site amplification. Both MX and MF site residuals vary systematically with bedrock lithology: older well-consolidated rocks produce negative residuals (smaller amplitudes and shorter durations) and younger unconsolidated rocks produce positive residuals (larger amplitudes and longer durations). Average station magnitude residuals are virtually independent of distance from the epicenter to at least 800 km; and MX-MF, averaged over 0.5 unit magnitude intervals, is less than 0.05 from M0.5 to M5.5. Comparison of MX and MBK (M(L), UC Berkeley) for 293 events in both the CUSP data set and the Berkeley catalog shows that calculated MXs are marginally larger than the corresponding MBKs. MX-MBK averages about +0.04. The characteristics of the standard Wood-Anderson seismograph employed to calculate MX are: free period 0.8 sec, damping constant 0.8, and static magnification 2080. RP EATON, JP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 977,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 533 EP 579 PG 47 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM249 UT WOS:A1992HM24900001 ER PT J AU BORCHERDT, RD GLASSMOYER, G AF BORCHERDT, RD GLASSMOYER, G TI ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL GEOLOGY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON GROUND MOTIONS GENERATED BY THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE IN THE SAN-FRANCISCO BAY REGION, CALIFORNIA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PEAK HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION; II S-WAVES; ANELASTIC SOLIDS; REFLECTION; REFRACTION AB Strong ground motions recorded at 34 sites in the San Francisco Bay region from the Loma Prieta earthquake show marked variations in characteristics dependent on crustal structure and local geological conditions. Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity inferred for sites underlain by "rock" generally occur on the transverse component of motion. They are consistently greater with lower attenuation rates than the corresponding mean value predicted by empirical curves based on previous strong-motion data. Theoretical amplitude distributions and synthetic seismograms calculated for 10-layer models suggest that "bedrock" motions were elevated due in part to the wide-angle reflection of S energy from the base of a relatively thin (25 km) continental crust in the region. Characteristics of geologic and geotechnical units are currently mapped for the San Francisco Bay region show that average ratios of peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement increase with decreasing mean shear-wave velocity. Ratios of peak acceleration for sites on "soil" (alluvium, fill/Bay mud) are statistically larger than those for sites on "hard rock" (sandstone, shale, Franciscan Complex). Spectral ratios establish the existence of predominant site periods with peak amplifications near 15 for potentially damaging levels of ground motion at some sites underlain by alluvium and fill/bay mud. Average spectral amplifications inferred for vertical and the mean horizontal motion are, respectively, (1,1) for sites on the Franciscan Complex (KJf), (1.4, 1.5) for sites on Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks (TMzs), (2.1, 2.0) for sites on the Santa Clara Formation (QTs), (2.3, 2.9) for sites on alluvium (Qal), and (2.1, 4.0) for sites on fill/Bay mud (Qaf/Qhbm). These mean values are not statistically different at the 5% significance level from those inferred from previous low-strain data. Analyses suggest that soil amplification and reflected crustal shear energy were major contributors to levels of ground motion sufficient to cause damage to vulnerable structures at distances near 100 km in the cities of San Francisco and Oakland. RP BORCHERDT, RD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 43 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 603 EP 641 PG 39 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM249 UT WOS:A1992HM24900003 ER PT J AU BOATWRIGHT, J CHOY, GL AF BOATWRIGHT, J CHOY, GL TI ACCELERATION SOURCE SPECTRA ANTICIPATED FOR LARGE EARTHQUAKES IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW EARTHQUAKES; NAHANNI EARTHQUAKES; NEW-BRUNSWICK; PARAMETERS; RADIATION; SEQUENCE; EASTERN; MODELS; STRESS AB A set of 16 large intraplate earthquakes are considered on the basis of their tectonic settings, compressive focal mechanisms, and shallow focal depths as possible analogs for large earthquakes that may be anticipated to occur in northeastern North America. The earthquakes range in seismic moment from 5 x 10(23) to 3 x 10(26) dyne-cm and include the mainshocks and largest aftershocks of the 1982 Miramichi, Canada, the 1985 to 1988 Nahanni, Canada, and the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquake sequences. The teleseismic recordings of these earthquakes are spectrally analyzed by correcting the logarithmically averaged acceleration spectra for the frequency-dependent effects of attenuation and interference of the depth and direct phases. The resulting acceleration source spectra are generally flat at high frequencies; the mainshock spectra exhibit intermediate spectral falloffs (that is, \u(alpha)(omega)\ is-proportional-to omega(-gamma) where gamma almost-equal-to 1) over frequencies that characteristically extend from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. In contrast, the largest aftershocks of the three sequences named above exhibit omega(2) spectral shapes. The high-frequency source spectral levels increase with seismic moment approximately as Ru(alpha)\ is-proportional-to M0(1/3). The 1988 Saguenay, Canada, earthquake, which occurred significantly deeper than the other earthquakes, exhibits an anomalous spectral shape. Combining the teleseismic data with strong-motion recordings indicates that the intermediate spectral falloff for this earthquake extends from 0.2 to 3 Hz. The spectral amplitude at 3 Hz is a factor of 3 higher than the amplitude anticipated for an earthquake of this size from the other 15 earthquakes. RP US GEOL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 39 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 660 EP 682 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM249 UT WOS:A1992HM24900005 ER PT J AU BOORE, DM ATKINSON, GM AF BOORE, DM ATKINSON, GM TI SOURCE SPECTRA FOR THE 1988 SAGUENAY, QUEBEC, EARTHQUAKES SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; HARD-ROCK SITES; SOURCE PARAMETERS; GROUND MOTION; TERRITORIES; NAHANNI; CANADA; WAVES AB Source spectra are obtained for the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake (m(N) = 6.5), its foreshock (m(N) = 4.8), and largest aftershock (m(N) = 4.1), using recordings from analog and digital seismographs on rock sites at epicentral distances from 40 to 700 km. The source spectra of the foreshock and the aftershock are well matched by a single-corner-frequency omega(-2) model, with seismic moments of 2.2 x 10(22) and 2.2 x 10(21) dyne-cm, respectively, and a stress parameter of 65 bars for both events. By contrast, the spectrum of the mainshock differs dramatically from this simple shape. A stress parameter of 500 bars is required to match the observed high-frequency amplitudes, using the seismic moment determined from teleseismic observations as a constraint. This single-corner-frequency model, however, overestimates amplitudes at frequencies near 1 Hz by a factor of about 2. The relative radiation of short- and long-period energy for the mainshock is inconsistent with that from other intraplate earthquakes; the fore- and aftershocks appear typical in this regard. The extraction of source spectra from the regional data required a careful examination of attenuation. Azimuthal variations were observed, with the attenuation being most severe to the southeast (normal to the St. Lawrence Valley and the dominant structural grain of the region). The St. Lawrence River coincides in part with the boundary between the Grenville and Appalachian tectonic provinces, and the difference in attenuation may be related to the difference in tectonic province. The distribution of data, however, makes it difficult to obtain good estimates of the attenuation in each province. Lumping the data from both provinces and the three earthquakes together results in an anelastic attenuation factor given by Q = 755f0.5 for frequencies, f, from 0.6 to 18 Hz, using data at distances, R, beyond 100 km from the sources and assuming 1 I square-root R geometrical spreading. This attenuation is similar to that obtained in a number of other studies in the general area. Three-component recordings were available at a few stations, and from these the following frequency-dependent ratio of horizontal-to-vertical motion was obtained: HIV = 1.14 + 0.118f - 0.00638f2, for frequencies from 0.2 to 15 Hz. Different methods of correcting observations for attenuation, in order to derive source spectra, were examined. Source spectra derived by simple regression analyses of observed data, assuming a uniform medium, are very similar to those based on a more complicated synthetic seismogram correction, which accounts for wave propagation in a layered Earth. RP BOORE, DM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 39 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 683 EP 719 PG 37 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM249 UT WOS:A1992HM24900006 ER PT J AU HILL, DP THATCHER, W AF HILL, DP THATCHER, W TI AN ENERGY CONSTRAINT FOR FRICTIONAL SLIP ON MISORIENTED FAULTS SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; HEAT-FLOW; STRESS; KINEMATICS; GRANITE; THRUST; WRENCH; STATE AB Analysis of the energy required for slip on faults at varying angles (theta) to the greatest principal stress in a fixed stress field yields an upper bound on the effective coefficient of friction mu(d)*(theta) for slip on faults misoriented with respect to the optimum angle for slip, theta(O), given by the Coulomb criteria. Here the effective coefficient of friction is mu(d)* = mu(d)(1 - P(f)l-sigma(n)), where P(f) is the pore pressure confined to the fault zone and sigma(n) is the stress normal to the fault. The two-dimensional analysis applies to a pervasively fractured crust with heterogeneous fault strength, and the results show that (1) slip will be energetically favored on faults at 45-degrees to 50-degrees to the greatest principal stress if the coefficient of friction along these faults is just 20% to 25% lower than along faults at the optimum Coulomb angle (theta(0) = 25-degrees to 30-degrees for commonly accepted values of friction, mu(d) = 0.70 to 0.75, in the upper crust); (2) in the extreme case of vanishingly small frictional strength and low ambient shear stress, the 45-degrees angle for optimum fault slip (parallel with the direction of maximum shear stress) is only weakly favored over a wide range of fault orientations on either side of 45-degrees; and (3) slip will be energetically feasible on strongly misoriented faults (theta > 80-degrees) with an intrinsic coefficient of friction of mu(d) almost-equal-to 0.7 (theta almost-equal-to 28-degrees) if mu(d)*(theta) less-than-or-equal-to 0.2 along the misoriented fault. The latter implies a lower bound on the fault-confined pore pressure of P(f) greater-than-or-equal-to 0.8-sigma(n), where sigma(n) is the normal stress across the fault. The basic form of this constraint applies to both displacement-averaged dynamic friction and static friction. RP HILL, DP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 883 EP 897 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM249 UT WOS:A1992HM24900015 ER PT J AU FLETCHER, JB BAKER, LM SPUDICH, P GOLDSTEIN, P SIMS, JD HELLWEG, M AF FLETCHER, JB BAKER, LM SPUDICH, P GOLDSTEIN, P SIMS, JD HELLWEG, M TI THE USGS PARKFIELD, CALIFORNIA, DENSE SEISMOGRAPH ARRAY - UPSAR SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID IMPERIAL-VALLEY EARTHQUAKE; SEISMIC ARRAY; CODA WAVES; LITHOSPHERE; PREDICTION; PARAMETERS; RUPTURE; ANZA; SLIP AB An array of 14 irregularly spaced seismograph stations with an aperture of approximately 1 km has been installed near the middle of the rupture zone of the 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquake (M = 5.5). The primary purpose of the array is to image sources of high-frequency energy radiated by the next characteristic Parkfield earthquake, using recordings of its aftershocks at the array as empirical Green's functions. In addition, it will be used to characterize coda Q in the Parkfield region using beam-forming techniques to isolate arrivals from specific volumes of the earth. Each of the 14 stations consists of a three-component velocity transducer and an accelerometer package to ensure on-scale recordings of the full range of ground motion from microearthquakes to large damaging shocks. Transducer output is digitized at each field site and telemetered to a computer at a central recording facility for event detection and storage. Each component of ground motion is sampled 200 times per second by a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter. Time code received from the GOES West satellite synchronizes sampling across the array. Data telemetry is by ARCNET - a token-passing local area network developed for PCs - using a single coaxial cable. ARCNET is two-way, meaning that data or commands can be sent from any field station to the microcomputer or any other field station over the same medium using the same hardware and programming techniques. Specific site locations were chosen by a simulated-annealing algorithm that chose the final site locations from a set of about 100 possible sites to optimize the beam pattern of the array. The algorithm minimized the power of peaks in the beam pattern with slownesses less than 1 sec/km relative to the central lobe. The array configuration was required to include several embedded tripartite arrays to allow the examination of coherence across the array. Seismograms are shown for a M = 2.3 earthquake, which was located at Middle Mountain, 12.9 km from the array. The azimuth to the hypocenter is computed several ways using the array data and compared to the backazimuth from the epicenter location. A least-squares best fit to the arrival times of the first peak yields an azimuth of 7.9-degrees, which is similar to the azimuth of the peak in slowness computed using the MUSIC algorithm of 10.3-degrees (at 9 Hz). These angles are similar but consistently greater than the backazimuth to the hypocenter of 3.2-degrees. The amplitude of the first arrival is approximately 6.4 times greater for a stacked trace (or beam) computed for a ray aimed along the ray path from the hypocenter compared to a beam 180-degrees opposite to that. The amplitude of the first arrival of stacked traces diminishes over a range in azimuth of 80-degrees on either side of the azimuth for a beam aimed along the UPSAR-hypocenter ray path. Coda Q calculated for a range of 0-degrees to 350-degrees and slownesses of 0.1 to 0.24 sec/km show no dominant peaks in the frequency bands of 4 to 8 and 8 to 16 Hz. A large, late arrival in the seismogram in the 2- to 4-Hz band yields high Qs at azimuths of around 0-degrees with large errors. Coda Q increases with frequency from about 150 in the 2- to 4-Hz band to about 500 in the 8- to 16-Hz band. RP FLETCHER, JB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 1992 VL 82 IS 2 BP 1041 EP 1070 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM249 UT WOS:A1992HM24900023 ER PT J AU BAILEY, EP AF BAILEY, EP TI RED FOXES, VULPES-VULPES, AS BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENTS FOR INTRODUCED ARCTIC FOXES, ALOPEX-LAGOPUS, ON ALASKAN ISLANDS SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE ALASKAN ISLANDS; ARCTIC FOXES; ALOPEX-LAGOPUS; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; INTRODUCED SPECIES; RED FOXES; VULPES-VULPES AB Fox populations introduced before 1930 for fur farming have devastated breeding avifauna on numerous islands in southern Alaska. To restore populations of the endangered Aleutian Canada Goose, seabirds, and other avifauna on Alaskan islands, foxes must first be removed. Arctic and Red foxes are not sympatric on islands in Alaska, except on Nunivak Island. More than 40 years of eradication efforts have eliminated foxes from only 21 islands. During the fox farming era Arctic Foxes inadvertently were eliminated by later Red Fox releases on several islands. I introduced sterile Red Foxes on two Aleutian Islands in 1983 and 1984 to determine their ability to eradicate Arctic Foxes. By the summer of 1992 some Red Foxes still remained on one island, but Arctic Foxes apparently were absent from both. Such island introductions on a broader scale should be a valuable tool to restore native ecosystems. RP BAILEY, EP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA MARITIME NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,HOMER,AK 99603, USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 26 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1992 VL 106 IS 2 BP 200 EP 205 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LC990 UT WOS:A1992LC99000006 ER PT J AU FLESKES, JP AF FLESKES, JP TI RECORD OF A REDHEAD, AYTHYA-AMERICANA, LAYING EGGS IN A NORTHERN HARRIER, CIRCUS-CYANEUS, NEST SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE NORTHERN HARRIER; CIRCUS-CYANEUS; REDHEAD; AYTHYA-AMERICANA; PARASITISM; NEST; PARASITIC EGG-LAYING AB An active Northern Harrier, Circus cyancus, nest containing Redhead, Aythya americana, eggs, found in an alberta wetland, apparently represents the first record of a Redhead parasitizing a harrier. RP FLESKES, JP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,ROUTE 1,BOX 960,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1992 VL 106 IS 2 BP 263 EP 264 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LC990 UT WOS:A1992LC99000018 ER PT J AU ODANIEL, D SCHNEEWEIS, JC AF ODANIEL, D SCHNEEWEIS, JC TI STELLER SEA LION, EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS, PREDATION ON GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULLS, LARUS-GLAUCESCENS SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Note DE STELLER SEA LION; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULLS; LARUS-GLAUCESCENS; ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; MARINE MAMMALS AB We observed a Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) preying on Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) in the eastern Aleutian Islands. To our knowledge, this is the first record of such behavior by this species. RP ODANIEL, D (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,JOHNSTON ATOLL NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,BOX 396 APO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 96305, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3264 POSTAL STATION C, OTTAWA ON K1Y 4J5, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD APR-JUN PY 1992 VL 106 IS 2 BP 268 EP 268 PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA LC990 UT WOS:A1992LC99000021 ER PT J AU REIMNITZ, E MARINCOVICH, L MCCORMICK, M BRIGGS, WM AF REIMNITZ, E MARINCOVICH, L MCCORMICK, M BRIGGS, WM TI SUSPENSION FREEZING OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT AND BIOTA IN THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ARCTIC-OCEAN SEDIMENTATION SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENT; ICE; SEA; TRANSPORT; SLUSH AB Ice observations and sediment collected in a summer transit through the Northwest Passage provide insights on suspension freezing, the most important sediment entrainment mechanism for the Arctic Ocean. No evidence was seen for entrainment by bottom adfreezing, bluff slumping, river flooding, dragging ice keels, or significant eolian transport from land to sea. Lack of eolian sediment loading in the Northwest Passage, together with that already reported for northern Alaska, eliminates wind as an important source for fine sediment in the pack of the Beaufort Gyre and related parts of the Transpolar Drift. Muddy sediment with pebbles and cobbles, algae with holdfasts, ostracodes with appendages, and well-preserved mollusks and sea urchins were collected from two sites in a 50 km long stretch of turbid ice. These materials indicate that suspension freezing reaching to a water depth of 25-30 m during the previous fall was responsible for entrainment. This mechanism requires rapid ice formation in open, shallow water during a freezing storm, when the ocean becomes supercooled, and frazil and anchor ice attach to and ultimately lift sediment and living organisms to the sea surface. The mechanism, already known to be important in the Beaufort Sea, probably also affects wide, shallow Siberian shelves and leads to cross-shelf transport of shallow-water organisms and dropstones with "glacial striations" toward deep basins. This makes distinguishing glacial - interglacial cycles more difficult. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP REIMNITZ, E (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, PACIFIC MARINE GEOL BRANCH, MS 999, 345 MIDDLEFIELD RD, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. NR 53 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD APR PY 1992 VL 29 IS 4 BP 693 EP 703 DI 10.1139/e92-060 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA JC956 UT WOS:A1992JC95600009 ER PT J AU HEANEY, PJ POST, JE EVANS, HT AF HEANEY, PJ POST, JE EVANS, HT TI THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF BANNISTERITE SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE BANNISTERITE; INTERLAYER CATIONS; LAYER STRUCTURE; MODULATED STRUCTURE; X-RAY STRUCTURE REFINEMENT ID LAYER SILICATES AB The crystal structure of bannisterite, a modulated, mica-like mineral species, of general composition Ca0.5(K,Na)0.5(Mn,Fe,Mg,Zn)10(Si,Al)16O38(OH)8.nH2O, has been solved and refined for specimens from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey (FF), and Broken Hill, Australia (BH). The crystals are monoclinic in space group A2/a, with (for FF) a = 22.265(1) angstrom, b = 16.368(1) angstrom, c = 24.668(2) angstrom, beta = 94.285(5)-degrees; and (for BH) a = 22.286(1) angstrom, b = 16.386(1) angstrom, c = 24.575(2) angstrom, beta = 94.355(7)-degrees; Z = 8. Refinement with anisotropic thermal factors reached R(W) = 0.034 (FF) and 0.039 (BH). Like stilpnomelane and ganophyllite, bannisterite has a modified 2:1 trioctahedral layer structure in which some of the tetrahedra are inverted towards the interlayer region and linked to inverted tetrahedra in the opposite layer. The octahedral sheet is strongly corrugated along b. The tetrahedral sheet consists of 5-, 6-, and 7-fold rings. and bond distance calculations indicate that Al is concentrated into two of the four inverted tetrahedra. The interlayer Ca, K, and H2O species are highly disordered, as indicated by anomalously large temperature factors and partial occupancies. Localized differences in the Al/Si arrangements in the inverted tetrahedra induce disorder among the interlayer cations. C1 SMITHSONIAN INST, DEPT MINERAL SCI, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 EI 1552-8367 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD APR PY 1992 VL 40 IS 2 BP 129 EP 144 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400201 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA HW847 UT WOS:A1992HW84700001 ER PT J AU DUFFIELD, WA RUIZ, J AF DUFFIELD, WA RUIZ, J TI COMPOSITIONAL GRADIENTS IN LARGE RESERVOIRS OF SILICIC MAGMA AS EVIDENCED BY IGNIMBRITES VERSUS TAYLOR CREEK RHYOLITE LAVA DOMES SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-MEXICO; MOUNT-MAZAMA; CRATER LAKE; BISHOP-TUFF; GEOCHEMISTRY; CHAMBERS; ORIGIN; CRYSTALLIZATION; FRACTIONATION; ROCKS AB The Taylor Creek Rhyolite of southwest New Mexico consists of 20 lava domes and flows that were emplaced during a period of a few thousand years or less in late Oligocene time. Including genetically associated pyroclastic deposits, which are about as voluminous as the lava domes and flows, the Taylor Creek Rhyolite represents roughly 100 km3 of magma erupted from vents distributed throughout an area of several hundred square kilometers. Major-element composition is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous high-silica rhyolite and is nearly constant throughout the lava field. The magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was vertically zoned in trace elements, Sr-87/Sr-86, and phenocryst abundance and size. Mean trace-element concentrations, ranges in concentrations, and element-pair correlations are similar to many subalkaline silicic ignimbrites. However, the polarity of the zonation was opposite that in reservoirs for ignimbrites, for most constituents. For example, compared to the Bishop Tuff, only Sr-87/Sr-86 and Sc increased upward in both reservoirs. Quite likely, a dominant but nonrupted volume of the magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was zoned like that for the Bishop Tuff, whereas an erupted, few-hundred-meter-thick cap on the magma body was variably contaminated by roof rocks whose contribution to this part of the magma system moderated relatively extreme trace-element concentrations of uncontaminated Taylor Creek Rhyolite but did not change the sense of correlation for most element pairs. The contaminant probably was a Precambrian rock of broadly granitic composition and with very high Sr-87/Sr-86. Although examples apparently are not yet reported in the literature, evidence for a similar thin contaminated cap on reservoirs for large-volume silicic ignimbrites may exist in the bottom few meters of ignimbrites or perhaps only in the pumice fallout that normally immediately precedes ignimbrite emplacement. Sr-87/Sr-86 in sanidine phenocrysts of the Taylor Creek Rhyolite is higher than that of their host whole rocks. covariation of this isotope ratio with sanidine abundance and size indicates positive correlations for all three features with decreasing distance to the roof of the magma reservoir. The sanidine probably is more radiogenic than host whole rock because growing phenocrysts partly incorporated Sr from the first partial melt of roof rocks, which contained the highly radiogenic Sr of Precambrian biotite +/- hornblende, whereas diffusion was too slow for sanidine to incorporate much of the Sr from subsequently produced less radiogenic partial melt of roof rocks, before eruption quenched the magma system. Disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and host groundmass is fairly common for ignimbrites, and a process of contamination similar to that for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite may help explain some of these situations. C1 UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT GEOSCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. RP DUFFIELD, WA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 2255 N GEMINI DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 35 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 EI 1432-0967 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 110 IS 2-3 BP 192 EP 210 DI 10.1007/BF00310738 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA HM180 UT WOS:A1992HM18000004 ER PT J AU COSCA, MA ESSENE, EJ KUNK, MJ SUTTER, JF AF COSCA, MA ESSENE, EJ KUNK, MJ SUTTER, JF TI DIFFERENTIAL UNROOFING WITHIN THE CENTRAL METASEDIMENTARY BELT OF THE GRENVILLE OROGEN - CONSTRAINTS FROM AR-40 AR-39 THERMOCHRONOLOGY SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID META-SEDIMENTARY BELT; NEW-YORK; PROVINCE; ONTARIO; EVOLUTION; EXTENSION; CANADA; GEOCHRONOLOGY; HORNBLENDE; SUBDUCTION AB An Ar-40/Ar-39 thermochronological investigation of upper greenschist to granulite facies gneiss, amphibolite and marble was conducted in the Central Metasedimentary Belt (CMB), Ontario, to constrain its cooling history. Incremental Ar-40/Ar-39 release spectra indicate that substantial differential unroofing occurred in the CMB between approximately 1000 and approximately 600 Ma. A consistent pattern of significantly older hornblende and phlogopite Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages on the southeast sides of major northeast striking shear zones is interpreted to reflect late displacement due to extensional deformation. Variations in hornblende Ar-40/Ar-39 age plateaus exceeding 200 Ma occur over distances less than 50 km with major age discontinuities occurring across the Robertson Lake shear zone and the Sharbot Lake mylonite zone which separate the Sharbot Lake terrane from the Elzevir and Frontenac terranes. Extensional displacements of up to 14 km are inferred between the Frontenac and Elzevir terranes of the CMB. No evidence for significant post argon-closure vertical displacement is indicated in the vicinity of the Perth Road mylonite within the Frontenac terrane. Variations of nearly 100 Ma in phlogopite Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages occur in undeformed marble on either side of the Bancroft Shear Zone. Phlogopites from sheared and mylonitized marble within the shear zone yield Ar-40/Ar-39 diffusional loss profiles, but have older geologically meaningless ages thought to reflect incorporation of excess argon. By approximately 900 Ma, southeast directed extension was occurring throughout the CMB, possibly initiated along previous zones of compressional shearing. An easterly migration of active zones of extension is inferred, possibly related to an earlier, overall easterly migration of active zones of regional thrusting and easterly migration of an ancient subduction zone. The duration of extensional shearing is not well constrained, but must have ceased before approximately 600 Ma as required by the deposition of overlying undeformed Cambrian and/or Ordovician sedimentary rocks. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. NR 61 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 110 IS 2-3 BP 211 EP 225 DI 10.1007/BF00310739 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA HM180 UT WOS:A1992HM18000005 ER PT J AU KVITEK, RG OLIVER, JS DEGANGE, AR ANDERSON, BS AF KVITEK, RG OLIVER, JS DEGANGE, AR ANDERSON, BS TI CHANGES IN ALASKAN SOFT-BOTTOM PREY COMMUNITIES ALONG A GRADIENT IN SEA OTTER PREDATION SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ALASKA; BIVALVES; DISTURBANCE; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; KEYSTONE SPECIES; PREDATION; SAXIDOMUS-GIGANTEUS; SEA OTTERS; SEA URCHINS; SOFT-BOTTOM; STRONGYLOCENTROTUS-DROEBACHIENSIS ID BURROWING BIVALVES; BERING SEA; FOOD WEBS; KELP; RECRUITMENT; DISTURBANCE; CALIFORNIA; LECTURE; SHELLS; ISLAND AB Sea otters (Enhydra lutris), well documented as "keystone" predators in rocky marine communities, were found to exert a strong influence on infaunal prey communities in soft-sediment habitats. Direct and indirect effects of sea otter predation on subtidal soft-bottom prey communities were evaluated along a temporal gradient of sea otter occupancy around the Kodiak Archipelago. The results indicate that Kodiak otters forage primarily on bivalve prey and dramatically reduce infaunal bivalve and green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) prey populations. Bivalve prey abundance, biomass, and size were inversely related to duration of sea otter occupancy. The relative conditions of shells discarded by otters in shallow (< 10 m) vs. deep (> 20 m) water at the same sites indicate that otters first exploited Saxidomus in shallow-water feeding areas, and later switched to Macoma spp. in deeper water. Otter-cracked shells of the deep-burrowing clam Tresus capax were rarely found, even at otter foraging sites where the clam accounted for the majority of available prey biomass, suggesting that it has a partial depth refuge from otter predation. The indirect effects of otter predation included substratum disturbance and the facilitation of sea star predation on infaunal prey. Sea stars, Pycnopodia helianthoides, were attracted to experimentally dug excavations as well as natural sea otter foraging pits, where the sea stars foraged on smaller size classes of infaunal bivalves than those eaten by otters. Otters also discard clam shells on the sediment surface and expose old, buried shells during excavation. Surface shells were found to provide attachment sites for large anemones and kelp. Our study shows that sea otters can affect soft-sediment communities, not only through predation, as in rocky habitats, but also through disturbance, and thus retain a high degree of influence in two very different habitat types. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ZOOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. MARINE POLLUT STUDIES LAB,MONTEREY,CA 93940. NR 54 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 47 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1992 VL 73 IS 2 BP 413 EP 428 DI 10.2307/1940749 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HK464 UT WOS:A1992HK46400003 ER PT J AU MARTIN, TE LI, PJ AF MARTIN, TE LI, PJ TI LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS OF OPEN-NESTING VS CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY; CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; CLUTCH SIZE; DEVELOPMENTAL RATES; EXCAVATOR SPECIES; NEST FAILURE; NESTING SUCCESS; NONEXCAVATOR SPECIES; OPEN-NESTING BIRDS ID AGE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY; CLUTCH SIZE VARIATION; PASSERINE BIRDS; ALTRICIAL BIRDS; SITE FIDELITY; GROWTH-RATES; BREEDING BIRDS; SURVIVAL RATES; EUROPEAN BIRDS; HOUSE WRENS AB We re-examined the longstanding dogma that cavity-nesting birds have larger clutch sizes than open-nesting species because of lower nest predation rates, which allow longer developmental periods. We provide data on nesting success of open-nesting species plus excavator and nonexcavator species (cavity-nesters that do vs. do not create their own cavities) of birds that coexist in the same habitat and use natural nest sites; studies were conducted in central Arizona in high-elevation forest drainages from 1987 to 1989. In comparisons among species, nest success increased in the order open-nesting < nonexcavator << excavator species. Length of the nestling period increased, whereas number of broods decreased, with increased nest success across these nest types. Contrary to conventional expectation, clutch size did not increase directly with increased nest success and length of the nestling period, and these patterns were not simply a result of phylogenetic effects. A literature review of data on adult survival in land birds indicated that nonexcavators have significantly lower adult survival than the other two nest types. The lower adult survival of nonexcavators was associated with greater annual productivity than for the other two nest types. Annual productivity appeared to be associated with nest site attributes, whereas number of brood attempts was related to nest failure rate. Clutch size was a byproduct of annual productivity and number of brood attempts. Thus, the long-standing paradigm relating clutch size directly to nesting failure and developmental period was not supported. RP MARTIN, TE (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT BIOL SCI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ARKANSAS COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. RI Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011 OI Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867 NR 138 TC 262 Z9 273 U1 2 U2 60 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD APR PY 1992 VL 73 IS 2 BP 579 EP 592 DI 10.2307/1940764 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HK464 UT WOS:A1992HK46400018 ER PT J AU WANTY, RB GOLDHABER, MB AF WANTY, RB GOLDHABER, MB TI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF REACTIONS INVOLVING VANADIUM IN NATURAL SYSTEMS - ACCUMULATION OF VANADIUM IN SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID HENRY BASIN; MULTICOMPONENT POLYANIONS; URANIUM DEPOSIT; FULVIC-ACID; EQUILIBRIA; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; UTAH; THERMOCHEMISTRY; GEOCHEMISTRY AB A critical review of thermodynamic data for aqueous and solid V species is presented to evaluate dissolution, transport, and precipitation of V under natural conditions. Emphasis is given to results of experimental studies of V chemistry, especially those for which the experimental conditions are near those found in nature. Where possible, data are obtained for or corrected to the reference conditions of 298.15K, 1 atm (1.01325 bar), and zero ionic strength. Vanadium[IV] (V(IV)) and vanadium[V] (V(v)) are the most soluble forms of V in nature, and their complexes with fluoride, sulfate, and oxalate may act to increase V solubility under oxidizing conditions. Because redox behavior is of fundamental importance to understanding natural V chemistry, the kinetics of reduction of V(IV) to V(III) by H2S were studied. Although H2S is predicted from thermodynamic data to be capable of reducing V(IV) to V(III), this reaction has not been demonstrated experimentally. Experiments were carried out under conditions of temperature (45-degrees-C), pH (3.6-6.8), ionic strength (0.05-0.1 m), and V concentrations (9.8-240-mu-molar) likely to be found in nature. Because the reaction is very slow, H2S concentrations in excess of natural conditions were used (8.1 x 10(-4) to 0.41 atm). The results show that V(IV) is reduced to V(III) under a variety of conditions. The rate increases with increasing pH, but is not appreciably affected by ionic strength (as represented by the concentration of KCl, which was used as the supporting electrolyte in all cases). Prior to initiation of the reaction, there is an induction period, the length of which increases with increasing KCl concentration or decreasing pH. Attempts to model the reaction mechanism by numerical methods have failed to produce a satisfying fit of the results, indicating partial reaction orders, a complex mechanism, or involvement of a variety of intermediate species. The results of the thermodynamic and kinetic studies were applied to understanding the genesis of V deposits such as those commonly found on the Colorado Plateau. Vanadium in these sandstone-hosted deposits is present mostly in the reduced oxidation state, V(III). Because of the insolubility of V(III) oxyhydroxides, it is likely that a more oxidized form of V (either [IV] or [V]) was transported to the site of mineralization, and that the V was reduced in situ and subsequently precipitated. A probable reductant is hydrogen sulfide; the presence of pyrite cogenetic with the V minerals documents the presence of H2S during mineralization. The experiments described here show that H2S could have reduced V(IV) to V(III), and thus led to the formation of these deposits. RP WANTY, RB (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 916,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 74 TC 128 Z9 135 U1 2 U2 41 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 4 BP 1471 EP 1483 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90217-7 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HQ100 UT WOS:A1992HQ10000004 ER PT J AU RIECK, HJ SARNAWOJCICKI, AM MEYER, CE ADAM, DP AF RIECK, HJ SARNAWOJCICKI, AM MEYER, CE ADAM, DP TI MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY AND TEPHROCHRONOLOGY OF AN UPPER PLIOCENE TO HOLOCENE RECORD IN LAKE-SEDIMENTS AT TULELAKE, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GEOMAGNETIC EXCURSION; MONO LAKE; TEPHRA LAYERS; COBB MOUNTAIN; SUMMER LAKE; ASH; AGE; BP; MARKER AB Combined paleomagnetic and tephra chronologies of one of the most complete middle Pliocene through Holocene stratigraphic records yet recovered in western Noth America provide a reference section for much of northwestern North America and adjacent Pacific Ocean. Five long drill cores of lacustrine sediments at Tulelake, northern California, recovered a nearly continuous 331-m-thick record spanning the past 3 m.y. The Brunhes Normal-Polarity, Matuyama Reversed-Polarity, and Gauss Normal-Polarity Chronozones are recognized; within these, the Jaramillo, Olduvai, Reunion(?), and Kaena(?) Subchronozones are present. Six short stratigraphic intervals exhibit anomalous remanent inclinations that may record excursions and brief subchrons within the Brunhes and Matuyama Chronozones. Age estimates suggest correlation of five of the anomalous intervals with (1) one of the Biwa excursions at about 18,000 yr B.P., (2) the Mono Lake excursion at about 27,000 yr B.P., (3) the Blake Reversed-Polarity Subchron at about 114,000 yr B.P., (4) the Kamikatsura Normal-Polarity Subchron at about 850,000 yr B.P., and (5) the Cobb Mountain Normal-Polarity Subchron at about 1.10 Ma. Age of the sixth interval of anomalous inclination is broadly constrained between 117,000 and 180,000 yr B.P. Sixty-three individual tephra layers were characterized by electron-microprobe and X-ray fluorescence analyses of volcanic glass shards. Identified tephra of relatively well known age include (1) the basal airfall pumice at Llao Rock, 7015 yr B.P.; (2) the Trego Hot Springs Bed, 23,400 yr B.P.; (3) the Olema ash bed, between 55,000 and 75,000 yr B.P.; (4) the airfall pumice at Cloudcap Road ("Pumice Castle-like tephra 2"), about 120,000 yr B.P.; (5) the Rockland ash bed, about 410,000 yr B.P.; (6) the Lava Creek-B ash bed, 620,000 yr B.P.; (7) the Rio Dell ash bed, about 1.45 Ma; and (8) the Bear Gulch ash bed, about 1.9 Ma. A sedimentation-rate curve based on independently dated tephra and polarity reversals is used to infer age estimates of undated or previously unidentified ash beds. Some of these ash beds are found over large areas of the western United States and eastern Pacific Ocean basin and provide widespread horizons for correlation. Most of the tephra at Tulelake records eruptions from the nearby southern and central Cascade Range of Oregon and northern California, and the Medicine Lake Highland of northern California. Deposition took place during most of the past 3 m.y. within the Tulelake basin; notable periods of slow or sporadic accumulation, or erosion, occurred between about 620,000 and 200,000 yr B.P. and between about 2.5 and 2.1 Ma. Rapid deposition occurred during marine oxygen-isotope stage 6, between about 170 and 125 ka. Regional volcanism during the past 3 m.y. was markedly episodic, with notable volcanic activity from about 2.1 to 1.9 Ma and from 0.4 Ma to the present. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 73 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD APR PY 1992 VL 104 IS 4 BP 409 EP 428 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0409:MATOAU>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HL910 UT WOS:A1992HL91000003 ER PT J AU WATTERSON, JR AF WATTERSON, JR TI PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF BUDDING BACTERIA IN THE ORIGIN OF ALASKAN PLACER GOLD SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Lacelike networks of micrometre-size filiform gold associated with Alaskan placer gold particles are interpreted as low-temperature pseudomorphs of a Pedomicrobium-like budding bacterium. Submicron reproductive structures (hyphae) and other morphological features similar to those of Pedomicrobium manganicum occur as detailed three-dimensional facsimiles in high-purity gold in and on placer gold particles from Lillian Creek, Alaska. In a scanning electron microscope survey, the majority of gold particles at nine Alaskan placer deposits appear to include gold that has accumulated chemically at low temperatures in and on the cells of P. manganicum. Similar bacterioform gold from a Paleozoic deposit in China and from the Precambrian Witwatersrand deposit in South Africa may indicate that bacterioform gold is widespread. RP WATTERSON, JR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1992 VL 20 IS 4 BP 315 EP 318 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)020<0315:PEFTIO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HL911 UT WOS:A1992HL91100007 ER PT J AU KOMOR, SC AF KOMOR, SC TI BIDIRECTIONAL SULFATE DIFFUSION IN SALINE-LAKE SEDIMENTS - EVIDENCE FROM DEVILS LAKE, NORTHEAST NORTH-DAKOTA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTION AB Chemical and isotopic gradients in pore water in Devils Lake indicate that maximum rates of sulfate reduction occur between 1 and 3 cm depth in the bottom sediments. Dissolved sulfate diffuses into the sulfate-reduction zone upward from deeply buried saline pore water at an average rate of 1.4 x 10(-5) mu-mol.cm-2.s-1, and downward from the overlying water column at an average rate of 2.4 x 10(-5) mu-mol.cm-2.s-1. The result is a bidirectional flux of sulfate into the sulfate-reduction zone. Upward-diffusing sulfate provides a ready supply of electron acceptors for sulfate-reducing bacteria even at fairly great depths in the sediments. The abundance of electron acceptors enables sulfate-reducing bacteria to outcompete methanogenic bacteria for organic material and thereby suppress methane production. Suppression of methanogenesis may be widespread in sulfate-rich lakes and wetlands and may limit methane fluxes from these water bodies to the atmosphere. RP KOMOR, SC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,702 PO BLDG,ST PAUL,MN 55101, USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1992 VL 20 IS 4 BP 319 EP 322 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0319:BSDISL>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HL911 UT WOS:A1992HL91100008 ER PT J AU MUELLER, PA WOODEN, JL NUTMAN, AP AF MUELLER, PA WOODEN, JL NUTMAN, AP TI 3.96 GA ZIRCONS FROM AN ARCHEAN QUARTZITE, BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS, MONTANA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DETRITAL ZIRCONS; CRUST; PB; PROVINCE; CANADA; EVOLUTION; GNEISSES; ISOTOPES; EARTH; SR AB U-Pb isotopic systematics of detrital zircons incorporated in a middle Archean quartzite from the Beartooth Mountains, Montana, were investigated with the SHRIMP ion microprobe. These new data reveal an extended and previously unrecognized record of crustal evolution for the northern Wyoming province. Seventy-eight analyses of 67 grains yielded a range of Pb-207/Pb-206 ages from 2.69 to 3.% Ga. Concordant analyses from 43 separate grains define a maximum age for the deposition of the quartzite of 3.30 Ga; other provenance ages extend to 3.% Ga. Ages of < 3.30 Ga are generally discordant, and appear to reflect late Archean disturbance of the U-Pb system, including metamorphism at approximately 2.8 Ga. The predominance of ages at approximately 3.3 Ga is interpreted to represent the last major episode of crust formation prior to deposition of the quartzite. The concordant analyses of > 3.30 Ga indicate that older crustal components with ages up to 3.% Ga, or detritus from them, were also in the provenance of this quartzite. This older age is equivalent to that of the oldest known rock from the Acasta gneisses of the Slave province and is exceeded only by the > 4.0 Ga age of detrital zircons of the Yilgarn block of Western Australia. These data support an increased probability for the survival of sialic crust created before the cessation of the late bombardment at 3.8 to 3.9 Ga. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 2600,AUSTRALIA. RP MUELLER, PA (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. RI Mueller, Paul/B-3974-2013; OI Mueller, Paul/0000-0003-2608-193X NR 30 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1992 VL 20 IS 4 BP 327 EP 330 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0327:GZFAAQ>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HL911 UT WOS:A1992HL91100010 ER PT J AU EDGAR, NT DILLON, WP AF EDGAR, NT DILLON, WP TI SEAMARC-II MAPPING OF TRANSFORM FAULTS IN THE CAYMAN TROUGH, CARIBBEAN SEA - COMMENT SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Note C1 US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP EDGAR, NT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 1992 VL 20 IS 4 BP 382 EP 384 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0382:CAROSI>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Geology SC Geology GA HL911 UT WOS:A1992HL91100025 ER PT J AU CORDELL, L AF CORDELL, L TI A SCATTERED EQUIVALENT-SOURCE METHOD FOR INTERPOLATION AND GRIDDING OF POTENTIAL-FIELD DATA IN 3 DIMENSIONS SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE AB Potential-field geophysical data observed at scattered discrete points in three dimensions can be interpolated (gridded, for example, onto a level surface) by relating the point data to a continuous function of equivalent discrete point sources. The function used here is the inverse-distance Newtonian potential. The sources, located beneath some of the data points at a depth proportional to distance to the nearest neighboring data point, are determined iteratively. Areas of no data are filled by minimum curvature. For two-dimensional (2-D) data (all data points at the same elevation), grids calculated by minimum curvature and by equivalent sources are similar, but the equivalent-source method can be tuned to reduce aliasing. Gravity data in an area of high topographic relief in southwest U.S.A. were gridded by minimum curvature (a 2-D algorithm) and also by equivalent sources (3-D). The minimum-curvature grid shows strong correlation with topography, as expected, because variation in gravity effect due to variation in observation-point elevation (topography) is ignored. However, the data gridded and reduced to a level surface at the mean observation-point elevation, by means of the equivalent-source method. also show strong correlation with topography even though variation in observation-point elevation is accounted for. This can be attributed mostly to the inadequacy of constant-density terrain correction or to data error. Three-dimensional treatment in this example is required as a means of calculating the data onto a level surface, above regions where data and geologic sources overlap, as a necessary first step for making geologic correction, variable-density terrain correction, and evaluating data error. Better spectral estimates are obtained by direct calculation of the Fourier transform of the equivalent-source function than by the discrete fast Fourier transform computer algorithm. RP CORDELL, L (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 964,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 13 TC 41 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD APR PY 1992 VL 57 IS 4 BP 629 EP 636 DI 10.1190/1.1443275 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HN560 UT WOS:A1992HN56000010 ER PT J AU KANE, JS SIEMS, DF ARBOGAST, BF AF KANE, JS SIEMS, DF ARBOGAST, BF TI GEOCHEMICAL-EXPLORATION REFERENCE SAMPLES GXR-1 TO GXR-4 AND GXR-6 - EVALUATION OF HOMOGENEITY BASED ON HIGH-PRECISION ANALYSES SO GEOSTANDARDS NEWSLETTER LA English DT Article AB Homogeneity studies on the geochemical exploration reference samples GXR-1 through GXR-6 were initially based on analyses by methods of 10-30 percent relative standard deviations (rsds). Use of the materials for high-precision method validation requires that homogeneity be established using methods having rsds less than 1.0 percent, if possible. The current homogeneity study shows distinct inhomogeneities in all GXR materials for some major, minor, and trace constituents. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22091. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOSTANDARDS PI VANDOEUVRE NANCY PA 15 RUE NOTRE-DAME-DES-PAUVRES BP 20, 54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY, FRANCE SN 0150-5505 J9 GEOSTANDARD NEWSLETT JI Geostand. Newsl. PD APR PY 1992 VL 16 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1111/j.1751-908X.1992.tb00486.x PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HT024 UT WOS:A1992HT02400009 ER PT J AU TINDALL, JA HEMMEN, K DOWD, JF AF TINDALL, JA HEMMEN, K DOWD, JF TI AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR FIELD EXTRACTION AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF LARGE, INTACT SOIL CORES SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID INFILTRATION; MACROPORES; TRANSPORT; PROFILES; SAMPLES AB Various methods have been proposed for the extraction of large, undisturbed soil cores and for subsequent analysis of fluid movement within the cores. The major problems associated with these methods are expense, cumbersome field extraction, and inadequate simulation of unsaturated flow conditions. A field and laboratory procedure is presented that is economical, convenient, and simulates unsaturated and saturated flow without interface now problems and can be used on a variety of soil types. In the field, a stainless steel core barrel is hydraulically pressed into the soil (30-cm diam. and 38 cm high), the barrel and core are extracted from the soil, and after the barrel is removed from the core, the core is then wrapped securely with flexible sheet metal and a stainless mesh screen is attached to the bottom of the core for support. In the laboratory the soil core is set atop a porous ceramic plate over which a soil-diatomaceous earth slurry has been poured to assure good contact between plate and core. A cardboard cylinder (mold) is fastened around the core and the empty space filled with paraffin wax. Soil cores were tested under saturated and unsaturated conditions using a hanging water column for potentials less-than-or-equal-to 0. Breakthrough curves indicated that no interface flow occurred along the edge of the core. This procedure proved to be reliable for field extraction of large, intact soil cores and for laboratory analysis of solute transport. C1 POLYTECH SW,PLYMOUTH,ENGLAND. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT GEOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP TINDALL, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MS 413,POB 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD APR-JUN PY 1992 VL 21 IS 2 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HU312 UT WOS:A1992HU31200016 ER PT J AU SMITH, JA CHO, HJ JAFFE, PR MACLEOD, CL KOEHNLEIN, SA AF SMITH, JA CHO, HJ JAFFE, PR MACLEOD, CL KOEHNLEIN, SA TI SAMPLING UNSATURATED-ZONE WATER FOR TRICHLOROETHENE AT PICATINNY ARSENAL, NEW-JERSEY SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOIL SOLUTION SAMPLER; VADOSE-ZONE; LYSIMETERS AB A new method of collecting samples of unsaturated-zone water for quantitative analysis for a volatile organic compound, trichloroethene (TCE), was compared to three other, previously described sampling methodologies in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, prepared water samples containing TCE in a known concentration (20-mu-g/L) were sampled repeatedly by using each of the four methods to quantify method precision and accuracy. To compare the four methods in the field, unsaturated-zone water above a TCE-contaminated water-table aquifer was transferred from a depth of 2 m to land surface with 0.15-m-long suction lysimeters attached to 1.85-m lengths of stainless-steel tubing. Statistical analyses of the laboratory and field data indicate that the new method, which involves collecting the water samples in gas-tight glass syringes, is superior to the other three methods for the quantitative sampling and analysis or TCE on the basis of its high precision and accuracy and ease of use. This method was used to collect additional samples from the field site to quantify the spatial variability of TCE concentrations in the unsaturated-zone water. Results of analysis of variance of the data indicate that the spatial concentration variability is important, and that differences in TCE concentration are statistically significant for horizontal distances less than 3.6 m. C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN & OPERAT RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08544. RP SMITH, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,810 BEAR TAVERN RD,SUITE 206,W TRENTON,NJ 08628, USA. RI Smith, James/B-4617-2011 NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD APR-JUN PY 1992 VL 21 IS 2 BP 264 EP 271 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HU312 UT WOS:A1992HU31200017 ER PT J AU PENNYCUICK, CJ HEINE, CE KIRKPATRICK, SJ FULLER, MR AF PENNYCUICK, CJ HEINE, CE KIRKPATRICK, SJ FULLER, MR TI THE PROFILE DRAG OF A HAWKS WING, MEASURED BY WAKE SAMPLING IN A WIND-TUNNEL SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIRD; WING; DRAG; WIND TUNNEL; PARABUTEO-UNICINCTUS ID INTERFERENCE DRAG; GLIDING FLIGHT; MOUNTING STRUT; BODY DRAG; AERODYNAMICS AB {he distribution of dynamic pressure behind a Harris' hawk's wing was sampled using a wake rake consisting of 15 pitot tubes and one static tube. The hawk was holding on to a perch, but at an air speed and gliding angle at which it was capable of gliding. The perch was instrumented, so that the lift developed by the wing was known and the lift coefficient could be calculated. The mean of 92 estimates of profile drag coefficient was 0.0207, with standard deviation 0.0079. Lift coefficients ranged from 0.51 to 1.08. Reynolds numbers were nearly all in the range 143 000-194 000. The estimates of profile drag coefficient were reconcilable with previous estimates of the wing profile drag of the same bird, obtained by the subtractive method, and also with values predicted by the 'Airfoil-ii' program for designing aerofoils, based on a digitized wing profile from the ulnar region of the wing. The thickness of the wake suggested that the boundary layer was mostly or fully turbulent in most observations and separated in some, possibly as an active means of creating drag for control purposes. It appears that the bird could momentarily either increase or decrease the profile drag of specific parts of the wing, by active changes of shape, and it appeared to use the carpometacarpal region especially for such control movements. Further investigation in a low-turbulence wind tunnel would help to resolve doubts about the possible influence of airstream turbulence on the behaviour of the boundary layer. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV MIAMI,DEPT BIOL,CORAL GABLES,FL 33124. DUKE UNIV,DEPT RADIAT MED,DURHAM,NC 27706. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 165 BP 1 EP 19 PG 19 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA HP514 UT WOS:A1992HP51400001 ER PT J AU BERNARD, J BREMONT, M WINTON, J AF BERNARD, J BREMONT, M WINTON, J TI NUCLEOCAPSID GENE SEQUENCE OF A NORTH-AMERICAN ISOLATE OF VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA VIRUS, A FISH RHABDOVIRUS SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA; RABIES GENOME; NEW-JERSEY; N GENE; RNA; PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; EVOLUTION AB Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia is the most important viral disease of trout in Europe. The causative agent, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a member of the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family, was formerly believed to be confined to portions of the European continent; however in 1988, VHSV was isolated from adult chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon returning to two hatcheries in the northwestern part of the State of Washington, U.S.A. Initial fears were that the virus had been imported into North America, perhaps by aquaculture activities. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) gene of one of the North American (Makah) isolates of VHSV were determined and compared with published sequences of a European reference strain of VHSV (07-71) and the Round Butte strain of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), another salmonid fish rhabdovirus that is enzootic in western North America. The N gene of the Makah isolate of VHSV shared a similarity of 88.433% at the nucleotide level and 94.802% at the amino acid level with the N gene of the European strain of VHSV, and 62.121% amino acid similarity with the N protein of IHNV. Like the European reference isolate, the North American isolate of VHSV showed three domains in the N protein, the central one being the most conserved and the likely site of interaction with genomic RNA. This was also the region of highest similarity with the amino acid sequence of IHNV. The sequence that suggested that the Makah and 07-71 isolates were of independent origin. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR,NAVAL STN,SEATTLE,WA 98115. RP BERNARD, J (reprint author), INRA,CTR RECH JOUY EN JOSAS,DOMAINE VILVERT,F-78352 JOUY EN JOSAS,FRANCE. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 73 BP 1011 EP 1014 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-73-4-1011 PN 4 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA HM861 UT WOS:A1992HM86100034 PM 1634868 ER PT J AU THIEKING, A GOYAL, SM BEY, RF LOKEN, KI MECH, LD THIEL, RP OCONNOR, TP AF THIEKING, A GOYAL, SM BEY, RF LOKEN, KI MECH, LD THIEL, RP OCONNOR, TP TI SEROPREVALENCE OF LYME-DISEASE IN GRAY WOLVES FROM MINNESOTA AND WISCONSIN SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE LYME DISEASE; GRAY WOLVES; LYME ANTIBODIES; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; SEROLOGIC SURVEY ID BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; IXODES-DAMMINI; DOGS; SPIROCHETE; INFECTION; MAMMALS; CONNECTICUT; IXODIDAE; AGENT; ACARI AB To determine the seroprevalence of Lyme disease in gray wolves (Canis lupus) from various counties of Minnesota and Wisconsin (USA), 589 serum samples were collected from 528 wolves from 1972 to 1989. An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was used to detect the presence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi. Titers of greater-than-or-equal 1:100 were considered positive. Results were confirmed by testing a few selected sera by Western blotting. Of the 589 sera tested, 15 (3%) had IFA titers of greater-than-or-equal-to 1:100. Three of the positive samples were collected from Douglas County in Wisconsin and twelve were from Minnesota counties. This study indicates that wolves are exposed to B. burgdorferi and are susceptible to Lyme disease. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,THOMA,WI 54660. IDEXX CORP,PORTLAND,ME 04101. RP THIEKING, A (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,COLL VET MED,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 2 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA HR258 UT WOS:A1992HR25800003 PM 1602567 ER PT J AU SAVIDGE, JA SILEO, L SIEGFRIED, LM AF SAVIDGE, JA SILEO, L SIEGFRIED, LM TI WAS DISEASE INVOLVED IN THE DECIMATION OF GUAM AVIFAUNA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE AVIAN DISEASE; ENDANGERED SPECIES; EXTINCTION; ISLAND AVIFAUNA; FACTORS IN POPULATION DECLINE AB Between 1982 and 1986, 402 (290 live, 112 dead) exotic, migrant or native resident birds on Guam were surveyed for disease-causing agents to determine the role of disease in the decline of native forest bird populations on Guam. Traumatic injury, primarily from collisions with motor vehicles and predation, was the most prevalent (46%) cause of death. Thirty-eight percent of the carcasses examined were in poor body condition largely as a result of inadequate nutrition in captive native birds and poultry and adipose exhaustion in errant migrants. A variety of commensal or opportunistic bacteria, including Salmonella spp., were cultured from 220 birds, and nothing remarkable was found in 15 fecal samples. Lastly, no haematozoans, the suspected cause for the decline of the Hawaiian avifauna, were observed in blood slides examined from 260 birds. Based on the results of the survey and other lines of evidence presented in the discussion, we concluded there were no data implicating disease in the decline of Guam's avifauna. C1 DIV AQUAT & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,AGANA,GU 96910. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53711. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1992 VL 28 IS 2 BP 206 EP 214 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA HR258 UT WOS:A1992HR25800007 PM 1602571 ER PT J AU WHITTEN, KR GARNER, GW MAUER, FJ HARRIS, RB AF WHITTEN, KR GARNER, GW MAUER, FJ HARRIS, RB TI PRODUCTIVITY AND EARLY CALF SURVIVAL IN THE PORCUPINE CARIBOU HERD SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT; ARCTIC ALASKA; MOVEMENTS AB Concerns have been raised that displacement from traditional calving and postcalving areas by petroleum exploration may cause increased calf mortality in the Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Herd. Consequently, we determined productivity and early calf survival by frequently locating 23-53 radio-collared cows and 59-61 radio-collared calves from 1983 to 1985. Seventy-nine to 87% of the adult females gave birth each year, and 68-90% of calves were born within, or adjacent to, a coastal plain area proposed for petroleum leasing and development. Sixteen to 35% of the calves died by 25 June. Fifty-nine to 74% of calf mortality occurred within 48 hours of birth and involved a number of causes in addition to predation. Predation was the major cause of death after the first 48 hours, and mortality increased toward higher terrain away from the coastal plain. Additional data from carcasses of unmarked calves corroborated the trends noted for radio-collared cows and calves. We conclude that if petroleum development displaces calving from the coastal plain, calf mortality likely will increase. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ARCTIC NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. RP WHITTEN, KR (reprint author), ALASKA DEPT FISH & GAME,1300 COLL RD,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 34 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.2307/3808814 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700001 ER PT J AU PRICE, JI YANDELL, BS PORTER, WP AF PRICE, JI YANDELL, BS PORTER, WP TI CHEMICAL IONS AFFECT SURVIVAL OF AVIAN CHOLERA ORGANISMS IN POND WATER SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL SURVIVAL AB Avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) is a major disease of wild waterfowl, but its epizootiology remains little understood. Consequently, we examined whether chemical ions affected survival of avian cholera organisms in water collected from the Nebraska Rainwater Basin where avian cholera is enzootic. We tested the response of P. multocida to ammonium (NH4), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrate (NO3), and ortho-phosphate (PO4) ions individually and in combination using a fractional factorial design divided into 4 blocks. High concentrations of Ca and Mg, singly or in combination, increased survival of P. multocida organisms (P < 0.001). We developed a survival index to predict whether or not specific ponds could be "problem" or "nonproblem" avian cholera sites based on concentrations of these ions in the water. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT STAT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ZOOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP PRICE, JI (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,6006 SCHROEDER RD,MADISON,WI 53711, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 274 EP 278 DI 10.2307/3808823 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700010 ER PT J AU SMITH, GW REYNOLDS, RE AF SMITH, GW REYNOLDS, RE TI HUNTING AND MALLARD SURVIVAL, 1979-88 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; RATES; MORTALITY; TESTS AB A recent pattern of changes in hunting regulations offered a unique opportunity to further investigate the relationship between hunting and survival rates of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Consequently, we used 2 approaches to study the effects of hunting on survival of mallards banded on the Canadian prairie and the northcentral United States. First we compared recovery and survival rates during 1979-84, when regulations were stable and relatively liberal, with rates during 1985-88, when regulations were restrictive. Recovery rates declined between the 2 periods, suggesting that harvest rates declined. Survival rates for all age-sex classes were greater during the second period. Second, we analyzed the additive and compensatory nature of hunting mortality, for the same data, using the ultrastructural model of Anderson et al. (1982), as extended by Barker et al. (1991). We were able to reject both the completely additive and completely compensatory models for the years 1979-88, although our rejection of the compensatory model was much stronger. We conclude that, under certain conditions, restrictive regulations can successfully increase survival rates of mallards. RP SMITH, GW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,OFF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 26 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 306 EP 316 DI 10.2307/3808827 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700014 ER PT J AU OLSEN, GH DEIN, FJ HARAMIS, GM JORDE, DG AF OLSEN, GH DEIN, FJ HARAMIS, GM JORDE, DG TI IMPLANTING RADIO TRANSMITTERS IN WINTERING CANVASBACKS SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BLACK DUCKS AB To conduct telemetry studies of wintering canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) on Chesapeake Bay, we needed to devise a suitable method of radio transmitter attachment. We describe an aseptic, intra-abdominal surgical technique, using the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane, to implant 20-g radio transmitters in free-ranging canvasbacks. We evaluated the technique over 3 winters (1987-89), when an annual average of 83 female canvasbacks received implant surgery during a 9-day period in mid-December. Of 253 ducks, 248 (98%) were implanted successfully, and 200 (80.6%) completed the 70-day study until early March. No mortality or abnormal behavior from surgery was identified post-release. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL WILDLIFE HLTH RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53711. RP OLSEN, GH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 12 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 325 EP 328 DI 10.2307/3808830 PG 4 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700017 ER PT J AU BARKER, RJ GEISSLER, PH HOOVER, BA AF BARKER, RJ GEISSLER, PH HOOVER, BA TI SOURCES OF NONRESPONSE TO THE FEDERAL WATERFOWL HUNTER QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Response rates to the Federal Waterfowl Hunter Questionnaire Survey (WHQS) have declined since the 1950's, suggesting that harvest estimates may be biased. Consequently, we investigated reasons for WHQS nonresponse using surveys of waterfowl hunters in Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Texas. Sampling frames were constructed using lists of buyers of state hunting licenses or state duck stamps. We mailed questionnaires to 16,452 randomly selected hunters, with 2 follow-up mailings at 3-week intervals. Questionnaires were completed by 8,812 respondents, and a further 587 interviews were conducted by telephone. Post offices accounted for between 53.7% (Minn.) and 92.8% (N.J.) of federal waterfowl duck stamp sales, and stores accounted for most other sales. Of hunters who bought a federal waterfowl stamp from sample post offices, between 16.7% (Minn.) and 40.0% (Ark.) reported receiving a WHQS contact card. Of those receiving contact cards, between 30.0% (N.J.) and 64.3% (La. and Tex.) reported returning them. Because survey coverage of the target population is poor, we recommend that a new sampling frame be developed for the WHQS. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP BARKER, RJ (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT WILDLIFE & RANGE SCI,COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 337 EP 343 DI 10.2307/3808832 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700019 ER PT J AU PENDLETON, GW AF PENDLETON, GW TI NONRESPONSE PATTERNS IN THE FEDERAL WATERFOWL HUNTER QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB I analyzed data from the 1984 and 1986 Federal Waterfowl Hunter Questionnaire Survey (WHQS) to estimate the rate of return of name and address contact cards, to evaluate the efficiency of the Survey's stratification scheme, and to investigate potential sources of bias due to nonresponse at the contact card and questionnaire stages of the Survey. Median response at the contact card stage was 0.200 in 1984 and 0.208 in 1986, but was lower than 0.100 for many sample post offices. Large portions of the intended sample contributed little to the final estimates in the Survey. Differences in response characteristics between post office size strata were detected, but size strata were confounded with contact card return rates; differences among geographic zones within states were more pronounced. Large biases in harvest and hunter activity due to nonresponse were not found; however, consistent smaller magnitude biases were found. Bias in estimates of the proportion of active hunters was the most pronounced effect of nonresponse. All of the sources of bias detected would produce overestimates of harvest and activity. Redesigning the WHQS, including use of a complete list of waterfowl hunters and resampling nonrespondents, would be needed to reduce nonresponse bias. RP PENDLETON, GW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 344 EP 348 DI 10.2307/3808833 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700020 ER PT J AU BRUGGER, KE LABISKY, RF DANEKE, DE AF BRUGGER, KE LABISKY, RF DANEKE, DE TI BLACKBIRD ROOST DYNAMICS AT MILLERS LAKE, LOUISIANA - IMPLICATIONS FOR DAMAGE CONTROL IN RICE SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; SOUTHWESTERN; STARLINGS AB Ecological data are needed to develop management plans related to bird damage to sprouting and ripening rice in the southern United States. Thus, we studied the blackbird roost at Millers Lake, Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, each spring from 1986 to 1988 to document roost size, species composition, and distribution patterns of foraging flocks in nearby rice fields. We report on the final year of study and discuss the relationship of roost size to options for controlling bird damage in spring-planted rice. The number of birds roosting at Millers Lake declined from 18 million in mid-February to 6,300 in late April 1988. In March and April, female red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were proportionally more abundant than male red-winged blackbirds or other species of blackbirds or European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). The mean number of birds, flock size, and number of flocks that foraged in fields were not correlated with roost size. Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of various control measures is needed. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT WILDLIFE & RANGE SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP BRUGGER, KE (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,FLORIDA FIELD STN,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,2820 E UNIV AVE,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601, USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 2 BP 393 EP 398 DI 10.2307/3808841 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HP137 UT WOS:A1992HP13700028 ER PT J AU RALLS, K SINIFF, DB DOROFF, A MERCURE, A AF RALLS, K SINIFF, DB DOROFF, A MERCURE, A TI MOVEMENTS OF SEA OTTERS RELOCATED ALONG THE CALIFORNIA COAST SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP RALLS, K (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL 200L PK,WASHINGTON,DC 20008, USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 1992 VL 8 IS 2 BP 178 EP 184 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00380.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA HR283 UT WOS:A1992HR28300012 ER PT J AU JAKEMAN, AJ HORNBERGER, GM LITTLEWOOD, IG WHITEHEAD, PG HARVEY, JW BENCALA, KE AF JAKEMAN, AJ HORNBERGER, GM LITTLEWOOD, IG WHITEHEAD, PG HARVEY, JW BENCALA, KE TI A SYSTEMATIC-APPROACH TO MODELING THE DYNAMIC LINKAGE OF CLIMATE, PHYSICAL CATCHMENT DESCRIPTORS AND HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE COMPONENTS SO MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, CTR RESOURCE & ENVIRONM STUDIES, CANBERRA, ACT 2600, AUSTRALIA. UNIV VIRGINIA, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA. INST HYDROL, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, OXON, ENGLAND. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. RI Bencala, Kenneth/A-6650-2010; Harvey, Judson/L-2047-2013; Jakeman, Anthony/P-6786-2014 OI Harvey, Judson/0000-0002-2654-9873; Jakeman, Anthony/0000-0001-5282-2215 NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4754 EI 1872-7166 J9 MATH COMPUT SIMULAT JI Math. Comput. Simul. PD APR PY 1992 VL 33 IS 5-6 BP 359 EP 366 DI 10.1016/0378-4754(92)90122-W PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA HW668 UT WOS:A1992HW66800002 ER PT J AU COLVORCORESSES, AP AF COLVORCORESSES, AP TI THE CASE FOR THE HIGH-ALTITUDE VERSION OF LANDSAT-7 SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Letter RP COLVORCORESSES, AP (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 1992 VL 58 IS 4 BP 454 EP 454 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA HM577 UT WOS:A1992HM57700006 ER PT J AU ASHWAL, LD WIEBE, RA WOODEN, JL WHITEHOUSE, MJ SNYDER, D AF ASHWAL, LD WIEBE, RA WOODEN, JL WHITEHOUSE, MJ SNYDER, D TI PRE-ELSONIAN MAFIC MAGMATISM IN THE NAIN IGNEOUS COMPLEX, LABRADOR - THE BRIDGES LAYERED INTRUSION SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EVOLUTION; MANTLE; ND; ISOTOPES; FRONT; CRUST AB Decades of work on the pristine, unmetamorphosed, and well exposed anorthositic, mafic and granitic rocks of the Nain igneous complex, Labrador, have led to the conclusion that all plutonic rocks in that area were emplaced in a short time interval at about 1300 +/- 10 Ma. We report here new isotopic data for mafic intrusive rocks that appear to have crystallized several hundred Ma earlier than the bulk of the plutonic activity in the Nain complex. The Bridges layered intrusion (BLI) is a small (15-20 km2) lens of layered mafic rocks about 1.5 km thick, surrounded and intruded by anorthositic, leuconoritic and leucotroctolitic plutons in the middle of the coastal section of the Nain igneous complex. BLI shows very well developed magmatic structures, including channel scours, slump structures, and ubiquitous modally graded layering. Most rocks, however, show granular textures indicative of recrystallization, presumably caused by emplacement of younger anorthositic rocks. BLI contains cumulate rocks with slightly more primitive mineral compositions (An60-83, Fo66-71) than those of other mafic intrusions in the Nain igneous complex, including Kiglapait. Sm-Nd isotopic data for 7 BLI whole-rocks ranging in composition between olivine melagabbro and olivine leucogabbro yield an age of 1667 +/- 75 Ma, which we interpret as the time of primary crystallization. The internal isotopic systematics of the BLI have been reset, probably by intrusion of adjacent anorthositic plutons. A Sm-Nd mineral isochron (plag, whole-rock, mafics) for a BLI olivine melagabbro gives an age of 1283 +/- 22 Ma, equivalent within error of a mineral array (plag, whole-rock, opx, cpx) for an adjacent, igneous-textured, leuconorite vein (1266 +/- 152 Ma). The initial Nd ratio for BLI corresponds to epsilon(Nd) = -3.18 +/- 0.44. Other whole-rock samples, however, some with vein-like alteration (chlorite, serpentine, amphiboles), show epsilon(Nd) values as low as -9.1, suggesting variable contamination by direct assimilation of early Archean crustal rocks and/or by fluids that have interacted with such crust. Adjacent anorthositic rocks also show variable epsilon(Nd), some as low as -14.7, implying larger degrees of crustal assimilation, perhaps by parental magmas during lower crustal ponding prior to emplacement. These contamination effects preclude straightforward determination of the isotopic character of mantle sources for both BLI and the anorthositic rocks. C1 FRANKLIN & MARSHALL COLL, DEPT GEOL, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. RP RAND AFRIKAANS UNIV, DEPT GEOL, POB 524, JOHANNESBURG 2000, SOUTH AFRICA. RI Whitehouse, Martin/E-1425-2013 OI Whitehouse, Martin/0000-0003-2227-577X NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 EI 1872-7433 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD APR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 87 DI 10.1016/0301-9268(92)90084-2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HN002 UT WOS:A1992HN00200004 ER PT J AU GRIFFITH, MB PERRY, SA AF GRIFFITH, MB PERRY, SA TI PLECOPTERA OF HEADWATER CATCHMENTS IN THE FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST, MONONGAHELA-NATIONAL-FOREST, WEST-VIRGINIA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE PLECOPTERA; SPECIES LIST; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; WEST-VIRGINIA AB The Fellow Experimental Forest is a research facility of the U.S. Forest Service located on the Allegheny Plateau in the northern part of Monongahela National Forest in Tucker Co., WV. This 1474-ha experimental forest encompasses the entire drainage of Elklick Run, a 4th order tributary to the Black Fork of the Cheat River. As part of several ongoing studies of the ecology of streams in the Fellow Experimental Forest, we conducted a survey of adult aquatic insects in 6 of these small catchments. From this survey, we identified 27 species of Plecoptera including 1 species of Pteronarcyidae, 1 of Peltoperlidae, 1 of Taeniopterygidae, 2 of Capniidae, 7 of Leuctridae, 4 of Nemouridae, 5 of Chloroperlidae, 1 of Perlidae, and 5 of Perlodidae. RP GRIFFITH, MB (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,DIV FORESTRY,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD APR PY 1992 VL 94 IS 2 BP 282 EP 287 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA HN240 UT WOS:A1992HN24000010 ER PT J AU ROTTIERS, DV AF ROTTIERS, DV TI EFFECTS OF DAY LENGTH AND CLEANING REGIMEN ON THE GROWTH OF YEARLING PARR ATLANTIC SALMON SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article ID SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; SALAR; PHOTOPERIOD; SMOLTIFICATION; SURVIVAL AB Yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared with 8 or 16 h of light each day in laboratory tanks that were cleaned daily or weekly, and growth was measured weekly for 10 weeks. Growth was greatest for fish on the 16-h light and weekly cleaning routine. Reduced frequency of tank cleaning (weekly) significantly enhanced growth but accounted for only 8.5% of the partitioned variance, compared with 78.9% for increases in day length alone. Results of this study suggest that the increased growth observed at longer day lengths was primarily due to the stimulatory effects of increased amounts of light. RP ROTTIERS, DV (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERY RES & DEV LAB,RURAL DELIVERY 4,BOX 63,WELLSBORO,PA 16901, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1992 VL 54 IS 2 BP 69 EP 72 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0069:EODLAC>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JD752 UT WOS:A1992JD75200001 ER PT J AU STOECKEL, JN NEVES, RJ AF STOECKEL, JN NEVES, RJ TI COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR VIEWING THE GERMINAL VESICLE IN FISH OOCYTES SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note ID FINAL MATURATION; OVULATION; STEROIDS; INVITRO AB The ability to view the germinal vesicle following three treatment methods to clear opaque oocytes of nine species of fishes was compared. A mixture of ethanol, formalin, and glacial acetic acid (EFA) proved superior to a modified Stockard's solution and a dehydration series of ethanol followed by xylene. The EFA method worked well on oocytes of all species. The latter two methods were not as effective and required more time to clear oocytes. Oocytes of some species turned opaque soon after they were cleared by any of the methods, which limited the time period within which the germinal vesicle could be seen. RP STOECKEL, JN (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1992 VL 54 IS 2 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0115:COMFVT>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JD752 UT WOS:A1992JD75200011 ER PT J AU HENDERSONARZAPALO, A LEMM, C HAWKINSON, J KEYES, P AF HENDERSONARZAPALO, A LEMM, C HAWKINSON, J KEYES, P TI TRICAINE USED TO SEPARATE PHASE-I STRIPED BASS WITH UNINFLATED GAS BLADDERS FROM NORMAL FISH SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Note AB Tricaine (MS-222) was used to separate striped bass (Morone saxatilis) with uninflated gas bladders from normal fish. Pond-reared, phase-I striped bass (I 9-71 mm total length) were anaesthetized in a 12.5 parts per thousand saltwater solution containing 110-123 mg MS-222/L. Fish with inflated gas bladders were neutrally buoyant or floated, whereas fish with uninflated gas bladders remained on the bottom. Dissection of buoyant and non-buoyant fish indicated the procedure was 90-100% accurate. Eliminating fish with uninflated gas bladders will improve efficiency and quality of phase-II production. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SENECAVILLE STATE FISH HATCHERY,SENECAVILLE,OH 43780. OHIO DIV WILDLIFE,SENECAVILLE STATE FISH HATCHERY,SENECAVILLE,OH. RP HENDERSONARZAPALO, A (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR LEETOWN,FISH CULTURE & ECOL BRANCH,POB 700,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD APR PY 1992 VL 54 IS 2 BP 133 EP 135 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0133:TUTSPI>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA JD752 UT WOS:A1992JD75200018 ER PT J AU CONDIE, KC NOLL, PD CONWAY, CM AF CONDIE, KC NOLL, PD CONWAY, CM TI GEOCHEMICAL AND DETRITAL MODE EVIDENCE FOR 2 SOURCES OF EARLY PROTEROZOIC SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS FROM THE TONTO BASIN SUPERGROUP, CENTRAL ARIZONA SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENT CHARACTERISTICS; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; SUPRACRUSTAL ROCKS; SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA; PLATE-TECTONICS; QUARTZ ARENITES; PROVENANCE; SANDSTONES; MOUNTAINS; MINERALS AB The Tonto Basin Supergroup includes up to 6.5 km of Early Proterozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that were deposited in a relatively short period of time at about 1.7 Ga in central Arizona. Moderate correlations of rare earth elements (REE) and Ti with Al2O3 and REE distributions in detrital sediments of this supergroup suggest that these elements are contained chiefly in clay-mica and/or zircon fractions. REE distributions, including negative Eu anomalies in most Tonto Basin sediments, are similar to those in Phanerozoic shales. Weak to moderate correlations of Fe, Sc, Ni, and Co to Al2O3 also suggest a clay-mica control of these elements. Detrital modes and geochemical characteristics of sediments indicate two dominant sources for sedimentary rocks of the Tonto Basin Supergroup: a granitoid source and a volcanic source. The granitoid source was important during deposition of the upper part of the succession (the Mazatzal Group) as shown by increases in K2O, Al2O3, and Th in pelites with stratigraphic height, and increases in Zr and Hf and decreases in Eu/Eu*, Cr, and Ni in pelites of the Maverick Shale. Sediment provenance characteristics and paleocurrent indicators are consistent with deposition of the supergroup in a continental-margin back-arc basin. The granitoid sediment source appears to have been the North American craton on the north, and the volcanic source a more local source from an arc on the south. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP CONDIE, KC (reprint author), NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA. NR 58 TC 63 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD APR PY 1992 VL 77 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0037-0738(92)90103-X PG 26 WC Geology SC Geology GA HW471 UT WOS:A1992HW47100004 ER PT J AU HARMS, TA JAYKO, AS BLAKE, MC AF HARMS, TA JAYKO, AS BLAKE, MC TI KINEMATIC EVIDENCE FOR EXTENSIONAL UNROOFING OF THE FRANCISCAN COMPLEX ALONG THE COAST RANGE FAULT, NORTHERN DIABLO RANGE, CALIFORNIA SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID METAMORPHIC ROCKS; SUBDUCTION COMPLEX; JADEITIC PYROXENE; THRUST BELTS; PACHECO-PASS; DEFORMATION; UPLIFT; METAGRAYWACKES; OPHIOLITE; CONSTRAINTS AB Franciscan metagraywacke immediately below the Del Puerto ophiolite, an outlier of the Coast Range ophiolite in the northern Diablo Range, was sheared during top-to-the-east displacement on the Coast Range fault. This represents normal faulting and extensional offset. It was accompanied by attenuation of the Coast Range ophiolite and Great Valley sequence in the hanging wall along layer-parallel normal faults that sole into the Coast Range fault. Extension occurred as the Franciscan Complex moved relatively west, out from under North American lithosphere and across the subducting ocean plate below. This effected a lengthening and thinning in the wedge of material above the down-going plate, presumably in response to instability brought about by subduction shallowing (Krueger and Jones, 1989) and accretion of the Franciscan Central belt in the latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene. As a result, blueschist facies terranes of the uppermost part of the Franciscan Complex are now juxtaposed directly against hanging wall units that bear only low-grade metamorphism. C1 AMHERST COLL,DEPT GEOL,AMHERST,MA 01002. RP HARMS, TA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 975,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 75 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 1992 VL 11 IS 2 BP 228 EP 241 DI 10.1029/91TC01880 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HN283 UT WOS:A1992HN28300004 ER PT J AU STEVENS, CH STONE, P KISTLER, RW AF STEVENS, CH STONE, P KISTLER, RW TI A SPECULATIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MIDDLE PALEOZOIC CONTINENTAL-MARGIN OF SOUTHWESTERN NORTH-AMERICA SO TECTONICS LA English DT Article ID EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; CAMBRIAN MIOGEOCLINAL ROCKS; CENTRAL MOJAVE DESERT; SNOW LAKE PENDANT; SIERRA-NEVADA; MEXICO; FAULT; EXTENSION; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; TRUNCATION AB Geologic relations and data from strontium and oxygen isotopic studies are used together to speculate on the paleogeographic positions of various crustal blocks or terranes in southwestern North America with respect to the middle Paleozoic continental margin. The southwestern margin of the middle Paleozoic continent, based on these data, is quite irregular in its present configuration, but most of the irregularities can be accounted for by strike-slip displacement of continental fragments during several post-middle Paleozoic tectonic events. We conclude that large-scale late Paleozoic sinistral displacements and Mesozoic and Cenozoic dextral displacements have been the major events affecting the configuration of this margin. Our preferred model includes the following elements: (1) 500 km of left-lateral displacement of a large part of the margin during a late Paleozoic truncation, (2) slivering of the margin by right-lateral faulting during the Mesozoic, amounting to about 275 km of total displacement, and (3) further deformation of the margin during the Cenozoic, primarily by right-lateral faulting, oroclinal bending, and crustal extension. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP STEVENS, CH (reprint author), SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192, USA. NR 91 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0278-7407 J9 TECTONICS JI Tectonics PD APR PY 1992 VL 11 IS 2 BP 405 EP 419 DI 10.1029/91TC02884 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HN283 UT WOS:A1992HN28300017 ER PT J AU COLEMAN, RG DEBARI, S PETERMAN, Z AF COLEMAN, RG DEBARI, S PETERMAN, Z TI A-TYPE GRANITE AND THE RED-SEA OPENING SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON THE AFRO-ARABIAN RIFT SYSTEM CY MAR 06-08, 1989 CL KARLSRUHE, GERMANY AB Miocene-Oligocene A-type granite intrudes the eastern side of the Red Sea margin within the zone of extension from Jiddah, Saudi Arabia south to Yemen. The intrusions developed in the early stages of continental extension as Arabia began to move slowly away from Africa (around 30-20 Ma). Within the narrow zone of extension silicic magmas formed dikes, sills, small plutons and extrusive equivalents. In the Jabal Tirf area of Saudi Arabia these rocks occur in an elongate zone consisting of late Precambrian basement to the east, which is gradually invaded by mafic dikes. The number of dikes increases westward until an igneous complex is produced parallel to the present Red Sea axis. The Jabal Tirf igneous complex consists of diabase and rhyolite-granophyre sills (20-24 Ma). Although these are intrusine intrusive rocks their textures indicate shallow depths of intrusion (< 1 km). To the south, in the Yemen, contemporaneous with alkali basaltic eruptions (26-30 Ma) and later silicic eruptions, small plutons, dikes, and stocks of alkali granite invaded thick (1500 m) volcanic series, at various levels and times. Erosion within the uplifted margin of Yemen suggests that the maximum depth of intrusion was less than 1-2 km. Granophyric intrusions (20-30 Ma) within mafic dike swarms similar to the Jabal Tirf complex are present along the western edge of the Yemen volcanic plateau, marking a north-south zone of continental extension. The alkali granites of Yemen consist primarily of perthitic feldspar and quartz with some minor alkali amphiboles and acmite. These granites represent water-poor, hypersolvus magmas generated from parent alkali basalt magmas. The granophyric, two-feldspar granites associated with the mafic dike swarms and layered gabbros formed by fractional crystallization from tholeiitic basalt parent developed in the early stages of extension. Initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of these rocks and their bulk chemistry indicate that production of peralkaline and metaluminous granitic magmas involved both fractionation and partial melting as they ascended through the late Precambrian crust of the Arabian plate. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ISOTOPE BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80226. RP COLEMAN, RG (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD MAR 30 PY 1992 VL 204 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 40 DI 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90267-A PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HP499 UT WOS:A1992HP49900003 ER PT J AU REASENBERG, PA SIMPSON, RW AF REASENBERG, PA SIMPSON, RW TI RESPONSE OF REGIONAL SEISMICITY TO THE STATIC STRESS CHANGE PRODUCED BY THE LOMA-PRIETA EARTHQUAKE SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; 1983 COALINGA; CALIFORNIA; SEQUENCE; FRICTION; CREEP; AREA AB The 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake perturbed the static stress field over a large area of central California. The pattern of stress changes on major faults in the region predicted by models of the earthquake's dislocation agrees closely with changes in the regional seismicity rate after the earthquake. The agreement is best for models with low values of the coefficient of friction (0.1 less-than-or-equal-to mu less-than-or-equal-to 0.3) on Bay Area faults. Both the stress models and measurements suggest that stresses were increased on the San Andreas fault north of the Loma Prieta rupture, but decreased slightly on the Hayward fault. This relaxation does not warrant lower probability estimates for large earthquakes on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, however. RP REASENBERG, PA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 37 TC 410 Z9 452 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 27 PY 1992 VL 255 IS 5052 BP 1687 EP 1690 DI 10.1126/science.255.5052.1687 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HK812 UT WOS:A1992HK81200031 PM 17749422 ER PT J AU NICHOLS, DJ AF NICHOLS, DJ TI PLANTS AT THE K/T BOUNDARY SO NATURE LA English DT Letter RP NICHOLS, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 919,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 26 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6367 BP 295 EP 295 DI 10.1038/356295b0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HK794 UT WOS:A1992HK79400043 ER PT J AU WOLFE, JA AF WOLFE, JA TI PLANTS AT THE K/T BOUNDARY - REPLY SO NATURE LA English DT Letter RP WOLFE, JA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 919,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 26 PY 1992 VL 356 IS 6367 BP 296 EP 296 DI 10.1038/356296a0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HK794 UT WOS:A1992HK79400045 ER PT J AU SOLER, T STRANGE, WE HOTHEM, LD AF SOLER, T STRANGE, WE HOTHEM, LD TI ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF CARTESIAN COORDINATES AT GEODETIC STATIONS USING THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Comparison of Cartesian coordinates determined at collocated sites using two independent space techniques, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS), shows remarkable agreement even when the points in question span transcontinental distances. The results corroborate the capabilities of commercial dual-frequency GPS receivers to perform geodetic work at the highest available accuracy. Adjusted geocentric coordinates of a configuration of GPS stations well distributed along the eastern half of the United States were accurately determined (better than 10(-8)) in the rigorously defined International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) terrestrial reference frame ITRF 89. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. RP SOLER, T (reprint author), NOAA,NATL OCEAN SERV,C & GS,NATL GEODET SURVEY,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852, USA. RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 20 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 6 BP 533 EP 536 DI 10.1029/92GL00262 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HK981 UT WOS:A1992HK98100003 ER PT J AU KING, TVV CLARK, RN CALVIN, WM SHERMAN, DM BROWN, RH AF KING, TVV CLARK, RN CALVIN, WM SHERMAN, DM BROWN, RH TI EVIDENCE FOR AMMONIUM-BEARING MINERALS ON CERES SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MARS AB Spectra obtained from recent telescopic observation of 1-Ceres and laboratory measurements and theoretical calculations of three component mixtures of Ceres analog material suggest that an ammoniated phyllosilicate is present on the surface of the asteroid, rather than H2O frost as had been previously reported. The presence of an ammoniated phyllosilicate, most likely ammoniated saponite, on the surface of Ceres implies that secondary temperatures could not have exceeded 400 kelvin. C1 CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. RP KING, TVV (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. RI Sherman, David/A-7538-2008 OI Sherman, David/0000-0003-1835-6470 NR 17 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 20 PY 1992 VL 255 IS 5051 BP 1551 EP 1553 DI 10.1126/science.255.5051.1551 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA HJ809 UT WOS:A1992HJ80900033 PM 17820166 ER PT J AU WHARTON, RA MCKAY, CP CLOW, GD ANDERSEN, DT SIMMONS, GM LOVE, FG AF WHARTON, RA MCKAY, CP CLOW, GD ANDERSEN, DT SIMMONS, GM LOVE, FG TI CHANGES IN ICE COVER THICKNESS AND LAKE LEVEL OF LAKE HOARE, ANTARCTICA - IMPLICATIONS FOR LOCAL CLIMATIC-CHANGE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article AB We report results from 10 years of ice thickness measurements at perennially ice-covered Lake Hoare in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. The ice cover of this lake had been thinning steadily at a rate exceeding 20 cm yr-1 during the last decade but seems to have recently stabilized at a thickness of 3.3 m. Data concerning lake level and degree-days above freezing are presented to show the relationship between peak summer temperatures and the volume of glacier-derived meltwater entering Lake Hoare each summer. From these latter data we infer that peak summer temperatures have been above 0-degrees-C for a progressively longer period of time each year since 1972. We also consider possible explanations for the thinning of the lake ice. The thickness of the ice cover is determined by the balance between freezing during the winter and ablation that occurs all year but maximizes in summer. We suggest that the term most likely responsible for the change in the ice cover thickness at Lake Hoare is the extent of summer melting, consistent with the rising lake levels. C1 NASA,AMES RES CTR,DIV SPACE SCI,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. US GEOL SURVEY,ASTROGEOL BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RADFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL,RADFORD,VA 24142. LOCKHEED ENGN & SCI CO,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. RP WHARTON, RA (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA SYST,DESERT RES INST,POB 60220,RENO,NV 89506, USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 15 PY 1992 VL 97 IS C3 BP 3503 EP 3513 DI 10.1029/91JC03106 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA HJ488 UT WOS:A1992HJ48800003 PM 11538388 ER PT J AU THORN, KA MIKITA, MA AF THORN, KA MIKITA, MA TI AMMONIA FIXATION BY HUMIC SUBSTANCES - A N-15 AND C-13 NMR-STUDY SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SYMP ON HUMIC SUBSTANCES : GEOCHEMISTRY, STRUCTURE, AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE, AND INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION, AT 198TH MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOC CY SEP 10-15, 1989 CL MIAMI BEACH, FL SP AMER CHEM SOC, DIV GEOCHEM DE AMMONIA FIXATION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; N-15 NMR; INEPT; DEPTGL; ACOUSTIC ID SPECTROSCOPY; SUPPRESSION AB The process of ammonia fixation has been studied in three well characterized and structurally diverse fulvic and humic acid samples. The Suwannee River fulvic acid, and the IHSS peat and leonardite humic acids, were reacted with N-15-labelled ammonium hydroxide, and analyzed by liquid phase N-15 NMR spectrometry. Elemental analyses and liquid phase C-13 NMR spectra also were recorded on the samples before and after reaction with ammonium hydroxide. The largest increase in percent nitrogen occurred with the Suwannee River fulvic acid, which had a nitrogen content of 0.88% before fixation and 3.17% after fixation. The N-15 NMR spectra revealed that ammonia reacted similarly with all three samples, indicating that the functional groups which react with ammonia exist in structural configurations common to all three samples. The majority of nitrogen incorporated into the samples appears to be in the form of indole and pyrrole nitrogen, followed by pyridine, pyrazine, amide and aminohydroquinone nitrogen. Chemical changes in the individual samples upon fixation could not be discerned from the C-13 NMR spectra. C1 CALIF STATE UNIV BAKERSFIELD,DEPT CHEM,BAKERSFIELD,CA 93311. RP THORN, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MAIL STOP 408,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 36 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 1992 VL 113 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 87 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90017-M PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HN580 UT WOS:A1992HN58000006 ER PT J AU YANG, XM DAVIS, PM DELANEY, PT OKAMURA, AT AF YANG, XM DAVIS, PM DELANEY, PT OKAMURA, AT TI GEODETIC ANALYSIS OF DIKE INTRUSION AND MOTION OF THE MAGMA RESERVOIR BENEATH THE SUMMIT OF KILAUEA VOLCANO, HAWAII - 1970-1985 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC HALF-SPACE; SURFACE DEFORMATION; SYSTEMS AB We use leveling and trilateration data collected on Kilauea volcano to constrain the location of deformation sources caused by magma accumulation, intrusion, and eruption. For the 13 inflationary epochs examined, combinations of an expanding point source and one or two opening rectangular dislocations mimic inflation of the summit reservoir and formation of dike(s), respectively. The combined model adequately accounts for the deformation data and is consistent with the seismicity observed during epoch. For 10 deflationary epochs, however, the data require only a contracting point source. Confidence in these results is gained by noting that locations of the sources of both inflation and deflation are coincident, within the observed uncertainties of the data, the function of network geometry, and the inversion procedure. It appears, therefore, that magma accumulation at Kilauea volcano may be characterized by the growth of dikes during inflation of the summit reservoir. Drainage of the reservoir, on the other hand, is not accompanied by significant closure of dikes. In contrast to previous studies (e.g., Fiske and Kinoshita, 1969; Dvorak et al., 1983) that do not include the dislocation (or dike growth) component of summit magma accumulation and concluded that the source of inflation migrates over a 5 km2 area, we find that a single magmatic reservoir source accounts for data collected during all inflationary and deflationary epochs, results, which compare favorably with those obtained from the point ellipsoid model, can be used to estimate the distribution of stresses within the volcano in the near field of the source. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAII VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. RP YANG, XM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA. RI Davis, Paul/E-7151-2012 NR 31 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B3 BP 3305 EP 3324 DI 10.1029/91JB02842 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HG748 UT WOS:A1992HG74800006 ER PT J AU LIAO, JJ SAVAGE, WZ AMADEI, B AF LIAO, JJ SAVAGE, WZ AMADEI, B TI GRAVITATIONAL STRESSES IN ANISOTROPIC RIDGES AND VALLEYS WITH SMALL SLOPES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-INDUCED STRESSES; LONG SYMMETRIC RIDGES; ROCK MASSES; TOPOGRAPHY; STATE AB We present an approximate analytical solution for the effects of topography on near-surface gravity-induced stresses in symmetric anisotropic ridges and valleys. The solution can be used for laterally constrained ridges and valleys consisting of isotropic, transversely isotropic. or orthotropic rock with horizontal or vertical layers. A parametric study on the effect of anisotropy type and degree of rock anisotropy on gravity-induced stresses is presented. The magnitude of the predicted stresses is of the order of the characteristic stress rho-gH, where H is the height of the ridge or depth of the valley. The approximate solution is limited to ridges and valleys with small slopes not exceeding 10%. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,BOULDER,CO 80309. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. RP LIAO, JJ (reprint author), NATL CHIAO TUNG UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,1001 TA HSUEI RD,HSINCHU 30050,TAIWAN. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 10 PY 1992 VL 97 IS B3 BP 3325 EP 3336 DI 10.1029/91JB02960 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HG748 UT WOS:A1992HG74800007 ER PT J AU ALPERS, CN RYE, RO NORDSTROM, DK WHITE, LD KING, BS AF ALPERS, CN RYE, RO NORDSTROM, DK WHITE, LD KING, BS TI CHEMICAL, CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND STABLE ISOTOPIC PROPERTIES OF ALUNITE AND JAROSITE FROM ACID HYPERSALINE AUSTRALIAN LAKES SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT UNITED-STATES / AUSTRALIAN WORKSHOP ON ACID GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS CY MAR 07-11, 1989 CL EAST-WEST CTR, HONOLULU, HI SP NATL SCI FDN, INT DIV, DEPT IND TECHNOL & COMMERCE AUSTR HO EAST-WEST CTR ID BACTERIAL REDUCTION; SULFATE; WATER; OXYGEN; CYCLE; FRACTIONATION; SEDIMENTS; EXCHANGE AB Chemical, crystallographic and isotopic analyses were made on samples containing alunite and jarosite from the sediments of four acid, hypersaline lakes in southeastern and southwestern Australia. The alunite and jarosite are K-rich with relatively low Na contents based on chemical analysis and determination of unit cell dimensions by powder X-ray diffraction. Correcting the chemical analyses of fine-grained mineral concentrates from Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, for the presence of halite, silica and poorly crystalline aluminosilicates, the following formulas indicate best estimates for solid-solution compositions: for alunite, K0.87Na0.04(H3O)0.09(Al0.92Fe0.08)3(SO4)2(OH)6 and for jarosite, K0.89Na0.07(H3O)0.04 (Fe0.80Al0.20)3(SO4)2(OH)6. The delta-D-values of alunite are notably larger than those for jarosite from Lake Tyrell and it appears that the minerals have closely approached hydrogen isotope equilibrium with the acidic regional groundwaters. The delta-D results are consistent with a fractionation approximately 60-70 parts per thousand between alunite and jarosite observed in other areas. However, interpretation of delta-D results is complicated by large variability in fluid delta-D(H2O) from evaporation, mixing and possible ion hydration effects in the brine. Delta-D-values of water derived from jarosite by step-wise heating tend to be smaller at 250-degrees-C, at which temperature hydronium and other non-hydroxyl water is liberated, than at 550-degrees-C, where water is derived from the hydroxyl site, but the differences are not sufficiently different to invalidate measurements of total delta-D obtained by conventional, single-step heating methods. Delta-S-34-values for alunite and jarosite from the four lakes (+19.7 to +21.2 parts per thousand CDT) and for aqueous sulfate from Lake Tyrrell (+18.3 to +19.8 parts per thousand) are close to the values for modern evaporites (+21.5 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand) and seawater (+20 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand) and are probably typical of seawater-derived aerosols in arid coastal environments. Delta-S-34-values slightly smaller than that for seawater may reflect a minor contribution of sulfate from pyrite oxidation in the Parilla Sand or a reservoir effect from removal of gypsum enriched in S-34. Delta-O-18(SO4)-values for alunite from three Western Australia lakes (+17.8 to +18.3 parts per thousand V-SMOW), for alunite and jarosite from Lake Tyrrell (+22.6 to +24.9 parts per thousand) and for aqueous sulfate from Lake Tyrrell (+17.3 to +19.0 parts per thousand) are much larger than the average value for seawater (+9.6 parts per thousand). The data suggest an approach to O-18-O-16 equilibrium between aqueous sulfate and groundwater, which is known from experimental studies to be possible at low pH and low temperatures, but has not been previously documented in nature. A residence time of approximately 0.1-1 kyr for sulfate in acidic water (pH 3-4) is needed to achieve the apparent partial oxygen exchange, using previously published data of R.M. Lloyd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,MENLO PK,CA 94025. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,ISOTOPE GEOL BRANCH,DENVER,CO 80225. US GEOL SURVEY,GEOCHEM BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. OI Alpers, Charles/0000-0001-6945-7365 NR 84 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 5 PY 1992 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 203 EP 226 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(92)90129-S PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HN071 UT WOS:A1992HN07100013 ER PT J AU KIMBALL, BA MCKNIGHT, DM WETHERBEE, GA HARNISH, RA AF KIMBALL, BA MCKNIGHT, DM WETHERBEE, GA HARNISH, RA TI MECHANISMS OF IRON PHOTOREDUCTION IN A METAL-RICH, ACIDIC STREAM (ST-KEVIN GULCH, COLORADO, USA) SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT UNITED-STATES / AUSTRALIAN WORKSHOP ON ACID GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS CY MAR 07-11, 1989 CL EAST-WEST CTR, HONOLULU, HI SP NATL SCI FDN, INT DIV, DEPT IND TECHNOL & COMMERCE AUSTR HO EAST-WEST CTR ID MOUNTAIN STREAM; MINE DRAINAGE; TRANSPORT; OXIDATION; ALUMINUM; WATERS AB Iron photoreduction in metal-rich, acidic streams affected by mine drainage accounts for some of the variability in metal chemistry of such streams, producing diel variations in Fe(II). Differentiation of the mechanisms of the Fe photoreduction reaction by a series of in-stream experiments at St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado, indicates that a homogeneous, solution-phase reaction can occur in the absence of suspended particulate Fe and bacteria, and the rate of reaction is increased by the presence of Fe colloids in the stream water. In-stream Fe photoreduction is limited during the diel cycle by the available Fe(III) in the water column and streambed. The quantum yield of Fe(II) was reproducible in diel measurements: the quantum yield, in mol E-1 (from 300 to 400 nm) was 1.4.10(-3) in 1986, 0.8.10(-3) in 1988 and 1.2.10(-3) in 1989, at the same location and under similar streamflow and stream-chemistry conditions. In a photolysis control experiment, there was no detectable production of Fe(II) above background concentrations in stream-water samples that were experimentally excluded from sunlight. RP KIMBALL, BA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. OI MCKNIGHT, DIANE/0000-0002-4171-1533 NR 30 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD MAR 5 PY 1992 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 227 EP 239 DI 10.1016/0009-2541(92)90130-W PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HN071 UT WOS:A1992HN07100014 ER PT J AU MORIN, RH MOOS, D HESS, AE AF MORIN, RH MOOS, D HESS, AE TI ANALYSIS OF THE BOREHOLE TELEVIEWER LOG FROM DSDP HOLE-395A - RESULTS FROM THE DIANAUT PROGRAM SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA DRILLING PROJECT; HOLE-504B AB The French wireline re-entry expedition known as DIANAUT culminated in the successful completion of a series of downhole measurements in three Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) holes in the north-central Atlantic Ocean. Among these measurements was a borehole televiewer (BHTV) log obtained in Hole 395A from bottom of casing at 112 meters below seafloor (mbsf) to a depth of 605 mbsf. In contrast with a BHTV survey previously conducted in this well during DSDP Leg 78B in 1981, televiewer data were not degraded by random cable oscillations due to ship heave and the quality of this log is excellent. These latest data were digitized and processed in terms of acoustic travel time and amplitude to compute hole size and shape, evaluate the structural integrity of the surrounding rock, and characterize intersecting fractures. The acoustic caliper and reflectivity logs correlate well with the lithologic column, particularly at the boundaries between major units which often are marked by breccias. Fractures in the lower part of the hole appear to be effectively sealed, in contrast with the open fractures identified in the upper sections. This supports a systematic pattern derived from complementary geophysical logs of increasing density, electrical resistivity, and elastic-wave velocity, and decreasing in situ permeability as a function of depth. Fractures intersecting the well exhibit a wide range of orientations marked by some clustering of dip azimuths approximately east-west. The presence of moderately dipping fractures striking subparallel to the ridge axis is consistent with both ridge-parallel topographic elongations observed in this area and with azimuthal seismic anisotropy reported elsewhere, suggesting that fractures such as those identified from the BHTV record contribute to these effects. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP MORIN, RH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 403,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 5 BP 501 EP 504 DI 10.1029/92GL00080 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HH091 UT WOS:A1992HH09100019 ER PT J AU GABLE, R MORIN, RH BECKER, K AF GABLE, R MORIN, RH BECKER, K TI GEOTHERMAL STATE OF DSDP HOLE-395A AND HOLE-534A - RESULTS FROM THE DIANAUT PROGRAM SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAT-FLOW AB Heat-flow values determined from the DIANAUT program provide insight into the geothermal state of three DSDP holes situated on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Very low values (20 mW/m2 max.) observed in 3.5-m.y.-old crust at Hole 333A decrease with depth and indicate persistent basement cooling due to cold water circulation in the porous level of the upper oceanic crust. Cold ocean bottom water continues to invade the upper level of fractured 7.3-m.y.-old basement at Hole 395A, but temperature v. time records show large-scale temperature fluctuations, probably associated with borehole convection, at 500 mbsf and stable temperatures, probably indicating a slow return to thermal equilibrium, at 600 mbsf The 154-m.y.-old crust at Hole 534A exhibits a relatively steady thermal state with a heat flow close to theoretical values for a conductively cooling plate; small variations in the thermal gradient recorded in this well probably represent very slow and subtle movement of borehole fluids. The close comparison of these latest results with those obtained several years previously, demonstrates the presence of relatively stable thermal regimes. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149. RP GABLE, R (reprint author), BUR RECH GEOL & MINIERES,AVE DE CONCYR,BP 6009,F-56060 ORLEANS 2,FRANCE. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 5 BP 505 EP 508 DI 10.1029/92GL00333 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HH091 UT WOS:A1992HH09100020 ER PT J AU MORIN, RH HESS, AE BECKER, K AF MORIN, RH HESS, AE BECKER, K TI INSITU MEASUREMENTS OF FLUID-FLOW IN DSDP HOLE-395A AND HOLE-534A - RESULTS FROM THE DIANAUT PROGRAM SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The DIANAUT program provided the first opportunity to directly measure vertical fluid flow in ocean boreholes by means of a high resolution thermal flowmeter. Measurements of volumetric flow rate were obtained in DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project) Holes 395A and 534A. These results identified a total flow of 2300 L/hr of seawater entering Hole 395A from the seafloor that diminished to about 550 L/hr at a depth of 251 meters below seafloor (mbsf), indicating that approximately 3/4 of the original downward flow had exited the borehole and entered the open formation across the upper 140 m of basement. This information allows the upper oceanic crust at this site to be delimitated into three hydrologic units, with basalt permeabilities of 3.0 x 10(-14) m2 near the sediment/basement interface decreasing sharply as a function of depth to values much less than 10(-16) m2 below 440 mbsf. It is estimated that approximately 10(8) L of seawater have entered this well since it was drilled in 1975. Quantitative flow measurements in Hole 534A were inconclusive because of technical problems with the flowmeter packer. Nevertheless, results showed that borehole fluid was moving upward and out into the open ocean at a rate on the order of a few hundred liters per hour, roughly one order of magnitude less than that determined for Hole 395A and moving in the opposite direction. There is good correlation between these field measurements and the attendant temperature logs from each well, and the results provide strong evidence of important mass-transport processes associated with the diverse submarine hydrologic systems in the upper oceanic crust. C1 UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149. RP MORIN, RH (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS 403,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 3 PY 1992 VL 19 IS 5 BP 509 EP 512 DI 10.1029/91GL02947 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HH091 UT WOS:A1992HH09100021 ER PT J AU GLYNN, PD REARDON, EJ AF GLYNN, PD REARDON, EJ TI SOLID-SOLUTION AQUEOUS-SOLUTION EQUILIBRIA - THERMODYNAMIC THEORY AND REPRESENTATION - REPLY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID SOLUBILITY; SYSTEMS; 25-DEGREES-C; TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIOR; DIAGRAMS; IONS C1 UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT EARTH SCI,WATERLOO N2L 3G1,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP GLYNN, PD (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,432 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 292 IS 3 BP 215 EP 225 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HG909 UT WOS:A1992HG90900004 ER PT J AU LOVLEY, DR PHILLIPS, EJP AF LOVLEY, DR PHILLIPS, EJP TI REDUCTION OF URANIUM BY DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; DISSIMILATORY REDUCTION; SEDIMENTS; IRON; DEPOSITION; MANGANESE; THORIUM AB The possibility that sulfate-reducing microorganisms contribute to U(VI) reduction in sedimentary environments was investigated. U(VI) was reduced to U(IV) when washed cells of sulfate-grown Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were suspended in a bicarbonate buffer with lactate or H2 as the electron donor. There was no U(VI) reduction in the absence of an electron donor or when the cells were killed by heat prior to the incubation. The rates of U(VI) reduction were comparable to those in respiratory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. Azide or prior exposure of the cells to air did not affect the ability of D. desulfuricans to reduce U(VI). Attempts to grow D. desulfuricans with U(VI) as the electron acceptor were unsuccessful. U(VI) reduction resulted in the extracellular precipitation of the U(IV) mineral uraninite. The presence of sulfate had no effect on the rate of U(VI) reduction. Sulfate and U(VI) were reduced simultaneously. Enzymatic reduction of U(VI) by D. desulfuricans was much faster than nonenzymatic reduction of U(VI) by sulfide, even when cells of D. desulfuricans were added to provide a potential catalytic surface for the nonenzymatic reaction. The results indicate that enzymatic U(VI) reduction by sulfate-reducing microorganisms may be responsible for the accumulation of U(IV) in sulfidogenic environments. Furthermore, since the reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) precipitates uranium from solution, D. desulfuricans might be a useful organism for recovering uranium from contaminated waters and waste streams. RP LOVLEY, DR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, 430 NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 38 TC 353 Z9 378 U1 9 U2 61 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 58 IS 3 BP 850 EP 856 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA HH284 UT WOS:A1992HH28400011 PM 1575486 ER PT J AU BRIGHAMGRETTE, J CARTER, LD AF BRIGHAMGRETTE, J CARTER, LD TI PLIOCENE MARINE TRANSGRESSIONS OF NORTHERN ALASKA - CIRCUMARCTIC CORRELATIONS AND PALEOCLIMATIC INTERPRETATIONS SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE ARCTIC; AMINO ACIDS; PLIOCENE; PLEISTOCENE; PALEOCLIMATE; MARINE TRANSGRESSIONS; SEA LEVEL; ALASKA; GUBIK FORMATION ID CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO; GUBIK FORMATION; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; BAFFIN ISLAND; BANKS ISLAND; STRATIGRAPHY; OCEAN; GLACIATION; DEPOSITS; ICE AB At least three marine transgressions of Pliocene age are recorded by littoral to inner-shelf sediments of the Gubik Formation, which mantles the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. The three recognized transgressions were eustatic high sea levels that, from oldest to youngest, are informally named the Colvillian, Bigbendian, and Fishcreekian transgressions. The geochronology is based upon amino acid geochemistry, paleo-magnetic studies, vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology, and strontium isotope age estimates Pollen, plant macrofossils, and marine vertebrate and invertebrate remains indicate that these trangressions occurred when the Arctic was at least intermittently much warmer than it is now. The Colvillian transgression took place at sometime between 2.48 and 2.7 Ma, when adjacent coastal areas supported an open boreal forest or spruce-birch woodland land with scattered pine and rare fir and hemlock. The Bigbendian transgression occurred about 2.48 Ma. Climatic conditions were probably slightly cooler than during the Colvillian transgression, but probably too warm for permafrost and too warm for even seasonal sea ice in the region. Nearby vegetation was open spruce-birch woodland or parkland, possibly with rare scattered pine. The Fishcreekian transgression took place sometime between 2.14 and 2.48 Ma and was also characterized by warm marine conditions without sea ice. During the waning stages of this transgression, however, terrestrial conditions were relatively cool, and coastal vegetation was herbaceous tundra with scattered larch trees in the vicinity. Other marine units from this time period occur around the Arctic Basin. The three oldest trangressions recognized from the Seward Peninsula may be broadly correlated with the three Pliocene transgressions of the Arctic Coastal Plain. The Tusatuvayam beds in Kamchatka possibly correlate with one of the two younger transgressions of northern Alaska. The non-marine Worth Point Formation of Banks Island may be younger than all three of the transgressions of the Arctic Coastal Plain, and marine sediment of the Beaufort Formation on Meighen Island is slightly older than the Colvillian transgression. None of the Pliocene marine units on Baffin Island can be confidently correlated with the high sea level events of northern Alaska. The upper Kap Kobenhavn Formation and the upper Loden Elv Formation of Greenland most likely correlate with the Fishcreekian transgression. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,ALASKAN GEOL BRANCH,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508. RP BRIGHAMGRETTE, J (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT GEOL & GEOG,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 108 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 6 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY AB T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 1992 VL 45 IS 1 BP 74 EP 89 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA HM084 UT WOS:A1992HM08400010 ER PT J AU FOREMAN, MGG BAPTISTA, AM WALTERS, RA AF FOREMAN, MGG BAPTISTA, AM WALTERS, RA TI TIDAL MODEL STUDIES OF PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES AROUND A SHALLOW COASTAL BANK SO ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN LA English DT Article ID VANCOUVER-ISLAND; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; TOPOGRAPHIC RECTIFICATION; ENGLISH-CHANNEL; NORTH-SEA; CURRENTS; CIRCULATION; TIDES; BAY AB Barotropic tidal and tidal residual currents calculated with a finite-element model of the southwest coast of Vancouver Island are combined with Lagrangian particle-tracking techniques to follow drifters deployed around a shallow bank whose horizontal scale is comparable with the tidal excursion. Two estimates of the average Stokes and Lagrangian velocities arising from eight tidal constituent velocities are calculated. The less accurate Lagrangian estimate indicates an eddy that is much weaker than the Eulerian residual eddy due to tidal rectification, whereas the second estimate indicates virtually no Lagrangian eddy. The accuracy of these estimates is confirmed with a series of 29-day drifter experiments using the numerical model. It is also shown that the Eulerian gyre does not convey any energy advantage to simple fish that wish to remain in the vicinity of the bank. C1 OREGON GRAD INST SCI & TECHNOL, BEAVERTON, OR USA. US GEOL SURVEY, TACOMA, WA USA. RP FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA INST OCEAN SCI, SIDNEY V8L 4B2, BC, CANADA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU CMOS-SCMO PI OTTAWA PA BOX 3211, STATION D, OTTAWA, ON K1P 6H7, CANADA SN 0705-5900 EI 1480-9214 J9 ATMOS OCEAN JI Atmos.-Ocean PD MAR PY 1992 VL 30 IS 1 BP 43 EP 69 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA JE550 UT WOS:A1992JE55000002 ER PT J AU LEHMAN, N CLARKSON, P MECH, LD MEIER, TJ WAYNE, RK AF LEHMAN, N CLARKSON, P MECH, LD MEIER, TJ WAYNE, RK TI A STUDY OF THE GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AND AMONG WOLF PACKS USING DNA FINGERPRINTING AND MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION; WOLVES AB DNA fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analyses have not been used in combination to study relatedness in natural populations. We present an approach that involves defining the mean fingerprint similarities among individuals thought to be unrelated because they have different mtDNA genotypes. Two classes of related individuals are identified by their distance in standard errors above this mean value. The number of standard errors is determined by analysis of the association between fingerprint similarity and relatedness in a population with a known genealogy. We apply this approach to gray wolf packs from Minnesota, Alaska, and the Northwest Territories. Our results show that: (1) wolf packs consist primarily of individuals that are closely related genetically, but some packs contain unrelated. non-reproducing individuals; (2) dispersal among packs within the same area is common; and (3) short-range dispersal appears more common for female than male wolves. The first two of these genetically-based observations are consistent with behavioral data on pack structure and dispersal in wolves, while the apparent sex bias in dispersal was not expected. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. GOVT NORTHWEST TERR,DEPT RENEWABLE RESOURCES,INUVIK X0E OTO,NORTHWEST TERR,CANADA. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20702. NATL PK SERV,DENALI NATL PK,AK 99755. RI Lehman, Niles/A-3434-2008 NR 33 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-5443 J9 BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL JI Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 30 IS 2 BP 83 EP 94 PG 12 WC Behavioral Sciences; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA HH184 UT WOS:A1992HH18400003 ER PT J AU Kok, LT McAvoy, TJ Malecki, RA Hight, SD Drea, JJ Coulson, JR AF Kok, L. T. McAvoy, T. J. Malecki, R. A. Hight, S. D. Drea, J. J. Coulson, J. R. TI Host Specificity Tests of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Potential Biological Control Agent of Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Hylobius transversovittatus; Curculionidae; quarantine tests; Lythrum salicaria; purple loosestrife; Lythraceae; biological control AB Host specificity tests of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were conducted under quarantine to determine the suitability of this imported Eurasian weevil as a biological control agent of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., an emergent aquatic weed of Eurasian origin. Based on preliminary tests by the C.A.B. International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC), 15 species of plants from nine families were selected for the tests. Adult feeding, oviposition, and larval development of the weevil were restricted to the family Lythraceae. Besides purple loosestrife (the target plant), Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. supported larval development to the adult stage. Lythrum alatum Pursh. supported larval development to the third in-star. There was, however, more adult feeding and ovipositional preference for purple loosestrife over all other test species. The results suggest that H. transversovittatus is adequately host specific and should not be a threat to nontarget plants. (C) 1992 Academic Press, Inc. C1 [Kok, L. T.; McAvoy, T. J.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Malecki, R. A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, New York Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Hight, S. D.; Drea, J. J.; Coulson, J. R.] ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kok, LT (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Kok, Loke/G-9922-2016 OI Kok, Loke/0000-0002-5734-3472 FU Cornell University [14648-4899]; U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service [14-16-009-1553] FX We thank B. Blossey and D. Schroeder of the C.A.B. International Institute of Biological control for the shipment of insects for the tests and W. T. Mays of VPI & SU for technical assistance. This research was supported by subagreement No. 14648-4899 with Cornell University under cooperative agreement No. 14-16-009-1553 from the U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD MAR PY 1992 VL 2 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90068-O PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA V06DC UT WOS:000207173300001 ER PT J AU RODBELL, DT AF RODBELL, DT TI LATE PLEISTOCENE EQUILIBRIUM-LINE RECONSTRUCTIONS IN THE NORTHERN PERUVIAN ANDES SO BOREAS LA English DT Article ID POLLEN AB Equilibrium-line-altitude (ELA) reconstructions using the toe-to-headwall-altitude ratio method for paleoglaciers in the Cordilleras Blanca and Oriental, northern Peruvian Andes (7-10-degrees-S; 77-degrees-20'-77-degrees-35'W), indicate that ELAs during the last glacial maximum (LGM: marine isotope stage 2) were c. 4300 m in the Cordillera Blanca, c. 3900 3600 m on the west side of the Cordillera Oriental, and c. 3200 m on the east (Amazon Basin) side of the Cordillera Oriental. Comparison with estimated modern ELAs and glaciation thresholds indicate that ELA depression ranged from c. 700 m in the Cordillera Blanca to c. 1200 m on the east side of the Cordillera Oriental. This augments data from many mountain ranges in middle- and low-latitude regions that indicate that ELAs during the LGM were depressed by c. 1000 m. Published palynological evidence for drier conditions during the LGM in the tropical Andes suggests that ELA depression of this amount involved a temperature reduction (>5-6-degrees-C) that greatly exceeded the tropical sea surface temperature depression estimates of CLIMAP (<2-degrees-C). The west to east increase in ELA depression during the LGM indicates that the steep modern precipitation gradients may have been even steeper during the LGM. RP RODBELL, DT (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 24 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0300-9483 J9 BOREAS JI Boreas PD MAR PY 1992 VL 21 IS 1 BP 43 EP 52 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA HX502 UT WOS:A1992HX50200004 ER PT J AU TALBOT, SS TALBOT, SL THOMSON, JW AF TALBOT, SS TALBOT, SL THOMSON, JW TI LICHENS OF TUXEDNI WILDERNESS AREA, ALASKA SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB A total of 218 taxa of lichens, including one lichenicolous fungus, is reported from Tuxedni Wilderness area in western lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. Lecanora epanora, Micarea denigrata, and Trapeliopsis flexuosa, are new to Alaska. Xanthoria alaskana Thomson sp. nov. is described. Compared with lichen distribution in British Columbia, the lichen flora of the Tuxedni area falls into five distributional categories, the majority of species occurring in coastal, wet interior, and alpine and subalpine ecological-geographic subdivisions. The most important northern hemisphere distributional categories are wide-ranging circumpolar arctic-alpine and boreal, western North American, and amphi-Beringian. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BOT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP TALBOT, SS (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,1011 E TUDOR RD,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. RI Talbot, Sandra/C-9433-2011 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU BRYOLOGIST ABLS PI LEWISTON PA BATES COLLEGE BIOLOGY DEPT 44 CAMPUS AVENUE, LEWISTON, ME 04240 SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD SPR PY 1992 VL 95 IS 1 BP 20 EP 30 DI 10.2307/3243780 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA HK240 UT WOS:A1992HK24000004 ER PT J AU CARLSON, PR POWELL, RD PHILLIPS, AC AF CARLSON, PR POWELL, RD PHILLIPS, AC TI SUBMARINE SEDIMENTARY FEATURES ON A FJORD DELTA FRONT, QUEEN INLET, GLACIER BAY, ALASKA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Note ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; FAN DELTA; MORPHOLOGY; TRANSPORT AB Side-scan sonar images provide a view of an actively changing delta front in a marine outwash fjord in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Numerous interconnected gullies and chute-like small channels form paths for the transport of sand and coarse silt from the braided glacial outwash streams on the delta plain to the sinous turbidity-current channels incised into the fjord floor. These turbidity-current channels carry coarse sediment through the fjord and into the adjoining glacial trunk valley. Several sedimentary processes affect the development of this delta front: overflow plumes deposit fine sediment; sediment gravity flows result from episodic delivery of large loads of coarse sediment; and mass movement may be triggered by earthquakes and, more regularly, by spring-tidal drawdown or hydraulic loading. C1 NO ILLINOIS UNIV, DEPT GEOL, DE KALB, IL 60115 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT GEOL SCI, CHICAGO, IL 60680 USA. RP CARLSON, PR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. OI Phillips, Andrew/0000-0002-4624-7442 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 EI 1480-3313 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 29 IS 3 BP 565 EP 573 DI 10.1139/e92-049 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA HW278 UT WOS:A1992HW27800014 ER PT J AU YOUNG, ED WOODEN, JL SHIEH, YN FARBER, D AF YOUNG, ED WOODEN, JL SHIEH, YN FARBER, D TI GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF JURASSIC DIORITES FROM THE BRISTOL LAKE REGION, CALIFORNIA, USA, AND THE ROLE OF ASSIMILATION SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MESOZOIC CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; TERTIARY GRANITE; SYSTEMATIC USE; TRACE-ELEMENT; IGNEOUS ROCKS; GREAT-BASIN AB Late Jurassic dioritic plutons from the Bristol Lake region of the eastern Mojave Desert share several geochemical attributes with high-alumina basalts, continental hawaiite basalts, and high-K arc andesites including: high K2O concentrations; high Al2O3 (16-19 weight %); elevated Zr/TiO2; LREE (light-rare-earth-element) enrichment (La/Yb(CN) = 6.3-13.3); and high Nb. Pearce element ratio analysis supported by petrographic relations demonstrates that P, Hf, and Zr were conserved during differentiation. Abundances of conserved elements suggest that dioritic plutons from neighboring ranges were derived from similar parental melts. In the most voluminous suite, correlated variations in elemental concentrations and (Sr-87/Sr-86)i indicate differentiation by fractional crystallization of hornblende and plagioclase combined with assimilation of a component characterized by abundant radiogenic Sr. Levenberg-Marquardt and Monte Carlo techniques were used to obtain optimal solutions to non-linear inverse models for fractional crystallization-assimilation processes. Results show that the assimilated material was chemically analogous to lower crustal mafic granulites and that the mass ratio of contaminant to parental magma was on the order of 0.1. Lack of enrichment in O-18 with differentiation is consistent with the model results. Elemental concentrations and O, Sr, and Nd isotopic data point to a hydrous REE-enriched subcontinental lithospheric source similar to that which produced some Cenozoic continental hawaiites from the southern Cordillera. Isotopic compositions of associated granitoids suggest that partial melting of this subcontinental lithosphere may have been an important process in the development of the Late Jurassic plutonic arc of the eastern Mojave Desert. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT GEOL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RI Farber, Daniel/F-9237-2011 NR 68 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 110 IS 1 BP 68 EP 86 DI 10.1007/BF00310883 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA HL108 UT WOS:A1992HL10800006 ER PT J AU GOLDSTEIN, SJ MURRELL, MT JANECKY, DR DELANEY, JR CLAGUE, DA AF GOLDSTEIN, SJ MURRELL, MT JANECKY, DR DELANEY, JR CLAGUE, DA TI GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF MORB FROM THE JUAN-DE-FUCA AND GORDA RIDGES BY U-238 TH-230 DISEQUILIBRIUM SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; SPREADING CENTERS; GABBROIC XENOLITHS; ND ISOTOPES; HALF-LIFE; BASALTS; SYSTEMATICS; SR; GEOCHEMISTRY; CONSTRAINTS AB A highly precise mass spectrometric method of analysis was used to determine U-238-U-234-Th-230-Th-232 in axial and off-axis basalt glasses from Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Gorda ridges. Inital Th-230 activity excesses in the axial samples range from 3 to 38%, but generally lie within a narrow range of 12 to 15%. Secondary alteration effects were evaluated using delta-U-234 and appear to be negligible; hence the Th-230 excesses are magmatic in origin. Direct dating of MORB was accomplished by measuring the decrease in excess Th-230 in off-axis samples. U-238-Th-230 ages progressively increase with distance from axis. Uncertainties in age range from 10 to 25 ka for U-Th ages of 50 to 200 ka. The full spreading rate based on U-Th ages for Endeavour segment of JDF is 5.9 +/- 1.2 cm/yr, with asymmetry in spreading between the Pacific (4.0 +/- 0.6 cm/yr) and JDF (1.9 +/- 0.6 cm/yr) plates. For northern Gorda ridge, the half spreading rate for the JDF plate is found to be 3.0 +/- 0.4 cm/yr. These rates are in agreement with paleomagnetic spreading rates and topographic constaints. This suggests that assumptions used to determine ages, including constancy of initial Th-230/Th-232 ratio over time, are generally valid for the areas studied. Samples located near the axis of spreading are typically younger than predicted by these spreading rates, which most likely reflects recent volcanism within a 1-3 km wide zone of crustal accretion. Initial Th-230/Th-232 ratios and Th-230 activity excesses were also used to examine the recent Th/U evolution and extent of melting of mantle sources beneath these ridges. A negative anomaly in Th-230/Th-232 for Axial seamount lavas provides the first geochemical evidence of a mantle plume source for Axial seamount and the Cobb-Eicklberg seamount chain and indicates recent depletion of other JDF segment sources. Large Th-230 activity excesses for lavas from northern Gorda ridge and Endeavour segment indicate formation from a lower degree of partial melting than other segments. An inverse correlation between Th-230 excess and Th-230/Th-232 for each ridge indicates that these lower degree melts formed from slightly less depleted sources than higher degree melts. Uniformity in Th-230 excess for other segments suggests similarity in processes of melt formation and mixing beneath most of the JDF-Gorda ridge area. The average initial Th-230/Th-232 activity ratio of 1.31 for the JDF-Gorda ridge area is in agreement with the predicted value of 1.32 from the Th-Sr isotope mantle array. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP GOLDSTEIN, SJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ALAMOS SCI LAB,GRP INC-7,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA. NR 42 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 109 IS 1-2 BP 255 EP 272 DI 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90088-D PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HN989 UT WOS:A1992HN98900020 ER PT J AU LEBRETON, JD BURNHAM, KP CLOBERT, J ANDERSON, DR AF LEBRETON, JD BURNHAM, KP CLOBERT, J ANDERSON, DR TI MODELING SURVIVAL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE AKAIKES INFORMATION CRITERION; CAPTURE RECAPTURE; ESTIMATION; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; JOLLY-SEBER; LOGISTIC MODEL; MARK RECAPTURE; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD; MODEL SELECTION; MODELING; POPULATION DYNAMICS; QUASI-LIKELIHOOD; SURVIVAL ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; EXTRA-BINOMIAL VARIATION; AGE-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL; BAND-RECOVERY; LINEAR-MODELS; LIFE-HISTORY; RATES; POPULATION; LIKELIHOOD; PARAMETERS AB The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time. Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based on capture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. Capture-recapture models oriented to estimation of survival rates are the result of a recent change in emphasis from earlier approaches in which population size was the most important parameter, survival rates having been first introduced as nuisance parameters. This emphasis on survival rates in capture-recapture models developed rapidly in the 1980s and used as a basic structure the Cormack-Jolly-Seber survival model applied to an homogeneous group of animals, with various kinds of constraints on the model parameters. These approaches are conditional on first captures; hence they do not attempt to model the initial capture of unmarked animals as functions of population abundance in addition to survival and capture probabilities. This paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection. The following procedure is recommended: (1) start from a global model compatible with the biology of the species studied and with the design of the study, and assess its fit; (2) select a more parsimonious model using Akaike's Information Criterion to limit the number of formal tests; (3) test for the most important biological questions by comparing this model with neighboring ones using likelihood ratio tests; and (4) obtain maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters with estimates of precision. Computer software is critical, as few of the models now available have parameter estimators that are in closed form. A comprehensive table of existing computer software is provided. We used RELEASE for data summary and goodness-of-fit tests and SURGE for iterative model fitting and the computation of likelihood ratio tests. Five increasingly complex examples are given to illustrate the theory. The first, using two data sets on the European Dipper (Cinclus cinclus), tests for sex-specific parameters, explores a model with time-dependent survival rates, and finally uses a priori information to model survival allowing for an environmental variable. The second uses data on two colonies of the Swift (Apus apus), and shows how interaction terms can be modeled and assessed and how survival and recapture rates sometimes partly counterbalance each other. The third shows complex variation in survival rates across sexes and age classes in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), with a test of density dependence in annual survival rates. The fourth is an example of experimental density manipulation using the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). The last example attempts to examine a large and complex data set on the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), where parameters are age specific, survival is a function of an environmental variable, and an age x year interaction term is important. Heterogeneity seems present in this example and cannot be adequately modeled with existing theory. The discussion presents a summary of the paradigm we recommend and details issues in model selection and design, and foreseeable future developments. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV, COLORADO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. ECOLE NORM SUPER, ECOL LAB, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE. RP LEBRETON, JD (reprint author), CNRS, CEFE, BP 5051, F-34033 MONTPELLIER, FRANCE. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 165 TC 2659 Z9 2734 U1 45 U2 415 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 62 IS 1 BP 67 EP 118 DI 10.2307/2937171 PG 52 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HF771 UT WOS:A1992HF77100003 ER PT J AU RYE, RO BETHKE, PM WASSERMAN, MD AF RYE, RO BETHKE, PM WASSERMAN, MD TI THE STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF ACID SULFATE ALTERATION SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID CREEDE MINING DISTRICT; SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; PORPHYRY COPPER-DEPOSIT; WEST-CENTRAL UTAH; ORE DEPOSITION; EL-SALVADOR; EXCHANGE-REACTIONS; NATIONAL DISTRICT; SULFUR ISOTOPES; HUMBOLDT COUNTY AB Acid sulfate wall-rock alteration, characterized by the assemblage alunite + kaolinite + quartz +/- pyrite, results from base leaching by fluids concentrated in H2SO4. Requisite amounts of H2SO4 can be generated by different mechanisms in three principal geologic environments: (1) by atmospheric oxidation of sulfides in the supergene environment, (2) by atmospheric oxidation at the water table in the steam-heated environment of H2S released by deeper, boiling fluids, and (3) by the disproportionation of magmatic SO2 to H2S and H2SO4 during condensation of a magmatic vapor plume at intermediate depths in magmatic hydrothermal environments in silicic and andesitic volcanic terranes. In addition, coarse vein alunite may form in a magmatic steam environment from rapid release of an SO2-rich magmatic vapor phase at high temperature and low pressure or from the oxidation of a more reduced magmatic vapor by entrained atmospheric oxygen in the carapace of a volcanic edifice. Alunite [KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6] contains four stable isotope sites and complete analyses (delta-D, delta-(OSO4)-O-18, delta-(OOH)-O-18, and delta-S-34) are now possible. Except for delta-(OOH)-O-18 in magmatic hydrothermal alunites, primary values are usually retained. In cooperation with many colleagues, over 500 measurements have been made on nearly 200 samples of alunite and associated minerals from 23 localities, and 55 additional analyses have been taken from the literature. This survey confirms that kinetic factors play an important role in the stable isotope systematics of alunite and acid sulfate alteration. To a very large extent they form the isotopic basis for distinguishing between environments of acid sulfate alteration, and they provide important insights into attendant processes. Stable isotope analyses of alunite, often in combination with those on associated sulfides and kaolinite, permit recognition of environments of formation and provide information on origins of components, processes (including rates), physical-chemical environments, and temperatures of formation. Supergene acid sulfate alteration may form over any sulfide zone when it is raised above the water table by tectonics or exposed by erosion. it may overprint earlier acid sulfate assemblages, particularly the magmatic hydrothermal assemblages which are pyrite rich such as at El Salvador, Chile; Rodalquilar, Spain; and Goldfield, Nevada. Supergene alunite normally has delta-S-34 values virtually identical to precursor sulfides unless bacteriogenic reduction of aqueous sulfate takes place in standing pools of water. Delta-D values are close to that of local meteoric water unless extensive evaporation occurs. Delta-D and delta-(OOH)-O-18 values of supergene alunites from a range of latitudes fall in a broad zone parallel to the meteoric water line much the way delta-D and delta-O-18 values of associated halloysite-kaolinite fall near the kaolinite line of Savin and Epstein (1970). Delta-(OSO4)-O-18, values are kinetically controlled and will reflect the hydrogeochemistry of the environment. DELTA-(OSO4-OH)-O-18 values are grossly out of equilibrium and large negative values are definitive of a supergene origin. In steam-heated environments, such as those at the Tolfa district, Italy, and Marysvale, Utah, and numerous modern geothermal systems, acid sulfate alteration zones are characterized by pronounced vertical zoning. Such acid sulfate alteration may occur over adularia-sericite-type base and precious metal ore deposits such as the one at Buckskin, Nevada. Initial delta-(OSO4)-O-18 and delta-S-34 values are kinetically controlled, but delta-(OSO4)-O-18 values usually equilibrium with fluids, and even delta-S-34 values may reflect partial exchange with H2S where the residence time of aqueous sulfate is sufficient. Most alunites of steam-heated origin have delta-S-34 values the same as those of precursor H2S (and as related sulfides, if present) and delta-D values similar to that of local meteoric water. In the samples analyzed, most DELTA-(OSO4-OH)-O-18 values give reasonable temperatures of 90-degrees to 160-degrees-C, indicating that delta-(OSO4)-O-18 and delta-(OOH)-O-18 values reflect a close approach to equilibrium with the fluid. The delta-(OSO4)-O-18 and delta-(OOH)-O-18 values also reflect the degree of exchange of the meteoric fluids with wall rock. Coeval kaolinites typically have delta-O-18 and delta-D values to the left of the kaolinite line. Magmatic hydrothermal, acid sulfate alteration zones in near-surface epithermal deposits such as Summitville, Colorado. Julcani, Peru, and Red Mountain and Lake City, Colorado, are characterized by vertical orientation and horizontal zoning, the presence of coeval pyrite, PO4 analogues of alunite, zunyite, and later gold, pyrite and enargite, and often other Cu-As-Sb-S minerals. Acid sulfate alteration assemblages also occur as late stages in the porphyry-copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. In the examples studied, magmatic hydrothermal alunites have delta-D values close to those for magmatic water. Delta-S-34 values are 16 to 28 per mil larger than those for associated pyrite, reflecting equilibrium between aqueous H2S and SO4 formed by the disproportionation of magmatically derived SO2. Delta-(OSO4)-O-18 values are usually 8 to 18 per mil and vary systematically with delta-S-34 values, reflecting variations in temperature and/or H2S/SO4 fluid ratios. Further variation in delta-(OSO4)-O-18, values may result if SO2 condenses in mixed magmatic meteoric water fluids. DELTA-(OSO4-OH)-O-18 values of magmatic hydrothermal alunites are generally unsuitable for temperature determinations because of retrograde exchange in the OH site but DELTA-S-34(alunite-pyrite) values provide reliable temperature estimates. Magmatic steam environments appear to occur over a range of depths and are characterized by monomineralic veins of coarse alunite in variably alunitized and kaolinized wall rocks containing minor pyrite. Alunite formed in the magmatic steam environment can usually be recognized by delta-S-34 near delta-S-34(SIGMA-S) values and delta-D and delta-(OSO4)-O-18, values near magmatic values. Magmatic steam alunite differs from magmatic hydrothermal alunite by having delta-S-34 close to delta-S-34(SIGMA-S) values of the system. DELTA-(OSO4-OH)-O-18 values of most magmatic steam alunite give temperatures ranging from 90-degrees to 210-degrees-C but, for reasons which are not understood, some temperatures as well as calculated delta-(OH2O)-O-18 values are too low for presumed precipitation from a magmatic vapor phase. MagmatiC steam environments may occur over porphyry-type mineralization as at Red Mountain, Colorado, and Alunite Ridge, Utah, and over or adjacent to adularia-sericite-type deposits in volcanic domes as at Cactus, California. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. RP RYE, RO (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, BOX 25046, MAIL STOP 963, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. NR 119 TC 204 Z9 213 U1 14 U2 44 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 87 IS 2 BP 225 EP 262 PG 38 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM751 UT WOS:A1992HM75100001 ER PT J AU SEAL, RR RYE, RO AF SEAL, RR RYE, RO TI STABLE ISOTOPE STUDY OF WATER-ROCK INTERACTION AND ORE FORMATION, BAYHORSE BASE AND PRECIOUS METAL DISTRICT, IDAHO SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID FLUID INCLUSIONS; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; DEPOSITS; GEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROGEN; SULFUR; QUARTZ; FRACTIONATION; SPHALERITE; SYSTEMS AB The Bayhorse base and precious metal district is situated east of the idaho batholith in south-central Idaho. The ores occur near the Nevada Mountain granitic stock as veins cutting the lower Paleozoic Ramshorn Slate and the Garden Creek Phyllite, and as fillings around breccia fragments within the Bayhorse Dolomite. The veins are dominated by siderite and tetrahedrite, with lesser quartz and galena, whereas the breccia ores dominantly comprise only quartz and galena. Mineralization and intrusive activity were contemporaneous during Cretaceous time. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that mineralization formed from hot (ca. 375-degrees-225-degrees-C), CO2-rich (less-than-or-equal-to 8.3 +/- 1.4 mole %) brines (5-20 wt % NaCl equiv) at confining pressures between 1.1 and 1.7 kbars. Fluid cooling and the resulting CO2 effervescence were the most important causes of ore deposition. Whole-rock delta-O-18 and delta-D values from the Garden Creek Phyllite define an isotopically depleted zone (60 kM2) around the Nevada Mountain stock and are the result of high-temperature interactions with ancient meteoric waters at water/rock ratios (mass fractions) ranging from 0.002 to 0.09. The delta-(OH2O)-O-18 and delta-DH2O values of the ore fluids ranged from 11.2 to 3.9 per mil and from -55 to -146 per mil, respectively. Comparison of the ore fluid delta-(OH2O)-O-18 and delta-DH2O values with hypothetical waters equilibrated with the Garden Creek Phyllite indicates that the hydrothermal fluids must have also interacted with the basal dolomite of Bayhorse Creek, which underlies the phyllite. Early delta-(CCO2)-C-13 values calculated in equilibrium with siderite ranged from -9.1 to -7.4 per mil, whereas later delta-(CCO2)-C-13 values obtained from quartz-hosted fluid inclusion extracts range from -4.0 to -1.8 per mil. The delta-(CCO2)-C-13 values for the hydrothermal fluids thus also record a transition from early water/rock interactions that were dominated by the Garden Creek Phyllite (organic matter delta-C-13 = -23.6 to -20.9 parts per thousand) to later interactions that were influenced significantly by the basal dolomite of Bayhorse Creek (delta-C-13 = -2.3 to -2.2 parts per thousand). The delta-S-34 values of main-stage hydrothermal sulfides range from 3.0 to 28.3 per mil and display a distinct mode at approximately 10 per mil. The range of values may be interpreted as either a heterogeneous sedimentary source or mixed sedimentary-magmatic sources. On the basis of mass balance considerations, it is likely that all of the fluid salinity and the dissolved metals were derived from the Garden Creek Phyllite. The paragenetic sequence developed in the ores appears to be related to: (1) processes at the site of deposition, most notably cooling and CO2 effervescence, and (2) water-rock interactions within the Garden Creek Phyllite in the 60-km2 isotopically altered area surrounding the Nevada Mountain stock. C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DENVER, CO 80225 USA. RP SEAL, RR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY, 954 NATL CTR, RESTON, VA 22092 USA. