FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Balachandran, U Lelovic, M Deis, T Eror, NG Haldar, P Selvamanickam, V AF Balachandran, U Lelovic, M Deis, T Eror, NG Haldar, P Selvamanickam, V BE Balachandran, UB Gubser, DG Hartwig, KT Reed, RP Warnes, WH Bardos, VA TI Recent advances in processing of Ag-clad Bi-2223 superconductors SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS, VOL 44, PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Oxford Instruments, Intermagnet Gen Corp ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; SHEATHED TAPES; TRANSPORT CURRENT; TEMPERATURE; MICROSTRUCTURE; TRANSITION; BEHAVIOR; (BI AB Enhancements in the transport current properties of long lengths of multifilament Ag-sheathed (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy (Bi-2223) superconducting tapes were achieved due to increased packing density of precursor powder, improved mechanical deformation, and adjusted cooling rate. Improved processing parameters had a pronounced effect on the transport critical current (I-c) of the superconducting tapes. At 77 K and zero applied magnetic field, an Ic of 60 A was obtained in short length samples (4 cm), an I-c of 54 A in a 164 m length, and 18 A in a 1,260 m length. Maximum critical current values were two to three times higher in slow-cooled tapes than in fast-cooled tapes. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Balachandran, U (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45918-3 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 44 BP 525 EP 531 PN A AND B PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BM41R UT WOS:000078666200069 ER PT S AU Lue, JW Demko, JA Lubell, MS Tomsic, M Sinha, U AF Lue, JW Demko, JA Lubell, MS Tomsic, M Sinha, U BE Balachandran, UB Gubser, DG Hartwig, KT Reed, RP Warnes, WH Bardos, VA TI Development of strengthened bundle high temperature superconductors SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS, VOL 44, PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Oxford Instruments, Intermagnet Gen Corp AB In the process of developing high temperature superconducting (HTS) transmission cables, it was found that mechanical strength of the superconducting tape is the most crucial property that needs to be improved. It is also desirable to increase the current carrying capacity of the conductor so that fewer layers are needed to make the kilo-amp class cables required for electric utility usage. A process has been developed by encapsulating a stack of Bi-2223/Ag tapes with a silver or non-silver sheath to form a strengthened bundle superconductor. This process was applied to HTS tapes made by the Continuous Tube Forming and Filling (CTFF) technique pursued by Plastronic Inc. and HTS tapes obtained from other manufacturers. Conductors with a bundle of 2 to 6 HTS tapes have been made. The bundled conductor is greatly strengthened by the non-silver sheath. No superconductor degradation as compared to the sum of the original critical currents of the individual tapes was seen on the finished conductors. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lue, JW (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45918-3 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 44 BP 777 EP 784 PN A AND B PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BM41R UT WOS:000078666200102 ER PT S AU Daney, DE Boenig, HJ Maley, MP Coulter, JY Fleshler, S AF Daney, DE Boenig, HJ Maley, MP Coulter, JY Fleshler, S BE Balachandran, UB Gubser, DG Hartwig, KT Reed, RP Warnes, WH Bardos, VA TI Single and three-phase AC losses in HTS superconducting power transmission line prototype cables SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS, VOL 44, PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Oxford Instruments, Intermagnet Gen Corp AB AC losses in two, one-meter-long lengths of I-ITS prototype multi-strand conductors (PMC's) are measured with a temperature-difference calorimeter. Both single-phase and three-phase losses are examined with ac currents up to 1000 A rms. The calorimeter, designed specifically for these measurements, has a precision of 1 mW. PMC #1 has two helically-wound, non-insulated layers of HTS tape (19 tapes per layer), each layer wrapped with opposite pitch. PMC #2 is identical except for insulation between the layers. The measured ac losses show no significant effect of interlayer insulation and depend on about the third power of the current -- a result in agreement with the Bean-Norris model adapted to the double-helix configuration. The three-phase losses are a factor of two higher that those exhibited by a single isolated conductor, indicating a significant interaction between phases. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Daney, DE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45918-3 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 44 BP 791 EP 798 PN A AND B PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BM41R UT WOS:000078666200104 ER PT S AU Dietderich, DR Kelman, M Litty, JR Scanlan, RM AF Dietderich, DR Kelman, M Litty, JR Scanlan, RM BE Balachandran, UB Gubser, DG Hartwig, KT Reed, RP Warnes, WH Bardos, VA TI High critical current densities in Nb3Sn films with engineered microstructures - Artificial pinning microstructures SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS, VOL 44, PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Oxford Instruments, Intermagnet Gen Corp AB Films with layers of Nb, Cu, and Sn have been fabricated to simulate a Nb3Sn bronze-type process. These Nb3Sn films have produced critical current densities greater than 1 x 10(6) A/cm(2) at 4.2 K and 7.5 T. Niobium films doped with Y, Sc, Dy, Al2O3, and Ti have been deposited with e-beam co-evaporation onto 75 mm diameter Si wafers with a 100 nm SiO2 buffer layer. The Nb layer was followed by a layer of Cu and a layer of Sn to complete the bronze-type process. The films with the highest J(c) had about 8 vol. % Sc and about 18 vol. % Al2O3. Characterization of the microstructure by TEM shows that these high J(c) films contained high density of inclusions about 5 nm in size and that the grain size of the Nb3Sn is about 20-25 nm for samples heat treated at 700 degrees C for up to eight hours. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dietderich, DR (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45918-3 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 44 BP 951 EP 958 PN A AND B PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BM41R UT WOS:000078666200125 ER PT S AU Dietderich, DR Litty, JR Scanlan, RM AF Dietderich, DR Litty, JR Scanlan, RM BE Balachandran, UB Gubser, DG Hartwig, KT Reed, RP Warnes, WH Bardos, VA TI Dimensional changes of Nb3Sn, Nb3Al and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 conductors during heat treatment and their implication for coil design SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS, VOL 44, PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Oxford Instruments, Intermagnet Gen Corp AB This work has measured the dimensional changes of Nb3Sn, Nb3Al and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 conductor, and other coil materials during heat treatment to determine the strains associated with these changes. The question is: can a conductor be damaged due to thermal expansion and contraction differences of the coil components during the heat treatment thermal cycle? Two conclusions regarding coil fabrication can be drawn from the dilatometry results. One is that Nb3Sn and Nb3Al conductors produced by an internal-tin process and by a jelly-roll process, respectively, are placed in tension on heating since they initially contract and then expand at a lower rate than the coil form material (i.e. Al-bronze or stainless steel). Both of these conductors have a contraction near 200-250 degrees C which is due to relaxation of the Nb or Nb-Al filaments. Also, the post-heat-treatment contraction of these conductors is greater the larger the Cu and bronze fraction. A bronze-processed Nb3Sn conductor does not have the contraction at 200-250 degrees C. The second conclusion is that the conductor is not placed in compression on cooling from the reaction temperature (650-800 degrees C) to room temperature if the coil components (i.e. cable and end pieces) are unconstrained, since the At-bronze pole piece contracts more than the cable. This should also be the case for conductor wound on a stainless steel coil form. The opposite seems to be the case for powder-in-tube Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 conductor. It expands continuously on heating without the contraction seen in internal-tin processed Nb3Sn and jelly-roll processed Nb3Al conductor at 200-250 degrees C. No residual stress develops in this conductor since the filaments have no tensile strength and are not bonded to the silver matrix. However, on cooling from above the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 melting-processing temperature the conductor behaves like a composite. The Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 powder has now sintered or fused forming a rigid filament that has bonded to the Ag matrix. This decreases the contraction on cooling suggesting that the thermal expansion coefficient of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 is less than that of Ag. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dietderich, DR (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45918-3 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 44 BP 1013 EP 1020 PN A AND B PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BM41R UT WOS:000078666200133 ER PT S AU Kuchnir, M AF Kuchnir, M BE Balachandran, UB Gubser, DG Hartwig, KT Reed, RP Warnes, WH Bardos, VA TI Electrical resistance of superconducting cable splices SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS, VOL 44, PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Oxford Instruments, Intermagnet Gen Corp AB The electrical resistance of superconducting cable splices is known to be in the 10(-9) Omega range which to be measured conventionally would require the use of a micro voltmeter with a power supply capable of generating kilo Amperes plus a liquid helium cryostat with large power leads. Here we present a system for carrying on such measurements that requires besides the microvoltmeter a power supply capable of generating only up to 35 A and a 152 mm diameter neck helium dewar using less than 25 liters per day after initial cool down. In this paper we describe the apparatus and present the data taken with it in its first use which for data acquisition used just a chart recorder. The method is based in making the splice in a loop of cable, inducing a current in it and measuring its decay time constant. Generating high currents in superconductors by induction is not a new technique but the use of the decay constant of currents generated this way for the determination of minute electrical resistance seems novel to the author. Unexpected details in the results will be discussed. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kuchnir, M (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45918-3 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 44 BP 1069 EP 1075 PN A AND B PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BM41R UT WOS:000078666200140 ER PT S AU Shu, QS AF Shu, QS BE Kittel, P TI Large applications and challenges of state-of-the-art superconducting rf (SRF) technologies SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Various applications of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerating structures in many fields around the world are introduced. These applications consist of high energy physics, nuclear physics, free electron lasers, energy amplifiers, nuclear materials and the treatment of radioactive wastes. A review of recent development of SRF technologies is presented. We also briefly discuss the future prospects of SRF technologies and applications. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Shu, QS (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 25 EP 36 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800002 ER PT S AU Delayen, JR AF Delayen, JR BE Kittel, P TI The Jefferson Lab superconducting accelerator SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Jefferson Lab is a 5-pass recirculating superconducting linac capable of delivering beam simultaneously to three experimental halls. The accelerator contains 338 niobium cavities operating at 1497 MHz in superfluid helium and was designed to accelerate 200 mu A of electrons to 4 GeV. Each cavity is individually powered by a 5 kW klystron and controlled in phase and amplitude. First beam delivery to halls C, A, and B occurred in November 1995, April 1996, and December 1996 respectively. During 1996, 6 nuclear physics experiments were successfully completed in hall C. An upgrade program to raise the maximum energy of the accelerator is under way, and single-pass energy of 1 GeV has already been achieved. Jefferson Lab is also applying its superconducting rf and accelerator technology to other applications such as a Free Electron Laser for Navy and industrial applications. C1 Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Delayen, JR (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 37 EP 42 PN A AND B PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800003 ER PT S AU Rode, CH AF Rode, CH CA Jofferson Lab FEL Team BE Kittel, P TI Jefferson Lab high-power free-electron laser SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB In partnership with the U.S. Navy, high-technology corporations, and research universities, Jefferson Lab is building a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator-driven free-electron laser (FEL) and is outfitting an FEL user facility. The 1 kW, 3 mu m infrared (IR) laser-which was being installed in the newly constructed user facility as of summer 1997-is the first step in a program to develop high-average-power SRF-based IR and ultraviolet (UV) FELs for multiple manufacturing applications as well as for defense-related applied research and basic scientific research. This initial FEL is driven by a 42 MeV, 5 mA recirculating SRF linac closely similar to the much larger SRF linac in Jefferson Lab's 4 GeV, 200 mu A Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). The FEL will demonstrate 75% energy recovery. Its linac will be cooled by the existing CEBAF cryogenic system. At Jefferson Lab, an infrastructure of facilities and people already supports the advance of SRF and closely related technologies in the furtherance of the lab's primary mission of nuclear and particle physics. This paper, after describing that infrastructure, summarizes the opportunity represented by SRF-driven FELs and reports on the program now underway to develop them. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Rode, CH (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 43 EP 52 PN A AND B PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800004 ER PT S AU Kneisel, P AF Kneisel, P BE Kittel, P TI Superconducting radio-frequency technology: Understanding and improvements of limitations through application of cryogenic instrumentation SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A large number of diagnostic methods have been developed during the last two decades to gain insight in limiting phenomena occurring in superconducting rf cavities during operation. Temperature mapping in subcooled and superfluid helium and x -ray mapping have successfully been applied to understand and subsequently prevent or eliminate loss mechanisms present in these devices. Newer techniques specific to problems such as rf window arcing are under development. This paper reviews various diagnostic techniques and discusses the impact of their application on progress made in SRF technology. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Kneisel, P (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 53 EP 62 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800005 ER PT S AU Shu, QS Green, M Neuffer, D Summers, D Simrock, S Willen, E AF Shu, QS Green, M Neuffer, D Summers, D Simrock, S Willen, E BE Kittel, P TI Superconducting RF cavities and magnets for a 4-TeV energy muon collider SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The accelerators must take the muon beams from similar to 100 MeV to 2 TeV energies within the muon lifetime for a 4 TeV energy muon collider. These constraints plus the muon decay heating seriously challenge the designs of the superconducting RF (SRF) cavities and magnets in the accelerators and collider ring. The multiple superconducting recirculation linac and the very rapid-cycling superconducting synchrotron approach are both studied. We briefly introduce the technical considerations and preliminary designs of the SRF systems and magnets. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Shu, QS (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 105 EP 112 PN A AND B PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800011 ER PT S AU Daugherty, MA Roth, EW Daney, DE Hill, DD Prenger, FC AF Daugherty, MA Roth, EW Daney, DE Hill, DD Prenger, FC BE Kittel, P TI Ramp rate testing of an HRS high gradient magnetic separation magnet SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB We report on the ramp rate testing of a prototype high temperature superconducting (HTS) high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) magnet. from full field to zero field to clean the separation matrix. The time spent ramping the magnet is unavailable for processing and must therefore be kept to a minimum. Existing commercial low temperature superconducting HGMS magnets are immersed in a liquid helium bath and are designed to ramp from zero to full current in one minute. The HTS magnet in our system is conductively cooled and operates in a vacuum at a temperature of approximately 30 K. Heat generated during ramping is not as readily removed from the conductively cooled magnet as a bath cooled magnet. To verify that the conductive cooling can adequately remove heat generated during ramping we recorded magnet temperatures and voltages while ramping at rates of up to 4.8 A/second. The magnet can accommodate ramps from zero to 100 A (1.6 Tesla) in 21 seconds with no degradation in performance. The average magnet temperature rises a maximum of 1 K during ramping. Using temperatures recorded during ramps we have made rough estimates of the losses generated in the magnet. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Daugherty, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 165 EP 171 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800018 ER PT S AU Smith, RP Fisk, HE Krempetz, K Markley, D Rucinski, R Squires, B Yamada, R Mine, S Kimura, K Kobayashi, T Kozu, H Odashima, W AF Smith, RP Fisk, HE Krempetz, K Markley, D Rucinski, R Squires, B Yamada, R Mine, S Kimura, K Kobayashi, T Kozu, H Odashima, W BE Kittel, P TI Preliminary testing of the DO superconducting solenoid SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Toshiba Corporation has fabricated a thin superconducting solenoid (1-3) for the upgraded tracking system of the D empty set Detector at the Fermilab Proton-Antiproton Collider. The magnet was successfully tested at the Toshiba Keihin Works in Yokohama before it was shipped to the US. The results of the Keihin tests are presented. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60544 USA. RP Smith, RP (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60544 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 229 EP 236 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800026 ER PT S AU Sondericker, J Iarocci, M McIntyre, G Hseuh, HC Wu, KC Ganetis, G Anerella, M Benson, J Farah, Y Grandinetti, R Killian, E Lac, C Morgillo, A Rank, J Nicoletti, A Quimby, E Rehak, M Zantopp, D AF Sondericker, J Iarocci, M McIntyre, G Hseuh, HC Wu, KC Ganetis, G Anerella, M Benson, J Farah, Y Grandinetti, R Killian, E Lac, C Morgillo, A Rank, J Nicoletti, A Quimby, E Rehak, M Zantopp, D BE Kittel, P TI Performance and operating experience of the RHIC first sextant test SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Installation and testing of the first sextant of RHIC magnets has been completed. The tests consisted of temperature cycling, quenching magnets, and measuring important engineering parameters of a string of magnets totaling a length of over 500 meters. This represents one sixth of the 3.8 kilometer circumference of the RHIC machine and serves as a basis for extrapolation of parameters for full machine operation. This paper gives an overview of the entire system, a detailed discussion of startup problems, operations and cryogenic system reliability over the period of the test and details of some of the important cryogenic operating parameters. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Sondericker, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 237 EP 243 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800027 ER PT S AU Nicoletti, A Rehak, MLF AF Nicoletti, A Rehak, MLF BE Kittel, P TI Performance of magnet leads for RHIC SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Three different conventional gas cooled power leads have been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory for use in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The RHIC cryogenic system will contain over 500 leads, which will be responsible for as much as 24% of the total 4.5 K refrigerator heat load. Leads optimized for 6300 A and for 1600 A are constructed with variable heat transfer segments and conductor cross sections so as to operate frost free over a wide range of currents without compromising safety or efficiency. A second type, which consists of a 12 lead bundle each carrying 150 A, is an improvement of an existing design, where parallel conductors are pressed into the perimeter of a plastic core. Each type of lead was optimized for minimum refrigeration load while maintaining a margin of safety in the event of coolant flow loss. The 6300 A and 1600 A leads will operate at 0.06 g/s-kA up to and including their design currents, and the 12x150 Amp lead bundle was stable at 0.09 g/s-kA. A mathematical model of each type of lead, which includes warm end components connecting it to the power supply and cold end superconductor, has been developed. The design and test result for each type of lead is presented here, and comparisons are made to their theoretically predicted performance. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Nicoletti, A (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 261 EP 267 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800030 ER PT S AU Rank, J Malm, K McIntyre, G Sondericker, J AF Rank, J Malm, K McIntyre, G Sondericker, J BE Kittel, P TI Mechanical and thermal considerations for the superconducting magnet to normal conductor magnet "warm-to-cold transitions" of the RHIC accelerator SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The RHIC accelerator, designed for maximum flexibility, allows for the insertion within the superconducting magnet lattice of specialty magnets of the normal conductor type. The beam character may then be customized at each of the experimental crossing points. This facility requires a beam tube transition from a cryogenic environment to ambient and back again. The "Warm-to-Cold Transition" is the system of mechanical and electrical components which permit this to occur. Discussed herein are: the systems mechanical degrees of freedom, shrinkage allowances, thermal and pressure induced stresses, cryogenic heat load, superconducting bus splices, and design considerations for each of the eight major assemblies. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, RHIC, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Rank, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, RHIC, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 269 EP 275 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800031 ER PT S AU Niemann, RC Turner, LR Morgan, MW Haldar, P Hoehn, JG AF Niemann, RC Turner, LR Morgan, MW Haldar, P Hoehn, JG BE Kittel, P TI High-temperature superconductor coil system for a particle detector analyzing magnet SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The high energy physics experiment known as the Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS), which is intended for the study of neutrinos, will incorporate a large particle detector system. The detector employs an analyzing magnetic field generated by magnetizing an array of steel plates, called absorbers, with a current-carrying coil. We have evaluated the feasibility of a high-temperature superconductor coil system that provides a 25,000 A-turn magnetizing force. An equivalent conventional coil system (i.e., water-cooled copper) was also designed for comparison. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Niemann, RC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 349 EP 356 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800041 ER PT S AU Grandinetti, R Koehler, J Sondericker, J Ganetis, G McIntyre, G AF Grandinetti, R Koehler, J Sondericker, J Ganetis, G McIntyre, G BE Kittel, P TI Design considerations and experience of the RHIC dual magnet cryostat installation SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The first RHIC Dual Magnet installation, of eight (8) cold masses in one vacuum vessel, has been completed. Design of the system included the requirement for assembly on location, the need for individual three-direction alignment capability at each cold mass cradle, a fixed position cradle for the entire assembly, longitudinal slide capability for all other cradles, two thermally isolated heat shields, accessible electrical splice boxes, removable interconnects, removability of individual cold mass sections, flexible supply lines for electrical power and cryogenic services and external loads imposed from the supply services. Initially two of the twelve total assemblies were fabricated for the Sextant Test of the RHIC ring. This paper covers an overview of that effort from initial design considerations, fabrication/installation techniques, initial installation problems and the final design solutions. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Cryogen Syst Grp, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Grandinetti, R (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Cryogen Syst Grp, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 365 EP 370 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800043 ER PT S AU Cha, YS Seol, SY Hull, JR AF Cha, YS Seol, SY Hull, JR BE Kittel, P TI Critical current density and dissipation in sintered YBCO filaments SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Critical current density and dissipation of four sintered YBCO filaments were measured with a continuous DC power supply. Each sample exhibited somewhat different characteristics from the others even though three of the four samples were from the same batch. The data suggest that it is possible for the YBCO filament to be in a state of stable equilibrium when part of the filament is in the flux-flow state and part is in the normal state due to local hot spots. This behavior may be advantageous for resistive fault current limiters because the intermediate state (partly flux-flow and partly normal) has an overall resistance that is much higher than that of the flux-flow state but does not lead to thermal runaway (burnout) or excessive heating, unlike a YBCO filament driven into the normal state over its entire length. Two of the samples were broken as a result of local burnout. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Cha, YS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 379 EP 386 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800045 ER PT S AU Huang, Y Kerby, J Nicol, T Peterson, T AF Huang, Y Kerby, J Nicol, T Peterson, T BE Kittel, P TI Cryogenic system and cryostat design for the LHC IR quadrupole magnets SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The LHC interaction region (LR) inner tripler cryostats are under development at Fermilab. The inner triplet consists of four 70 mm aperture superconducting quadrupole magnets manufactured at Fermilab and KEK. These magnets are cooled with pressurized static superfluid helium at 1.9 K which transports the heat to saturated 1.8 K He II via a He II heat exchanger. This paper discusses the requirements for the inner triplet cryostat, development of the cryogenic system, and He II heat exchanger arrangement. Cooldown and quench pressure issues with the external He II heat exchanger are also discussed. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Huang, Y (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 403 EP 410 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800048 ER PT S AU Prodell, AG Arn, A AF Prodell, AG Arn, A BE Kittel, P TI A facility for evaluating superconductors above atmospheric pressure at 1.8K SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A facility for evaluating superconductors above atmospheric pressure at 1.8K for the CERN LHC has been constructed and successfully operated at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The facility consists essentially of a modified vertical cryostat and a large pump station which have been incorporated into an existing helium liquifier and gas recovery system in a closed loop. The vertical cryostat has been equipped with a Lambda plate to separate a superfluid helium volume at 1.8K and 16.2 psia from a helium volume above it at 4.5K and 16.5 psia. The helium volume below the Lambda plate is cooled by a heat exchanger whose internal pressure is established and maintained by the large pumping station remote from the cryostat. Helium is injected into this heat exchanger from just above the Lambda plate through a counterflow heat exchanger above the plate and a J-T valve. A superconducting magnet suspended from the Lambda plate is energized to evaluate the current-magnetic field characteristics of LHC conductor samples separately mounted and powered on a removable holder which seals at the Lambda plate and extends into the bore of the magnet. The facility is the result of a joint effort between BNL and CERN. Details of the facility and its operation are described. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Prodell, AG (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 443 EP 450 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800053 ER PT S AU Wu, KC Iarocci, M Sondericker, J Benson, J Farah, Y Lac, C Morgillo, A Nicoletti, A Quimby, E Rank, J Rehak, M Zantopp, D AF Wu, KC Iarocci, M Sondericker, J Benson, J Farah, Y Lac, C Morgillo, A Nicoletti, A Quimby, E Rank, J Rehak, M Zantopp, D BE Kittel, P TI Status, operation and performance of the RHIC helium refrigerator SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC helium refrigerator was modified from the refrigerator originally constructed fifteen years ago for the ISABELLE accelerator. The modifications include a new cold vacuum compressor and relocating the cold circulating compressor to the cryogenic distribution valve boxes, which are located near the cryogenic feed to the collider rings. Prior to start up, an extensive effort was spent on improving conditions of the compressor system, turbine skids, valves, instrumentation and control apparatus. In February, 1996, the RHIC refrigerator was successfully cooled to liquid helium temperature with 10 kW of heat input at 4.5 K, 53 kW at 60 K and 44 g/s of liquefaction, using approximately two-thirds of the installed compressor capacity. In July, 1996, the refrigerator was used to cool a 350 meter vacuum jacketed transfer line and two cryogenic distribution valve boxes. In February, 1997, the refrigerator was used to cool the first RHIC sextant for over one month of operation. At the end of the first sextant test, an electric heat input of 25 kW at approximately 5.5 K was introduced to simulate a full refrigeration capacity mode. The capacity and reliability of the refrigerator have been demonstrated. The performance of the refrigerator including turbines, heat exchangers, cold vacuum compressor and circulating compressor is given. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, RHIC Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wu, KC (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, RHIC Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 483 EP 490 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800058 ER PT S AU Rehak, M Cornish, G Iarocci, M Sondericker, J Wild, T AF Rehak, M Cornish, G Iarocci, M Sondericker, J Wild, T BE Kittel, P TI TS diagram for on-line monitoring of the RHIC refrigerator SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The Brookhaven National Laboratory RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) 25 kW helium refrigerator(1) is now operating for the first time on the occasion of the first sextant test. A computer program, written in Visual Basic and running on a PC, has been developed as an on-line diagnosis tool. This piece of software overlays a theoretical and a live display of the refrigerator cycle on the Ts plane. The diagram is a graphical representation of the deviation from the theoretical state, This provides a visual feedback to refrigerator operators who can then make necessary adjustments. Any additional values of interest, such as work, efficiencies etc.., are also available on the diagram or as a table summarizing performance. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Rehak, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 491 EP 497 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800059 ER PT S AU Iarocci, M Sondericker, J Wu, KC Benson, J Farah, Y Lac, C Morgillo, A Nicoletti, A Quimby, E Rank, J Rehak, M Werner, A AF Iarocci, M Sondericker, J Wu, KC Benson, J Farah, Y Lac, C Morgillo, A Nicoletti, A Quimby, E Rank, J Rehak, M Werner, A BE Kittel, P TI RHIC 25 kW refrigerator and distribution system, construction, testing, and initial operating experience SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The installation and testing of most of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) cryogenic system is complete. The RHIC cryogenic system consisting of the modified ISABELLE refrigerator, and other new cryogenic components, has been completed from the 25 kW refrigerator through one sixth of the 3.8 km circumference RHIC accelerator up to the 4:00 valve box. This paper covers the progress to date with respect to construction and installation of the helium distribution system, including the vacuum jacketed piping and valve boxes, recoolers, and controls. In addition, the 25 kW refrigerator has been operated on three separate occasions over the past two years. These first experiences with the operation of the refrigerator and warm compressor system, along with some test results will be discussed here. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Iarocci, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 499 EP 506 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800060 ER PT S AU Rank, J Iarocci, M Rehak, M Wu, KC AF Rank, J Iarocci, M Rehak, M Wu, KC BE Kittel, P TI Ring warmup and helium recovery for the RHIC accelerator: Thermal analysis of the warmup of a superconducting magnet string SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB RHIC design criteria require that a faulty string be warmed rapidly to a serviceable temperature. Integral electric heaters warm the superconducting magnets. The magnets are very sensitive to temperature peaks and local gradients. Helium gas is circulated during warmup so that all points are warmed at nearly equal rates. An optimized string warmup procedure gives a continuous, uniform temperature profile, that is flat and rises steadily to room temperature at a rate which allows manageable recovery of the liquid helium content of the magnets. The ideal is not easily obtained. Various warmup schemes are studied. Limitations on the process, including those of the RHIC helium recovery system are discussed. A finite difference code (Fortran) is used to model a magnet string with flowing helium and electric heat generation. Temperature dependent properties of metal and gas including variable density are accounted for. Predictions are compared to physical test data. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Rank, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 507 EP 515 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800061 ER PT S AU Nicoletti, A Iarocci, M AF Nicoletti, A Iarocci, M BE Kittel, P TI Performance of RHIC 50 watt recoolers SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Brookhaven National Laboratory has designed and tested cryogenic heat exchangers for use in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). These units, called recoolers, are located periodically in the superconducting magnet string and maintain the accelerator at design temperature by removing heat from the closed Helium circulating loop. Each is required to transfer 50 Watts from supercritical Helium, nominally flowing at 100 g/s to a Helium bath boiling at 4.25 K. With a 50 Watt heat load applied, there is a .028 K differential temperature between the Helium exiting the recooler and the recooler bath, and a heat exchange effectiveness of approximately 80%. The recoolers met design requirements during first article testing and then during the RHIC first sextant test. This paper describes the design and testing of the recoolers as well as their performance during the RHIC first sextant test. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Nicoletti, A (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 517 EP 522 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800062 ER PT S AU Benson, J Farah, Y Zantopp, D AF Benson, J Farah, Y Zantopp, D BE Kittel, P TI Performance of the RHIC cryogenic control system during the first sextant test SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The present RHIC cryogenic process control system is a hybrid of centralized and distributed processing. The setup marries together a centralized sub-system that was designed, installed, and in operation since 1984 with six identical distributed sub-systems, whose installation began in 1996 and will be completed in 1998. For the RHIC First Sextant Test, which took place from January 21, 1997 to March 5, 1997, it was necessary to have two new distributed cryogenic control sub-systems installed and tested. During the First Sextant Test, gold ions were successfully injected into the superconducting collider at the 6 o'clock region, where they then traveled down Sextant 4/5, and hit a beam stop at the 4 o'clock region (Figure 1). The 6 o'clock region, 4 o'clock region, and Sextant 4/5 are the locations where the two new distributed sub-systems were installed and tested. The thrust of this paper is to discuss these new installations and the overall cryogenic control system performance during the First Sextant Test. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider Project, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Benson, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider Project, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 523 EP 529 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800063 ER PT S AU Quimby, EC Lac, CM Iarocci, M Sallash, R Varghese, A AF Quimby, EC Lac, CM Iarocci, M Sallash, R Varghese, A BE Kittel, P TI VJR/VJRR design, construction, installation, and performance SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is a colliding beam accelerator consisting of two interlaced rings of superconducting magnets in an underground tunnel, 3.86 km (2.4 miles) in circumference. The superconducting magnets are cooled by compressed helium at 4.5 K. The cold helium is delivered from the refrigerator to two valve boxes at the magnet ring by way of the approximate 350 m long, 60.96 cm (24 ") diameter, Vacuum Jacketed Refrigerator to Ring (VJRR) piping run. The helium is then distributed around both rings through approximately 2,400 meters of 50.8 cm (20 ") diameter Vacuum Jacketed Ring (VJR) piping, working in conjunction with the magnet cryostats. The VJRR and VJR piping are both multi-line, 55 K helium heat-shielded, transfer lines, however, each differs in its fundamental design concept and component construction. This paper discusses VJR and VJRR design concepts, as well as certain aspects of component construction, field and tunnel installation, and thermal performance. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Quimby, EC (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Cryogen Syst Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 531 EP 540 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800064 ER PT S AU Peterson, TJ Rabehl, RJ Sylvester, CD AF Peterson, TJ Rabehl, RJ Sylvester, CD BE Kittel, P TI A 1400 liter 1.8 K test facility SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A double bath superfluid helium dewar has been constructed and operated at Fermilab's Magnet Test Facility. The 1.8 K portion of the dewar is sized to contain a superconducting magnet up to 0.5 meters in diameter and 4 meters long in a vertical orientation in 0.12 MPa pressurized superfluid. The dewar can also provide a subcooled Helium I environment for tests; the entire temperature range from 4.4 K to 1.8 K at 0.12 MPa is available. This paper describes the system design, lambda plate, heat exchanger, and performance. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Peterson, TJ (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 541 EP 548 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800065 ER PT S AU Gasteyer, TH Wheelwright, PD AF Gasteyer, TH Wheelwright, PD BE Kittel, P TI Performance and control of a cryogenic system cooling 1152 VLPC channels SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A liquid helium supplied cryogenic system has been designed, built, and operated continuously since September 1996. The system cools nine cassettes (128 channels each) of visible light photon counter (VLPC) chips to 6.5 K. Thermal stability of the chips has been excellent. Liquid helium is supplied from a modified CTI 1400 helium liquifier. The liquid flows into a vacuum insulated liquid nitrogen shielded cryostat where it cools the VLPC chips. Some of the helium boil off is used to reduce the cryostat heat leak. All boil off gas is returned to the compressor suction header for the Tevatron. The exceptional control of the cassette temperatures is achieved with two levels of PID control. The coarse control (All cassettes within 0.5 K) is reached by maintaining constant cryostat liquid level, cryostat pressure, and heat intercept flow. The fine tuning (All cassettes within +/- 0.010 K) is achieved with automatically controlled heaters in each cassette. The operating temperature range for the chips can be set anywhere between 5 to 15 K. The cryostat heat leak is about 2.0 W at 6.5 K. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Gasteyer, TH (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 549 EP 556 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800066 ER PT S AU Brindza, PD Lassiter, SR Wines, RR AF Brindza, PD Lassiter, SR Wines, RR BE Kittel, P TI Cryogenic system for TJNAF's Hall C SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A cryogenic system has been operational in TJNAF's Hall C for four years. The design of this system is presented and the operational and control philosophy is discussed. The system consists of conventional rigid transfer lines and a unique flexible transfer line. The features and heat load measurements of this flexible line are presented. Operational data are stored continously on computer disc. There are typical plots of this data presented to illustrate system stability. The cryosystem for Hall C is used to operate the superconducting magnets of the HMS spectrometer and a cryogenic target for H2, D2 and He. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Brindza, PD (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 597 EP 604 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800072 ER PT S AU Jia, LX Gong, LH AF Jia, LX Gong, LH BE Kittel, P TI Cryogenic transient heat transfer in the g-2 cryostats at thermal insulating vacuum loss SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A numerical simulation of transient heat transfer for thermal insulating vacuum loss in the g-2 cryostats was verified by the cold test results on one cryostat ring. The temperature profiles of the superconducting coil mandrel and outer shell were obtained for helium, nitrogen, and air leaks. Temperature drop and thermal contraction of the cryostat shell due to vacuum loss excited some design concerns. Heating methods for the cold cryostat shell, such as blowing natural air to increase thermal convection, were also simulated. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Jia, LX (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 621 EP 628 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800075 ER PT S AU Jia, LX Addessi, L Castillo, V Gong, LH Leskowicz, J Meier, R Miglionico, G Scaduto, J AF Jia, LX Addessi, L Castillo, V Gong, LH Leskowicz, J Meier, R Miglionico, G Scaduto, J BE Kittel, P TI Safety design, operation, and control of a liquid hydrogen target at BNL SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB A liquid hydrogen target for high energy physics experiment, Crystal Ball Spectrometer, was recently built and operated at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) particle accelerator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The system safety design, operation, and control of the target was analyzed and evaluated during its two-month beam-taking experiment. This paper reports on this cryogenic project. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Jia, LX (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 629 EP 636 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800076 ER PT S AU Soyars, WM AF Soyars, WM BE Kittel, P TI Increasing the useful life of quench reliefs with Inconel bellows SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Reliable quench relief valves are an important part of superconducting magnet systems. Fermilab developed bellows-actuated cryogenic quench reliefs which have been in use since the early 1980's. The original design uses a stainless steel bellows. A high frequency, low amplitude vibration during relieving events has resulted in fatigue failures in the original design. To take advantage of the improved resistance to fatigue of Inconel, a nickel-chromium alloy, reliefs using Inconel 625 bellows were made. Design, development, and testing of the new version reliefs will be discussed. Tests show that relief valve lifetimes using Inconel bellows are more than five times greater than when using the original stainless steel bellows. Inconel bellows show great promise in increasing the lifetime of quench relief valves, and thus the reliability of accelerator cryogenic systems. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Soyars, WM (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 719 EP 725 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800089 ER PT S AU Morgillo, A Iarocci, M Nicoletti, A Farah, Y Sondericker, J AF Morgillo, A Iarocci, M Nicoletti, A Farah, Y Sondericker, J BE Kittel, P TI Forced convection cooled thermistors used as magnet lead flow sensors SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has developed a simple, inexpensive method for monitoring the flow, which cools the 12x50 Amp corrector power leads for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Since there are more than 500 leads of this type distributed around the 3.8 km circumference accelerator, each requiring flow control and monitoring, the use of conventional mass flow meters is not economically feasible. The device consists of a negative temperature coefficient thermistor mounted inside a tube, through which helium gas flows from the power lead. The helium gas cools the sensor through convection causing a temperature change and therefore a resistance change in the sensor. The electrical circuit reacts by adjusting the current supplied to the sensor to maintain the resistance at a constant value. The change in current is used to calculate the helium mass flow rate. The flow meter monitors flow in the range of .03 to.05 g/s with an accuracy of plus or minus 10%. Presented here are the design calculations as well as the flow meter performance. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Cryogen Syst Grp, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Morgillo, A (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Cryogen Syst Grp, Relativist Heavy Ion Collider, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 803 EP 809 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800100 ER PT S AU Tallerico, T Bunce, G Jia, LX Meng, W Pai, C Konieczny, D AF Tallerico, T Bunce, G Jia, LX Meng, W Pai, C Konieczny, D BE Kittel, P TI Cryogenic control system for the g-2 Muon ring SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The g-2 Muon storage ring consists of three superconducting solenoids 15 meters in diameter, and a beam Inflector solenoid 1.7 meters in length. All superconducting solenoids are indirectly cooled by forced two-phase helium. Cryogenic cooling is accomplished via a J-T circuit and a LHe control dewar. The control system for this cryogenic system is built around commercially available Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) and cryogenic hardware for monitoring temperature, pressure and flow control. The complexity of this system necessitated the use of a graphical user interface (GUI) which permitted operators to perform monitoring and control functions from a central control room. The graphical interface allowed for rapid operator training and, with the cooling circuit schematic shown graphically they can respond to critical situations promptly. Critical data points on the experiment are logged in the software and historical trends are provided for. Using a software based system allowed for rapid system revisions as they were required. Flow control can be performed manually by the operator or automatically by the software based on linear control algorithms. The system has been in use for two years with successful results. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Tallerico, T (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 835 EP 840 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800104 ER PT S AU Sanders, RC Allspach, DH Schmitt, RL AF Sanders, RC Allspach, DH Schmitt, RL BE Kittel, P TI Application of industrial control systems to a large scale cryogenic system SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Fermilab successfully installed and used off-the-shelf industrial controllers and software to operate five 600 Watt, one 90 Watt liquid helium refrigerators, seven strings of superconducting magnets and three liquid hydrogen targets and other miscellaneous subsystems. The equipment is distributed over a 3 km by 3 km area. The planning, wiring installation and programming was done entirely by mechanical engineers and technicians familiar with the processes being controlled, and in conjunction with their usual jobs. No computer programmers were involved. Sophisticated control schemes such as cascade PID, adaptive gains and automated quench recovery were employed on the Moore Products APACS and Siemens/TI controllers. Intellution FIX DMACS software running on PCs (with a Windows platform) provides alarming, data logging and interactive customized graphical displays of the processes for operators, engineers and managers. From any of 20 FIX DMACS nodes operators can change set points or other parameters on any of the subsystems. The FIX DMACS nodes communicate to each other over Ethernet using TCP/IP protocol and potentially can read/write to any other parameter in the controllers. Operational problems, operator man-hours and off hour call-ins have been dramatically reduced. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Sanders, RC (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 841 EP 848 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800105 ER PT S AU Demko, JA Lue, JW Lubell, MS Sinha, U Tolbert, J Dresner, L AF Demko, JA Lue, JW Lubell, MS Sinha, U Tolbert, J Dresner, L BE Kittel, P TI Test results for different high temperature superconducting transmission cable prototypes SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Development has begun on high temperature superconductor (HTS) cable systems for power transmission. Many design factors affect the performance of a HTS transmission cable. Typical constructions will have multiple layers of superconductor. It is known that the current distribution among the layers has an effect on the performance of the cable. Measurements on two different prototype cable constructions have been performed. The prototypes are approximately 1 m long and were fabricated by helically winding Ag sheathed Bi-2223 high temperature superconductor tape on a stainless steel tube former. Both prototypes had four HTS layers consisting of 2 pairs of oppositely wound tapes. Comparisons of the measured performance of the two prototypes and the measured current distributions are compared and discussed. C1 Oak Ridge Associated Univ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Demko, JA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Associated Univ, ORNL, POB 2009, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1175 EP 1182 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800146 ER PT S AU Green, MA Manikowski, A Noland, G Golden, RL AF Green, MA Manikowski, A Noland, G Golden, RL BE Kittel, P TI A fuel cell power supply for long duration balloon flights using stored cryogens SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Large balloon launched cosmic ray experiments can require up to 1.8 kW of power for the duration of the mission, Present day battery packs, which have a mass of 550 kg, limit the mission time for such experiments to less than 60 hours. Long duration polar balloon missions require a power supply that can deliver power at the rate of 1.5 to 2 kW for a period of time from 10 to 21 days. A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is an attractive option for a power supply because 20.6 kg (291 liters) of hydrogen and 165 kg (144 liters) of oxygen can provide the 1.42 kW of power for a 18 day mission at a fuel cell efficiency of 80 percent. If the water produced by the oxidation of the hydrogen in the fuel cell can be dumped during the mission, the required ballast needed for the mission can be reduced by almost 190 kg. The waste heat from the fuel cell can be used to preheat the fuel and oxidizer before they enter the fuel cell. The remainder of the waste heat must be transferred away from the balloon by radiation. This report describes a fuel cell power supply configuration. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1265 EP 1271 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800158 ER PT S AU Green, MA AF Green, MA BE Kittel, P TI Heat transfer through a multilayer insulation system as a function of pressure in the cryostat vacuum space SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB When one builds a high quality cryostat, one strives to have a good vacuum (better than 1 mPa) in the space where there is multilayer insulation between the cryogen vessel and the outer vacuum vessel. When designing any cryostat, one should always ask the following question; What happens if the insulting vacuum is not good? This paper presents a technique for analyzing the performance of a cryogenic insulation system when the insulating vacuum is not so good. From the analytical calculations presented in this report, one can improve the insulation system so that acceptable insulation performance can occur even when the pressure in the vacuum space is as high as 100 mPa. Of particular interest is the calculation of insulation performance when the vacuum fails. The difference between an air or nitrogen leak, and a helium leak or a hydrogen leak is illustrated. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1313 EP 1318 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800164 ER PT S AU Rehak, MLF AF Rehak, MLF BE Kittel, P TI A simplified theory of current leads SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Closed form solutions for temperature, conducted heat and voltage drop are derived for a lead cooled with forced flow. The mass flow which will cause thermal runaway is expressed as a function of current. An optimal lead is defined as a lead where the conducted heat at the warm end is zero and where the total refrigerator load is minimal. Optimal mass flow and geometry at design current are derived under those two conditions. The margin between critical and optimal flow is too small: a 2% decrease in mass flow or a 10% increase in current are sufficient to produce temperatures of 450 K. Therefore an operating mass flow is defined: it is the smallest flow for which the lead is always stable as long as the flow is proportional to the current. A curve giving the operating mass flow as a function of current is established. Mass flow, voltage drop and conducted heat under operating conditions can then be established. During operation, reading of voltage drop is the best way to monitor the leads since it is shown that voltage drop is a linear function of maximum temperature. Comparisons with leads cooled with boil-off and by conduction only are presented. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Rehak, MLF (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1335 EP 1341 PN A AND B PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800167 ER PT S AU Prenger, FC Hill, DD Daney, DE Daugherty, MA Green, GF Chafe, J Heiberger, M Langhorn, A AF Prenger, FC Hill, DD Daney, DE Daugherty, MA Green, GF Chafe, J Heiberger, M Langhorn, A BE Kittel, P TI Performance of crycooler shunt heat pipes SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB In many important cryogenic applications the use of liquid cryogens for system cooling is either not feasible or is unsuitable. In such cases a cryogenic refrigeration system or multi stage cryocooler must be employed to provide the necessary cooling. To shorten cooldown time for such a system, especially if the thermal mass is large, a thermal shunt directly connecting the first stage of the cryocooler to the load during cooldown is desirable. This thermal shunt allows effective utilization of the greater cooling power available from the first stage of the cryocooler early in the cooldown. Upon reaching operating temperature, the thermal shunt must exhibit a high resistance to thermally isolate the first stage of the cryocooler from the load. Heat pipes are well suited to achieve these objectives. The Advanced Lightweight Influence Sweep System (ALISS), under development by the U. S. Navy for shallow water magnetic mine countermeasures, employs a large, conductively cooled, superconducting magnet that must be cooled from 300 to 4.2 K. Cryogenic heat pipes acting as cryocooler thermal shunts are used to shorten the cooldown time. Ethane, nitrogen and oxygen were evaluated as possible working fluids. A thermal model of the ALISS was developed to evaluate the cooldown performance of various heat pipe combinations. Tn conjunction with heat pipe performance tests, this model was used to select a suitable design for the heat pipe thermal shunts. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Prenger, FC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1521 EP 1528 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800190 ER PT S AU Byrns, RA Green, MA AF Byrns, RA Green, MA BE Kittel, P TI An update on estimating the cost of cryogenic refrigeration SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB This paper is an update of a report written in 1991(1) concerning cost estimating of refrigeration for superconducting magnets. This report updates cost data collected by Strobridge(2,3,4) over 20 years ago and data collected by these authors. The actual costs have been inflated to 1997 dollars and are plotted. A correlation function between cost and refrigeration at 4.5 K and 1.8 K is given. An annual cost for refrigeration can also be estimated based on the refrigeration at 4.5 K of 1.8 K and the cost of electrical energy. A correlation function for estimating input power to the compressors to the refrigeration produced at 4.5 K and 1.8 K is also given. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Byrns, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1661 EP 1666 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800208 ER PT S AU Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA AF Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA BE Kittel, P TI The giant magnetocaloric effect in Gd-5(SixGe1-x)(4) materials for magnetic refrigeration SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB The Gd-5(SixGe1-x)(4) alloys, where 0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.5, exhibit a giant magnetocaloric effect. This extremely large magnetocaloric effect should elevate magnetic refrigeration technology to new heights allowing it to become even more competitive with other existing refrigeration technologies. The temperature of the giant magnetocaloric effect is easily tunable between similar to 30 and similar to 275 K by changing the Si:Ge ratio. Furthermore, by alloying with Ga, the giant magnetocaloric effect temperature increases to similar to 290 K. The reversible magnetic field induced magnetic entropy change, Delta S-mag, and the adiabatic temperature rise, Delta T-ad, for a low to moderate magnetic field change (from 0 to 2-10 T) are the largest ever observed at the corresponding Curie temperatures. The Delta S-mag is 100 to 400%, and the Delta T-ad is 25 to 200% larger than that for the best known prototypes. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pecharsky, VK (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 8 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1729 EP 1736 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800218 ER PT S AU Korte, BJ Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA AF Korte, BJ Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA BE Kittel, P TI The influence of multiple magnetic ordering on the magnetocaloric effect in RNiAl alloys SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 43 PTS A AND B SE ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Cryogenic Engineering / International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY 1997 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Cabot Performance Mat, Cryogas Int Inc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Oxford Magnet Technol & Oxford Superconductor Technol, NorthW Nat Gas, Wah Chang AB Both the change in magnetic entropy (Delta S-mag) and the adiabatic temperature rise (Delta T-ad) induced by a change of magnetic field were determined for a series of(Gd1-xEx)NiAl alloys (where x = 0, 0.30, 0.46, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00). Through magnetic and heat capacity measurements, these materials were found to possess multiple antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic ordering processes. The value of Delta S-mag was observed to peak around the antiferromagnetic transition temperature for ErNiAl, with the maximum gradually broadening and shifting upward toward the Curie temperature as the Gd content is increased. For Gd-rich alloys, a significant contribution to the magnetic entropy change is observed at both the low and high-temperature transitions, resulting in a skewed caret-like Delta S-mag vs, temperature profile. Broad zero-field transitions coupled with opposing shifts in entropy around the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ordering temperatures induced by the application of a magnetic field are believed to contribute to this effect. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Korte, BJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2482 BN 0-306-45807-1 J9 ADV CRYOG ENG PY 1998 VL 43 BP 1737 EP 1744 PN A AND B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL67N UT WOS:000076284800219 ER PT B AU Burch, JV Norford, SW Martin, HL AF Burch, JV Norford, SW Martin, HL BE Chase, GC Herrera, R Rubow, KL TI Maintenance history of an Oberlin (R) pressure filter system SO ADVANCES IN FILTRATION AND SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY, VOL 12, 1998: ADVANCING FILTRATION SOLUTIONS 98 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual National Technical Conference of the American-Filtration-and-Separations-Society on Advancing Filtration Solutions 98 CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Filtrat & Separat Soc AB Two Oberlin(R) 24 sq. ft. pressure filters,operating in parallel for thirteen years at the Savannah River Site, have reliably removed precipitated metals from treated wastewater for direct discharge to surface stream. The maintenance history and modifications of these filters as well as their flocculation and filter aid addition systems are reviewed; These system modifications have successfully extended service life of individual components and have improved total systems performance. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Burch, JV (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN FILTRATION & SEPARATIONS SOCIETY PI NORTHPORT PA PO BOX 1530, NORTHPORT, AL 35476 USA PY 1998 BP 337 EP 342 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BL49S UT WOS:000075701700051 ER PT B AU Walker, BW AF Walker, BW BE Chase, GC Herrera, R Rubow, KL TI Cross-flow filtration of Department of Energy Hanford waste streams using sintered metal mott and Graver filters at the Savannah River Technology Center SO ADVANCES IN FILTRATION AND SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY, VOL 12, 1998: ADVANCING FILTRATION SOLUTIONS 98 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Annual National Technical Conference of the American-Filtration-and-Separations-Society on Advancing Filtration Solutions 98 CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Filtrat & Separat Soc AB Treatment processes have been proposed that will utilize cross-flow filtration to filter supernate and concentrated sludge waste streams at a Department of Energy plant in Hanford, Washington. Two waste processing applications have been identified as candidates for this technology.(1) The first of the Hanford applications involves filtration of the decanted supernate from sludge leaching and washing operations. This process requires the concentration and removal of dilute fines from the bulk of the supernate (0.05 wt %). The second application involves filtration to wash and concentrate the sludge during out-of-tank processing of a relatively concentrated (8 wt %) solids feed stream. Filter studies were conducted with a 0.5 micron cross-flow sintered metal Meet filter and 0.1 micron cross-flow Graver filter using two simulants to demonstrate solid-liquid separation of the waste streams. C1 Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Waste Proc Technol Sect, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Walker, BW (reprint author), Westinghouse Savannah River Co, Savannah River Technol Ctr, Waste Proc Technol Sect, Highway 125, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN FILTRATION & SEPARATIONS SOCIETY PI NORTHPORT PA PO BOX 1530, NORTHPORT, AL 35476 USA PY 1998 BP 434 EP 441 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BL49S UT WOS:000075701700064 ER PT S AU Heide, AAWJ Kirkland, TP Srinivasan, GV Winder, SM AF Heide, AAWJ Kirkland, TP Srinivasan, GV Winder, SM BE Clare, AG Jones, LE TI High temperature deformation of an AZS refractory SO ADVANCES IN FUSION AND PROCESSING OF GLASS II SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on the Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass CY JUL 17-31, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA AB The tensile and compressive deformation behavior of a commercially-available, fusion-cast alumina-zirconia-silicate (AZS) refractory was characterized at several temperatures between 700-1200 degrees C (1290 - 2190 degrees F) in ambient air. The compressive and tensile stresses were continuously measured as functions of strain, displacement or strain rate, temperature, and specimen position (in reference to where they were machined from the originally cast block). The maximum tensile and compressive stresses (i.e., flow strengths) of the AZS refractory were described using an empirical power-law model and an empirical exponential model. Within 95% confidence, both models satisfactorily represented the flow strength as a function of strain rate and temperature. AZS material 6 in. from the base of the cast block was found to be more resistant to deformation than material 44 in, from the base of the block, presumably due to lower glassy phase content at the 6 in. position. Additionally, the AZS refractory was found to be more resistant to deformation in compression than in tension for equivalent strain rates and temperature. Lastly, the elastic modulus of this material dropped by approximately 50% between 25 and 700 degrees C (approximate to 80 GPa to approximate to 40 GPa), and continued to decrease through 1200 degrees C to approximately 10% of its 25 degrees C value. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Heide, AAWJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-045-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 82 BP 379 EP 384 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BL05U UT WOS:000074134200041 ER PT S AU Sundaram, SK AF Sundaram, SK BE Clare, AG Jones, LE TI Corrosion of refractories in a DC-plasma arc furnace processing mixed wastes SO ADVANCES IN FUSION AND PROCESSING OF GLASS II SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on the Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass CY JUL 17-31, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA AB The corrosion of six different refractory candidate materials was studied using a modified ASTM C621 method for a DC-plasma are furnace processing mixed waste. Two sets of static tests, with and without carbon addition, were completed. The radius loss after the test was reported as corrosion. Representative refractory-glass interface microstructure and chemistry were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and line energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), respectively. Monofrax K3 (without carbon) was the least corroding material followed by Ruby. In the presence of carbon, Monofrax K3 was reduced and the reduced species dissolved into the glass melt, enhancing the corrosion. The most corroding refractory, ZS1500, decomposed by the attack of the glass melt and the silica phase dissolved into the glass melt, resulting in higher corrosion. These results suggest that preferential corrosion was the basic mechanism of corrosion of Monofrax K3 and Ruby. This left a corrosion-resistant chromium-rich layer at the interface that reduced further refractory corrosion. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Sundaram, SK (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-045-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 82 BP 385 EP 400 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BL05U UT WOS:000074134200042 ER PT S AU Wereszczak, AA Kirkland, TP Pecoraro, GA New, RA AF Wereszczak, AA Kirkland, TP Pecoraro, GA New, RA BE Clare, AG Jones, LE TI Compressive creep behavior of fusion-cast alumina refractories SO ADVANCES IN FUSION AND PROCESSING OF GLASS II SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on the Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass CY JUL 17-31, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA AB The compressive creep responses of commercially-available 100%beta and 50%alpha - 50%beta alumina fusion-cast refractories were measured in ambient air at 1400 degrees C (2550 degrees F), 1510 degrees C (2750 degrees F), and 1593 degrees C (2900 degrees F), and at static compressive stresses between 0.17 to 1.03 MPa (25 to 150 psi). These results are compared with the creep response of a commercial silica refractory. The compressive creep results at equivalent stresses showed that the 50%alpha-50%beta alumina was more creep resistant than the 100%beta alumina, while the conventional silica was the most creep resistant of the three. A calculated creep rare - stress exponent equaling unity for all three materials was consistent with diffusion being the rate-controlling mechanism. The determined creep activation energy of 130 kcal/mol for the 50%alpha-50%beta alumina was consistent with literature values. The obtained low-value of 36 kcal/mol for the 100%beta alumina appeared to be a consequence of surface-microstructural-changes which occurred during testing, and which subsequently affected the measurement of creep strain at the 1510 degrees C (and especially 1593 degrees C). An activation energy of 1000 kJ/mol (240 kcal/mol) was determined for the conventional silica, and its relatively high value is believed to be a consequence of a larger volume fraction of a lower-viscosity secondary phase present in the refractory at 1593 degrees C compared to 1510 degrees C. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wereszczak, AA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wereszczak, Andrew/I-7310-2016 OI Wereszczak, Andrew/0000-0002-8344-092X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-045-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 82 BP 401 EP 406 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BL05U UT WOS:000074134200043 ER PT S AU Wereszczak, AA Kirkland, TP Curtis, WF AF Wereszczak, AA Kirkland, TP Curtis, WF BE Clare, AG Jones, LE TI Compressive creep resistance of MgO refractories at temperatures >= 1400 degrees C (2550 degrees F) SO ADVANCES IN FUSION AND PROCESSING OF GLASS II SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on the Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass CY JUL 17-31, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA AB Compressive creep tests on one foreign and four domestic commercially-available brands of MgO refractories were conducted at temperatures greater than or equal to 1400 degrees C (2550 degrees F) in ambient air at compressive stresses of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 MPa (14.5, 29.0, and 43.5 psi). All five MgO brands had a MgO content in excess of 96% with CaO/SiO2 ratios equal to or greater than 1.9, and firing temperatures in excess of 1535 degrees C (2800 degrees F). For each material, the compressive creep behavior was determined as a function of applied compressive stress and temperature. Creep resistance was found in some instances to vary significantly among the dye brands with some significant contraction even occurring at a negligible stress at 1550 degrees C. The values of the determined creep-stress exponents for these brands suggests that their compressive creep is dominated (or rate-controlled) by a diffusion mechanism, while the values of the determined activation energies suggest that creep in these MgO materials is accommodated by grain boundary sliding through viscous deformation of the silicate grain-boundary phase. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wereszczak, AA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wereszczak, Andrew/I-7310-2016 OI Wereszczak, Andrew/0000-0002-8344-092X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-045-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 82 BP 407 EP 412 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BL05U UT WOS:000074134200044 ER PT S AU Park, J Rouleau, CM Lowndes, DH AF Park, J Rouleau, CM Lowndes, DH BE Singh, RK Lowndes, DH Chrisey, DB Fogarassy, E Narayan, J TI Study of substrate diffusion in epitaxial N-type CdSe films grown on GaAs (001) by pulsed laser ablation SO ADVANCES IN LASER ABLATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Laser Ablation of Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB N-type CdSe films with thicknesses of 470 - 630 nm were grown on (001) and 2 degrees- miscut GaAs wafers by ArF (193 nm) pulsed laser ablation of stoichiometric CdSe targets;It platen temperatures (T-p) of 250 - 425 degrees C in vacuum and ambient Ar gas. Film-substrate interdiffusion was studied with Auger depth profiling, as well as energy dispersive x-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (EDS). Both techniques showed that extensive interdiffusion took place at the film-substrate interface for CdSe films grown at T-p greater than or equal to 355 degrees C but was greatly reduced at T-p=250 degrees C. Tilting the substrate to be approximately parallel to the ablation plume as well as decreasing the ambient gas pressure also reduced film-substrate interdiffusion. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Park, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Rouleau, Christopher/Q-2737-2015 OI Rouleau, Christopher/0000-0002-5488-3537 NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-432-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 526 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM12Q UT WOS:000077696000004 ER PT S AU Geohegan, DB Puretzky, AA Duscher, G Pennycook, SJ AF Geohegan, DB Puretzky, AA Duscher, G Pennycook, SJ BE Singh, RK Lowndes, DH Chrisey, DB Fogarassy, E Narayan, J TI Time-resolved imaging and photoluminescence of gas-suspended nanoparticles synthesized by laser ablation: Dynamics, transport, collection, and ex situ analysis SO ADVANCES IN LASER ABLATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Laser Ablation of Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB The dynamics of gas phase nanoparticle formation by pulsed laser ablation Into background gases are revealed by imaging photoluminescence and Rayleigh-scattered light from gas-suspended SiOx nanoparticles following ablation of c-Si targets into 1-10 Torr He and Ar. Two sets of dynamic phenomena are presented for times up to 15 s after KrF-laser ablation. Ablation of Si into heavier Ar results in a uniform, stationary plume of nanoparticles while Si ablation into lighter He results in a turbulent ring of particles which propagates forward at 10 m/s. The effects of gas flow on nanoparticle formation, photoluminescence, and collection are described. The first in situ time-resolved photoluminescence spectra from 1-10 nm diameter silicon particles were measured as the nanoparticles were formed and transported. Three spectral bands (1.8, 2.5 and 3.2 eV) similar to photoluminescence from oxidized porous silicon were measured, but with a pronounced vibronic structure. The size and composition of individual gas-condensed nanoparticles were determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy and correlated with the gas-phase photoluminescence. Weblike-aggregate nanoparticle films were collected at room temperature and 77K on c-Si substrates. After standard passivation anneals, the films exhibited strong room temperature photoluminescence consisting of 3 spectral bands in agreement with the gas-phase measurements, however lacking the vibronic structure. These techniques demonstrate new ways to study and optimize the luminescence of novel optoelectronic nanomaterials during synthesis in the gas phase, prior to deposition. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Geohegan, DB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Duscher, Gerd/G-1730-2014; Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Duscher, Gerd/0000-0002-2039-548X; Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-432-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 526 BP 47 EP 59 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM12Q UT WOS:000077696000007 ER PT S AU Mathis, JE Goyal, A Paranthaman, M Specht, ED Kroeger, DM Lee, DF Martin, PM AF Mathis, JE Goyal, A Paranthaman, M Specht, ED Kroeger, DM Lee, DF Martin, PM BE Singh, RK Lowndes, DH Chrisey, DB Fogarassy, E Narayan, J TI Epitaxial growth of YBa2Cu3O7-delta films on rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) produced by pulsed laser ablation at low temperatures SO ADVANCES IN LASER ABLATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Laser Ablation of Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB Epitaxial YB2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) films were fabricated using laser ablation of YBCO onto rolling-assisted-biaxially-textured-substrates (RABiTS) at a temperature of 650 degrees C. The configuration of the sample was YBCO/YSZ/CeO2/Ni. The CeO2 and YSZ buffer layers were deposited using electron-beam evaporation and sputtering, respectively. Both of these techniques are considered to be industrially scalable. SEM images of the YBCO reveal a range of structures ranging from jumbled a-axis to dense c-axis morphologies depending upon the deposition conditions. X-ray theta-2 theta scans show a similar c-axis dependence on the deposition conditions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Mathis, JE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015; Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531; Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-432-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 526 BP 251 EP 256 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM12Q UT WOS:000077696000037 ER PT S AU Lowndes, DH Merkulov, VI Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Jellison, GE Rouleau, CM Thundat, T AF Lowndes, DH Merkulov, VI Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Jellison, GE Rouleau, CM Thundat, T BE Singh, RK Lowndes, DH Chrisey, DB Fogarassy, E Narayan, J TI Amorphous diamond films deposited by pulsed laser ablation: The optimum carbon-ion kinetic energy and effects of laser wavelength SO ADVANCES IN LASER ABLATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Laser Ablation of Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB A systematic study has been made of changes in the banding and optical properties of hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films, as a function of the kinetic energy of the incident carbon ions measured under film-deposition conditions. Ion probe measurements of the carbon ion kinetic energies produced by ArF and KrF laser ablation of graphite are compared under identical beam-focusing conditions. Much higher C+ kinetic energies are produced by ArF-laser ablation than by KrF for any given fluence and spot size. Electron energy loss spectroscopy and scanning ellipsometry measurements of the sp(3) bonding fraction, plasmon energy, and optical properties reveal a well-defined optimum kinetic energy of 90 eV to deposit ta-C films having the largest sp(3) fraction and the widest optical (Tauc) energy gap (equivalent to minimum near-gap optical absorption). Tapping-mode atomic force microscope measurements show that films deposited at near-optimum kinetic energy are extremely smooth, with rms roughness of only similar to 1 Angstrom over distances of several hundred nm, and are relatively free of particulates. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lowndes, DH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Rouleau, Christopher/Q-2737-2015; Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Rouleau, Christopher/0000-0002-5488-3537; Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 NR 0 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-432-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 526 BP 325 EP 330 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM12Q UT WOS:000077696000049 ER PT S AU Jellison, GE Geohegan, DB Lowndes, DH Puretzky, AA Merkulov, VI AF Jellison, GE Geohegan, DB Lowndes, DH Puretzky, AA Merkulov, VI BE Singh, RK Lowndes, DH Chrisey, DB Fogarassy, E Narayan, J TI Characterization of pulsed-laser deposited amorphous diamond films by spectroscopic ellipsometry SO ADVANCES IN LASER ABLATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Laser Ablation of Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to characterize amorphous diamond, also known as tetrahedral amorphous carbon, (ta-C) films grown by pulsed laser ablation. The ellipsometry data is collected with the two-modulator generalized ellipsometer, which measures all three parameters required to characterize isotropic samples, as well as additional parameters used to characterize strain-induced birefringence of the focusing optics. Lenses are used to focus the light spot to an ellipse 0.7 x 2.0 mm(2), allowing us to perform several ellipsometric measurements across the profile of ta-C films grown on 7.5 cm diameter Si wafers. The spectroscopic ellipsometry data are fit using a model of the ta-C dielectric function based on the Tauc band edge and the Lorentz expression of the dielectric function for an ensemble of atoms. These fits are used to determine the thicknesses of the rough surface layer, the ta-C film, and the interface layer, as well as the energy gap of the film. Comparisons are made with fits to an earlier formulation due to Forouhi and Bloomer [Phys. Rev. B 34, 7018 (1986).]. In addition to being Kramers-Kronig consistent, the Tauc-Lorentz formulation fits the ta-C data better. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Jellison, GE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-432-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 526 BP 349 EP 354 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM12Q UT WOS:000077696000053 ER PT S AU Dillon, AC Parilla, PA Jones, KM Riker, G Heben, MJ AF Dillon, AC Parilla, PA Jones, KM Riker, G Heben, MJ BE Singh, RK Lowndes, DH Chrisey, DB Fogarassy, E Narayan, J TI A comparison of single-wall carbon nanotube production using continuous wave and pulsed laser vaporization SO ADVANCES IN LASER ABLATION OF MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Laser Ablation of Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB We have produced single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by Md:Yag laser vaporization of porous cobalt-nickel/graphite targets for the first time without applying external heat to the target. Both continuous wave (c.w.) and pulsed laser-techniques were explored. In the pulsed experiments, the energy density per pulse was varied between 0.12 and 0.62 J/cm(2) and pulse rates ranged from 24 KHz down to 3 kHz corresponding to average powers of 25.5 to 16 W. Continuous wave experiments were conducted at average powers which corresponded to those measured for each of the pulsed runs. An additional run at 30 W was also performed. A rigorous method developed for the analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images was used to estimate SWNT content in the laser-generated carbon samples. The pulsed and continuous, wave processes both produced a linear increase in SWNT content with increasing average power. These results are not intuitive for the pulsed laser-production since a higher average power corresponds to a lower peak pulse power. In fact, a pulsed run with the maximum pulse energy of 0.62 J/cm(2) (3 kHz, 16 W), produced no detectable SWNTs. A maximum SWNT content of 78% was observed for c.w. experiments at a power of 30 W. Additional laser experiments performed on dense cobalt-nickel / graphite targets at room temperature enabled a better understanding of the carbon removal mechanisms for the pulsed versus c.w. processes. Cumulatively, these investigations indicate that high energy laser pulses produce particles from highly porous targets by ablation which are too large to readily be incorporated into growing nanotubes. Successful high-yield production of SWNTs relies upon remaining in a vaporization regime during synthesis. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Dillon, AC (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-432-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 526 BP 403 EP 408 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM12Q UT WOS:000077696000061 ER PT S AU Philippi, TE AF Philippi, TE BE Brendonck, L DeMeester, L Hairston, N TI Prolonged diapause and models of species coexistence: a cautionary tale from annual plants in deserts SO ADVANCES IN LIMNOLOGY, VOL 52: EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CRUSTACEAN DIAPAUSE SE ERGEBNISSE DER LIMNOLOGIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Diapause in the Crustacea CY AUG 24-29, 1997 CL GHENT, BELGIUM SP Fund Sci Res Flanders, Serv Prime Minist, Royal Belgian Inst Nat Sci, Natl Lottery, Univ Gent, Philips NV/SA, Van Hopplynus NV/SA, INVE Aquaculture NV/SA, Omnilabo NV/SA, Novolab NV/SA, VEL NV/SA, Merck Belgolabo NV/SA, Analys NV/SA, Air Liquide NV/SA, Laborimpex NV/SA ID RANDOMLY VARYING ENVIRONMENTS; BET-HEDGING GERMINATION; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; COMPETITION; DORMANCY; BRANCHIOPODA; POPULATIONS; STRATEGIES; GRANIVORY; DYNAMICS AB At a general level, seed dormancy in desert annual plants parallels diapause in crustaceans in temporally varying environments. Much general theory developed for desert annuals has been applied to crustacean diapause. I provide an example in desert annuals where the biological details of seed dormancy may matter. Desert annuals appear to meet the requirements for the storage effect to promote species coexistence. Prolonged seed dormancy provides the storage, and species abundances fluctuated individualistically at one study site from 1982 through 1989. However, the details of the seed dormancy suggest that the strength of the storage effect will vary over time, and will be weaker in the years following a prolonged drought. While the details of seed dormancy do not apply to crustacean diapause, the need to consider the biology in scaling up from a few years of investigation to the timescale of centuries may apply equally to both. C1 Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Philippi, TE (reprint author), Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0071-1128 BN 3-510-47054-0 J9 ERGEB LIMNOL PY 1998 VL 52 BP 19 EP 31 PG 13 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BQ75C UT WOS:000089402600002 ER PT S AU Hartman, ND Heimann, PA MacDowell, AA Franck, KD Grieshop, AP Irick, SC Padmore, HA AF Hartman, ND Heimann, PA MacDowell, AA Franck, KD Grieshop, AP Irick, SC Padmore, HA BE Khounsary, AM TI Design, analysis, and performance of an epoxy-bonded, bendable mirror SO ADVANCES IN MIRROR TECHNOLOGY FOR SYNCHROTRON X-RAY AND LASER APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Mirror Technology for Synchrotron X-Ray and Laser Applications CY JUL 20, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers AB The toroidal, silicon mirror on microdiffraction beamline 7.3.3 at the Advanced Light Source provides a 1:1 focus of the bend magnet source. The mirror is bent by two leaf springs that are bolted to it through a pair of adhesive bonded end blocks. Because of the high loads that these adhesive joints must carry, three specific features of the bonds were tested: bondline geometry of the mating end blocks, surface preparation of the adherends, and strength of the adhesive. Bond strengths were evaluated by loading small test mirrors to failure using two epoxies under two different conditions of surface preparation - acid etching and simple UHV cleaning. In addition, the mirror's temperature distribution and figure errors were calculated with an Ansys Finite Element Model (FEA). The model's predictions were correlated to long trace profilometry as well as x-ray focus measurements. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hartman, ND (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Grieshop, Andrew/C-9678-2012 OI Grieshop, Andrew/0000-0002-6470-9946 NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2902-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3447 BP 40 EP 51 DI 10.1117/12.331128 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM20A UT WOS:000078011100005 ER PT S AU Khounsary, A Yun, W McNulty, I Cai, Z Lai, B AF Khounsary, A Yun, W McNulty, I Cai, Z Lai, B BE Khounsary, AM TI Performance of an optimally contact-cooled high-heat-load mirror at the APS SO ADVANCES IN MIRROR TECHNOLOGY FOR SYNCHROTRON X-RAY AND LASER APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Mirror Technology for Synchrotron X-Ray and Laser Applications CY JUL 20, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE mirror; x-ray; optics; cooling; optimization; contact-cooled; design AB X-ray undulator beamlines at third-generation synchrotron facilities use either a monochromator or a mirror as the first optical element. In this paper, the thermal and optical performance of an optimally designed contact-cooled high-heat-load x-ray mirror used as the first optical element on the 21D undulator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source(APS) is reported. It is shown that this simple and economical mirror design can comfortably handle the high heat load of undulator beamlines and provide good performance with long-term reliability and ease of operation. Availability and advantages of such mirrors can make the mirror-first approach to high-heat-load beamline design an attractive alternative to monochromator-first beamlines in many circumstances. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Expt Facilities Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Khounsary, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Expt Facilities Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2902-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3447 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1117/12.331120 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM20A UT WOS:000078011100009 ER PT S AU Irick, S AF Irick, S BE Khounsary, AM TI Error reduction techniques for measuring long synchrotron mirrors SO ADVANCES IN MIRROR TECHNOLOGY FOR SYNCHROTRON X-RAY AND LASER APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Mirror Technology for Synchrotron X-Ray and Laser Applications CY JUL 20, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE long trace profiler; LTP; optical metrology; mirror measurement errors AB Error reduction techniques for the Long Trace Profiler are presented. Techniques that have been used for years are critiqued, and new methods are suggested. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Irick, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2902-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3447 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.331122 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM20A UT WOS:000078011100011 ER PT S AU Assoufid, L Lang, J Wang, J Srajer, G AF Assoufid, L Lang, J Wang, J Srajer, G BE Khounsary, AM TI Metrology of a mirror at the Advanced Photon Source: comparison between optical and x-ray measurements SO ADVANCES IN MIRROR TECHNOLOGY FOR SYNCHROTRON X-RAY AND LASER APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Mirror Technology for Synchrotron X-Ray and Laser Applications CY JUL 20, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE long trace profiler; metrology; x-ray mirror; synchrotron radiation AB This paper describes metrology of a vertically focusing mirror on the bending magnet beamline in sector-1 of the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The mirror was evaluated using measurements from both an optical long trace profiler and x-rays. Slope error profiles obtained with the two methods were compared and were found to be in a good agreement. Further comparisons were made between x-ray measurements and results from the SHADOW ray-tracing code. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Assoufid, L (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2902-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3447 BP 109 EP 116 DI 10.1117/12.331123 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM20A UT WOS:000078011100012 ER PT S AU Takacs, PZ Qian, SN Randall, KJ Yun, WB Li, HZ AF Takacs, PZ Qian, SN Randall, KJ Yun, WB Li, HZ BE Khounsary, AM TI Mirror distortion measurements with an in-situ LTP SO ADVANCES IN MIRROR TECHNOLOGY FOR SYNCHROTRON X-RAY AND LASER APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Mirror Technology for Synchrotron X-Ray and Laser Applications CY JUL 20, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE mirror distortion; thermal distortion; in-situ surface profilometry; x-ray mirrors; synchrotron beam line optics; high heat load optics; Long Trace Profiler; LTP AB An In-Situ Long Trace Profiler (ISLTP) developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory under the auspices of a CRADA with Continental Optical Corporation has successfully measured thermal distortion on a side-cooled mirror in a beam line at the Advanced Photon Source. The instrument scanned the central 90 mm of the 200 mm long mirror through a vacuum window while the mirror was subjected to heat loading from the synchrotron beam. Results clearly show transient effects occurring when the mirror is first illuminated that relax after about 15 minutes, in accord with finite element thermal calculations. The steady state curvature of the surface is measured to be slightly concave with an additional 5 km radius relative to the initial nominal curvature of about I km. The magnitude of this steady state condition was not expected and was not predicted by the calculations. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Takacs, PZ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI yu, yan/C-2322-2012 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2902-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3447 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1117/12.331124 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM20A UT WOS:000078011100013 ER PT B AU Beaulieu, L Phair, L Moretto, LG Wozniak, GJ AF Beaulieu, L Phair, L Moretto, LG Wozniak, GJ BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI Multifragmentation at intermediate energy: Dynamics or statistics? SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID GAS PHASE-TRANSITION; MASS FRAGMENT PRODUCTION; HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; HOT NUCLEI; DECAY; MEV/NUCLEON; REDUCIBILITY; DISSIPATION; CL-35+C-12; MEV/U C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Beaulieu, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 33 EP 42 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500004 ER PT B AU Bennett, MJ AF Bennett, MJ CA E878 Collaboration BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI Low P(t) particle spectra and strangelet search from Au+Au collisions: Final results from BNL-AGS experiment E878 SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS; ANTIPROTON PRODUCTION; MATTER; EXPANSION; CLUSTERS; SI C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bennett, MJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 55 EP 64 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500006 ER PT B AU Hallman, TJ AF Hallman, TJ CA STAR Collaboration BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI Studying the spin structure of the proton using the solenoidal tracker at RHIC SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Hallman, TJ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 117 EP 125 PG 3 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500013 ER PT B AU Jacobs, P Toy, M Cooper, G Poskanzer, A AF Jacobs, P Toy, M Cooper, G Poskanzer, A CA NA49 Collaboration BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI Recent results from NA49 SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; FLOW; SPECTRA; NUCLEON C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Jacobs, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 155 EP 162 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500017 ER PT B AU Nix, JR Strottman, D van Hecke, HW Schlei, BR Sullivan, JP Murray, MJ AF Nix, JR Strottman, D van Hecke, HW Schlei, BR Sullivan, JP Murray, MJ BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI What invariant one-particle multiplicity distributions and two-particle correlations are telling us about relativistic heavy-ion collisions SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS; HADRON DISTRIBUTIONS; 200A GEV; MODEL; EQUILIBRATION; EXPANSION C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nix, JR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 215 EP 222 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500024 ER PT B AU Pak, R Back, BB Betts, RR Britt, HC Chang, J Chang, WC Chi, CY Chu, YY Cumming, JB Dunlop, JC Eldredge, W Fung, SY Ganz, R Garcia-Solis, E Gillitzer, A Heintzelman, G Henning, WF Hofman, DJ Holzman, B Kang, JH Kim, EJ Kim, SY Kwon, Y McLeod, D Mignerey, AC Moulson, M Nanal, V Ogilvie, CA Pak, R Ruangma, A Russ, DE Seto, RK Stanskas, PJ Stephans, GSF Wang, HQ Wolfs, FLH Wuosmaa, AH Xiang, H Xu, GH Yao, HB Zou, CM AF Pak, R Back, BB Betts, RR Britt, HC Chang, J Chang, WC Chi, CY Chu, YY Cumming, JB Dunlop, JC Eldredge, W Fung, SY Ganz, R Garcia-Solis, E Gillitzer, A Heintzelman, G Henning, WF Hofman, DJ Holzman, B Kang, JH Kim, EJ Kim, SY Kwon, Y McLeod, D Mignerey, AC Moulson, M Nanal, V Ogilvie, CA Pak, R Ruangma, A Russ, DE Seto, RK Stanskas, PJ Stephans, GSF Wang, HQ Wolfs, FLH Wuosmaa, AH Xiang, H Xu, GH Yao, HB Zou, CM CA E917 Collaboration BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI E917 at the AGS: High density baryon matter SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Pak, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Cumming, James/I-3358-2013; OI Cumming, James/0000-0001-6930-0958; Chang, Wen-Chen/0000-0002-1695-7830 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 223 EP 230 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500025 ER PT B AU Plasil, F AF Plasil, F CA WA80 Collaboration WA98 Collaboration BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI Neutral pion production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at 158 and 200 GeV/nucleon SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM; MODEL; SPECTRA; CERN C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Plasil, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 247 EP 253 PG 3 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500028 ER PT B AU Randrup, J AF Randrup, J BE Bauer, W Ritter, HG TI Signals of DCC physics SO ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics CY JAN 31-FEB 07, 1998 CL SNOWBIRD, UT ID DISORIENTED CHIRAL CONDENSATE; HIGH-ENERGY COLLISIONS; LINEAR SIGMA-MODEL; PHASE-TRANSITION; DOMAIN-STRUCTURE; FIELD; PERSPECTIVE; FORM; QCD C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Randrup, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46036-X PY 1998 BP 303 EP 310 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA BM24Z UT WOS:000078172500034 ER PT S AU Bittner, AC Bramwell, AT Morrissey, SJ Winn, FJ AF Bittner, AC Bramwell, AT Morrissey, SJ Winn, FJ BE Kumar, S TI Options for more powerful human-factors/ergonomics independent groups studies SO ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY, VOL 2 SE ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XIIIth Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference CY JUN 11-14, 1998 CL YPSILANTI, MI AB Often overlooked analysis options were identified during critical reviews of applied and experimental independent-groups research. The critical reviews included human-factors/ergonomics (HF/E) studies ranging from those concerned with occupational exposures on worker performance and well-being to experimental research related to the development of crash avoidance systems (CAS). Overlooked options included: Use of covariate and blocking approaches to control for individual differences and thereby reduce error-variance; Analysis of pooled-error terms to reduce error-variance by eliminating hidden interaction effects; and Analytic use of theory-based directional constraints to increase statistical power and meaningfulness of the results. These overlooked options are delineated and illustrated with respect to their applications to independent groups research. The three experimental options were: 1) individually shown to have potential for enhancing the sensitivity and utility of independent groups studies, and 2) collectively recommended for use in HF/E studies where independent groups designs are required. C1 Battelle Seattle Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Bittner, AC (reprint author), Battelle Seattle Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-2269 BN 90-5199-393-5 J9 ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF PY 1998 VL 2 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation GA BL57P UT WOS:000075917700001 ER PT S AU Bramwell, AT Bittner, AC AF Bramwell, AT Bittner, AC BE Kumar, S TI The work safety climate and practices survey: Validation and usage SO ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY, VOL 2 SE ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XIIIth Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference CY JUN 11-14, 1998 CL YPSILANTI, MI AB This paper focuses on the development and validation of The Work Safety Climate and Practices Survey. The intent of the survey is to aid professionals to provide prescriptive recommendations to increase safety within the organization. Initially, a literature review revealed two surveys of this type, but they have a narrower focus than needed to make comprehensive prescriptions. To solve this, items were written to cover a broad number of areas. Two Subject Matter Expert panels reviewed the items, eliminated some, and rewrote others. Data on the item pool were collected in a large teaching hospital. After factor analysis, the final version contained 53 items in ii factors. Of practical importance, it was learned that the survey takes less than 10 minutes to administer and has a 4th to 6th grade reading level. Discriminant analysis demonstrated significant differences among groups with high and low accident rates. Since this initial study, versions for manufacturing and transportation have been written and validated. The versions differ in wordings that recognize differences in safety equipment, safety procedures and degree of team orientation. C1 Bramwell Grp, Amer Fork, UT 84003 USA. Battelle Seattle Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Bramwell, AT (reprint author), Bramwell Grp, Amer Fork, UT 84003 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-2269 BN 90-5199-393-5 J9 ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF PY 1998 VL 2 BP 35 EP 38 PG 4 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation GA BL57P UT WOS:000075917700005 ER PT S AU Mahurin, RK Bittner, AC Heyer, HJ Mayberg, HS Brannan, SK McGinnis, S AF Mahurin, RK Bittner, AC Heyer, HJ Mayberg, HS Brannan, SK McGinnis, S BE Kumar, S TI Using resting brain patterns to address ergonomic questions: A neuroimaging and neurocog test battery based illustration SO ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY, VOL 2 SE ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XIIIth Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference CY JUN 11-14, 1998 CL YPSILANTI, MI AB Factor-based assessments have been little applied to the brain's neural substrate of cognitive functioning though long used in studies of human performance. As shown in this report, these have potential for direct and objective demonstrations of work-related emotional strain, sleep loss, and fatigue, all of which significantly affect safety and productivity in the workplace. Our approach captures often-ignored neuroimages of the resting brain which we have been studying using a method for rapid examination of patterned brain activity that is linked with cognitive and behavioral performance. This approach draws on methods from multivariate analysis of behavior, with the goal of identifying common factors across tasks and brain function. In the current study, we examined relationships between cerebral frontal lobe metabolic activity and selected cognitive abilities in major depression. Forty-two depressed and non-depressed participants had F18-fluoro-deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans and were tested with three measures from the NeuroCog Test Battery: Stroop Test, Reaction Time, ana Continuous Performance Test. Cognitive scores were regressed on metabolic values from three frontal subsystems identified with NeuroPlot Analysis Software: Prefrontal, ventral frontal, anterior cingulate. Significant associations were found between reduced frontal lobe activity and cognitive performance in selective attention, inhibition, and response time. Significant correlations with brain activity also were found for age, sleep loss, tobacco use, handedness, anxiety, and depression. Continued application of these new techniques in brain imaging can be expected to yield an integrated view of human performance in which both physiological and performance parameters are jointly measured and analyzed. We anticipate additional human performance studies using brain imaging td assess behavioral effects in areas such as shift work, fatigue, on-job medication use, adverse environmental conditions, and stress-related disorders. Neuroimaging can provide graphic evidence of the effects of fatigue and environmental exposures that is less easily ignored than that currently provided by less direct assessments of performance and well-being. C1 Battelle Seattle Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98015 USA. RP Mahurin, RK (reprint author), Battelle Seattle Res Ctr, 4000 NE 41st St, Seattle, WA 98015 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-2269 BN 90-5199-393-5 J9 ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF PY 1998 VL 2 BP 838 EP 841 PG 4 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation GA BL57P UT WOS:000075917700201 ER PT S AU Sutherland, JC Polewski, K Monteleone, DC Trunk, JG Nintzel, GA Carlson, DG Dong, QL Singh, OV Hulbert, SL Kao, CC Johnson, ED AF Sutherland, JC Polewski, K Monteleone, DC Trunk, JG Nintzel, GA Carlson, DG Dong, QL Singh, OV Hulbert, SL Kao, CC Johnson, ED BE Lakowicz, JR Ross, JBA Katzir, A TI Soft X-ray circular dichroism and scattering using a modulated elliptically polarizing wiggler and double synchronous detection SO ADVANCES IN OPTICAL BIOPHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Optical Biophysics CY JAN 25-26, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc, ISS Inc, Lifespex Inc, Spectrx Inc, Instruments SA Inc, Spex Fluorescence, Opt Sensors Inc, Oriel Instruments DE circular dichroism; x-rays; synchrotron radiation; synchronous detection AB We have constructed an experimental station (beamline) at the National Synchrotron Light Source to measure circular dichroism (CD) using soft x-rays (250 less than or equal to hv less than or equal to 900 eV) from a time modulated elliptically polarizing wiggler. The polarization of the soft x-ray beam switches periodically between two opposite polarizations, hence permitting the use of phase-sensitive (lock-in) detection. While the wiggler can be modulated at frequencies up Co 100 Hz, switching transients limit the actual practical frequency to approximate to 25 Hz. With analog detection, switching transients ape blocked by a chopper synchronized to the frequency and phase of the wiggler. The CD is obtained from the ratio of the signal recovered at the frequency of polarization modulation, f, to the average beam intensity, which is recovered by synchronous detection at frequency 2f. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Sutherland, JC (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2695-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3256 BP 2 EP 14 DI 10.1117/12.307059 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Biophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BL09F UT WOS:000074239400001 ER PT S AU Nolan, JP Buranda, T Cai, H Kommander, K Lehnert, BE Nolan, RL Park, MS Ruscetti, T Shen, BH Sklar, L AF Nolan, JP Buranda, T Cai, H Kommander, K Lehnert, BE Nolan, RL Park, MS Ruscetti, T Shen, BH Sklar, L BE Lakowicz, JR Ross, JBA Katzir, A TI Real-time analysis of molecular assembly by kinetic flow cytometry SO ADVANCES IN OPTICAL BIOPHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Optical Biophysics CY JAN 25-26, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc, ISS Inc, Lifespex Inc, Spectrx Inc, Instruments SA Inc, Spex Fluorescence, Opt Sensors Inc, Oriel Instruments DE flow cytometry; kinetics; molecular assembly; fluorescence; screening AB Flow cytometry is uniquely capable of making sensitive and quantitative multiparameter fluorescence measurements with discrimination of free from particle-bound fluorophore. Recent advances in mixing and sample delivery have extended these capabilities into the sub-second time domain. Access to these time scales has enabled us to use flow cytometry to measure molecular interactions. Using the general approach of immobilizing one molecule on a microsphere and fluorescently labeling another, we have been able to make real-time measurements of ligand-receptor and enzyme-substrate interactions involving proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. We are developing schemes for immobilizing active biological molecules in defined and homogeneous orientations relative to the surface. We are also developing approaches for homogeneous fluorescent labeling of active biomolecules and calibration schemes for quantitative measurements by flow cytometry. We will present several examples of applications of this new technology, including DNA-and protein-protein interactions, nucleic acid hybridization, and interactions on artificial membrane surfaces. These approaches should have wide applications for mechanistic analysis, diagnostics, and drug development. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nolan, JP (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS M-888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2695-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3256 BP 114 EP 121 DI 10.1117/12.307054 PG 8 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Biophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BL09F UT WOS:000074239400012 ER PT S AU Sklar, LA Seamer, LC Kuckuck, F Posner, RG Prossnitz, E Edwards, B Nolan, JP AF Sklar, LA Seamer, LC Kuckuck, F Posner, RG Prossnitz, E Edwards, B Nolan, JP BE Lakowicz, JR Ross, JBA Katzir, A TI Sample handling for kinetics and molecular assembly in flow cytometry SO ADVANCES IN OPTICAL BIOPHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Optical Biophysics CY JAN 25-26, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc, ISS Inc, Lifespex Inc, Spectrx Inc, Instruments SA Inc, Spex Fluorescence, Opt Sensors Inc, Oriel Instruments DE flow cytometry; kinetics; ligand binding; cell activation; fluorescence; screening; sample handling; automation AB Flow cytometry discriminates particle associated fluorescence from the fluorescence of the surrounding medium. It permits assemblies of macromolecular complexes on beads or cells to be detected in real-time with precision and specificity We have investigated two types of robust sample handling systems which provide sub-second resolution and high throughput: I) mixers which use stepper-motor driven syringes to initiate chemical reactions in msec time frames; and 2) Row injection controllers with valves and automated syringes used in chemical process control. In the former system, we used fast valves to overcome the disparity between mixing 100 mu ls of sample in 100 msecs and delivering sample to a flow cytometer at 1 mu l/sec. Particles were detected within 100 msec after mixing, but unstable Row was created which lasted for 1 sec after injection of the sample into the now cytometer. We used. optical criteria to discriminate particles which were out of alignment due to the unstable Row Complex sample handling protocols involving multiple mixing steps and sample dilution have also been achieved. With the latter system we were able to automate sample handling and delivery with intervals of a few seconds. We used a fluidic approach to defeat the instability caused by sample introduction. By controlling both sheath and sample with individual syringes, the period of instability was reduced to similar to 200 msecs. Automated sample handling and sub-second resolution should permit broad analytical and diagnostic applications of flow cytometry. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sklar, LA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Prossnitz, Eric/B-4543-2008 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2695-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3256 BP 144 EP 153 DI 10.1117/12.307057 PG 10 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Biophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BL09F UT WOS:000074239400015 ER PT S AU Steinkamp, JA Keij, JF AF Steinkamp, JA Keij, JF BE Lakowicz, JR Ross, JBA Katzir, A TI Fluorescence lifetime measurement of free and cell/particle-bound fluorophore by phase-sensitive flow cytometry SO ADVANCES IN OPTICAL BIOPHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Optical Biophysics CY JAN 25-26, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc, ISS Inc, Lifespex Inc, Spectrx Inc, Instruments SA Inc, Spex Fluorescence, Opt Sensors Inc, Oriel Instruments DE flow cytometry; fluorescence; lifetime; phase-sensitive detection; lifetime-based sensing; propidium iodide; fluorescein isothiocyanate AB We report new and novel electronics to quantify lifetimes of free (fluorophore solution) and cell/particle-bound fluorophores. This technology combines flow cytometry and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy measurement principles to provide unique features for making excited-state lifetime measurements of free fluorophore and cell/particle-bound fluorophore on a cell-by-cell basis in realtime. Cells labeled with fluorophore and suspended in fluorophore solution are analyzed as they intersect a high-frequency, intensity-modulated (sine wave) laser excitation beam. Fluorescence pulse (cells) and steady-state (fluorophore solution) signals are processed by separate phase-sensitive detection channels to quantify lifetimes. The cell-bound fluorophore measurement channel employs a phase comparator to provide two output signals (proportional to the sine and cosine of the phase difference between the signal pulse input and a steady-state reference signal), whereas, the free (solution) fluorophore lifetime measurement channel employs a second phase comparator to provide steady-state sine and cosine outputs which can be gated externally (pulse generator) of by a cell being analyzed. The phase comparator outputs are input to ratio modules for determining the respective lifetimes. Examples of solution and cell/particle lifetime measurements using common fluorophores are described. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Steinkamp, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, MS M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2695-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3256 BP 154 EP 161 DI 10.1117/12.307058 PG 8 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Biophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BL09F UT WOS:000074239400016 ER PT S AU Cai, H Kommander, K White, PS Nolan, JP AF Cai, H Kommander, K White, PS Nolan, JP BE Lakowicz, JR Ross, JBA Katzir, A TI Flow cytometry based DNA hybridization and polymorphism analysis SO ADVANCES IN OPTICAL BIOPHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Optical Biophysics CY JAN 25-26, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc, ISS Inc, Lifespex Inc, Spectrx Inc, Instruments SA Inc, Spex Fluorescence, Opt Sensors Inc, Oriel Instruments DE DNA; hybridization; single nucleotide polymorphism; flow cytometry; genome; oligoligation; primer extension; PCR; fluorescence; microsphere AB Functional analysis of the human genome, including the quantification of differential gene expression and the identification of polymorphic sites and disease genes, is an important element of the Human Genome Project. Current methods of analysis are mainly gel-based assays that are not well-suited to rapid genome-scale analyses. To analyze DNA sequence on a large scale, robust and high throughput assays are needed. We are developing a suite of microsphere-based approaches employing fluorescence detection to screen and analyze genomic sequence. Our approaches include competitive DNA hybridization to measure DNA or RNA targets in unknown samples, and oligo ligation or extension assays to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Apart from the advantages of sensitivity, simplicity, and low sample consumption, these flow cytometric approaches have the potential for high throughput multiplexed analysis using multicolored microspheres and automated sample handling. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Cai, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2695-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3256 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.1117/12.307060 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Biophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BL09F UT WOS:000074239400018 ER PT S AU Vo-Dinh, T Panjehpour, M Overholt, BF AF Vo-Dinh, T Panjehpour, M Overholt, BF BE Alfano, RR TI Laser-induced fluorescence for esophageal cancer and dysplasia diagnosis SO ADVANCES IN OPTICAL BIOPSY AND OPTICAL MAMMOGRAPHY SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Optical Biopsy and Optical Mammography CY APR 24-25, 1997 CL CUNY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP NY Acad Sci, NY State Ctr Adv Technol Ultrafast Photon Mat & Applicat HO CUNY ID SPECTROSCOPY; TISSUE C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Thompson Canc Survival Ctr, Knoxville, TN 37916 USA. RP Vo-Dinh, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM tvo@ornl.gov NR 12 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-125-1 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1998 VL 838 BP 116 EP 122 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08192.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BK58V UT WOS:000072638600010 PM 9511800 ER PT B AU Eudy, L Kelly, K Coburn, T AF Eudy, L Kelly, K Coburn, T BE Zhuing, QM Pan, W Huang, WG Pan, KR Huang, ZX Yu, L TI In-use emissions test results from E85 and M85 light-duty vehicles in the US Federal Fleet SO ADVANCES OF ALCOHOL FUELS IN THE WORLD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XII International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Engn Thermophys, Tsinghua Univ, State Key Lab C1 Chem Technol, Natl Engn & Res Ctr Coal Slurry Gasificat & Coal Chem Ind, China, Min Sci & Technol China, Min Educ China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Ford Motor Co AB This paper presents a brief summary of exhaust emissions results from alcohol flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) tested by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Two rounds of chassis dynamometer emissions tests were performed on 82 FFVs, including four separate models using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Federal Test Procedure (FTP) for chassis dynamometer emissions testing. Each FFV was tested on blends of methanol or ethanol and reformulated gasoline (RFG). A comparison of regulated and non-regulated emissions is given along with results of hydrocarbon (HC) speciation tests that indicate the levels of air toxics and ozone-forming potential (OFP). The test results comparing regulated emissions-non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)-from alcohol and reformulated gasoline were somewhat mixed. Carbon dioxide (CO2), air toxics, and specific reactivity levels tended to be lower from the alcohol fuel tests. Formaldehyde (HCHO) emissions were higher from the methanol tests, and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) emissions were higher from the ethanol tests. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Eudy, L (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY PRESS PI BEIJING PA TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY HAIDIANQU, BEIJING 100084, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-302-03089-8 PY 1998 BP 357 EP 362 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BM05A UT WOS:000077517500050 ER PT J AU Hadley, GR AF Hadley, GR TI Low-truncation-error finite difference representations of the 2-D Helmholtz equation SO AEU-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE finite difference; Helmholtz; reflections; dielectric; scalar; modeling ID PROPAGATION METHOD; DESIGN AB A methodology is presented that allows the derivation of low-truncation-error finite difference representations of the two-dimensional scalar Helmholtz equation. This methodology is a direct two-dimensional analog of an approach previously derived for one-dimensional beam propagation. The resulting finite difference equations are appropriate for modeling the electromagnetic response to single-frequency excitation of a structure made up of a finite number of rectangular regions of constant index. They are shown to be accurate to fourth order in the grid size (except at dielectric corners), valid for nonuniform grids, and are useful for modeling reflections from a very general class of dielectric structures. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Hadley, GR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 1434-8411 J9 AEU-INT J ELECTRON C JI AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. PY 1998 VL 52 IS 5 BP 310 EP 316 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 122MZ UT WOS:000076077200004 ER PT B AU Bradley, JM Morgenstern, MR AF Bradley, JM Morgenstern, MR BE Smith, JW TI Soil vapor extraction of PCE/TCE contaminated soil SO AFTER THE RAIN HAS FALLEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Water Resources Engineering Conference on Water Resources Development and Protection CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn Div, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, W Tennessee Branch, Univ Memphis, Ground Water Inst, US Geol Survey AB The A/M Area of the Savannah River Site soil and groundwater is contaminated with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). Contamination is the result of previous waste disposal practices, once considered state-of-the-art. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) units have been installed to remediate the A/M Area vadose zone. SVE is a proven in-situ method for removing volatile organics from a soil matrix with minimal site disturbance. SVE alleviates the infiltration of contaminants into the groundwater and reduces the total time required for groundwater remediation. Lessons learned and optimization of the SVE units are also discussed. C1 Bechtel Savannah River Inc, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Bradley, JM (reprint author), Bechtel Savannah River Inc, Savannah River Site,Bldg 730-2B, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0362-7 PY 1998 BP 123 EP 127 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL59T UT WOS:000075967000021 ER PT S AU Whitfield, RG Richmond, HM Johnson, TR AF Whitfield, RG Richmond, HM Johnson, TR BE Schneider, T TI Overview of ozone human exposure and health risk analyses used in the US EPA's review of the ozone air quality standard SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm ID 0.12 PPM OZONE; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; PULMONARY RESPONSE; MODERATE EXERCISE; POLLUTION AB This paper presents an overview of the ozone human exposure and health risk analyses developed under sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These analyses are being used in the current review of the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone. The analyses consist of three principal steps: (1) estimating short-term ozone exposure for particular populations (exposure model); (2) estimating population response to exposures or concentrations (exposure-response or concentration-response models); and (3) integrating concentrations or exposure with concentration-response or exposure-response models to produce overall risk estimates (risk model). The exposure model, called the probabilistic NAAQS exposure model for ozone (pNEM/O-3), incorporates the following factors: hourly ambient ozone concentrations; spatial distribution of concentrations; ventilation state of individuals at time of exposure; and movement of people through various microenvironments (e.g., outdoors, indoors, inside a vehicle) of varying air quality. Exposure estimates are represented by probability distributions. Exposure-response relationships have been developed for several respiratory symptom and lung function health effects, based on the results of controlled human exposure studies. These relationships also are probabilistic and reflect uncertainties associated with sample size and variability of response among subjects. The analyses also provide estimates of excess hospital admissions in the New York City area based on results from an epidemiology study. Overall risk results for selected health endpoints and recently analyzed air quality scenarios associated with alternative 8-hour NAAQS and the current 1-hour standard for outdoor children are used to illustrate application of the methodology. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Decis & Informat Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Whitfield, RG (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Decis & Informat Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 483 EP 516 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000030 ER PT S AU Weiner, SC AF Weiner, SC BE Schneider, T TI Technology vision 2020: The US chemical industry SO AIR POLLUTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PRIORITY ISSUES AND POLICY SE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th US-Dutch International Symposium on Air Pollution in the 21st Century CY APR, 1997 CL NOORDWYK, NETHERLANDS SP US EPA, Netherlands Minist Housing, Spatial Planning & Environm C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Weiner, SC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 901 D St SW,Suite 900, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1116 BN 0-444-82799-4 J9 STUD ENVIRON SCI PY 1998 VL 72 BP 915 EP 921 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM82W UT WOS:000079856000054 ER PT S AU Nelson, DH Petrin, RR MacKerrow, EP Schmitt, MJ Quick, CR Zardecki, A Porch, WM Whitehead, M Walters, DL AF Nelson, DH Petrin, RR MacKerrow, EP Schmitt, MJ Quick, CR Zardecki, A Porch, WM Whitehead, M Walters, DL BE Steiner, TD Merritt, PH TI Wave optics simulation of atmospheric turbulence and reflective speckle effects in CO2 differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) SO AIRBORNE LASER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Airborne Laser Advanced Technology CY APR 13-14, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE atmospheric turbulence; laser speckle; beam propagation AB The measurement sensitivity of CO2 differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) can be affected by a number of different processes. We will address the interaction of two of these processes: effects due to beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence and effects due to reflective speckle. Atmospheric turbulence affects the beam distribution of energy and phase on target. These effects include beam spreading, beam wander and scintillation which can result in increased shot-to-shot signal noise. In addition, reflective speckle alone has a major impact on the sensitivity of CO2 DIAL. The interaction of atmospheric turbulence and reflective speckle is of great importance in the performance of a DIAL system. A Huygens-Fresnel wave optics propagation code has previously been developed at the Naval Postgraduate School that. models the effects of atmospheric turbulence as propagation through a series of phase screens with appropriate atmospheric statistical characteristics. This code has been modified to include the effects of reflective speckle. The performance of this modified code with respect to the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence and reflective speckle is examined. Results are compared with a combination of experimental data and analytical models. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nelson, DH (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS E543, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2830-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3381 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1117/12.323933 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL83Q UT WOS:000076893600016 ER PT S AU Barrett, C Jacob, R Marathe, M AF Barrett, C Jacob, R Marathe, M BE Arnborg, S Ivansson, L TI Formal language constrained path problems SO ALGORITHM THEORY - SWAT'98 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory (SWAT 98) CY JUL 08-10, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SP Swedish Nat Sci Res Council, Swedish Res Council Engn Sci ID SHORTEST-PATH AB Given an alphabet Sigma, a (directed) graph G whose edges are weighted and Sigma-labeled, and a formal language L subset of or equal to Sigma*, we consider the problem of finding a shortest (simple) path p in G complying with the additional constraint that l(p) is an element of L. Here l(p) denotes the unique word given by concatenating the C-labels in G along the path p. We consider the computational complexity of the problem for different classes of formal languages (finite, regular, context free and context sensitive), different classes of graphs (unrestricted, grids, treewidth bounded) and different type of path (shortest-and shortest simple). A number of variants of the problem are considered and both polynomial time algorithms as well as hardness results (NP-, PSPACE-hardness) are obtained. The hardness and the polynomial time algorithms presented here are a step towards finding such classes of graphs for which polynomial time query evaluation is possible. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Barrett, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS M997, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-64682-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1432 BP 234 EP 245 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BN84M UT WOS:000083173000022 ER PT S AU Kargupta, H AF Kargupta, H BE Althaus, GW Spedicato, E TI Blackbox and non-blackbox optimization: A common perspective SO ALGORITHMS FOR LARGE SCALE LINEAR ALGEBRAIC SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Algorithms for Large Scale Linear Algebraic Systems - State of the Art and Applications in Science and Engineering CY JUN 23-JUL 06, 1996 CL CANARY ISL, SPAIN SP NATO AB The SEARCH (Search Envisioned As Relation & Class Hierarchizing) framework developed elsewhere (Kargupta, 1995; Kargupta & Goldberg, 1995) offered an alternate perspective toward blackbox optimization (BBO)-optimization in absense of domain knowledge. This paper argues that the fundamental concepts are also applicable to non-blackbox optimization (NBBO)-optimization in presence of information about the search domain and objective function. The SEARCH framework investigates the conditions essential for transcending the limits of random enumerative search using a framework developed in terms of relations, classes and partial ordering. This paper reviews some of the main results of that work and describes its generality by considering different popular BBO and NBBO algorithms. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Comp Sci Methods Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kargupta, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Comp Sci Methods Grp, POB 1663,XCM,Mail Stop F645, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-4975-X J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1998 VL 508 BP 369 EP 385 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA BL22Q UT WOS:000074753700018 ER PT S AU Kargupta, H AF Kargupta, H BE Althaus, GW Spedicato, E TI Messy genetic algorithms: Recent developments SO ALGORITHMS FOR LARGE SCALE LINEAR ALGEBRAIC SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Algorithms for Large Scale Linear Algebraic Systems - State of the Art and Applications in Science and Engineering CY JUN 23-JUL 06, 1996 CL CANARY ISL, SPAIN SP NATO AB Messy genetic algorithms define a rare class of algorithms that realize the need for detecting appropriate relations among members of the search domain in optimization. This paper reviews earlier works in messy genetic algorithms and describes some recent developments. It also describes the gene expression messy GA (GEMCA)-an O(Lambda(k) (l(2) + k)) sample complexity algorithm for the class of order-k delineable problems (Kargupta. 1995) (problems that can be solved by considering no higher than order-k relations) of size l and alphabet size Lambda. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the scalability of the GEMGA. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Computat Sci Methods Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kargupta, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Computat Sci Methods Grp, POB 1663,XCM,Mail Stop F645, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-4975-X J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1998 VL 508 BP 387 EP 400 PG 14 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA BL22Q UT WOS:000074753700019 ER PT S AU Jakowatz, CV Wahl, DE Eichel, PH AF Jakowatz, CV Wahl, DE Eichel, PH BE Zelnio, EG TI Refocus of constant velocity moving targets in synthetic aperture radar imagery SO ALGORITHMS FOR SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGERY V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Algorithm for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery V CY APR, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE AB The detection and refocus of moving targets in SAR imagery is of interest in a number of applications. In this paper we address the problem of refocusing a blurred signature that has by some means been identified as a moving target. We assume that the target vehicle velocity is constant, i.e., the motion is in a straight line with constant speed. The refocus is accomplished by application of a two-dimensional phase function to the phase history data obtained via Fourier transformation of an image chip that contains the blurred moving target data. By considering separately the phase effects of the range and cross-range components of the target velocity vector, we show how the appropriate phase correction term can be derived as a two-parameter function. We then show a procedure for estimating the two parameters, so that the blurred signature can be automatically refocused. The algorithm utilizes optimization of an image domain contrast metric. We present results of refocusing moving targets in real SAR imagery by this method. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Jakowatz, CV (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2819-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3370 BP 85 EP 95 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85L UT WOS:000076935900009 ER PT S AU Lippert, T Dickinson, JT Langford, SC Furutani, H Fukumura, H Masuhara, H Kunz, T Wokaun, A AF Lippert, T Dickinson, JT Langford, SC Furutani, H Fukumura, H Masuhara, H Kunz, T Wokaun, A BE Pustovoy, VI TI Laser machining of special designed photopolymers - Photochemical ablation mechanism SO ALT '97 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LASER SURFACE PROCESSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ALT 97 International Conference on Laser Surface Processing CY SEP 08-12, 1997 CL LIMOGES, FRANCE SP Gen Phys Inst, Moscow, Ctr Laser Technol & Mat, Russia, Sci GPI, Moscow, Univ Limoges, France, CNRS, France, Russian Basic Res Fdn, Russian State Comm Sci & Technol, SPIE Russia Chapter, USA, European Res Off DE photopolymer; laser ablation; mechanism; excimer laser; triazenopolymer AB Photopolymers based on the triazeno chromophore group (-N=N-N<) have been developed. The absorption properties can be tailored for a specific irradiation wavelength (e.g. 308 nm XeCl laser). The photochemical exothermic decomposition yields high energetic gaseous products which are not contaminating the surface. The polymer can be structured with high resolution. No debris has been found around the etched corners. Maximum ablation rates of about 3 mu m / pulse were achieved due to the dynamic absorption behavior (bleaching during the pulse). No physical or chemical modifications of the polymer surface could be detected after irradiation at the tailored absorption wavelength, whereas irradiation at different wavelengths resulted in modified (physical and chemical) surfaces. The etching of the polymer starts and ends with the laser pulse, shown by ns-interferometry, confirming that the acting mechanism is mainly photochemical. TOF-MS revealed fragments which are also totally compatible with a photochemical decomposition mechanism. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lippert, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS J 585, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lippert, Thomas/N-2423-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2855-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3404 BP 192 EP 199 DI 10.1117/12.308615 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BL20C UT WOS:000074661100028 ER PT J AU Van't Hof, J Saha, S AF Van't Hof, J Saha, S TI Growth and mitotic potential of multicelled fibers of cotton (Malvaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE cell division; cotton; differentiation; fibers; Malvaceae; ovules AB We tested the hypothesis that the growth of multicelled cotton fibers of Gossypium hirsutum, cultivar MD51 ne, occurs exclusively within the tip cell. Direct cellular measurements proved the hypothesis incorrect. The results show that all cells within a fiber grow and that the relative growth of the tip cell is reduced as the number of cells per fiber increases. Also, measurements of two-and three-celled fibers show that the two daughter nuclei in two-celled fibers differ. The ability to divide resides primarily, if not exclusively, with the basal cell. Thus, the fate of the tip-cell nucleus is fixed while that of the base cell is not. This rule is unaltered by the presence of IAA (indoleacetic acid) and GA(3) (gibberellic acid-3) in the culture medium. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Van't Hof, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 EI 1537-2197 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 85 IS 1 BP 25 EP 29 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YU123 UT WOS:000071684600004 ER PT J AU Sucha, V Elsass, F Eberl, DD Kuchta, L Madejova, J Gates, WP Komadel, P AF Sucha, V Elsass, F Eberl, DD Kuchta, L Madejova, J Gates, WP Komadel, P TI Hydrothermal synthesis of ammonium illite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID POTASSIUM FIXATION; SMECTITE; CLAY; PENNSYLVANIA; ANTHRACITE; MINERALS; COAL; NMR AB Synthetic gel and glass of illitic composition, natural kaolinite, and mixed-layer illite-smectite were used as starling materials for hydrothermal synthesis of ammonium illite. Ammonium illite was prepared from synthetic gel by hydrothermal treatment at 300 degrees C. The onset of crystallization began within 3 h, and well-crystallized ammonium illite appeared at 24 h. Increasing reaction time (up to four weeks) led to many illite layers per crystal. In the presence of equivalent proportions of potassium and ammonium, the gel was transformed to illite with equimolar contents of K and NH4. In contrast, synthesis using glass under the same conditions resulted in a mixture of mixed-layer ammonium illite-smectite with large expandability and discrete illite. Hydrothermal treatments of the fine fractions of natural kaolinite and illite-smectite produced ammonium illite from kaolinite but the illite-smectite remained unchanged. C1 Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. INRA, Sci Sol Stn, F-78026 Versailles, France. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Comenius Univ, Dept Inorgan Chem, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Inorgan Chem, Bratislava 84236, Slovakia. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Div Biogeochem, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Sucha, V (reprint author), Comenius Univ, Dept Geol Mineral Deposits, Mlynska Dolina G, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia. NR 37 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 58 EP 67 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA YQ716 UT WOS:000071416100007 ER PT J AU Johnston, CT Helsen, J Schoonheydt, RA Bish, DL Agnew, SF AF Johnston, CT Helsen, J Schoonheydt, RA Bish, DL Agnew, SF TI Single-crystal Raman spectroscopic study of dickite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID RIETVELD REFINEMENT; HYDRATED KAOLINITES; DYNAMIC STRUCTURE; MICROSCOPY; TENSORS; WATER AB Raman spectra were obtained from the (001), (010), and (100) faces of a St. Claire dickite specimen of known orientation. Raman spectra collected from the (010) and (100) faces of dickite are reported for the first time and reveal vibrational features significantly different from the (001) spectra. Variations in intensities of the nu(OH) bands in polarized spectra were used to confirm previous band assignments, io determine the shape and orientation of the local Raman tensors for the OH1 and OH3 groups. The most striking polarization effect observed in the nu(OH) region of dickite was the behavior of the a(c'c')(a) over bar spectrum relative to Raman and IR spectra of other orientations. Unlike previously reported spectra, the dominant feature in this spectrum was the 3643 cm(-1) band. This large increase in intensity of the 3643 cm(-1) band in comparison with the other nu(OH) bands was related to the fact that Raman spectra were recorded from the edge faces of dickite with the electric vector of the incident laser polarized along the c axis. This permitted observation of vibrational modes polarized along the c axis, Raman frequencies of the nu(OH) bands assigned to the OH2 and OH4 groups differ from their IR counterparts by 12 cm(-1), suggesting that these groups may be related by a center of symmetry. For comparison, Raman spectra in the nu(OH) region were also obtained from individual micro-crystals of kaolinite that were approximately 5 mu m across the (001) face. C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Mat Res Ctr, Dept Met & Mat Engn, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Mat Res Ctr, Ctr Surface Chem & Catalysis, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Johnston, CT (reprint author), Purdue Univ, 1150 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Johnston, Cliff/B-2215-2009 OI Johnston, Cliff/0000-0002-8462-9724 NR 44 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 84 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA YQ716 UT WOS:000071416100009 ER PT J AU Olshansky, SJ Carnes, BA Grahn, D AF Olshansky, SJ Carnes, BA Grahn, D TI Confronting the boundaries of human longevity SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID SEARCH C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Ctr Aging, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Mechanist Biol & Biotechnol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Olshansky, SJ (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Med, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 15 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 86 IS 1 BP 52 EP 61 DI 10.1511/1998.17.914 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZH570 UT WOS:000073124600012 ER PT S AU Fthenakis, VM AF Fthenakis, VM GP AICHE AICHE TI Mitigation of ammonia aerosol releases via water spraying SO AMMONIA PLANT SAFETY & RELATED FACILITIES, VOL 38 SE AMMONIA PLANT SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual AIChE Ammonia Safety Symposium CY SEP 22-24, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Safety Comm AB Different types of water spraying systems for absorbing and diluting unconfirmed releases of ammonia aerosols are evaluated. Examples show how mathematical modeling can help design water spray systems. Alternative mitigation options are also discussed. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Fthenakis, VM (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-3701 BN 0-8169-0769-2 J9 AMMON PLANT PY 1998 VL 38 BP 155 EP 163 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BP03Y UT WOS:000083950100017 ER PT S AU Mahan, AH Reedy, RC Iwaniczko, E Wang, Q Nelson, BP Xu, Y Gallagher, AC Branz, HM Crandall, RS Yang, J Guha, S AF Mahan, AH Reedy, RC Iwaniczko, E Wang, Q Nelson, BP Xu, Y Gallagher, AC Branz, HM Crandall, RS Yang, J Guha, S BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI H out-diffusion and device performance in n-i-p solar cells utilizing high temperature hot wire a-Si : H i-layers SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc ID HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS-SILICON AB Hydrogen out-diffusion from the n/i interface region plays a major role in controlling the fill factor (FF) and resultant efficiency of n-i-p a-Si:H devices, with the i-layer deposited at high substrate temperatures by the hoc wire technique. Modeling calculations show that a thin, highly defective layer at this interface, perhaps caused by significant H out-diffusion and incomplete lattice reconstruction, results in sharply lower device FF's due to the large voltage dropped across this defective layer. One approach to this problem is to introduce trace dopant tailing to 'compensate' these defects, but the resultant cells exhibit a poor red response. A second approach involves the addition of buffer layers designed to retard this out-diffusion. We find that an increased H content, either in the n-layer or a thin intrinsic low temperature buffer layer, does not significantly retard this out-diffusion, as observed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) H profiles on devices. All these devices have a defect-rich i-layer region near the n/i interface and a poor device efficiency. However, if this low temperature buffer layer is thick enough, the outdiffusion is minimized, yielding nearly fiat H profiles and a much improved device performance. Pie discuss this behavior in the context of the H chemical potentials and H diffusion coefficients in the high temperature, buffer, n-, and stainless steel(SS) substrate layers. The chemical potential differences between the layers control the direction of the H flow and the respective diffusion coefficients, which depend upon many factors such as the local electronic Fermi energy and the extent of the H depletion, determine the rate. Finally, we report a 9.8% initial active area device, fabricated at 16 Angstrom/s, using the insights obtained in this study. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Mahan, AH (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 119 EP 124 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700018 ER PT S AU White, CW Withrow, SP Meldrum, A Budai, JD Hembree, DM Zhu, JG Henderson, DO Prawer, S AF White, CW Withrow, SP Meldrum, A Budai, JD Hembree, DM Zhu, JG Henderson, DO Prawer, S BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Optical properties of Si nanocrystals formed in SiO2 by ion implantation SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc ID VISIBLE-LIGHT EMISSION; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; SILICON NANOCRYSTALS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; LUMINESCENCE; SURFACE AB Si nanocrystals formed in SiO2 by high-dose ion implantation and annealing give rise to strong optical absorption and intense photoluminescence (PL). The dose dependence of optical. absorption provides evidence for size-dependent quantum confinement in the Si nanocrystals. PL peak energies are nearly independent of dose suggesting that surface or interface states play an important role in FL. Estimates of absorption bandgaps in the nanocrystals are given. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP White, CW (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Budai, John/R-9276-2016 OI Budai, John/0000-0002-7444-1306 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700038 ER PT S AU Gao, W Lee, SH Xu, Y Morrison, S Benson, DK Branz, HM AF Gao, W Lee, SH Xu, Y Morrison, S Benson, DK Branz, HM BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI First monolithic tandem photovoltaic-powered electrochromic smart window SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc ID DESIGN; ALLOYS; FILMS AB We report on the first monolithic, amorphous-silicon-based, photovoltaic-powered electrochromic window coating. The coating employs a wide bandgap a-Si1-x,C-x:H n-i-p photovoltaic (PV) cell as a semitransparent power supply, and a LiyWO3/LiAlF4/V2O5 electrochromic (EC) device as an optical-transmittance modulator. The EC device is deposited directly on top of a PV device that coats a glass substrate. The a-Si1-xCx:H PV cell has a Tauc gap of 2.2 eV and a transmittance of 60 to 80% over a large portion of the visible light spectrum. We reduced the thickness of the device to about 600 Angstrom while maintaining a 1-sun open-circuit voltage of 0.9 V and short-circuit current of 2 mA/cm(2). Our prototype 16 cm(2) PV/EC device modulates the transmittance by more than 60% over a large portion of the visible spectrum. The coloring and bleaching times of the electrochromic device are approximately 1 minute under normal operating conditions (+/-1 volt). C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Gao, W (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700052 ER PT S AU Walton, JT Amman, M Conti, G Hong, WS Luke, PN Ziemba, FP AF Walton, JT Amman, M Conti, G Hong, WS Luke, PN Ziemba, FP BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Amorphous silicon crystalline silicon heterojunctions in nuclear radiation detector fabrication SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc AB Application of amorphous silicon/ crystalline silicon heterojunctions formed by RF sputter deposition and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to the fabrication of nuclear radiation detectors is described. The performance of these heterojunctions as blocking contacts on high-resisitivity p-type and n-type single crystal silicon and on lithium-ion compensated silicon (Si(Li)), which are commonly used in silicon detector fabrication, is presented. It is shown that an aluminum/amorphous-silicon contact on Si(Li) x-ray detectors results in about a factor of two reduction in the background counts when compared to a normal gold barrier contact. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Walton, JT (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jtwalton@lbl.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 351 EP 356 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700053 ER PT S AU Nelson, BP Xu, YQ Williamson, DL Von Roedern, B Mason, A Heck, S Mahan, AH Schmitt, SE Gallagher, AC Webb, J Reedy, R AF Nelson, BP Xu, YQ Williamson, DL Von Roedern, B Mason, A Heck, S Mahan, AH Schmitt, SE Gallagher, AC Webb, J Reedy, R BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloys grown by the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition technique SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc AB We successfully grow high-quality hydrogenated amorphous-silicon-germanium alloys (a-SiGe:H) by the hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition (HWCVD) technique using silane and germane gas mixtures. These alloys display electronic properties as good as those grown by the plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD) technique, when comparing materials with the same optical bandgaps. However, we grow materials with good electrical properties at high deposition rates-up to 40 Angstrom/s, compared to 1-4 Angstrom/s for PECVD materials. Our alloys exhibit similar trends with increasing Ge content to alloys grown by PECVD. The defect density, the dark conductivity, and the degree of nanostructural heterogeneity (as measured by small-angle X-ray scattering) all increase with increasing germanium content in the alloy. The nanostructural heterogeneity displays a sharp transition between 9 at.% and 14 at.% germanium. PECVD-grown a-SiGe:H alloys exhibit a similar transition at 20 at.% Ge. The photoconductivity and the ambipolar diffusion length of the alloys decrease with increasing germanium content. For a fixed silane-to-germane gas ratio, all material properties improve substantially when increasing substrate temperature (T-sub) from 220 degrees C to 375 degrees C. Increasing T-sub also narrows the optical bandgap and lowers the hydrogen content in the alloys for the same germane-to-silane gas ratio. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Nelson, BP (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 447 EP 452 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700068 ER PT S AU Crandall, RS Iwaniczko, E Mahan, AH Liu, X Pohl, RO AF Crandall, RS Iwaniczko, E Mahan, AH Liu, X Pohl, RO BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Low temperature vibrational properties of amorphous silicon SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc ID A-SI-H; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; FILMS; QUALITY; EXCITATIONS; RESONANCE; SOLIDS AB We present internal friction and shear modulus measurements of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and germanium (a-Ge) films. The temperature independent plateau in internal friction below 10 K, common to all amorphous solids, also exists in these films. However, its magnitude which depends critically on the deposition method is smaller than found for all other amorphous solids. In particular, hydrogenated a-Si with about 1 at. % H prepared by hot-wire chemical-vapor-deposition leads to an internal friction nearly three orders of magnitude smaller than observed for all other amorphous solids. The internal friction increases after the hydrogen is removed by effusion. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM rsc@nrel.gov NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 585 EP 594 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700090 ER PT S AU Branz, HM AF Branz, HM BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Hydrogen collision model of the Staebler-Wronski effect: Microscopics and kinetics SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc ID A-SI-H; AMORPHOUS-SILICON; METASTABLE DEFECTS; CREATION AB A new microscopic and kinetic model of light-induced metastability in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is described. Recombination and trapping of photoinduced carriers excite hydrogen from deep Si-H bonds into a mobile configuration, leaving a dangling bond (DB) defect at the site of excitation. Normally, mobile H are recaptured at DB defects and no metastability or net DB production results. However, when two mobile H collide, they form a metastable two-hydrogen complex and leave two spatially-uncorrelated Staebler-Wronski DBs. Thermal and light-induced annealing occur when mobile H are excited from the metastable two-H complex; they diffuse and are recaptured to DBs. The microscopic model is entirely compatible with electron-spin-resonance results showing neither DB-DB nor DB-H spatial correlation of the light-induced DBs. The model leads to new differential equations describing the evolution of the mobile H and DB densities. These equation equations explain the observed room-temperature N(db)similar to G(2/3)t(1/3) dependence of DB creation upon the electron-hole pair creation rate (G) and time. The model also accounts for both t(1/3)-kinetics at 4.2K and t(1/2)-kinetics under laser-pulse soaking. Neither of these results can be explained within the prevailing electron-hole pair recombination model. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Branz, HM (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM hbranz@nrel.gov; hbranz@nrel.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 709 EP 714 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700109 ER PT S AU Mahan, AH Vanecek, M Poruba, A Vorlicek, V Crandall, RS Williamson, DL AF Mahan, AH Vanecek, M Poruba, A Vorlicek, V Crandall, RS Williamson, DL BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Low defect density microcrystalline-Si deposited by the hot wire technique SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc ID SILICON AB The optical and electronic properties of a series of microcrystalline silicon (mu c-Si) films, deposited by the hot wire (HW) technique, are reported. Preliminary results suggest, using moderate H-2/SiH4 dilution ratios and substrate temperatures (320 degrees C), high filament temperatures, and no H gas purifier, that the subgap absorption for these films, measured using the constant photocurrent (CPM) method, can be as low as that obtained for films deposited by the very high frequency glow discharge (VHF-GD) technique. The film dark conductivities of the HW samples, ranging as low as 2.0 x 10(-8) (ohm cm)(-1), lend further credance to these low defect values. At the same time, the optical absorption in the region > 1.6 eV is higher than that previously observed for the VHF-GD deposited samples. The present results, discussed in the context of the film microcrystalline fraction, suggest that there is no unique, good quality, low defect density mu c-Si material, and that different deposition techniques can be used to successfully deposit device quality mu c-Si. We also present optical and structural data for films deposited at lower substrate temperatures and higher deposition rates, and suggest combinations of deposition parameters to be used that may further improve the electronic properties of these films. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Mahan, AH (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Vorlicek, Vladimir/G-6369-2014; Poruba, Ales/H-2497-2014; Vanecek, Milan/H-1995-2014 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 825 EP 830 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700127 ER PT S AU Wang, Q Iwaniczko, E Mahan, AH Williamson, DL AF Wang, Q Iwaniczko, E Mahan, AH Williamson, DL BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI Microcrystalline silicon n-i-p solar cells deposited entirely by the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition technique SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc AB We describe a series of microcrystalline (mu c) silicon n-i-p solar cell devices fabricated entirely by the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition technique. These devices are deposited on flat stainless-steel at a substrate temperature below 250 degrees C, and are evaluated using solar-cell performance and quantum-efficiency (QE) measurements. We explore the effect of crystallite size, as examined by X-ray diffraction, by varying the hydrogen-to-silane ratio from 5 to 40, while keeping the mu c-n and the mu c-p layers the same. We find a significant blue shift of the QE peak and an enhancement of red response compared with a standard a-Si:H solar cell. The blue shift increases with increasing hydrogen-to-silane ratio. We attribute this shift to the i-layer becoming more n-type with increasing hydrogen dilution. We also use a hydrogen gas purifier and find a large improvement in device performance. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wang, Q (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 903 EP 908 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700137 ER PT S AU Nelson, BP Wang, Q Iwaniczko, E Mahan, AH Crandall, RS AF Nelson, BP Wang, Q Iwaniczko, E Mahan, AH Crandall, RS BE Schropp, R Branz, HM Hack, M Shimizu, I Wagner, S TI The influence of electrons from the filament on the material properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon grown by the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition technique SO AMORPHOUS AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY-1998 SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology-1998, at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Akzo Nobel, dpiX A Xerox Co, Fuji Elect Corp Res & Dev Ltd, Kaneka Corp, Mitsui Chem Co Ltd, NAPS France, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Sanyo Elect Co Ltd, Tokuyama Corp, Voltaix Inc AB We observe that under certain conditions, hydrogenated amorphous silicon grown by the hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition technique has dark conductivities varying by several orders of magnitude across the same film. Similarly, the ambipolar diffusion lengths fluctuate significantly in these films, yet there is not much evidence of a corresponding structural change. We attribute this electronic nonuniformity to electrons from the filament reaching insulating substrates and charging the substrate negatively in some regions, thus causing films to grow with inferior material properties in those regions. The effect diminishes with increasing substrate temperature, where the film itself may be conductive enough to remove charge reaching the growing surface. Well-grounded, conducting substrates seem to be immune from this effect. We reduce this effect by putting a conductive grid on insulating substrates, of close enough spacing to remove the charge, and measure the material properties of the film grown between the conductive elements of the grid. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Nelson, BP (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 3 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-413-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 507 BP 927 EP 932 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BM65A UT WOS:000079335700141 ER PT J AU Ting, EY Porter, MD AF Ting, EY Porter, MD TI Column design for electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID THROUGH POROUS-ELECTRODE; STATIONARY-PHASE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SEPARATIONS; ELECTROSORPTION; SPECTROSCOPY; POLYPYRROLE; MODEL; EMLC AB A new column design for electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography (EMLC) is presented. The principal attribute of the new design is the enhancement of the control over the potential applied to the stationary phase by the reduction of the background current and solution resistance, The enhancement is demonstrated through a series of comparisons of the electrochemical performance of the new and the earlier column designs. This enhancement, as shown using mixtures of aromatic sulfonates, translates to an improvement in the capability of EMLC as a separation technique. C1 US DOE, Ames Lab, Microanalyt Instrumentat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Porter, MD (reprint author), US DOE, Ames Lab, Microanalyt Instrumentat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 1 BP 94 EP 99 DI 10.1021/ac970815z PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YP416 UT WOS:000071274600020 PM 21644604 ER PT J AU Gieray, RA Reilly, PTA Yang, M Whitten, WB Ramsey, JM AF Gieray, RA Reilly, PTA Yang, M Whitten, WB Ramsey, JM TI Tandem mass spectrometry of uranium and uranium oxides in airborne particulates SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLES AB A method for detection of uranium in airborne microparticles in real time has been developed. Positive identification of uranium is achieved by isolating UO2+ ions and following their reaction with residual oxygen molecules to yield UO2+. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Whitten, WB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 1 BP 117 EP 120 DI 10.1021/ac970505g PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YP416 UT WOS:000071274600024 PM 21644607 ER PT J AU Waters, LC Jacobson, SC Kroutchinina, N Khandurina, J Foote, RS Ramsey, JM AF Waters, LC Jacobson, SC Kroutchinina, N Khandurina, J Foote, RS Ramsey, JM TI Microchip device for cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic sizing SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; POSTCOLUMN REACTOR; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; SAMPLE INJECTION; GLASS CHIPS; DNA; SEPARATION; INTEGRATION; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEMS AB The steps of cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic analysis are executed sequentially on a monolithic microchip device, The entire microchip is thermally cycled to lyse cells and to amplify DNA, and the products are then analyzed using a sieving medium for size separation and an intercalating dye for fluorescence detection. Using a standard PCR protocol, a 500-base pair (bp) region of bacteriophage lambda DNA and 154-, 264-, 346-, 410-, and 550-bp regions of E. coli genomic and plasmid DNAs are amplified. The electrophoretic analysis of the products is executed in <3 min following amplification using hydroxyethyl cellulose or poly(dimethylacryl-amide) sieving gels. Product sizing is demonstrated by proportioning the amplified product with a DNA sizing ladder. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Ramsey, JM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 37 TC 361 Z9 373 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 1 BP 158 EP 162 DI 10.1021/ac970642d PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YP416 UT WOS:000071274600030 PM 9463271 ER PT J AU Grate, JW Kaganove, SN Bhethanabotla, VR AF Grate, JW Kaganove, SN Bhethanabotla, VR TI Comparisons of polymer/gas partition coefficients calculated from responses of thickness shear mode and surface acoustic wave vapor sensors SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID INVERSE GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COATINGS; DEVICES AB Apparent partition coefficients, K, for the sorption of toluene by four different polymer thin films on thickness shear mode (TSM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are compared, The polymers examined were poly(isobutylene) (PIB), poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH), poly(butadiene) (PBD), and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), Independent data on partition coefficients for toluene in these polymers were compiled for comparison, and TSM sensor measurements were made using both oscillator and impedance analysis methods, K values from SAW sensor measurements were about twice those calculated from TSM sensor measurements when the polymers were PIB and PECH, and they were also at least twice the values of the independent partition coefficient data, which is interpreted as indicating that the SAW sensor responds to polymer modulus changes as well as to mass changes, K values from SAW and TSM measurements were in agreement with each other and with independent data when the polymer was PBD, Similarly, K values from the PDMS-coated SAW sensor were not much larger than values from independent measurements, These results indicate that modulus effects were not contributing to the SAW sensor responses in the cases of PBD and PDMS, However, K values from the PDMS-coated TSM device were larger than the values from the SAW device or independent measurements, and the impedance analyzer results indicated that this sensor using our sample of PDMS at the applied thickness did not behave as a simple mass sensor, Differences in behavior among the test polymers on SAW devices are interpreted in terms of their differing viscoelastic properties. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Grate, JW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 21 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 1 BP 199 EP 203 DI 10.1021/ac970608z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YP416 UT WOS:000071274600036 PM 21644612 ER PT J AU Tomkins, BA Sega, GA Macnaughton, SJ AF Tomkins, BA Sega, GA Macnaughton, SJ TI The quantitation of sulfur mustard by-products, sulfur-containing herbicides, and organophosphonates in soil and concrete SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE sulfur mustard; organosulfurs; herbicides; organophosphonates; di-isopropyl methylphosphonate; dimethyl methylphosphonate; extraction; soil; concrete ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ALUMINUM-OXIDE; DECOMPOSITION; EXTRACTION AB For approximately thirty years, the facilities at Rocky Mountain Arsenal were used for producing packaging and shipping sulfur- and phosphorus-containing mustard Sarin, and pesticides. Degradation and manufacturing by-products related to these species are analyzed quickly using a combination of Accelerated Solvent Extraction and gas chromatography (name photometric detector) to determine exactly how specific waste structural materials should be handled, treated, and landfilled. These by-products are extracted rapidly from heated samples of soil or crushed concrete using acetonitrile at 100 degrees C and 1500 psi, then analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a name photometric detector in its phosphorus- or sulfur-selective mode. Thiodiglycol, the major hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard, must be converted to a trimethylsilyl ether prior to quantitation. Detection limits, calculated using two statistically-unbiased protocols, ranged between 2-13 mu g analyte/g soil or concrete. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Organ Chem Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Microbial Insights Inc, Rockford, TN 37853 USA. RP Tomkins, BA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Organ Chem Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Tomkins, Bruce/0000-0001-8520-1415 NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 1998 VL 31 IS 9 BP 1603 EP 1622 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZZ018 UT WOS:000074687100011 ER PT J AU Vallet, M Brunel, M Bretenaker, F Ropars, G Langot, P Le Floch, A Choquette, KD Joulie, G Keromnes, JC AF Vallet, M Brunel, M Bretenaker, F Ropars, G Langot, P Le Floch, A Choquette, KD Joulie, G Keromnes, JC TI Lasers with one or two turns SO ANNALES DE PHYSIQUE LA French DT Article ID POLARIZATION SELF-MODULATION; SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS C1 Univ Rennes 1, UMR 6627 CNRS, Equipe Elect Quant Phys Lasers, F-35042 Rennes, France. Sandia Natl Labs, Ctr Compound Semicond Technol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. CNET, France Telecom, F-22307 Lannion, France. RP Vallet, M (reprint author), Univ Rennes 1, UMR 6627 CNRS, Equipe Elect Quant Phys Lasers, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes, France. RI Bretenaker, Fabien/C-1814-2012 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0003-4169 J9 ANN PHYS-PARIS JI Ann. Phys.