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 87 IS 2 BP 271 EP 287 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM751 UT WOS:A1992HM75100003 ER PT J AU HANSLEY, PL SPIRAKIS, CS AF HANSLEY, PL SPIRAKIS, CS TI ORGANIC-MATTER DIAGENESIS AS THE KEY TO A UNIFYING THEORY FOR THE GENESIS OF TABULAR URANIUM-VANADIUM DEPOSITS IN THE MORRISON FORMATION, COLORADO PLATEAU SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS LA English DT Article ID NEW-MEXICO; HENRY BASIN; SANDSTONE; UTAH; QUARTZ AB Interstitial, epigenetic amorphous organic matter is intimately associated with uranium in the Grants uranium region on the southern part of the Colorado Plateau in northwestern New Mexico and is considered essential to genetic models for these deposits. In contrast, uranium minerals are intimately associated with authigenic vanadium chlorite and vanadium oxides in amorphous organic matter-poor ores of the Slick Rock and Henry Mountains mining districts on the northern part of the plateau, and therefore, in some genetic models amorphous organic matter is not considered crucial to the formation of these deposits. Differences in organic matter content can be explained by recognizing that amorphous organic matter-poor deposits have been subjected to more advanced stages of diagenesis than amorphous organic matter-rich deposits, during which organic compounds were broken down, solubilized, and removed during various diagenetic stages (e.g., sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and organic acid production). Most diagenetic alterations (e.g., dissolution of framework grains and cements and precipitation of coarse-grained coffinite, vanadium clays, and vanadium oxides) characteristic of amorphous organic matter-poor deposits occurred when temperatures exceeded 80-degrees-C-a temperature typical of the organic acid stage of diagenesis. Two factors combined to assure that a high percentage of the amorphous organic matter was removed from the Morrison Formation during diagenesis: the fact that the organic matter was humic (and therefore highly oxygenated), and that the juxtaposition of authigenic smectite and amorphous organic matter on grain rims facilitated clay mineral-organic catalysis reactions leading to the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller, soluble molecules. Evidence that amorphous organic matter was involved in the genesis of organic matter-poor, as well as organic matter-rich, deposits includes the presence of leached iron-titainum oxides and strongly etched garnets (both attributed to leaching by organic acids), the gradation from organic matter-rich to organic matter-poor deposits in the Grants uranium region, the inverse correlation between the amount of amorphous organic matter and the intensity of diagenetic alteration, the ubiquitous occurrence of amorphous organic matter inclusions in coffinite, and the similarity in geometry of tabular uranium-vanadium ores and Holocene humate deposits. By recognizing that amorphous organic matter was crucial to the initial concentration of uranium (even in those deposits that presently contain little amorphous organic matter) and by recognizing the effects of the various stages of diagenesis on the ore, one genetic model may be applied to all of the sandstone-hosted, tabular-type uranium-vanadium deposits in the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. RP HANSLEY, PL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,BOX 25046,MAIL STOP 939,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 63 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUBL CO PI EL PASO PA UNIV TEXAS AT EL PASO ROOM 202 QUINN HALL, EL PASO, TX 79968 SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL BULL SOC JI Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 87 IS 2 BP 352 EP 365 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HM751 UT WOS:A1992HM75100007 ER PT J AU RUPPERT, LF MINKIN, JA MCGEE, JJ CECIL, CB AF RUPPERT, LF MINKIN, JA MCGEE, JJ CECIL, CB TI AN UNUSUAL OCCURRENCE OF ARSENIC-BEARING PYRITE IN THE UPPER FREEPORT COAL BED, WEST-CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article AB Scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis were used to identify a rare type of As-bearing pyrite in selected specific gravity separates from the Pennsylvanian age Upper Freeport coal bed, west-central Pennsylvania. Arsenic was detected mainly in cell-wall replacement pyrite where concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 1.9 wt %. Although the majority of arsenic-bearing pyrite in the Upper Freeport coal bed is concentrated in massive and late diagenetic pyrite morphologies, the rarer As-bearing cell-replacement pyrite was observed in both light and heavy gravity separates from the three coal facies examined. Arsenic was occasionally detected in cell-filling replacement pyrite, but this As appears to be an artifact produced by signals from underlying and/or adjacent As-bearing cell-wall replacement pyrite. It is postulated that some plants of the Upper Freeport paleoswamp may have biomethylated As, which later could have been converted to dimethylarsine or other volatile organoarsenic compounds by either biologically or chemically driven processes. Once liberated, the arsenic may have been incorporated into pyrite during pyritization of the cell walls. The As incorporation occurred early, before significant compaction of the peat, because the pyritized cell walls are not compacted. RP RUPPERT, LF (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,956 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092, USA. OI Ruppert, Leslie/0000-0002-7453-1061 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 6 IS 2 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1021/ef00032a002 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA HK038 UT WOS:A1992HK03800002 ER PT J AU GALAT, DL ROBERTSON, B AF GALAT, DL ROBERTSON, B TI RESPONSE OF ENDANGERED POECILIOPSIS-OCCIDENTALIS SONORIENSIS IN THE RIO-YAQUI DRAINAGE, ARIZONA, TO INTRODUCED GAMBUSIA-AFFINIS SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE ATHERINIFORMES; POECILIIDAE; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; ENDANGERED FISH; FLASH FLOODING; MOSQUITOFISH; NATIVE FISHES; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; SPECIES REPLACEMENT; YAQUI TOPMINNOW ID SONORAN TOPMINNOW; POECILIIDAE; POPULATIONS; FISHES AB Potential coexistence of the native Yaqui topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis sonoriensis, with introduced mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, was examined in spring pools and streams in San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Arizona. Poeciliopsis never exceeded 12% of total poeciliid numbers in a spring pool where Gambusia was present. Body size, fecundity and reproductive effort of Poeciliopsis were significantly higher in this pool than in similar spring pools where Gambusia was absent. Where Poeciliopsis and Gambusia were syntopic in a stream, numbers of Poeciliopsis declined over 1.7 years, until none were collected. Poeciliopsis then increased to > 60% of total poeciliid numbers following flash flooding. Persistence of Poeciliopsis with Gambusia in the spring pool appeared to be a result of compensatory increase in reproductive output, while in the stream it was associated with recurrent flash flooding and a uniform temperature springhead which provided refuge. C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,TEMPE,AZ 85287. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SAN BERNARDINO NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,DOUGLAS,AZ 85607. NR 39 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 1992 VL 33 IS 3 BP 249 EP 264 DI 10.1007/BF00005869 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HM345 UT WOS:A1992HM34500004 ER PT J AU VROBLESKY, DA YANOSKY, TM SIEGEL, FR AF VROBLESKY, DA YANOSKY, TM SIEGEL, FR TI INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF POTASSIUM IN HEARTWOOD OF TREES IN RESPONSE TO GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND WATER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WATER AB The wood of tuliptrees (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) growing above groundwater contamination from a hazardous-waste landfill in Maryland contained elevated concentrations of potassium (K). The groundwater contamination also contained elevated concentrations of dissolved K. as well as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chloride (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and organic solvents, The dissolved K is derived from disposed smoke munitions, The excess K in the tuliptrees is concentrated in the heartwood, the part of the xylem most depleted in K in trees growing outside of the contamination, These data show that the uptake and translocation of K by tuliptrees can be strongly influenced by the availability of K in groundwater contamination and suggest the utility of this species as an areal indicator of groundwater contamination. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20052. RP VROBLESKY, DA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,STEPHENSON CTR,SUITE 129,720 GRACERN RD,COLUMBIA,SC 29210, USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL WATER S PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 19 IS 2 BP 71 EP 74 DI 10.1007/BF01797434 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA HG286 UT WOS:A1992HG28600002 ER PT J AU LUOMA, SN JOHNS, C FISHER, NS STEINBERG, NA OREMLAND, RS REINFELDER, JR AF LUOMA, SN JOHNS, C FISHER, NS STEINBERG, NA OREMLAND, RS REINFELDER, JR TI DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM BIOAVAILABILITY TO A BENTHIC BIVALVE FROM PARTICULATE AND SOLUTE PATHWAYS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSIT-FEEDING CLAM; SEDIMENT QUALITY CRITERIA; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; MACOMA-BALTHICA; SELENATE REDUCTION; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; INGESTION RATE; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; TRACE-METALS; MODEL AB Particulate organo-Se was assimilated with 86% efficiency by the deposit feeding bivalve Macoma balthica, when the clam was fed Se-75-labeled diatoms. Absorption efficiencies of particulate elemental Se were 22%, when the animals were fed Se-75-labeled sediments in which elemental Se was precipitated by microbial dissimilatory reduction. Precipitation of elemental Se did not eliminate biological availability of the element. Selenite was taken up from solution slowly by M. balthica (mean concentration factor was 712). Concentrations of selenite high enough to influence Se bioaccumulation by M. balthica did not occur in the oxidized water column of San Francisco Bay. However, 98-99% of the Se observed in M. balthica could be explained by ingestion of the concentrations of particulate Se found in the bay. The potential for adverse biological effects occurred at much lower concentrations of environmental Se when food web transfer was considered than when predictions of effects were based upon bioassays with solute forms of the element. Selenium clearly requires a protective criterion based upon particulate concentrations or food web transfer. C1 ST LAWRENCE UNIV,ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,CANTON,NY 13617. SUNY STONY BROOK,MARINE SCI RES CTR,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. RP LUOMA, SN (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 465,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Reinfelder, John/C-7214-2016 OI Reinfelder, John/0000-0002-3737-604X NR 67 TC 202 Z9 207 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 26 IS 3 BP 485 EP 491 DI 10.1021/es00027a005 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HG158 UT WOS:A1992HG15800012 ER PT J AU SQUILLACE, PJ THURMAN, EM AF SQUILLACE, PJ THURMAN, EM TI HERBICIDE TRANSPORT IN RIVERS - IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY IN NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION-DESORPTION KINETICS; SEDIMENT AQUEOUS SLURRIES; S-TRIAZINE; ATRAZINE; RUNOFF; POLLUTION; SIMAZINE; LINURON; CORN AB Alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and metribuzin were measured at six sites during 1984 and 1985 in large subbasins within the Cedar River, IA. A computer model separated the Cedar River discharge hydrograph into groundwater and overland-flow components. The concentration of herbicides in the river when groundwater was the major flow component was less than 1.0-mu-g/L and averaged 0.2-mu-g/L. The maximum concentrations of herbicides occurred when overland flow was the major component of river discharge, exceeding 50-mu-g/L for total herbicides. About 6% of the annual river load of atrazine was transported with the groundwater component, while 94% was transported with overland flow. From 1.5 to 5% of the atrazine applied during the year was transported from the basin. Atrazine concentrations in the river increased according to the discharge divided by the drainage area. This correlation indicates that rivers with large normalized 2-year peak flows have the potential to transport large concentrations of herbicides. A diagrammatic model of nonpoint-source transport of herbicides was developed that suggests that sorbed transport from fields occurs during episodes of overland flow with rapid dissolution of herbicides downstream. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. RP SQUILLACE, PJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,IOWA CITY,IA 52244, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 31 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 26 IS 3 BP 538 EP 545 DI 10.1021/es00027a015 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA HG158 UT WOS:A1992HG15800022 ER PT J AU HAGER, SW SCHEMEL, LE AF HAGER, SW SCHEMEL, LE TI SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS TO NORTHERN SAN-FRANCISCO BAY SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPLANKTON; ESTUARIES; RIVER; VARIABILITY; NUTRIENTS; PHOSPHATE; BIOMASS AB We studied nutrient sources to the Sacramento River and Suisun Bay (northern San Francisco Bay) and the influence which these sources have on the distributions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in the river and bay. We found that agricultural return flow drains and a municipal wastewater treatment plant were the largest sources of nutrients to the river during low river flow. The Sutter and Colusa agricultural drains contributed about 70% of the transport of DIN and DRP by the river above Sacramento (about 20% of the total transport by the river) between August 8 and September 26, 1985. Further downstream, the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant discharged DIN and DRP at rates that were roughly 70% of total DIN and DRP transport by the river at that time. Concentrations at Rio Vista on the tidal river below the Sacramento plant and at the head of the estuary were related to the reciprocals of the river flows, indicating the importance of dilution of the Sacramento waste by river flows. During very dry years, elevated DIN and DRP concentrations were observed in Suisun Bay. We used a steady-state, one-dimensional, single-compartment box model of the bay, incorporating terms for advection, exchange, and waste input, to calculate a residual rate for all processes not included in the model. We found that the residual for DIN was related to concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a). The residual for DRP was also related to Chl a at high concentrations of Chl a, but showed significant losses of DRP at low Chl a concentrations. These losses were typically equivalent to about 80% of the wastewater input rate. RP HAGER, SW (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD MAR PY 1992 VL 15 IS 1 BP 40 EP 52 DI 10.2307/1352708 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HM757 UT WOS:A1992HM75700004 ER PT J AU MEADOR, MR AF MEADOR, MR TI INTER-BASIN WATER TRANSFER - ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB The concept of transferring water from one river basin to another has evolved over centuries as a useful means of meeting water demands. However, such projects have the potential for serious ecological impacts, including introduction of nonindigenous organisms, changes in water quality and hydrologic regimes, and alteration of habitat. Although limited progress has been made in the last 20 years regarding our understanding of site-specific ecological consequences of inter-basin water transfer, research to date is inadequate for assessment of water transfer impacts. It is imperative that we develop coordinated research methodologies to be incorporated into the planning and evaluation of inter-basin water transfer projects. RP MEADOR, MR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,3916 SUNSET RIDGE RD,RALEIGH,NC 27607, USA. NR 0 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 17 IS 2 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1992)017<0017:IWTEC>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA HL159 UT WOS:A1992HL15900005 ER PT J AU PRICE, LC CLAYTON, JL AF PRICE, LC CLAYTON, JL TI EXTRACTION OF WHOLE VERSUS GROUND SOURCE ROCKS - FUNDAMENTAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS INCLUDING OIL-SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MIGRATION; KEROGEN AB In petroleum geochemistry, extractable hydrocarbons (HCs) in source rocks have typically been studied by grinding the rock to a fine powder (less-than-or-equal-to 100 mesh) and then extracting the HCs from the rock with a solvent. This procedure carries the implicit assumption that the HCs are homogeneously distributed throughout the rock. However, sequential Soxhlet extractions of whole (unpowdered) source rocks have shown that progressive extracts from the same rock can be quite different and may not even correlate with each other. A crude oil-like material clearly has been fractionated from indigenous bitumen in these rocks, has moved to cracks and parting laminae in the rocks, is ready for expulsion from the rocks, and is thus most accessible to the first extracting solvents. This process, which we believe is largely due to HC gases and carbon dioxide generated over all maturation ranks in source rocks, carries petroleum geochemical implications of a fundamental nature for oil-source rock correlations and gives insight into primary migration mechanisms, origin of oil deposits, and use of maturity and organic-facies indices. RP PRICE, LC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR PY 1992 VL 56 IS 3 BP 1213 EP 1222 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90057-P PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA HJ963 UT WOS:A1992HJ96300026 ER PT J AU REHEIS, MC SOWERS, JM TAYLOR, EM MCFADDEN, LD HARDEN, JW AF REHEIS, MC SOWERS, JM TAYLOR, EM MCFADDEN, LD HARDEN, JW TI MORPHOLOGY AND GENESIS OF CARBONATE SOILS ON THE KYLE CANYON FAN, NEVADA, USA SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID QUATERNARY CLIMATIC CHANGES; EASTERN MOJAVE DESERT; PETROCALCIC HORIZONS; CENTRAL TEXAS; CALIFORNIA; PRECIPITATION; CALCIUSTOLLS; REPLACEMENT; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY AB The physical and chemical properties of soils formed in an arid climate on calcareous alluvium of the Kyle Canyon alluvial fan, southern Nevada, were studied in order to infer the rates and relative importance of various soil-forming processes. These studies included field and microscopic observations and analyses of thin sections, major oxides, extractable iron, and clay minerals. The results are interpreted to reflect five major pedogenic processes: (1) The calcic horizons and calcretes of Kyle Canyon soils form by precipitation of CaCO3, derived from eolian dust and alluvium, as clast coats, matrix cement, and massive layers. (2) The A and uppermost B horizons are essentially dust-derived, for they contain large amounts of detrital material not present in the alluvial parent material, and their major-oxide content is similar to that of modern dust. (3) Clay particles are translocated from A into B horizons. (4) Iron-bearing minerals in the near-surface B horizons are slowly oxidized. (5) Carbonate and aluminosilicate grains are both displaced and replaced by pedogenic CaCO3; the silica released by replacement of aluminosilicates may be locally precipitated as amorphous or opaline silica and (or) incorporated into newly formed palygorskite and sepiolite. Rates of soil development at Kyle Canyon are approximate due to uncertainties in age estimates. Some soil field properties change at rates that are similar to rates for soils formed in rhyolitic parent material near Mercury, Nevada. The rate of accumulation of CaCO3 (3-5 g m-2 yr-1) at Kyle Canyon is an order of magnitude faster than that near Mercury, but is comparable to rates calculated for soils in southern New Mexico and Utah. C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT GEOL SCI,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP REHEIS, MC (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,CTR FED,MAIL STOP 913,BOX 25046,LAKEWOOD,CO 80225, USA. NR 63 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD MAR PY 1992 VL 52 IS 3-4 BP 303 EP 342 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(92)90044-8 PG 40 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA HM126 UT WOS:A1992HM12600009 ER PT J AU ROJSTACZER, S WOLF, S AF ROJSTACZER, S WOLF, S TI PERMEABILITY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE EARTHQUAKES - AN EXAMPLE FROM LOMA-PRIETA, CALIFORNIA SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Loma Prieta (California) earthquake (October 17, 1989; M 7.1) caused significant changes in the hydrology of the San Lorenzo and Pescadero drainage basins, northwest of the epicenter. Stream-flow increased at most gauging stations within 15 min after the earthquake. Ionic concentrations and the calcite saturation index of the stream water also increased. Streamflow and solute concentrations decayed significantly over a period of several months following the earthquake. Ground-water levels in the highland parts of the basins were locally lowered by as much as 21 m within weeks to months after the earthquake. The spatial and temporal character of the hydrologic response suggests that the earthquake increased rock permeability and temporarily enhanced ground-water flow rates in the region. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP ROJSTACZER, S (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DURHAM,NC 27706, USA. NR 22 TC 121 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 3 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140 3300 PENROSE PLACE, BOULDER, CO 80301 SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD MAR PY 1992 VL 20 IS 3 BP 211 EP 214 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0211:PCAWLE>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA HG520 UT WOS:A1992HG52000005 ER PT J AU GODSY, EM GOERLITZ, DF GRBICGALIC, D AF GODSY, EM GOERLITZ, DF GRBICGALIC, D TI METHANOGENIC BIODEGRADATION OF CREOSOTE CONTAMINANTS IN NATURAL AND SIMULATED GROUNDWATER ECOSYSTEMS SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; AQUIFER; BACTERIA; FERMENTATION; ENUMERATION; MINNESOTA; PENSACOLA; CHEMICALS; MOVEMENT; FLORIDA AB Wastes from a wood preserving plant in Pensacola, Florida have contaminated the near-surface sand-and-gravel aquifer with creosote-derived compounds and pentachlorophenol. Contamination resulted from the discharge of plant waste waters to and subsequent seepage from unlined surface impoundments that were in direct hydraulic contact with the ground water. Two distinct phases resulted when the creosote and water mixed: a denser than water hydrocarbon phase that moved vertically downward, and an organic-rich aqueous phase that moved laterally with the ground-water flow. The aqueous phase is enriched in organic acids, phenolic compounds, single- and double-ring nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen containing compounds, and single- and double-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. The ground water is devoid of dissolved O2, is 60-70% saturated with CH4 and contains H2S. Field analyses document a greater decrease in concentration of organic fatty acids, benzoic acid, phenol, 2-, 3-, 4-methylphenol, quinoline, isoquinoline, 1(2H)-quinolinone, and 2(1H)-isoquinolinone during downgradient movement in the aquifer than could be explained by dilution and/or dispersion. Laboratory microcosm studies have shown that within the study region, this effect can be attributed to microbial degradation to CH4 and CO2. A small but active methanogenic population was found on sediment materials taken from highly contaminated parts of the aquifer. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,STANFORD,CA 94305. RP GODSY, EM (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 40 TC 99 Z9 103 U1 3 U2 9 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 30 IS 2 BP 232 EP 242 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01795.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA HH500 UT WOS:A1992HH50000009 ER PT J AU GOODE, DJ AF GOODE, DJ TI MODELING TRANSPORT IN TRANSIENT GROUNDWATER-FLOW - AN UNACKNOWLEDGED APPROXIMATION SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB During unsteady or transient ground-water flow, the fluid mass per unit volume of aquifer changes as the potentiometric head changes, and solute transport is affected by this change in fluid storage. Three widely applied numerical models of two-dimensional transport partially account for the effects of transient flow by removing terms corresponding to the fluid continuity equation from the transport equation, resulting in a simpler governing equation. However, fluid-storage terms remaining in the transport equation that change during transient flow are, in certain cases, held constant in time in these models. For the case of increasing heads, this approximation, which is unacknowledged in these models' documentation, leads to transport velocities that are too high, and increased concentration at fluid and solute sources. If heads are dropping in time, computed transport velocities are too low. Using parameters that somewhat exaggerate the effects of this approximation, an example numerical simulation indicates solute travel time error of about 14 percent but only minor errors due to incorrect dilution volume. For horizontal flow and transport models that assume fluid density is constant, the product of porosity and aquifer thickness changes in time: initial porosity times initial thickness plus the change in head times the storage coefficient. This formula reduces to the saturated thickness in unconfined aquifers if porosity is assumed to be constant and equal to specific yield. The computational cost of this more accurate representation is insignificant and is easily incorporated in numerical models of solute transport. RP GOODE, DJ (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MS 496,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. OI Goode, Daniel/0000-0002-8527-2456 NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 30 IS 2 BP 257 EP 261 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01798.x PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA HH500 UT WOS:A1992HH50000012 ER PT J AU Rodbell, DT AF Rodbell, Donald T. TI Lichenometric and radiocarbon dating of Holocene glaciation, Cordillera Blanca, Peru SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Andes; climatic change; glaciation; Holocene; lichenometry; radiocarbon dates AB Measurements of Rhizocarpon subgenus Rhizocarpon thalli on moraines the ages of which are constrained by six radiocarbon dates. two pre-Colombian structures. and one historically-dated, flood deposit indicate that lichenometry can be used to estimate the age of stabilization of glacial deposits that date to the last c. 7 ka on the west side of the Cordillera Blanca. Peru (8 degrees 40'-9 degrees 40'S; 77 degrees 00'-77 degrees 40'W). The preliminary growth curve for subgenus Rhizocarpon resembles those derived for alpine areas in Alaska and Colorado, and can be subdivided into an initial. rapid phase of growth (c. 0.4 mm yr(-1)) that lasts c. 100 years, a c. 500- to 1000-year-long phase of decelerating growth. and a period of slow linear growth (0.016 mm yr(-1)) that commences after c. 1000 years. Size clustering of subgenus Rhizocarpon thalli supports a four-fold subdivision of cirque moraines at altitudes between 4200 and 4650 m. The oldest moraines stabilized between c. 7000 and 6000 BP, and the three younger groups between c. 3350 and 1600 BP, between c. 1250 and 400 BP. and within the last 100 years. This subdivision is supported by limiting radiocarbon dates from the Cordillera Blanca and from several cordilleras in southern Peni, and indicates that the Holocene glacial chronology of the Cordillera Blanca is the most complete heretofore recognized in the tropical Andes. C1 [Rodbell, Donald T.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Rodbell, DT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. FU Fulbright Commission; Geological Society of America; University of Colorado; University of Colorado Council on Research and Creative Work [GX-14354, GX-14355] FX This research was conducted as part of my PhD dissertation under the guidance of Dr P. W. Birkeland, University of Colorado. I am grateful to Jose Abram Escobedo and Honorato Caldua for field assistance, and 10 Drs J.T. Andrew. J.B. Benedict, P. W. Birkeland, T.N. Caine and V. Markgraf for critically reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript. The final draft of this manuscript benefitted greatly from the thorough reviews of Drs C. M. Clapperton and J.L. Innes. Funding for this research was provided by grants from the Fulbright Commission, the Geological Society of America, and the University of Colorado. Radiocarbon assays (GX-14354 and GX-14355) were funded by a grant from the University of Colorado Council on Research and Creative Work to Dr Birkeland. NR 39 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD MAR PY 1992 VL 2 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1177/095968369200200103 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA V27AQ UT WOS:000208586500003 ER PT J AU MILLY, PCD AF MILLY, PCD TI POTENTIAL EVAPORATION AND SOIL-MOISTURE IN GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY; CLIMATE SENSITIVITY; SUMMER DRYNESS; CO2; INCREASE; WETNESS; LAYER AB The parameterization of continental evaporation in many atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) used for simulation of climate is demonstrably inconsistent with the empirical work upon which the parameterization is based. In the turbulent transfer relation for potential evaporation, the climate models employ the modeled actual temperature to evaluate the saturated surface humidity, whereas the consistent temperature is the one reflecting cooling by the hypothetical potential evaporation. A simple theoretical analysis and some direct computations, all ignoring atmospheric feedbacks, indicate that whenever the soil moisture is limited, GCM-based climate models produce rates of potential evaporation that exceed, by a factor of two or more, the rates that would be yielded by use of the consistent temperature. Further approximate analyses and supporting numerical simulations indicate that the expected value of dry-season soil moisture has a short memory relative to the annual cycle and that dry-season evaporation is therefore nearly equal to dry-season precipitation. When potential evaporation is overestimated, it follows that the soil moisture is artificially reduced by a similar factor, and actual evaporation may or may not be overestimated, depending on other details of the hydrologic parameterization. These arguments, advanced on theoretical grounds, explain the substantial, systematic differences between GCM-generated and observation-based estimates of potential evaporation rates and call into question the direct use of currently available GCM-generated values of potential evaporation in the assessment of the effects of climatic change on continental hydrology and water resources. They also provide a partial explanation of the excessively low values of summer soil moisture in GCMs and raise questions concerning the results of studies of soil-moisture changes induced by an increase of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, an approximate analytical result suggests that the basic dependence of changes in soil moisture on changes in the atmospheric state was qualitatively preserved in those studies. RP MILLY, PCD (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV, NOAA, US GEOL SURVEY, GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB, POB 308, PRINCETON, NJ 08542 USA. NR 43 TC 72 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 5 IS 3 BP 209 EP 226 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0209:PEASMI>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA HP486 UT WOS:A1992HP48600002 ER PT J AU MILLER, MR FLESKES, JP ORTHMEYER, DL GILMER, DS AF MILLER, MR FLESKES, JP ORTHMEYER, DL GILMER, DS TI SURVIVAL AND OTHER OBSERVATIONS OF ADULT FEMALE NORTHERN PINTAILS MOLTING IN CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SACRAMENTO-VALLEY; CENTRAL MINNESOTA; BODY CONDITION; BLACK DUCKS; MALLARDS; MASS AB Survival rates of nine adult female Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) that became flightless after being radio-marked in the Sacramento Valley, California in August 1987-1989 were estimated. Seven of the radio-marked pintails molted in the Sacramento Valley, a nontraditional molting region, and two flew 280 km north to the Klamath Basin to molt. Molting marshes were dominated by emergent vegetation in both locations. Two ducks, while flightless in the Sacramento Valley, were killed by predators. Molting pintails remained sedentary (did not fly) for an average of 36 d, and the daily survival rate during this period was 0.9934. The resulting sedentary-period survival rate was 0.79. Primary feather 9 on two captive ducks grew an average of 4.2 mm per day. Mean body mass of molting ducks that died was lower than that for molting ducks that survived (P < 0.10). The number of pintails molting on Sacramento Valley refuges is probably < 200. RP MILLER, MR (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NO PRAIRIE WILDLIFE RES CTR,WILDLIFE RES FIELD STN,6924 TREMONT RD,DIXON,CA 95620, USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1992 VL 63 IS 2 BP 138 EP 144 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HQ279 UT WOS:A1992HQ27900005 ER PT J AU CUSTER, TW PENDLETON, GW ROACH, RW AF CUSTER, TW PENDLETON, GW ROACH, RW TI DETERMINATION OF HATCHING DATE FOR EGGS OF BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERONS, SNOWY EGRETS AND GREAT EGRETS SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INCUBATION AB Flotation of eggs in water and specific gravity of eggs of Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula) and Great Egrets (Casmerodius albus) were evaluated as methods to determine date of hatching. Length of incubation and duration of hatching period were also documented for each species. Although specific gravity was a better predictor of hatching date than egg flotation, both techniques were imprecise. The regression between specific gravity and the number of days before hatching differed among clutches, but not among eggs within clutches. Specific gravity of eggs predicted hatching date only to within 3.8 d for Snowy Egrets, and 4.7 d for Black-crowned Night-Herons and Great Egrets. The mean incubation period was 27.3 d for Great Egrets, 23.7 d for Snowy Egrets and 22.8 d for Black-crowned Night-Herons. For all three species, the A egg (first egg laid) had a longer incubation period than the B or C egg. For all three species, the number of days between hatching of A and B eggs was significantly less (median = 1 d) than between hatching of B and C eggs (median = 2 d). C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,ECOL SERV FIELD OFF,HOUSTON,TX 77058. RP CUSTER, TW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 2618,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1992 VL 63 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HQ279 UT WOS:A1992HQ27900006 ER PT J AU CUSTER, TW BUNCK, C AF CUSTER, TW BUNCK, C TI FEEDING FLIGHTS OF BREEDING DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS AT 2 WISCONSIN COLONIES SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Unmarked Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) (n = 523) were followed by airplane from Cat Island and Spider Island, two nesting colonies in Wisconsin, to their first landing site. Cormorants flew an average of 2.0 km from Cat Island (maximum 40 km) and 2.4 km from Spider Island (maximum 12 km). The mean direction of landing sites differed seasonally for flights from Spider Island, but not from Cat Island. Cormorants generally landed in Green Bay or Lake Michigan (> 99%) and rarely landed in inland lakes or ponds. The most frequent (> 80%) water depth at landing sites for each colony was < 9.1 m. Water depths greater-than-or-equal-to 9.1 m were used less frequently than available within the maximum observed flight distance for each colony. The average flight speed for cormorants was 61 km/h. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP CUSTER, TW (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 2618,LA CROSSE,WI 54602, USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1992 VL 63 IS 2 BP 203 EP 211 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HQ279 UT WOS:A1992HQ27900015 ER PT J AU JIRKA, KJ NEVES, RJ AF JIRKA, KJ NEVES, RJ TI REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY OF 4 SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS (MOLLUSCA, UNIONIDAE) IN THE NEW RIVER, VIRGINIA AND WEST-VIRGINIA SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The gametogenic cycle, spawning and glochidial release periods, and age at sexual maturity were determined for four unionid species from the New River in Virginia and West Virginia: mucket, Actinonaias ligamentina; spike, Elliptio dilatata; purple wartyback Cyclonaias tuberculata; and pistolgrip, Tritogonia verrucosa. The mucket is a long-term brooder, spawning in mid-summer, brooding glochidia throughout fall and winter, and releasing them in spring. The spike, purple wartyback, and pistolgrip are short-term brooders. Spawning began in mid-March and continued into May for T. verrucosa, into June for C. tuberculata, and into July for E. dilatata. Glochidia were released upon maturation, beginning in mid-April and continuing through June for T. verrucosa, into August for E. dilatata, and extending from March through June for C. tuberculata. All four species are sexually mature at 4 to 6 years of age. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SERV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 7 IS 1 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1080/02705060.1992.9664668 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HK695 UT WOS:A1992HK69500005 ER PT J AU FRENCH, JRP EDSALL, TA AF FRENCH, JRP EDSALL, TA TI MORPHOLOGY OF RUFFE (GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS) PROTOLARVAE FROM THE ST-LOUIS RIVER, LAKE-SUPERIOR SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; WALLEYE AB We describe hatching and the morphological and meristic characteristics of 2.5 - 5.6 mm long ruffe protolarvae (Gymnocephalus cernuus). Eggs and sperm from St. Louis River ruffe were mixed, producing fertilized eggs that were 0.9 - 1.2 mm in diameter. Newly hatched protolarvae were 2.5 - 3.2 mm long. They had 14-15 preanal and 23-24 postanal myomeres, a continuous finfold of even width, unpigmented eyes, and a large anterior oil globule in the yolk sac, and the head deflected over the yolk sac. Pectoral fin buds appeared on the dorsal side of the yolk sac 5 hours after hatching. Two-day-old protolarvae had fully pigmented eyes, and the head was free from the yolk sac. Three-day-old protolarvae were 3.9 - 4.3 mm long and possessed opercula, gills, pectoral fins, and a functional jaw. Feeding and swimming began about one week after hatching when the yolk sac was almost completely absorbed. Protolarvae grew rapidly at 20-22-degrees-C and were 4.9 - 5.6 mm long after 13 days. Newly hatched ruffe protolarvae are distinguished from other Lake Superior percids by having the fewest preanal myomeres (14-15), the head deflected over the yolk sac, continuous finfold of even width, and a total length of less than 4.0 mm. RP FRENCH, JRP (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL FISHERIES RES CTR GREAT LAKES,1451 GREEN RD,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105, USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 7 IS 1 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1080/02705060.1992.9664670 PG 10 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA HK695 UT WOS:A1992HK69500007 ER PT J AU DODD, CK MORGAN, GS AF DODD, CK MORGAN, GS TI FOSSIL SEA-TURTLES FROM THE EARLY PLIOCENE BONE VALLEY FORMATION, CENTRAL FLORIDA SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; MIOCENE AB Four genera of cheloniid (Caretta, Chelonia, Eretmochelys, Lepidochelys) and one genus of dermochelyid (Psephophorus) sea turtles are recorded from the Bone Valley Formation of central Florida. The fossils derive from phosphate deposits of early Pliocene (late Hemphillian) age, 4.5-5 Ma. Although similar in age to fossils from the Yorktown Formation (Lee Creek Mine) in North Carolina, the Bone Valley sea turtle fauna appears to lack two genera found at Lee Creek (Syllomus, Procolpochelys) and contains one genus that is not found at Lee Creek (Eretmochelys). The Caretta from the two areas may not be conspecific. The fossil Chelonia, Eretmochelys, and Lepidochelys cannot be distinguished confidently from modern species, but conversely only the Lepidochelys appears obviously related to a particular modern species, L. kempi. This paper provides the first report of Eretmochelys in Pliocene deposits and the first association of Psephophorus with all living cheloniid genera except the Australian Natator. We suggest that shallow seas in the Bone Valley region provided rich feeding habitat for sea turtles in the early Pliocene in the same way that shallow water habitats in Florida and the Bahamas support a similar assemblage today. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,FLORIDA MUSEUM NAT HIST,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP DODD, CK (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,NATL ECOL RES CTR,412 NE 16TH AVE,ROOM 250,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601, USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI OXFORD PA MIAMI UNIV, DEPT ZOOLOGY, OXFORD, OH 45056 SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 26 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.2307/1565014 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA HK146 UT WOS:A1992HK14600001 ER PT J AU ELDER, WP BOX, SE AF ELDER, WP BOX, SE TI LATE CRETACEOUS INOCERAMID BIVALVES OF THE KUSKOKWIM BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA, AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR BASIN EVOLUTION SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Kuskokwim Group are exposed in a large region of southwestern Alaska and are mainly composed of deformed turbidite deposits that contain few fossils other than inoceramid bivalves. This paper documents the taxonomy of the inoceramids in the Kuskokwim Group, develops an inoceramid biostratigraphy based on known ranges in other regions, and analyzes biogeographic patterns, paleoecology, and depositional history of the Kuskokwim Group. Most of the inoceramid bivalves present in the Kuskokwim Group are of Cenomanian and Turonian age, and an assemblage of species typical of late Turonian age rocks is particularly well developed. Only two localities appear to be as young as Santonian age. The following 16 species or subspecies are discussed and illustrated in detail: Birostrina tamurai Matsumoto and Noda, Inoceramus virgatus Schluter, I. pennatulus Pergament, I. pictus minus Matsumoto, I. cf. I. yabei Nagao and Matsumoto, I.? sp. aff. I. costatus Nagao and Matsumoto, I. hobetsensis Nagao and Matsumoto, I. longealatus Troger, I. frechi Flegel, I. waltersdorfensis waltersdorfensis Andert, I. cf. I. waltersdorfensis hannovrensis Heinz, I. kuskokwimensis n. sp., Mytiloides cf. M. opalensis (Bose), M. tetaokai (Matsumoto and Noda), M. cf. M. incertus (Jimbo), and Sphenoceramus naumanni (Yokoyama). In addition, a specimen with affinities to Mytiloides striatoconcentricus carpathicus (Simionescu) and a specimen that may belong to the I. (Cremnoceramus?) rotundatus-I. (C.) erectus lineage are illustrated. Most of the taxa present in the Kuskokwim region are found in other regions of the North Pacific, particularly Japan and eastern Siberia, or are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Only one species, I. kuskokwimensis n. sp., is new and may be endemic. North Pacific taxa are predominant in the Kuskokwim region, but intervals near the Cenomanian-Turonian Stage boundary and in the upper Turonian contain taxa characteristic of Europe and the Western Interior basin of North America; some of these taxa have not been recorded previously in the North Pacific region. Turonian heteromorph ammonite assemblages associated with inoceramids in the finer grained facies of the Kuskokwim region are similar to those found in coeval rocks of Japan and Germany. The depositional area of the Kuskokwim Group can be broken into two northeast-trending subbasins, the Kuskokwim River subbasin to the northwest and the Mulchatna River subbasin to the southeast, connected by the Nushagak Hills corridor. Within the Kuskokwim River subbasin, deposition apparently started earlier in the north (middle Cenomanian) than in the south (late Cenomanian to early Turonian), and prograding deltaic sedimentation along the western margin also appears to have started earlier in the north. No marine fossils younger than latest Turonian to earliest Coniacian are known from the Kuskokwim River subbasin. The youngest fossils identified are Santonian in age and are from deep-water deposits in the Nushagak Hills corridor. Few fossils are known from the Mulchatna River subbasin and age control is limited. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 102 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 66 IS 2 SU S BP 1 EP 39 PN 2 PG 39 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA HK476 UT WOS:A1992HK47600001 ER PT J AU WALLER, TR MARINCOVICH, L AF WALLER, TR MARINCOVICH, L TI NEW SPECIES OF CAMPTOCHLAMYS AND CHLAMYS (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA, PECTINIDAE) FROM NEAR THE CRETACEOUS/TERTIARY BOUNDARY AT OCEAN POINT, NORTH SLOPE, ALASKA SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Review ID MORPHOLOGY; DINOSAURS; EVOLUTION AB Two new species of pectinid bivalves, Camptochlamys alaskensis and Chlamys aquilonia, are present in shallow-marine deposits near Ocean Point, northeastern Alaska, at about 70-degrees-N latitude. The precise age of these deposits is debatable, but paleontological and isotopic age estimates indicate placement near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The occurrence of Camptochlamys extends the chronostratigraphic and geographic range of this genus, previously unknown from any strata above the uppermost Jurassic (Tithonian) of Europe and unknown from any strata in North America. In contrast, the new Chlamys species represents an evolutionary advance beyond its nearest relative in the Maastrichtian of northern Europe and resembles Cenozoic members of its clade in certain features of shell microstructure. These new species are thus a microcosm of the debate regarding the age of these deposits and strengthen the hypothesis that the Ocean Point fauna lived in an Arctic Ocean basin that was isolated from the world ocean. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,PALEONTOL & STRATIG BRANCH,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP WALLER, TR (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT PALEOBIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 106 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 66 IS 2 BP 215 EP 227 PG 13 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA HK018 UT WOS:A1992HK01800007 ER PT J AU SMITH, DG WIEMEYER, SN AF SMITH, DG WIEMEYER, SN TI DETERMINING SEX OF EASTERN SCREECH-OWLS USING DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION-ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIMORPHISM AB Seven morphometric characteristics and weight of males and females of a captive colony of Eastern Screech-Owls (Otus asio) were compared. Females were significantly larger than males in weight, total length, and length of tail, wing and bill. A discriminant function analysis based on weight, wing and tail length correctly identified the sex of 88% of the 77 birds. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. RP SMITH, DG (reprint author), SO CONNECTICUT STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06515, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 26 IS 1 BP 24 EP 26 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HW293 UT WOS:A1992HW29300006 ER PT J AU ELLIS, DH AF ELLIS, DH TI TALON GRAPPLING BY APLOMADO FALCONS AND BY GOLDEN EAGLES SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter RP ELLIS, DH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 26 IS 1 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HW293 UT WOS:A1992HW29300014 ER PT J AU ELLIS, DH AF ELLIS, DH TI A PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED FALCON FLIGHT DISPLAY SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter RP ELLIS, DH (reprint author), US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 26 IS 1 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA HW293 UT WOS:A1992HW29300015 ER PT J AU HAWN, T GETMAN, M AF HAWN, T GETMAN, M TI ENHANCING CRP VALUES SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LEWISTOWN,MT 59457. RP HAWN, T (reprint author), SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,LEWISTOWN,MT 59457, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1992 VL 47 IS 2 BP 134 EP 135 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA HM907 UT WOS:A1992HM90700008 ER PT J AU TRINCARDI, F FIELD, ME AF TRINCARDI, F FIELD, ME TI COLLAPSE AND FLOW OF LOWSTAND SHELF-MARGIN DEPOSITS - AN EXAMPLE FROM THE EASTERN TYRRHENIAN SEA, ITALY SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; DEBRIS FLOW; SLOPE; BASIN; CALIFORNIA; EARTHQUAKE; EVOLUTION; FEATURES; SLIDE AB The upper slope of the eastern Tyrrhenian Sea margin has a complex morphology shaped by Quaternary tectonism and by sedimentation phases controlled by changing sea levels. Sediment slides of widely varying size and shape are common in Quaternary deposits of the upper slope, particularly where gradients are steep. Our study of a large sediment failure in lowstand prograded coastal deposits west of Cape Licosa indicates that the nature of shelf-margin deposition is an additional important control on failure. The failure zone has a mobilization surface showing in-situ deformation in the sediment above it; an upper failure surface; a head scarp; and a zone of ponded sediment debris downslope from the exposed surface of failure. The basal mobilization surface is roughly parallel to the seafloor and coincident with a major downlap surface. The failed section is less than 20 m thick and local in extent, but deformation on the basal mobilization surface extends outside the immediate area of the failure. Directly downslope of the slide scarp are internally stratified mounds that show no evidence of deformation or movement. Most of the prograded deposit experienced in-situ deformation that evolved into the collapse of part of the sediment pile above the mobilization surface. A portion of the mobilized sediment flowed a few kilometers basinward and accumulated at the base of a slope-parallel ridge. Sediment failure occurred on the Licosa shelf margin following a major pulse of coastal sedimentation along the lowstand shoreline. On many continental margins, sea-level lowering is thought to be an important cause of failure of unconsolidated sediment deposited during previous high-stand conditions. The Licosa slide demonstrates that sea-level fall has another, equally important but indirect, role in sediment failure. As sea level falls and reaches its lowstand position, streams are at their peak efficiency and a coarsening-upward clastic coastal wedge is rapidly emplaced at relatively steep gradients on the shelf margin, and these are conditions that inherently favor sediment instability and failure. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP TRINCARDI, F (reprint author), IST GEOL MARINA,VIA ZAMBONI 65,I-40127 BOLOGNA,ITALY. OI Trincardi, Fabio/0000-0002-8476-8804 NR 54 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAR PY 1992 VL 105 IS 1-4 BP 77 EP 94 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA HQ073 UT WOS:A1992HQ07300006 ER EF