-Paris PY 1998 VL 23 SU C1 BP 143 EP 149 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 139MN UT WOS:000077033000019 ER PT J AU Potra, FA Sheng, RQ AF Potra, FA Sheng, RQ TI A path following method for LCP with superlinearly convergent iteration sequence SO ANNALS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Applied Mathematical Programming and Modelling (APMOD 95) CY 1995 CL BRUNEL UNIV, UXBRIDGE, ENGLAND HO BRUNEL UNIV DE linear complementarity problems; sufficient matrices; P-*-matrices; path-following; infeasible-interior-point algorithm; superlinear convergence ID LINEAR COMPLEMENTARITY-PROBLEM; INTERIOR-POINT ALGORITHM; SUFFICIENT; MATRICES AB A new algorithm for solving linear complementarity problems with sufficient matrices is proposed. If the problem has a solution, the algorithm is superlinearly convergent from any positive starting points, even for degenerate problems. Each iteration requires only one matrix factorization and at most two backsolves. Only one backsolve is necessary if the problem is known to be nondegenerate. The algorithm generates points in a large neighborhood of the central path and has the lowest iteration complexity obtained so far in the literature. Moreover, the iteration sequence converges superlinearly to a maximal solution with the same e-order as the complementarity sequence. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Math, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Potra, FA (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Math, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 0254-5330 J9 ANN OPER RES JI Ann. Oper. Res. PY 1998 VL 81 BP 97 EP 114 PG 18 WC Operations Research & Management Science SC Operations Research & Management Science GA 105HT UT WOS:000075068100008 ER PT J AU de Beer, J Worrell, E Blok, K AF de Beer, J Worrell, E Blok, K TI Future technologies for energy-efficient iron and steel making SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE energy efficiency; manufacturing industry; technology assessment; exergy analysis; smelting reduction; near net shape casting ID REDUCTION; INDUSTRY AB Techniques for the reduction of the specific energy consumption for iron and steel making are identified and characterized to assess the potential for future energy-efficiency improvement and research and development priorities. Worldwide average specific energy consumption for steel making is estimated to be 24 GJ/tonne. The most energy-efficient process requires 19 GJ/tonne for primary steel and 7 GJ/tonne for secondary steel. Seven specific smelting reduction processes and four groups of near-net-shape casting techniques are described and evaluated. In the longer term, the specific energy consumption for making steel from iron ore can be reduced to 12.5 GJ of primary steel per tonne. A further reduction of up to 2.5 GJ of crude steel per tonne may be achieved when techniques are developed that can recover and apply heat from the hot steel at a high temperature. The specific energy consumption for secondary steel making can be reduced to 3.5 GJ/tonne by energy-efficient melting and shaping techniques. C1 ECOFYS, NL-3503 RK Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Utrecht, Dept Sci & Technol & Soc, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands. RP de Beer, J (reprint author), ECOFYS, NL-3503 RK Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Worrell, Ernst/L-5455-2013; Blok, Kornelis/D-9532-2014 OI Worrell, Ernst/0000-0002-0199-9755; NR 111 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 21 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 1998 VL 23 BP 123 EP 205 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.123 PG 83 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 147DU UT WOS:000077473600006 ER PT J AU Gadgil, A AF Gadgil, A TI Drinking water in developing countries SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE water quality; drinking water policy; drinking water disinfection ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; DISINFECTION; STORAGE AB Safe drinking water remains inaccessible for about 1.1 billion people in the world, and the hourly toll from biological contamination of drinking water is 400 deaths of children (below age 5). This paper reviews the general guidelines for drinking water quality and the scale of the global problem. It reviews the various water disinfection technologies that may be applicable to achieve the desired quality of drinking water in developing countries. It then summarizes financing problems that deter extending access to safe drinking water to the unserved population and identifies feasible policy positions for enhancing availability of drinking water in these countries. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Tehnol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Gadgil, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Tehnol Div, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Gadgil, Ashok/0000-0002-0357-9455 NR 48 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 31 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 1998 VL 23 BP 253 EP 286 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.253 PG 34 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 147DU UT WOS:000077473600009 ER PT J AU Brown, MA Levine, MD Romm, JP Rosenfeld, AH Koomey, JG AF Brown, MA Levine, MD Romm, JP Rosenfeld, AH Koomey, JG TI Engineering-economic studies of energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: Opportunities and challenges SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE energy efficiency; low-carbon technologies; climate change ID DISCOUNT RATES; POLICY AB This paper compares the results of four recent engineering-economic studies of the potential for energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The review includes a sector-by-sector assessment of specific technology opportunities and their costs, as estimated by (a) five National Laboratories, (b) the Tellus Institute, (c) the National Academy of Sciences, and (d) the Office of Technology Assessment. These studies document that numerous cost-effective, energy-efficient technologies remain underutilized in each end-use sector of the economy. Supply-side options, on the other hand, are generally found to involve some net costs. Demand- and supply-side options benefit from being pursued concurrently because of various interaction effects. In combination, large carbon reductions are possible at incremental costs that are less than the value of the energy saved. An aggressive national commitment involving some combination of targeted tax incentives, emissions trading, and non-price policies is needed to exploit these carbon reduction opportunities. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Brown, MA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 70 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 1998 VL 23 BP 287 EP 385 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.287 PG 99 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 147DU UT WOS:000077473600010 ER PT J AU Sathaye, JA Ravindranath, NH AF Sathaye, JA Ravindranath, NH TI Climate change mitigation in the energy and forestry sectors of developing countries SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE costs; Kyoto; bottom-up; top-down ID GREENHOUSE-GAS MITIGATION; CARBON EMISSIONS; SEQUESTERING CARBON; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; GHG EMISSIONS; LAND-COVER; OPTIONS; CHINA; INDIA; SEQUESTRATION AB The continued accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to severely impact the earth's natural resources and agriculture. Greenhouse gas emissions from the developing world are rising faster than those from other countries, and many studies have noted that it would not be possible to stabilize climate change without reducing the growth of these emissions. Can this be achieved without affecting economic growth and social fabric in these countries? Mitigation studies indicate that if energy efficiency and forestry options are implemented judiciously, emissions can be reduced at a negative cost without affecting economic growth. The studies also suggest that this would increase significantly the worldwide demand for natural gas and renewable technologies. Country studies show that the aggregate mitigation potential in the forestry sector is higher, and the costs per tonne of carbon are lower, than reported earlier by global studies. Barriers to the implementation of energy and forestry options need to be explicitly taken into consideration because these may change the priority of options and the choice of policy measures. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Ecol Sci, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RP Sathaye, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 107 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 1998 VL 23 BP 387 EP 437 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.387 PG 51 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 147DU UT WOS:000077473600011 ER PT J AU Chen, S Doolen, GD AF Chen, S Doolen, GD TI Lattice Boltzmann method for fluid flows SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Review DE lattice Boltzmann method; mesoscopic approach; fluid flow simulation ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; HYDRODYNAMIC SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; RAYLEIGH-BENARD CONVECTION; CELLULAR-AUTOMATON FLUIDS; POROUS-MEDIA; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; REYNOLDS-NUMBER; BGK MODELS; PARTICULATE SUSPENSIONS AB We present an overview of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a parallel and efficient algorithm for simulating single-phase and multiphase fluid hows and for incorporating additional physical complexities. The LBM is especially useful for modeling complicated boundary conditions and multiphase interfaces. Recent extensions of this method are described, including simulations of fluid turbulence, suspension flows, and reaction diffusion systems. C1 IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Chen, S (reprint author), IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, POB 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA. RI Chen, Shiyi/A-3234-2010 NR 146 TC 3300 Z9 3485 U1 68 U2 613 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4189 J9 ANNU REV FLUID MECH JI Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. PY 1998 VL 30 BP 329 EP 364 DI 10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.329 PG 36 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA YV950 UT WOS:000071880700013 ER PT J AU Gruverman, A Auciello, O Tokumoto, H AF Gruverman, A Auciello, O Tokumoto, H TI Imaging and control of domain structures in ferroelectric thin films via scanning force microscopy SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE ferroelectric domains; nanofabrication; piezoelectricity ID ELECTRICALLY POLAR SUBSTANCES; MEASUREMENT SIGNALS; MAXWELL STRESS; SURFACE; FATIGUE; MECHANISMS; CRYSTALS; MEMORIES; SCALE; TIME AB Scanning force microscopy (SFM) is becoming a powerful technique with great potential both for imaging and for control of domain structures in ferroelectric materials at the nanometer scale. Application of SFM to visualization of domain structures in ferroelectric thin films is described. Imaging methods of ferroelectric domains are based on the detection of surface charges in the noncontact mode of SFM and on the measurement of the piezoelectric response of a ferroelectric film to an external field applied by the tip in the SFM contact mode. This latter mode can be used for nondestructive evaluation of local ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties and for manipulation of domains of less than 50 nm in diameter. The effect of the film thickness and crystallinity on the imaging resolution is discussed. Scanning force microscopy is shown to be a technique well suited for nanoscale investigation of switching processes and electrical degradation effects in ferroelectric thin films. C1 Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Angstrom Technol Partnership, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Adv Interdisciplinary Res, JRCAT, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Sony Corp, Yokohama Technol Ctr, Hodogaya Ku, 134 Goudo Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240, Japan. EM alexei@src.sony.co.jp; orlando_auciello@qmgate.anl.gov; htokumot@nair.go.jp RI Gruverman, alexei/P-3537-2014 OI Gruverman, alexei/0000-0003-0492-2750 NR 42 TC 376 Z9 377 U1 15 U2 81 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6600 J9 ANNU REV MATER SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. PY 1998 VL 28 BP 101 EP 123 DI 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.101 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 110TC UT WOS:000075395600007 ER PT J AU Brown, IG AF Brown, IG TI Cathodic arc deposition of films SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE vacuum arcs; films; plasma deposition; surface modification ID DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON; METAL PLASMA IMMERSION; CURVED MAGNETIC FILTERS; CURRENT VACUUM-ARC; THIN-FILMS; ION-IMPLANTATION; MACROPARTICLE FILTER; ALLOY CATHODES; COATINGS; EROSION AB Cathodic are deposition is a plasma-based technology for the fabrication of films. The process can be carried out either at high vacuum or in a low pressure gaseous environment, and films can be formed for example of metals, ceramics, diamondlike carbon, some semiconductors and superconductors, and more. The plasma stream can be filtered to remove microdroplet contamination, and the ion energy can be controlled by substrate bias, thereby transforming the straightforward deposition method into hybrids with other surface modification processes such as ion beam-assisted deposition, ion beam mixing, and ion implantation. The method provides a versatile and powerful plasma tool for the synthesis of novel and technically important surfaces. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ibrown@lbl.gov NR 139 TC 140 Z9 146 U1 2 U2 35 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6600 J9 ANNU REV MATER SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. PY 1998 VL 28 BP 243 EP 269 DI 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.243 PG 27 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 110TC UT WOS:000075395600012 ER PT J AU Norton, DP AF Norton, DP TI Science and technology of high-temperature superconducting films SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE cuprates; HTS; epitaxy; thin films; YBa2Cu3O7; superconductivity ID HIGH-T-C; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; YBA2CU3O7-X THIN-FILMS; GRAIN-BOUNDARY JUNCTIONS; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; SRTIO3 BUFFER LAYER; INTERFERENCE DEVICE MAGNETOMETER; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY AB The field of high-temperature superconducting thin films is reviewed, focusing on the synthesis and properties of materials that are most promising for device applications. Current materials issues that are important for emerging device applications of oxide superconducting films are discussed, with emphasis on the growth, characterization, and use of epitaxial films. The status of specific superconducting device technologies is briefly reviewed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Norton, DP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM nortondp@ornl.gov NR 174 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6600 J9 ANNU REV MATER SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. PY 1998 VL 28 BP 299 EP 347 DI 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.299 PG 49 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 110TC UT WOS:000075395600014 ER PT J AU Auciello, O Krauss, AR Im, J Schultz, JA AF Auciello, O Krauss, AR Im, J Schultz, JA TI Studies of multicomponent oxide films and layered heterostructure growth processes via in situ, time-of-flight ion scattering and direct recoil spectroscopy SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE sputter-deposition; high temperature superconducting films; ferroelectric films; heterostructures ID BEAM SURFACE-ANALYSIS; THIN-FILMS; IN-SITU; REAL-TIME; DEPOSITION; SRBI2TA2O9; MEMORIES; ALKALI AB The understanding of film growth processes is critical for fabricating a variety of thin film-based devices. Many novel film-based devices require growth of films in background gas atmospheres such as oxygen and nitrogen for oxide or nitride films. The studies of film growth processes in background gas environments require special analytical techniques. We discuss a novel time-of-flight ion scattering and direct recoil spectroscopy (TOF-ISARS) technique developed in our laboratory that is capable of providing a wide range of information including film composition and surface structure during growth, at the atomic scale. We also discuss recent work focused on the growth of ferroelectric thin films and their integration with electrode layers relevant to the fabrication of ferroelectric capacitors. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Ionwerks, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM orlando_auciello@qmgate.anl.gov NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6600 J9 ANNU REV MATER SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. PY 1998 VL 28 BP 375 EP 396 DI 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.375 PG 22 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 110TC UT WOS:000075395600016 ER PT J AU Dimos, D Mueller, CH AF Dimos, D Mueller, CH TI Perovskite thin films for high-frequency capacitor applications SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3; (Ba,Sr)TiO3; decoupling capacitors; microwave capacitors ID TUNABLE MICROWAVE COMPONENTS; DC ELECTRICAL DEGRADATION; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; DECOUPLING CAPACITORS; SRTIO3; PLZT; PZT; RELIABILITY; DEPOSITION; RESISTANCE AB Perovskite, ferroelectric and paraelectric, thin films exhibit outstanding dielectric properties, even at high frequencies (>1 GHz). This feature makes films such as (Ba,Sr)TiO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 ideally suited for a wide range of capacitor applications, particularly decoupling capacitors and tunable microwave capacitors; the latter application has been fueled by the recent explosion in wireless communications. The successful implementation of these materials as high-frequency dielectrics requires a detailed understanding of both their processing and materials properties. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Superconducting Core Technol Inc, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sandia Natl Labs, MS 1411, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM dbdimos@sandia.gov NR 66 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 5 U2 55 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6600 J9 ANNU REV MATER SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. PY 1998 VL 28 BP 397 EP 419 DI 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.397 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 110TC UT WOS:000075395600017 ER PT J AU Auciello, O Foster, CM Ramesh, R AF Auciello, O Foster, CM Ramesh, R TI Processing technologies for ferroelectric thin films and heterostructures SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE sputter deposition; laser-ablation deposition; metalorganic chemical vapor-deposition; microstructure; nonvolatile ferroelectric memories ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRONICS; SPUTTER-DEPOSITION; O HETEROSTRUCTURES; MOCVD; CAPACITORS; GROWTH; LAYER; MORPHOLOGY AB Basic scientific and technological advances on ferroelectric thin films and heterostructures are discussed in relation to the work on nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memories (NVFRAMs) performed by different groups during the last seven years. A reasonable understanding of the synthesis and microstructure-property relationships of ferroelectric thin films for NVFRAMs is demonstrated. Materials integration strategies developed to fabricate ferroelectric capacitors with practically no fatigue or imprint, long polarization retention, and low leakage current are discussed. These properties have been obtained using two ferroelectric materials, Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O-3 (PZT) and SrBi(2)Ta2O(9) (SBT), that are the main candidates for application to the first generation of commercial NVFRAMs. A discussion of current knowledge and future research directions presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Auciello, O (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM orlando_auciello@qmgate.anl.gov NR 71 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 14 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0084-6600 J9 ANNU REV MATER SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. PY 1998 VL 28 BP 501 EP 531 DI 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.501 PG 31 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 110TC UT WOS:000075395600020 ER PT J AU Lingel, K Skwarnicki, T Smith, JG AF Lingel, K Skwarnicki, T Smith, JG TI Penguin decays of B mesons SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE loop; CP violation; charmless ID SEMILEPTONIC BRANCHING RATIO; WW-GAMMA COUPLINGS; LEADING LOGARITHMIC APPROXIMATION; CP-VIOLATING ASYMMETRIES; NON-LEPTONIC DECAYS; 2 CHARGED LEPTONS; NONLEPTONIC DECAYS; STANDARD MODEL; WEAK DECAYS; QCD CORRECTIONS AB Penguin, or loop, decays of B mesons induce effective flavor-changing neutral currents, which are forbidden at tree level in the standard model. These decays give special insight into the CKM matrix and are sensitive to non-standard-model effects. In this review, we give a historical and theoretical introduction to penguins and a description of the various types of penguin processes: electromagnetic, electroweak, and gluonic. We review the experimental searches for penguin de cays, including the measurements of the electromagnetic penguins b --> s gamma and B --> K*gamma and gluonic penguins B --> K pi, B+ --> omega K+ and B --> eta'K, and their implications for the standard model and new physics. We conclude by exploring the future prospects for penguin physics. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Phys, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lingel, K (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM karenl@MAILBOX.SLAC.stanford.edu NR 220 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-8998 J9 ANNU REV NUCL PART S JI Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. PY 1998 VL 48 BP 253 EP 306 DI 10.1146/annurev.nucl.48.1.253 PG 54 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 147DY UT WOS:000077474100007 ER PT J AU Poppitz, E Trivedi, SP AF Poppitz, E Trivedi, SP TI Dynamical supersymmetry breaking SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE holomorphy; duality; model building; gauge mediation ID ELECTRIC-MAGNETIC DUALITY; ABELIAN GAUGE-THEORIES; ANTISYMMETRIC TENSOR; MODEL; VACUA; FERMIONS; SPACE; TOOLS; QCD AB Dynamical supersymmetry breaking is a fascinating theoretical problem that is also of phenomenological significance. A better understanding of this phenomenon can help in model building, which in turn is useful in guiding the search for supersymmetry. This article reviews recent developments in the field, discussing a few examples to illustrate the main ideas. In the process, we show how the techniques of holomorphy and duality come into play and how they have helped in the study of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. The review is intended for readers with a prior knowledge of supersymmetry who want to find out about the recent progress in this field. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM epoppitz@ucsd.edu; trivedi@fnal.gov NR 71 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-8998 J9 ANNU REV NUCL PART S JI Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. PY 1998 VL 48 BP 307 EP 350 DI 10.1146/annurev.nucl.48.1.307 PG 44 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 147DY UT WOS:000077474100008 ER PT J AU Callender, RH Dyer, RB Gilmanshin, R Woodruff, WH AF Callender, RH Dyer, RB Gilmanshin, R Woodruff, WH TI Fast events in protein folding: The time evolution of primary processes SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE temperature jump; early folding intermediates; kinetics; denaturation; infrared spectroscopy ID HELIX-COIL TRANSITION; MOLTEN GLOBULE INTERMEDIATE; LASER TEMPERATURE-JUMP; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; RAMAN DIFFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY; RESOLVED CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; CYTOCHROME-C; ALPHA-HELIX; RELAXATION DYNAMICS; SECONDARY STRUCTURE AB Most experimental studies on the dynamics of protein folding have been confined to timescales of 1 ms and longer. Yet it is obvious that many phenomena that are obligatory elements of the folding process occur on much faster timescales. For example, it is also now clear that the formation of secondary and tertiary structures can occur on nanosecond and microsecond times, respectively. Although fast events are essential to, and sometimes dominate, the overall folding process, with a few exceptions their experimental study has become possible only recently with the development of appropriate techniques. This review discusses new approaches that are capable of initiating and monitoring the fast events in protein folding with temporal resolution down to picoseconds. The first important results from those techniques, which have been obtained for the folding of some globular proteins and polypeptide models, are also discussed. C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Callender, RH (reprint author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM35183, GM45807, GM53640] NR 131 TC 158 Z9 161 U1 4 U2 25 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-426X J9 ANNU REV PHYS CHEM JI Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. PY 1998 VL 49 BP 173 EP 202 DI 10.1146/annurev.physchem.49.1.173 PG 30 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 130VP UT WOS:000076541300007 PM 9933907 ER PT J AU Xie, XS Trautman, JK AF Xie, XS Trautman, JK TI Optical studies of single molecules at room temperature SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE single-molecule detection; single-molecule spectroscopy; single-molecule dynamics; fluorescence microscopy ID SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN; FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY; HOLE-BURNING SPECTROSCOPY; RESONANCE ENERGY-TRANSFER; NEAR-FIELD; INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES; B-PHYCOERYTHRIN; QUANTUM JUMPS; MICROSCOPY AB Recent developments in optical studies of single molecules at room temperature are reviewed, with an emphasis on the underlying principles and the potential of single-molecule experiments. Examples of single-molecule studies are given, including photophysics and photochemistry pertinent to single-molecule measurements, spectral fluctuations, Raman spectroscopy, diffusional motions, conformational dynamics, fluorescence resonant energy transfer, exciton dynamics, and enzymatic turnovers. These studies illustrate the information obtainable with the single-molecule approach that is hidden in ensemble-averaged measurements. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. SEQ Ltd, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA. RP Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, POB 999,K8-88, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM xsxie@pnl.gov; jtrautman@seqltd.com NR 94 TC 553 Z9 561 U1 17 U2 117 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-426X J9 ANNU REV PHYS CHEM JI Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. PY 1998 VL 49 BP 441 EP 480 DI 10.1146/annurev.physchem.49.1.441 PG 40 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 130VP UT WOS:000076541300015 PM 15012434 ER PT J AU Shanklin, J Cahoon, EB AF Shanklin, J Cahoon, EB TI Desaturation and related modifications of fatty acids SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE unsaturated fatty acid; protein engineering; binuclear iron; nonheme; oxygenase ID CARRIER-PROTEIN DESATURASE; ACYL-LIPID DESATURASES; STEARYL-COA DESATURASE; MULTICOMPONENT PHENOL HYDROXYLASE; METHYLOSINUS-TRICHOSPORIUM OB3B; PSEUDOMONAS SP STRAIN-CF600; CARTHAMUS-TINCTORIUS L; RICINUS-COMMUNIS L; METHANE MONOOXYGENASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Desaturation of a fatty acid first involves the enzymatic removal of a hydrogen from a methylene group in an acyl chain, a highly energy-demanding step that requires an activated oxygen intermediate. Two types of desaturases have been identified, one soluble and the other membrane-bound, that have different consensus motifs. Database searching for these motifs reveals that these enzymes belong to two distinct multifunctional classes, each of which includes desaturases, hydroxylases, and epoxidases that act on fatty acids or other substrates. The soluble class has a consensus motif consisting of carboxylates and histidines that coordinate an active site diiron cluster. The integral membrane class contains a different consensus motif composed of histidines. Biochemical and structural similarities between the integral membrane enzymes suggest that this class also uses a diiron cluster for catalysis. Soluble and membrane enzymes have been successfully re-engineered for substrate specificity and reaction outcome. It is anticipated that rational design of these enzymes will result in new and desired activities that may form the basis for improved oil crops. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Shanklin, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM shanklin@bnl.gov NR 155 TC 518 Z9 546 U1 12 U2 59 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1040-2519 J9 ANNU REV PLANT PHYS JI Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. PY 1998 VL 49 BP 611 EP 641 DI 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.611 PG 31 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA ZV082 UT WOS:000074266700025 ER PT J AU Golovanova, L Hoffecker, DF Nesmeyanov, S Levkovskaya, G Kharitonov, V Romanova, G Svejenceve, I AF Golovanova, L Hoffecker, DF Nesmeyanov, S Levkovskaya, G Kharitonov, V Romanova, G Svejenceve, I TI An East-European Micoquian site in North Caucasus. Preliminary results of the study of Mezmaiskaya cave. Excavations 1987-1993. SO ANTHROPOLOGIE LA French DT Article AB The multilevel Paleolithic site in the Mezmayaskaya cave was discovered in 1987. The cave is located on the right bank of the Sukhoi Kurdjips River (the Belaya River valley) at the height of 1310 m above the sea level. A series of C14 dates have been obtained for the Mousterian layers: layer 3 > 45 000 BP (LE-3841), layer 2B -40 660 +/- 1600 BP (LE-3599), layer 2A - 36 280 +/- 540 BP (Beta-53897/ETH-9817) and 35 760 +/- 400 BP (Beta-53896/CAMS-2999), layer 2 - 32 230 +/- 740 BP (LE-4735). The earliest Mousterian layer 3 yielded an assemblage belonging to the group of the so called East-european Micoquian industries. Toward WII-III (layer 2A,2) it turns gradually into a peculiar variant of the Typical Mousterian. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Hist Culture Mat, St Petersburg 191186, Russia. Argonne Natl Lab, Environm Assessment Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Inst Res Domaine Etud Construct Genie, Moscow 105058, Russia. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Museum Anthropol, Moscow 103009, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Archaeol, Moscow 117036, Russia. RP Golovanova, L (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Hist Culture Mat, 18 Quai Dvortsovaya, St Petersburg 191186, Russia. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSON EDITEUR PI PARIS 06 PA 120 BLVD SAINT-GERMAIN, 75280 PARIS 06, FRANCE SN 0003-5521 J9 ANTHROPOLOGIE JI Anthropologie PY 1998 VL 102 IS 1 BP 45 EP 66 PG 22 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA ZD689 UT WOS:000072713000004 ER PT B AU Tolbert, LM Peng, FZ AF Tolbert, LM Peng, FZ GP IEEE TI Multilevel converters for large electric drives SO APEC '98 - THIRTEENTH ANNUAL APPLIED POWER ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 98) CY FEB 15-19, 1998 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE Power Electr Soc, IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, Power Sources Manufacturers Assoc AB Traditional 2-level high-frequency pulse width modulation (PWM)) inverters for motor drives have several problems associated with. their high frequency switching which produces common-mode voltage and high voltage change (dV/dt) rates to the motor windings, Multilevel inverters salve these problems because their devices can switch at a much lower frequency. Two different multilevel topologies are identified far use as a converter for electric drives, a cascade inverter with separate de sources and a back-to-back diode clamped converter, The cascade inverter is a natural fit for large automotive all-electric drives because of the high VA ratings possible and because it uses several levels of de voltage sources which would be available from batteries or fuel cells, The hack-to-back diode clamped converter is ideal where a source of ac voltage is available such as a hybrid electric vehicle, Simulation and experimental results show the superiority of these two converters over PWM based drives. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Engn Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tolbert, LM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Engn Technol Div, POB 2009,Bldg 9102-1, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4341-7 J9 APPL POWER ELECT CO PY 1998 BP 530 EP 536 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BK54A UT WOS:000072505600077 ER PT S AU Stroud, PD AF Stroud, PD BE Rogers, SK Fogel, DB Bezdek, JC Bosacchi, B TI Evolution of cooperative behavior in simulation agents SO APPLICATIONS AND SCIENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE International Conference on Applications and Science of Computational Intelligence CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE, Int Soc Opt Engn AB A simulated automobile factory paint shop is used as a testbed for exploring the emulation of human decisionmaking behavior. A discrete-events simulation of the paint shop as a collection of interacting Java actors is described. An evolutionary cognitive architecture is under development for building software actors to emulate humans in simulations of human-dominated complex systems. In this paper, the cognitive architecture is extended by implementing a persistent population of trial behaviors with an incremental fitness valuation update strategy, and by allowing a group of cognitive actors to share information. A proof-of-principle demonstration is presented. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stroud, PD (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS-F607, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2839-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3390 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1117/12.304811 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BK80N UT WOS:000073452600026 ER PT B AU Perry, MD Stuart, BC Pennington, D Tietbohl, G Britten, J Brown, C Herman, S Miller, J Powell, HT Shore, BW Yanovsky, V AF Perry, MD Stuart, BC Pennington, D Tietbohl, G Britten, J Brown, C Herman, S Miller, J Powell, HT Shore, BW Yanovsky, V BE DiMauro, L Murnane, M LHuillier, A TI The production of petawatt laser pulses SO APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FIELD AND SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Optical-Society-of-America Conference on Applications of High Fields and Short Wavelength Sources CY MAR 20-22, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP OSA C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Perry, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-439, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Yanovsky, Victor/B-5899-2008 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45909-4 PY 1998 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL66Y UT WOS:000076265900001 ER PT B AU Johnson, ED AF Johnson, ED BE DiMauro, L Murnane, M LHuillier, A TI Accelerator based source development: Higher, wider and shorter SO APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FIELD AND SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Optical-Society-of-America Conference on Applications of High Fields and Short Wavelength Sources CY MAR 20-22, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP OSA AB A host of new sources are currently being pursued throughout the world which push the performance boundaries higher, wider and shorter than thought possible only a few years ago for accelerator based technologies. Various free electron laser configurations open the window to high power, sub-picosecond synchrotron radiation sources over a wide range of wavelengths. Storage ring sources still have some room for improvement within reason, and intense pulsed x-ray sources by Thomson scattering are now being experimentally investigated. This paper outlines the scope of these developments as they relate to the production, and possible utilization, of novel sources of radiation based on accelerator technology. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Johnson, ED (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45909-4 PY 1998 BP 85 EP 92 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL66Y UT WOS:000076265900013 ER PT B AU Ditmire, T Tisch, JWG Springate, E Mason, MB Hay, N Marangos, JP Hutchinson, MHR AF Ditmire, T Tisch, JWG Springate, E Mason, MB Hay, N Marangos, JP Hutchinson, MHR BE DiMauro, L Murnane, M LHuillier, A TI Explosion of atomic clusters heated by high intensity, femtosecond laser pulses SO APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FIELD AND SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Optical-Society-of-America Conference on Applications of High Fields and Short Wavelength Sources CY MAR 20-22, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP OSA C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England. RP Ditmire, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, L-440, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45909-4 PY 1998 BP 123 EP 130 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL66Y UT WOS:000076265900019 ER PT B AU Hartemann, FV Landahl, EC Van Meter, JR Troha, AL Kerman, AK Luhmann, NC AF Hartemann, FV Landahl, EC Van Meter, JR Troha, AL Kerman, AK Luhmann, NC BE DiMauro, L Murnane, M LHuillier, A TI Classical theory of nonlinear Compton scattering and three-dimensional ponderomotive scattering SO APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FIELD AND SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Optical-Society-of-America Conference on Applications of High Fields and Short Wavelength Sources CY MAR 20-22, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP OSA C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Hartemann, FV (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Laser Sci & Applicat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45909-4 PY 1998 BP 213 EP 222 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL66Y UT WOS:000076265900034 ER PT B AU Sheehy, B Walker, B Lafon, R Widmer, M DiMauro, LF Agostini, P Kulanderm, KC AF Sheehy, B Walker, B Lafon, R Widmer, M DiMauro, LF Agostini, P Kulanderm, KC BE DiMauro, L Murnane, M LHuillier, A TI Electron dynamics in the strong field limit of photoionization SO APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FIELD AND SHORT WAVELENGTH SOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Optical-Society-of-America Conference on Applications of High Fields and Short Wavelength Sources CY MAR 20-22, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM SP OSA AB High precision photoelectron energy and angular distributions in helium and neon atoms for a broad intensity range reflect the change in the continuum dynamics that occurs as the ionization process evolves into the pure tunneling regime. Elastic rescattering of the laser-driven free electron from its parent ion core leaves a distinct signature on the spectra, providing a direct quantitative test of the various theories of strong held multiphoton ionization. We show that it takes a relatively complete semi-classical rescattering model to accurately reproduce the observed photoelectron distributions. However, the calculated inelastic rescattering rate fails to reproduce the measured nonsequential double ionization yields. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Sheehy, B (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45909-4 PY 1998 BP 229 EP 236 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL66Y UT WOS:000076265900036 ER PT S AU Meriaudeau, F Downey, TD Passian, A Oden, PI Wig, AG Crilly, PB Mangeant, S Ferrell, TL AF Meriaudeau, F Downey, TD Passian, A Oden, PI Wig, AG Crilly, PB Mangeant, S Ferrell, TL BE Lampropoulos, GA Lessard, RA TI Thin metal island plasmon sensor SO APPLICATIONS OF PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGY 3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology (ICAPT 98) CY JUL 27-30, 1998 CL OTTAWA, CANADA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SILVER SPHEROIDS; PARTICLES AB The effects of the local dielectric environment on the surface-plasmon resonances of annealed gold-island films are studied experimentally and modeled theoretically. Gold-island films were annealed at 600 degrees C to produce spheroidal shape particles which exhibit well-resolved resonances in polarized, angle-resolved, absorption spectra. These resonances are shifted in different amounts by the depolarization effect of the surrounding medium (liquids with various refraction indices). Cross-section calculations based upon nonretarded, single-particle, dielectric interaction for these various configurations are presented and found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Photometr Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Meriaudeau, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Photometr Grp, Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2950-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3491 BP 328 EP 333 DI 10.1117/12.328749 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BM33Q UT WOS:000078414100059 ER PT S AU Meriaudeau, F Downey, TD Passian, A Wig, AG Mangeant, S Crilly, PB Ferrell, TL AF Meriaudeau, F Downey, TD Passian, A Wig, AG Mangeant, S Crilly, PB Ferrell, TL BE Lampropoulos, GA Lessard, RA TI Development of a fiber optic sensor based on gold island plasmon resonance SO APPLICATIONS OF PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGY 3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology (ICAPT 98) CY JUL 27-30, 1998 CL OTTAWA, CANADA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn ID SURFACE; FILMS; SPHEROIDS; SUBSTRATE AB We present an optical fiber chemical sensor based on gold-island surface plasmon excitation. The sensing part of the fiber is a one inch portion on which cladding has been removed and onto which a thin layer of gold (40 Angstrom) has been deposited to form a particulate surface. Annealing the gold reshapes the particles and produces an absorbance near 535 nm when the only medium residing outside the surface is air. A range of wavelengths provided by a white light source and monochromator is launched through the optical fiber. The transmitted spectra display shifts in the resonance absorption due to any changes in the medium surrounding, or adsorbed onto the fiber. Experimental results for the sensitivity and dynamic range in the measurement of liquid solutions are in agreement with a basic theoretical model which characterizes the surface plasmon using nonretarded electrodynamics. Furthermore, the model assumes the particles are isolated oblate spheroids with a distribution of eccentricities. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Photometr Grp, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Meriaudeau, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Photometr Grp, Div Life Sci, Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2950-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3491 BP 1179 EP 1184 DI 10.1117/12.328704 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BM33Q UT WOS:000078414100208 ER PT S AU Martin, MC McKinney, WR AF Martin, MC McKinney, WR BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI The first synchrotron infrared beamlines at the advanced light source: Microspectroscopy and fast timing SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB A set of new infrared (1R) beamlines on the 1.4 bending magnet port at the Advanced Light Source, LBNL, are described. Using a synchrotron as an IR source provides considerable brightness advantages, which manifests itself most beneficially when performing spectroscopy on a microscopic length scale. Beamline (BL) 1.4.3 is a dedicated microspectroscopy beamline, where the much smaller focused spot size using the synchrotron source is utilized. This enables an entirely new set of experiments to be performed where spectroscopy on a truly microscopic scale is now possible. BL 1.4.2 consists of a vacuum FTIR bench with a wide spectral range and step-scan capabilities. The fast timing is demonstrated by observing the synchrotron electron storage pattern at the ALS. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Martin, MC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source Div, MS 7-222,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 11 EP 11 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800002 ER PT S AU Holman, HYN Perry, DL Martin, MC McKinney, WR AF Holman, HYN Perry, DL Martin, MC McKinney, WR BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Applications of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to the study of inorganic-organic interactions at the bacterial-mineral interface SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Synchrotron microspectroscopy has been used to study the inorganic-organic interactions in the mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm(-1)) as Arthrobacter oxydans attach themselves to magnetite surfaces. Relative band intensities and band intensity ratios for functional groups of organically-derived biological molecules that are inherent to the experimental system are discussed. The molecular components as they are perturbed by interactions with water, dichromate and chromate metal ions on the mineral surfaces are investigated. Mapping of the spectral markers for the inorganic-organic interactions at the biological-mineral interfaces is presented and discussed. Comparative analyses of the synchrotron infrared microspectra suggest that the bacterial-chromium interactions depend on the solubility and toxicity of the chromium compounds. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Holman, HYN (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI McKinney, Wayne/0000-0003-2586-3139 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 17 EP 23 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800003 ER PT S AU Stammler, T Anders, S Padmore, HA Stohr, J Scheinfein, M Ade, H AF Stammler, T Anders, S Padmore, HA Stohr, J Scheinfein, M Ade, H BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI High-resolution x-ray photoemission electron microscopy at the advanced light source SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (X-PEEM) is a full-field imaging technique where the sample is illuminated by an x-ray beam and the photoemitted electrons are imaged on a screen by means of an electron optics. It therefore combines two well-established materials analysis techniques - photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and x-ray spectroscopy such as near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. This combination opens a wide field of new applications in materials research and has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate simultaneously topological, elemental, chemical state, and magnetic properties of surfaces, thin films, and multilayers at high spatial resolution. A new X-PEEM installed at the bend magnet beamline 7.3.1.1 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) is designed for a spatial resolution of 20 nm and is currently under commissioning. An overview of the ongoing experimental program using X-PEEM in the field of materials research at the ALS is given by elemental and chemical bonding contrast imaging of hard disk coatings and sliders, field emission studies on diamond films as possible candidates for field-emission flat-panel displays, and the study of dewetting and decomposition phenomena of thin polymer blends and bilayers. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stammler, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Raoux, Simone/G-3920-2016 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800004 ER PT S AU Chung, JS Ice, GE AF Chung, JS Ice, GE BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Automated indexing of Laue images from polycrystalline materials SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Third generation hard x-ray synchrotron sources and new x-ray optics have revolutionized x-ray microbeams. Now intense sub-micron x-ray beams are routinely available for x-ray diffraction measurement. An important application of sub-micron xray beams is analyzing polycrystalline material by measuring the diffraction of individual grains. For these measurements, conventional analysis methods will not work. The most suitable method for microdiffraction on polycrystalline samples is taking broad-bandpass or white-beam Laue images. With this method, the crystal orientation and non-isostatic strain can be measured rapidly without rotation of sample or detector. The essential step is indexing the reflections from more than one grain. An algorithm has recently been developed to index broad bandpass Laue images from multi-grain samples. For a single grain, a unique set of indices is found by comparing measured angles between Laue reflections and angles between possible indices derived from the x-ray energy bandpass and the scattering angle 2 theta. This method has been extended to multigrain diffraction by successively indexing points not recognized in preceding indexing iterations. This automated indexing method can be used in a wide range of applications. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Chung, JS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800008 ER PT S AU MacDowell, AA Chang, CH Padmore, HA Patel, JR Thompson, AC AF MacDowell, AA Chang, CH Padmore, HA Patel, JR Thompson, AC BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Grain orientation mapping of passivated aluminum interconnect lines with x-ray micro-diffraction SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB A micro x-ray diffraction facility is under development at the Advanced Light Source. Spot sizes are typically about 1-mu m size generated by means of grazing incidence Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing mirrors. Photon energy is either white of energy range 6-14 keV or monochromatic generated from a pair of channel cut crystals. A Laue diffraction pattern from a single grain in a passivated 2-mu m wide bamboo structured Aluminum interconnect line has been recorded. Acquisition times are of the order of a few seconds. The Laue pattern has allowed the determination of the crystallographic orientation of individual grains along the line length. The experimental and analysis procedures used are described, as is a grain orientation result. The future direction of this program is discussed in the context of strain measurements in the area of electromigration. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP MacDowell, AA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 55 EP 58 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800009 ER PT S AU Chang, CH Beck, U Metzger, TH Patel, JR AF Chang, CH Beck, U Metzger, TH Patel, JR BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI X-ray diffuse scattering investigation of defects in ion implanted and annealed silicon SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB To characterize the point defects and point defect clusters introduced by ion implantation and annealing, we have used grazing incidence x-rays to measure the diffuse scattering in the tails of Bragg peaks (Huang Scattering). An analysis of the diffuse scattered intensity will allow us to characterize the nature of point defects or defect clusters introduced by ion implantation. We have also observed unexpected satellite peaks in the diffuse scattered tails. Possible causes for the occurrence of the peaks will be discussed. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, SSRL, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Chang, CH (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, SSRL, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 95 EP 99 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800016 ER PT S AU Margulies, L Kramer, MJ Williams, JJ Deters, EM McCallum, RW Haeffner, DR Lang, JC Kycia, S Goldman, AI AF Margulies, L Kramer, MJ Williams, JJ Deters, EM McCallum, RW Haeffner, DR Lang, JC Kycia, S Goldman, AI BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI High temperature X-ray diffraction in transmission under controlled environment SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB A compact tube furnace has been developed for high temperature X-ray diffraction studies using high energy synchrotron radiation. The furnace design has a low absorption path in transmission yet allows for a high degree of control of the sample atmosphere and a minimal temperature gradient across the sample. The design allows for a maximum temperature of 1500 degrees C with a variety of atmospheres including inert, reducing, and oxidizing. Preliminary results obtained at the SRI-CAT 1-ID undulator line (60keV) at the APS facility and the A2 24 pole wiggler Line (45keV) at CHESS on the Ti(5)Si(3)Z(.5) (Z = C, N, O) system will be presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Margulies, L (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 139 EP 144 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800023 ER PT S AU Barbee, TW AF Barbee, TW BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Interfacial effects in multilayers SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Interfacial structure and the atomic interactions between atoms at interfaces in multilayers or nano-laminates have significant impact on the physical properties of these materials. A technique for the experimental evaluation of interfacial structure and interfacial structure effects is presented and compared to experiment. In this paper the impact of interfacial structure on the performance of x-ray, soft x-ray and extreme ultra-violet multilayer optic structures is emphasized. The paper is concluded with summary of these results and an assessment of their implications relative to multilayer development and the study of buried interfaces in solids in general. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Barbee, TW (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 145 EP 151 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800024 ER PT S AU Chung, JS Isa, S Sparks, CJ Ice, GE McHugo, S Thompson, A AF Chung, JS Isa, S Sparks, CJ Ice, GE McHugo, S Thompson, A BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Comparison of a mosaic-crystal spectrometer to a high-performance solid-state detector for x-ray microfluorescence analysis SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB The minimum-detectable-limit of a compact double-focusing graphite mosaic-crystal spectrometer is compared to the minimum-detectable limit from a high-performance Ge solid-state detector. The solid angle and efficiency of the solid-state detector is much greater than for the crystal spectrometer. However, the better signal-to-noise of the spectrometer and its insensitivity to matrix fluorescence and scattering can give it a better minimum-detectable-limit for trace element analysis. The relative advantages of the two detectors are illustrated for some simple test samples. The performance of the crystal spectrometer compared to the solid-state detector increases as the flux in the x-ray probe increases. This makes crystal spectrometers especially interesting for use with new high intensity 3rd generation synchrotron microprobes. An estimate is made of the source and sample conditions favored for each detector. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Chung, JS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 153 EP 159 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800025 ER PT S AU Tobin, JG Bedrossian, PJ Cummins, TR Waddill, GD Mishra, S Larson, P Negri, R Miller, M Peterson, E Boyde, P Gunion, R AF Tobin, JG Bedrossian, PJ Cummins, TR Waddill, GD Mishra, S Larson, P Negri, R Miller, M Peterson, E Boyde, P Gunion, R BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Preliminary results from a new spin spectrometer SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB The first preliminary results from a novel spectrometer for elementally-specific measurements of magnetic surfaces and ultrathin films are presented here. The key measurements are based upon spin-resolving and photon-dichroic photoelectron spectroscopy. True spin-resolution is achieved by the use of a Mini-Mott detection scheme. The photon-dichroic measurements include the variant magnetic x-ray linear dichroism (MXLD). Both a multi-channel, energy dispersive collection scheme as well as the spin-detecting Mini-Mott apparatus are used in data collection. The "Spin Spectrometer" is based at the Spectromicroscopy Facility (Beamline 7) at the Advanced Light Source. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Tobin, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 185 EP 190 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800029 ER PT S AU Naghedolfeizi, M Chung, JS Ice, GE Yun, WB Cai, Z Lai, B AF Naghedolfeizi, M Chung, JS Ice, GE Yun, WB Cai, Z Lai, B BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI X-ray fluorescence microtomography on a SiC nuclear fuel shell SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB TRISO fuel particles contain a small kernel of nuclear fuel encapsulated by alternating layers of C and a barrier layer of SIG. The TRISO fuel particle is used in an advanced nuclear fuel where the SiC shell provides the primary barrier for radioactive elements in the kernel. The performance of this barrier is key to containment. We have used x-ray fluorescence microtomography to measure the trace element distribution in a SiC shell. Prior to our measurements the nuclear fuel and C layers were leached from the particle. The shell was then encapsulated by kapton tape to simplify handling. The shell was mounted on a glass fiber and measurements were made with an similar to 1x3 mu m(2) x-ray probe on beamline 2-ID at the APS. The distribution of trace elements in the SIC shell was reconstructed after correcting the data for artifacts arising from absorption and scattering off the kapton tape. The observed trace elements are distributed in small <1 mu m regions through the SIC shell. The trace elements can be attributed to radiation enhanced diffusion of elements in the kernel or to trace elements introduced during fabrication. X-ray fluorescence microtomography is an ideal tool for this work because it is a penetrating nondestructive probe sensitive to trace elements in a low Z matrix and because it provides a picture of the elemental distribution in the shell. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Naghedolfeizi, M (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 233 EP 240 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800036 ER PT S AU Perry, DL McHugo, S Thompson, AC Farmer, JC Ebbinghaus, BB Van Konynenburg, R Brummond, WA Armentrout, G Gould, TH Yang, N AF Perry, DL McHugo, S Thompson, AC Farmer, JC Ebbinghaus, BB Van Konynenburg, R Brummond, WA Armentrout, G Gould, TH Yang, N BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Application of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy to the study of multi-metal oxide ceramics SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy has been used to study multi-metal oxide ceramics that have been designed to sequester radioactive actinide elements for long-term storage and disposal. X-ray fluorescent lines for the various elements have been used for lateral elemental mapping of the materials, and the heterogeneity of the samples is discussed with respect to the elements in the crystallographic phases that have previously been documented by other means of structural and chemical analyses. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Perry, DL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 241 EP 244 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800037 ER PT S AU Brennan, S Pianetta, P Ghosh, S Takaura, N Wiemer, C Fischer-Colbrie, A Laderman, S Shimazaki, A Waldhauer, A Zaitz, MA AF Brennan, S Pianetta, P Ghosh, S Takaura, N Wiemer, C Fischer-Colbrie, A Laderman, S Shimazaki, A Waldhauer, A Zaitz, MA BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Update on synchrotron radiation TXRF: New results SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Synchrobron-based total-reflection x-ray fluorescence(SR-TXRF) has been developed as a leading technique for measuring wafer cleanliness. It holds advantages over other techniques in that it is non-destructive and allows mapping of the surface. The highest sensitivity observed thus far is 3x10(8) atoms/cm(2) (approximate to 3fg) for 1000 second count time. Several applications of SR-TXRF are presented which take advantage of the energy tunability of the synchrotron source or the mapping capability. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Brennan, S (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 245 EP 249 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800038 ER PT S AU Price, DL Saboungi, ML Armand, P Cox, DE AF Price, DL Saboungi, ML Armand, P Cox, DE BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Anomalous X-ray scattering studies of short-, intermediate- and extended-range order in glasses SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB We present the formalism of anomalous x-ray scattering as applied to partial structure analysis of disordered materials, and give an example of how the technique has been applied, together with that of neutron diffraction, to investigate short-, intermediate- and extended-range order in vitreous germania and rubidium germanate. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Price, DL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 261 EP 272 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800040 ER PT S AU Bello, AF Van Buuren, T Klepeis, JE Barbee, TW AF Bello, AF Van Buuren, T Klepeis, JE Barbee, TW BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Electronic effects at interfaces in Cu (Cr, Mo, W, Ta, Re) multilayers SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Interfacial electronic effects between Cu and the transition metals Cr, Mo, W, Ta, Re, are investigated by determining the strength of the white line absorption resonances on the L-3,(2) edges of Cu in Cu-5/TM5 multilayers. X-ray absorption (XAS) was performed to study the white lines, which are directly related to the unoccupied states of Cu in the multilayers. The metallic multilayers are 2 nm in period and 200 nm in total thickness. Each period contains 5 monolayers of Cu and 5 monolayers of the transition metal: approximate to 40% of the atoms are at interfaces. These material pairs form ideal structures for the investigation of interfacial electronic effects as they form no compounds and exhibit terminal solid solubility. Only weak white lines are observed on the L-3,(2) edges of Cu since all the d-orbitals are filled. In the Cu/TM multilayers, however, we observed enhancement of the Cu white lines. We attribute this to the charge transfer from the "interfacial Cu atoms" d-orbital to the transition metal layers. Analysis of the white line enhancement enables calculation of the charge transfer calculation from the Cu to the transition metal. Cu shows a charge transfer of about 0.03 electrons/interfacial Cu atom in Cu/Cr, 0.064 in Cu/Mo, 0.35 in Cu/Ta, 0.17 in Cu/W, and 0.23 in Cu/Re. This charge transfer is consistent with the enhanced absorption energy of Cu on these materials as observed in thermal desorption experiments. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bello, AF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 279 EP 284 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800042 ER PT S AU Bello, AF Van Buuren, T Klepeis, JE Barbee, TW AF Bello, AF Van Buuren, T Klepeis, JE Barbee, TW BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Interfacial electronic charge transfer and density of states in short period Cu/Cr multilayers SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB Nanometer period metallic multilayers are ideal structures to investigate electronic phenomena at interfaces between metal films since interfacial atoms comprise a large atomic fraction of the samples. The multilayers studied were fabricated by magnetron sputtering and consist of bilayers from 1.9 nm to 3.3 nm. X-ray diffraction, cross-section TEM and plan-view TEM show the Cu layers to have a BCC structure Cu in contrast to its equilibrium FCC structure. The electronic structure of the Cu and the Cr layers in several samples of thin Cu/Cr multilayers were studied using x-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS). Total electron yield was measured and used to study the white lines at the Cu L-2 and L-3 absorption edges. The white lines at the Cu absorption edges are strongly related to the unoccupied d-orbitals and are used to calculate the amount of charge transfer between the Cr and Cu atoms in interfaces. Analysis of the Cu white lines show a charge transfer of 0.026 electrons/interfacial Cu atom to the interfacial Cr atoms. In the Cu XAS spectra we also observe a van Hove singularity between the L-2 and L-3 absorption edges as expected from the structural analysis. The absorption spectra are compared to partial density of states obtained from a full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital calculation. The calculations confirm the presence of charge transfer and indicate that it is localized to the first two interfacial layers in both Cu and Cr. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bello, AF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 285 EP 290 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800043 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA Thompson, AC Lamble, G MacDowell, A Celestre, R Padmore, H Imaizumi, M Yamaguchi, M Perichaud, I Martinuzzi, S Werner, M Rinio, M Moller, HJ Sopori, B Hieslmair, H Flink, C Istratov, A Weber, ER AF McHugo, SA Thompson, AC Lamble, G MacDowell, A Celestre, R Padmore, H Imaizumi, M Yamaguchi, M Perichaud, I Martinuzzi, S Werner, M Rinio, M Moller, HJ Sopori, B Hieslmair, H Flink, C Istratov, A Weber, ER BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI Direct correlation of solar cell performance with metal impurity distributions in polycrystalline silicon using synchrotron-based x-ray analysis SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB The work presented here directly measures metal impurity distributions and their chemical state in as-grown and fully processed polycrystalline silicon used for terrestrial-based solar cells. The goal was to determine if a correlation exists between poorly performing regions of solar cells and metal impurity distributions as well as to ascertain the chemical slate of the impurities. Synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence mapping and x-ray absorption spectroscopy, both with a spatial resolution of 1 mu m, were used to measure impurity distributions and chemical state, respectively, in poorly performing regions of polycrystalline silicon. The Light Beam Induced Current method was used to measure minority carrier recombination in the material in order to identify poor performance regions. We have detected iron, chromium, nickel, gold and copper impurity precipitates and we have recognized a direct correlation between impurity distributions and poor performing regions in both as-grown and fully processed material. Furthermore. from x-ray absorption studies, we have initial results, indicating that the Fe in this material is in oxide form, not FeSi2. These results provide a fundamental understanding into the efficiency-limiting factors of polycrystalline silicon solar cells as well as yielding insight for methods of solar cell improvement. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 297 EP 302 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800045 ER PT S AU Balasubramanian, M Melendres, CA Mansour, AN Mini, S AF Balasubramanian, M Melendres, CA Mansour, AN Mini, S BE Mini, SM Stock, SR Perry, DL Terminello, LJ TI X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of electrochemically deposited thin oxide films SO APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TECHNIQUES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science IV CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Phys Electr, Blake Ind, Luxel Corp, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source AB We have utilized "in situ" X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy to investigate the structure and composition of thin oxide films of nickel and iron that have been prepared by electrodeposition on a graphite substrate from aqueous solutions. The films are generally disordered. Structural information has been obtained from the analysis of the data. We also present initial findings on the local structure of heavy metal ions, e.g. Sr and Ce, incorporated into the electrodeposited nickel oxide films. Our results are of importance in a number of technological applications, among them, batteries, fuel cells, electrochromic and ferroelectric materials, corrosion protection, as well as environmental speciation and remediation. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Balasubramanian, M (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-430-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 524 BP 339 EP 345 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL56G UT WOS:000075892800052 ER PT S AU Kim, BM Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM Gold, DM Darrow, CB Marion, JE Da Silva, LB AF Kim, BM Feit, MD Rubenchik, AM Gold, DM Darrow, CB Marion, JE Da Silva, LB BE Neev, J TI Plasma luminescence feedback control system, for precise ultrashort pulse laser tissue ablation SO APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASHORT-PULSE LASERS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers in Medicine and Biology CY JAN 29-30, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Int Biomed Opt Soc, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE ultrashort pulse laser; plasma; luminescence spectroscopy; feedback control AB Plasma luminescence spectroscopy was used for precise ablation of bone tissue without damaging nearby soft tissue using an ultrashort pulse laser (USPL). Strong contrast of the luminescence spectra between bone marrow and spinal cord provided the real time feedback control so bone tissue is selectively ablated while preserving the spinal cord. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Kim, BM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2694-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3255 BP 92 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.308212 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL09E UT WOS:000074239000011 ER PT B AU Majewski, J Lahav, M Leiserowitz, L Kjaer, K Als-Nielsen, J AF Majewski, J Lahav, M Leiserowitz, L Kjaer, K Als-Nielsen, J BE Morawiec, H Stroz, D TI Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies of two-dimensional packing properties of amphiphilic alcohols at air-water interface SO APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XVII Conference on Applied Crystallography CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1997 CL WISLA, POLAND SP Int Union Crystallog AB A systematic analysis of grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction data of uncompressed amphiphilic alcohols CnH2n+1OH (n=13-31) on water subphase at 5 degrees C is presented. For n=31-18 the molecules are arranged in a rectangular cell with plane symmetry p1g1. For n<18 a tilted free-rotator phase is adopted. The various structural parameters of the monolayer series, such as degree of crystallinity, inplane coherence length, chain orientation and molecular motion were established. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MLNSC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Majewski, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MLNSC, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3283-7 PY 1998 BP 43 EP 48 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA BM03X UT WOS:000077459400007 ER PT J AU Brooks, SC Herman, JS AF Brooks, SC Herman, JS TI Rate and extent of cobalt sorption to representative aquifer minerals in the presence of a moderately strong organic ligand SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HYDROUS OXIDES; ALKALINE-EARTH; COATED SAND; ADSORPTION; COMPLEXATION; TRANSPORT; KINETICS; SURFACE; GOETHITE; SOILS AB There is an increasing awareness that rate-limited sorption reactions can play an important role in the transport of solutes in groundwater. The rate and extent of reactions between aqueous metals and mineral surfaces are affected by many factors, including the temperature, the presence of organic chelating agents, and adsorbent mineralogy. Cobalt sorption was investigated in terms of temperature, citrate concentration, and silica sand surface coating. The kinetic sorption data were described well by two simultaneous second-order reactions. The results suggested that decreasing temperature or the presence of citrate resulted in a slower approach to equilibrium for Co sorption to the uncoated silica sand that contained small amounts of secondary minerals. Using the same sand coated with an amorphous Fe(III) oxide, increasing temperature or the presence of citrate resulted in a faster approach to equilibrium for Co sorption. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were described well by a generalized two-layer surface complexation model. Citrate decreased the extent of Co sorption to the uncoated silica; the effect was most pronounced at low temperature. Conversely, citrate increased the extent of Co sorption to the Fe-coated silica. These results suggest that citrate decreased the rate and extent of adsorption to the uncoated silica through the formation of a stable anionic aqueous complex that has a lower affinity for the surface than Co2+. Conversely, the higher anion sorption capacity of the Fe-coated silica increased the rate and extent of Co sorption with citrate present, presumably through the formation of an organo-metallic ternary surface complex. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Program Interdisciplinary Res Contaminant Hydroge, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Brooks, SC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008,MS 6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Brooks, Scott/B-9439-2012 OI Brooks, Scott/0000-0002-8437-9788 NR 76 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00059-0 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZF248 UT WOS:000072878500010 ER PT J AU Hara, H Tang, J Kawamori, A Itoh, S Iwaki, M AF Hara, H Tang, J Kawamori, A Itoh, S Iwaki, M TI Anomalous pulse-angle and phase dependence of Hahn's electron spin echo and multiple-quantum echoes of the spin correlated radical pair P700(+)A(1)(-) in photosystem I SO APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article ID COHERENCE; EPR; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; SYSTEM AB In a spin-correlated radical pair system, anomalous pulse-angle and phase dependence of electron spin echo and multiple-quantum echoes were theoretically calculated by Tang et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7471 (1997)). The maximum intensity of the out of phase signal at 45 degree of spin rotation angle was experimentally verified in two-pulse echoes of the light-induced P700(+)A(1)(-) radical pair in Photosystem I. The values, D = 1.64 G and J = 0.00 G, fit well with the experimental ESEEM spectra. Single and double quantum echoes were observed at the value of t = tau and T = 2 tau with the laser flash-t-P1(70,xi 1)-tau-P2(140,xi 2)-T pulse sequence, which led to determination of the relaxation time T-23 between the singlet and triplet /T-0] states. The relaxation times of the zero and single quantum transitions were determined T-23 approximate to 100 ns and T-2 = 1000 us, respectively. The field sweep ESE signal shape can be fitted with the hyperfine inhomogeneities of 7 G for P700(+) and of 10 G for A(1)(-). C1 Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Fac Sci, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662, Japan. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Basic Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 444, Japan. RP Kawamori, A (reprint author), Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Fac Sci, Uegahara 1-1-155, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662, Japan. RI Tang, Jau/D-8382-2012 OI Tang, Jau/0000-0003-2078-1513 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-9347 J9 APPL MAGN RESON JI Appl. Magn. Reson. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2-3 BP 367 EP 379 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA ZZ964 UT WOS:000074787100016 ER PT J AU Abraham, MM Bleaney, B Pfeffer, JZ AF Abraham, MM Bleaney, B Pfeffer, JZ TI Electron paramagnetic resonance of some lanthanide ions in yttrium and lutetium vanadate SO APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article AB The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters have been determined for the trivalent ions neodymium, erbium and ytterbium, at low abundance in lutetium vanadate. Crystal field splittings produce ground states which are Kramers doublets, and measurements were made of the g-values both parallel and perpendicular to the tetragonal axis; they are compared with previous measurements in yttrium vanadate. Two of the crystal field splitting parameters of the trivalent gadolinium ion (S = 7/2) in LuVO4 show noticeable difference from those in YVO4. C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Bleaney, B (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-9347 J9 APPL MAGN RESON JI Appl. Magn. Reson. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2-3 BP 393 EP 396 PG 4 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA ZZ964 UT WOS:000074787100019 ER PT S AU Czajkowski, K Foster, I Kesselman, C AF Czajkowski, K Foster, I Kesselman, C BE Kagstrom, B Dongarra, J Elmroth, E Wasniewski, J TI Resource management for ultra-scale computational grid applications SO APPLIED PARALLEL COMPUTING: LARGE SCALE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing (PARA 98) CY JUN 14-17, 1998 CL UMEA UNIV, UMEA, SWEDEN SP Umea Univ, Swedish Council High Perform Comp, Swedish Nat Sci Res Council, Swedish Res Council Engn Sci, IBM Sweden HO UMEA UNIV AB Advances in networking infrastructure have made it possible to build very large scale applications whose execution spans multiple supercomputers. In such very large scale or ultra-scale applications, a central requirement is the ability to simultaneously co-allocate large collections of resources, to initiate a computation on those resources and to initialize the distributed collection of components to construct a single, integrated computation. In a previous paper [3], we defined a general resource management architecture for high-performance distributed systems in which resource co-allocation was an integral component. In this extended abstract, we examine co-allocation in more detail and describe the implementation of a specific resource co-allocator called the Dynamically Updated Request Online Co-allocator, or DUROC. DUROC has been implemented as part of the Globus grid toolkit. We briefly describe the design of DUROC and discuss how is has been used to support a range of large-scale grid applications. C1 Univ So Calif, Inst Informat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Univ So Calif, Inst Informat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65414-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1541 BP 88 EP 94 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BN74B UT WOS:000082776000014 ER PT S AU Hendrickson, B Kolda, TG AF Hendrickson, B Kolda, TG BE Kagstrom, B Dongarra, J Elmroth, E Wasniewski, J TI Partitioning sparse rectangular matrices for parallel computations of Ax and A(T)v SO APPLIED PARALLEL COMPUTING: LARGE SCALE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing (PARA 98) CY JUN 14-17, 1998 CL UMEA UNIV, UMEA, SWEDEN SP Umea Univ, Swedish Council High Perform Comp, Swedish Nat Sci Res Council, Swedish Res Council Engn Sci, IBM Sweden HO UMEA UNIV AB This paper addresses the problem of partitioning the nonzeros of sparse nonsymmetric and nonsquare matrices in order to efficiently compute parallel matrix-vector and matrix-transpose-vector multiplies. Our goal is to balance the work per processor while keeping communications costs low. Although the symmetric partitioning problem has been well-studied, the nonsymmetric and rectangular cases have received scant attention. We show that this problem can be described as a partitioning problem on a bipartite graph. We then describe how to use (modified) multilevel methods to partition these graphs and how to implement the matrix multiplies in parallel to take advantage of the partitioning. Finally, we compare various multilevel and other partitioning strategies on matrices from different applications. The multilevel methods are shown to be best. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Parallel Comp Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Hendrickson, B (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Parallel Comp Sci Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Kolda, Tamara/B-1628-2009 OI Kolda, Tamara/0000-0003-4176-2493 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65414-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1541 BP 239 EP 247 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BN74B UT WOS:000082776000032 ER PT S AU Lehoucq, RB Salinger, AG AF Lehoucq, RB Salinger, AG BE Kagstrom, B Dongarra, J Elmroth, E Wasniewski, J TI Massively parallel linear stability analysis with P_ARPACK for 3D fluid flow modeled with MPSalsa SO APPLIED PARALLEL COMPUTING: LARGE SCALE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing (PARA 98) CY JUN 14-17, 1998 CL UMEA UNIV, UMEA, SWEDEN SP Umea Univ, Swedish Council High Perform Comp, Swedish Nat Sci Res Council, Swedish Res Council Engn Sci, IBM Sweden HO UMEA UNIV AB We are interested in the stability of three-dimensional fluid flows to small disturbances. One computational approach is to solve a sequence of large sparse generalized eigenvalue problems for the leading modes that arise from discretizating the differential equations modeling the flow. The modes of interest are the eigenvalues of largest real part and their associated eigenvectors. We discuss our work to develop an efficient and reliable eigensolver for use by the massively parallel simulation code MPSalsa. MPSalsa allows simulation of complex 3D fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer with detailed bulk fluid and surface chemical reaction kinetics. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Lehoucq, RB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 1110, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Dongarra, Jack/E-3987-2014 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65414-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1541 BP 286 EP 295 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BN74B UT WOS:000082776000038 ER PT S AU Plank, JS Casanova, H Beck, M Dongarra, J AF Plank, JS Casanova, H Beck, M Dongarra, J BE Kagstrom, B Dongarra, J Elmroth, E Wasniewski, J TI Deploying fault-tolerance and task migration with NetSolve SO APPLIED PARALLEL COMPUTING: LARGE SCALE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing (PARA 98) CY JUN 14-17, 1998 CL UMEA UNIV, UMEA, SWEDEN SP Umea Univ, Swedish Council High Perform Comp, Swedish Nat Sci Res Council, Swedish Res Council Engn Sci, IBM Sweden HO UMEA UNIV ID MATRIX OPERATIONS AB Computational power grids are computing environments with massive resources for processing and storage. While these resources may be pervasive, harnessing them is a major challenge for the average user. NetSolve is a software environment that addresses this concern. A fundamental feature of NetSolve is its integration of fault-tolerance and task migration in a way that is transparent to the end user. In this paper, we discuss how NetSolve's structure allows for the seamless integration of fault-tolerance and migration in grid applications, and present the specific approaches that have been and are currently being implemented within NetSolve. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Plank, JS (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65414-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1541 BP 418 EP 432 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BN74B UT WOS:000082776000054 ER PT S AU Wasniewski, J Dongarra, J AF Wasniewski, J Dongarra, J BE Kagstrom, B Dongarra, J Elmroth, E Wasniewski, J TI High performance linear algebra package for FORTRAN 90 SO APPLIED PARALLEL COMPUTING: LARGE SCALE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing (PARA 98) CY JUN 14-17, 1998 CL UMEA UNIV, UMEA, SWEDEN SP Umea Univ, Swedish Council High Perform Comp, Swedish Nat Sci Res Council, Swedish Res Council Engn Sci, IBM Sweden HO UMEA UNIV AB LAPACK90 is a set of FORTRAN90 subroutines which interfaces FORTRAN90 with LAPACK. All LAPACK driver subroutines (including expert drivers) and some LAPACK computationals have both generic LAPACK90 interfaces and generic LAPACK77 interfaces. The remaining computationals have only generic LAPACK77 interfaces. In both types of interfaces no distinction is made between single and double precision or between real and complex data types. C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Danish Comp Ctr Res & Educ, UNIC, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Math Sci Sect, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wasniewski, J (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Danish Comp Ctr Res & Educ, UNIC, Bldg 304, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65414-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1541 BP 579 EP 583 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BN74B UT WOS:000082776000075 ER PT J AU Girndt, A Koch, SW Chow, WW AF Girndt, A Koch, SW Chow, WW TI Microscopic theory of laser gain in semiconductor quantum wells SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article ID STIMULATED-EMISSION; DIODES; POLARIZATION; DEPENDENCE; SPECTRA; GAAS; ZNSE AB This article reviews a microscopic theory to compute gain and absorption spectra of semiconductor quantum-well structures. The single-particle energies (band structure) are calculated by using LUttinger-Kohn theory in the envelope function approximation. The Coulomb-interacting electron-hole plasma in the laser gain region is treated at the level of quantum-kinetic equations in the Markov limit. Examples for results are presented for narrow-and wide-gap III-V and II-VI quantum-well systems. C1 Univ Marburg, Dept Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Univ Marburg, Ctr Mat Sci, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Girndt, A (reprint author), Univ Marburg, Dept Phys, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. EM girndt@.physik.uni-marburg.de; koch@physik.uni-marburg.de; wwchow@somnet.sandia.gov NR 39 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 66 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1007/s003390050630 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA ZA961 UT WOS:000072420100001 ER PT J AU Capitan-Vallvey, LF Ojeda, F Del Olmo, M Avidad, R Navalon, A Vo-Dinh, T AF Capitan-Vallvey, LF Ojeda, F Del Olmo, M Avidad, R Navalon, A Vo-Dinh, T TI Use of transmitted room-temperature phosphorescence to improve nalidixic acid determination SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE phosphorescence; nalidixic acid; pharmaceutical analysis; biological fluid analysis AB A method for nalidixic acid (NA) determination by transmitted room-temperature phosphorescence is proposed, The antibacterial agent NA in acidic solution shows native fluorescence; when NA is spotted on a filter paper precoated with beta-cyclodextrin and lead (II) acetate and dried for 5 min, phosphorescence results, The transmitted phosphorescence was measured directly with the use of a homemade sample holder, The excitation and emission wavelengths were 330 and 417 nm, respectively. The applicable concentration range was between 0.06 and 4.50 mu g/mL with a relative standard deviation of 2.8% and a detection limit of 0.02 mu g/mL. The method was applied to the determination of NA in human urine and pharmaceuticals, with recoveries from 97.5 to 105.5%. C1 Univ Granada, Dept Analyt Chem, E-18071 Granada, Spain. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Capitan-Vallvey, LF (reprint author), Univ Granada, Dept Analyt Chem, E-18071 Granada, Spain. RI Capitan-Vallvey, Luis Fermin/G-4709-2011; del Olmo-Iruela, Monsalud/H-6111-2015 OI Capitan-Vallvey, Luis Fermin/0000-0002-7112-3601; del Olmo-Iruela, Monsalud/0000-0001-7439-1436 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 52 IS 1 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.1366/0003702981942393 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA ZF980 UT WOS:000072952500037 ER PT J AU Parks, JE Armfield, JS Barber, TE Storey, JME Wachter, EA AF Parks, JE Armfield, JS Barber, TE Storey, JME Wachter, EA TI In situ measurement of fuel in the cylinder wall oil film of a combustion engine by LIF spectroscopy SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE laser-induced fluorescence; combustion; fuel diffusion; oil film ID SENSOR AB Hydrocarbon emissions remain an important concern for the automotive industry due to increasingly strict regulations. In an investigation of possible emission sources within the engine, the concentration of fuel absorbed in the oil film on the cylinder wall of a small internal combustion engine has been measured with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy, A laser pulse from a nitrogen laser (337.1 nm) provided the excitation, and the fluorescence was monitored with an intensified-charge-coupled device (ICCD) array mounted to a spectrometer. The excitation laser pulse was launched through a window in the engine head onto a fiber-optic probe mounted flush with the cylinder wall. The laser-excited oil film on the fiber-optic probe produced an LIF signal that was collected by the fiber-optic probe and analyzed for fuel content. The timing of the laser pulse and ICCD gate were controlled in order to synchronize the collection of data with a particular point in the engine cycle. Measurements made in situ, while the engine was running, yield information on the amount of unburned fuel stored in the oil film for various engine conditions. Fuel-in-oil concentrations were determined for various engine temperatures during cold starts, for different fuel enrichment levels, and as a function of the crank angle of the engine cycle. Fuel concentrations as high as 50% were detected during cold starts, and fuel concentrations reached levels greater than 25% for warm engine operation. Changes in the fuel content were also found to be related to enrichment and crank angle. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Storey, JME (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 52 IS 1 BP 112 EP 118 DI 10.1366/0003702981942410 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA ZF980 UT WOS:000072952500039 ER PT J AU Salib, S Iyer, AN Vipulanandan, C Salama, K Balachandran, U AF Salib, S Iyer, AN Vipulanandan, C Salama, K Balachandran, U TI Electromechanical characterization of silver-clad BSCCO tapes SO APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; STRAIN TOLERANCE; WIRES; ADDITIONS; CONDUCTORS; BEHAVIOR; STRENGTH AB During the fabrication of silver-clad BSCCO tapes they are subjected to stresses which could lead to degradation in their current transport property. In the present investigation, studies were made to evaluate the electromechanical characteristics of silver-clad BSCCO conductors. The tensile strain tolerance characteristics of the monofilament, multifilament and composite (15 and 30% of Ag powder by volume) tapes were evaluated at 77 K. The average irreversible strain of monofilament and composite tapes were 0.19 and 0.47%, respectively. No noticeable improvement in strain tolerance was observed with the multifilament tapes. Detailed phase and microstructural analysis have been conducted using scanning electron microscopy. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Supercond, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Salib, S (reprint author), Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Supercond, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0964-1807 J9 APPL SUPERCOND JI Appl. Supercond. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0964-1807(98)00049-0 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 117VA UT WOS:000075802300001 ER PT J AU Selvaggi, JA Cottrell, DL Falconer, TH Daugherty, MA Daney, DE Hill, DD Prenger, FC AF Selvaggi, JA Cottrell, DL Falconer, TH Daugherty, MA Daney, DE Hill, DD Prenger, FC TI High gradient magnetic separation using a high temperature superconducting magnet SO APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article AB We report on the operation and testing of a high temperature superconducting (HTS) high gradient magnetic separator (HGMS). The separator magnet is made of 624 m of Silver/BSCCO HTS wire and has overall dimensions of 1.8 cm OD, 15.5 cm height and 5 cm ID. HTS current leads are used to reduce the heat leak to the magnet. The system operates in a vacuum and is cooled by a two stage Gifford-McMahon cryocooler. A series of HGMS experiments were performed using this system to demonstrate the performance of HTS magnetic separators. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Eriez Magnet, Erie, PA USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Selvaggi, JA (reprint author), 100 Denniston St,Gables 304, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0964-1807 J9 APPL SUPERCOND JI Appl. Supercond. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 6 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 DI 10.1016/S0964-1807(98)00044-1 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 117VA UT WOS:000075802300004 ER PT J AU Robertson, B Myers, G Howard, C Brettin, T Bukh, J Gaschen, B Gojobori, T Maertens, G Mizokami, M Nainan, O Netesov, S Nishioka, K Shin-i, T Simmonds, P Smith, D Stuyver, L Weiner, A AF Robertson, B Myers, G Howard, C Brettin, T Bukh, J Gaschen, B Gojobori, T Maertens, G Mizokami, M Nainan, O Netesov, S Nishioka, K Shin-i, T Simmonds, P Smith, D Stuyver, L Weiner, A TI Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposals for standardization SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT News Item ID ENTIRE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COMPLETE CODING SEQUENCE; MAJOR GENETIC GROUPS; NON-B HEPATITIS; NON-A; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS; PREDOMINANT GENOTYPE; GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; DISTINCT GENOTYPES AB This paper presents a summary of the recommendations that were formulated for the purposes of unifying the nomenclature for hepatitis C virus (HCV), based upon guidelines of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV), and provides guidelines for the incorporation of sequence data into an HCV database that will be available to researchers through the internet, Based upon the available data, the genus Hepacivirus should be regarded as comprising a single species with HCV-1 as the prototype. All currently known isolates of HCV can be divided into six phylogenetically distinct groups, and we recommend that these groups are described as clades 1 to 6. Whether or not these should be regarded as different species within the Hepacivirus,genus requires additional clinical, virological, and immunological information. Clades 1, 2, 4, and 5 would correspond to genotype 1, 2, 4, and 5 while clade 3 would comprise genotype 3 and genotype 10, and clade 6 comprise genotypes 6, 7, 8, 9, and II. We propose that existing subtype designations are reassigned within these clades based upon publication priority, the existence of a complete genome sequence and prevalence. The assignment of isolates to new clades and subtypes should be confined to isolates characterized from epidemiologically unlinked individuals. Comparisons should be based on nucleotide sequences of at least two coding regions and preferably of complete genome sequences, and should be based on phylogenetic analysis rather than percent identity. A forum for discussion and contributions to these recommendations will be made available at the international HCV database at http://s2as02.genes.nig.ac.jp. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ London Royal Vet Coll, London, England. NIAID, Hepatitis Viruses Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Mishima, Shizuoka 411, Japan. Hepatitis Program, Ghent, Belgium. Nagoya City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med 2, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. State Res Ctr Virol & Biotechnol Vector, Novosibirsk, Russia. Viral Hepatitis Res Fdn Japan, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Med Microbiol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA. RP Robertson, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Netesov, Sergey/A-3751-2013 OI Netesov, Sergey/0000-0002-7786-2464 NR 59 TC 340 Z9 361 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1998 VL 143 IS 12 BP 2493 EP 2503 DI 10.1007/s007050050479 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 166PR UT WOS:000078586500020 PM 9930205 ER PT J AU Wilson, RH AF Wilson, RH TI Geometric reasoning about assembly tools SO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE assembly; geometric reasoning; planning; manufacturing; robotics ID SEQUENCES; OBJECTS AB Planning for assembly requires reasoning about various tools used by humans, robots, or other automation to manipulate, attach, and test parts and subassemblies. This paper presents a general framework to represent and reason about geometric accessibility issues for a wide variety of such assembly tools. Central to the framework is a nse volume encoding a minimum space that must be free in an assembly state to apply a given tool, and placement constraints on where that volume must be placed relative to the parts on which the tool acts. Determining whether a tool can be applied in a given assembly state is then reduced to an instance of the FINDPLACE problem (Lozano-Perez, 1983). In addition, we present more efficient methods to integrate the framework into assembly planning. For tools that are applied either before or after their target parts are mated, one method preprocesses a single tool application for all possible states of assembly of a product in polynomial time, reducing all later state-tool queries to evaluations of a simple expression. For tools applied after their target parts are mated, a complementary method guarantees polynomial-time assembly planning. We present a wide variety of tools that can be described adequately using the approach, and survey tool catalogs to determine coverage of standard tools. Finally, we describe an implementation of the approach in an assembly planning system and experiments with a library of over one hundred manual and robotic tools and several complex assemblies. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Intelligent Syst & Robot Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Eastman Kodak Co, 2901 Juan Tabo NE,Suite 210, Albuquerque, NM 87112 USA. EM rwilson@kodak.com NR 39 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-3702 EI 1872-7921 J9 ARTIF INTELL JI Artif. Intell. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 98 IS 1-2 BP 237 EP 279 DI 10.1016/S0004-3702(97)00062-3 PG 43 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA ZH945 UT WOS:000073163700006 ER PT S AU Johnson, NL Rasmussen, S Joslyn, C Rocha, L Smith, S Kantor, M AF Johnson, NL Rasmussen, S Joslyn, C Rocha, L Smith, S Kantor, M BE Adami, C Belew, RK Kitano, H Taylor, C TI Symbiotic intelligence: Self-organizing knowledge on distributed networks driven by human interaction SO ARTIFICIAL LIFE VI SE FROM ANIMALS TO ANIMATS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Artificial Life CY JUN 26-29, 1998 CL UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CA HO UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES AB Through conceptual examples and demonstrations, we argue that the symbiotic combination of the Internet and humans will result in a significant enhancement of the previously existing, self-organizing social structure of humans. The combination of the unique capabilities of intelligent, distributed information systems (the relatively loss-less transmission and capturing of detailed signatures) with the unique capabilities of humans (processing and analysis of complex, but limited, systems) will enable essential problem solving within our increasingly complex world. The capability may allow solutions that are not achievable directly by individuals, organizations or governments. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Johnson, NL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1089-4365 BN 0-262-51099-5 J9 FROM ANIM ANIMAT PY 1998 BP 403 EP 407 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BL57W UT WOS:000075924900046 ER PT B AU Francfort, JE Conner, AM AF Francfort, JE Conner, AM GP ASSOC STATE DAM SAFETY OFFICIALS ASSOC STATE DAM SAFETY OFFICIALS TI Identification of undeveloped hydropower resources in the United States, based on environmental, legal, and institutional attributes SO ASSOCIATION OF STATE DAM SAFETY OFFICIALS 1998 ANNUAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 ASDSO Annual Conference - Dam Safety 98 CY OCT 11-14, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Assoc State Dam Safety Officials AB Past efforts to identify and measure the undeveloped hydropower capacity in the United States have resulted in estimates ranging from 75,000 MW to almost 600,000 MW. None of these historical estimates have been universally accepted. These early estimates failed to consider the environmental, legal, and institutional constraints to developing hydropower projects. To provide a more accurate assessment of the domestic undeveloped hydropower capacity, the U.S. Department of Energy's Hydropower Program has developed a computer model, Hydropower Evaluation Software. This modeling effort, with assistance from the Association of Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), combines the available information on undeveloped capacity at 5,677 sites with information on the environmental attributes of river reaches. These attributes can include (1) scenic, cultural, historical, and geological values; (2) Federal and state land-use, which includes parks, wildlife preserves, recreation areas, forests, wilderness areas, scenic waterways, and military or Indian reservations; and (3) legal protection issues such as Wild and Scenic legislation, and Threatened or Endangered Fish and Wildlife legislative protection. Agencies in 48 of the 50 states have contributed information about hydropower resources within their states to the computer model and have completed their review of the data. The remaining two states are in the process of providing their input. The state agencies involved in the project have included departments of dam safety, water resources, environmental quality, fish and game, history, and commerce. The ASDSO has served as a conduit to identify the appropriate agencies from each state to assist in the modeling effort. The amount that each attribute affects the likelihood of development depends on the physical state of a site. The Hydropower Evaluation Software assumes that a site can have one of three development states. These are (a) completely undeveloped with no structures present; (b) developed site without power-some type of civil structure such as a dam, weir, or abandoned power plant may be present, but there is no power being generated; or (c) ongoing power generation with additional undeveloped capacity. The model incorporates the above environmental, legal, and institutional constraints and calculates an overall project suitability factor. This suitability factor is used to calculate each site's contribution to the amount of undeveloped hydropower capacity in the United States that can be developed in an environmentally responsible manner. Of the 5,677 sites modeled, the total estimated undeveloped capacity is 30,000 MW, approximately 55% less than the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's estimate of the undeveloped hydropower resources in the United States. C1 Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Francfort, JE (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC STATE DAM SAFETY OFFICIALS PI LEXINGTON PA 450 OLD EAST VINE, 2ND FLOOR, LEXINGTON, KY 40507 USA PY 1998 BP 83 EP 92 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN59C UT WOS:000082313800008 ER PT S AU Gavel, DT Friedman, HW Oliver, SS AF Gavel, DT Friedman, HW Oliver, SS BE Reasenberg, RD TI Wide baseline optical interferometry with laser guide stars SO ASTRONOMICAL INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Astronomical Interferometry CY MAR 20-24, 1998 CL KONA, HI SP SPIE, European So Observ AB Laser guide stars have been used successfully as a reference source for adaptive optics systems. We present a possible method for utilizing laser beacons as sources for interferometric phasing. The technique would extend the sky coverage for wide baseline interferometers and allow interferometric measurement and imaging of dim objects. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Gavel, DT (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-458, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2797-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3350 BP 793 EP 799 DI 10.1117/12.317147 PN 1-2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BL55C UT WOS:000075850300088 ER PT J AU Minniti, D Kissler-Patig, M Goudfrooij, P Meylan, G AF Minniti, D Kissler-Patig, M Goudfrooij, P Meylan, G TI Radial velocities of globular clusters in the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1399 SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies, clusters, individual (NGC 1399); galaxies, individual (NGC 1399) ID FORNAX CLUSTER; STAR-CLUSTERS; SYSTEM; NGC-1399; DYNAMICS; POPULATION; KINEMATICS; DISCOVERY; NGC-5128; HALO AB We report radial velocity measurements for 18 globular clusters and one dE galaxy in the field of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1399, the dominant galaxy of the Fornax Cluster. We also present radial velocity measurements for some possible young and super-metal-rich globular clusters, which turn out to be foreground or background objects (viz., 28 stars and seven galaxies). The genuine globular clusters are selected, on the basis of their magnitudes and colors, to be metal-rich. For this cluster sample, we measure a mean radial velocity of v(rad) = 1353 +/- 79 km s(-1) and a velocity dispersion of sigma = 338 +/- 56 km s(-1). Using a few different mass estimators, this implies MIL values in the range 50-130 within a radius of 28 kpc, consistent with M/L increasing with radius. Our velocity dispersion estimate (sigma) is intermediate between the value computed from the integrated stellar light at smaller radii and that computed at large radii from recent X-ray observations. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, UCO Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. European Space Agcy, Estec, Dept Space Sci, Div Astrophys, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. RP Minniti, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM dminniti@llnl.gov; mkisler@ucolick.org; goufroo@stsci.edu; gmeylan@eso.org NR 68 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 115 IS 1 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1086/300173 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YQ454 UT WOS:000071389200011 ER PT J AU Sanders, WT Boldt, EA Brickhouse, NS Cox, DP Edgar, RJ Jahoda, K Kallman, T Kelley, RL Liedahl, DA McCammon, D Mushotzky, RF Paulos, RJ Porter, FS Raymond, JC Shelton, RL Smith, RK Snowden, SL Stahle, CK Szymkowiak, AE White, NE AF Sanders, WT Boldt, EA Brickhouse, NS Cox, DP Edgar, RJ Jahoda, K Kallman, T Kelley, RL Liedahl, DA McCammon, D Mushotzky, RF Paulos, RJ Porter, FS Raymond, JC Shelton, RL Smith, RK Snowden, SL Stahle, CK Szymkowiak, AE White, NE TI XBSS - The X-ray Background Spectroscopic Survey SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT X-ray Surveys Workshop - To Mark the Occasion of the 35th Anniversary of the Birth of X-Ray Astronomy and the 7th Anniversary of the First Light of ROSAT CY JUN 18-20, 1997 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP Astrophysikal Inst Potsdam, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr X-Ray Astrophys Branch C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sanders, WT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, 1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012; Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Snowden, Steven/D-5292-2012; Jahoda, Keith/D-5616-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462; Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 1998 VL 319 IS 1-2 BP 151 EP 151 DI 10.1002/asna.2123190167 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YY346 UT WOS:000072137900066 ER PT J AU Alcock, C Allsman, RA Alves, DR Axelrod, TS Becker, AC Basu, A Baskett, L Bennett, DP Cook, KH Freeman, KC Griest, K Lehner, MJ Marshall, SL Minniti, D Peterson, BA Pratt, MR Quinn, PJ Rodgers, AW Stubbs, CW Sutherland, W Vandehei, T Welch, DL AF Alcock, C Allsman, RA Alves, DR Axelrod, TS Becker, AC Basu, A Baskett, L Bennett, DP Cook, KH Freeman, KC Griest, K Lehner, MJ Marshall, SL Minniti, D Peterson, BA Pratt, MR Quinn, PJ Rodgers, AW Stubbs, CW Sutherland, W Vandehei, T Welch, DL TI The RR Lyrae population of the Galactic bulge from the macho database: Mean colors and magnitudes SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxy, halo; galaxy, stellar content; galaxy, structure; gravitational lensing; stars, variables, other (RR Lyrae) ID BAADE-WESSELINK METHOD; VARIABLE-STARS; INSTABILITY STRIP; GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS; NUCLEAR BULGE; WINDOW; HALO; KINEMATICS; BAR; METALLICITY AB Mean colors and magnitudes of RR Lyrae stars in 24 fields toward the Galactic bulge from the MACHO database are presented. Accurate mean reddenings are computed for these fields on the basis of the mean colors. The distribution along the line of sight of the RR Lyrae population is examined on the basis of the mean magnitudes, and it is shown that the bulk of the RR Lyrae population is not barred. Only the RR Lyrae stars in the inner fields closer to the Galactic center (l < 4 degrees, b > -4 degrees) show evidence for a bar. The red giant clump stars in the MACHO fields, however, clearly show a barred distribution, confirming the results of previous studies. Given the different spatial distribution, the RR Lyrae stars and the clump giants trace two different populations. The RR Lyrae variables would represent the inner extension of the Galactic halo in these fields. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. RP Alcock, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM alcock@llnl.gov; robynallsman@llnl.gov; tsa@llnl.gov; becker@astro.washington.edu; abasu@llnl.gov; lbaskett@llnl.gov; bennett@llnl.gov; kcook@llnl.gov; kcf@merlin.anu.edu.au; griest@astrophys.ucsd.edu; matt@astrophys.ucsd.edu; dminniti@llnl.gov; peterson@merlin.anu.edu.au; pjq@merlin.anu.edu.au; alex@merlin.anu.edu.au; stubbs@astro.washington.edu; wjs@ox02.astro.ox.ac.uk; vandehei@astrophys.ucsd.edu; welch@physics.mcmaster.ca RI Stubbs, Christopher/C-2829-2012; Quinn, Peter/B-3638-2013 OI Stubbs, Christopher/0000-0003-0347-1724; NR 72 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 492 IS 1 BP 190 EP 199 DI 10.1086/305017 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YQ455 UT WOS:000071389300016 ER PT J AU Colgate, SA Li, H AF Colgate, SA Li, H TI Dynamo dominated accretion and energy flow: The mechanism of active galactic nuclei SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VIIth International Conference on Plasma Astrophysics CY MAY 04-08, 1998 CL MAX PLANCK INST AERONOMIE, LINDAU, GERMANY SP Max Planck Inst Aeronomie HO MAX PLANCK INST AERONOMIE AB An explanation of the magnetic fields of the universe, the central mass concentration of galaxies, the massive black hole of every galaxy, and the AGN phenomena has been an elusive goal. We suggest here the outlines of such a theoretical understanding and point out where the physical understanding is missing. We believe there is an imperative to the sequence of mass flow and hence energy how in the collapse of a galactic mass starting from the first non-linearity appearing in structure formation following decoupling. This first non-linearity of a two to one density fluctuation, the Lyman-alpha clouds, ultimately leads to the emission spectra of the phenomenon of AGN, quasars, blazars etc. The over-arching physical principle is the various mechanisms for the transport of angular momentum. We believe we have now understood the new physics of two of these mechanisms that have previously been illusive and as a consequence they impose strong constraints on the initial conditions of the mechanisms for the subsequent emission of the gravitational binding energy. The new phenomena described here are: 1) the Rossby vortex mechanism of the accretion disk viscosity, and 2) the mechanism of the alpha - Omega dynamo in the accretion disk. The Rossby vortex mechanism leads to a prediction of the black hole mass and rate of energy release and the alpha - Omega dynamo leads to the generation of the magnetic flux of the galaxy (and the far greater magnetic -flux of clusters) and separately explains the primary flux of energy emission as force-free magnetic energy density. This magnetic flux and magnetic energy density separately are the necessary consequence of the saturation of a dynamo created by the accretion disk with a gain greater than unity. The predicted form of the emission of both the flux and the magnetic energy density is a force-free magnetic helix extending axially from the disk a distance depending upon its winding number and radius of its flux surfaces, a distance of Mpc's. This Poynting flux of magnetic energy would be invisible unless the currents bounding the magnetic field are dissipated. By definition of force-free, these currents are parallel to the field and throughout its volume. Therefore the dissipation must be throughout the volume as opposed to the conventional reconnection which takes place only at surface layers. This radically different interpretation of reconnection is supported by the observation of "interruption" events in fusion tokamak experiments. Here, and presumably in the galactic case as well, the parallel currents and their dissipation is mediated by run-away, high energy electrons and ions. It is then natural to seek an explanation for the emission spectrum of the dynamo-produced Poynting flux in the same synchrotron emission associated with the dissipation of these run-away currents. We propose the radically different view that these ultra high energy, run-away electrons directly produce the emission spectra as compared to the published models that assume an acceleration of bulk matter to a gamma similar to 10 and then reconvert this kinetic energy by shock heating into a highly relativistic plasma, gamma similar to 10(6). C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Colgate, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, T-6,MS B2888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 1998 VL 264 IS 1-4 BP 357 EP 390 DI 10.1023/A:1002419126110 PG 34 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 307JC UT WOS:000086649300028 ER PT J AU Peratt, AL AF Peratt, AL TI Advances in numerical modeling of astrophysical and space plasmas - Part II. Astrophysical force laws on the large scale SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VII Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics (VII LAWPP) CY 1997 CL CARACAS, VENEZUELA SP Universidad Simon Bolivar, Consejo Nacl Investigac Cientif & Yecnol, Ctr Latino Americano Fis, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, British Council, Minist Secretary Presidency Republic Venezuela, Universidad Cent Venezuela, Universidad Zulia DE numerical modeling; numerical simulation; electric space; plasma universe; cosmology; galaxies; filamentation; electrical currents; quasars; double radio galaxies ID SPIRAL GALAXIES; MAGNETIC-FIELD; DOUBLE-LAYERS; EVOLUTION; UNIVERSE; TRANSITION; PINCH AB Advances in the simulation of astrophysical and cosmic plasmas are the direct result of advances in computational capabilities, today consisting of new techniques such as multilevel concurrent simulation, multi-teraflop computational platforms and experimental facilities for producing and diagnosing plasmas under extreme conditions for the benchmarking of simulations. Examples of these are the treatment of mesoscalic plasma and the scaling to astrophysical and cosmic dimensions and the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative whose goal is to construct petaflop (10(15) floating operations per second) computers, and pulsed power and laser inertial confinement plasmas where megajoules of energy are delivered to highly-diagnosed plasmas. This paper concentrates on the achievements to dale in simulating and experimentally producing plasmas scaled to both astrophysical and cosmic plasma dimensions. A previous paper (Part I, Peratt, 1997) outlines the algorithms and computational growth. C1 US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Peratt, AL (reprint author), US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 1998 VL 256 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 75 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 161UL UT WOS:000078308000006 ER PT J AU Chiesa, G Stoltzfus, LJ Michelagnoli, S Bielicki, JK Santi, M Forte, TM Sirtori, CR Franceschini, G Rubin, EM AF Chiesa, G Stoltzfus, LJ Michelagnoli, S Bielicki, JK Santi, M Forte, TM Sirtori, CR Franceschini, G Rubin, EM TI Elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol in transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein A-I-Milano SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein A-I-Milano; transgenic mice; apolipoproteins; molecular variants; high density lipoproteins ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; IMILANO APOPROTEIN; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; DISEASE; PARTICLES; CYSTEINE; VARIANT AB In general, plasma concentrations of high density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely related to the incidence of coronary artery disease. One exception to this trend is individuals with apolipoprotein A-I-Milano (apo A-I-M), a molecular variant of apo A-I, which results in very low plasma apo A-I and HDL-cholesterol levels. Despite these low levels, and other lipoprotein defects, individuals with this mutation have no increased risk for cardiovascular disease. As a first step in proving why apo A-I-M carriers appear to be protected from the pro-atherogenic effect of a low HDL, transgenic mice expressing apo A-I-M were generated. Mice expressing either wild-type human apo A-I or apo A-I-M, together with human apo A-II, were crossed into mice lacking murine apo A-I. Apo A-I-M/A-II mice had lower cholesterol and HDL plasma levels compared to apo A-I/A-II mice. Moreover, as in human carriers, apo A-I-M mice were characterized by elevated triglyceride plasma levels and by the presence of a population of very small HDL particles. These results indicate that the expression of apo A-I-M in a mouse model reproduces the major lipid/lipoprotein abnormalities observed in human carriers. Thus, apo A-I-M transgenic mice appear to be a suitable model in which to assess whether the mutation has an anti-atherogenic effect. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Univ Milan, Inst Pharmacol Sci, Ctr E Grossi Paoletti, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Life Sci Div 1 213, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Franceschini, G (reprint author), Univ Milan, Inst Pharmacol Sci, Ctr E Grossi Paoletti, Via Balzaretti 9, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RI Sirtori, Cesare/F-4658-2012; Chiesa, Giulia/G-8987-2012; OI Chiesa, Giulia/0000-0001-5553-1210; FRANCESCHINI, GUIDO/0000-0003-2687-1771 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL07279, HL18574] NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD JAN PY 1998 VL 136 IS 1 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00195-0 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA ZA581 UT WOS:000072378900017 PM 9544740 ER PT S AU Rubin, EM Smith, DJ AF Rubin, EM Smith, DJ BE Jacotot, B Mathe, D Fruchart, JC TI Increasing the throughput of mouse studies to search DNA sequence for function SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS XI SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Atherosclerosis CY OCT 05-09, 1997 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Atherosclerosis Soc, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co Inc, Novartis, Parke Davis, Sanofi Recherche DE functional assays; in vivo library; transgenic mice AB Nonvertebrate model organisms, despite their proven utility in deciphering gene function at the organismal level, are inadequate for modeling many complex mammalian physiological traits, such as heart disease. In contrast the mouse, as a mammal, has been used to successfully model many complex human conditions, although it classically has been used to look at one gene at a time. In order to increase the throughput of mouse studies for linking DNA sequence to function, we have developed a strategy to analyze several genes at a time in a single transgenic animal. This approach is based on the creation of panels of transgenics whose transgenes are derived from large insert clones (YAC or BACs) from a region of the genome where a particular phenotype has been mapped. These panels of transgenic mice, dubbed in vivo libraries, and their phenotypic analysis has enabled us to identify genes responsible for neurodegenerative and learning disorders in mice. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Human Genome, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Rubin, EM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Human Genome, 1 Cyclotron Rd,74-157, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82651-3 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1998 VL 1155 BP 7 EP 10 PG 4 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA BL30E UT WOS:000075036600002 ER PT J AU Bretz, S Akbari, H Rosenfeld, A AF Bretz, S Akbari, H Rosenfeld, A TI Practical issues for using solar-reflective materials to mitigate urban heat islands SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Benefits of the Urban Forest CY MAR 07, 1995 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP Sacramento Municipal Util Dist DE building materials; solar radiation; solar reflectance; heat island; cooling load; air-conditioning; energy efficiency; roofing AB Solar-reflective or high-albedo,* alternatives to traditionally absorptive urban surfaces such as rooftops and roadways can reduce cooling energy use and improve urban air quality at almost no cost. This paper presents information to support programs that mitigate urban heal islands with solar-reflective surfaces: estimates of the achievable increase in albedo for a variety of surfaces, issues related to the selection of materials and costs and benefits of using them. As an example, we present data for Sacramento, California. In Sacramento, we estimate that 20% of the 96 square mile area is dark roofing and 10% is dark pavement. Based on the change in albedo that is achievable for these surfaces, the overall albedo of Sacramento could be increased by 18%, a change that would produce significant energy savings and increase comfort within the city. Roofing market data indicate which roofing materials should be targeted for incentive programs. In 1995, asphalt shingle was used for over 65% of residential roofing area in the U.S. and 6% of commercial. Built-up roofing was used for about 5% of residential roofing and about 30% of commercial roofing. Single-ply membranes covered about 9% of the residential roofing area and over 30% of the commercial area. White, solar-reflective alternatives are presently available for these roofing materials but a low-first-cost, solar-reflective alternative to asphalt shingles is needed to capture the sloped-roof market. Since incoming solar radiation has a large non-visible component, solar-reflective materials can also be produced in a variety of colors. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, ENERGY ANAL PROGRAM, 1 CYCLOTRON RD, MS 90-4000, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 21 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 32 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00182-9 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YJ504 UT WOS:A1998YJ50400011 ER PT J AU Wuebbles, DJ Jain, AK Patten, KO Connell, PS AF Wuebbles, DJ Jain, AK Patten, KO Connell, PS TI Evaluation of ozone depletion potentials for chlorobromomethane (CH2ClBr) and 1-bromo-propane (CH(2)BrCh(2)CH(3)) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; OH; LIFETIMES; TRENDS AB Chlorobromomethane (CH2ClBr) and I-bromo-propane (CH2BrCH2CH3 or simplified as 1-C3H7Br) are being considered for use as solvents and potentially in other applications. As with other chemicals that contain chlorine and/or bromine, it is important to determine the potential environmental effect From use and emissions of such compounds, including effects on stratospheric ozone. In this paper, the Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs), an important measure of the potential effects on ozone, are evaluated for these two compounds using our two-dimensional chemical-transport model of the troposphere and stratosphere. This is the first time these compounds have, to our knowledge, been evaluated with atmospheric models. Our model results show that the main removal process (ca. 99%) in the atmosphere for these compounds is the reaction with OH radicals. Photolysis has only a minor (less than or equal to 1.%) effect on the atmospheric lifetimes of either compound. The atmospheric lifetimes of CH2ClBr and 1-C3H7Br due to atmospheric reactions are evaluated to be 0.40 yr (146 d) and 0.03 y (11 d), respectively. However, oceanic losses are likely to be important for CH2ClBr. Because of limited data on solubility and degradation in sea water, the lifetime for ocean loss currently has a range of 0.43-0.65 yr. This results in a total lifetime for CH2ClBr of 0.21-0.25 yr. An ocean sink for 1-C3H7Br is likely to have an insignificant effect on its atmospheric lifetime or ODP. The ODP for 1-C3H7Br is evaluated to be 0.006, while the ODP for CH2ClBr including the effects of the ocean sink is 0.11-0.13. There are additional uncertainties in these values due to ambiguities in measured reaction rates and in the model treatment of atmospheric processes. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wuebbles, DJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Jain, Atul/D-2851-2016 OI Jain, Atul/0000-0002-4051-3228 NR 22 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00322-1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YM849 UT WOS:000071107700001 ER PT S AU Schultz, DR AF Schultz, DR BE Mohr, PJ Wiese, WL TI Atomic collision databases and data services - A survey SO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS: ICAMDATA - FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA) CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 1997 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stand Reference Data Program, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Elect Power Res Inst, US DOE, Off Fus Energy Sci, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Molec Phys, USN, Naval Res Lab, SEMATECH, NASA, Off Space Sci HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB Atomic collision databases and data services constitute an important resource for scientific and engineering applications such as astrophysics, lighting, materials processing, and fusion energy, as well as an important knowledge base for current developments in atomic collision physics. Data centers and research groups provide these resources through a chain of efforts that include producing and collecting primary data, performing evaluation of the existing data, deducing scaling laws and semiempirical formulas to compactly describe and extend the data, producing recommended sets of data, and providing convenient means of maintaining, updating, and disseminating the results of this process. The latest efforts have utilized modern database, storage, and distribution technologies including the Internet and World Wide Web. Given here is an informal survey of how these resources have developed, how they are currently characterized, and what their likely evolution will lead them to become in the future. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Controlled Fus Atom Data Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schultz, DR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Controlled Fus Atom Data Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-751-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 434 BP 119 EP 130 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BL48Y UT WOS:000075685200009 ER PT S AU Crandall, DH AF Crandall, DH BE Mohr, PJ Wiese, WL TI The National Ignition Facility and atomic data SO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS: ICAMDATA - FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA) CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 1997 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stand Reference Data Program, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Elect Power Res Inst, US DOE, Off Fus Energy Sci, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Molec Phys, USN, Naval Res Lab, SEMATECH, NASA, Off Space Sci HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is under construction, capping over 25 years of development of the inertial confinement fusion concept by providing the facility to obtain fusion ignition in the laboratory for the first time. The NIF is a 192 beam glass laser to provide energy controlled in space and time so that a millimeter-scale capsule containing deuterium and tritium can be compressed to fusion conditions. Light transport, conversion of light in frequency, interaction of light with matter in solid and plasma forms, and diagnostics of extreme material conditions on small scale all use atomic data in preparing for use of the NIF. The NIF will provide opportunity to make measurements of atomic data in extreme physical environments related to fusion energy, nuclear weapon detonation, and astrophysics. The first laser beams of NIF should be operational in 2001 and the full facility completed at the end of 2003. NIF is to provide 1.8 megajoule of blue light on fusion targets and is intended to achieve fusion ignition by about the end of 2007. Today's inertial fusion development activities use atomic data to design and predict fusion capsule performance and in non-fusion applications to analyze radiation transport and radiation effects on matter. Conditions investigated involve radiation temperature of hundreds of eV, pressures up to gigabars and time scales of femptoseconds. C1 US DOE, Off Inertial Fus, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Crandall, DH (reprint author), US DOE, Off Inertial Fus, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-751-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 434 BP 287 EP 293 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BL48Y UT WOS:000075685200019 ER PT S AU Bardsley, JN AF Bardsley, JN BE Mohr, PJ Wiese, WL TI Industrial applications of low temperature plasmas SO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS: ICAMDATA - FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA) CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 1997 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stand Reference Data Program, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Elect Power Res Inst, US DOE, Off Fus Energy Sci, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Molec Phys, USN, Naval Res Lab, SEMATECH, NASA, Off Space Sci HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB The use of low temperature plasmas in industry is illustrated by the discussion of four applications, to lighting, displays, semiconductor manufacturing and pollution control. The type of plasma required for each application is described and typical materials are identified. The need to understand radical formation, ionization and metastable excitation within the discharge and the importance of surface reactions are stressed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Bardsley, JN (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-751-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 434 BP 333 EP 376 PG 44 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BL48Y UT WOS:000075685200022 ER PT S AU Schultz, D Berry, RS Mendoza, C Younger, S AF Schultz, D Berry, RS Mendoza, C Younger, S BE Mohr, PJ Wiese, WL TI Increasing the visibility and publicity for data activities and assuring the open exchange of data SO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS: ICAMDATA - FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA) CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 1997 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stand Reference Data Program, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Elect Power Res Inst, US DOE, Off Fus Energy Sci, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Molec Phys, USN, Naval Res Lab, SEMATECH, NASA, Off Space Sci HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schultz, D (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-751-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 434 BP 397 EP 400 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BL48Y UT WOS:000075685200025 ER PT J AU Fournier, KB AF Fournier, KB TI Atomic data and spectral line intensities for highly ionized tungsten (Co-like W47+ to Rb-like W37+) in a high-temperature, low-density plasma SO ATOMIC DATA AND NUCLEAR DATA TABLES LA English DT Article ID WAVE COLLISION STRENGTHS; LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS; X-RAY-SPECTRA; ZN-LIKE IONS; ENERGY-LEVELS; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; CU-LIKE; TRANSITIONS; WAVELENGTHS AB Calculated transition wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and collisional-radiative line intensities are presented for the 11 tungsten (Z = 74) ions from Co-like W47+ to Rb-like W37+. Fully relativistic, ab initio calculations have been carried out for the ion structure in each case, and a detailed collisional-radiative model has been constructed. Electric and magnetic dipole and quadrupole (E1, M1, E2, and M2) transitions are considered, and references are given to continuing experiments where the present tungsten emission features may be observed. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fournier, KB (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L41, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 48 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0092-640X J9 ATOM DATA NUCL DATA JI Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tables PD JAN PY 1998 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1 EP 48 DI 10.1006/adnd.1997.0756 PG 48 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA ZE154 UT WOS:000072763500001 ER PT S AU Fournier, KB May, MJ Pacella, D Gregory, BC Rice, JE Terry, JL Finkenthal, M Goldstein, WH AF Fournier, KB May, MJ Pacella, D Gregory, BC Rice, JE Terry, JL Finkenthal, M Goldstein, WH BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI Calculated radiative power losses from mid- and high-Z impurities in tokamak plasmas SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL AB This paper summarizes recent calculations of the radiative cooling coefficient for molybdenum (Z=42), krypton (Z=36) and argon (Z=18). The radiative processes considered are collisional-radiative line emission, dielectronic recombination line emission, and radiative recombination and bremsstrahlung continuum emission. Collisional-radiative line emission dominates the power loss channels for a given impurity at all but the highest plasma electron temperatures. The atomic data for the line emission are computed ab initio with the HULLAC atomic physics suite of codes. Relativistic, ab initio atomic physics data are used to compute ionization and recombination rate coefficients; the resulting charge state distribution and recombination rates are used to estimate the radiative power from recombination processes. The calculations in the present work are benchmarked against absolute measurements of ion brightness profiles in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade plasma. Integrated measurements from tokamak plasmas such as bolometery are then simulated. The atomic physics data used to predict the emissivity of individual ions is validated; the calculated cooling coefficients agree well with bolometric measurements. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Fournier, KB (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 73 EP 87 DI 10.1063/1.56558 PG 15 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700006 ER PT S AU Dunn, J Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, VN Hunter, JR Shepherd, R Stewart, RE White, WE AF Dunn, J Osterheld, AL Shlyaptsev, VN Hunter, JR Shepherd, R Stewart, RE White, WE BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI High gain X-ray lasers pumped by transient collisional excitation SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL AB We present recent results of x-ray laser amplification of spontaneous emission in Ne-like and Ni-like transient collisional excitation schemes. The plasma formation, ionization and collisional excitation can be optimized using two laser pulses of 1 ns and 1 ps duration at table-top energies of 5 J in each beam. High gain of 35 cm(-1) has been measured on the 147 Angstrom 4d-->4p J=0-->1 transition of Ni-like Pd and is a direct consequence of the nonstationary population inversion produced by the high intensity picosecond pulse. We report the dependence of the x-ray laser line intensity on the laser plasma conditions and compare the experimental measurements with hydrodynamic and atomic kinetics simulations for Ne-like and Ni-like lasing. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Dunn, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-251,POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 106 EP 117 DI 10.1063/1.56567 PG 12 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700009 ER PT S AU Bannister, ME Djuric, N Woitke, O Dunn, GH Chung, YS Smith, ACH Wallbank, B AF Bannister, ME Djuric, N Woitke, O Dunn, GH Chung, YS Smith, ACH Wallbank, B BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI Recent experiments on near-threshold electron-impact excitation of multiply charged ions SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL AB Some recent measurements of excitation of multiply charged ions by electrons studied in beam-beam experiments are highlighted. The emphasis is on absolute total cross sections measured with the merged electron-ion beams energy-loss (MEIBEL) technique, although some results obtained with the crossed-beams fluorescence method are also presented. The MEIBEL technique allows the investigation of optically-allowed and forbidden transitions with sufficient energy resolution, typically about 0.2 eV, to resolve resonance structures in the cross sections. Results from the JILA/ORNL MEIBEL experiment on dipole-allowed transitions in several ions demonstrate the success of various theoretical methods in predicting cross sections in the absence of resonances. Comparisons of R-matrix calculations and measured cross sections for spin-forbidden transitions in Mg-like Si2+ and Ar6+, however, show that further refinements to the theory are needed in order to more accurately predict cross sections involving significant contributions from dielectronic resonances and interactions between neighboring resonances. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Bannister, ME (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Bldg 6003,MS-6372,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1063/1.56562 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700012 ER PT S AU Stancil, PC Krstic, PS Schultz, DR AF Stancil, PC Krstic, PS Schultz, DR BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI Heavy particle atomic collisions in astrophysics: Beyond H and He targets SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL AB The physical conditions relating to the emission of x-rays from Jovian and cometary atmospheres and to supernova ejecta are briefly described. Emphasis is placed on elucidating the relevance and importance of atomic collision processes, the availability of data, and the outstanding data needs for modeling these environments. Some preliminary theoretical studies of electron capture for important collisions systems, involving molecular and atomic metal targets, are presented. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Stancil, PC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Bldg 6003,MS-6372,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 185 EP 195 DI 10.1063/1.56563 PG 11 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700015 ER PT S AU Keane, CJ AF Keane, CJ BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI Atomic physics in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL C1 US DOE, Off Inertial Fus, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 281 EP 281 DI 10.1063/1.56574 PG 1 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700022 ER PT S AU Back, CA Woolsey, NC Landen, OL Libby, SB Lee, RW AF Back, CA Woolsey, NC Landen, OL Libby, SB Lee, RW BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI Atomic processes in inertial fusion plasmas SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 282 EP 282 DI 10.1063/1.56564 PG 1 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700023 ER PT S AU Key, MH Cable, MD Cowan, TE Estabrook, KG Hammel, BA Hatchett, SP Henry, EA Hinkel, DE Kilkenny, JD Koch, JA Kruer, WL Langdon, AB Lasinski, BF Lee, RW MacGowan, BJ MacKinnon, A Moody, JD Moran, MJ Offenberger, AA Pennington, DM Perry, MD Phillips, TJ Sangster, TC Singh, MS Stoyer, MA Tabak, M Tietbohl, GL Tsukamoto, M Wharton, K Wilks, SC AF Key, MH Cable, MD Cowan, TE Estabrook, KG Hammel, BA Hatchett, SP Henry, EA Hinkel, DE Kilkenny, JD Koch, JA Kruer, WL Langdon, AB Lasinski, BF Lee, RW MacGowan, BJ MacKinnon, A Moody, JD Moran, MJ Offenberger, AA Pennington, DM Perry, MD Phillips, TJ Sangster, TC Singh, MS Stoyer, MA Tabak, M Tietbohl, GL Tsukamoto, M Wharton, K Wilks, SC BE Oks, E Pindzola, MS TI Atomic and nuclear processes produced in ultra-high intensity laser irradiation of solid targets SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: ELEVENTH APS TOPICAL CONFERENCE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL AUBURN, AL C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Cowan, Thomas/A-8713-2011 OI Cowan, Thomas/0000-0002-5845-000X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-802-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 443 BP 283 EP 283 DI 10.1063/1.56575 PG 1 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BL94X UT WOS:000077262700024 ER PT S AU Devanathan, R Weber, WJ de la Rubia, TD AF Devanathan, R Weber, WJ de la Rubia, TD BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Atomistic simulation of defect production in beta-SiC SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID IRRADIATION-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ELECTRON-IRRADIATION; AMORPHOUS TRANSITION; SILICON-CARBIDE; CRYSTALLINE AB The process of defect formation and the threshold energies for Si and C displacements along various crystallographic directions in cubic silicon carbide (beta-SIC) have been examined using molecular dynamics simulations. A combination of Tersoff and first-principles potentials was used to model the inter-atomic interactions. The lowest threshold energies for C and Si displacements were found to be 28 and 36 eV, respectively. These displacement threshold energies show excellent agreement with the results of recent first-principles calculations in SiC and with experimental observations. Simulation of a 10 keV Si cascade yielded values of about 0.1 ps for the cascade lifetime and about 3.5 for the ratio of the number of surviving C defects to Si defects. Anti-site defects were found on both Si and C sublattices. These defects may play an important role in the amorphization of SiC by energetic particle irradiation. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Devanathan, R (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM ram@pnl.gov RI Weber, William/A-4177-2008; Devanathan, Ram/C-7247-2008 OI Weber, William/0000-0002-9017-7365; Devanathan, Ram/0000-0001-8125-4237 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800007 ER PT S AU Giacobbe, MJ Rehn, LE Lam, NQ Okamoto, PR Funk, L Baldo, P McCormick, A Stubbins, JF AF Giacobbe, MJ Rehn, LE Lam, NQ Okamoto, PR Funk, L Baldo, P McCormick, A Stubbins, JF BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Effects of heavy-ion cascade volume on the suppression of radiation-induced segregation in alloys SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID FREELY MIGRATING DEFECTS; ANNIHILATION; IRRADIATION; REMNANTS; METALS AB The interactions of cascade remnants with freely migrating defects (FMDs) during dual light and heavy-ion irradiations in Cu-1at.%Au at 400 degrees C were investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Near-surface Au depletion driven by 1.5-MeV He ion irradiation was suppressed by concurrent bombardment with 1.2-MeV Ag ions. The dual irradiation effect suggests that short-lived cascade remnants created by heavy ions act as recombination centers for FMDs, reducing radiation-induced segregation (RIS). The effects of the total cascade volume generated by heavy-ion beams on the suppression of RIS were examined. The investigation revealed when 800-keV Cu and 1.2-MeV Ag ion beams produce nearly the same total cascade volume per second, their suppression effects on 1.5-MeV He-induced Au transport are also nearly equal even though the total cascade volume produced per ion for each are different. This result indicates that the suppression effect of cascade remnants produced by heavy ions depends on the total cascade volume induced per unit time and not on the total cascade volume per ion generated by individual ions of different mass and energy. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Giacobbe, MJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 129 EP 134 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800019 ER PT S AU Wetteland, CJ Sickafus, KE Gopalan, V Mitchell, JN Hartmann, T Nastasi, M Maggiore, CJ Tesmer, JR Mitchell, TE AF Wetteland, CJ Sickafus, KE Gopalan, V Mitchell, JN Hartmann, T Nastasi, M Maggiore, CJ Tesmer, JR Mitchell, TE BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Radiation damage effects in ferroelectric LiTaO3 single crystals SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID INTERNAL FIELD; COEFFICIENTS; ORIGIN AB Z-cut lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) ferroelectric single crystals were irradiated with 200 keV Ar++ ions. LiTaO3, possesses a structure that is a derivative of the corundum (Al2O3) crystal structure. A systematic study of the radiation damage accumulation rate as a function of ion dose was performed using ion-beam channeling experiments. An ion fluence of 2.5.10(18) Ar2+ ions/m(2) was sufficient to amorphize the irradiated volume of a LiTaO3, crystal at an irradiation temperature of similar to 120K. This represents a rather exceptional susceptibility to ion-induced amorphization, which may be related to a highly disparate rate of knock-on of constituent lattice ions, due to the large mass difference between the Li and Ta cations. We also observed that the c(-) end of the ferroelectric polarization exhibits slightly higher ion dechanneling along with an apparent greater susceptibility to radiation damage, as compared to the c(+) end of the polarization. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wetteland, CJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM kurt@lanl.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 159 EP 164 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800024 ER PT S AU Provencio, PN Venturini, EL Doyle, BL Brice, DK Schone, H AF Provencio, PN Venturini, EL Doyle, BL Brice, DK Schone, H BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Correlation of intermediate ion energy induced extended defect continuity to enhanced pinning potential in Tl-2212 films SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; MAGNETIC INSULATORS; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; HEAVY-IONS; CRITICAL CURRENTS; COLUMNAR DEFECTS; IRRADIATION; RESISTIVITY; DAMAGE; IRREVERSIBILITY AB Lattice defects are introduced into the structure to suppress the motion of magnetic vortices and enhance the critical current density in high temperature superconductors. Point defects are not very effective pinning sites for the cuprate superconductors; however, extended defects, such as linear tracks, have been shown to be strong pinning sites. We study the superconducting cuprate Tl-2212 (the numbers designate Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu stoichiometry). Large enhancements of vortex pinning potential were observed in Tl-2212 after high-intermediate energy heavy-ion irradiations where non-continuous extended defects were induced at dE/dx of 9 to 15.2 keV/nm (60 MeV Au, 60 MeV Cu, and 30 MeV Au) and continuous linear defects were induced at 19.5keV/nm (88 MeV Au). Our research addresses the question of pinning in highly anisotropic materials like Tl-2212 where the vortices are "pancakes" rather than "rods" and suitable defect structures may be discontinuous extended damage domains. The defect microstructure and the effectiveness of the pinning potential in Tl-2212 after irradiation by intermediate energy Au at lower dE/dx of 5-15 keV/nm, where recoils are more significant, is studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy digital imaging and a SQUID magnetometer. The nature of the ion irradiation damage at these intermediate dE/dx will be correlated to the average vortex pinning potential and the TRIMRC calculations for recoils. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Provencio, PN (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800027 ER PT S AU Daulton, TL Kirk, MA Rehn, LE AF Daulton, TL Kirk, MA Rehn, LE BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Transmission electron microscopy study of cascade collapse in copper during in-situ ion-irradiation at elevated temperatures SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd AB The basic mechanisms driving the collapse of point defects produced in collision cascades are investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization of defect microstructures produced in fcc-Cu irradiated with low-fluences of heavy (100 keV Kr) ions at elevated temperature (23 - 600 degrees C). Areal defect yields are determined from direct TEM observation of the total defect production integrated over the duration of the in-situ ion-irradiation. They are unequivocally demonstrated to decrease with increasing lattice temperature. This decrease in defect yield indicates a proportional decrease in the probability of collapse of cascade regions into defects of size where visible contrast is produced in a TEM. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Daulton, TL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 189 EP 194 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800029 ER PT S AU Follstaedt, DM Knapp, JA Myers, SM Dugger, MT Friedmann, TA Sullivan, JP Monteiro, OR Ager, JW Brown, IG Christenson, T AF Follstaedt, DM Knapp, JA Myers, SM Dugger, MT Friedmann, TA Sullivan, JP Monteiro, OR Ager, JW Brown, IG Christenson, T BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Energetic particle synthesis of metastable layers for superior mechanical properties SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID TETRAHEDRAL AMORPHOUS-CARBON; ELASTIC-MODULUS; FILMS; DEPOSITION; ALLOYS; TI; HARDNESS AB Energetic particle methods have been used to synthesize two metastable layers with superior mechanical properties: amorphous Ni implanted with overlapping Ti and C, and amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) formed by vacuum-are deposition or pulsed laser deposition. Elastic modulus, yield stress and hardness were reliably determined for both materials by fitting finite-element simulations to the observed layer/substrate responses during nanoindentation. Both materials show exceptional properties, i.e., the yield stress of amorphous Ni(Ti,C) exceeds that of hardened steels and other metallic glasses, and the hardness of DLC (up to 88 GPa) approaches that of crystalline diamond (similar to 100 GPa). Tribological performance of the layers during unlubricated sliding contact appears favorable for treating Ni-based micro-electromechanical systems: stick-slip adhesion to Ni is eliminated, giving a low coefficient of friction (similar to 0.3-0.2) and greatly reduced wear. We discuss how energetic particle synthesis is critical to forming these phases and manipulating their properties for optimum performance. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Follstaedt, DM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 241 EP 252 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800037 ER PT S AU Barbour, JC Potter, BG AF Barbour, JC Potter, BG BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Control of optical performance from Er-doped alumina synthesized using an ECR plasma SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID AL2O3 AB Hydrogen in deposited optical ceramics can modify the optical properties, and therefore the role of the hydrogen needs to be understood to control its effects. Erbium-doped amorphous alumina films were deposited using simultaneous electron beam evaporation of aluminum and erbium while bombarding the sample with 30 eV O-2(+) ions from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. The hydrogen content was measured, using elastic recoil detection, as a function of isochronal annealing treatments. The data was fit to a simple trap-release model in order to determine an effective activation energy for the thermal release of H from alumina and Er-doped alumina. The intensity of the ion-beam stimulated luminescence from these samples was monitored in the visible and near infrared regions as a function of the thermal treatments. In order to gain a better understanding of the influence of hydrogen, the ionoluminescence (IL) data from samples containing hydrogen were fit with a simple linear equation. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Barbour, JC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 387 EP 392 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800058 ER PT S AU White, CW Budai, JD Meldrum, AL Withrow, SP Zuhr, RA Sonder, E Purezky, A Geohegan, DB Zhu, JG Henderson, DO AF White, CW Budai, JD Meldrum, AL Withrow, SP Zuhr, RA Sonder, E Purezky, A Geohegan, DB Zhu, JG Henderson, DO BE Barbour, JC Roorda, S Ila, D Tsujioka, M TI Ion beam synthesis of CdS, ZnS, and PbS compound semiconductor nanocrystals SO ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS IN BEAM SYNTHESIS AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium KK - on Atomistic Mechanisms in Beam Synthesis and Irradiation of Materials at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Alabama A&M Univ, Ctr Irradiation Mat, High Volage Engn Europa B.v., Natl Electrostatics Corp, Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; QUANTUM DOTS; SIZE; GLASS AB Sequential ion implantation followed by thermal annealing has been used to form encapsulated CdS, ZnS, and PbS nanocrystals in SiO2 and Al2O3 matrices. In SiO2, nanoparticles are nearly spherical and randomly oriented, and ZnS and PbS nanocrystals exhibit bimodal size distributions. In Al2O3, nanoparticles are facetted and oriented with respect to the matrix. Initial photoluminescence (PL) results are presented. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP White, CW (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013; Budai, John/R-9276-2016 OI Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139; Budai, John/0000-0002-7444-1306 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-409-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 504 BP 399 EP 404 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BM67L UT WOS:000079427800060 ER PT J AU Gessaman, JA Nagle, RD Congdon, JD AF Gessaman, JA Nagle, RD Congdon, JD TI Evaluation of the cyclopropane absorption method of measuring avian body fat SO AUK LA English DT Article ID LEAN MASS; LIPIDS AB The mean absolute percent error of predicting the fat mass of 40 Rock Doves (Columba livia) by the cyclopropane absorption method was 11%. A sensitivity analysis of some of the 15 variables used in computing fat mass by the cyclopropane absorption method showed that: (1) cloacal temperature was a good measure of body-fat temperature, (2) the lipid solubility coefficient of cyclopropane reported for rats was appropriate for pigeons, (3) minimum error occurred with an animal density of 1.08, (4) error was relatively insensitive to a range of reasonable estimates of body water, and (5) the most accurate method of measuring chamber volume was unclear. We list advantages and disadvantages of this user-unfriendly method and provide recommendations for future users. This method does not require a calibration based on fat extracted from dead birds; the accuracy and precision of a system assembled to measure the fat mass of live birds can be evaluated with olive oil standards. The accuracy of estimating fat mass of a living bird seems to be dictated, in large part, by the analytical equipment and procedures used rather than by the bird. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Gessaman, JA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM fajimg@cc.usu.edu NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD JAN PY 1998 VL 115 IS 1 BP 175 EP 187 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA YR355 UT WOS:000071487100018 ER PT S AU Cook, D Faber, V Marathe, M Srinivasan, A Sussmann, YJ AF Cook, D Faber, V Marathe, M Srinivasan, A Sussmann, YJ BE Larsen, KG Skyum, S Winskel, G TI Low-bandwidth routing and electrical power networks SO AUTOMATA, LANGUAGES AND PROGRAMMING SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP 98) CY JUL 13-17, 1998 CL AALBORG, DENMARK SP European Assoc Theoret Comp Sci ID UNSPLITTABLE FLOW AB Given a graph G and a (multi-)set of pairs of vertices in it, the classical NP-hard maximum edge-disjoint-paths problem (MDP) is to connect as many of the given pairs as possible using pairwise edge-disjoint paths in G. We study a relative of this problem: me have a network with fitted link capacities that may have to service large demands when necessary. In particular, individual demands are allowed to exceed capacities, and thus flows for some request pairs necessarily have to be split into different how-paths. This is the framework for computational problems arising from: (i) electrical power networks due to the proposed deregulation of the electric utility industry in the USA, and (ii) applications such as real-time Internet services (e.g., telephone, fax, video). We show that these problems come in a few variants, some efficiently solvable and many NP-hard; we also present approximation algorithms for many of the NP-hard variants presented. Some of our approximation algorithms benefit from certain improved tail estimates that we derive; the latter also yield improved approximations for a family of packing integer programs. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Informat Syst & Comp Sci, Singapore 119260, Singapore. Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Cook, D (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM xvf@lanl.gov; marathe@lanl.gov; aravind@iscs.nus.edu.sg; yoram@cs.umd.edu NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-64781-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1443 BP 604 EP 615 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BN73R UT WOS:000082774400053 ER PT B AU Vetrano, JS Baer, DR Jones, RH AF Vetrano, JS Baer, DR Jones, RH BE Das, SK TI Solute segregation and beta-phase precipitation at internal interfaces in AA5083 SO AUTOMOTIVE ALLOYS II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Automotive Alloys II at the 1998 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 16-19, 1998 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc AB The susceptibility of Al-Mg alloys (>3.7 at% Mg) to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has limited their use for load bearing structures in automotive applications. Susceptibility to SCC has generally been attributed to grain boundary precipitation of the beta-phase (Al3Mg2) following exposure at moderate (<200 degrees C) temperatures. High resolution microstructural evaluations of AA5083 (nominally 4.5 at% Mg) following a series of heat treatments have been performed to better understand the nature of Mg segregation and beta-phase precipitation at internal interfaces. Compositional measurements using a field-emission gun transmission electron microscope revealed that heat treatments as short as one hour at 175 degrees C were sufficient to cause significant Mg and Cu segregation to grain boundaries and beta-phase precipitation at triple points. Longer heat treatments resulted in beta-phase precipitation at all types of internal interfaces but even after 100 hours the phase was not continuous along grain boundaries. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Vetrano, JS (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Baer, Donald/J-6191-2013 OI Baer, Donald/0000-0003-0875-5961 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-387-2 PY 1998 BP 117 EP 123 PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Transportation SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Transportation GA BK49X UT WOS:000072372300008 ER PT B AU Syn, CK Lesuer, DR Nieh, TG Yang, HS Brown, KR Kaibyshev, RO Petrov, EN AF Syn, CK Lesuer, DR Nieh, TG Yang, HS Brown, KR Kaibyshev, RO Petrov, EN BE Das, SK TI Roll forming technology for manufacturing axisymmetric automotive components SO AUTOMOTIVE ALLOYS II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Automotive Alloys II at the 1998 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 16-19, 1998 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc AB A unique roll forming technology that permits complex axisymmetric components, such as automotive wheels and turbine disks, to be formed in a single forming operation, has been developed by two Russian institutes, the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center and the Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems. This process was used to fabricate automobile wheels from a Russian AVT alloy, a 6010 aluminum alloy equivalent. The process included steps of isothermal compression of the initial blanks, isothermal forging of the blanks into preforms, and final isothermal roll forming of preforms into wheel shapes, all at 430 degrees C for the AVT alloy. The microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated at various locations in the finished wheels by optical metallography and tensile testing at elevated temperatures. Tensile properties were obtained by strain-rate change tests and tensile tests to failure at high strain rates. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the preforms and blanks were also evaluated. The results indicate that dynamically recovered microstructures were developed during the processing, which showed relatively high strain rate sensitivity and rendered sufficient plasticity at the elevated temperature for the wheel fabrication process. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Syn, CK (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Kaibyshev, Rustam/G-8804-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-387-2 PY 1998 BP 173 EP 183 PG 11 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Transportation SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Transportation GA BK49X UT WOS:000072372300013 ER PT B AU Bradley, PA AF Bradley, PA BE Meistas, EG Moskalik, P TI Asteroseismology of DAV white dwarf stars SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY, VOL 7, NOS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Whole Earth Telescope Workshop CY JUL 21-25, 1997 CL KONINKI, POLAND SP Cracow Pedagog Univ, UNESCO, KBN, Polish Acad Sci, Astron Comm DE stars, white dwarfs, interiors, oscillations AB I review the seismological structural determinations of ZZ Ceti stars done to date and supplement these with additional preliminary determinations of my own. I compare the constraints on the hydrogen layer mass to see what trends emerge and also determine if the observed hydrogen layer masses are consistent with proposed theories. I then look ahead to the prospects of further DAV white dwarf seismology. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, XTA, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bradley, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, XTA, POB 1663,MS B220, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTITUTE THEORETICAL PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY PI VILNIUS PA GOSTAUTO 12, VILNIUS 2600, LITHUANIA PY 1998 BP 111 EP 130 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL26X UT WOS:000074945200010 ER PT B AU Bradley, PA AF Bradley, PA BE Meistas, EG Moskalik, P TI White dwarf data tables SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY, VOL 7, NOS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Whole Earth Telescope Workshop CY JUL 21-25, 1997 CL KONINKI, POLAND SP Cracow Pedagog Univ, UNESCO, KBN, Polish Acad Sci, Astron Comm DE catalogs; stars, white dwarfs, oscillations, interacting binaries AB The following tables give the updated photometric and physical parameters of variable white dwarfs together with lists of the representative references. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, XTA, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bradley, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, XTA, MS B220, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTITUTE THEORETICAL PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY PI VILNIUS PA GOSTAUTO 12, VILNIUS 2600, LITHUANIA PY 1998 BP 355 EP 367 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL26X UT WOS:000074945200035 ER PT S AU Sinclair, CK AF Sinclair, CK BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Electron beam polarimetry SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Along with its well known charge and mass, the electron also carries an intrinsic angular momentum, or spin. The rules of quantum mechanics allow us to measure only the probability that the electron spin is in one of two allowed spin states. When a beam carries a net excess of electrons in one of these two allowed spin states, the beam is said to be polarized. The beam polarization may be measured by observing a sufficient number of electrons scattered by a spin-dependent interaction. For electrons, the useful scattering processes involve Coulomb scattering by heavy nuclei, or scattering from either polarized photons or other polarized electrons (known as Mott, Compton, and Moller scattering, respectively). In this tutorial, we will briefly review how beam polarization is measured through a general scattering process, followed by a discussion of how the three scattering processes above are used to measure electron beam polarization. Descriptions of electron polarimeters based on the three scattering processes will be given. C1 Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Sinclair, CK (reprint author), Jefferson Lab, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 23 EP 39 DI 10.1063/1.57045 PG 17 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100002 ER PT S AU Makdisi, Y AF Makdisi, Y BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Measuring the proton beam polarization SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Polarimeters are necessary tools for measuring and maintaining the beam polarization during the acceleration process. They serve, as well, as a yardstick for performing spin physics experiments. In this paper, I will describe the principles of measuring proton beam polarization and the techniques that are employed at various energies. I will use as a guide the design work for the Polarized Proton Project at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) which is under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, RHIC Project, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Makdisi, Y (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, RHIC Project, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 40 EP 52 DI 10.1063/1.57024 PG 13 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100003 ER PT S AU Fisher, AS AF Fisher, AS BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Instrumentation and diagnostics for PEP-II SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB PEP-II is a 2.2 km-circumference collider with a 2.1 A, 3.1 GeV positron ring (the low-energy ring) 1 m above a 1 A, 9 GeV electron ring (the high-energy ring); both rings are designed to allow an upgrade to 3 A. Since June 1997, we have had three runs totaling 14 weeks to commission the full. HER, reaching a current of 0.75 A. Positrons were transported through the first 90 m of the LER in January 1998, with full-ring tests planned for the summer. This workshop provides a timely opportunity to review the design of the beam diagnostics and their performance, with an emphasis on what works, what doesn't, and what we're doing to improve it. This paper discusses: the synchrotron-light monitor, including both transverse imaging onto a CCD camera and longitudinal measurements with a streak camera; beam position monitors, with processors capable of 1024-turn records, FFTs, and phase-advance measurements; tune measurements with a spectrum analyzer, including software for peak tracking; measurements of both the total ring current and the charge in each bucket, for real-time control of the fill; and beam loss monitors using small Cherenkov detectors for measuring losses from both stared and injected beam. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Fisher, AS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, MS 17,POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 95 EP 109 DI 10.1063/1.57044 PG 15 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100006 ER PT S AU Gilpatrick, JD AF Gilpatrick, JD BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Techniques for intense-proton-beam profile measurements SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB In a collaborative effort with industry and several national laboratories, the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) facility and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) linac are presently being designed and developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The APT facility is planned to accelerate a 100 mA H+ cw beam to 1.7 GeV and the SNS linac is planned to accelerate a 1 to 4 mA-average, H-, pulsed-beam to 1 GeV. With typical rms beam widths of 1 to 3 mm throughout much of these accelerators, the maximum average-power densities of these beams are expected to be approximately 30 and 1 MW-per-square millimeter, respectively. Such power densities are too large to use standard interceptive techniques typically used for acquisition of beam profile information. This paper will summarize the specific requirements for the beam profile measurements to be used in the APT, SNS, and the Low-Energy Development Accelerator (LEDA) - a facility to verify the operation of the first 20 MeV section of APT. This paper will also discuss the variety of profile measurement choices discussed at a recent high-average-current beam profile workshop held in Santa Fe, NM, and will present the present state of the design for the beam profile measurements planned for APT, SNS, and LEDA. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Gilpatrick, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 110 EP 124 DI 10.1063/1.57046 PG 15 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100007 ER PT S AU Carwardine, JA Lenkszus, FR AF Carwardine, JA Lenkszus, FR BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Real-time orbit feedback at the APS SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB A real-time orbit feedback system has been implemented at the Advanced Photon Source in order to meet the stringent orbit stability requirements. The system reduces global orbit motion below 30 HL by a factor of four to below 5 mu m rms horizontally and 2 mu m rms vertically. This paper focuses on dynamic orbit stability and describes the all-digital orbit feedback system that has been implemented at the APS. Implementation of the global orbit feedback system is described and its latest performance is presented. Ultimately, the system will provide local feedback at each x-ray source point using installed photon BPMs to measure x-ray beam position and angle directly. Technical challenges associated with local feedback and with dynamics of the associated corrector magnets are described. The unique diagnostic capabilities provided by the APS system are discussed with reference to their use in identifying sources of the underlying orbit motion. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Carwardine, JA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 125 EP 144 DI 10.1063/1.56995 PG 20 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100008 ER PT S AU Shea, TJ Witkover, RL AF Shea, TJ Witkover, RL BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI RHIC instrumentation SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) consists of two 3.8 km circumference rings utilizing 396 superconducting dipoles and 492 superconducting quadrupoles. Each ring will accelerate approximately 60 bunches of 10(11) protons to 250 GeV, or 10(9) fully stripped gold ions to 100 GeV/nucleon. Commissioning is scheduled for early 1999 with detectors for some of the 6 intersection regions scheduled for initial operation later in the year. The injection line instrumentation includes: 52 beam position monitor (BPM) channels, 56 beam loss monitor (BLM) channels, 5 fast integrating current transformers and 12 video beam profile monitors. The collider ring instrumentation includes: 667 BPM channels, 400 BLM channels, wall current monitors, DC current transformers, ionization profile monitors (IPMs), transverse feedback systems, and resonant Schottky monitors. The use of superconducting magnets affected the beam instrumentation design. The BPM electrodes must function in a cryogenic environment and the BLM system must prevent magnet quenches from either fast or slow losses with widely different rates. RHIC is the first superconducting accelerator to cross transition, requiring close monitoring of beam parameters at this time. High space-charge due to the fully stripped gold ions required the IPM to collect magnetically guided electrons rather than the conventional ions. Since polarized beams will also be accelerated in RHIC, additional constraints were put on the instrumentation. The orbit must be well controlled to minimize depolarizing resonance strengths. Also, the position monitors must accommodate large orbit displacements within the Siberian snakes and spin rotators. The design of the instrumentation will be presented along with results obtained during bench tests, the injection line commissioning, and the first sextant test. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Shea, TJ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 145 EP 162 DI 10.1063/1.56996 PG 18 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100009 ER PT S AU Shafer, RE AF Shafer, RE BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Laser diagnostic for high current H- beams SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB In the last 5 years, significant technology advances have been made in the performance, size, and cost of solid-state diode-pumped lasers. These developments enable the use of compact Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers as a beam diagnostic for high current H- beams. Because me threshold for photodetachment is only 0.75 eV, and the maximum detachment cross section is 4 x 10(-17) cm(2) at 1.5 eV, A 50 mJ/pulse Q-switched Nd:YAG laser can neutralize a significant fraction of the beam in a single 10 ns wide pulse. The neutral beam maintains nearly identical parameters as the parent a beam, including size, divergence, energy, energy spread and phase spread. A dipole magnet can separate the neutral beam from the H- beam to allow diagnostics on the neutral beam without intercepting the high-current H- beam. Such a laser system can also be used to extract a low current proton beam, or to induce fluorescence in partially stripped heavy ion beams. Possible beamline diagnostic systems will be reviewed, and the neutral beam yields will be calculated. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Shafer, RE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 191 EP 198 DI 10.1063/1.56999 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100012 ER PT S AU Lumpkin, AH Berg, WJ Yang, BX White, M AF Lumpkin, AH Berg, WJ Yang, BX White, M BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Linac-beam characterizations at 600 MeV using optical transition radiation diagnostics SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Selected optical diagnostics stations were upgraded in anticipation of low-emittance, bright electron beams from a thermionic rf gun or a photoelectric rf gun on the Advanced Photon Source (APS) injector linac. The upgrades include the installation of optical transition radiation (OTR) screens, transport lines, and cameras for use in transverse beam size measurements and longitudinal profile measurements. Using beam from the standard thermionic gun, tests were done at 50 MeV and 400 to 650 MeV. Data were obtained on the limiting spatial (sigma similar to 200 mu m) and temporal resolutions (300 ms) of the Chromox (Al2O3 : Cr) screen (250 mu m thick) in comparison to the OTR screens. Both charge-coupled device (CCD) and charge-injection device (CID) video cameras were used, as well as a Hamamatsu C5680 synchroscan sneak camera operating at a vertical deflection rate of 119.0 MHz (the 24th subharmonic of me S-band 2856 MHz frequency). Beam transverse sizes as small as sigma(x) = 60 mu m for a 600 MeV beam and micropulse bunch lengths of sigma(tau) < 3 ps have been recorded for macropulse-averaged behavior with charges of about 2 to 3 nC per macropulse. These techniques are applicable to linac-driven, fourth-generation light source R&D experiments, including the APS's SASE FEL experiment. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lumpkin, AH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 199 EP 205 DI 10.1063/1.57047 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100013 ER PT S AU Graves, WS Johnson, ED Ulc, S AF Graves, WS Johnson, ED Ulc, S BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI A high resolution electron beam profile monitor and its applications SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB A beam diagnostic to measure transverse profiles of electron beams is described. This profile monitor uses a cerium-doped yttrium:aluminum:garnet (YAG:Ce) crystal scintillator to produce an image of the transverse beam distribution. The advantage of this material over traditional fluorescent screens is that it is formed from a single crystal, and therefore has improved spatial resolution. The resolution is ultimately limited by the diffraction of visible light to approximately 1 micron. The application of these scintillators in a very compact three-screen emittance monitor is also described. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Graves, WS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 206 EP 213 DI 10.1063/1.57000 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100014 ER PT S AU Lumpkin, AH Yang, BX AF Lumpkin, AH Yang, BX BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI First Multi-GeV particle-beam measurements using a synchroscan and dual-sweep X-ray streak camera SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Particle-beam characterizations of a multi-GeV storage ring beam have been done for the first time using a synchroscan and dual-sweep x-ray streak camera at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), The hard x-rays (2-20 keV) from a bending magnet source were imaged using an adjustable pinhole aperture. Both the horizontal size, sigma(x) similar to 190 mu m, and bunch length, sigma(t) similar to 28 ps, were measured simultaneously. The Au photocathode provides sensitivity from 10 eV to 10 keV covering the three orders of magnitude in wavelength from the UV to hard x-rays. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lumpkin, AH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 214 EP 221 DI 10.1063/1.57001 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100015 ER PT S AU Teytelman, D Fox, J Hindi, H Limborg, C Linscott, I Prabhakar, S Sebek, J Young, A Drago, A Serio, M Barry, W Stover, G AF Teytelman, D Fox, J Hindi, H Limborg, C Linscott, I Prabhakar, S Sebek, J Young, A Drago, A Serio, M Barry, W Stover, G BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Beam diagnostics based on time-domain bunch-by-bunch data SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB A bunch-by-bunch longitudinal feedback system has been used to control coupled-bunch longitudinal motion and study the behavior of the beam at ALS, SPEAR, PEP-II, and DA Phi NE. Each of these machines presents unique challenges to feedback control of unstable motion and data analysis. Here we present techniques developed to adapt this feedback system to operating conditions at these accelerators. A diverse array of techniques has been developed to extract information on different aspects of beam behavior from the time-domain data captured by the feedback system. These include measurements of growth and damping rates of coupled-bunch modes, bunch-by-bunch current monitoring, measurements of bunch-by-bunch synchronous phases and longitudinal tunes, and beam noise spectra. A technique is presented which uses the longitudinal feedback system to measure transverse growth and damping rates. Techniques are illustrated with data acquired at all of the four above-mentioned machines. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Teytelman, D (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 222 EP 228 DI 10.1063/1.57048 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100016 ER PT S AU Yang, BX Lumpkin, AH Harkay, K Emery, L Borland, M Lenkszus, F AF Yang, BX Lumpkin, AH Harkay, K Emery, L Borland, M Lenkszus, F BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Characterizing transverse beam dynamics at the APS storage ring using a dual-sweep streak camera SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB We present a novel technique for characterizing transverse beam dynamics using a dual-sweep streak camera. The camera is used to record the front view of successive beam bunches and/or successive turns of the bunches. This extension of the dual-sweep technique makes it possible to display non-repeatable beam transverse motion in two fast and slow time scales of choice, and in a single shot. We present a study of a transverse multi-bunch instability in the APS storage ring. The positions, sizes, and shapes of 20 bunches (2.84 ns apart) in the train, in 3 to 14 successive turns (3.68 mu s apart) are recorded in a single image, providing rich information about the unstable beam. These include the amplitude of the oscillation (similar to 0 mm at the head of the train and similar to 2 mm towards the end of the train), the bunch-to-bunch phase difference, and the significant transverse size growth within the train. In the second example, the technique is used to characterize the injection kicker-induced beam motion, in support of the planned storage ring top-up operation. By adjusting the time scale of the dual sweep, it clearly shows the amplitude (+/-1.8 mm) and direction of the kick, and the subsequent decoherence (similar to 500 turns) and damping (similar to 20 ms) of the stored beam. Since the storage ring has an insertion device chamber with full vertical aperture of 5 mm, it is of special interest to track the vertical motion of the beam. An intensified gated camera was used for this purpose. The turn-by-turn x-y motion of a single-bunch beam was recorded and used as a diagnostic for coupling correction. Images taken with uncorrected coupling will be presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60565 USA. RP Yang, BX (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60565 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 229 EP 236 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100017 ER PT S AU Decker, G Carwardine, J Singh, O AF Decker, G Carwardine, J Singh, O BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Fundamental limits on beam stability at the advanced photon source SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Orbit correction is now routinely performed at the few-micron level in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring. Three diagnostics are presently in use to measure and control both AC and DC orbit motions: broad-band turn-by-turn rf beam position monitors (BPMs), narrow-band switched heterodyne receivers, and photoemission-style x-ray beam position monitors. Each type of diagnostic has its own set of systematic error effects that place limits on the ultimate pointing stability of x-ray beams supplied to users at the APS. Limiting sources of beam motion at present are magnet power supply noise, girder vibration, and thermal timescale vacuum chamber and girder motion. This paper will investigate the present limitations on orbit correction, and will delve into the upgrades necessary to achieve true sub-micron beam stability. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Decker, G (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1063/1.57003 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100018 ER PT S AU Adolphsen, C AF Adolphsen, C BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Alignment measurement of an X-band accelerator structure using beam induced dipole signals SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 245 EP 245 DI 10.1063/1.57004 PG 1 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100019 ER PT S AU Powers, T AF Powers, T BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Improvement of the noise figure of the CEBAF switched electrode electronics BPM system SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) is a high-intensity continuous wave electron accelerator for nuclear physics located at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. A beam energy of 4 GeV is achieved by recirculating the electron beam five times through two anti-parallel 400 MeV linacs. In the linacs, where there is recirculated beam, the BPM specifications must be met for beam intensities between 1 and 1000 mu A. In the transport lines the BPM specifications must be met for beam intensities between 100 nA and 200 mu A. To avoid a complete redesign of the existing electronics, we investigated ways to improve the noise figure of the linac BPM switched-electrode electronics (SEE) so that they could be used in the transport lines. We found that the out-of-band noise contributed significantly to the overall system noise figure. This paper will focus on the source of the excessive out-of-band noise and how it was reduced. The development, commissioning and operational results of this low noise variant of the linac style SEE BPMs as well as techniques for determining the noise figure of the rf chain will also be presented. C1 Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Fac, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Powers, T (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Fac, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 256 EP 265 DI 10.1063/1.57005 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100021 ER PT S AU Tenenbaum, P AF Tenenbaum, P BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Studies of beam position monitor stability SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB We present the results from two studies of the time stability between the mechanical center of a beam position monitor (BPM) and its electrical/electronic center. In the first study, a group of 93 BPM processors was calibrated via a test pulse generator once per hour, in order to measure the contribution of the readout electronics to offset drifts. In the second study, a triplet of stripline BPMs in the Final Focus Test Beam, separated only by drift spaces, was read out every six minutes during one week of beam operation. In both cases offset stability was observed to be on the order of microns over time spans ranging from hours to days, although during the beam study much worse performance was also observed. Implications for the BPM system of future linear collider systems are discussed. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Tenenbaum, P (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 266 EP 273 DI 10.1063/1.57006 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100022 ER PT S AU Shurter, RB Gilpatrick, JD Ledford, J O'Hara, J Power, J AF Shurter, RB Gilpatrick, JD Ledford, J O'Hara, J Power, J BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI An automated BPM characterization system for LEDA SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB An automated and highly accurate system for "mapping" 5 cm-diameter beam position monitors (BPMs) used in the Low Energy Demonstrator Accelerator (LEDA) at Los Alamos is described. Two-dimensional data is accumulated from the four micro-stripline electrodes in the probe by sweeping an antenna driven at the LEDA bunching frequency of 350 MHz in discrete steps across the aperture. These data are then used to determine the centroid, first- and third-order sensitivities of the BPM. These probe response coefficients are then embedded in the LEDA control system database to provide normalized beam position. information to the operators. A short summary of previous systems we have fielded is given, along with their attributes and deficiencies that had a bearing on this latest design. Lessons learned from this system will, in turn, be used on the next mappers that an currently being designed for 15 cm and 2.5 cm BPMs. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Shurter, RB (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1063/1.57009 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100025 ER PT S AU Kim, SH AF Kim, SH BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Optimization of four-button BPM configuration for small-gap beam chambers SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The configuration of four-button beam position monitors (BPMs) employed in small-gap beam chambers is optimized from 2-D electrostatic calculation of induced charges on the button electrodes. The calculation shows that for a narrow chamber of width/height (w/h) much greater than 1, over 90% of the induced charges are distributed within a distance of 2h from the charged beam position in the direction of the chamber width. The most efficient configuration for a four-button BPM is to have a button diameter of (2-2.5)h with no button offset from the beam. The button sensitivities in this case are maximized and have good linearity with respect to the beam positions in the horizontal and vertical directions. The button sensitivities and beam coefficients are also calculated for the 8 mm and 5 mm chambers used in the insertion device straight sections of the 7 GeV Advanced Photon Source. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kim, SH (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 310 EP 317 DI 10.1063/1.57012 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100028 ER PT S AU Lill, RM Decker, GA AF Lill, RM Decker, GA BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Advanced photon source monopulse RF beam position monitor front-end upgrade SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB This paper will describe and analyze the rf beam position monitor (RFBPM) front-end upgrade for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring. This system is based on amplitude-to-phase (AM/PM) conversion monopulse receivers. The design and performance of the existing BPM front-end will be considered as the base-line design for the continuous effort to improve and upgrade the APS beam diagnostics. The upgrade involves redesigning the in-tunnel filter comparator units to improve insertion loss, return loss, and band-pass filter-matching that presently limit the different fill patterns used at APS. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Lill, RM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 318 EP 324 DI 10.1063/1.57013 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100029 ER PT S AU Sereno, NS AF Sereno, NS BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Calibration of an advanced photon source linac beam position monitor used for positron position measurement of a beam containing both positrons and electrons SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The Advanced Photon Source (APS) linac beam position monitors can be used to monitor the position of a beam containing both positrons and electrons. To accomplish this task, both the signal at the bunching frequency of 2856 MHz and the signal at 2 x 2856 MHz are acquired and processed for each stripline. The positron beam position is obtained by forming a linear combination of both 2856 and 5712 MHz signals for each stripline and then performing the standard difference over sum computation. The required linear combination of the 2856 and 5712 MHz signals depends on the electrical calibration of each stripline/cable combination. In this paper, the calibration constants for both 2856 MHz and 5712 MHz signals for each stripline are determined using a pure beam of electrons. The calibration constants are obtained by measuring the 2856 and 5712 MHz stripline signals at various electron beam currents and positions. Finally, the calibration constants measured using electrons are used to determine positron beam position for the mixed beam case. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Sereno, NS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 325 EP 331 DI 10.1063/1.57014 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100030 ER PT S AU Barsotti, E Lackey, S McClure, C Meadowcroft, R AF Barsotti, E Lackey, S McClure, C Meadowcroft, R BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Beam position monitors for the Fermilab recycler ring SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Fermilab's new Recycler Ring will recover and cool "used" antiprotons at the end of a Tevatron store and also accumulate "new" antiprotons from the antiproton source. A wideband rf system based on barrier buckets will result in unbunched beam, grouped in one to three separate partitions throughout the ring. A new beam position monitor system will measure position of any one partition at a time, using low-frequency signals from beam distribution edges. A signal path including an elliptical split-plate detector, radiation-resistant tunnel preamplifiers, and logarithmic amplifiers, will result in a held output voltage nearly proportional to position. The results will be digitized using Industry Pack technology and a Motorola MVME162 processor board. The data acquisition subsystem, including digitization and timing for 80 position channels, will occupy two VME slots. System design will be described, with some additional emphasis on the use of logamp chips. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Barsotti, E (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 332 EP 339 DI 10.1063/1.57049 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100031 ER PT S AU Stege, RE Turner, JL AF Stege, RE Turner, JL BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Beam jitter and quadrupole motion in the stanford linear collider SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Spectral analysis of beam jitter in the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) has shown that some beam motion is confined to narrow frequency bands. Vibration analyses of linac quadrupoles using high-resolution accelerometers yield spectra having a similar footprint. It was found that motion at 59 Hz is driven by a pressure oscillation in the accelerator structure cooling water, while other frequencies were found to be vibrational modes of the structure itself (1). This paper presents motivating beam data, describes instrumentation used for vibration measurements, presents vibration-related data, and summarizes the solutions used to reduce quadrupole motion. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Stege, RE (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 356 EP 361 DI 10.1063/1.57016 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100034 ER PT S AU Medvedko, E Smith, S Fisher, A AF Medvedko, E Smith, S Fisher, A BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI A machine protection beam position monitor system SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Loss of the stored beam in an uncontrolled manner can cause damage to the PEP-II B Factory. We describe here a device which detects large beam position excursions or unexpected beam loss and triggers the beam abort system to extract the stored beam safely. The bad-orbit abort trigger beam position monitor (BOAT BPM) generates a trigger when the beam orbit is far off the center (>20 mm), or rapid beam current loss (dI/dT) is detected. The BOAT BPM averages the input signal over one turn (136 kHz). AM demodulation is used to convert input signals at 476 MHz to baseband voltages. The detected signal goes to a filter section for suppression of the revolution frequency, then on to amplifiers, dividers, and comparators for position and current measurements and triggering. The derived current signal goes to a special filter, designed to perform dI/dT monitoring at fast, medium, and slow current loss rates. The BOAT BPM prototype test results confirm the design concepts. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Medvedko, E (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 362 EP 369 DI 10.1063/1.57017 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100035 ER PT S AU Fitzgerald, JA Crisp, J McCrory, E Vogel, G AF Fitzgerald, JA Crisp, J McCrory, E Vogel, G BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI BPM testing, analysis, and correction SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB A general purpose stretched-wire test station has been developed and used for mapping Beam Position Monitors (BPMs). A computer running LabVIEW software controlling a network analyzer and x-y positioning tables operates the station and generates data files. The data is analyzed in Excel and can be used to generate correction tables. Test results from a variety of BPMs used for the Fermilab Main Injector and elsewhere will be presented. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Fitzgerald, JA (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 370 EP 377 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100036 ER PT S AU Traller, R Medvedko, E Smith, S Aiello, R AF Traller, R Medvedko, E Smith, S Aiello, R BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI A two-bunch beam position monitor performance evaluation SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB New beam position processing electronics for the Linear Accelerator allow faster feedback and processing of both positron and electron bunch positions in a single machine pulse. More than 30 electron-positron beam position monitors (epBPMs) have been installed at SLAG in various applications and have met all design requirements. The SLC production electron bunch follows the positron bunch down the linac separated by 58.8 nS. The epBPM measures the position of both bunches with an accuracy of better than 5 mu m at nominal operating intensities. For SLC, the epBPMs have measured the position of bunches consisting of from 1 to 8x10(10) particles per bunch. For PEP-II (B Factory) injection, epBPMs have been used with larger electrodes and several BPMs have been combined on a single cable set. The signals are separated for measurement in the epBPM by timing. In PEP-II injection we have measured the position of bunches of as little as 2x10(9) particles per bunch. To meet the demands of SLC and PEP-II injection, the epBPM has been designed with three triggering modes: I. As a self-triggering detector, it can trigger off the beam and hold the peak signal until read out by the control program. 2. The gated mode uses external timing signals to gate the beam trigger 3. The external trigger mode uses the external timing signals offset with internal vernier delays to precisely catch peak signals in noisy environments. Finally, the epBPM also has built-in timing verniers capable of nulling errors in cable set fabrication and differences in channel-to-channel signal delay. Software has made all this functionality available through the SLC control system. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Traller, R (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 387 EP 393 DI 10.1063/1.57020 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100038 ER PT S AU Mazaheri, G Slaton, T Shintake, T AF Mazaheri, G Slaton, T Shintake, T BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Development of nanometer resolution C-band radio frequency beam position monitors in the Final Focus Test Beam SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 394 EP 394 DI 10.1063/1.57021 PG 1 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100039 ER PT S AU Johnson, RG Smith, SR Aiello, GR AF Johnson, RG Smith, SR Aiello, GR BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Performance of the beam position monitor system for the SLAC PEP-II B Factory SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB the beam position monitor (BPM) system for the SLAG PEP-II B Factory was designed to measure the positions of single-bunch single-turn to multibunch multi-turn beams in both rings of the facility. Each BPM is based on four button-style pickups. At most locations the buttons are connected to provide single-axis information (x only or y only). Operating at a harmonic (952 MHz) of the bunch spacing, the BPM system combines broadband and narrowband capabilities and provides data at a high rate. The active electronics system is multiplexed for signals from the high-energy ring (HER) and low-energy ring (LER). The system will be briefly described; however, the main purpose of the present paper is to present operational results. The BPM system operated successfully during commissioning of the HER (primarily) and the LER over the past year. Results to be presented include on-line calibration, single-bunch single-turn resolution (<100 mu m), and multibunch multi-turn resolution (<3 mu m), multiplexing, and absolute calibration. Thus far, the system has met or exceeded all the requirements that have been tested. The remaining requirements will be tested when both rings are completed and commissioned this summer. In addition, typical results of beam physics studies relying on the BPM system will be presented. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Johnson, RG (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 395 EP 403 DI 10.1063/1.57051 PG 9 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100040 ER PT S AU Hettel, R Carr, R Field, C Martin, D AF Hettel, R Carr, R Field, C Martin, D BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Investigation of beam alignment monitor technologies for the LCLS FEL undulator SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB To maintain gain in the proposed 100 m long linac-driven Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Free Electron Laser (FEL) undulator, the electron and photon beams must propagate colinearly to within similar to 5 mu m rms over distances comparable to the 11.7 m FEL gain length in the 6 mm diameter undulator vacuum chamber. We have considered a variety of intercepting and non-intercepting position monitor technologies to establish and maintain this beam alignment. We present a summary discussion of the applicability and estimated performance of monitors detecting synchrotron radiation, transition and diffraction radiation, fluorescence, photoemission or bremsstrahlung from thin wires, Compton scattering from laser beams, and image currents from the electron beam. We conclude that: 1) non-intercepting rf cavity electron BPMs, together with a beam-based alignment system, are best suited for this application; and 2) insertable, intercepting wire monitors are valuable for rough alignment, for beam size measurements, and for simultaneous measurement of electron and photon beam position by detecting bremsstrahlung from electrons and diffracted x-rays from the photon beam. C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Hettel, R (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 413 EP 422 DI 10.1063/1.57025 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100043 ER PT S AU Rose, CR Stettler, MW AF Rose, CR Stettler, MW BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Test results of the LEDA beam-position intensity measurement module SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB This paper describes progress in the design and testing of the log-ratio-based beam-position/intensity measurement module being built for the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) and Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) projects at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The VXI-based module uses four, 2 MHz if inputs to perform two-axis position measurements and one intensity measurement. To compensate for systematic errors, real-time error-correction is performed on the four input signals after they are digitized ard before calculating beam position and intensity. Beam intensity is computed by using the average of the four log-amplifier outputs. This method provides a better os-axis intensity response than the traditional method of summing the rf power from the four lobes. Several types of test data are presented including results of the real-time error correction technique, a working dynamic range of over 80 dB, and achievable resolution and accuracy information. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rose, CR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,M-S H805, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 423 EP 427 DI 10.1063/1.57026 PG 5 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100044 ER PT S AU Field, C McCormick, D Raimondi, P Ross, M AF Field, C McCormick, D Raimondi, P Ross, M BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Wire breakage in SLC wire profile monitors SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Wire-scanning beam profile monitors are used at the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) for emittance preservation control and beam optics optimization. Twenty such scanners have proven most useful for this purpose and have performed a total of 1.5 million scans in the 4 to 6 years since their installation. Most of the essential scanners are equipped with 20 to 40 mu m tungsten wires. SLC bunch intensities and sizes often exceed 2x10(7) particles/mu m(2) (3C/m(2)). We believe that this has caused a number of tungsten wire failures that appear at the ends of the wire, near the wire support points, after a few hundred scans are accumulated Carbon fibers, also widely used at SLAG (1), have been substituted in several scanners and have performed well. In this paper, we present theories for the wire failure mechanism and techniques learned in reducing the failures. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Field, C (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 440 EP 445 DI 10.1063/1.57029 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100047 ER PT S AU Fellenz, B Crisp, J AF Fellenz, B Crisp, J BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI An improved resistive wall monitor SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB Resistive wail monitors were designed and built for the Fermilab Main Injector project. These devices measure longitudinal beam current from 3 KHz to 4 GHz with a 1 ohm gap impedance. The new design provides a larger aperture and a calibration port to improve the accuracy of single-bunch intensity measurements. Microwave absorber material is used to reduce interference from spurious electromagnetic waves traveling inside the beam pipe. Several types of ferrite materials were evaluated for the absorber. Inexpensive ferrite rods were selected and assembled in an array forming the desired geometry without machining. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Fellenz, B (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 446 EP 453 DI 10.1063/1.57030 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100048 ER PT S AU Power, J Stettler, M AF Power, J Stettler, M BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI The design and initial testing of a beam phase and energy measurement for LEDA SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB A diagnostic system being designed to measure the beam phase and beam energy of the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) is described and the characterization of the prototype presented. The accelerator, being built at LANL, is a 350 MHz proton linac with a 100 mA beam. In the first beam experiments, the 6.7 MeV RFQ will be characterized. Signals received from an rf cavity probe in the RFQ and capacitive pick-ups along the high-energy beam transport line will be compared in phase in order to calculate the beam phase and energy. The 350 MHz signals from four pick-ups will be converted to 2 MHz in a VXI-based down converter module. A second VXI phase processor module makes two, differential-phase measurements based on its four 2 MHz inputs. The heart of this system is the phase processor module. The phase processor consists of an analog front end (AFE), digital front end (DFE), digital signal processing (DSP) modules and the VXI bus interface. The AFE has an AGC circuit with a >60 dB dynamic range with a few degrees of phase shift. Following the AFE is the WE which is uses an in-phase and quadrature-phase (I and Q) technique to make the phase measurement. The DSP is used to correct the real-time data for phase variations as a function of dynamic range and system offsets. The prototype phase module gives an absolute accuracy of +/-0.5 degrees with a resolution of <0.1 degrees and a bandwidth of 200 kHz. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Power, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 459 EP 466 DI 10.1063/1.57053 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100050 ER PT S AU Fisher, AS Assmann, RW Lumpkin, AH Zotter, B Byrd, J Hinkson, J AF Fisher, AS Assmann, RW Lumpkin, AH Zotter, B Byrd, J Hinkson, J BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Streak-camera measurements of the PEP-II high-energy ring SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The third commissioning run of the PEP-II High-Energy Ring (HER, the 9 GeV electron ring), in January 1998, included extensive measurements of single-bunch and multibunch fills using LBNL's dual-axis streak camera combined with Argonne's 119.0 MHz synchroscan plug-in. For single bunches, the dependence of bunch length an charge and rf voltage was studied from 0.5 to 2.5 mA and from 9.5 to 15 MV; the measured values ranged from 38 to 49 ps rms. The multibunch work focused on longitudinal instabilities as the current in the ring was raised to 500 mA, and the length of the bunch train was varied from 100 bunches (with 4.2 ns spacing) to a full ring. Large oscillations of up to 180 ps peak to peak were observed for bunches half a ring turn away from the start of the train, especially at higher currents and for trains filling roughly half the ring. These observations led to a new fill pattern with more gaps that allowed us to raise the current to 750 mA by the end of the run. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Fisher, AS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, MX 17,POB 4349, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 471 EP 478 DI 10.1063/1.57033 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100052 ER PT S AU Johnson, ED Graves, WS Robinson, KE AF Johnson, ED Graves, WS Robinson, KE BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Periscope pop-in beam monitor SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB We have built monitors for use as beam diagnostics in the narrow gap of an undulator for an FEL experiment. They utilize an intercepting screen of doped YAG scintillating crystal to make light that is imaged through a periscope by conventional video equipment. The absolute position can be ascertained by comparing the electron beam position with the position of a He:Ne laser that is observed by this pop-in monitor. The optical properties of the periscope and the mechanical arrangement of the system mean that beam can be spatially determined to the resolution of the camera, in this case approximately 10 micrometers. Our experience with these monitors suggests improvements for successor designs, which we also describe. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Johnson, ED (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 479 EP 484 DI 10.1063/1.57060 PG 6 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100053 ER PT S AU Houck, TL Anderson, DE Eylon, S Henestroza, E Lidia, SM Vanecek, DL Westenskow, GA Yu, SS AF Houck, TL Anderson, DE Eylon, S Henestroza, E Lidia, SM Vanecek, DL Westenskow, GA Yu, SS BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Diagnostics for a 1.2 kA, 1 MeV, electron induction injector SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB We are constructing a 1.2 kA, 1 MeV, electron induction injector as part of the RTA program, a collaborative effort between LLNL and LBNL to develop relativistic klystrons for Two-Beam Accelerator applications. The RTA injector will also be used in the development of a high-gradient, low-emittance, electron source and beam diagnostics for the second axis of the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility. The electron source will be a 3.5"-diameter, thermionic, flat-surface, m-type cathode with a maximum shroud field stress of approximately 165 kV/cm. Additional design parameters for the injector include a pulse length of over 150 ns flat top (1% energy variation), and a normalized edge emittance of less than 200 pi-mm-mr. Precise measurement of the beam parameters is required so that performance of the RTA injector can be confidently scaled to the 4 kA, 3 MeV, and 2-microsecond pulse parameters of the DARHT injector. Planned diagnostics include an isolated cathode with resistive divider for direct measurement of current emission, resistive wall and magnetic probe current monitors for measuring beam current and centroid position, capacitive probes for measuring A-K gap voltage, an energy spectrometer, and a pepperpot emittance diagnostic. Details of the injector, beam line, and diagnostics are presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Houck, TL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 494 EP 501 DI 10.1063/1.57054 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100055 ER PT S AU Ahle, L Hopkins, HS AF Ahle, L Hopkins, HS BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Gated Beam Imager for heavy ion beams SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB As part of the work building a small heavy-ion induction accelerator ring, or recirculator, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a diagnostic device measuring the four-dimensional transverse phase space of the beam in just a single pulse has been developed. This device, the Gated Beam Imager (GBI), consists of a thin plate filled with an array of 100-micron diameter holes and uses a Micro Channel plate (MCP), a phosphor screen, and a CCD camera to image the beam particles that pass through the holes after they have drifted for a short distance. By time gating the MCP, the time evolution of the beam can also be measured, with each time step requiring a new pulse. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Ahle, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 507 EP 513 DI 10.1063/1.57036 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100057 ER PT S AU Prabhakar, S Teytelman, D Fox, J Young, A Corredoura, P Tighe, R AF Prabhakar, S Teytelman, D Fox, J Young, A Corredoura, P Tighe, R BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Commissioning experience from PEP-II HER longitudinal feedback SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The DSP-based bunch-by-bunch feedback system installed in the PEP-II high-energy ring (HER) has been used to damp instabilities induced by unwanted higher-order modes (HOMs) at beam currents up to 605 mA during commissioning. Beam pseudospectra calculated from feedback system data indicate the presence of coupled-bunch modes that coincide with a previously observed cavity mode (0-M-2). Bunch current and synchronous phase measurements are also extracted from the data. These measurements reveal the impedance seen by the beam at revolution harmonies. The impedance peak at 3 x f(rev) indicates incorrect parking of the idle cavities, and explains the observed instability of mode 3. Bunch synchrotron tunes are calculated from lorentzian fits to the data. Bunch-to-bunch tune variation due to the cavity transient is shown to be large enough to result in Landau damping of coupled-bunch modes. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Prabhakar, S (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 529 EP 536 DI 10.1063/1.57037 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100060 ER PT S AU Blokland, W Steimel, J AF Blokland, W Steimel, J BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Main injector Synchronous Timing System SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The Synchronous Timing System is designed to provide sub-nanosecond timing to instrumentation during the acceleration of particles in the Main Injector. Increased energy of the beam particles leads to a small but significant increase in speed, reducing the time it takes to complete a full turn of the ring by 61 nanoseconds (or more than 3 rf buckets). In contrast, the reference signal, used to trigger instrumentation and transmitted over a cable, has a constant group delay. This difference leads to a phase slip during the ramp and prevents instrumentation such as dampers from properly operating without additional measures. The Synchronous Timing System corrects for this phase slip as well as signal propagation time changes due to temperature variations. A module at the LLRF system uses a 1.2 Gbit/s G-Link chip to transmit the rf clock and digital data (e.g. the current frequency) over a single mode fiber around the ring. Fiber optic couplers at service buildings split off part of this signal for a local module which reconstructs a synchronous beam reference signal. This paper describes the background, design, and expected performance of the Synchronous Timing System. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Blokland, W (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 560 EP 566 DI 10.1063/1.57058 PG 7 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100064 ER PT S AU Merl, R Decker, G AF Merl, R Decker, G BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Design of the Digitizing Beam Position Limit Detector SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The Digitizing Beam Position Limit Detector (DBPLD) is designed to identify and react to beam missteering conditions in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring. The high power of the insertion devices requires these missteering conditions to result in a beam abort in less than 2 milliseconds. Commercially available beam position monitors provide a voltage proportional to beam position immediately upstream and downstream of insertion devices. The DBPLD is a custom VME board that digitizes these voltages and interrupts the heartbeat of the APS machine protection system when the beam position exceeds its trip limits. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Merl, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 575 EP 582 DI 10.1063/1.57041 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100066 ER PT S AU Wilmarth, JE Sturrock, JC Gallegos, FR AF Wilmarth, JE Sturrock, JC Gallegos, FR BE Hettel, RO Smith, SR Masek, JD TI Radiation Safety System (RSS) backbones: Design, engineering, fabrication, and installation SO BEAM INSTRUMENTATION WORKSHOP SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Beam Instrumentation Workshop (BIW 98) CY MAY 04-07, 1998 CL STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR, STANFORD, CA SP Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr HO STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CTR AB The Radiation Safety System (RSS) backbones are part of an electrical/electronic/mechanical system ensuring safe access and exclusion of personnel to areas at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator. The RSS backbones control the safety-fusible beam plugs which terminate transmission of accelerated ion beams in response to predefined conditions. Any beam or access fault of the backbone inputs will cause insertion of the beam plugs in the low-energy beam transport. The backbones serve the function of tying the beam plugs to the access control systems, beam spill monitoring systems and current-level limiting systems. In some ways the backbones may be thought of as a spinal column with beam plugs at the head and nerve centers along the spinal column. The two linac backbone segments and the experimental area segments form a continuous cable plant over 3500 feet from the beam plugs to the tip on the longest tail. The backbones were installed in compliance with current safety standards, such as installation of the two segments in separate conduits or tray. Monitoring for ground-faults and input wiring verification was an added enhancement to the system. The system has the capability to be tested remotely. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Ctr, LANSCE Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wilmarth, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Ctr, LANSCE Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-794-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 451 BP 583 EP 592 DI 10.1063/1.57042 PG 10 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BM20Z UT WOS:000078034100067 ER PT B AU Herczeg, P AF Herczeg, P BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI Exotic muon decays and searches for neutrino oscillations SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID RIGHT-SYMMETRIC MODELS; ANTIMUONIUM CONVERSION; STANDARD MODEL; PARITY; VIOLATION; SUPERSYMMETRY; PHYSICS; MASSES; FIELD AB Experiments that search for <(nu)over bar>(e)'s from mu(+)-decay are sensitive not only to oscillations of neutrinos into <(nu)over bar>(e), but also to mu(+) --> e(+)<(nu)over bar>(e)n(x) decays, where n(x) is a neutrino or an antineutrino. We consider such muon decays and the possible size of their branching ratios in left-right symmetric models and in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with R-parity violation. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM herczeg@t5.Lanl.GOV NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 124 EP 133 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100008 ER PT B AU Hewett, JL AF Hewett, JL BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI Probing flavor changing vertices of heavy quarks SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID RARE B-DECAYS; MINIMAL SUPERGRAVITY MODEL; LEADING LOGARITHMS; B->S-GAMMA DECAY; CONSTRAINTS; SUPERSYMMETRY; B->S+GAMMA; ASYMMETRY AB We determine the ability of future experiments to test the Standard Model via precision measurement of the rare decays B --> X(s)gamma and B --> X(s)l(+)l(-). A global fit to the Wilson coefficients which describe the flavor changing b --> s transitions and which contribute to these decays is performed from Monte Carlo generated data. This fit is then compared to supersymmetric predictions for the coefficients for several different patterns of the superpartner spectrum. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Hewett, JL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 226 EP 236 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100017 ER PT B AU Grossman, Y AF Grossman, Y BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI Sneutrino mixing SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID MEDIATED SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING; R-PARITY; NEUTRINO MASSES; LEPTON-NUMBER; SIGNATURES; PHYSICS; MODELS AB In supersymmetric models with nonvanishing Majorana neutrino masses, the sneutrino and antisneutrino mix. The conditions under which this mixing is experimentally observable are studied, and mass-splitting of the sneutrino mass eigenstates and sneutrino oscillation phenomena are analyzed. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Grossman, Y (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 254 EP 264 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100020 ER PT B AU Rizzo, TG AF Rizzo, TG BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI Leptoquarks: Pride and prejudice SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID PRECISION ELECTROWEAK EXPERIMENTS; VECTOR LEPTOQUARKS; HEAVY PHYSICS; COLLIDERS; BOUNDS; ANNIHILATION AB Attempts to understand the recent observation of an excess of events in the neutral and charged current channels at high-Q(2) at HERA has provided an excellent example of how experiments at both low and high energies can be used to simultaneously constrain scenarios which predict new physics beyond the Standard Model. In this talk I will discuss this subject from the point of view of the construction of new models of leptoquarks. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM RIZZO@SLAC.Stanford.EDU NR 74 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 267 EP 288 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100021 ER PT B AU Womersley, J AF Womersley, J BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI Technicolor: Status and prospects SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID TOPCOLOR-ASSISTED TECHNICOLOR; QUARK CONDENSATE; SYMMETRY-BREAKING; STANDARD MODEL; SCALE; BOSONS; MASS AB Technicolor models are briefly reviewed, and a number of promising signatures at hadron colliders are described. Low-scale technicolor should be discoverable in Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron; failing that, it would be hard to miss at the LHC. While technicolor models may be unfashionable, it is important to search for their signatures; we do not know how nature has chosen to break electroweak symmetry. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Womersley, J (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 289 EP 303 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100022 ER PT B AU Kolb, EW AF Kolb, EW BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI Who is the inflaton? SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID DARK-MATTER; MICROWAVE; ANISOTROPY; COSMOLOGY; EVOLUTION; MODELS AB Inflation is now established as part of our picture of the very early universe. There are many particle physics models of inflation; some based on superstrings, some based on supersymmetry, and some seemingly based on superstition. But which model, if any, is correct? In this talk I will discuss how we might be able to learn something about the particle physics foundation of inflation from present observations of the angular power spectrum of cosmic background radiation temperature fluctuations and the power spectrum of fluctuations in the distribution of matter. C1 NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kolb, EW (reprint author), NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 725 EP 747 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100053 ER PT B AU Bowles, TJ AF Bowles, TJ CA SNO Collaboration BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory - Status and physics perspectives SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID MODEL; UNCERTAINTIES AB The solar neutrino problem, in which a significant deficit of neutrinos from the Sun is observed by all five solar neutrino experiments, may be indicative of the existence of New Physics Beyond the Standard Model. However, all of the experiments to date rely on comparisons of the measured flux of solar neutrinos and that predicted by the Standard Solar Models. Thus, it is necessary to make a model-independent test of the origin of the solar neutrino problem. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory detector will be able to do this in two ways: by determining the flavor composition of neutrinos from the Sun and by searching for a spectral distortion of the B-8 solar neutrino spectrum, which is characteristic of Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations. The status of the SNO experiment and its prospects to carry out these and other physics measurements is discussed. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM tjb@lanl.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 907 EP 922 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100069 ER PT B AU Louis, WC AF Louis, WC CA LSND Collaboration BE KlapdorKleingrothaus, HV Pas, H TI LSND neutrino oscillation results SO BEYOND THE DESERT 1997: ACCELERATOR AND NON-ACCELERATOR APPROACHES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model CY JUN 08-14, 1997 CL CASTLE RINGBERG, GERMANY ID (NU)OVER-BAR(MU)->(NU)OVER-BAR(E) OSCILLATIONS; SEARCH; DETECTOR; BEAM AB The LSND experiment at Los Alamos has conducted searches for <(nu)over bar>(mu) --> <(nu)over bar>(e) oscillations using <(nu)over bar>(mu) from mu(+) decay at rest and for nu(mu) --> nu(e) oscillations using nu(mu), from pi(+) decay in flight. For the <(nu)over bar>(mu) --> <(nu)over bar>(e) search, a total excess of 51.8(-16.9)(+18.7)+/-8.0 events is observed with e(+) energy between 20 and 60 MeV, while for the nu(mu) --> nu(e) search, a total excess of 18.1+/-6.6+/-4.0 events is observed with e(-) energy between 60 and 200 MeV. If attributed to neutrino oscillations, these excesses correspond to oscillation probabilities (averaged over the experimental energies and spatial acceptances) of (0.31+/-0.12+/-0.05)% and (0.26+/-0.10+/-0.05)%, respectively. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Louis, WC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0489-8 PY 1998 BP 923 EP 930 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BN24E UT WOS:000081235100070 ER PT J AU Gehring, K Zhang, XC Hall, J Nikaido, H Wemmer, DE AF Gehring, K Zhang, XC Hall, J Nikaido, H Wemmer, DE TI An NMR study of ligand binding by maltodextrin binding protein SO BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY-BIOCHIMIE ET BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE LA English DT Article DE maltose binding protein; chemical shifts; chemical exchange; sugar anomer specificity ID MALTOSE-BINDING; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ACTIVE-TRANSPORT; CHEMICAL-SHIFTS; 2 MODES; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; PERIPLASMIC RECEPTORS; CHEMOTAXIS; SPECTROSCOPY; RESOLUTION AB Proton NMR spectra of maltodextrin binding protein from Escherichia coli were used to monitor conformational changes that accompany ligand binding. Chemical shift changes associated with the binding of different maltodextrins to maltodextrin binding protein were studied using one-dimensional difference spectra. Line-shape analysis of an isolated upfield methyl resonance was used to measure the kinetics of maltose binding at several temperatures. Maltose and linear maltodextrins caused similar changes to the upfield protein spectrum with no detectable differences between alpha and beta sugar anomers. Binding of a cyclic ligand, P-cyclodextrin, caused smaller chemical shift changes than binding of linear maltodextrins. Two maltodextrin derivatives were also studied. Both maltohexaitol and maltohexanoic acid gave one-dimensional difference spectra that were intermediate between those of linear maltodextrins and beta-cyclodextrin. The methyl resonances at -1 and -0.35 ppm were assigned to leucine 160 on the basis of homonuclear COSY and TOCSY experiments and theoretical chemical shift calculations using the X-ray crystal structure of maltodextrin binding protein. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal Joint Ctr Struct Biol, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Gehring, K (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, 3655 Drummond St, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada. RI Gehring, Kalle/I-4403-2013 OI Gehring, Kalle/0000-0001-6500-1184 NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0829-8211 J9 BIOCHEM CELL BIOL JI Biochem. Cell Biol. PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2-3 BP 189 EP 197 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 157QR UT WOS:000078073600007 PM 9923688 ER PT J AU Rosen, LA Barber, I Lyle, DB AF Rosen, LA Barber, I Lyle, DB TI A 0.5 G, 60 Hz magnetic field suppresses melatonin production in pinealocytes SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE melatonin; magnetic fields; rat; single cells; gland dissociation ID 60-HZ ELECTRIC-FIELDS; RATS; EXPOSURE; GLAND AB The objective of this study was to develop a model for testing various hypotheses concerning possible mechanisms whereby electromagnetic fields might induce suppression of nighttime melatonin production in rodents. A published method for digesting freshly obtained pineal glands to the single cell level was modified, yielding better than 95% viability. An in vitro exposure facility developed for the Food and Drug Administration was used for 12-h overnight exposures of primary pinealocyte cultures to 0.05 mT, 60 Hz, vertical AC and 0.06 mu T, DC fields. After exposure, cells were separated from the supernatant by centrifugation. Supernatant melatonin was measured by ELISA assays. Data from 10 experiments demonstrated an average 46% reduction in norepinephrine-induced production of melatonin in the pinealocytes. The results support the hypothesis that EM exposure can produce pineal gland melatonin suppression by affecting individual cells. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 NIH, Div Res Grants, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US FDA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US FDA, Radiat Biol Branch, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Rosen, LA (reprint author), NIH, Ctr Sci Review, 6701 Rockledge Dr,Room 5116,MSC 7854, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1998 VL 19 IS 2 BP 123 EP 127 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<123::AID-BEM11>3.3.CO;2-H PG 5 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA YV446 UT WOS:000071825000011 PM 9492170 ER PT J AU Jones, JB Mulholland, PJ AF Jones, JB Mulholland, PJ TI Influence of drainage basin topography and elevation on carbon dioxide and methane supersaturation of stream water SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; eastern Tennessee; ecosystem metabolism; methane; streams; Smoky Mountains ID SURFACE WATERS; SOILS; LAKES; CO2; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; VIRGINIA; RIVERS; PEAT; CH4 AB The partial pressures of CO2 (pCO(2)) and CH4 (pCH(4)) in streams rue not only governed by instream processes, but also by transformations occurring in soil and groundwater ecosystems. As such, stream water pCO(2) and pCH(4) can provide a tool to assess ecosystem respiration and anaerobic metabolism throughout drainage basins. We conducted three surveys sampling the gas content of streams in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina to assess factors regulating ecosystem metabolism in catchments with contrasting geomorphologies, elevations and soil organic matter storage. In our first survey, the influence of drainage basin geomorphology on ecosystem respiration was examined by sampling streams draining catchments underlain by either shale or dolomite. Geomorphology is influenced by geology with shale catchments having shallower soils, broader, unconstrained valley floors compared with dolomite catchments. pCO(2) varied little between catchment types but increased from an average of 3340 ppmv in spring to 9927 ppmv in summer or 9.3 and 28 times atmospheric equilibrium (pCO(2(equilib))), respectively. In contrast, pCH(4) was over twice as high in streams draining shale catchments (306 ppmv; pCH(4(equilib)) = 116) compared with more steeply incised dolomite basins (130 ppmv; pCH(4(equilib)) = 51). Using the ratio of pCH(4):pCO(2) as an index of anaerobic metabolism, shale catchments had nearly twice as much anaerobiosis (pCH(4):pCO(2) = 0.046) than dolomite drainages (pCH(4):pCO(2) = 0.024). In our second survey, streams were sampled along an elevational gradient (525 to 1700 m) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA where soil organic matter storage increases with elevation. pCO(2) did not vary between streams but increased from 5340 ppmv (pCO(2(equilib)) = 15) to 8565 ppmv (pCO(2(equilib)) = 24) from spring to summer, respectively. During spring pCH(4) was low and constant across streams, but during summer increased with elevation ranging from 17 to 2068 ppmv (pCH(4(equilib)) = 10 to 1216). The contribution of anaerobiosis to total respiration was constant during spring (pCH(4):pCO(2) = 0.017) but during summer increased with elevation from 0.002 at 524 m to 0.289 at 1286 m. In our last survey, we examined how pCO(2) and pCH(4) changed with catchment size along two rivers (ca. 60 km stretches in both rivers corresponding to increases in basin size from 1.7-477 km(2) and 2.5-275 km(2)). pCO(2) and pCH(4) showed opposite trends, with pCO(2) decreasing ca. 50% along the rivers, whereas pCH(4) roughly doubled in concentration downstream. These opposing shifts resulted in a nearly five-fold increase of pCH(4):pCO(2) along the rivers from a low of 0.012 in headwaters to a high of 0.266 65-km downstream. pCO(2) likely declines moving downstream as groundwater influences on stream chemistry decreases, whereas pCH(4) may increase as the prevalence of anoxia in rivers expands due to finer-grained sediments and reduced hydrologic exchange with oxygenated surface water. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Jones, JB (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, 4505 Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RI Mulholland, Patrick/C-3142-2012 NR 42 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 4 U2 44 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JAN PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 57 EP 72 DI 10.1023/A:1005914121280 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA YX041 UT WOS:000072000500004 ER PT B AU Seibert, M Flynn, T Benson, D Tracy, E Ghirardi, M AF Seibert, M Flynn, T Benson, D Tracy, E Ghirardi, M BE Zaborsky, OR TI Development of selection and screening procedures for rapid identification of H-2-producingalgal mutants with increased O-2 tolerance SO BIOHYDROGEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Biological Hydrogen Production CY JUN 23-26, 1997 CL WAIKOLOA, HI DE hydrogen production; green alga; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; oxygen sensitivity; selection; hydrogenase ID HYDROGEN AB Algal hydrogen photoproduction from water is catalyzed under anaerobic conditions by a reversible hydrogenase. However, the sensitivity of the enzyme to O-2 has precluded commercial applications. Two types of selective pressure have been developed to isolate mutants of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that produce H-2 in the presence of O-2, and they depend on survival (or growth) of algal cells under either H-2-producing or H-2-uptake conditions in the presence of O-2. The application of H-2-production selective pressure yielded a variant of C. reinhardtii with 330% higher tolerance to O-2 (as measured by an increase in O-2 I-50 for H-2 evolution), and, subsequently, a mutant with an additional 40% increase in O-2 I-50. Application of H-2-uptake selective pressure resulted in a mixture of survivors with a 50% increase in O-2 I-50. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the two selective pressures in isolating desirable C. reinhardtii mutants; however, the selective pressures are not very specific. Thus, progress up until now has been limited due to the amount of time it takes to screen for O-2-tolerant, H-2-producing survivors. We now report a procedure based on the use of a H-2-sensitive chemochromic film that provides the potential to rapidly screen large numbers of colonies on agar plates for H-2 production capability. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Seibert, M (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM seibertm@tcplink.nrel.gov; ghirardm@tcplink.nrel.gov NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46057-2 PY 1998 BP 227 EP 234 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BM39T UT WOS:000078629000030 ER PT B AU Greenbaum, E Lee, JW AF Greenbaum, E Lee, JW BE Zaborsky, OR TI Photo synthetic hydrogen and oxygen production by green algae - An overview SO BIOHYDROGEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Biological Hydrogen Production CY JUN 23-26, 1997 CL WAIKOLOA, HI DE hydrogen; oxygen; chlorophyll antenna size; Z-scheme; mutants; Chlamydomonas ID CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; PHOTOSYSTEM STOICHIOMETRY; PHOTOSYNTHETIC HYDROGEN; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CO2 FIXATION; PHOTOEVOLUTION; LIGHT; REDUCTANT; MUTANT; H-2 AB An overview of photosynthetic hydrogen and oxygen production by green algae in the context of its potential as a renewable chemical feedstock and energy carrier is presented. Beginning with its discovery by Gaffron and Rubin in 1942, then motivated by curiosity-driven laboratory research, studies were initiated in the early 1970s that focused on photosynthetic hydrogen production from an applied perspective. From a scientific and technical point of view, current research is focused on optimizing net thermodynamic conversion efficiencies represented by the Gibbs Free Energy of molecular hydrogen. The key research questions of maximizing hydrogen and oxygen production by light-activated water-splitting in green algae are: (1) removing the oxygen sensitivity of algal hydrogenases; (2) linearizing the light saturation curves of photosynthesis throughout the entire range of terrestrial solar irradiance-including the role of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide in optimization of photosynthetic electron transport; and (3) identifying the minimum number of light reactions that are required to split water to elemental hydrogen and oxygen. Each of these research topics is being actively addressed by the photobiological hydrogen research community. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Greenbaum, E (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM exg@ornl.gov NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46057-2 PY 1998 BP 235 EP 241 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BM39T UT WOS:000078629000031 ER PT B AU Mann, MK Ivy, JS AF Mann, MK Ivy, JS BE Zaborsky, OR TI Technoeconomic analysis of algal and bacterial hydrogen production systems - Methodologies and issues SO BIOHYDROGEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Biological Hydrogen Production CY JUN 23-26, 1997 CL WAIKOLOA, HI DE technoeconomic analysis; feasibility issues; hydrogenase-based algal hydrogen; bacterial water-gas shift AB The goal of this work is to provide direction, focus, and support to the development and introduction of renewable hydrogen through the evaluation of the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of hydrogen production technologies. The advantages of performing analyses of this type within a research environment are severalfold. First, the economic competitiveness of a project can be assessed by evaluating the costs of a given process compared to the current technology. These analyses can therefore be useful in determining which projects have the highest potential for near-, mid-, and long-term success. Second, the results of a technoeconomic analysis are useful in directing research toward areas in which improvements will result in the largest cost reductions. Finally, as the economics of a process are evaluated throughout the life of the project, advancement toward the final goal of commercialization can be measured. The production of hydrogen by biological processes has been analyzed to identify key issues relating to the conceptual design and costing of algal- and bacterial-based systems. Possible productivity advances and gas separation were the two most important considerations in a system that uses bacteria to produce hydrogen from biomass synthesis gas. Pond-based algal system studies have found gas separation, auxiliary equipment requirements, and pond designs to be key issues. The methodology for analyzing these systems and a discussion of key issues will be presented. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Mann, MK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM mannm@tcplink.nrel.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46057-2 PY 1998 BP 415 EP 424 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BM39T UT WOS:000078629000050 ER PT B AU Rossmeissl, NP AF Rossmeissl, NP BE Zaborsky, OR TI International collaboration in biohydrogen - "An opportunity" SO BIOHYDROGEN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Biological Hydrogen Production CY JUN 23-26, 1997 CL WAIKOLOA, HI C1 US DOE, Off Util Technol, Washington, DC 20585 USA. RP Rossmeissl, NP (reprint author), US DOE, Off Util Technol, Washington, DC 20585 USA. EM neil.rossmeissl@hq.doe.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46057-2 PY 1998 BP 447 EP 450 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BM39T UT WOS:000078629000054 ER PT J AU Anzalone, CR Bench, GS Balhorn, R Wildt, DE AF Anzalone, CR Bench, GS Balhorn, R Wildt, DE TI Chromatin alterations in sperm of teratospermic domestic cats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Front Royal, VA USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 MA 364 BP 185 EP 185 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA ZX708 UT WOS:000074546000410 ER PT B AU Gray, JW Collins, C Pinkel, D Shayesteh, L Lu, YL Mills, G AF Gray, JW Collins, C Pinkel, D Shayesteh, L Lu, YL Mills, G BE Mihich, E Croce, C TI Genome scanning and gene discovery in breast and ovarian cancer SO BIOLOGY OF TUMORS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Pezcoller Symposium on the Biology of Tumors CY JUN 04-07, 1997 CL ROVERETO, ITALY SP Pezcoller Fdn, Bank Cassa Risparmio Trento Rovereto, Municipal, Provincial, & Regional Adm C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Gray, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45932-9 PY 1998 BP 65 EP 72 PG 8 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Immunology; Microbiology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Immunology; Microbiology GA BL93D UT WOS:000077190800007 ER PT J AU Tolbert, VR Wright, LL AF Tolbert, VR Wright, LL TI Environmental enhancement of US biomass crop technologies: Research results to date SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Issues for Short Rotation Bioenergy Production CY JUN 29-JUL 03, 1996 CL VELJE, DENMARK DE environmental effects; biodiversity; habitat; erosion; water; quality; runoff ID ENERGY AB The U.S. continues efforts to develop genetically superior short-rotation woody crops (hybrid poplar and willow) and herbaceous crops (switchgrass). These biomass crops can provide multiple environmental benefits as well as energy and fiber. This paper focuses on results of site-specific studies that are quantifying the environmental potential and ramifications of converting agricultural croplands to biomass crop production. At research-scales, no differences have been found in erosion and movement of nutrients from annual row crops, switchgrass, and tree crops with and without a cover crop in the initial year of establishment. Research- and watershed-scale studies on different soil types, in different regions, and to match tree species with specific site characteristics and management regimes will help determine whether research-scale results can be used to predict effects at larger scales and to identify best management practices to minimize environmental effects while maximizing yields. Studies in different regions of the U.S. are evaluating the habitat value of biomass crops compared to agricultural row crops, grasslands, or natural forests. Results to date from both research- and larger-scale plantings show that SRWCs support greater bird diversity than row crops, but less diversity than natural forests. Switchgrass plantings extended habitat for grasslands birds compared to row crops. Surveys on industrial tree crop plantings in the south-eastern U.S. are addressing the relationship between site characteristics (planting acreage, species, landscape context, and age of plantings) and breeding bird use. The environmental studies of water and soil quality and wildlife diversity are being used to identify management strategies for biomass crops to increase productivity while increasing agricultural sustainability. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tolbert, VR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 14 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(98)00005-1 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 104CX UT WOS:000074996000012 ER PT J AU Kazi, KMF Jollez, P Chornet, E AF Kazi, KMF Jollez, P Chornet, E TI Preimpregnation: An important step for biomass refining processes SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE impregnation; diffusion; model; activation; softwood; hardwood; straw; pulping; steam explosion; ash; klason lignin ID ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY; PULPING PROCESS; WHEAT-STRAW; PRETREATMENT; FRACTIONATION; PENETRATION; CHIPS AB Lignocellulosics treatment via rapid aqueous/steam processes is a heterogeneous reaction that can result in a non-uniform product distribution due to poor contact of reactants within the lignocellulosic matrix. This unfavorable situation could be aggravated when the steam treatment is applied to lignocellulosics using restricted amounts of water such as in "steam explosion" processes. However, by impregnation prior to steam treatment, uniform product distributions can be achieved. In the impregnation steps, reactive agents are forced into the lignocellulosic matrix at relatively low temperatures, preferably below 100 degrees C. This warrants an uniform chemical concentration through the matrix. The advantages of impregnation are more evident when straws are fractionated using aqueous/steam treatments: significant amounts of extractives can be removed in the impregnation steps. We also show that during barley straw impregnation at different levels of NaOH and three temperatures, 25, 60 and 100 degrees C, for 10 min of impregnation, a considerable amount of ash is removed (up to 86 wt% of the initial ash) along with extractives. Therefore, an improved quality of fibers can be obtained from straw by impregnation prior to steam treatment. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Genie Chim, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. Kemestrie Inc, Sherbrooke, PQ J1L 2C8, Canada. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Kazi, KMF (reprint author), Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Genie Chim, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 125 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(98)00008-7 PG 17 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 113DV UT WOS:000075535600002 ER PT J AU Costello, R Finnell, J AF Costello, R Finnell, J TI Institutional opportunities and constraints to biomass development SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE biomass development; instructional opportunities; institutional constraints AB This paper examines a number of institutional opportunities and constraints applicable to biomass as well as other renewable energy technologies. Technological progress that improves performance or increases system efficiencies can open doors to deployment; however, market success depends on overcoming the institutional challenges that these technologies will face. It can be far more difficult to put into place the necessary institutional mechanisms which will drive these commercialization efforts. The keys to the successful implementation of energy technologies and, in particular, biomass power technologies, are issues that can be categorized as: (1) regulatory; (2) financial; (3) infrastructural; and (4) perceptual. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Technol & Management Serv Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Costello, R (reprint author), US DOE, EE-13,1000 Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 201 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(98)00050-6 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 123EC UT WOS:000076112000003 ER PT J AU Montane, D Farriol, X Salvado, J Jollez, P Chornet, E AF Montane, D Farriol, X Salvado, J Jollez, P Chornet, E TI Application of steam explosion to the fractionation and rapid vapor-phase alkaline pulping of wheat straw SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE wheat straw; steam explosion; fractionation; vapor-phase alkaline pulping; strength properties ID BIOMASS PRETREATMENT; AQUEOUS-PHASE; DELIGNIFICATION; EUCALYPTUS; HYDROLYSIS; EXTRACTION; ACID; WOOD AB The utilization of steam explosion technology for the production of cellulose pulps was evaluated at a bench scale using wheat straw as raw lignocellulosic material. Steam explosion was used either as a pretreatment method to achieve the fractionation of the straw into its constitutive polymers, or as a rapid pulping method for the production of unbleached chemical pulps from alkali-impregnated straw. In the fractionation process straw was pretreated by steam explosion at temperatures comprised between 205 and 230 degrees C, and a reaction time of 2 min. The exploded fiber was washed three successive times to yield a hemicellulosic sugars-rich solution. The recovered fiber was delignified by alkali at 160 degrees C for 60 min. The alkali lignin was recovered by filtration after acidification of the black liquor. The resulting fiber was screened to separate the fines from the pulp. The latter was bleached and viscose-grade cellulose obtained. By-products of the process were lignin, and molasses rich in hemicellulose-derived oligomers. The optimization of the process led to the following results at a steam explosion severity of log(10)(R-0) = 3.80: viscose-grade cellulose pulp yield = 70% of the potential; lignin recovery = 70% of the Klason lignin present in the original straw; hemicellulose sugars = 55% of the potential pentosan, recovered as molasses. The production of chemical pulp from wheal straw was studied using a conventional soda process and a two-stage cooking sequence, consisting of straw impregnation with the caustic liquor followed by rapid (less than or equal to 4 min) steam explosion treatment (160-215 circle C) of the impregnated material following withdrawal of the excess impregnation liquor. The impregnation/steam treatment sequence for wheat straw pulping shortens the total processing time (impregnation + cooking) to less than 15 min. Unbleached IRSP pulps, with yields of 33-34% (screened and fines removed) show strength properties comparable both to those of conventional unbleached wheat straw soda pulps and hardwood Kraft pulps, refined to similar freeness values (around 300 ml CSF). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rovira & Virgili, Escola Tecn Super Engn, Dept Engn Quim, Tarragona 43006, Catalonia, Spain. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Sherbrooke, Fac Sci Appl, Dept Genie Chim, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. RP Montane, D (reprint author), Univ Rovira & Virgili, Escola Tecn Super Engn, Dept Engn Quim, Carretera de Salou S-N, Tarragona 43006, Catalonia, Spain. RI Farriol, Xavier/L-9251-2014; Montane, Daniel/K-9172-2014; Salvado, Joan/B-5125-2017 OI Farriol, Xavier/0000-0001-6020-5284; Montane, Daniel/0000-0002-5273-8870; Salvado, Joan/0000-0003-2238-6082 NR 35 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 261 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10045-9 PG 16 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ549 UT WOS:000073879200007 ER PT J AU Tolbert, V AF Tolbert, V TI Special issue - Environmental effects of biomass crop production. What do we know? What do we need to know? Guest editorial SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ENERGY C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tolbert, V (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10064-2 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ550 UT WOS:000073879300001 ER PT J AU Tuskan, GA AF Tuskan, GA TI Short-rotation woody crop supply systems in the United States: What do we know and what do we need to know? SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE Populus; silviculture; breeding; biotechnology; mechanization; sustainability; environment ID INTENSIVE CULTURE; HYBRID POPLAR; POPULUS; BIOMASS; PRODUCTIVITY; PLANTATIONS; GROWTH; TREE; COPPICE; CLONES AB Short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) supply systems have been proposed over the past 20 years as a means of rapidly producing biomass for fiber and fuels. The U.S. Department of Energy, through the Biofuels Feedstock Development Program and its; partners, has selected model species, developed silvicultural systems and created genetically improved clonal planting stock for use in SRWC supply systems. Spacing, fertilizer and pesticide prescriptions have been developed for several species and regions within the U.S. Breeding and genetic improvement projects continue to identify and select plant materials which display increased productivity and pest resistance. Genetic transformation, somaclonal variation and marker-assisted selection are being used to supplement traditional breeding work. Harvesting and handling methods are currently relying on traditional combinations of existing equipment. Nevertheless, technical and environmental issues related to: (1) long-term use of fertilizers and irrigation; (2) deployment of clonal planting stock; and (3) development of customized harvesting equipment remain as unresolved issues related to further deployment and commercialization of SRWC systems. Overall determination of SRWC sustainability will require resolution of these issues. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tuskan, GA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Tuskan, Gerald/A-6225-2011 OI Tuskan, Gerald/0000-0003-0106-1289 NR 39 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10065-4 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ550 UT WOS:000073879300002 ER PT J AU McLaughlin, SB Walsh, ME AF McLaughlin, SB Walsh, ME TI Evaluating environmental consequences of producing herbaceous crops for bioenergy SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE switchgrass; bioenergy; energy balance; carbon balance ID SOIL-EROSION AB The environmental costs and benefits of producing bioenergy crops can be measured both in terms of the relative effects on soil, water and wildlife habitat quality of replacing alternate cropping systems with the designated bioenergy system, and in terms of the quality and amount of energy that is produced per unit of energy expended. While many forms of herbaceous and woody energy crops will likely contribute to future biofuels systems, The Department of Energy's Bioenegy Feedstock Development Program (BFDP), has chosen to focus its primary herbaceous crops research emphasis on a perennial grass species, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). The choice of switchgrass as a model bioenergy species was based on its high yields, high nutrient use efficiency and wide geographic distribution. Another important consideration was its positive environmental attributes. The latter include its positive effects on soil quality and stability, its cover value for wildlife, and relatively low inputs of energy, water and agrochemicals required per unit of energy produced. A comparison of the energy budgets for corn, which is the primary current source of bioethanol, and switchgrass reveals that the efficiency of energy production for a perennial grass system can exceed that for an energy intensive annual row crop by as much as 15 times. In addition potential reductions in CO2 emissions, tied to the energetic efficiency of producing transportation fuels and replacing non-renewable petrochemical fuels with ethanol derived from grasses are very promising. Calculated carbon sequestration rates may exceed those of annual crops by as much as 20-30 times, due in part to carbon storage in the soil. These differences have major implications for both the rate and efficiency with which fossil energy sources can be replaced with cleaner burning biofuels. Current research is emphasizing quantification of changes in soil nutrients and soil organic matter to provide improved understanding of the long term changes in soil quality associated with annual removal of high yields of herbaceous energy crops. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP McLaughlin, SB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Biofuels Feedstock Dev Program, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 36 TC 219 Z9 235 U1 7 U2 65 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 317 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10066-6 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ550 UT WOS:000073879300003 ER PT J AU Walsh, ME AF Walsh, ME TI US bioenergy crop economic analyses: Status and needs SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE bioenergy crop economics; hybrid willow; switchgrass; hybrid poplar; short rotation wood crops ID INTENSIVE CULTURE; SHORT-ROTATION; BIOMASS AB U.S. bioenergy crop production cost, supply curve, and transportation cost studies are summarized and compared. Production cost estimates range from <$22/dry Mg [$20/dry ton (dt)] to more than $110/dry Mg ($100/dry ton) depending on crop, region, yield and method of analysis. A detailed description of an ORNL study is presented as a representative production cost study. Three national supply curve estimates are compared; for a quantity of 110 million dry Mg (100 million dry tons), these studies estimate marginal bioenergy crop prices of $29/dry Mg ($26/dt) (farmgate), $46/dry Mg ($42/dt) (farmgate), and $55/dry Mg ($50/dt) (delivered). Three regional supply curve analyses are also discussed. Bioenergy crop transportation costs estimates range from $5.5/Mg ($5/dt) and $8/Mg ($7.27/dt) for a haul distance of 40 km (25 miles). The paper closes with a discussion of analytical needs. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bioenergy Feedstock Dev Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Walsh, ME (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bioenergy Feedstock Dev Program, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 35 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 341 EP 350 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10070-8 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ550 UT WOS:000073879300007 ER PT J AU Heilman, P Norby, RJ AF Heilman, P Norby, RJ TI Nutrient cycling and fertility management in temperate short rotation forest systems SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE nutrient removal in harvests; nitrate leaching; denitrification; fertilizer requirements; cropping strategies for SRF plantations; sustainability of SRF; waste disposal with SRF; soil pH and SRF plantations ID X POPULUS-DELTOIDES; RED ALDER; NITROGEN-FIXATION; BLACK COTTONWOOD; HYBRID POPLAR; GROWTH; BIOMASS; SOIL; PLANTATIONS; CULTURE AB Under most conditions, fertilizers will be required to maintain production of short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations. Information from fertilizer trials together with knowledge of general soil fertility in an area permits approximation of fertilizer requirements. Refining those approximations for specific plantations is important for the following three reasons: the need to assure high production; the need to minimize production costs; and the desire to limit off-site effects of fertilizer application. To meet those goals, requires understanding the behavior of fertilizer in soils including leaching, immobilization and, in the case of nitrogen, denitrification. Knowledge of nutrient cycling in SRF including nutrient removal at harvest, other nutrient losses, and natural inputs of nutrients, helps in achieving good fertilizer practices. Cropping strategies that minimize fertilizer use can lower costs and reduce off-site effects of fertilizing. This review summarizes current knowledge of nutrient cycling, cropping strategies and fertility management in temperate SRF plantations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Heilman, P (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. RI Norby, Richard/C-1773-2012 OI Norby, Richard/0000-0002-0238-9828 NR 45 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 361 EP 370 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10072-1 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA ZQ550 UT WOS:000073879300009 ER PT B AU Overend, RP Costello, R AF Overend, RP Costello, R BE Kopetz, H Weber, T Palz, W Chartier, P Ferrero, GL TI Bioenergy in North America: An overview of liquid biofuels, electricity, and heat SO BIOMASS FOR ENERGY AND INDUSTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry CY JUN 08-11, 1998 CL WURZBURG, GERMANY AB The United States (USA) is the major user of biomass and bioenergy in North America. It also supports a research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) program for modernizing biomass systems to meet the needs of the twenty-first century. Biomass and bioenergy play a major role in greenhouse gas mitigation and in rural and economic development. The potentials for carbon offsets by 2010 are forecast at 35-40 Mt of carbon, from cofiring biomass in coal-fired generating stations, adopting integrated gasification combined cycle systems in the cogeneration systems of the pulp and paper industry, and using cellulosic ethanol in transportation. The programs under way include research and development of power and liquid fuel systems, demonstrations of advanced technologies, development of dedicated feedstocks, and deployment of integrated crop and electricity production systems. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Overend, RP (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTRALES AGRAR ROHSTOFF MKT & ENTWICKLUNG NETZWERK PI RIMPAR PA TECHNOL PK 13, D-97222 RIMPAR, GERMANY PY 1998 BP 59 EP 61 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BQ87V UT WOS:000089906600006 ER PT S AU Vo-Dinh, T Wintenberg, AL Ericson, MN Isola, N Alarie, JP AF Vo-Dinh, T Wintenberg, AL Ericson, MN Isola, N Alarie, JP BE Lieberman, RA VoDinh, T Katzir, A TI Development of a DNA biochip for gene diagnosis SO BIOMEDICAL SENSING AND IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomedical Sensing and Imaging Technologies CY JAN 26-27, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc AB We describe a biochip based on an integrated circuit photodiode array for use in medical diagnostics. The biochip is a self-contained device which has photosensors, amplifiers, discriminators and logic circuitry on board. The development and evaluation of various microchip system components of the genosensor are discussed. The performance of the DNA biochip device is illustrated with fluorescence detection of DNA probes specific to gene fragments of the human immune-deficiency virus 1 (HIV1) system. The usefulness and potential of the DNA biochip technology for rapid and cost-effective medical diagnostics is discussed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Vo-Dinh, T (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2692-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3253 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1117/12.308046 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics GA BL08J UT WOS:000074223000004 ER PT S AU Mobley, J Kasili, PM Norton, SJ Vo-Dinh, T AF Mobley, J Kasili, PM Norton, SJ Vo-Dinh, T BE Lieberman, RA VoDinh, T Katzir, A TI Evaluation of ultrasound techniques for brain injury detection SO BIOMEDICAL SENSING AND IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomedical Sensing and Imaging Technologies CY JAN 26-27, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc AB In this work we examine the physics underlying wave propagation in the head to evaluate various ultrasonic transducers for use in a brain injury detection device. The results of measurements of the attenuation coefficient and phase velocity for ultrasonic propagation in samples of brain tissue and skull bone from sheep are presented. The material properties are then used to investigate the propagation of ultrasonic pressure fields in the head. The ultrasound fields for three different transducers are calculated for propagation in a simulated brain/skull model. The model is constructed using speed-of-sound and mass density values of the two tissue types. The impact of the attenuation on the ultrasound fields is then examined. Finally, the relevant points drawn from these discussions are summarized. We hope to minimize the confounding effects of the skull by using sub-MHz ultrasound while maintaining the necessary temporal and spatial resolution to successfully detect injury in the brain. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Mobley, J (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008 MS 6101, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2692-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3253 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.308021 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics GA BL08J UT WOS:000074223000014 ER PT S AU Easterly, CE Allgood, G Eckerman, K Knee, B Maston, M McNeilly, G Munro, J Munro, N Toedte, R Van Hoy, B Ward, R AF Easterly, CE Allgood, G Eckerman, K Knee, B Maston, M McNeilly, G Munro, J Munro, N Toedte, R Van Hoy, B Ward, R BE Lieberman, RA VoDinh, T Katzir, A TI The Virtual Human: A diagnostic tool for human studies and health effects in the 21st century SO BIOMEDICAL SENSING AND IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomedical Sensing and Imaging Technologies CY JAN 26-27, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc DE computational human; Virtual Human; human modeling; grand challenge AB The Virtual Human will be a research/simulation environment having an integrated system of biophysical models, data, and advanced computational algorithms. It will have a Web-based interface for easy, rapid access from several points of entry. The Virtual Human will serve as a platform for national and international users from governments, academia and industry to investigate the widest range of human biological and physical responses to stimuli, be they biological, chemical, or physical. This effort will go far beyond the modeling of anatomy to incorporate refined computational models of whole-body processes, using mechanical and electrical tissue properties, and biology from physiology to biochemical information. The platform will respond mechanistically to varied and potentially iterative stimuli that can be visualized multi-dimensionally. This effort is in the formative stage of a several-year process that will lead to a program that is of similar proportion to the Human Genome, but will be much more computationally intensive. The main purpose of this paper is to communicate our early ideas about the philosophic basis of the program, to identify some of the applications for which the Virtual Human would be used, to elicit comments, and to provide a basis to identify prospective collaborators. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Easterly, CE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2692-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3253 BP 150 EP 154 DI 10.1117/12.308024 PG 5 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics GA BL08J UT WOS:000074223000019 ER PT J AU Egli, M Tereshko, V Teplova, M Minasov, G Joachimiak, A Sanishvili, R Weeks, CM Miller, R Maier, MA An, HY Cook, PD Manoharan, M AF Egli, M Tereshko, V Teplova, M Minasov, G Joachimiak, A Sanishvili, R Weeks, CM Miller, R Maier, MA An, HY Cook, PD Manoharan, M TI X-ray crystallographic analysis of the hydration of A- and B-form DNA at atomic resolution SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article DE A-DNA; B-DNA; direct methods; hydration; structural transition; water structure; x-ray crystallography ID NEUTRON FIBER DIFFRACTION; ORDERED WATER-STRUCTURE; NUCLEIC-ACID FRAGMENTS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; A-DNA; BASE SEQUENCE; CONFORMATIONAL PREORGANIZATION; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; DUPLEX STABILITY AB We have determined single crystal structures of an A-DNA decamer and a B-DNA dodecamer at 0.83 and 0.95 Angstrom, respectively. The resolution of the former is the highest reported thus far for any right-handed nucleic acid duplex and the quality of the diffraction data allowed determination of the structure with direct methods. The structures reveal unprecedented details of DNA fine structure and hydration: in particular, we have reexamined the overall hydration of A- and B-form DNA, the distribution of water around phosphate groups, and features of the water structure that may underlie the B to A transition. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 48: 234-252., 1998. C1 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biol Chem, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Drug Discovery Program, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Hauptman Woodward Med Res Inst, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Comp Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. ISIS Pharmaceut, Dept Med Chem, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. RP Egli, M (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biol Chem, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. OI Minasov, George/0000-0001-5460-3462 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM55237, GM46733] NR 73 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0006-3525 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PY 1998 VL 48 IS 4 BP 234 EP 252 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1998)48:4<234::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-H PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 304ZV UT WOS:000086515100004 PM 10699842 ER PT J AU Boopathy, R Kulpa, CF Manning, J AF Boopathy, R Kulpa, CF Manning, J TI Anaerobic biodegradation of explosives and related compounds by sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria: A review SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE explosives; biodegradation; anaerobic process; metabolism; sulfate-reducing bacteria; methanogenic bacteria; nitroaromatics ID SP B-STRAIN; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE TNT; NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION; NITROGEN-SOURCE; DESULFOBACTERIUM-ANILINI; AEROBIC CONDITIONS; DEGRADATION; TOLUENE AB In recent years, research on microbial degradation of explosives and nitroaromatic compounds has increased. Most studies of the microbial metabolism of nitroaromatic compounds have used aerobic microorganisms. Ecological observations suggest that sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria might metabolize nitroaromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions if appropriate electron donors and electron accepters are present in the environment, but this ability had not been demonstrated until recently Few review papers exist, and those deal mainly with aerobic bacterial degradation of explosives; none deals with anaerobic bacteria. In this paper we review the anaerobic metabolic processes in the degradation of explosives and nitroaromatic compounds under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Boopathy, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Bldg 203, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 48 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 63 IS 1 BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00083-7 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA YY050 UT WOS:000072107200012 ER PT J AU Kim, Y Babcock, GT Surerus, KK Fee, JA Dyer, RB Woodruff, WH Oertling, WA AF Kim, Y Babcock, GT Surerus, KK Fee, JA Dyer, RB Woodruff, WH Oertling, WA TI Cyanide binding and active site structure in heme-copper oxidases: Normal coordinate analysis of iron-cyanide vibrations of a(3)(2+)CN(-) complexes of cytochromes ba(3) and aa(3) SO BIOSPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE cytochrome ba(3); cytochrome aa(3); binuclear site structure; cyanide; Raman spectroscopy; normal coordinates ID RESONANCE RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; MYELOPEROXIDASE COMPOUND-II; C-OXIDASE; HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; THERMUS-THERMOPHILUS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHLOROFORM SOLVATE; LIGAND VIBRATIONS; TERMINAL OXIDASE; CARBON-MONOXIDE AB The cyanide isotope-sensitive low-frequency vibrations of ferrous cyano complexes of cytochrome as are studied for cytochrome ba(3) from Thermus thermophilus and cytochrome aas from bovine heart. Cyanide complexes of ba(3) display three isotope sensitive frequencies at 512, 485, and 473 cm(-1). The first is primarily an Fe-C stretching motion, whereas the lower wavenumber modes are bending motions. These iron-cyanide vibrations are independent of the redox levels of the other metal centers in the protein. On the other hand, the fully reduced bovine derivative complexed with cyanide gives rise to a bending vibration at 503 cm(-1) and a stretching vibration at 469 cm(-1). That is, the ordering of the stretching and bending frequencies is reversed from that of the bacterial protein. These results are analyzed by normal coordinate calculations to obtain comparative models for the binuclear O-2 reducing site of the two proteins. We find that the observed frequencies are consistent with a linear Fe-C-N group and larger Fe-C stretching force constant (2.558 mdyn/Angstrom) for ba(3) and a slightly bent Fe-C-N group (angle similar to 170 degrees) and a smaller Fe-C stretching force constant (2.335 mdyn/Angstrom) for aa(3). Thus, there are significant differences in the interaction of cyanide with ferrous a(3) in the two proteins that are most likely caused by a weaker proximal histidine interaction and stronger peripheral heme electron withdrawing effects in ba(3). Possible sources of these protein-induced effects are discussed. Using the analysis developed here, comparison of the FeCN stretching and bending frequencies of the ferrous bovine a(3)-CN complex to those obtained from the ferric a(3)-CN complex suggests that upon conversion of the resting to the fully reduced protein, a conformational change occurs that constrains the ligand binding site. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Eastern Washington Univ, Dept Chem Biochem, Cheney, WA 99004 USA. Hankuk Univ Foreign Studies, Dept Chem, Kyung Ki Do 449791, South Korea. Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, CLS4, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Oertling, WA (reprint author), Eastern Washington Univ, Dept Chem Biochem, Mail Stop 74, Cheney, WA 99004 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK36263]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM35342]; PHS HHS [X15B] NR 69 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1075-4261 J9 BIOSPECTROSCOPY JI Biospectroscopy PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6343(1998)4:1<1::AID-BSPY1>3.0.CO;2-A PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biophysics; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Spectroscopy GA YT789 UT WOS:000071645200001 PM 9547010 ER PT J AU Nath, J Johnson, KL AF Nath, J Johnson, KL TI Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): DNA probe production and hybridization criteria SO BIOTECHNIC & HISTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE complementary sequences; DNA probes; FISH; fluorescence in situ hybridization; probe production; review ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; PAINTING PROBES; CHROMOSOME; AMPLIFICATION; PRIMER; MOUSE; PCR AB We describe methods for the production of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes and the utilization of these probes for the detection of complementary DNA sequences with accuracy and sensitivity for application in both basic research and clinical diagnosis. Due to the frequent use of FISH in many laboratories, it is important to apply the most convenient and reproducible approach. This review describes some of th most recent techniques, and includes versatile, effective and simple methods of probe production and fluorescence in situ hybridization. We also describe method for the production of region-specific an chromosome-specific DNA probes and hybridization techniques for the visualization of these probes. C1 W Virginia Univ, Genet & Dev Biol Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Nath, J (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Genet & Dev Biol Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1052-0295 J9 BIOTECH HISTOCHEM JI Biotech. Histochem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 73 IS 1 BP 6 EP 22 DI 10.3109/10520299809140502 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA ZE783 UT WOS:000072830500002 PM 9554580 ER PT J AU Davis, AP Kuklin, A AF Davis, AP Kuklin, A TI PCR-genotyping on DNA extracted from a mouse ear-punch using the QIAamp Tissue Kit SO BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT LA English DT Letter C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. QIAGEN Inc, Santa Clarita, CA USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DIAGNOSIS PRESS LTD PI SOFIA PA 67 DONDUKOV BLVD, 1504 SOFIA, BULGARIA SN 0205-2067 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ JI Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 102 EP 103 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZZ845 UT WOS:000074773300019 ER PT J AU Ames, BN Gold, LS AF Ames, BN Gold, LS TI The causes and prevention of cancer: The role of environment SO BIOTHERAPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Summer School on a Multidisciplinary Assessment of Contaminants in the Environment and Risks for Human Health CY 1997 CL SIENA, ITALY DE cancer causation; mutagen; rodent carcinogen; natural chemicals; fruits and vegetables ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS; HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA; BREAST-CANCER; COLON-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; LUNG-CANCER AB The idea that synthetic chemicals such as DDT are major contributors to human cancer has been inspired, in part, by Rachel Carson's passionate book, Silent Spring, This chapter discusses evidence showing why this is not true. We also review research on the causes of cancer, and show why much cancer is preventable. Epidemiological evidence indicates several factors likely to have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer: reduction of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections. Other factors are avoidance of intense sun exposure, increases in physical activity, and reduction of alcohol consumption and possibly red meat. Already, risks of many forms of cancer can be reduced and the potential for further reductions is great. If lung cancer (which is primarily due to smoking) is excluded, cancer death rates are decreasing in the United States for all other cancers combined. Pollution appears to account for less than 1% of human cancer; yet public concern and resource allocation for chemical pollution are very high, in good part because of the use of animal cancer tests in cancer risk assessment. Animal cancer tests, which are done at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), are being misinterpreted to mean that low doses of synthetic chemicals and industrial pollutants are relevant to human cancer. About half of the chemicals tested, whether synthetic or natural, are carcinogenic to rodents at these high doses. A plausible explanation for the high frequency of positive results is that testing at the MTD frequently can cause chronic cell killing and consequent cell replacement, a risk factor for cancer that can be limited to high doses. Ignoring this greatly exaggerates risks. Scientists must determine mechanisms of carcinogenesis for each substance and revise acceptable dose levels as understanding advances. The vast bulk of chemicals ingested by humans is natural. For example, 99.99% of the pesticides we eat are naturally present in plants to ward off insects and other predators. Half of these natural pesticides tested at the MTD an rodent carcinogens. Reducing exposure to the 0.01% that are synthetic will not reduce cancer rates. On the contrary, although fruits and vegetables contain a wide variety of naturally-occurring chemicals that are rodent carcinogens, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables doubles the human cancer risk for most types of cancer. Making them more expensive by reducing synthetic pesticide use will increase cancer. Humans also ingest large numbers of natural chemicals from cooking food. Over a thousand chemicals have been reported in roasted coffee: more than half of those tested (19/28) are rodent carcinogens. There are more rodent carcinogens in a single cup of coffee than potentially carcinogenic pesticide residues in the average American diet in a year, and there are still a thousand chemicals left to test in roasted coffee. This does not mean that coffee is dangerous but rather that animal cancer tests and worst-case risk assessment, build in enormous safety factors and should not be considered true risks. The reason humans can eat the tremendous variety of natural chemical "rodent carcinogens" is that humans, like other animals, are extremely well protected by many general defense enzymes, most of which are inducible (i.e., whenever a defense enzyme is in use, more of it is made). Since the defense enzymes are equally effective against natural and synthetic chemicals one does not expect, nor does one find, a general difference between synthetic and natural chemicals in ability to cause cancer in high-dose rodent tests. The idea that there is an epidemic of human cancer caused by synthetic industrial chemicals is false. In addition, there is a steady rise in life expectancy in the developed countries. Linear extrapolation from the maximum tolerated dose in rodents to low level exposure in humans has led to grossly exaggerated mortality forecasts. Such extrapolations can not be verified by epidemiology. Furthermore, relying on such extrapolations for synthetic chemicals while ignoring the enormous natural background, leads to an imbalanced perception of hazard and allocation of resources. It is the progress of scientific research and technology that will continue to lengthen human life expectancy. Zero exposure to rodent carcinogens cannot be achieved. Low levels of rodent carcinogens of natural origin are ubiquitous in the environment. It is thus impossible to obtain conditions totally free of exposure to rodent carcinogens or to background radiation. Major advances in analytical techniques enable the detection of extremely low concentrations of all substances, whether natural or synthetic, often thousands of times lower than could be detected 30 years ago. Risks compete with risks: society must distinguish between significant and trivial risks. Regulating trivial risks or exposure to substances erroneously inferred to cause cancer at low-doses, can harm health by diverting resources from programs that could be effective in protecting the health of the public. Moreover, wealth creates health: poor people have shorter life expectancy than wealthy people. When money and resources are wasted on trivial problems, society's wealth and hence health is harmed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ames, BN (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Embrett, Mark/H-4466-2014 OI Embrett, Mark/0000-0002-3969-0219 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA39910]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ESO1896] NR 137 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 38 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-299X J9 BIOTHERAPY JI Biotherapy PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 205 EP 220 DI 10.1023/A:1007971204469 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZX399 UT WOS:000074511900017 PM 9677052 ER PT B AU Kisielowski, C AF Kisielowski, C BE Onabe, K Hiramatsu, K Itaya, K Nakano, Y TI Composition and strain fluctuations in InN/GaN/AlN heterostructures: A microscopic glimpse below surfaces SO BLUE LASER AND LIGHT EMITTING DIODES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Blue Laser and Light Emitting Diodes (2nd ISBLLED) CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 1998 CL CHIBA, JAPAN SP Japan Soc Promot Sci, 162nd & 125th Comm, Support Ctr Adv Telecommun Technol Res Fdn, Nippon Sheet Glass Fdn Mat Sci, Res Fdn Electrotechnol Chubu, Inoue Fdn Sci, Chiba Convent Bureau, Ogasawara Fdn Promot Sci & Engn, Izumi Sci & Technol Fdn, Murata Sci Fdn, Telecommun Advancement Fdn, Suzuki Fdn, FUTABA Electr Memorial Fdn ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; EMISSION AB Local displacement measurements of atomic columns that can be as small as 1 pm are used to analyze strain and the distribution of indium and aluminum at a spatial resolution of 0.5 nm in AlxGa1-xN/GaN/InxGa1-xN heterostructures. Applications of such measurements to commercially available light emitting diodes and other heterostructures reveal inhomogeneous indium- and aluminum distributions in quantum wells and barrier layers. Local chemical gradients and alloy clusters were quantified with a typical sensitivity limit of X-In,X-Al = 0.03. Blue and green light emission is observed from GaN/InxGa1-xN/GaN quantum wells with 0.1 < x(In) < 0.3. Larger indium concentrations were not observed. Confinement of electronic states in wells of 1.5 nm width contributes to a substantial blue shift of the light emission. Green light emission is obtained from a 5 nm wide well with an indium concentration as low as x(In) = 0.13. It is argued that the materials piezoelectricity impacts this result. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kisielowski, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, 1 Cyclotron Rd,Bldg 72, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU OHMSHA LTD PI TOKYO PA 1-3 KANDA NISHIKI-CHO, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101, JAPAN BN 4-274-90245-5 PY 1998 BP 321 EP 326 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM73T UT WOS:000079631200078 ER PT J AU Massopust, PR AF Massopust, PR TI A multiwavelet based on piecewise C-1 fractal functions and related applications to differential equations SO BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD MATEMATICA MEXICANA LA English DT Article DE fractal functions; scaling vector; multiwavelet; multiresolution analysis; Sobolev spaces; weak solution; collocation method ID WAVELETS AB A multiwavelet approach to solving partial differential equations based on fractal functions is presented. The scaling vector and multiwavelet for this method consist of piecewise C-1 fractal functions supported on intervals of length at most 2. Some properties such as weak regularity and Fourier transforms are discussed. As the underlying fractal functions are interpolatory and vanish on the boundary, this approach is ideal for solving variational boundary value problems using Galerkin or collocation methods. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Appl & Numer Math Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Massopust, PR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Appl & Numer Math Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOCIEDAD MATEMATICA MEXICANA PI MEXICO PA APDO POSTAL 14-170, MEXICO 07000, MEXICO SN 1405-213X J9 BOL SOC MAT MEX JI BOL. SOC. MAT. MEX. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 249 EP 283 PG 35 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 227NB UT WOS:000082085500008 ER PT B AU Hsiung, LM Nieh, TG AF Hsiung, LM Nieh, TG BE Pond, RC Clark, WAT King, AH Williams, DB TI The role of interfaces in deformation twinning of lamellar TiAl/Ti3Al crystals SO BOUNDARIES & INTERFACES IN MATERIALS: THE DAVID A. SMITH SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT David A Smith Memorial Symposium on Boundaries and Interfaces in Materials at the 1997 TMS Fall Meeting CY SEP 15-18, 1997 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Electr Magnet & Photon Mat Div, Oxford Univ, IBM, Stevens Inst Technol, Lehigh Univ AB The role of interfaces in deformation twinning of lamellar TiA(gamma)/Ti3Al (alpha(2)) crystals creep deformed at an elevated temperature have been investigated. Since the multiplication of lattice dislocations within both gamma and alpha(2) lamellae is very limited as a result of a refined lamellar microstructure; the gliding of interfacial dislocations on both gamma/alpha(2) and gamma/gamma interfaces (i.e. interface sliding) becomes an important deformation mechanism. The movement of interfacial dislocations, which glide in a cooperative fashion along the lamellar interfaces: can be impeded by obstacles such as interface ledges, impinged lattice dislocations, and grain boundaries. The impediment of dislocation motion subsequently causes a dislocation pile-up in front of obstacles as creep strain accumulates. When the crystals deform at high stress level, deformation twinning becomes a predominant deformation mechanism. Deformation twins are found to nucleate from the interfaces as a result of a local stress concentration generated from the dislocation pile-up. It is suggested that the deformation twinning in lamellar TiAl/Ti3Al crystals can be viewed as a stress relaxation process to relieve the local stress concentration caused by the pile-up of interfacial dislocations. An interface-assisted twinning mechanism is accordingly proposed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Hsiung, LM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-370, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-404-6 PY 1998 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK53K UT WOS:000072465300011 ER PT B AU Vetrano, JS Henager, CH Simonen, EP Song, SG Bruemmer, SM AF Vetrano, JS Henager, CH Simonen, EP Song, SG Bruemmer, SM BE Pond, RC Clark, WAT King, AH Williams, DB TI Interactions between grain boundary sliding and solute segregation in aluminum alloys SO BOUNDARIES & INTERFACES IN MATERIALS: THE DAVID A. SMITH SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT David A Smith Memorial Symposium on Boundaries and Interfaces in Materials at the 1997 TMS Fall Meeting CY SEP 15-18, 1997 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Electr Magnet & Photon Mat Div, Oxford Univ, IBM, Stevens Inst Technol, Lehigh Univ AB The presence of solute atoms along sliding interfaces can have a profound effect on the climb and glide processes of extrinsic grain boundary dislocations. Solute effects have been studied in controlled purity Al alloys with Mg and Sn additions through examination of grain boundary dislocation stability and grain boundary sliding (GBS). Scanning Auger microprobe measurements of thermally treated Sn-containing alloys showed a strong segregation of Sn to grain boundaries. High-temperature tensile tests in these alloys indicated that Sn altered the thermal stability of extrinsic grain boundary dislocations and increased the ability of the boundaries to slide. Also studied were fine-grained Al-Mg-Mn (5083) alloys. When this material undergoes GBS, the point defect and grain boundary dislocation motion combine to redistribute the Mg atoms heterogeneously along the boundary. This also indicates a strong interaction between solute atoms and the mechanisms of GBS. Implications for superplastically forming these alloys will be discussed. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Vetrano, JS (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. OI Henager, Chuck/0000-0002-8600-6803 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-404-6 PY 1998 BP 205 EP 212 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK53K UT WOS:000072465300024 ER PT B AU Dahmen, U AF Dahmen, U BE Pond, RC Clark, WAT King, AH Williams, DB TI Structure and symmetry of multicrystal thin films grown on single crystal templates SO BOUNDARIES & INTERFACES IN MATERIALS: THE DAVID A. SMITH SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT David A Smith Memorial Symposium on Boundaries and Interfaces in Materials at the 1997 TMS Fall Meeting CY SEP 15-18, 1997 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Electr Magnet & Photon Mat Div, Oxford Univ, IBM, Stevens Inst Technol, Lehigh Univ AB This paper describes the use of crystalline templates to grow heteroepitaxial thin films with highly textured microstructures approximating general polycrystalline films. The underlying crystallographic principles are reviewed. While bicrystals are described by two-color symmetries, higher order polycrystals generate new symmetry elements given by the different permutations of colors. Experimental results are presented that illuminate these principles with practical examples of thin film microstructures in different materials, using transmission electron microscopy for microstructural and crystallographic analysis. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dahmen, U (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-404-6 PY 1998 BP 225 EP 235 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK53K UT WOS:000072465300026 ER PT B AU Schneibel, JH Subramanian, R AF Schneibel, JH Subramanian, R BE Pond, RC Clark, WAT King, AH Williams, DB TI An attempt to control the interfacial strength in FeAl/TiB2 composites SO BOUNDARIES & INTERFACES IN MATERIALS: THE DAVID A. SMITH SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT David A Smith Memorial Symposium on Boundaries and Interfaces in Materials at the 1997 TMS Fall Meeting CY SEP 15-18, 1997 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Electr Magnet & Photon Mat Div, Oxford Univ, IBM, Stevens Inst Technol, Lehigh Univ AB Composites consisting of a B2 iron aluminide matrix and 40 vol.% of TiB2 particles were processed by liquid phase sintering. In order to encourage segregation of B or Ti at the FeAl/TiB2 interfaces, the iron aluminide matrix was microalloyed with B or Ti, respectively. Additions of Ti degraded the mechanical properties. However, for composites microalloyed with B, room temperature flexure tests show slight increases in the maximum strength (from 1250 to 1380 MPa) and the fracture toughness. Interfacial segregation of B may have contributed to this result. Significantly improved processing of the composites would be required in order to verify the effect of B conclusively. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schneibel, JH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-404-6 PY 1998 BP 315 EP 321 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK53K UT WOS:000072465300035 ER PT B AU Stapp, HP AF Stapp, HP BE Pribram, KH TI Pragmatic approach to consciousness SO BRAIN AND VALUES: IS A BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE OF VALUES POSSIBLE? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Appalachian Conference on Behavioral Neurodynamics - Brain and Values CY OCT 18-21, 1996 CL RADFORD UNIV, CTR BRAIN RES & INFORMAT SCI, RADFORD, VA SP Int Neural Network Soc HO RADFORD UNIV, CTR BRAIN RES & INFORMAT SCI AB Physical scientists were driven during the late twenties to abandon a fundamental idea that had reigned since the time of Issac Newton. To obtain a rationally coherent and practically useful theory of all physical phenomena they turned to a pragmatic approach. The core idea was that the basic physical theory was no longer directly about a physical world that was conceived to exists apart from anyone's knowledge of it. Rather the theory was regarded as being directly about certain of our knowings. This switch appears to be exactly what is needed to establish a rationally coherent theoretical foundation for the science of consciousness. For it converts the immediate objects of psychological and physical theories into things of the same kind, namely human experiencings, rather than things of disparate kinds separated by an unbridgable conceptual gap. Within this pragmatic quantum approach certain particular aspects of human brain structure entail the existence of macroscopic quantum effects that are linked to our conscious experiences. Moreover, our conscious thoughts have causal effects that can both enhance our prospects of survival, and work effectively against thermal noise in the creation of the brain states that guide our behaviour. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stapp, HP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC PUBL PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA BN 0-8058-3154-1 PY 1998 BP 237 EP 248 PG 12 WC Behavioral Sciences; Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA BL08K UT WOS:000074223600010 ER PT B AU Olivier, SS Max, CE Brase, JM Gavel, DT Macintosh, B Carrano, C AF Olivier, SS Max, CE Brase, JM Gavel, DT Macintosh, B Carrano, C BE Rebolo, R Martin, EL Osorio, MRZ TI Direct imaging of extra-solar planets SO BROWN DWARFS AND EXTRASOLAR PLANETS SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets CY MAR 17-21, 1997 CL PUERTO LA CRUZ, SPAIN SP European Union, Ist Astrofis Canarias, Spanish Min Educ & Culture, Gen Directorate Higher Educ AB Direct imaging of extra-solar planets may be possible with the new generation of large ground-based telescopes equipped with state-of-the-art adaptive optics (AO) systems to compensate for the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The first of these systems is scheduled to begin operation in 1998 on the 10 m Keck ii telescope. In this paper, general formulas for high-contrast imaging with AO systems are presented and used to calculate the sensitivity of the Keck AO system. The results of these calculations show that the Keck AO system should achieve the sensitivity necessary to detect giant planets around several nearby bright stars. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Olivier, SS (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-54-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1998 VL 134 BP 262 EP 270 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BK82B UT WOS:000073481100037 ER PT J AU Marsh, GE AF Marsh, GE TI The future of war: Power, technology & American world dominance in the 21st century SO BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS LA English DT Book Review C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Marsh, GE (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDUC FOUNDATION NUCLEAR SCI PI CHICAGO PA 6042 SOUTH KIMBARK, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0096-3402 J9 B ATOM SCI JI Bull. Atom. Scient. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 54 IS 1 BP 62 EP 65 PG 4 WC International Relations; Social Issues SC International Relations; Social Issues GA YN271 UT WOS:000071150200020 ER PT B AU de Wit, LA Phillips, RC Ware, RR Fausak, LE AF de Wit, LA Phillips, RC Ware, RR Fausak, LE BE Magoon, OT Converse, H Baird, B MillerHenson, M TI Artificial attachment of surf grass (Phyllospadix sp.) within a nearshore, rocky habitat in southern California SO CALIFORNIA AND THE WORLD OCEAN '97 - TAKING A LOOK AT CALIFORNIA'S OCEAN RESOURCES: AN AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT California and the World Ocean 97 Conference on Taking a Look at Californias Ocean Resources - An Agenda for the Future CY MAR 24-27, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA AB In July 1993, a total of 60 surf grass planting units, ranging in size from 225 to over 300 cm(2) each, were attached to 14 to 18 kg boulders with epoxy adhesives and placed onto armor rock covering a constructed trench in three water depths (0.9, 1.8, and 3.7 m, MLLW) in Santa Barbara Channel. A four-year monitoring program to record the development, health, and growth of the transplants was initiated. The results of the frrst two years' monitoring indicate that approximately 50% of the initial 1.3 m(2) of transplanted material and 20 of the 60 planting units had been lost within one year, however, the transplants that remained increased in areal cover by an average of over 57%. Despite extensive epibiota fouling of the armor rock and on the exposed portions of the planting unit boulders, increases of up to 94% in mean areal cover per planting unit was recorded at the -0.9 m station. Kelp shaded much of the transplanted surf grass at the -3.7 m station, however, mean areal cover there increased by 51%. Urchin grazing of the artificially attached surf grass at the -1.8 m station resulted in a net decrease in mean area cover per planting unit there. Annual monitoring is continuing through July 1997. The methods were effective in securing the surf grass, however the relatively small boulders, which were not attached to the armor rock, were somewhat unstable in the wave-exposed environment. Shading of the transplants by algae which developed at the 0.9 m and 3.7 m stations may have affected growth of surf grass, and urchins grazed heavily on the 1.8 m station transplants. Larger scale transplant efforts should consider the possible negative effects of removing extensive amounts of healthy surf grass from existing beds. Monitoring of the transplants should be should be at least quarterly in order to allow the removal of algae from around the transplants. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Labs, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP de Wit, LA (reprint author), 2054 Bluerock Circle, Concord, CA 94521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0297-3 PY 1998 BP 1695 EP 1701 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BL35F UT WOS:000075224700227 ER PT J AU Knapp, FF AF Knapp, FF TI Rhenium-188 - A generator-derived radioisotope for cancer therapy SO CANCER BIOTHERAPY AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SOMATOSTATIN ANALOG; RE-188; BIODISTRIBUTION; RE-188-RC-160; RADIOTHERAPY; TECHNETIUM AB Rhenium-188 (Re-188) is an important therapeutic radioisotope which is obtained on demand as carrier-free sodium perrhenate by saline elution of the tungsten-188/rhenium-188 generator system With a half-life of 16.9 hours and emission of a high energy beta particle (maximal energy of 2.12 MeV) and a gamma photon (155 keV, 15%) for imaging, Re-188 can be provided at reasonable costs for routine preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Nucl Med Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Knapp, FF (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Nucl Med Grp, Bldg 4501,Mail Stop 6229,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM jkp@ornl.gov NR 54 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1084-9785 J9 CANCER BIOTHER RADIO JI Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. PY 1998 VL 13 IS 5 BP 337 EP 349 DI 10.1089/cbr.1998.13.337 PG 13 WC Oncology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 150JB UT WOS:000077660500002 PM 10851424 ER PT J AU Sandi, G Song, K Carrado, KA Winans, RE AF Sandi, G Song, K Carrado, KA Winans, RE TI A NEXAFS determination of the electronic structure of carbons for lithium-ion cells SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE pillared clays; disordered carbon; lithium-ion cells; NEXAFS ID MESOPHASE-PITCH; BATTERIES; INSERTION; ANODES; YIELD; FILM AB We have applied the near-edge X-ray absorption line structure (NEXAFS) technique to investigate the electronic and structural properties of specialty carbonaceous materials and anode electrodes made from the synthesized carbons. The carbon K-edge features of the carbonaceous materials were characterized by two relatively sharp resonances at 286 and 293 eV and a broad peak centered at 305 eV. A peak at 288 eV is related to the C-H* interaction and the relative intensity of this peak is higher for those samples prepared with pyrene as the carbon precursor. Oxygen and Li K-edges were also determined. The electrochemical performance of the carbon anodes is compared and related to the electronic and structural features of the NEXAFS spectra. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM gsandi@anl.gov NR 19 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 EI 1873-3891 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 1755 EP 1758 DI 10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00118-3 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 147QW UT WOS:000077578400007 ER PT J AU Su, XC Kung, K Lahtinen, J Shen, RY Somorjai, GA AF Su, XC Kung, K Lahtinen, J Shen, RY Somorjai, GA TI Cyclohexene dehydrogenation and hydrogenation on Pt(111) monitored by SFG surface vibrational spectroscopy: different reaction mechanisms at high pressures and in vacuum SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cyclohexene; dehydrogenation; hydrogenation; SFG surface vibrational spectroscopy; reaction mechanism; surface intermediate; pi/sigma-bonded and sigma-bonded cyclohexene; c-C6H9 species; cyclohexadienes ID SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION; ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION; BISMUTH-COVERED PT(111); PLATINUM SURFACES; 1,3-CYCLOHEXADIENE; ADSORPTION; MOLECULES; CRYSTALS; BENZENE; SPECTRA AB The hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions of cyclohexene on Pt(111) crystal surfaces were investigated by surface vibrational spectroscopy via sum frequency generation (SFG) both under vacuum and high pressure conditions with 10 Torr cyclohexene and various hydrogen pressures from 30 up to similar to 600 Torr. At high pressures, the gas composition and turnover rate (TOR) were measured by gas chromatography. In vacuum, cyclohexene on Pt(111) undergoes a change from pi/sigma-bonded, sigma-bonded cyclohexene and C-C6H9 surface species to adsorbed benzene when the surface was heated from 130 to 330 K. A site-blocking effect was observed at saturation coverage of cyclohexene that caused dehydrogenation to shift to somewhat higher surface temperature. At high pressures, however, none of the species observed in vacuum conditions were detectable. 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD) was found to be the major species on the surface at 295 K, even with the presence of nearly 600 Torr of hydrogen. Hydrogenation was the only detectable reaction at the temperature range between 300 and 400 K with 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1,3-CHD) on the surface, as revealed by SFG. Further increasing the surface temperature results in a decrease in hydrogenation reaction rate and an increase in dehydrogenation reaction rate and both 1,3-CHD and 1,4-CHD were present on the surface simultaneously. The simultaneous observation of the reaction kinetic data and the chemical nature of surface species allows us to postulate a reaction mechanism at high pressures: cyclohexene hydrogenates to cyclohexane via a 1,3-CHD intermediate and dehydrogenates to benzene through both 1,4-CHD and 1,3-CHD intermediates. Isomerisation of the 1,4-CHD and 1,3-CHD surface species is negligible. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Su, XC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Lahtinen, Jouko/K-6804-2012 OI Lahtinen, Jouko/0000-0002-1192-9945 NR 28 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 21 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1998 VL 54 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1019007317430 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 122ME UT WOS:000076075400003 ER PT J AU Schilke, TC Fisher, IA Bell, AT AF Schilke, TC Fisher, IA Bell, AT TI Influence of titania on zirconia promoted Cu/SiO2 catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO/H-2 and CO2/H-2 SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE methanol; copper; titania; zirconia ID SUPPORTED COPPER-CATALYSTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; OXIDE; HYDROGENATION; ADSORPTION; MONOXIDE; CU/ZRO2 AB The effects of adding mixtures of titania and zirconia on the methanol synthesis activity and selectivity of Cu/SiO2 were investigated. The synthesis of methanol from both CO/H-2 and CO2/H-2 mixtures was examined at 0.65 MPa and temperatures between 448 and 573 K. For CO hydrogenation, the addition of ZrO2 alone increased the methanol synthesis activity of Cu/SiO2 by up to three-fold. Substitution of a portion of the ZrO2 by TiO2 decreased the methanol synthesis activity of the catalyst relative to that observed when only ZrO2 is added. ZrO2 addition also enhanced the methane synthesis activity by as much as seven-fold. In the case of CO2 hydrogenation, the maximum methanol synthesis activity is achieved when a 50/50 wt% mixture of ZrO2 and TiO2 is added to Cu/SiO2. Neither the presence of the oxide additive nor its composition had any effect on the activity of the reverse water-gas-shift reaction, which suggests that this reaction proceeds only on Cu. The observed effects of ZrO2 and TiO2 on the catalytic activity of methanol synthesis from CO and CO2, and methane synthesis from CO, are interpreted in terms of the strength and concentration of acidic and basic groups on the surface of the dispersed oxide. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Schilke, TC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Bell, Alexis/0000-0002-5738-4645 NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 12 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1998 VL 54 IS 3 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1019044425607 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 122MG UT WOS:000076075600002 ER PT J AU Chaturvedi, S Rodriguez, JA Brito, JL AF Chaturvedi, S Rodriguez, JA Brito, JL TI Characterization of pure and sulfided NiMoO4 catalysts using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE nickel molybdate; HDS catalysts; sulfur poisoning; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ID TRANSITION-METAL OXIDES; FINE-STRUCTURE; HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS; NICKEL MOLYBDATE; EXAFS; XANES; OXIDATION; SPECTRA; SULFUR; NI AB This study aims at characterizing the properties of pure and sulfided NiMoO4 catalysts using synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Mo L-II-edge and M-III-edge NEXAFS spectra indicate that on reaction with H2S, the Mo component of NiMoO4 gets partially reduced with the formation of MoS2 type species. For the beta-phase of NiMoO4, the sulfidation of Mo is more extensive than for the ct-phase, making the former a better precursor for catalysts of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions. The Ni Lu-edge features are relatively insensitive to the changes accompanying the partial sulfidation of NiMoO4. The sulfidation of the Ni component is confirmed by analysis of the Ni K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra which show the formation of Ni-S bonds (bond length similar to 2.48 Angstrom) and a NiMoSx phase. The S K-edge NEXAFS spectra show the presence of at least two types of sulfur species, one associated with a formal oxidation state of 2- and another associated with a formal oxidation state of 6+. We attribute the former to the presence of metal-sulfur bonds (MoSx and NiSy). The latter is associated with the formation of S-O bonds (SO42-). The formation of sulfates is also supported by the O K-edge NEXAFS spectra. The partially sulfided NiMoO4 catalysts (both alpha- and beta-isomorphs) have a much lower thermal stability in a reducing environment than pure NiMoO4 and MoS2. The sulfided molybdates react with H-2 in TPR producing H2O and H2S at temperatures above 400 K. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. RP Rodriguez, JA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM rodrigez@bnl.gov RI Brito, Joaquin/F-4974-2010 NR 48 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 6 U2 32 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1023/A:1019089002041 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZL672 UT WOS:000073458900014 ER PT J AU Overbury, SH Huntley, DR Mullins, DR Glavee, GN AF Overbury, SH Huntley, DR Mullins, DR Glavee, GN TI XANES studies of the reduction behavior of (Ce1-yZry)O-2 and Rh/(Ce1-yZry)O-2 SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE (Ce1-yZry)O-2; CeO2; ceria; zirconia; rhodium; Rh; X-ray absorption; XANES; metal-support interactions; temperature programmed reduction ID CEO2-ZRO2 SOLID-SOLUTIONS; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; OXYGEN STORAGE; HYDROGEN CHEMISORPTION; CERIUM OXIDE; CATALYSTS; CE; RH; CAPACITY; RHODIUM AB Using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the Ce L-III edge, we have measured the extent of reduction of Rh-loaded and Rh-free, mixed Ce-Zr oxides under hydrogen as a function of temperature. The high surface area, mixed oxides were synthesized by sol-gel techniques and hypercritical drying. Using a simple spectrum subtraction method, the degree of reduction has been measured and compared with previous results for CeO2 and (Ce0.5Zr0.5)O-2 Addition of Zr lowers the temperature of reduction and increases the extent of Ce reduction. Rh catalyzes the reduction process at low temperatures but does not substantially affect the extent of reduction achieved at high temperature. A synergism between Rh and Zr is found which leads to very high reducibility in the range of 400-600 K. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Lawrence Univ, Dept Chem, Appleton, WI 54912 USA. RP Overbury, SH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Overbury, Steven/C-5108-2016 OI Overbury, Steven/0000-0002-5137-3961 NR 27 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 21 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1011-372X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1998 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 133 EP 138 DI 10.1023/A:1019086428874 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZR347 UT WOS:000073965000001 ER PT J AU Gonzales, NO Chakraborty, AK Bell, AT AF Gonzales, NO Chakraborty, AK Bell, AT TI Density functional theory study of the effects of metal cations on the Bronsted acidity of H-ZSM-5 SO CATALYSIS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Bronsted acidity; zeolites; density functional theory ID MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; BASIS SETS; HYDROXYL-GROUPS; ZEOLITE; ALUMINUM; ZSM-5; ADSORPTION; BERYLLIUM; SITES; SIZE AB Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to establish the influence of mono-and polyvalent cations on the Bronsted acidity of H-ZSM-5. The zeolite was modeled as a cluster containing 41-45 atoms, in the center of which is an Al-(1)(OH)SiOAl(2)(OM) unit, where M+ = H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca(OH)(+), AlO+, Al(OH)(2)(+). The local geometry of the Bronsted acid site is affected by the nature of M+ and this in turn causes a change in the value of the proton affinity (PA) for the site. The highest value of PA is 330 kcal/mol for M+ = H+ and the lowest value of PA is 305 kcal/mol for M+ = AlO+. No correlation was found between the value of PA and the Mulliken charge on Al-(1). With the exception of the case where M+ = AlO+, the binding energy of CO with the Bronsted acid proton is approximately 8.8 kcal/mol, independent of the nature of M+. When M+ = AlO+, the binding energy for CO is 11.1 kcal/mol. The present calculations suggest that different factors affect proton affinity and the binding energy for CO adsorption. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Gonzales, NO (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 29 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1011-372X EI 1572-879X J9 CATAL LETT JI Catal. Lett. PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 135 EP 139 DI 10.1023/A:1019095808885 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE945 UT WOS:000072847300004 ER PT B AU Mac Gregor, MH AF Mac Gregor, MH BE Hunter, G Jeffers, S Vigier, JP TI The relativistic kinematics of the de Broglie phase wave SO CAUSALITY AND LOCALITY IN MODERN PHYSICS SE FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Causality and Locality in Modern Physics and Astronomy - Open Questions and Possible Solutions CY AUG 25-29, 1997 CL YORK UNIV, TORONTO, CANADA SP Senate Ad Hoc Funding Comm York Univ HO YORK UNIV AB If we postulate that a linearly-moving particle is accompanied by an in-phase plane wave (a phase wave), then the de Broglie phase-wave velocity follows as a consequence of the requirement of relativistic invariance. This is the usual formulation of this problem. If we alternately assume that the de Broglie phase wave is a real kinematic excitation produced by the motion of the particle, then its properties follow directly from the equations of special relativity when they are taken in the (unfamiliar) perturbative limit of very small excitation energies. The equations of "perturbative special relativity" are set forth, and some of their consequences are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Mac Gregor, MH (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5227-0 J9 FUND THEOR PY 1998 VL 97 BP 359 EP 364 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics; Physics GA BM07A UT WOS:000077539100042 ER PT B AU Minniti, D Alcock, C Alves, D Cook, K Marshall, S Allsman, R Axelrod, T Freeman, K Peterson, B Rodgers, A Griest, K Lehner, M Vandehei, T Becker, A Pratt, M Stubbs, C Tomaney, A Quinn, P Bennett, D Sutherland, W Welch, D AF Minniti, D Alcock, C Alves, D Cook, K Marshall, S Allsman, R Axelrod, T Freeman, K Peterson, B Rodgers, A Griest, K Lehner, M Vandehei, T Becker, A Pratt, M Stubbs, C Tomaney, A Quinn, P Bennett, D Sutherland, W Welch, D BE Sofue, Y TI Macho RR Lyrae stars in the galactic bulge: The spatial distribution SO CENTRAL REGIONS OF THE GALAXY AND GALAXIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 184th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY AUG 18-22, 1997 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Int Astronom Union C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Minniti, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5060-X PY 1998 BP 123 EP 124 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BM57Y UT WOS:000079158500052 ER PT S AU Cesarano, J Calvert, P AF Cesarano, J Calvert, P BE Messing, GL Lange, FF Hirano, SI TI "Robocasting": Direct fabrication of ceramics and composites SO CERAMIC PROCESSING SCIENCE SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Meeting of the International Conference on Ceramic Processing Science CY SEP 07-10, 1997 CL SANTA BARBARA, CA SP Amer Ceram Soc, Ceram Soc Japan, European Ceram Soc C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Direct Fabricat Technol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Cesarano, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Direct Fabricat Technol Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-056-4 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 83 BP 241 EP 241 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BM56W UT WOS:000079118500051 ER PT S AU Omatete, OO Pollinger, JP AF Omatete, OO Pollinger, JP BE Messing, GL Lange, FF Hirano, SI TI Gelcasting and aqueous injection molding for silicon nitride structural ceramics SO CERAMIC PROCESSING SCIENCE SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Meeting of the International Conference on Ceramic Processing Science CY SEP 07-10, 1997 CL SANTA BARBARA, CA SP Amer Ceram Soc, Ceram Soc Japan, European Ceram Soc C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Omatete, OO (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-056-4 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 83 BP 251 EP 251 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BM56W UT WOS:000079118500056 ER PT S AU Jacobson, C Visco, SJ DeJonghe, LC AF Jacobson, C Visco, SJ DeJonghe, LC BE Messing, GL Lange, FF Hirano, SI TI Thin film solid oxide fuel cells by colloidal processing SO CERAMIC PROCESSING SCIENCE SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Meeting of the International Conference on Ceramic Processing Science CY SEP 07-10, 1997 CL SANTA BARBARA, CA SP Amer Ceram Soc, Ceram Soc Japan, European Ceram Soc C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Adv Mat, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Jacobson, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Adv Mat, Div Mat Sci, Bldg 62-113, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-056-4 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 83 BP 349 EP 349 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BM56W UT WOS:000079118500079 ER PT S AU Duscher, G Pennycook, SJ Browning, ND Rupangudi, R Takoudis, C Gao, HJ Singh, R AF Duscher, G Pennycook, SJ Browning, ND Rupangudi, R Takoudis, C Gao, HJ Singh, R BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Structure, composition and strain profiling of Si/SiO2 interfaces SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Recently, the scanning transmission electron microscope has become capable of forming electron probes of atomic dimensions. This makes possible the technique of Z-contrast imaging, a method of forming incoherent images at atomic resolution having high compositional sensitivity. An incoherent image of this nature also allows the positions of atomic columns in a crystal to be directly determined, without the need for model structures and image simulations. Furthermore, atomic resolution chemical analysis can be performed by locating the probe over particular columns or planes seen in the image while electron energy loss spectra are collected. We present images of the Si/SiO2 interface showing no crystalline oxide, compositional profiles at 2.5 Angstrom resolution across a sample formed by Si(100) oxidation with an oxygen/nitrogen containing gaseous source showing an extended sub-stoichiometric zone, and strain profiles at a rough interface showing static rms displacements of similar to 0.1 Angstrom, extending 10 Angstrom into the crystalline Si. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Duscher, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Duscher, Gerd/G-1730-2014 OI Duscher, Gerd/0000-0002-2039-548X NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 191 EP 195 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000020 ER PT S AU Chang, CH MacDowell, AA Thompson, AC Padmore, HA Patel, JR AF Chang, CH MacDowell, AA Thompson, AC Padmore, HA Patel, JR BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Grain orientation mapping of passivated aluminum interconnect lines by x-ray micro-diffraction SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB A micro x-ray diffraction facility is under development at the Advanced Light Source. Spot sizes are typically about mu m size generated by means of grazing incidence Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing mirrors. Photon energy is either white of energy range 6-14 keV or monochromatic generated from a pair of channel cut crystals. Laue diffraction pattern from a single grain in a passivated 2-mu m wide bamboo structured Aluminum interconnect line has been recorded. Acquisition times are of the order of seconds. The Laue pattern has allowed the determination of the crystallographic orientation of individual grains along the line length. The experimental and analysis procedure used is described, as is the latest grain orientation result. The impact of x-ray micro-diffraction and its possible future direction are discussed in the context of other developments in the area of electromigration, and other technological problems. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chang, CH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 424 EP 426 PG 3 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000059 ER PT S AU Lee, SH Naulleau, P Goldberg, K Tejnil, E Medecki, H Bresloff, C Chang, C Attwood, D Bokor, J AF Lee, SH Naulleau, P Goldberg, K Tejnil, E Medecki, H Bresloff, C Chang, C Attwood, D Bokor, J BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI At-wavelength interferometry of extreme ultraviolet lithographic optics SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB A phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) has recently been developed to evaluate optics for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography systems. The interferometer has been implemented at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and is currently being used to test experimental EUV Schwarzschild objectives. Recent PS/PDI measurements indicate these experimental objectives to have wavefront errors on the order of 0.1 waves (similar to 1 nm at a wavelength of 13.4 nm) rms. These at-wavelength measurements have also revealed the multilayer phase effects, demonstrating the sensitivity and importance of EUV characterization. The measurement precision of the PS/PDI has been experimentally determined to be better than 0.01 waves. Furthermore, a systematic-error-limited absolute measurement accuracy of 0.004 waves has been demonstrated. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lee, SH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Mail Stop 2-400, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 553 EP 557 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000079 ER PT S AU Ager, JW AF Ager, JW BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Overview of optical microscopy and optical microspectroscopy SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Optical microscopy has historically been a major tool for semiconductor inspection. As the ULSI design rule continues to decline to 0.25 mu m and below, standard optical microscopy methods will arrive at their resolution limit. In the first part of this paper an overview of currently used optical microscopy techniques will be given. The resolution limit for optical imaging will be discussed, and novel methods for increasing resolution, including deep UV microscopy and confocal laser microscopy, will be presented. The second part of the paper will discuss an emerging technology for contamination analysis in semiconductor processing, microspectroscopy. Three topics in this area will be discussed with an emphasis on applications to off-line defect identification in process development: (1) micro-Raman spectroscopy, (2) micro-fluorescence or micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, and (3) micro-reflectivity. It will be shown that these microspectroscopy methods can provide composition information for defects down to 1 mu m in size that is not accessible through the more commonly used methods such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and scanning Auger microscopy. Classes of defects where optical micro-spectroscopy methods are useful include ceramic particles, thin films of organic material, and dielectric films. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ager, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 641 EP 652 PG 12 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000090 ER PT S AU Padmore, HA AF Padmore, HA BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI X-ray microscopy; an emerging technique for semiconductor microstructure characterization SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB The advent of third generation synchrotron radiation x-ray sources, such as the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Berkeley have enabled the practical realization of a wide range of new techniques in which mature chemical or structural probes such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray diffraction are used in conjunction with microfocused x-ray beams. In this paper the characteristics of some of these new microscopes are described, particularly in reference to their applicability to the characterization of semiconductor microstructures. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Padmore, HA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 691 EP 695 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000094 ER PT S AU Anders, S Stammler, T Padmore, HA Terminello, LJ Jankowski, AF Stohr, J Diaz, J Cossy-Favre, A Singh, S AF Anders, S Stammler, T Padmore, HA Terminello, LJ Jankowski, AF Stohr, J Diaz, J Cossy-Favre, A Singh, S BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI X-ray photoemission electron microscopy for the study of semiconductor materials SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Photoemission Electron Microscopy using X-rays (X-PEEM) is a novel combination of two established materials analysis techniques - PEEM using UV light, and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. This combination allows the study of elemental composition and bonding structure of the sample by NEXAFS spectroscopy with a high spatial resolution given by the microscope. A simple, two lens, 10 kV operation voltage PEEM has been used at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley to study various problems including materials of interest for the semiconductor industry. In the present paper we give a short overview over the method and the instrument which was used, and describe in detail a number of applications. These applications include the study of the different phases of titanium disilicide, various phases of boron nitride, and the analysis of small particles. A. brief outlook is given on possible new fields of application of the PEEM technique, and the development of new PEEM instruments. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Anders, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Diaz, Javier/F-2381-2016; Raoux, Simone/G-3920-2016 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 873 EP 877 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000127 ER PT S AU Allendorf, MD McDaniel, AH AF Allendorf, MD McDaniel, AH BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Kinetics of reactions relevant to the chemical vapor deposition of indium compounds SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB The kinetics of trimethylindium pyrolysis are investigated in a flow reactor equipped with a molecular-beam mass-spectrometric sampling system. Data are analyzed using a new computational approach that accounts for heat and mass transport in the reactor. The measured activation energy, 46.2 kcal mol(-1), is in good agreement with previously reported values. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Allendorf, MD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 125 EP 130 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800017 ER PT S AU Tuttle, BA Voigt, JA Sipola, DL Olson, WR Goy, DM AF Tuttle, BA Voigt, JA Sipola, DL Olson, WR Goy, DM BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Chemically prepared lead magnesium niobate dielectrics SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB A chemical solution powder synthesis technique has been developed that produces fine, uniform powders of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) with 60 to 80 nm crystallite size. The synthesis technique was based on the dissolution of lead acetate and alkoxide precursors in acetic acid followed by precipitation with oxalic acid/propanol solutions. Lead magnesium niobate ceramics fabricated from these chemically derived powders had smaller, more uniform grain size and higher dielectric constants than ceramics fabricated from mixed oxide powders that were processed under similar thermal conditions. Chem-prep PMN dielectrics with peak dielectric constants greater than 22,000 and polarizations in excess of 29 mu C/cm(2) were obtained for 1100 degrees C firing treatments. Substantial decreases in dielectric constant and polarization were measured for chemically prepared PMN ceramics fired at lower temperatures, consistent with previous work on mixed oxide materials. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Tuttle, BA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 185 EP 195 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800026 ER PT S AU Singhal, A Paranthaman, M Specht, ED Hunt, RD Beach, DB Martin, PM Lee, DF AF Singhal, A Paranthaman, M Specht, ED Hunt, RD Beach, DB Martin, PM Lee, DF BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Solution processing of YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB The aim of this work was to develop a non-vacuum chemical deposition technique for YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) coated conductors on rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS). We have chosen the metal-organic decomposition (MOD) and sol-gel precursor routes to grow textured YBCO films. In the MOD process, yttrium 2-ethylhexonate, barium neodecanoate, copper 2-ethylhexonate and toluene were used as the starting reagents. YBCO films processed by the MOD method on SrTiO3 (100) single crystal substrates were predominately epitaxial and consisted of c and a-axis oriented material. Films have a T-c,T-onset of 89K and the best superconducting transition temperature of 63K. Films pyrolyzed at 525 degrees C and subsequently annealed at 780 degrees C in a p(O-2) of 3.5 x 10(-4) atm contained YBCO phase predominately in a-axis orientation. In the sol-gel route, yttrium-isopropoxide, barium metal, copper methoxide and 2-methoxyethanol were used as the starting reagents. Sol-gel YBCO films on SrTiO3 substrates were epitaxial and c-axis oriented. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Singhal, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009; Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163; Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 203 EP 208 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800028 ER PT S AU Beach, DB Vallet, CE Paranthaman, M Specht, ED Morrell, JS Xue, ZB AF Beach, DB Vallet, CE Paranthaman, M Specht, ED Morrell, JS Xue, ZB BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Sol-gel synthesis of rare earth aluminate films as buffer layers for high Tc superconducting films SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB Cubic rare-earth aluminate perovskites of the general form REAlO3 have been identified as possible buffer layers for high current carrying cuprate superconductors deposited on roll-textured metals. This paper describes on-going research to develop solution routes which would avoid the use of slow and costly vacuum processing. Our research plan includes the development of an appropriate solution chemistry, studies of the crystallization behavior of powders under reducing and oxidizing conditions, deposition of polycrystalline films on silver substrates, deposition of epitaxial films on single-crystal oxide substrates, and deposition on roll textured nickel. The method is illustrated with the example of PrAlO3. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Beach, DB (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015; Specht, Eliot/A-5654-2009 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531; Specht, Eliot/0000-0002-3191-2163 NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 263 EP 270 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800038 ER PT S AU Krauss, AR Gruen, DM Zhou, D McCauley, TG Qin, LC Corrigan, T Auciello, O Chang, RPH AF Krauss, AR Gruen, DM Zhou, D McCauley, TG Qin, LC Corrigan, T Auciello, O Chang, RPH BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Morphology and electron emission properties of nanocrystalline CVD diamond thin films SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB Nanocrystalline diamond thin films have been produced by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) using C60Ar/H-2 or CH4/Ar/H-2 plasmas. Films grown with H-2 concentration less than or equal to 20% are nanocrystalline, with atomically abrupt grain boundaries and without observable graphitic or amorphous carbon phases. The growth and morphology of these films are controlled via a high nucleation rate resulting from low hydrogen concentration in the plasma. Initial growth is in the form of diamond, which is the thermodynamic equilibrium phase for grains less than or equal to 5 nm in diameter. Once formed, the diamond phase persists for grains up to at least 15-20 nm in diameter. The renucleation rate in the near-absence of atomic hydrogen is very high (similar to 10(10) cm(-2) sec(-1)), limiting the average grain size to a nearly constant value as the film thickness increases, although the average grain size increases as hydrogen is added to the plasma. For hydrogen concentrations less than similar to 20%, the growth species is believed to be the carbon dimer, C-2, rather than the CH3* growth species associated with diamond film growth at higher hydrogen concentrations. For very thin films grown from the C-60 precursor, the threshold field (2 to similar to 60 volts/micron) for cold cathode electron emission depends on the electrical conductivity and on the surface topography, which in turn depends on the hydrogen concentration in the plasma. A model of electron emission, based on quantum well effects at the grain boundaries is presented. This model predicts promotion of the electrons at the grain boundary to the conduction band of diamond for a grain boundary width similar to 3-4 Angstrom, a value within the range observed by TEM. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Krauss, AR (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 299 EP 310 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800042 ER PT S AU Moss, TS Espinoza, BF Salazar, KV Dye, RC AF Moss, TS Espinoza, BF Salazar, KV Dye, RC BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI MOCVD of field emission phosphors using a liquid delivery system SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB Thin film phosphors for field emission displays show the potential to overcome the life-limiting problems that traditional powders face because of their high surface areas. By depositing a fully dense thin film, the surface area can be dramatically reduced, while the electrical and thermal conductivity is increased. Metal organic chemical vapor deposition offers the ability to deposit high quality, dense films that are crystalline-as-deposited and at temperatures low enough to allow for inexpensive glass. Deposition has been produced from mixtures of Y(tmhd)(3), TEOS, Tb(tmhd)3, and Oz using a liquid delivery system. Coatings were shown to be composed of Y, Si, and Tb by x-ray fluorescence, but x-ray diffraction did not show any crystallinity. Excitation using radioluminescence produced a peak in the visible green at approximately 540 nm, indicative of the excitation of Tb3+. The morphology of the deposition was smooth, with surface features on the order of one micron and below. Some limited microcracking was also observed in the morphology because of the thermal expansion mismatch. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Moss, TS (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS E549, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 311 EP 316 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800043 ER PT S AU Maiya, PS Moon, BM AF Maiya, PS Moon, BM BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Properties of TiN and TiN deposited by CVD on graphite for pyrochemical applications SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB High-density TiN (>98% of theoretical) has been prepared by hot pressing TiN powder with 2-4 wt.% Li2CO3 at temperatures between 1150-1550 degrees C and pressures of approximate to 40-50 MPa. The Li2CO3 served as a fugitive sintering aid, enabling attainment of high density at low temperatures without adversely affecting the inherently good properties. Variation in processing variables and TIN powder characteristics resulted in material with various porosities. Measurement of mechanical properties such as flexural strength and fracture toughness showed that the high-density material has mechanical properties that are superior to those of several oxide ceramics. We have also quantified the effects of porosity on mechanical properties. In addition, adhesion and chemical stability tests were used to investigate graphite coated with TiN by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Pin-pull tests were used to determine coating adhesion and failure stresses were analyzed by Weibull statistics. All pin-pull tests resulted in fracture of the graphite substrate, rather than separation at the TiN/graphite interface. The data showed a good fit to the two-parameter Weibull expression, with a failure strength of 16.4 MPa and Weibull modulus of 9.3. Both the high-density TiN and the TiN coating on the graphite were exposed to a corrosive molten salt CaCl2-7 wt.% CaO and a liquid metal alloy (Zn-10 wt.% Mg) at 800 degrees C for 168 h to determine chemical interactions. No reaction was detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Thus, graphite coated with TiN by CVD combines the thermodynamic stability of TiN when exposed to reactive molten metals and salts, with the excellent machinability of graphite, and hence is promising for use in container vessels for pyrochemical processing of certain rare-earth and nuclear metals, where chemical inertness and good matching of thermal expansion coefficients are required. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Maiya, PS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 317 EP 326 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800044 ER PT S AU Keppens, V Mandrus, D Boatner, LA AF Keppens, V Mandrus, D Boatner, LA BE Kumta, PN Hepp, AF Beach, DB Arkles, B Sullivan, JJ TI Chemical and sonochemical approaches to the formation of VO2 films and VO2-impregnated materials SO CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC CERAMICS PROCESSING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Ballistic Missile Defense Org, CVC Prod Inc, Elsevier Sci Ltd, Gelest Inc, Inorgtech Ltd, MKS Instruments Inc, NanoPore Inc, NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, USN, Off Naval Res AB A new chemical and chemical/ultrasonic approach to the preparation of VO2 films and VO2-impregnated bulk materials has been developed. In this approach, a V2O5 sol prepared by quenching is used to coat SiO2 substrates. The resulting gel-film is heat treated in a reducing atmosphere to form a film identified as VO2 from the results of X-ray diffraction and both optical and resistivity measurements, which reveal the phase transition characteristic of vanadium dioxide. The advantage of this approach to the formation of VO2 is that the V2O5 sol can be used to impregnate porous materials, which are then heat treated to form an optically active composite material. The switching properties of the VO2 films are investigated using optical and resistivity measurements, and the results are compared to those obtained for VO2-films prepared by more-conventional methods. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Keppens, V (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013 OI Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-400-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 495 BP 439 EP 444 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49A UT WOS:000075687800062 ER PT J AU Valluri, S Soroush, M Nikravesh, M AF Valluri, S Soroush, M Nikravesh, M TI Shortest-prediction-horizon non-linear model-predictive control SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE non-linear control; model-predictive control; constrained control; input-output linearization; model-based control; windup compensation ID LINEARIZATION; STABILITY; SYSTEMS; REACTOR AB This article concerns non-linear control of single-input-single-output processes with input constraints and deadtimes. The problem of input-output linearization in continuous time is formulated as a model-predictive control problem, for processes with full-state measurements and for processes with incomplete state measurements and deadtimes. This model-predictive control formulation allows one (i) to establish the connections between model-predictive and input-output linearizing control methods; and (ii) to solve directly the problems of constraint handling and windup in input-output linearizing control. The derived model-predictive control laws have the shortest possible prediction horizon and explicit analytical form, and thus their implementation does not require on-line optimization. Necessary conditions for stability of the closed-loop system under the constrained dynamic control laws are given. The connections between (a) the developed control laws and (b) the model state feedback control;and the modified internal model control-are established. The application and performance of the derived controllers are demonstrated by numerical simulations of chemical and biochemical reactor examples. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Soroush, M (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM masoud.soroush@coe.drexel.edu NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0009-2509 EI 1873-4405 J9 CHEM ENG SCI JI Chem. Eng. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 53 IS 2 BP 273 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00284-4 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YQ429 UT WOS:000071386300006 ER PT J AU Liu, J Feng, XD Fryxell, GE Wang, LQ Kim, AY Gong, M AF Liu, J Feng, XD Fryxell, GE Wang, LQ Kim, AY Gong, M TI Hybrid mesoporous materials with functionalized monolayers SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR-SIEVES; SILICA; FILMS; DYNAMICS; NMR AB Mesoporous materials have great potential for environmental and industrial processes, but many applications require the materials to exhibit specific surface chemistry and binding sites. A new approach has been developed so that organized functional monolayers are covalently bound to mesoporous supports. The functionalized hybrid materials show exceptional selectivity and capacity for removing heavy metals from waste streams. Tailored hybrid materials have also shown potential to selectively bind anions and radionuclides. Rational design of the surface properties of mesoporous materials will lead to more sophisticated functional composites. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0930-7516 J9 CHEM ENG TECHNOL JI Chem. Eng. Technol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 97 EP 100 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4125(199801)21:1<97::AID-CEAT97>3.0.CO;2-W PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YX729 UT WOS:000072071400020 ER PT S AU Pfeifer, KB Jarecki, RL Dalton, TJ AF Pfeifer, KB Jarecki, RL Dalton, TJ BE Buttgenbach, S TI Fiber-optic polymer residue monitor SO CHEMICAL MICROSENSORS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Chemical Microsensors and Applications CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers AB Semiconductor processing tools that use a plasma to etch polysilicon or oxides produce residue polymers that build up on the exposed surfaces of the processing chamber. These residues are generally stressed and with time can cause flaking onto wafers resulting in yield loss. Currently, residue buildup is not monitored, and chambers are GRAPHICS cleaned at regular intervals resulting in excess downtime for the tool. In addition, knowledge of the residue buildup rate and index of reaction is useful in determining the state of health of the chamber process. We have developed a novel optical fiber-based robust sensor that allows measurement of the residue polymer buildup while not affecting the plasma process. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Pfeifer, KB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3000-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3539 BP 36 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.333752 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM42W UT WOS:000078691300005 ER PT J AU Walker, FE AF Walker, FE TI New support for physical kinetics SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS REPORTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Shock Waves in Condensed Media CY SEP 02-06, 1996 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA ID SHOCK AB Additional data supporting the previously suggested model of processes taking place within the front of detonation waves propagating in condensed explosives are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Walker, FE (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1074-1550 J9 CHEM PHYS REP+ JI Chem. Phys. Rep. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA 263BB UT WOS:000084101800004 ER PT J AU Chhabildas, LC Brannon, RM AF Chhabildas, LC Brannon, RM TI Shock-induced vaporization of zinc. Experiment and numerical simulations SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS REPORTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Shock Waves in Condensed Media CY SEP 02-06, 1996 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA ID IMPACT AB Record-high impact speeds achieved using the Sandia Hyper Velocity Launcher have permitted a systematic study of shock-induced full vaporization of zinc. Pressures up to 5.5 Mbar and temperatures as high as 39000 K (similar to 3.4 eV) are induced in a thin zinc plate by impacting it with a tantalum flier at speeds up to 10.1 km/s. Such high pressures produce essentially full vaporization of the zinc because the thermodynamic release isentropes pass into the vapor dome near the critical point. To characterize vapor flow, the velocity history produced by stagnation of the zinc expansion products against a witness plate is measured with velocity interferometry. For each experiment, the time-resolved experimental interferometer record is compared with wave-code calculations using an analytical equation of state, called ANEOS, that is known to have performed quite well at lower impact speeds (less than similar to 7 km/s) where vaporization is negligible. Significant discrepancies between experiment and calculation are shown to exist under conditions of the more recent higher impact speeds in excess of 7 km/s where the release isentrope appears to pass near the critical point. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Chhabildas, LC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1074-1550 J9 CHEM PHYS REP+ JI Chem. Phys. Rep. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 203 EP 213 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA 263BB UT WOS:000084101800022 ER PT J AU Garcia, BO Persson, PA AF Garcia, BO Persson, PA TI The shock Hugoniot of liquid hydrazine in the pressure range of 3.1 to 21.4 GPa SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS REPORTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Shock Waves in Condensed Media CY SEP 02-06, 1996 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA ID COMPRESSION AB The shock Hugoniot of liquid hydrazine was determined in the pressure range of 3.1 to 21.4 GPa (31 to 214 kbar) using the impedance matching technique. This technique was similar to that used by R. Dick, who determined the shock Hugoniots of many liquids such as carbon tetrachloride, benzene, liquid nitrogen, etc. Shock pressures were generated using a plane wave explosive driver system with different explosives and different reference materials against the liquid hydrazine. The velocity of the shock wave in the liquid hydrazine and the free surface velocity of the reference material were measured using different pin contact techniques. The experimental Hugoniot appears smooth and there is no indication of a phase change. The shock Hugoniot of liquid hydrazine was compared against three other liquid Hugoniots: liquid ammonia, water, and carbon tetrachloride and is closest to the Hugoniot for water and in between ammonia and carbon tetrachloride. The hydrazine Hugoniot was also compared to the "Universal" Hugoniot for liquids. The "Universal" Hugoniot for liquids is not a good approximation for the liquid hydrazine Hugoniot in the pressure range studied. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Garcia, BO (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1074-1550 J9 CHEM PHYS REP+ JI Chem. Phys. Rep. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 223 EP 232 PG 10 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA 263BB UT WOS:000084101800024 ER PT J AU Hammerberg, JE Holian, BL Zhou, SJ AF Hammerberg, JE Holian, BL Zhou, SJ TI Sliding friction in compressed metals at high velocities SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS REPORTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Shock Waves in Condensed Media CY SEP 02-06, 1996 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AB We present the results of massively parallel simulations of sliding friction for ductile metals at high velocities (of order significant fractions of the transverse sound velocity) and kbar pressures. Our initial studies have been in two dimensions for smooth and roughened interfaces and typical system sizes have been 65,000 atoms. We have used embedded atom model (EAM) potentials to account for the density dependence of atomic potentials in defective environments and have integrated the classical equations of motion using the method of molecular dynamics. To measure the tangential force in these numerical experiments we have studied systems with upper and lower reservoir regions connected to workpiece regions. The workpieces are constrained by external forces in the reservoir regions to move relative to one another. This is accomplished by adding an external force in the reservoir region (typically 20 atomic layers in height) such that the average velocities in these regions an fixed at fu,. Initially, the upper workpiece plus reservoir has tangential velocity up and the lower workpiece plus reservoir velocity -u(p). The normal force in the reservoir regions is such that the load corresponds to a given initial pressure. The reservoir regions also incorporate a ramped viscous damping force which eliminates spurious reflections at the reservoir - workpiece boundary. The simulations for flat interfaces have verified some of the predictions of the adhesive model of friction, showing an increase of the tangential force with pressure (but a decrease of the coefficient of friction with pressure). A new feature is a velocity weakening of the tangential force with increasing velocity. We discuss the morphological changes which occur in the surface region for copper - copper interfaces that are associated with this frictional weakening at high velocities. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87501 USA. RP Hammerberg, JE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87501 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1074-1550 J9 CHEM PHYS REP+ JI Chem. Phys. Rep. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 343 EP 354 PG 12 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA 263BB UT WOS:000084101800034 ER PT J AU Murphy, MJ AF Murphy, MJ TI Utility of coupling nonlinear optimization methods with numerical modeling software SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS REPORTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Shock Waves in Condensed Media CY SEP 02-06, 1996 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA ID IMPACT AB The utility of coupling nonlinear optimization methods with numerical modeling software will be described in this paper. The results of using GLO (Global Local Optimizer), a general purpose nonlinear optimization software package for investigating multi-parameter problems in science and engineering will be discussed. The software package consists of the modular optimization control system (GLO), a graphical user interface (GLO-GUI), a pre-processor (GLO-PUT), a post-processor (GLO- GET), and nonlinear optimization software modules, GLOBAL & LOCAL GLO is designed for controlling and easy coupling to any scientific software application. GLO runs the optimization module and scientific software application in an iterative loop. At each iteration, the optimization module supplies new values for a set of parameters that are being optimized. GLO-PUT inserts the new parameter values into the input file of the scientific application. GLO runs the application with the new parameter values. GLO-GET determines the value of the objective function by extracting the results of the analysis and comparing to the desired result. GLO continues to run the scientific application over and over until it finds the "best" set of parameters by minimizing (or maximizing) the objective function. Two example problems showing the optimization of material model parameters and the determination of an optimum design geometry will be presented. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Murphy, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1074-1550 J9 CHEM PHYS REP+ JI Chem. Phys. Rep. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1-2 BP 355 EP 362 PG 8 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA 263BB UT WOS:000084101800035 ER PT J AU Shelnutt, JA Song, XZ Ma, JG Jia, SL Jentzen, W Medforth, CJ AF Shelnutt, JA Song, XZ Ma, JG Jia, SL Jentzen, W Medforth, CJ TI Nonplanar porphyrins and their significance in proteins SO CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID NICKEL(II) PORPHYRINS; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; CYTOCHROMES-C; RESONANCE; PLANAR; OCTAETHYLPORPHYRIN; EQUILIBRIUM; COMPLEXES; OXIDATION; CHEMISTRY AB Nonplanar distortions of tetrapyrroles are prevalent in the hemes of hemoproteins, the pigments of photosynthetic proteins, and cofactor F-430 of methylreductase, The nonplanarity of these porphyrin cofactors is currently believed to influence factors in the biological activity of the proteins, in part, because the porphyrin deformations are often conserved within functional classes of proteins, The occurrence, classification, and study of nonplanar porphyrins in proteins and synthetic nonplanar porphyrin analogs are reviewed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Catalysis & Chem Technol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Shelnutt, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Catalysis & Chem Technol Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Shelnutt, John/A-9987-2009; Medforth, Craig/D-8210-2013; REQUIMTE, FMN/M-5611-2013; REQUIMTE, UCIBIO/N-9846-2013 OI Shelnutt, John/0000-0001-7368-582X; Medforth, Craig/0000-0003-3046-4909; NR 36 TC 563 Z9 567 U1 12 U2 72 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0306-0012 J9 CHEM SOC REV JI Chem. Soc. Rev. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA YV681 UT WOS:000071852100004 ER PT J AU Taylor, BR Kauzlarich, SM Lee, HWH Delgado, GR AF Taylor, BR Kauzlarich, SM Lee, HWH Delgado, GR TI Solution synthesis of germanium nanocrystals demonstrating quantum confinement SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID GE NANOCRYSTALS; VISIBLE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; POROUS SILICON; MATRIX; MICROCRYSTALS; LUMINESCENCE; NANOCLUSTERS; EXCITONS; SIZE; GAP C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kauzlarich, SM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 31 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 22 EP 24 DI 10.1021/cm970576w PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YT611 UT WOS:000071624400007 ER PT J AU Hilsenbeck, SJ McCarley, RE Goldman, AI Schrader, GL AF Hilsenbeck, SJ McCarley, RE Goldman, AI Schrader, GL TI Hydrodesulfurization activity and EXAFS characterization of novel ternary tin and lanthanum molybdenum sulfide catalysts SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CHEVREL PHASE-COMPOUNDS; CLUSTER COMPLEXES; PRECURSORS; SNMO6S8 AB Reduced tin and lanthanum molybdenum sulfides prepared by a low-temperature synthesis route are active catalysts for hydrodesulfurization (HDS). Hydrogen pretreatment at temperatures below 600 degrees C produces amorphous materials, while higher temperature pretreatment results in the formation of Chevrel phases. Spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman, XPS) and EXAFS characterization have confirmed that the Mo6S8 clusters are the primary structural unit in these ternary molybdenum sulfide catalysts. C1 Iowa State Univ, US DOE, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, US DOE, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, US DOE, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, US DOE, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP McCarley, RE (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, US DOE, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 125 EP 134 DI 10.1021/cm970269q PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YT611 UT WOS:000071624400022 ER PT J AU Anderson, MT Martin, JE Odinek, JG Newcomer, PP AF Anderson, MT Martin, JE Odinek, JG Newcomer, PP TI Surfactant-templated silica mesophases formed in water : cosolvent mixtures SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR-SIEVES; CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE; WATER; FORMAMIDE; MCM-41; ORGANIZATION; MECHANISM; PHASES AB Silica/surfactant mesophases have been synthesized in 14 water:cosolvent mixtures by combining tetramethoxysilane with a basic 2 wt % CTAB solution. The effects of the water-to-cosolvent ratio on the formation of supramolecular surfactant templates and ultimately silica/surfactant mesophases is reported for: diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, tetraglyme, methylene chloride, 2-propanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, acetonitrile, glycerol, formamide, and N-methylformamide. X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic and static light scattering (DLS/SLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM/ TEM), and nitrogen sorption techniques are used to characterize the mesophases. Generally, polar cosolvents decrease the extent of aggregation of CTAB and lead to an evolution from ordered (o-H) hexagonally packed silica (HPS) to disordered (d-H) HPS as the cosolvent concentration is increased. Polar cosolvents allow the unit cell size of the mesophase to be tuned continuously over similar to-5 Angstrom: protic solvents decrease the cell size; aprotic solvents increase the cell size. Highly polar protic solvents, such as formamide and ethylene glycol, support substantially nonaqeous synthesis of o-H and d-H mesophases with water:silica ratio less than 4.0. Low dielectric constant cosolvents lead to expanded o-H mesophases at low concentrations, and cubic and lamellar phases at higher concentrations. Cosolvents can be used to synthesize mixed-metal framework structures from homogeneous solutions by premixing molecular inorganic precursors in a compatible nonaqueous solvent and then controllably hydrolyzing the precursors. Cosolvents also influence microstructure, leading to smaller, more curved primary particles than in pure water. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. 3M Co, Ceram Technol Ctr, St Paul, MN 55144 USA. RP Anderson, MT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 33 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1021/cm9704600 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YT611 UT WOS:000071624400044 ER PT J AU Ozawa, T Olmstead, MM Brock, SL Kauzlarich, SM Young, DM AF Ozawa, T Olmstead, MM Brock, SL Kauzlarich, SM Young, DM TI Synthesis and characterization of a new compound with alternating MnO22- and Zn2As22- layers: Ba2MnZn2As2O2 SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID PNICTIDE OXIDE COMPOUNDS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; SB; ZINC; SR; BA AB A new mixed transition metal pnictide oxide, Ba2MnZn2As2O2, is reported. Ba2MnZn2As2O2 has been prepared in quantitative yield from heating stoichiometric amounts of BaO with the elements, which are pressed into a pellet, placed in an Al2O3 boat, and sealed in a fused silica ampule, at 1000 degrees C. This compound is an ordered variant of the Sr2Mn3As2O2 structure type and crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4/mmm (Z = 2). Single-crystal X-ray data (130 K) were refined (a = 4.2317(3) Angstrom, c = 19.443(2) Angstrom R1 = 2.96%, wR2 = 6.84%). The structure is made up from square planar MnO2 layers with layers of Zn2As2 tetrahedra interspersed by alkaline earth cations such that the formula may be written as Ba-2(MnO2)(Zn2As2). Rietveld refinement (a = 4.24257(8) Angstrom, c = 19.5087(7) Angstrom, R-wp = 9.26%, R-p = 6.44%) of powder neutron diffraction data obtained at room temperature provides unambiguous evidence for this ordered model in the case of Ba2MnZn2As2O2. Magnetic studies in the temperature range 5 less than or equal to T/K less than or equal to 300 show antiferromagnetic ordering at 38 K with spin glasslike behavior at low temperatures. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kauzlarich, SM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Ozawa, Tadashi C./B-2535-2012 OI Ozawa, Tadashi C./0000-0003-0118-115X NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 392 EP 396 DI 10.1021/cm970554+ PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YT611 UT WOS:000071624400055 ER PT J AU Zhu, SJ Gan, CY Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Babu, BRS Sakhaee, M Ma, WC Long, GL Deng, JK Zhu, LY Li, M Yang, LM Komicki, J Cole, JD Aryaeinejad, R Dardenne, YK Drigert, MW Rasmussen, JO Stoyer, MA Chu, SY Gregorich, KE Mohar, MF Prussin, SG Lee, IY Johnson, NR McGowan, FK AF Zhu, SJ Gan, CY Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Babu, BRS Sakhaee, M Ma, WC Long, GL Deng, JK Zhu, LY Li, M Yang, LM Komicki, J Cole, JD Aryaeinejad, R Dardenne, YK Drigert, MW Rasmussen, JO Stoyer, MA Chu, SY Gregorich, KE Mohar, MF Prussin, SG Lee, IY Johnson, NR McGowan, FK TI Collective band structures in the neutron-rich Ru-107,Ru-109 nuclei SO CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The levels in neutron-rich odd-A Ru-107,Ru-109 nuclei have been investigated by using gamma-gamma- and gamma-gamma-gamma-coincidence studies of the prompt gamma-rays from the spontaneous fission of Cf-252. Th, ground state bands and the negative parity bands are identified and expanded in both nuclei. Triaxial rotor plus particle model calculations indicate the ground state bands originate from v(d(5/2) + g(7/2)) quasiparticle configurations and the negative parity bands are from vh(11/2) orbital. C1 Tsinghua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Phys, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tsinghua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. RI Long, Gui Lu/B-1170-2008; Long, Gui Lu/B-8988-2014 OI Long, Gui Lu/0000-0002-9023-1579 NR 11 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0256-307X EI 1741-3540 J9 CHINESE PHYS LETT JI Chin. Phys. Lett. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 11 BP 793 EP 795 DI 10.1088/0256-307X/15/11/005 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 145LP UT WOS:000077372900005 ER PT J AU Fornstedt, T Sajonz, P Guiochon, G AF Fornstedt, T Sajonz, P Guiochon, G TI A closer study of chiral retention mechanisms SO CHIRALITY LA English DT Article DE retention mechanisms; separation of enantiomers; chiral stationary phases; equilibrium isotherms; bonding ID MASS-TRANSFER KINETICS; MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE TRIACETATE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION; BOVINE SERUM-ALBUMIN; STATIONARY-PHASE; ENANTIOSELECTIVE SEPARATIONS; ADSORPTION BEHAVIOR; BAND PROFILES; AMINO-ACID; ENANTIOMERS AB The retention mechanisms and the separation of enantiomers on the classes of chiral stationary phases which are made by bonding isolated groups on the surface of an adsorbent are discussed. It is shown that retention on these phases originates from mixed mechanisms and how the individual contributions of these two mechanisms can be separated, by determining and modeling the equilibrium isotherms. A contribution originating from interactions of the isomers with the nonselective sites (type-I) and another one due to interactions with the enantioselective sites (type-II) can be determined and their importance studied as a function of several parameters, e.g., temperature or pH. This approach is illustrated with results obtained with different pairs of enantiomers on bovine serum albumin, 4-methylcellulose tribenzoate, or cellobiohydrolase immobilized on silica. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Uppsala Univ, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Guiochon, G (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. OI Fornstedt, Torgny/0000-0002-7123-2066 NR 41 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-0042 J9 CHIRALITY JI Chirality PY 1998 VL 10 IS 5 BP 375 EP 381 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:5<375::AID-CHIR3>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Organic; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 102JB UT WOS:000074920000003 ER PT J AU Warrick, AL Candy, JV Brown, AE AF Warrick, AL Candy, JV Brown, AE TI Parametric signal processing of anechoic data from prosthetic heart valve testing SO CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article AB Prosthetic heart valves have been responsible for extending the life spans and improving the quality of life of many people with serious heart conditions, Even though the heart valves are extremely reliable, eventually they are susceptible to the long-term fatigue and structural failure effects expected for mechanical devices operating over long periods of time. In [2] a classification procedure was developed using spectral features obtained from acoustic signals to determine the condition of the prosthetic heart valve. Although this classification procedure has produced very encouraging results, this method still lacks a fundamental physical description of the sounds produced by the valve during normal operation. In order to obtain a better understanding of the valve acoustic response, we have performed a set of anechoic tests. In this paper, we describe the anechoic experiment and also present limited transient response results. This transient information will eventually be used to identify and improve the features used to classify the valve condition. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Warrick, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER BOSTON INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 675 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0278-081X J9 CIRC SYST SIGNAL PR JI Circuits Syst. Signal Process. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 123 EP 136 DI 10.1007/BF01213974 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA YQ419 UT WOS:000071385100010 ER PT J AU De Groot, AJ Harris, DB AF De Groot, AJ Harris, DB TI Computationally efficient, robust algorithm for matched field processing SO CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article ID SOURCE LOCALIZATION AB The matched field processing (MFP) localization performance of very low frequency (VLF) arrays operated in the deep ocean basins appears to be limited more by uncertainty in the sound velocity profile (SVP) than by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We present a new robust variation of MFP designed to be less sensitive to velocity error in weakly inhomogeneous environments. We analyze the computational requirements of this and other MFP algorithms. When either the search volume is large of the acoustic array is large, computational efficiency is an issue. We present an efficient MFP implementation for the conventional MFP algorithm and our robust algorithm, We show that parallel implementation of these algorithms may allow real-time performance. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP De Groot, AJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,MS L-154, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER BOSTON INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 675 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0278-081X J9 CIRC SYST SIGNAL PR JI Circuits Syst. Signal Process. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 165 EP 193 PG 29 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA ZG901 UT WOS:000073051400004 ER PT B AU Clews, PJ Nelson, GC Matlock, CA Resnick, PJ Adkins, CLJ AF Clews, PJ Nelson, GC Matlock, CA Resnick, PJ Adkins, CLJ BE Ruzyllo, J Novak, RE Appel, CM Hattori, T Heyns, M TI Minimizing sulfur contamination and rinse water volume required following a sulfuric acid hydrogen peroxide clean by performing a chemically basic rinse SO CLEANING TECHNOLOGY IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURING V SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium of Cleaning Technology in Semiconductor Device Manufacturing CY SEP, 1997 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP ECS AB Sulfuric acid hydrogen peroxide mixtures (SPM) are commonly used in the semiconductor industry to remove organic contaminants from wafer surfaces. This viscous solution is very difficult to rinse off wafer surfaces. Various rinsing conditions were tested and the resulting residual contamination on the wafer surface was measured. The addition of small amounts of a chemical base such as ammonium hydroxide to the rinse water has been found to be effective in reducing the surface concentration of sulfur and also mitigates the particle growth that occurs on SPM cleaned wafers. The volume of room temperature water required to rinse these wafers is also significantly reduced. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Clews, PJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-188-9 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1998 VL 35 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Electrochemistry; Engineering GA BK70T UT WOS:000073132900003 ER PT B AU Resnick, PJ Matlock, CA AF Resnick, PJ Matlock, CA BE Ruzyllo, J Novak, RE Appel, CM Hattori, T Heyns, M TI Evaluation of post-ashed photoresist cleaning using oxidizing chemistries SO CLEANING TECHNOLOGY IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURING V SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium of Cleaning Technology in Semiconductor Device Manufacturing CY SEP, 1997 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP ECS AB The use of sulfuric acid based chemistries for the removal of photoresist ashing residue was investigated. Samples were prepared by ion-implanting patterned, UV-hardened photoresist. The efficacy of post-ash cleaning was determined by measuring organic, metallic, and particulate surface concentrations. Sulfuric-nitric mixtures and sulfuric-hydrogen peroxide mixtures were highly effective for the removal of metallic contaminants. Neither chemistry was very effective for particulate and organic residue. Highly effective overall cleaning was observed when a sulfuric acid based clean was followed with an RCA-type process sequence. Redundant cleans provided no additional benefit. Post-ash cleaning may be simplified by either reducing the number of sulfuric acid based cleans, or for certain post-ash applications, by replacing them with RCA-type processes. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Resnick, PJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-188-9 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1998 VL 35 BP 505 EP 512 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Electrochemistry; Engineering GA BK70T UT WOS:000073132900062 ER PT J AU Srivastava, SC Atkins, HL Krishnamurthy, GT Zanzi, I Silberstein, EB Meinken, G Mausner, LF Swailem, F D'Alessandro, T Cabahug, CJ Lau, Y Park, T Madajewicz, S AF Srivastava, SC Atkins, HL Krishnamurthy, GT Zanzi, I Silberstein, EB Meinken, G Mausner, LF Swailem, F D'Alessandro, T Cabahug, CJ Lau, Y Park, T Madajewicz, S TI Treatment of metastatic bone pain with tin-117m Stannic diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid: A phase I/II clinical study SO CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Nuclear Oncology - Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications CY FEB 11-15, 1996 CL KEY BISCAYNE, FLORIDA ID OSSEOUS METASTASES; PROSTATE-CANCER; SR-89 THERAPY; BIODISTRIBUTION; SAMARIUM-153-EDTMP; RADIOTHERAPY; CARCINOMA; TRIAL AB The physical characteristics of Sn-117m combined with the biodistribution of the compound tin-117m (Stannic, 4+) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Sn-117m DTPA) suggest that it should be an excellent agent for the palliation of pain from bony metastases. Prior work has established the dosimetry and the safety for the material in human beings, The presence of low-energy conversion electrons should result in the relative sparing of the bone marrow while delivering a high radiation dose to sites of bony metastatic disease, Forty-seven patients with painful bone metastases from various malignancies were treated with Sn-117m DTPA. The patients were assigned to five different dose levels ranging from 2.64 to 10.58 MBq (71-286 mu Ci) per kg of body weight, Follow-up included. review of pain diaries, performance scores, analgesic requirements, blood chemistries, and hematological assessment, Three patients received a second treatment, There was an overall response rate for relief of pain of 75% (range, 60-83%) in the 40 treatments that could be evaluated, No correlation was apparent in this limited series between response rate and the five dose levels used, The relief was complete in 12 patients (30%), The time to onset of pain relief was 19 +/- 15 days with doses less than or equal to 5.29 MBq/kg and 5 +/- 3 days with doses greater than or equal to 6.61 MBq/kg, Myelotoxicity was minimal, with only one patient having a marginal grade 3 WBC toxicity. On the basis of our data, Sn-117m DTPA should be an effective and safe radiopharmaceutical for palliation of painful bony metastases, A large-scale trial is warranted to evaluate it in comparison to other similar agents. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Upton, NY 11973 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Radiol, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Radiat Oncol, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Med, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Nucl Med, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA. N Shore Univ Hosp, Dept Med, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Radiol, Cincinnati, OH USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Med, Cincinnati, OH USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Nucl Med, Northport, NY 11768 USA. RP Srivastava, SC (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Med, Bldg 801, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM srivastl@bnl.gov NR 26 TC 66 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1078-0432 J9 CLIN CANCER RES JI Clin. Cancer Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 61 EP 68 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YT599 UT WOS:000071623200009 PM 9516953 ER PT S AU DeSanto, L AF DeSanto, L BE Hopper, DG TI Optimization of the polyplanar optical display electronics for a monochrome B-52 display SO COCKPIT DISPLAY V: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cockpit Displays V - Displays for Defense Applications CY APR 15-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE DMD (TM); POD; interface; laser; video AB The Polyplanar Optical Display (POD) is a unique display screen which can be used with any projection source. The prototype ten-inch display is two inches thick and has a matte black face which allows for high contrast images. The prototype being developed is a form, fit and functional replacement display for the B-52 aircraft which uses a monochrome ten-inch display. In order to achieve a long lifetime, the new display uses a new 200 mW green solid-state laser (10,000 hr. life) at 532 nm as its light source. To produce real-time video, the laser light is being modulated by a Digital Light Processing (DLP(TM)) chip manufactured by Texas Instruments (TI). In order to use the solid-state laser as the light source and also fit within the constraints of the B-52 display, the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD(TM)) chip is operated remotely from the Texas Instruments circuit board. In order to achieve increased brightness a monochrome digitizing interface was investigated. The operation of the DMD(TM) divorced from the light engine and the interfacing of the DMD(TM) board with the RS-170 video format specific to the B-52 aircraft will be discussed, including the increased brightness of the monochrome digitizing interface. A brief description of the electronics required to drive the new 200 mW laser is also presented. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Adv Technol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP DeSanto, L (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Adv Technol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2812-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3363 BP 316 EP 326 DI 10.1117/12.321783 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL84Q UT WOS:000076921600034 ER PT S AU Veligdan, J Biscardi, C Brewster, C DeSanto, L Freibott, W AF Veligdan, J Biscardi, C Brewster, C DeSanto, L Freibott, W BE Hopper, DG TI Polyplanar Optic Display for cockpit application SO COCKPIT DISPLAY V: DISPLAYS FOR DEFENSE APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cockpit Displays V - Displays for Defense Applications CY APR 15-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE DMD; POD; laser; display; optical; waveguide AB The Polyplanar Optical Display (POD) is a high contrast display screen being developed for cockpit applications. This display screen is 2 inches thick and has a matte black face which allows for high contrast images. The prototype being developed is a form, fit and functional replacement display for the B-52 aircraft which uses a monochrome ten-inch display. The new display uses a long lifetime, (10,000 hour), 200 mW green solid-state laser (532 nm) as its optical source. In order to produce real-time video, the laser light is being modulated by a Digital Light Processing (DLP(TM)) chip manufactured by Texas Instruments, Inc. A variable astigmatic focusing system is used to produce a stigmatic image on the viewing face of the POD. In addition to the optical design and speckle reduction, we discuss the electronic interfacing to the DLP(TM) chip, the opto-mechanical design and viewing angle characteristics. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Adv Technol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Veligdan, J (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Adv Technol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2812-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3363 BP 327 EP 336 DI 10.1117/12.321795 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL84Q UT WOS:000076921600035 ER PT S AU Colston, BW Everett, MJ DaSilva, LB Otis, LL AF Colston, BW Everett, MJ DaSilva, LB Otis, LL BE Tuchin, VV Izatt, JA Katzir, A TI OCT for diagnosis of periodontal disease SO COHERENCE DOMAIN OPTICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS II, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedical Science and Clinical Applications II CY JAN 27-28, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc DE optical coherence tomography; OCT; dental; imaging; medical AB We have developed a hand-held in vivo scanning device for use in the oral cavity. We produced, using this scanning device, in vivo OCT images of dental tissues in human volunteers. All the OCT images were analyzed for the presence of clinically relevant anatomical structures. The gingival margin, periodontal sulcus, and dento-enamel junction were visible in all the images. The cemento-enamel junction was discernible in 64% of the images and the alveolar bone presumptively identified for 71% of the images. These images represent, to our knowledge, the first in vivo OCT images of human dental tissue. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Colston, BW (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2690-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3251 BP 52 EP 58 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics; Mathematics GA BL08H UT WOS:000074222900007 ER PT S AU Everett, MJ Schoenenberger, K Colston, BW Da Silva, LB AF Everett, MJ Schoenenberger, K Colston, BW Da Silva, LB BE Tuchin, VV Izatt, JA Katzir, A TI Birefringence characterization of biological tissue using optical coherence tomography SO COHERENCE DOMAIN OPTICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS II, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedical Science and Clinical Applications II CY JAN 27-28, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc DE optical coherence tomography; polarization; birefringence; thermal damage; biological tissue AB A polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is developed and used to measure birefringence in porcine myocardium tissue, producing 2-D cross-sectional images of the tissue birefringence. These birefringence images are then used to quantify thermal damage in the the tissue. Signal to noise issues which cause systematic measurement errors are analyzed to determine the regime in which such measurements are accurate. The advantage of polarization sensitive OCT systems over standard OCT systems in avoiding image artifacts caused by birefringence is also demonstrated. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Everett, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2690-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3251 BP 184 EP 191 DI 10.1117/12.306054 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics; Mathematics GA BL08H UT WOS:000074222900021 ER PT B AU Blackburn, S Mahoney, D AF Blackburn, S Mahoney, D BE Wildemuth, BM TI Customized products: Users and developers as collaborators SO COLLABORATION ACROSS BOUNDARIES: THEORIES, STRATEGIES, AND TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Midyear Meeting of the American-Society-for-Information-Science (ASIS 98) CY MAY 16-20, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Soc Informat Sci C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC PI MEDFORD PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA BN 1-57387-060-9 PY 1998 BP 173 EP 174 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA BP67Q UT WOS:000085827200032 ER PT J AU Gaines, KF Bryan, AL Dixon, PM Harris, MJ AF Gaines, KF Bryan, AL Dixon, PM Harris, MJ TI Foraging habitat use by Wood Storks nesting in the coastal zone of Georgia, USA SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE coastal; endangered species management; foraging habitat; geographic information systems; Mycteria americana; National Wetland Inventory; Wood Stork AB We studied foraging habitat use of Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) from three coastal colonies using United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory data within a geographic information system (CIS). Observers followed storks from breeding colonies to foraging sites in a fixed-winged aircraft. The main objectives of the study were to estimate the foraging range of each Wood Stork colony, determine what wetland types were used in relation to their availability and spatial distribution, and determine how foraging habitat use was related to tidal stage. Storks foraged in tidal creeks during lower tide levels when prey were concentrated in shallower water and foraged more in palustrine (freshwater) wetlands when tide levels were high. Predictability of foraging habitat use based on habitat distribution varied among colonies and depended on how wetland types were aggregated. Foraging locations were spatially clustered, in some cases by habitat type (estuarine vs, palustrine). These spatial clusterings may be explained by the proximity of a foraging location to the colony and by the habitat types around the colony. Storks also flew longer distances to forage in palustrine sites than in estuarine sites. C1 Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Gaines, KF (reprint author), Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM gaines@srel.edu NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU COLONIAL WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 43 EP 52 DI 10.2307/1521729 PG 10 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZT120 UT WOS:000074050400005 ER PT J AU Bryan, AL Gariboldi, JC AF Bryan, AL Gariboldi, JC TI Food of nestling Wood Storks in coastal Georgia SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE coastal; food habits; Georgia; Mycteria americana; nestlings; prey; regurgitant; Wood Stork ID SALT AB Types of prey consumed by endangered Wood Stork (Myeteria americana) in coastal habitats have received little study. We documented prey items fed to stork nestlings in two coastal and two inland colonies in Georgia in 1995. Fish from brackish/saltwater habitats dominated the coastal the regurgitation samples, making up 65-93% of individual prey items and 49-74% of prey biomass collected, Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) were the most common single prey item found in the coastal samples. Inter-colony differences in the remaining coastal prey species were presumably due to differences in foraging habitat type (freshwater vs. saltwater) and their proximity to each colony. Prey from saltwater habitats were significantly shelter and weighed less than prey from freshwater habitats. Freshwater prey items fed to nestlings in all foul colonies were reasonably similar; containing varying percent ages (frequency and biomass) of redfin pickerel (Esox americanus), bullhead (Ameiurus spp.) and sunfish (Centrarchidae). C1 Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Bryan, AL (reprint author), Savannah River Ecol Lab, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0738-6028 J9 COLON WATERBIRD JI Colon. Waterbirds PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 152 EP 158 DI 10.2307/1521902 PG 7 WC Ecology; Ornithology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 158XY UT WOS:000078143800004 ER PT J AU Pember, RB Howell, LH Bell, JB Colella, P Crutchfield, WY Fiveland, WA Jessee, JP AF Pember, RB Howell, LH Bell, JB Colella, P Crutchfield, WY Fiveland, WA Jessee, JP TI An adaptive projection method for unsteady, low-Mach number combustion SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE laminar diffusion flames; unsteady combustion; fluid dynamic aspects in combustion; numerical modeling ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; DIFFUSION FLAMES; MESH REFINEMENT; LAMINAR FLAMES; FLOWS; SLIT AB We present an adaptive projection method for modeling unsteady, low-Mach reacting flow in an unconfined region. The equations are based on a model for low-Mach number combustion that consists of evolution equations coupled with a constraint on the divergence of the flow. The algorithm is based on a projection methodology in which we first advance the evolution equations and then solve an elliptic equation to enforce the divergence constraint. The adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) scheme uses a time-varying hierarchy of rectangular grids. The integration scheme is a recursive procedure in which coarse grids are advanced, fine grids are advanced to the same time as the coarse grids, and the coarse and fine grid data are then synchronized. The method is currently implemented for laminar, axisymmetric flames with a reduced kinetics mechanism and a Lewis number of unity. Three methane-air flames, two steady and one flickering, are presented as numerical examples. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp I560, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. McDermott Technol Inc, Alliance, OH 44601 USA. RP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp I560, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM pember@llnl.gov NR 53 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-2202 EI 1563-521X J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 140 IS 1-6 BP 123 EP + DI 10.1080/00102209808915770 PG 52 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 203GD UT WOS:000080699200007 ER PT J AU Najm, HN Knio, OM Paul, PH Wyckoff, PS AF Najm, HN Knio, OM Paul, PH Wyckoff, PS TI A study of flame observables in premixed methane - Air flames SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flame; observables; methane; HCO; heat release; premixed ID DIFFUSION FLAME; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; TURBULENT COMBUSTION; SHOCK-TUBE; VORTEX; COEFFICIENT; GENERATION; VORTICITY; CHEMISTRY; EQUATION AB The use of particular experimental flame observables as dame markers, and as measures of dame burning and heat release rates requires the establishment of robust correlations between the particular observable and the rate in question. In this work, we use a compilation of results from numerical computations of the interaction of a premixed methane dame with a two-dimensional counter-rotating vortex pair using detailed kinetics. The data set involves the use of two different chemical mechanisms, a two-fold Variation in flow time scales, and the examination of both stoichiometric and rich methane dames. Correlations between a number of dame observables and heat release and burning rates are examined. We study HCO, del.v, OH, CH, CO, CH3, CH2O, CH2*, and C2H2, as well as various concentration products (surrogates for production rates) including [OH][CH2O], [OH][CH4], and [OH][CO]. Other concentration products expected to relate to chemiluminescent observables such as CH*, OH* and CO2* are also studied. HCO mole fraction is found to have the best correlation with flame burning and heat release rates for all cases studied. Results suggest that significant scatter due to flow unsteadiness is expected from correlations of peak del.v, CO mole fraction gradient, C2H2 mole fraction, and CH* with heat release. Changes in stoichiometry are found to adversely affect the correlation expected from peak CO, OH, OH gradient, CH, CH3, and [OH][CH2O]. Little scatter is observed in the [OH][CH2O] data, highlighting its utility in the absence of significant variation of reactants composition. We observe evidence of useful correlations of peak [OH][CH4] and [OH][CO]. Concentration products of the precursors of OH* and CO2* are also found to correlate well with peak heat release rate. Peak CH2O data is found to have good correlation with peak burning and heat release rates, with small scatter, and little correlation shift due to changes in reactants composition. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Najm, HN (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Knio, Omar/A-3318-2010 NR 70 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 11 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 140 IS 1-6 BP 369 EP + DI 10.1080/00102209808915779 PG 46 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 203GD UT WOS:000080699200016 ER PT J AU Gritzo, LA Sivathanu, YR Gill, W AF Gritzo, LA Sivathanu, YR Gill, W TI Transient measurements of radiative properties, soot volume fraction and soot temperature in a large pool fire SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire; soot; temperature ID EMISSION ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; FLAMES AB Multi-wavelength absorption/emission measurements of extinction coefficient, temperature, and soot volume fraction in a large (6 m by 6 m) JP8 pool fire using an in situ water-cooled fiberoptic probe are reported. These measurements provide the first in situ information on radiative properties, temperature, soot, and the associated time scales in large pool fires. Soot extinction coefficients on the order of 5 to 30 m(-1) were measured in the visible regime, indicating paths lengths for radiative transport in the infrared of approximately 0.1 to 0.3m. Temperature measurements follow an approximately normal distribution with a mean of 1400 K and a standard deviation of approximately 67 K. Integral length scales of approximately 0.25 m were deduced from the temperature data. This length scale corresponds to the size of the smaller combusting eddies visually observed in large fires. Soot concentration integral length scales of 1.4 m were determined from the absorption measurements. Soot volume fractions ranging from 0 to 6.0 ppm were measured. In comparison to laboratory-scale flames, excellent agreement was observed between the volume fractions determined by extinction and emission measurements, indicating a uniform temperature distribution (and hence uniform flame coverage) within the 2.0 cm long by 1.0 cm diameter cylindrical sampling volume. Soot volume fractions determined by emission show a strong peak in the PDF just above 1.0 ppm. The same peak is observed on the soot volume fraction determined by absorption, but an additional maxima in the PDF is observed near 3.0 ppm, indicating the occasional presence of thick, cold soot. The primary uncertainty in the results is due to uncertainty in the soot indices of refraction. Fortunately, the uniform flame volume observed in the results show that the environment is promising for the study of these refractive indices. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 9116, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. EnUrga Inc, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 9735, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Gritzo, LA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 9116, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM lagritz@sandia.gov NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 139 IS 1-6 BP 113 EP 136 DI 10.1080/00102209808952083 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 176NE UT WOS:000079157100006 ER PT J AU Yegian, DT Cheng, RK AF Yegian, DT Cheng, RK TI Development of a lean premixed low-swirl burner for low NOx practical applications SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE premixed; swirl; NOx; practical system ID TURBULENT FLAMES; COMBUSTION; OSCILLATIONS; CONFINEMENT; EMISSIONS; VELOCITY; FLOWS AB Laboratory experiments have been performed to evaluate the performance of a premixed low-swirl burner (LSB) in configurations that simulate commercial heating appliances. Laser diagnostics were used to investigate changes in flame stabilization mechanism, flowfield, and flame stability when the LSB flame was confined within quartz cylinders of various diameters and end constrictions. The LSB adapted well to enclosures without generating flame oscillations and the stabilization mechanism remained unchanged. The feasibility of using the LSB as a low NOx commercial burner has also been verified in a laboratory test station that simulates the operation of a water heater. It was determined that the LSB can generate NOx emissions < 10 ppm (at 3% O-2) without significant effect on the thermal efficiency of the conventional system. Our study has demonstrated that the lean premixed LSB has commercial potential for use as a simple economical and versatile burner for many low emission gas appliances. C1 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cheng, RK (reprint author), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 12 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 139 IS 1-6 BP 207 EP 227 DI 10.1080/00102209808952088 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 176NE UT WOS:000079157100011 ER PT J AU Michael, JV Kumaran, SS AF Michael, JV Kumaran, SS TI Thermal decomposition studies of halogenated organic compounds SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion by-Products: Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON, RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO SP NIEHS, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, USAF, Wright Lab, Sandia Natl Lab, Coalit Responsible Waster Incinerat, Cement Kiln Recycling Coalit, Univ Dayton HO UNIV DAYTON, RES INST DE thermal decomposition; shock tube; atomic absorption; halo-organic molecular ID I-ATOM ABSORPTION; COLLISION RATE CONSTANTS; UNIMOLECULAR RATE THEORY; REFLECTED SHOCK-WAVES; FALL-OFF RANGE; TEMPERATURE; PHOTOLYSIS; FLASH; INCINERATION; CF2CL2 AB Thermal decomposition results for CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, CH3Cl, C3H3Cl, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CF3Cl, CF2HCl, CF3I, CH3I, C2H5I, C6H5I, and CCl2O are reviewed and summarized. The results were obtained by shock tube techniques coupled with optical spectroscopic detection of transient species formed from dissociation. The method is illustrated with the CH3I (+ Kr) --> CH3 + I(+ Kr) reaction where decomposition was monitored using I-atom atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS). Modern unimolecular rate theoretical analysis has been carried out on the present cases, and the conclusions from these calculations are discussed. Lastly, the possible destruction of halo-organics by incineration is considered and some implications are:discussed. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Chem Dynam Grp, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Michael, JV (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Chem Dynam Grp, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Michael, Joe/E-3907-2010 NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1080/00102209808924124 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200003 ER PT J AU Penetrante, BM AF Penetrante, BM TI Simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 from combustion flue gas by pulsed electron beams SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies (PACIFICHEM 95) CY DEC 17-25, 1995 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem DE electron beam; dry scrubbing; flue gas; nitrogen oxides; sulfur oxides ID IRRADIATION AB This paper presents the results of plasma chemistry calculations to study the effect of dose rate, pulse length and pulse repetition rate on pulsed electron beam processing of NOx and SO2 in combustion flue gases. The main objective is to determine if the proposed combinations of dose rate, pulse length and pulse repetition rate would have any deleterious effect on the utilization of radicals for pollutant removal. For a dose rate of 2 x 10(6) kGy per second and a pulse length of 30 nanoseconds, the average dose per pulse is sufficiently low to prevent any deleterious effect on process efficiency because of radical-radical recombination reactions. During each post-pulse period, the radicals are utilized in the oxidation of NOx and SO2 in a timescale of around 200 microseconds; thus, with pulse frequencies of around 5 kilohertz or less, the radical concentrations remain sufficiently low to prevent any significant competition between radical-pollutant and radical-radical reactions. The main conclusion is that a pulsed electron beam reactor, operating with a dose rate of 2 x 10(6) kGy per second, pulse length of 30 ns and pulse repetition rate of up to around 5 kHz, will have the same plasma chemistry efficiency as an electron beam reactor operating with a very low dose rate in continuous mode. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Penetrante, BM (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 133 IS 1-3 BP 135 EP 150 DI 10.1080/00102209808952032 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XF UT WOS:000084093000011 ER PT J AU Prada, L Miller, JA AF Prada, L Miller, JA TI Reburning using several hydrocarbon fuels: A kinetic modeling study SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NOx; kinetics ID KETENYL RADICALS HCCO+NO; NATURAL-GAS; RATE CONSTANTS; NITRIC-OXIDE; SHOCK-TUBE; AB-INITIO; NO; CHEMISTRY; TEMPERATURES; COMBUSTION AB The most important reactions in the reduction of NO in reburn zones have been identified for several reburning fuels at low temperatures. This has been accomplished through the analysis of reaction rates and sensitivity in kinetic plug flow calculations simulating the gas reburning process. The kinetic model developed is evaluated through comparisons with experimental data. Acetylene, ethylene, ethane, methane, and natural gas have been studied at various temperatures between 973 and 1373 K. The major NO removal pathway is found to be the HCCO + NO reaction in all cases. Critical to the modeling are the branching fraction of this reaction and the competition for vinyl between dissociation and reaction with molecular oxygen. These points are discussed in detail. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Zaragoza, Fac Sci, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. RP Miller, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 50 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 132 IS 1-6 BP 225 EP 250 DI 10.1080/00102209808952016 PG 26 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XE UT WOS:000084092900009 ER PT S AU Stuart, BC Banks, PS Perry, MD Feit, MD Lee, RS Roeske, F Armstrong, JP Nguyen, HT Sefcik, JA AF Stuart, BC Banks, PS Perry, MD Feit, MD Lee, RS Roeske, F Armstrong, JP Nguyen, HT Sefcik, JA BE Reed, MK TI Femtosecond laser materials processing SO COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAFAST LASERS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Commercial Applications of Ultrafast Lasers CY JAN 29-30, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE laser processing; machining; ablation; femtosecond/subpicosecond laser pulses; high explosives AB Femtosecond lasers enable materials processing of most any material with extremely high precision and negligible shock or thermal loading to the surrounding area. Applications ranging from drilling teeth to cutting explosives to making high-aspect ratio cuts in metals with no heat-affected zone are made possible by this technology. For material removal at reasonable rates, we developed a fully computer-controlled 15-Watt average power, 100-fs laser machining system. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Stuart, BC (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009; Stuart, Brent/K-4988-2015 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2708-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3269 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1117/12.580607 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL36L UT WOS:000075286000008 ER PT S AU Wachter, EA Partridge, WP Fisher, WG Dees, HC Petersen, MG AF Wachter, EA Partridge, WP Fisher, WG Dees, HC Petersen, MG BE Reed, MK TI Simultaneous two-photon excitation of photodynamic therapy agents SO COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAFAST LASERS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Commercial Applications of Ultrafast Lasers CY JAN 29-30, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE photodynamic therapy; PDT; two-photon excitation; TPE; photochemistry; spectroscopy; titanium : sapphire AB The spectroscopic and photochemical properties of several photosensitive compounds are compared using conventional single-photon excitation (SPE) and simultaneous two-photon excitation (TPE). TPE is achieved using a mode-locked titanium:sapphire laser, the near infrared output of which allows direct promotion of non-resonant TPE. Excitation spectra and excited state properties of both type I and type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents are examined. In general, while SPE and TPE selection rules may be somewhat different, the excited state photochemical properties are equivalent for both modes of excitation. In vitro promotion of a two-photon photodynamic effect is demonstrated using bacterial and human breast cancer models. These results suggest that use of TPE may be beneficial for PDT, since the technique allows replacement of visible or ultraviolet excitation with non-damaging near infrared light. Further, a comparison of possible excitation sources for TPE indicates that the titanium:sapphire laser is exceptionally well suited for non-linear excitation of PDT agents in biological systems due to its extremely short pulse width and high repetition rate; these features combine to effect efficient PDT activation with minimal potential for non-specific biological damage. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wachter, EA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2708-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3269 BP 68 EP 75 DI 10.1117/12.312332 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL36L UT WOS:000075286000009 ER PT J AU Bowman, KO Shenton, LR Gailey, PC AF Bowman, KO Shenton, LR Gailey, PC TI Distribution of the ratio of gamma variates SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-SIMULATION AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE algorithm; Faa di Bruno; gamma distribution; inverse series; monotonicity; percentage points; ratio of gamma variates; simulation AB The distribution of the ratio of independent gamma variates chi and y each with shape parameters unity is studied, the ratio being t = chi/(chi + y). The problem arises from a model of ionic current fluctuations in biological membranes. Moments of the distribution are found, and an algorithm relating the fundamental parameter to the mean. This is used to set up percentage points. The moment estimator of the fundamental ratio parameter is defined as a series using Faa di Bruno's formulas for derivatives of a composite function (function of a function). Terms to order four in the sample size are given for mean and variance and compared to assessment using Pearson-Tukey transformations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0361-0918 J9 COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C JI Commun. Stat.-Simul. Comput. PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1080/03610919808813461 PG 19 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA ZB633 UT WOS:000072492100001 ER PT J AU Bowman, KO Shenton, LR AF Bowman, KO Shenton, LR TI Asymptotic skewness and the distribution of maximum likelihood estimators SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS LA English DT Article DE asymptotic covariances; covariance matrix elements; extended Taylor series; kurtosis; moment estimators AB The maximum likelihood procedure to estimate parameters of a model has several attractive properties including the existence of the covariance matrix which yields asymptotic covariances; for a sample size N the asymptotics are in general of order 1/N. Here we give an asymptotic for the skewness of the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of a parameter; this is of order 1/N-2 and this expression is new. Applications relate to the parameters of (i) the Poisson, binomial, and normal density, (ii) the gamma, density and (iii) the Beta density. Other applications are being considered. The expression for the asymptotic skewness at one phase of I-he study turned out to be unusually complicated involving the asymptotic expressions for variance and bias. When these were identified a much simpler compact expression appeal-ed which we now describe. The work is a. much improved treatment of the subject described in Shenton and Bowman (Maximum likelihood estimation in small samples, Griffin, 1977). C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0361-0926 J9 COMMUN STAT-THEOR M JI Commun. Stat.-Theory Methods PY 1998 VL 27 IS 11 BP 2743 EP 2760 DI 10.1080/03610929808832252 PG 18 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 132YD UT WOS:000076658500007 ER PT J AU Boudreaux, MK Ebbe, S AF Boudreaux, MK Ebbe, S TI Comparison of platelet number, mean platelet volume and platelet mass in five mammalian species SO COMPARATIVE HAEMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE platelet mass; platelet number; platelet size; thrombopoietin ID C-MPL LIGAND; INVERSE RELATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPOIETIN; SIZE AB 'Platelet number, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet mass were compared among horses, foals, ponies, dogs, cats, cows, calves and goats. Platelet mass was not constant across species lines and an inverse relationship between platelet number and size was not found in all species. Although platelet mass is a function of platelet number and platelet size. these variables are likely under separate control. If platelet mass regulates thrombopoietin concentration in all species, then it is likely that thrombopoietin production and/or sensitivity of megakaryocytes to thrombopoietin also varies among species. C1 Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Boudreaux, MK (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-7714 J9 COMP HAEMATOL INT JI Comp. Haematol. Int. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 16 EP 20 DI 10.1007/BF02628099 PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA ZG080 UT WOS:000072963600003 ER PT J AU Ebbe, S Boudreaux, MK AF Ebbe, S Boudreaux, MK TI Relationship of megakaryocyte ploidy with platelet number and size in cats, dogs, rabbits and mice SO COMPARATIVE HAEMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE cats dogs; megakaryocyte ploidy; mice; platelet volume; rabbits ID INVERSE RELATION; VOLUME; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; COUNT AB Feline platelets are larger than platelets of many other species. The following parameters were examined in 13 normal cats in an attempt to determine a reason for the difference: platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet mass and ploidy of mature megakaryocytes. Average +/- SEM platelet count was 213 000 +/- 15000/mu l, MPV was 11.1 +/- 0.2 fl, and platelet mass was 2.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) fl/mu l. The predominant ploidy classes of feline megakaryocytes were 32N (41.6%) and 64N (47.1%). These findings were compared to existing data from normal dogs, rabbits, and mice. These species exhibited progressively higher platelet counts (313 000 +/- 28 000, 568 000 +/- 35 000, and 1 328 000 +/- 79 000/mu l, respectively) and progressively smaller MPVs (7.2 +/- 0.2, 4.4 +/- 0.1 and 3.9 +/- 0.1 fl, respectively) than cats. Platelet mass was the same in cats? dogs and rabbits, but it was much higher in mice (5.2 +/- 0.3 x 10(6) fl/mu l). The modal megakaryocyte ploidy was 16N in mice and 32N in dogs and rabbits. The MPV was directly related to the ploidy of fully mature megakaryocytes except when comparing dogs and rabbits for which MPVs differed, but ploidy distributions did not. The findings suggested that ploidy of a megakaryocyte may be one of the determinants of the size and number of platelets it will produce during normal haemopoiesis. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Ebbe, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Bldg 55,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-7714 J9 COMP HAEMATOL INT JI Comp. Haematol. Int. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 21 EP 25 DI 10.1007/BF02628100 PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA ZG080 UT WOS:000072963600004 ER PT J AU Schultze, AE Poppenga, RH Johnson, DK AF Schultze, AE Poppenga, RH Johnson, DK TI Alterations in serum and tissue iron profiles associated with mutations in the fitness1(4226SB) locus of mice SO COMPARATIVE HAEMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE fitness1 locus; iron deficiency; microcytic hypochromic anaemia; serum and tissue iron concentrations ID RED-CELL; MOUSE CHROMOSOME-7; RAT; ANEMIA AB We investigated alterations in serum and tissue iron profiles that were associated with an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation in the fitness 1 locus in chromosome 7 in mice. Mice hemizygous for the fitness 1 mutation [c fitness1(4226SB)/Df(c Mod2 Sh1)(26DVT)] had a microcytic, hypochromic anaemia which was associated with a lower concentration of iron in the serum compared to age-matched, control mice [c(ch)+/c(ch)+]. The hemizygous mutants had a greater total iron binding capacity and an increased unsaturated iron binding capacity compared to controls. The percentage transferrin saturation was significantly decreased in the hemizygous mutant mice compared to control mice. The concentration of iron within several body organs was determined and hemizygous mutant mice had a greater concentration of iron in the liver compared to controls. In contrast, the mutants had a lower concentration of iron within the spleen, kidneys and heart compared to control mice. Microscopic analysis of bone marrow smears indicated less iron in the smears from the hemizygous mutants. From these data. it was concluded that the fitness1(4226SB) mutation in mice causes alterations in the serum iron profile that resemble iron deficiency. The alterations in tissue iron concentrations indicate an abnormal distribution or mobilisation of iron between organ systems. The exact mechanism(s) by which the fitness1(4226SB) mutation mediates these abnormalities in iron distribution remains to be determined. C1 Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Univ Penn, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Kennett Square, PA USA. Oak Ridge Natl Labs, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Schultze, AE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-7714 J9 COMP HAEMATOL INT JI Comp. Haematol. Int. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 72 EP 76 DI 10.1007/BF02642494 PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 103NZ UT WOS:000074965900003 ER PT J AU Geng, ZJ Chajes, MJ Chou, TW Pan, DYC AF Geng, ZJ Chajes, MJ Chou, TW Pan, DYC TI The retrofitting of reinforced concrete column-to-beam connections SO COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CFRP; column-to-beam connections; development retrofit; ductility retrofit; repeated loading-unloading-reloading AB This paper reports the research effort in improving the ductility of concrete column-to-beam connection and the capability of connections containing insufficient development length. CFRP tow sheets were wrapped around the column near the joint region for ductility retrofitting, and were longitudinally bonded to and/or wrapped around the column near the joint with a set of steel angles and rods for development retrofitting. Repeated loading-unloading-reloading were applied on ductility specimens for simulating seismic loads. Development specimens were tested under monotonic loading. A total of 19 concrete column-to-beam connection specimens were tested. Ductility retrofitting has resulted in significant improvement in ductility and 24-35% increase in ultimate loading capacity. The development retrofitting has demonstrated 154-172% increase in ultimate loading capacity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Ctr Composite Mat, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Reactor Engn Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Chou, TW (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-3538 J9 COMPOS SCI TECHNOL JI Compos. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 58 IS 8 BP 1297 EP 1305 DI 10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00014-1 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 131PZ UT WOS:000076585600005 ER PT B AU Chang, PC Baca, AG Hafich, MJ Ashby, CI AF Chang, PC Baca, AG Hafich, MJ Ashby, CI BE Ren, F Abernathy, CR Buckley, DN Pearton, SJ Chu, SNG Parsey, JM Zolper, JC TI InGaAs/InP heterojunction bipolar transistors for ultra-low power circuit applications SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR POWER TRANSISTORS AND STATE-OF-THE-ART PROGRAM ON COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS (SOTAPOCS XXIX) SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Compound Semiconductor Power Transistors / 29th State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors at the 149th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Electrochem Soc, Electr Div AB For many modem day portable electronic applications, low power high speed devices have become very desirable. Very high values of f(r) and f(MAX) have been reported with InGaAs/InP heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), but only under high bias and high current level operating conditions. An InGaAs/InP ultra-low power HBT with f(MAX) greater than 10 GHz operating at less than 20 mu A has been reported for the first time in this work. The results are obtained on a on a 2.5x5 mu m(2) device, corresponding to less than 150 A/cm(2) of current density. These are the lowest current levels at Which f(MAX) greater than or equal to 10 GHz has been reported. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87112 USA. RP Chang, PC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87112 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-222-2 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1998 VL 98 IS 12 BP 98 EP 103 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA BL94F UT WOS:000077242700011 ER PT S AU Biefeld, RM Allerman, AA Kurtz, SR Burkhart, JH AF Biefeld, RM Allerman, AA Kurtz, SR Burkhart, JH BE Melloch, M Reed, MA TI The growth of mid-infrared emitting InAsSb/InAsP strained-layer superlattices using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th IEEE International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors CY SEP 08-11, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP IEEE, Motorola, USN, Off Naval Res, Siemens, Aixtron, EPI ID CONTINUOUS-WAVE OPERATION; 3.5 MU-M; LASERS; INAS1-XSBX; DIODES AB We describe the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of InAsSb/InAsP strained-layer superlattice (SLS) active regions for use in mid-infrared emitters. These SLSs were grown at 500 degrees C, and 200 torr in a horizontal quartz reactor using trimethylindium, triethylantimony, AsH3, and PH3. By changing the layer thickness and composition we have prepared structures with low temperature (less than or equal to 20K) photoluminescence wavelengths ranging from 3.2 to 5.0 mu m. Excellent performance was observed for an SLS light emitting diode (LED) and both optically pumped and electrically injected SLS lasers. An InAsSb/InAsP SLS injection laser emitted at 3.3 mu m at 80 K with peak power of 100 mW. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Biefeld, RM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0556-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1998 VL 156 BP 113 EP 116 DI 10.1109/ISCS.1998.711575 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BL23S UT WOS:000074779700026 ER PT S AU Jones, ED Blount, M Chow, W Hou, H Simmons, JA AF Jones, ED Blount, M Chow, W Hou, H Simmons, JA BE Melloch, M Reed, MA TI Bandgap renormalization studies of n-type GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum wells SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th IEEE International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors CY SEP 08-11, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP IEEE, Motorola, USN, Off Naval Res, Siemens, Aixtron, EPI ID HIGH MAGNETIC-FIELDS; EXCITONS; SYSTEMS AB Bandgap energy renormalization due to many body effects has been studied in a series of n-type 8-nm-wide GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum wells using magnetoluminescence spectroscopy at 1.4K. The 2D-carrier densities varied between 1 and 12 x 10 (11) cm(-2). At the maximum 2D-carrier density, the bandgap energy reduction compared to an undoped specimen was found to be about 34 meV. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Jones, ED (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0556-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1998 VL 156 BP 187 EP 190 DI 10.1109/ISCS.1998.711611 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BL23S UT WOS:000074779700044 ER PT S AU Denecke, R Morais, J Liesegang, J Fadley, CS AF Denecke, R Morais, J Liesegang, J Fadley, CS BE Melloch, M Reed, MA TI X-ray photoelectron diffaction study of hexagonal GaN(0001) thin films SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th IEEE International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors CY SEP 08-11, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP IEEE, Motorola, USN, Off Naval Res, Siemens, Aixtron, EPI ID SURFACE AB We report on the first scanned-angle x-ray photoelectron diffraction measurements on GaN(0001) in the wurtzite structure, as grown on sapphire substrates using LPCVD. These as-grown samples reveal forward scattering peaks in agreement with a theoretical calculation using a multiple scattering cluster calculation. From the combination of experiment and theoretical calculation and from a simple intensity ratio argument the surface polarity for these samples could be determined to be N. The surface contamination by O and C does not exhibit any clear structure, The data also indicate that C is on average closer to the GaN surface than O. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Morais, Jonder/E-5022-2013 OI Morais, Jonder/0000-0002-4143-1208 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0556-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1998 VL 156 BP 223 EP 226 DI 10.1109/ISCS.1998.711622 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BL23S UT WOS:000074779700053 ER PT S AU Blount, MA Simmons, JA Lyo, SK Harff, NE Weckwerth, MV AF Blount, MA Simmons, JA Lyo, SK Harff, NE Weckwerth, MV BE Melloch, M Reed, MA TI Magnetoresistance and cyclotron mass in extremely-coupled double quantum wells under in-plane magnetic fields SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th IEEE International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors CY SEP 08-11, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP IEEE, Motorola, USN, Off Naval Res, Siemens, Aixtron, EPI AB We experimentally investigate the transport properties of an extremely-coupled AlGaAs/GaAs double quantum well, subject to in-plane magnetic fields (B-parallel to). The coupling of the double quantum well is sufficiently strong that the symmetric-antisymmetric energy gap (Delta(SAS)) is larger than the Fermi energy (E-F). Thus for all B-parallel to only the lower energy branch of the dispersion curve is occupied. In contrast to systems with weaker coupling such that Delta(SAS) < E-F we find: (1) only a single feature, a maximum, in the in-plane magnetoresistance, (2) a monotonic increase with B-parallel to in the cyclotron mass up to 2.2 times the bulk GaAs mass, and (3) an increasing Fermi surface orbit area with B-parallel to, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Blount, MA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0556-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1998 VL 156 BP 275 EP 278 DI 10.1109/ISCS.1998.711634 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BL23S UT WOS:000074779700065 ER PT S AU Kurtz, SR Allerman, AA Biefeld, RM Baucom, KC AF Kurtz, SR Allerman, AA Biefeld, RM Baucom, KC BE Melloch, M Reed, MA TI Multi-staged, InAsSb mid-infrared lasers and light-emitting diodes, grown by MOCVD SO COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1997 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th IEEE International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors CY SEP 08-11, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP IEEE, Motorola, USN, Off Naval Res, Siemens, Aixtron, EPI AB We describe the first mid-infrared (4 mu m) lasers and LEDs utilizing strained InAsSb, multi-stage (or "cascaded) active regions. An (n)InAs / (p)GaAsSb semimetal layer is incorporated into each stage as an internal electron-hole source. To date, 2-stage LEDs and 2-stage lasers have been demonstrated. Our multi-stage devices were grown by MOCVD. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Kurtz, SR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0556-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 1998 VL 156 BP 569 EP 572 DI 10.1109/ISCS.1998.711741 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BL23S UT WOS:000074779700135 ER PT J AU Curro, JG Weinhold, JD McCoy, JD Yethiraj, A AF Curro, JG Weinhold, JD McCoy, JD Yethiraj, A TI The structure of amorphous polymers near surfaces: athermal systems SO COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polymers; integral equation theory; polyolefins ID INTEGRAL-EQUATION THEORY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; POLYETHYLENE MELTS; SLITLIKE PORES; FLUIDS; LIQUIDS; BLENDS; STATE; CHAINS; WALLS AB The Wall PRISM theory of Yethiraj and Hall for calculating the distribution of a polymer liquid near a hard wall is generalised to the case of polymers with complex monomeric architectures, consisting of multiple sites. Results are shown for freely jointed chains, alkanes, isotactic polypropylene, polyisobutylene, and polydimethyl siloxane. It is found that the side chain groups in the substituted polymers are preferentially present near the wall, and tend to shield the atoms on the chain backbone from the surface. Wall PRISM is found to give accurate results for the polymer density distribution beyond about 2 A from the wall. In the immediate vicinity of the wall, the theory satisfactorily predicts the distribution for a melt of hard chains, but is not rich enough to account for the subtle effect of intermolecular interactions on the local distribution in the immediate vicinity of the surface. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Mat & Met Engn, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI McCoy, John/B-3846-2010 OI McCoy, John/0000-0001-5404-1404 NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1089-3156 J9 COMPUT THEOR POLYM S JI Comput. Theor. Polym. Sci. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S1089-3156(98)00029-4 PN 2 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 107ZE UT WOS:000075240500018 ER PT J AU Ulmer, CW Smith, DA Sumpter, BG Noid, DI AF Ulmer, CW Smith, DA Sumpter, BG Noid, DI TI Computational neural networks and the rational design of polymeric materials: the next generation polycarbonates SO COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE neural networks; QSPR; polycarbonate ID GENETIC ALGORITHM; PREDICTION; MOLECULES AB We present an atomistic approach to computer aided molecular design that incorporates computational neural networks as the tools for determining accurate structure-property relationships. A general computational technique, called PropNet (where Prop represents the type of relaxation, transition, physical, or mechanical property) is developed and applied to the elucidation of transition (glass; Tg, and degradation; Td) and relaxation (T gamma) temperatures, as well as to various other physical and mechanical properties of polymeric materials. TgNet is a general purpose neural network system that rapidly formulates structure-property relationships for the glass transition temperature of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. Up to 320 different polymers (Tg ranging from 50-700 K, including tactic and crosslinked polymers) were used to test TgNet for robustness and accuracy. The results demonstrate that TgNet is capable of predicting the glass transition temperature to within 10 K of experimentally reported values. The overall approach can easily be extended to any property for which quality data are available. Individual expert networks: TgNet (glass transition temperature), TdNet (degradation temperature), T gamma Net (secondary, T gamma relaxation temperatures), RiNet (refractive index), TenNet (tensile strength), ElongNet (maximum % elongation), CompNet (compressive strength), HardNet (hardness), and IzodNet (Izod notch strength) were developed and tested. Based on these neural network techniques a number of next-generation polycarbonates for increased impact resistance were rationally designed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 DASGroup Inc, Johnstown, PA 15905 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Sumpter, Bobby/C-9459-2013 OI Sumpter, Bobby/0000-0001-6341-0355 NR 24 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1089-3156 J9 COMPUT THEOR POLYM S JI Comput. Theor. Polym. Sci. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 3-4 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S1089-3156(98)00035-X PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 143VG UT WOS:000077277300007 ER PT J AU Glimm, J Kim, H Sharp, D Wallstrom, T AF Glimm, J Kim, H Sharp, D Wallstrom, T TI A stochastic analysis of the scale up problem for flow in porous media SO COMPUTATIONAL & APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE porous media; scale up; renormalization; heterogeneities ID FIELD AB We present a numerical study of the scale up problem for the fractional flow function in the Buckley-Leverett equation for flow in porous media. The scale up problem is to define an averaged equation by local spatial averages, mapping from a microphysical description to a meso-physical description and from a fine discretization grid to a coarser one. Scale up leads to the closure problem, which is the definition of the nonlinear terms in the averaged equation, as these terms are not respected by the averaging process. If the micro-physics is specified by a geostatistical probability ensemble, we see that the scaled up and closed fractional flow function is also a random variable. Numerical studies presented here show that its variance is greatly reduced relative to the variance in the geostatistical micro-physics which defines it. Properties of the scaled up fractional flow are given in terms of the geostatistical parameters which define the ensemble of permeabilities. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC BRASILEIRA MATEMATICA APLICADA & COMPUTACIONAL PI SAO CARLOS SP PA AV DO TRABALHADOR SAO CARLENSE, 400, CENTRO CAIXA POSTAL 668, SAO CARLOS SP, 13560-970, BRAZIL SN 0101-8205 J9 COMPUT APPL MATH JI Comput. Appl. Math. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 67 EP 79 PG 13 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA ZJ581 UT WOS:000073231100005 ER PT J AU Kuiper, LK Illangasekare, TK AF Kuiper, LK Illangasekare, TK TI Numerical simulation of NAPL flow in the subsurface SO COMPUTATIONAL GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE control volume; finite element; multiphase flow; nonaqueous-phase liquid ID HETEROGENEOUS POROUS-MEDIA; 2-PHASE FLOW; GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION; MULTIPHASE FLOW; MODEL AB A three-dimensional, three-phase numerical model is presented for simulating the movement of immiscible fluids, including nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), through porous media. The model is designed to simulate soil flume experiments and for practical application to a wide variety of contamination scenarios involving light or dense NAPLs in heterogeneous subsurface systems. The model is derived for the three-phase flow of water, NAPL, and air in porous media. The basic governing equations are based upon the mass conservation of the constitutents within the phases. The descretization chosen to transform the governing equations into the approximating equations, although logically regular, is very general. The approximating equations are a set of simultaneous coupled nonlinear equations which are solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The linear system solutions needed for the Newton-Raphson method are obtained using a matrix of preconditioner/accelerator iterative methods. Because of the special way the governing equations are implemented, the model is capable of simulating many of the phenomena considered necessary for the sucessful simulation of field problems including entry pressure phenomena, entrapment, and preferential flow paths. The model is verified by comparing it with several exact analytic test solutions and three soil flume experiments involving the introduction and movement of light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) or dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) in heterogeneous sand containing a watertable. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kuiper, LK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1420-0597 J9 COMPUTAT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PY 1998 VL 2 IS 3 BP 171 EP 189 DI 10.1023/A:1011550219518 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 271WD UT WOS:000084616300001 ER PT J AU Fan, DN Chen, LQ Chen, SP Voorhees, PW AF Fan, DN Chen, LQ Chen, SP Voorhees, PW TI Phase field formulations for modeling the Ostwald ripening in two-phase systems SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VOLUME FRACTION; GROWTH; SIMULATION AB Phase field formulations have been constructed for modeling Ostwald ripening in two-phase systems. The microstructural evolution and the kinetics of Ostwald ripening were studied by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations. The simulated microstructures are in a striking resemblance with experimental observations. The shape accommodation of second phase particles occurs as the volume fraction increases. It was observed that these two-phase systems reach the steady state or scaling state after a short transient time and the scaling functions are independent of time for all volume fractions of the second phase. The kinetics of Ostwald ripening in a two-phase mixture have been studied over a range of volume fractions of the coarsening phase. It was found that the coarsening kinetics of second phase particles follows the power growth law R-t(m) - R-o(m) = kt with m = 3, which is independent of the volume fraction of the coarsening phase. The kinetic coefficient k increases significantly as the volume fraction of the coarsening phase increases. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Fan, DN (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, MS B262, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Voorhees, Peter /B-6700-2009; Chen, LongQing/I-7536-2012 OI Chen, LongQing/0000-0003-3359-3781 NR 21 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 329 EP 336 DI 10.1016/S0927-0256(97)00158-4 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA ZA086 UT WOS:000072327500006 ER PT J AU Xu, W Moriarty, JA AF Xu, W Moriarty, JA TI Accurate atomistic simulations of the Peierls barrier and kink-pair formation energy for < 111 > screw dislocations in bcc Mo SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CENTERED CUBIC METALS; TRANSITION-METALS; INTERATOMIC POTENTIALS; ANGULAR FORCES; BOND ORDER; CORE AB Using multi-ion MGPT interatomic potentials derived from first-principles generalized pseudopotential theory, we have performed accurate atomistic simulations on the energetics of dislocation motion in the bcc transition metal Mo. Our calculated results include the (110) and (211) generalized stacking fault (gamma) energy surfaces, the Peierls stress required to move an ideal straight [111] screw dislocation, and the kink-pair formation energy for nonstraight screw dislocations. Many-body angular forces, which are accounted for in the present theory through explicit three-and four-ion potentials, are quantitatively important to such properties for the bcc transition metals. This is demonstrated explicitly through the calculated gamma surfaces, which are found to be 10-50% higher in energy than those obtained with pure radial-force models. The Peierls stress for an applied [111]/{112} shear is computed to be about 0.025 mu, where mu is the bulk shear modulus, For zero applied stress, stable kink-pairs are predicted to form for kink lengths greater than 4b, where b is the magnitude of the Burgers vector. For long kinks greater than 15b, the calculated asymptotic value of the kink-pair formation energy is 2.0 eV. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Xu, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 22 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 348 EP 356 DI 10.1016/S0927-0256(97)00161-4 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA ZA086 UT WOS:000072327500009 ER PT J AU Kohan, AF Tepesch, PD Ceder, G Wolverton, C AF Kohan, AF Tepesch, PD Ceder, G Wolverton, C TI Computation of alloy phase diagrams at low temperatures SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phase diagrams; lattice models; alloy theory; palladium-vanadium ID PD-V ALLOYS; TRANSITION-METAL ALLOYS; SHORT-RANGE ORDER; SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS; STRUCTURAL STABILITY; CLUSTER INTERACTIONS; TRANSFORMATIONS; 1ST-PRINCIPLES; ENERGY AB Standard statistical-mechanics techniques for alloy-Ising models such as Monte Carlo simulations or the cluster variation method usually present numerical problems at low temperatures or for highly stoichiometric compounds. Under these conditions, their application to complex alloy Hamiltonians, with extended pair and multi-site interactions, is non trivial and can be very computer-time demanding. In this work, we investigate the application of a low-temperature expansion of the thermodynamic potentials for Hamiltonians with many pair and multi-site interactions. In this way, analytic expressions can be obtained for the free energies from which temperature-composition phase diagrams for any alloy can easily be computed regardless of the complexity of the Ising energy expression. It is demonstrated that with only a few terms in the expansion, the low-temperature expansion is accurate up to temperatures where Monte Carlo simulations or cluster variation calculations are practical. Consequently, these three methods can be used as complimentary techniques to compute a single phase diagram. Furthermore, we also show that the coefficients of the low-temperature expansion can be computed from the same information used to build the cluster variational free energy, thereby making the low-temperature expansion very simple to use. We illustrate the application of this new approach by computing the fee Pd-rich phase diagram of the Pd-V alloy. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Kohan, AF (reprint author), MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room 13-4061, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM afk@lanai.mit.edu RI Wolverton, Christopher/B-7542-2009 NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 389 EP 396 DI 10.1016/S0927-0256(97)00168-7 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA ZA086 UT WOS:000072327500013 ER PT B AU Hovland, P Mohammadi, B Bischof, C AF Hovland, P Mohammadi, B Bischof, C BE Borggaard, J Burns, J Cliff, E Schreck, S TI Automatic differentiation and Navier-Stokes computations SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN AND CONTROL SE PROGRESS IN SYSTEMS AND CONTROL THEORY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Optimal Design and Control CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1997 CL ARLINGTON, VA SP USAF, Off Sci Res, Virginia Tech, Ctr Optimal Design & Control ID SCHEMES; SYSTEMS AB We describe the use of automatic differentiation (AD) in, and its application to, a compressible Navier-Stokes model. Within the solver, AD is used to accelerate convergence by more than an order of magnitude. Outside the solver, AD is used to compute the derivatives needed for optimization. We emphasize the potential for performance gains if the programmer does not treat AD as a black box, but instead utilizes high-level knowledge about the nature of the application. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Hovland, P (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM hovland@mcs.anl.gov; Bijan.Mohammadi@inria.fr; bischof@mcs.anl.gov RI Bischof, Christian/D-2897-2009 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER BOSTON PI CAMBRIDGE PA 675 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139-2333 USA BN 0-8176-4064-9 J9 PROG SYST C PY 1998 VL 24 BP 265 EP 284 PG 20 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematics GA BP09P UT WOS:000084108600015 ER PT B AU Rogers, LL Johnson, VM Knapp, RB AF Rogers, LL Johnson, VM Knapp, RB BE Burganos, VN Karatzas, GP Payatakes, AC Brebbia, CA Gray, WG Pinder, GF TI Remediation tradeoffs addressed with simulated annealing optimization SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION OF WATER RESOURCES: PROCEEDINGS OF 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES, VOL 1 SE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources CY JUN, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Inst Chem Engn & High Temp Chem Proc, Fdn Res & Technol, Patras, Greece, MITOS SA AB Escalation of groundwater remediation costs has encouraged both advances in optimization techniques to balance remediation objectives and economics and development of innovative technologies to expedite source region clean-ups. We present an optimization application building on a pump-and-treat model, yet assuming a priori removal of different portions of the source area to address the evolving management issue of more aggressive source remediation. Separate economic estimates of in-situ thermal remediation are combined with the economic estimates of the subsequent optimal pump-and-treat remediation to observe tradeoff relationships of cost vs. highest remaining contamination levels (hot spot). The simulated annealing algorithm calls the flow and transport model to evaluate the success of a proposed remediation scenario at a U.S.A. Superfund site contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geosci Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rogers, LL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geosci Program, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-652-7 J9 COMP MET WATER RES PY 1998 VL 12 BP 59 EP 66 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL26Z UT WOS:000074946300008 ER PT B AU Travis, BJ AF Travis, BJ BE Burganos, VN Karatzas, GP Payatakes, AC Brebbia, CA Gray, WG Pinder, GF TI Numerical simulation of in situ bioremediation SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION OF WATER RESOURCES: PROCEEDINGS OF 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES, VOL 1 SE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources CY JUN, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Inst Chem Engn & High Temp Chem Proc, Fdn Res & Technol, Patras, Greece, MITOS SA AB Models that couple subsurface flow and transport with microbial processes are an important tool for assessing the effectiveness of bioremediation in field applications. A numerical code is described that differs from previous in situ bioremediation models in that it includes: both vadose and groundwater zones, unsteady air and water flow, limited nutrients and airborne nutrients, toxicity, cometabolic kinetics, kinetic sorption, subgridscale averaging, pore clogging and protozoan grazing. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Travis, BJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-652-7 J9 COMP MET WATER RES PY 1998 VL 12 BP 91 EP 98 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL26Z UT WOS:000074946300012 ER PT B AU Soll, WE Gray, WG Tompson, AFB AF Soll, WE Gray, WG Tompson, AFB BE Burganos, VN Karatzas, GP Payatakes, AC Brebbia, CA Gray, WG Pinder, GF TI Influence of wettability on constitutive relations and its role in upscaling SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION OF WATER RESOURCES: PROCEEDINGS OF 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES, VOL 1 SE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources CY JUN, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Inst Chem Engn & High Temp Chem Proc, Fdn Res & Technol, Patras, Greece, MITOS SA AB The lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is applied to simulating multifluid flow in porous media at sub-pore resolution to determine constitutive behaviors. We address the importance of the LB technique for identifying process based constitutive relationships, and demonstrate its application through analysis of the influence of wettability on interfacial areas and constitutive relationships. Porous media surface wettability is varied from uniformly strongly wetted by the resident fluid through to strongly wetted by the displacing fluid. Spatially variable wettability is also demonstrated. Primary imbibition and drainage displacements are run, and interfacial areas (IFA) as a function of time are determined and compared. Results indicate that wettability is an important factor in displacement behavior and resulting interfacial area. Primary imbibition in a strongly wet material under capillary dominated flows produces film flow, resulting in high IFAs that decrease with increasing saturation and viscous forces. Primary drainage produces initially high IFA, that decreases slightly with increasing saturation or pressure drop. Surfaces with spatially variable wetting can have a strong influence on resulting fluid distributions and fluid flow. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Soll, WE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-652-7 J9 COMP MET WATER RES PY 1998 VL 12 BP 413 EP 420 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL26Z UT WOS:000074946300051 ER PT B AU Birkholzer, J Li, G Tsang, CF Tsang, Y AF Birkholzer, J Li, G Tsang, CF Tsang, Y BE Burganos, VN Karatzas, GP Payatakes, AC Brebbia, CA Gray, WG Pinder, GF TI Numerical experiments on the probability of seepage into underground openings in heterogeneous fractured rock SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SURFACE AND GROUND WATER TRANSPORT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES, VOL 2 SE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources CY JUN, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Inst Chem Engn & High Temp Chem Proc, Fdn Res & Technol, Patras, Greece, MITOS SA AB An important issue for the performance of underground nuclear waste repositories is the rate of seepage into the waste emplacement drifts. A prediction of this rate is particularly complicated for the potential repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, because it is located in thick, unsaturated, fractured tuff formations. Underground openings in unsaturated media might act as capillary barriers, diverting water around them. In the present work, we study the potential rate of seepage into drifts as a function of the percolation flux at Yucca Mountain, based on a stochastic model of the fractured rock mass in the drift vicinity. A variety of flow scenarios are considered, assuming present-day and possible future climate conditions. We show that the heterogeneity in the flow domain is a key factor controlling seepage rates, since it causes channelized flow and local pending in the unsaturated flow field. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, ESD, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Birkholzer, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, ESD, MS 90-1116,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Birkholzer, Jens/C-6783-2011 OI Birkholzer, Jens/0000-0002-7989-1912 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-653-5 J9 COMP MET WATER RES PY 1998 VL 12 BP 167 EP 174 PN 2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL27A UT WOS:000074946700021 ER PT B AU Woodward, CS AF Woodward, CS BE Burganos, VN Karatzas, GP Payatakes, AC Brebbia, CA Gray, WG Pinder, GF TI A Newton-Krylov-multigrid solver for variably saturated flow problems SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SURFACE AND GROUND WATER TRANSPORT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES, VOL 2 SE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources CY JUN, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Inst Chem Engn & High Temp Chem Proc, Fdn Res & Technol, Patras, Greece, MITOS SA AB A scalable, parallel solver for Richards' equation is described. This solver uses a globalized Newton method for linearization, a Krylov iterative method as the linear Jacobian system solver and the symmetric part of the Jacobian with a multigrid solver as a preconditioner. Scalability results are shown for both refining and enlarging the domain. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Woodward, CS (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, POB 808,L-561, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-653-5 J9 COMP MET WATER RES PY 1998 VL 12 BP 609 EP 616 PN 2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BL27A UT WOS:000074946700075 ER PT B AU Butts, DA Feller, MB Aaron, HL Shatz, CJ Rokhsar, DS AF Butts, DA Feller, MB Aaron, HL Shatz, CJ Rokhsar, DS BE Bower, JM TI A two-layer model describes the spatiotemporal properties of spontaneous retinal waves SO COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE: TRENDS IN RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Computational Neuroscience Conference CY JUL 06-10, 1997 CL BIG SKY, MT AB In the developing mammalian retina, spontaneous waves of action potentials are present in the ganglion cell layer weeks before vision. Fluorescence imaging reveals that this highly correlated activity spans spatially restricted domains, which cover the entire retina with shifting mosaic patterns. Here vie present a novel dynamical model consisting of two coupled populations of cells that quantitatively reproduces the experimentally observed domain sizes, interwave intervals, and wavefront velocity profiles. Model and experiment together show that the highly correlated activity generated by retinal waves can be explained by a combination of random spontaneous activation of cells and the past history of local retinal activity. These results were originally published in Neuron 19: 293-306 (1997).(1) C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Butts, DA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45919-1 PY 1998 BP 337 EP 342 PG 6 WC Mathematics, Applied; Neurosciences SC Mathematics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BL45V UT WOS:000075569500056 ER PT J AU Karp, AH Lusk, E Bailey, DH AF Karp, AH Lusk, E Bailey, DH TI 1997 Gordon Bell Prize winners SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article AB The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty which forbids the testing of nuclear weapons, is responsible for the dramatic performance gains reported in this year's Gordon Bell Prize competition. The connection between the treaty and the Bell Prize is simple to understand: One way to maintain confidence in the nuclear stockpile needed for national security is to use computation to tell you what you would have learned from testing. The recognition that such computations far exceeded the capability of existing computers led the US Department of Energy to initiate the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) program in high-performance computing. Four of this year's entries reported result on ASCI-RED, the first result of this program. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Numer Aerodynam Simulat Program, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Hewlett Packard Labs, Tech Staff, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Karp, AH (reprint author), Hewlett Packard Labs, Tech Staff, 1501 Page Mill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9162 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD JAN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1 BP 86 EP + DI 10.1109/MC.1998.641981 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA YP591 UT WOS:000071293400010 ER PT J AU Veseli, S AF Veseli, S TI Multidimensional integration in a heterogeneous network environment SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo integration; VEGAS algorithm; parallelism; PVM software; heterogeneous network AB We consider several issues related to the multidimensional integration using a network of heterogeneous computers. Based on these considerations, we develop a new general purpose scheme which can significantly reduce the time needed for evaluation of integrals with CPU intensive integrands. This scheme is a parallel version of the well-known adaptive Monte Carlo method (the VEGAS algorithm), and is incorporated into a new integration package which uses the standard set of message-passing routines in the PVM software system. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Theory Grp, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Veseli, S (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Theory Grp, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 108 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(97)00120-3 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA YV691 UT WOS:000071853100002 ER PT J AU Uhrig, RE Tsoukalas, LH AF Uhrig, RE Tsoukalas, LH TI Neurofuzzy approaches and their application to nuclear power systems SO COMPUTERS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE nuclear power systems; fuzzy systems; fuzzy logic; neural networks; reactor control ID NEURAL NETWORKS AB Neurofuzzy approaches (NFA) utilize a variety of neural and fuzzy synergisms that exploit a measured tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty for the purpose of enhancing flexibility and tractability in models and systems. It is theoretically expected and empirically confirmed that neurofuzzy approaches when appropriately structured allow for improved control over the modeling economy or parsimony resulting in easier to develop and modify systems. Hence, they hold considerable promise for significant enhancements in the control and safety of nuclear plant appurtenances, components and systems. Two nuclear power system applications are presented in this paper. The first is in the reactor control area. It uses neural networks to predict power trajectories and fuzzy rules that incorporate such predictions in proactive or anticipatory strategies in order to improve power maneuvers during reactor startup. The second is in the area of safety,where neural mappings are used to produce fuzzy values for epistemic variables. The methodology is extending the notion of measurement to variables with functional or operational significance and hence is referred to as virtual measurement; it is applied to flow visualization and holds considerable promise fbr improving diagnostics and hence safety in nuclear reactors. C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Nucl Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Uhrig, RE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 0232-0274 J9 COMPUT ARTIF INTELL JI Comput. Artif. Intell. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2-3 BP 169 EP 188 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA ZY330 UT WOS:000074609600005 ER PT J AU Herbert, JM Ermler, WC AF Herbert, JM Ermler, WC TI Symbolic implementation of arbitrary-order perturbation theory using computer algebra: Application to vibrational-rotational analysis of diatomic molecules SO COMPUTERS & CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE perturbation theory; computer algebra; molecular spectroscopy; vibration and rotation; diatomic molecules ID MATRIX-ELEMENTS; INFRARED TRANSITIONS; HYDROGEN-ATOM; FORMALDEHYDE; HYPERVIRIAL; COMPUTATION; EXPANSIONS AB Theoretical details necessary to calculate arbitrary;order correction terms to vibrational-rotational energies and wave functions in Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory are presented. Since manual derivation of high-order perturbation formulae is not feasible due to the lengthy algebra involved, the commercial computer algebra software Mathematica(R) is employed to perform the symbolic manipulations necessary to derive the requisite correction formulae in terms of universal constants, molecular constants, and quantum numbers. Correction terms through sixth order for (1) Sigma diatomic molecules are derived and then evaluated for H-2, HD, N-2, CO, and HF. It is thus possible, with the aid of computer-generated algebra, to apply arbitrarily high-order perturbation theory successfully to the problem of intramolecular nuclear motion. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. RP Ermler, WC (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ermler@mcs.anl.-gov RI Herbert, John/A-9573-2008; Ermler, Walter/B-6876-2011 OI Herbert, John/0000-0002-1663-2278; NR 48 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0097-8485 J9 COMPUT CHEM JI Comput. Chem. PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 169 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0097-8485(97)00050-8 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA ZM981 UT WOS:000073595900002 ER PT J AU Brown, LF Ebinger, MH AF Brown, LF Ebinger, MH TI Modeling precipitation from concentrated solutions with the EQ3/6 chemical speciation codes SO COMPUTERS & CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE modeling precipitation; equilibrium codes; chemical speciation codes; concentrated solution precipitation; EQ3/6 codes AB Four simple precipitation problems are solved to examine use of numerical equilibrium codes. The study emphasizes concentrated solutions, assumes both ideal and nonideal solutions, and employs different databases and different activity-coefficient relationships. The study uses the EQ3/6 numerical speciation codes. Results show satisfactory agreement between solubility products calculated from free-energy relationships and those calculated from concentrations and activity coefficients. Most material balances are also satisfactory, but the modeling of an evaporation campaign exhibits serious deficiencies in the balances. Precipitates show slightly higher solubilities when solutions are regarded as nonideal than when considered ideal, agreeing with theory. A code mag or may not predict precipitation from a solution dilute in the precipitating species, depending on the database or activity-coefficient relationship used. In solutes remaining after precipitations there is little consistency in calculated concentrations and activity coefficients. They do not appear to depend on the database or activity-coefficient relationship used. These results reinforce warnings in the literature about perfunctory or mechanical use of numerical speciation codes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Engn Sci Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Brown, LF (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Engn Sci Applicat Div, MS J580, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0097-8485 J9 COMPUT CHEM JI Comput. Chem. PY 1998 VL 22 IS 5 BP 419 EP 427 DI 10.1016/S0097-8485(97)00056-9 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 128DV UT WOS:000076390700010 ER PT J AU Bajaj, CL Schikore, DR AF Bajaj, CL Schikore, DR TI Topology preserving data simplification with error bounds SO COMPUTERS & GRAPHICS-UK LA English DT Article ID REPRESENTATION AB Many approaches to simplification of triangulated terrains and surfaces have been proposed which permit bounds on the error introduced. A few algorithms additionally bound errors in auxiliary functions defined over the triangulation. We present an approach to simplification of scalar fields over unstructured grids which preserves the topology of functions defined over the triangulation, in addition to bounding of the errors. The topology of a 2D scalar field is defined by critical points (local maxima, local minima, saddle points), in addition to integral curves between them, which together segment the field into regions which vary monotonically. By preserving this shape description, we guarantee that iso-contours of the scalar function maintain the correct topology in the simplified model. Methods for topology preserving simplification by both point-insertion (refinement) and point-deletion (coarsening) are presented and compared. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Comp Sci, Texas Inst Computat & Appl Math, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Univ Texas, Dept Comp Sci, Texas Inst Computat & Appl Math, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NR 41 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0097-8493 EI 1873-7684 J9 COMPUT GRAPH-UK JI Comput. Graph.-UK PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0097-8493(97)00079-4 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA ZU852 UT WOS:000074242100002 ER PT J AU Hansen, GA Chang, CH AF Hansen, GA Chang, CH TI Efficient visualization of a plasma spray simulation SO COMPUTERS IN PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL PLASMAS; PARTICLE DYNAMICS; FLUID-DYNAMICS; MASS-TRANSFER; HEAT; JETS AB A transient particle-laden flow was analyzed using a prototype three-dimensional scientific visualization package developed to provide a high-quality image at acceptable animation rates without the use of specialized graphics hardware. The tool was designed for interactive visualizations of velocity vectors, entrained particles, and volumetric scalar data such as temperature, pressure, etc., on a domain that may be time-dependent. This software is implemented using X11/Motif for portability. The prototype was used to visualize a transient simulation of a plasma spraying process using the LAVA code in which entrained particles are modeled by a stochastic particle spray model, fully coupled to the plasma flow. The visualization tool displays important statistical information regarding particle spray characteristics including particle temperature and degree of melting. A parallel implementation using PVM software on FDDI-interconnected workstations shows some promise in extending reasonable interactive response to larger datasets. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Hansen, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM ghansen@lanl.gov NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0894-1866 J9 COMPUT PHYS JI Comput. Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1063/1.168644 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA YX279 UT WOS:000072024300020 ER PT J AU Cohen, F Phillips, C Swiler, LP Gaylor, T Leary, P Rupley, F Isler, R AF Cohen, F Phillips, C Swiler, LP Gaylor, T Leary, P Rupley, F Isler, R TI A cause and effect model of attacks on information systems SO COMPUTERS & SECURITY LA English DT Article C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Cohen, F (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0167-4048 J9 COMPUT SECUR JI Comput. Secur. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0167-4048(98)80312-X PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 102AG UT WOS:000074900600005 ER PT J AU Cohen, F AF Cohen, F TI A note on the role of deception in information protection SO COMPUTERS & SECURITY LA English DT Article C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Cohen, F (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0167-4048 J9 COMPUT SECUR JI Comput. Secur. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 483 EP 506 DI 10.1016/S0167-4048(98)80071-0 PG 24 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 126AY UT WOS:000076271600005 ER PT S AU Humphrey, W Ryne, R Cleland, T Cummings, J Habib, S Mark, G Qiang, J AF Humphrey, W Ryne, R Cleland, T Cummings, J Habib, S Mark, G Qiang, J BE Caromel, D Oldehoeft, RR Tholburn, M TI Particle beam dynamics simulations using the POOMA Framework SO COMPUTING IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PARALLEL ENVIRONMENTS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Computing in Object-Oriented Parallel Environments CY DEC 08-11, 1998 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO AB A program for simulation of the dynamics of high intensity charged particle beams in linear particle accelerators has been developed in C++ using the POOMA Framework, for use on serial and parallel architectures. The code models the trajectories of charged particles through a sequence of different accelerator beamline elements such as drift chambers, quadrupole magnets, or RF cavities. An FFT-based particle-in-cell algorithm is used to solve the Poisson equation that models the Coulomb interactions of the particles. The code employs an object-oriented design with software abstractions for the particle beam, accelerator beamline, and beamline elements, using C++ templates to efficiently support both 2D and 3D capabilities in the same code base. The POOMA Framework, which encapsulates much of the effort required for parallel execution, provides particle and field classes, particle-field interaction capabilities, and parallel FFT algorithms. The performance of this application running serially and in parallel is compared to an existing HPF implementation, with the PO;OMA version seen to run four times faster than the HPF code. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Adv Comp Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Humphrey, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Adv Comp Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65387-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1505 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BP55F UT WOS:000085482900003 ER PT S AU Bassetti, F Davis, K Quinlan, D AF Bassetti, F Davis, K Quinlan, D BE Caromel, D Oldehoeft, RR Tholburn, M TI Optimizing transformations of stencil operations for parallel object-oriented scientific frameworks on cache-based architectures SO COMPUTING IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PARALLEL ENVIRONMENTS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Computing in Object-Oriented Parallel Environments CY DEC 08-11, 1998 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO AB High-performance scientific computing relies increasingly on high-level, large-scale, object-oriented software frameworks to manage both algorithmic complexity and the complexities of parallelism: distributed data management, process management, inter-process communication, and load balancing. This encapsulation of data management, together with the prescribed semantics of a typical fundamental component of such object-oriented frameworks-a parallel or serial array class library-provides an opportunity for increasingly sophisticated compile-time optimization techniques. This paper describes two optimizing transformations suitable for certain classes of numerical algorithms, one for reducing the cost of inter-processor communication, and one for improving cache utilization; demonstrates and analyzes the resulting performance gains; and indicates how these transformations are being automated. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bassetti, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, CIC-19, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65387-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1505 BP 107 EP 118 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BP55F UT WOS:000085482900010 ER PT S AU Migliardi, M Dongarra, J Geist, A Sunderam, V AF Migliardi, M Dongarra, J Geist, A Sunderam, V BE Caromel, D Oldehoeft, RR Tholburn, M TI Dynamic reconfiguration and virtual machine management in the harness metacomputing system SO COMPUTING IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PARALLEL ENVIRONMENTS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Computing in Object-Oriented Parallel Environments CY DEC 08-11, 1998 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO AB Metacomputing frameworks have received renewed attention of late, fueled both by advances in hardware and networking, and by novel concepts such as computational grids. However these frameworks are often inflexible, and force the application into a fixed environment rather than trying to adapt to the application's needs. Harness is an experimental metacomputing system based upon the principle of dynamic reconfigurability not only in terms of the computers and networks that comprise the virtual machine, but also in the capabilities of the VM itself. These characteristics may be modified under user control via a "plug-in" mechanism that is the central feature of the system. In this paper we describe how the design of the Harness system allows the dynamic configuration and reconfiguration of virtual machines, including naming and addressing methods, as well as plug-in location, loading, validation, and synchronization methods. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Migliardi, M (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. OI Migliardi, Mauro/0000-0002-3634-7554 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65387-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1505 BP 127 EP 134 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BP55F UT WOS:000085482900012 ER PT S AU Zander, M Hall, J Painter, J O'Rourke, S AF Zander, M Hall, J Painter, J O'Rourke, S BE Caromel, D Oldehoeft, RR Tholburn, M TI Component architecture of the Tecolote Framework SO COMPUTING IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PARALLEL ENVIRONMENTS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Computing in Object-Oriented Parallel Environments CY DEC 08-11, 1998 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO AB Los Alamos National Laboratory's Tecolote Framework is used in conjunction with other libraries by several physical simulations. This paper briefly describes the design and use of Tecolote's component architecture. A component is a C++ class that meets several requirements imposed by the framework to increase its reusability, configurability, and ease of replacement. We discuss both the motives for imposing these requirements upon components and the means by which a generic C++ class may be integrated into Tecolote by satisfying these requirements. We also describe the means by which these components may be combined into a physics application. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zander, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, CIC-12, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65387-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1505 BP 183 EP 190 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BP55F UT WOS:000085482900019 ER PT S AU Karmesin, S Crotinger, K Cummings, J Haney, S Humphrey, W Reynders, J Smith, S Williams, TJ AF Karmesin, S Crotinger, K Cummings, J Haney, S Humphrey, W Reynders, J Smith, S Williams, TJ BE Caromel, D Oldehoeft, RR Tholburn, M TI Array design and expression evaluation in POOMA II SO COMPUTING IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PARALLEL ENVIRONMENTS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Computing in Object-Oriented Parallel Environments CY DEC 08-11, 1998 CL SANTA FE, NM AB POOMA is a templated C++ class library for use in the development of large-scale scientific simulations on serial and parallel computers. POOMA II is a new design and implementation of POOMA intended to add richer capabilities and greater flexibility to the framework. The new design employs a generic Array class that acts as an interface to, or view on, a wide variety of data representation objects referred to as engines. This design separates the interface and the representation of multidimensional arrays. The separation is achieved using compile-time techniques rather than virtual functions, and thus code efficiency is maintained. POOMA II uses PETE, the Portable Expression Template Engine, to efficiently represent complex mathematical expressions involving arrays and other objects. The representation of expressions is kept separate from expression evaluation, allowing the use of multiple evaluator mechanisms that can support nested where-block constructs, hardware-specific optimizations and different run-time environments. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Karmesin, S (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM karmesin@lanl.gov; jac@lanl.gov; julianc@lanl.gov; swhaney@lanl.gov; bfh@lanl.gov; reynders@lanl.gov; sa_smith@lanl.gov; zippy@lanl.gov NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65387-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1505 BP 231 EP 238 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BP55F UT WOS:000085482900025 ER PT S AU Baker, GA Johnson, JD AF Baker, GA Johnson, JD BE daProvidencia, J Malik, FB TI More many-body perturbation theory for an electron-ion system SO CONDENSED MATTER THEORIES, VOL 13 SE CONDENSED MATTER THEORIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Workshop on Condensed Matter Theories CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL LUSO, PORTUGAL AB From previous finite-temperature, quantum, many-body perturbation theory results for the grand partition function of an electron-ion fluid through order e(4), we compute the electron and ion fugacities in terms of the volume per ion and the temperature to that same order in perturbation theory. From these results we also give the pressure, again to the same order in perturbation theory about the values for the non-interacting fluid. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Baker, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NOVA SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC PI HAUPPAUGE PA 400 OSER AVE, STE 1600, HAUPPAUGE, NY 11788-3635 USA SN 0893-861X BN 1-56072-602-4 J9 COND MAT TH PY 1998 VL 13 BP 185 EP 196 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BL99E UT WOS:000077390800015 ER PT B AU Stevens, DE AF Stevens, DE GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Small scale heterogeneity at the stratocumulus inversion SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, CCSE, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stevens, DE (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, CCSE, MS 50-D,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 340 EP 343 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100100 ER PT B AU Reedy, RC AF Reedy, RC GP IEEE IEEE TI Solar particle events and their radiation threats SO CONFERENCE ON THE HIGH ENERGY RADIATION BACKGROUND IN SPACE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Conference on the High-Energy Radiation Background in Space (CHERBS 1997) / IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference CY JUL 22-23, 1997 CL SNOWMASS, CO SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Constellat Technol Corp, IEEE, NPSS Radiat Effects Comm, Nucl & Space Radiat Effects Conf AB Energetic particles from the Sun have only been studied in detail during the last three decades. The modern record is good, although the number of the largest solar particle events are very few. The nuclides made by solar energetic particles in lunar rocks have been used to extend the record of these particles back similar to 10(7) years. The modern and ancient records are similar. By combining both sets of data, it has been inferred that solar particle events much larger than the largest events observed during the last four solar cycles are very rare. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Reedy, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D436, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4335-2 PY 1998 BP 41 EP 44 DI 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660244 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA BK87K UT WOS:000073723300009 ER PT B AU Reedy, RC Belian, RD Cayton, TE Henderson, MG Ingraham, JC Jahn, JM McLachlan, PS Meier, MM Reeves, GD Weiss, LA AF Reedy, RC Belian, RD Cayton, TE Henderson, MG Ingraham, JC Jahn, JM McLachlan, PS Meier, MM Reeves, GD Weiss, LA GP IEEE IEEE TI Long-term energetic-particle databases from geosynchronous and GPS orbits SO CONFERENCE ON THE HIGH ENERGY RADIATION BACKGROUND IN SPACE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Conference on the High-Energy Radiation Background in Space (CHERBS 1997) / IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference CY JUL 22-23, 1997 CL SNOWMASS, CO SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Constellat Technol Corp, IEEE, NPSS Radiat Effects Comm, Nucl & Space Radiat Effects Conf AB The Los Alamos National Laboratory has flown thirteen energetic-particle instruments on geosynchronous satellites since 1976 and on seven GPS satellites since 1983, These instruments measure electrons and protons over a wide range of energies. The various instruments and the particles and energies that they measure are described, The measured fluxes are stored at Los Alamos in several databases that are available to outside users. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Reedy, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D436, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Henderson, Michael/A-3948-2011 OI Henderson, Michael/0000-0003-4975-9029 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4335-2 PY 1998 BP 45 EP 47 DI 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660245 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA BK87K UT WOS:000073723300010 ER PT B AU Wang, HL Zhu, YT Valdez, JA Mattes, BR AF Wang, HL Zhu, YT Valdez, JA Mattes, BR GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Fabrication and characterization of conductive polyaniline fiber SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB We previously reported the concept of "gel-inhibitor" assisted processing of ultra-high molecular weight emeraldine base (EB) into wet-spun fiber. This method uses small amounts of secondary amine additives, e.g., 2-methyl aziridine (2MA), to form thermodynamically stable, particle-free, and highly concentrated (20% w/w) EB solutions. 2MA is a relatively toxic compound. Here we report that wet-spun fibers with similar physical characteristics may be obtained by utilizing non-toxic heptamethyleneimine (HPMI) as the gel inhibitor. As-spun EB fiber was prepared and then subsequently immersed in a variety of different Bronsted acids. Room temperature DC conductivity values for the doped fibers ranged from 3 to 10(-5) S/cm depending on the acid dopant. The as-spun fibers were of low density and they contained closed-cell porous microstructures riddled with macro-voids due to residual solvent entrained during coagulation. Each fibers diameter was observed to either contract or expand depending upon which acid was used for doping the fiber segment. We also report the observed differences in fiber density, mechanical strength and conductivity as a function of the acid type selected for doping studies, Optical spectroscopy of the solutions used to prepare fiber with HPMI showed no evidence for polymer degradation. The thermal and mechanical properties of the as-spun and doped EB fibers are presented. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wang, HL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 1346 EP 1350 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800258 ER PT S AU Kueck, JD AF Kueck, JD GP IEEE IEEE TI Development of a method for estimating motor efficiency and analyzing motor condition SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF 1998 ANNUAL PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY TECHNICAL CONFERENCE SE IEEE CONFERENCE RECORD OF ANNUAL PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY TECHNICAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL PORTLAND, ME SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, Proc Ind Dept, Pulp & Paper Ind Comm AB There is a need for an efficiency estimating tool that can be used easily and with a reasonable level of confidence so that motors can be evaluated for replacement with energy efficient motors in a simple, cost-benefit analysis. In addition, it would be desirable to assess the condition of the motor at the same time the efficiency is being measured. This report provides an overview of various methods for estimating the operating efficiency of a motor without actually removing it from service and testing it on a dynamometer; the report also provides a concept for including a motor condition diagnostic into the same tool. The efficiency estimation and motor diagnostic tool needed for the cost-benefit analysis must be easy to use, without disrupting the operating process and must provide a reasonable accuracy. The study reports on several efficiency estimation methods and compares them with actual dynamometer measurements of efficiency. It is found that reasonable estimates can be made without a high level of cost and disruption of the process. For example, if the motor can be disconnected from its load and operated at no load condition, and if a measurement of stator resistance may be taken, several of its losses can be reasonably approximated as in Method E of the Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard 112 using a segregated loss method. This method can then be used when the motor is operated at its normal load condition to evaluate the losses in the motor and estimate motor operating efficiency. This method has been found to provide a reasonable estimate (perhaps 3 percent accuracy) when compared with the dynamometer method in the laboratory. However, disconnecting the motor from the load does require a short interruption in the process. There are other less intrusive methods that use only measurements of input power and speed and then depend on empirical estimation factors. These methods have been found to have an accuracy of perhaps 4-5 percent when used at loads above 50 percent load, but have a much larger error at low-load conditions. Finally, there are new methods under development that provide a remarkably good estimation of efficiency with a minimal level of intrusion, but which, in their present implementation, require rather sophisticated data acquisition equipment and analysis software. One example of these is the air gap torque method where the voltage and current waveforms are acquired and analyzed to determine the power transferred across the air gap. If a lap top computer were equipped with the necessary software, voltage sensing leads, current transformers, etc., it would be possible to do two jobs at once - efficiency testing and motor condition analysis - with one set of measurements. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kueck, JD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0190-2172 BN 0-7803-4785-4 J9 IEEE PULP P PY 1998 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.1109/PAPCON.1998.685505 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL16X UT WOS:000074531400008 ER PT S AU Muljadi, E Butterfield, CP Wan, YH AF Muljadi, E Butterfield, CP Wan, YH GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Axial flux, modular, permanent-magnet generator with a toroidal winding for wind turbine applications SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Industry Applications Conference CY OCT 12-16, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc AB Permanent-magnet generators have been used for wind turbines for many years. Many small wind turbine manufacturers use direct-drive permanent-magnet generators. For wind turbine generators, the design philosophy must cover the following characteristics: low cost, light weight, low speed, high torque, and variable speed generation. The generator is easy to manufacture and the design can be scaled up for a larger size without major retooling. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Muljadi, E (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 0-7803-4943-1 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 1998 BP 174 EP 178 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BL97W UT WOS:000077337200023 ER PT S AU Tolbert, LM Habetler, TG AF Tolbert, LM Habetler, TG GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Novel multilevel inverter carrier-based PWM methods SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Industry Applications Conference CY OCT 12-16, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc AB The advent of the transformerless multilevel inverter topology has brought forth various pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes as a means to control the switching of the active devices in each of the multiple voltage levels in the inverter. An analysis of how existing multilevel carrier-based PWM affect switch utilization for the different levels of a diode-clamped inverter is conducted. Two novel carrier-based multilevel PWM schemes are presented which help to optimize or balance the switch utilization in multilevel inverters. A 10 kW prototype six-level diode-clamped inverter has been built and controlled with the novel PWM strategies proposed in this paper to act as a voltage source inverter. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Tolbert, LM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2009,Bldg 9102-1, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 0-7803-4943-1 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 1998 BP 1424 EP 1431 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BL97W UT WOS:000077337200196 ER PT B AU Gold, SL Eichner, JP Koontz, RF Krasnykh, A AF Gold, SL Eichner, JP Koontz, RF Krasnykh, A GP IEEE IEEE TI Developments in the NLC modulator R&D program at SLAC SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The NLC (Next Linear Collider) development effort continues to move forward from its initial Zero Design Report (ZDR)[1]. A major component of the NLC is the High Power RF Source, which is designed around the technology of the klystron. The NLC is conceptualized around 75 MW, PPM (periodic permanent magnet) focussed, klystrons and will use approximately 3300 klystrons in each of the two main Linacs. Simple analysis has shown that operating two klystrons per modulator has both economic and configuration advantages. The physical design of the modulators is an integral part of the design of the tunnels, etc. Klystron spacing is dictated by the pulse compression regime. This paper will present the to-date results of the investigation efforts in energy storage, pulse transformers and efficiency. Future plans, including new technologies to pursue will be discussed. SLAG is also continuously looking for new and novel approaches to either the modulator components or the overall modulator approach. SLAG and the DOE are attempting to use the SBIR program to help with industry development of the needed components and new ideas. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Gold, SL (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, POB 4349,Ms 33, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741176 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700001 ER PT B AU Goforth, JH Task, DG Oona, H Lopez, EA AF Goforth, JH Task, DG Oona, H Lopez, EA GP IEEE IEEE TI Magnetic flux compression generators (MCGs) SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 5 EP 5 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741177 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700002 ER PT B AU Kirbie, H Hickman, B Lee, B Ollis, C Brooksby, C Saethre, R AF Kirbie, H Hickman, B Lee, B Ollis, C Brooksby, C Saethre, R GP IEEE IEEE TI An all solid state pulse power source for high PRF induction accelerators SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are developing a flexible, all solid-state pulsed power source that will enable an induction accelerator to produce mulitkiloampere electron beams at a maximum pulse repetition frequency (prf) of 2 MHz. The prototype source consists of three, 15-kV, 4.8-kA solid-state modulators stacked in an induction adder configuration. Each modulator contains over 1300 field-effect transistors (FETs) that quickly connect and disconnect four banks of energy storage capacitors to a magnetic induction core. The FETs are commanded on and off by an optical signal that determines the duration of the accelerating pulse. Further electronic circuitry is provided that resets the magnetic cores in each modulator immediately after the accelerating pulse. The system produces bursts of five or more pulses with an adjustable pulse width that ranges from 200 ns to 2 mu s. The pulse duty factor within a burst can be as high as 25% while still allowing time for the induction core to reset. The solid-state modulator described above is called ARM-II and is named for the Advanced Radiographic Machine (ARM)-a powerful radiographic accelerator that will be the principal diagnostic device for the future Advanced Hydrotest Facility (AHF). C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kirbie, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-645, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 6 EP 11 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741178 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700003 ER PT B AU Rochau, GE Hands, JA Raglin, PS Ramirez, JJ Goldstein, SA Cereghino, SJ MacLeod, G AF Rochau, GE Hands, JA Raglin, PS Ramirez, JJ Goldstein, SA Cereghino, SJ MacLeod, G GP IEEE IEEE TI Preconceptual design requirements for the X-1 advanced radiation source SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The X-1 Advanced Radiation Source represents the next step in providing the U.S. Department of Energy's Stockpile Stewardship Program with the high-energy, large volume, laboratory x-ray source for the Radiation Effects Science and Simulation, Inertial Confinement Fusion, and Weapon Physics Programs. Advances in fast pulsed power technology and in z-pinch hohlraums on Sandia National Laboratories' Z Accelerator provide sufficient basis for pursuing the development of X-l. The X-l plan follows a strategy based on scaling the 2 MJ x-ray output on Z via a S-fold increase in z-pinch load current. The large volume (>5 cm(3)), high temperature (>150 eV), temporally long (>10 ns) hohlraums are unique outside of underground nuclear weapon testing. Analytical scaling arguments and hydrodynamic simulations indicate that these hohlraums at temperatures of 230-300 eV will ignite thermonuclear fuel and drive the reaction to a yield of 200 to 1,000 MJ in the laboratory. X-l will provide the high-fidelity experimental capability to certify the survivability and performance of non-nuclear weapon components in hostile radiation environments. Non-ignition sources will provide cold x-ray environments (<15 keV), and high yield fusion burn sources will provide high fidelity warm x-ray environments(15 keV-80 keV). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Rochau, GE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1178, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 34 EP 37 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741186 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700011 ER PT B AU Tallerico, PJ Reass, WA AF Tallerico, PJ Reass, WA GP IEEE IEEE TI Modulator considerations for the SNS RF system SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an intense neutron source for neutron scattering experiments. The project is in the research stage, with construction funding beginning next year. The SNS is comprised of an ion source, a 1000 MeV, H- linear accelerator, an accumulator ring, a neutron producing target, and experimental area to utilize the scattering of the neutrons. The linear accelerator is RF driven, and the peak beam current is 27 mA and the beam duty factor is 5.84%. The peak RF power required is 104 MW, and the H- beam pulse length is 0.97 ms at a 60 Hz repetition rate. The RF pulses must be about 0.1 ms longer than the beam pulses, due to the Q of the accelerating cavities, and the time required to establish control of the cavity fields. The modulators for the klystrons in this accelerator are discussed in this paper. The SNS is designed to be expandable, so the beam power can be doubled or even quadrupled in the future. One of the double-power options is to double the beam pulse length and duty factor. We are specifying the klystrons to operate in this twice-duty-factor mode, and the modulator also should be expandable to 2 ms pulses at 60 Hz. Due to the long pulse length and low RF frequency of 805 MHz, the klystron power is specified at 2.5 MW peak, and the RF system will have 56 klystrons at 805 MHz, and three 1.25 MW peak power klystrons at 402.5 MHz for the low energy portion of the accelerator. The low frequency modulators are conventional floating-deck modulation anode control systems. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Tallerico, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 62 EP 65 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741192 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700017 ER PT B AU Ficklin, DB AF Ficklin, DB GP IEEE IEEE TI An updated history of the thyratron lifetimes at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) has been in almost continuous operation since the middle 1960s, providing a remarkable opportunity to amass high power thyratron lifetime and reliability data. This paper continues the review of the history of the Linac thyratron usage, with the primary focus during the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) era, specifically, the last four years of accelerator operation. The 24 hour a day, extended operation of the 243 modulator Linac, provides a significant amount of data. Nominal SLC operational parameters for the Linac thyratrons are: 46kV anode voltage (Epy), 6.3kA peak current, 5.4 us esp, with a repetition rate of 120 pps. The Linac does support other on-going experiments, usually at a lower repetition rate. Within these constraints of operation: this paper explores the historical thyratron lifetimes and some of the common failure modes found at SLAG. With this information, an estimate can be made as to how long these thyratrons can be expected to operate in the Linac before failure. This information is also being used to validate reliability modeling for the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The goal is to support high power thyratron development for the NLC, to have a commercially available product, that will operate with a 50,000 hour Mean Time Before Failure. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Ficklin, DB (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 70 EP 73 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741194 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700019 ER PT B AU Donaldson, AR AF Donaldson, AR GP IEEE IEEE TI SLAC modulator system improvements and reliability results SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB In 1995, an improvement project was completed on the 244 klystron modulators in the linear accelerator The modulator system has been previously described [1]. This article offers project details and their resulting effect on modulator and component reliability. Prior to the project, we had collected four operating cycles (1991 through 1995) of MTTF data [2]. In this discussion, the '91 data will be excluded since the modulators operated at 60 Hz. The five periods following the '91 run were reviewed due to the common repetition rate at 120 Hz. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Donaldson, AR (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 74 EP 79 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741195 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700020 ER PT B AU Goerz, DA Wilson, MJ AF Goerz, DA Wilson, MJ GP IEEE IEEE TI Improving ion beam injector performance by augmenting capacitance of vacuum diode SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The recirculating induction accelerator is a new class of particle accelerator being developed at LLNL as a reduced-cost driver for heavy-ion beam driven inertial fusion energy. Ongoing research and development of advanced beam control technologies for the recirculator system requires a very stable and reproducible ion beam source. The injector pulse modulator must be capable of producing very precise high-voltage pulses in order to reduce the current modulation instability and achieve the required beam reproducibility. Computer modeled simulations of beam dynamics have established that errors greater than 0.1 percent in the flatness of the 120 kV injector pulse can create intolerable energy deviations. The pulse modulator that was developed to satisfy the stringent requirements is described in the accompanying paper by Wilson [1]. A crucial aspect of the overall solution is a modification made to the vacuum diode apparatus, whereby high-voltage capacitors were added in close proximity to the thermionic potassium-ion emitter. This paper discusses the rationale for augmenting the normally small capacitance of the injector diode, and presents design information, including an illustrated layout, electrostatic field modeling results, and data on ceramic capacitors operating at elevated levels. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Goerz, DA (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 84 EP 87 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741197 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700022 ER PT B AU Wilson, MJ Goerz, DA Speer, RD AF Wilson, MJ Goerz, DA Speer, RD GP IEEE IEEE TI An elegant impulser developed for flat beam injection SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The following report describes the design, construction, and checkout of a high-voltage (HV) impulser built for the heavy ion fusion (HIF) project [1]. The purpose of this impulser is to provide an adjustable diode voltage source of sufficient quality and level to allow the optimization of beam transport and accelerator sections of HIF [2, 3]. An elegant, low-impedance, high-energy storage capacitor circuit has been selected for this application. Circuit parameters of the retrofit to the diode region [4] have been included to provide the controlled rise time. The critical part of this circuit that is common to all candidates is the impedance matching component. The following report provides a description of the implemented circuit, the basic circuit variables for wave shaping, screening techniques revealing the weakest circuit component, and the resulting output of the injector. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Wilson, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 88 EP 91 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741198 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700023 ER PT B AU Cours, A Pile, G AF Cours, A Pile, G GP IEEE IEEE TI Improvements of the APS storage ring klystron power supplies SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 100 EP 100 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741201 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700026 ER PT B AU Loubriel, GM Zutavern, FJ Mar, A Baca, AG Hjalmarson, HP O'Malley, MW Denison, GJ Helgeson, WD Brown, DJ Thornton, RL Donaldson, RM AF Loubriel, GM Zutavern, FJ Mar, A Baca, AG Hjalmarson, HP O'Malley, MW Denison, GJ Helgeson, WD Brown, DJ Thornton, RL Donaldson, RM GP IEEE IEEE TI High gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches: Switch longevity SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB Optically activated, high gain GaAs switches are being tested for many different pulsed power applications that require long lifetime (longevity). The switches have p and n contact metallization (with intentional or unintentional dopants) configured in such a way as to produce p-i-n or n-i-n switches. The longevity of the switches is determined by circuit parameters and by the ability of the contacts to resist erosion. This paper will describe how the switches performed in test-beds designed to measure switch longevity. The best longevity was achieved with switches made with diffused contacts, achieving over 50 million pulses at 10 A and over 2 million pulses at 80 A. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, High Power Electromagnet Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Loubriel, GM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, High Power Electromagnet Dept, MS 1153, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 101 EP 104 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741202 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700027 ER PT B AU Reass, W Munson, C Malaczynski, G Mantese, J True, R Deb, D Hansen, R AF Reass, W Munson, C Malaczynski, G Mantese, J True, R Deb, D Hansen, R GP IEEE IEEE TI Design of a 100 KV, 200 ampere, 2 kilohertz, single "Hobetron" tube modulator for industrial Plasma Source Ion Implantation applications SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB This paper presents an advanced Plasma Source ion Implantation (PSII) modulator system which takes advantage of a novel high power electron beam switch tube called the "Hobetron" (derived from hollow electron beam). We will describe this tube and outline features which render it so well-suited for use in PSII modulators. The Hobetron has been developed from similar beam switch tubes of proven reliability, and when coupled with an evolutionary modulator design, should provide a system of long life and reliable operation. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Reass, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 194 EP 197 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741225 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700050 ER PT B AU Rose, CR Warren, DS AF Rose, CR Warren, DS GP IEEE IEEE TI Performance and test results of a regulated magnetron pulser SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB This paper describes the test results and performance of a 5.0-kV, 500-mA, regulated current pulser used to drive an Hitachi model 2M130 2,425-MHz magnetron. The magnetron is used to modulate the plasma in a particle accelerator injector. In this application, precise and stable rf power is crucial to extract a stable and accurate particle beam. A 10-kV high-voltage triode vacuum tube with active feedback is used to control the magnetron current and output rf power. The pulse width may be varied from as little as ten microseconds to continuous duty by varying the width of a supplied gate pulse. The output current level can be programmed between 10 and 500 mA. Current regulation and accuracy are better than 1%. The paper will discuss the overall performance of the pulser and magnetron including anode current and rf power waveforms, linearity compliance, and vacuum tube performance. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rose, CR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,M-S H805, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 206 EP 208 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741228 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700053 ER PT B AU Rose, CR AF Rose, CR GP IEEE IEEE TI A regulated magnetron pulser SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB This paper describes the design and analysis of a 5.0-kV, 500-mA, regulated current pulser configured to drive an Hitachi model 2M130 2,425-MHz magnetron used to modulate the plasma in a particle accelerator injector. In this application, precise and stable rf power is crucial to extract a stable and accurate particle beam. A 10-kV high-voltage triode vacuum tube with active feedback is used to control the magnetron current and output rf power. The pulse width may be varied from as little as five microseconds to continuous duty by varying the width of a supplied gate pulse. The output current level can be programmed between 10 and 500 mA. Current regulation and accuracy are better than 1%. Design of the pulser including circuit simulations, power calculations, and high-voltage issues are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rose, CR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,M-S H805, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 209 EP 212 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741229 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700054 ER PT B AU Pappas, C Cassel, R de Lamare, J Nguyen, M Tarter, R AF Pappas, C Cassel, R de Lamare, J Nguyen, M Tarter, R GP IEEE IEEE TI The capacitor charging power supply for the Next-Generation Linear Collider SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB The klystrons for the Next-Generation Linear Collider (NLC) are designed to operate at 500 kV, and have a microperveance of 0.75 x 10(-6) A/V-3/2, Or 265 A of beam current. Two klystrons are planned to be driven in parallel by one pulse modulator with a 1:14 step up transformer. The impedance of the pulse forming network (PFN) for the modulator is therefore 4.8 Omega, while the charge voltage is 71.5 kV. The pulse width is 1.5 mu S, SO the total capacitance to be charged is 0.156 mu F. The maximum repetition frequency is 180 Hz. The power supply required to charge the PFN is thus an 80 kV, 100 kW capacitor charging power supply. Because of the large number of klystrons used in the ILC, up to approximately 10,000, there are several additional requirements which the capacitor charging supply must meet. The most important of these requirements is efficiency, which must be approximately 95 % or better. Next is cost, followed by reliability (greater than 50,000 hour MTBF), maintainability, ease of connect, disconnect and transport. Several circuit topologies designed to meet the charger requirements have been studied. Detailed analysis has been performed on a flyback converter, a series resonant converter, and a command resonant converter. Advantages and disadvantages of each will be discussed. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Pappas, C (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 241 EP 244 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741237 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700062 ER PT B AU Guidotti, RA Scharrer, GL Binasiewicz, E Reinhardt, FW AF Guidotti, RA Scharrer, GL Binasiewicz, E Reinhardt, FW GP IEEE IEEE TI Feasibility of a 8kW/kg, 5 minute thermal battery SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 TWENTY-THIRD INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium CY JUN 22-25, 1998 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CA SP Advisory Grp Electron Devices, Army Res Lab, Army Res Off, Air Force Wright Lab, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ SO CA, Electron Devices Soc IEEE AB A design for a 180kW, 5-minute thermal battery was developed. Exploratory work was completed and a 45kW module was constructed and tested. The module delivered 43kW of power at 60s and 37kW at 300s. The specific power was 8.97 kW/kg for the first pulse and 7.7 kW/kg for the last pulse. The module weight was 4.792 kg. The test load used limited the power output. This module test proved the feasibility of using a thermal battery to meet an 8 kW/kg requirement for a 180 kW, 5 minute power supply. The module was 12 inches tall and 4 inches in diameter. Four modules would be used in series to meet the 180 kW requirement. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Guidotti, RA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4244-5 PY 1998 BP 267 EP 270 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.1998.741243 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM25Z UT WOS:000078189700068 ER PT S AU Schmidt, DM George, JS Wood, CC AF Schmidt, DM George, JS Wood, CC BE Matthews, MB TI Bayesian inference applied to the neural electromagnetic inverse problem SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE THIRTY-SECOND ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY NOV 01-04, 1998 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Naval Postgrad Sch, Monterey, San Jose State Univ, San Jose, Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, IEEE Signal Proc Soc ID HUMAN BRAIN; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MEG AB The problem of estimating the current distribution in the brain from surface EEG or MEG measurements (the so-called neural electromagnetic inverse problem) is mathematically ill-posed; it has no unique solution in the most general, unconstrained case. We have developed a new probabilistic approach to the electromagnetic inverse problem, based on Bayesian inference. Unlike almost all other approaches to this problem, (including other recent applications of Bayesian methods), our approach does not result in a single "best" solution to the problem. Rather we estimate a probability distribution of solutions upon which all subsequent inferences are based. This distribution tabulates the multiple solutions that can account for any set of surface EEG/MEG measurements. Furthermore, features of these solutions that are highly probable can be identified and quantified We applied this method to MEG data from a visual evoked response experiment in order to demonstrate the ability of the method to detect known features of human visual cortex organization. We also examined the changing pattern of cortical activation as a function of time. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Bioengn Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Schmidt, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Bioengn Grp, MS-D454, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 0-7803-5149-5 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 1998 BP 299 EP 303 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BM43X UT WOS:000078743600055 ER PT S AU Roberts, RS Aimonetti, WD Bixler, JV AF Roberts, RS Aimonetti, WD Bixler, JV BE Matthews, MB TI Material characterization using a hyperspectral infrared imaging spectrometer SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE THIRTY-SECOND ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY NOV 01-04, 1998 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Naval Postgrad Sch, Monterey, San Jose State Univ, San Jose, Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Fourier transform spectroscopy has found application ill many areas including chemometrics, biomedical and biochemical studies, and atmospheric chemistry. This paper describes an investigation into the application of the LLNL Hyperspectral Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS) to the non-destructive evaluation of man-made and natural materials. We begin by describing the HIRIS system and the objects studied In the investigation. Next, we describe the technique used to collect the hyperspectral imagery, and discuss the processing required to transform the data into usable form. We then describe a technique to analyze the data, and provide some preliminary results. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Roberts, RS (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 0-7803-5149-5 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 1998 BP 1273 EP 1277 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BM43X UT WOS:000078743600240 ER PT S AU Ives, RW Magotra, N Kiser, C AF Ives, RW Magotra, N Kiser, C BE Matthews, MB TI Wavelet compression of complex SAR imagery using complex- and real-valued wavelets: A comparative study SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE THIRTY-SECOND ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY NOV 01-04, 1998 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Naval Postgrad Sch, Monterey, San Jose State Univ, San Jose, Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB While many synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications use only detected imagery, dramatic improvements in resolution and employment of algorithms requiring complex-valued SAR imagery suggest the need for compression of complex data. Here, we investigate the benefits of using complex-valued wavelets on complex SAR imagery in the embedded zerotree wavelet compression algorithm, compared to using real-valued wavelets applied separately to the real and imaginary components. This compression is applied at low ratios (4:1-12:1) for high fidelity output. The complex spatial correlation metric is used to numerically evaluate quality. Numerical results are tabulated and original and decompressed imagery are presented as well as correlation maps to allow visual comparisions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Ives, RW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 0-7803-5149-5 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 1998 BP 1294 EP 1298 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BM43X UT WOS:000078743600244 ER PT J AU Marnay, C Pickle, SJ AF Marnay, C Pickle, SJ TI Power supply expansion and the nuclear option in Poland SO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 71st Annual Conference of the Western-Economic-Association-International CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP W Econ Assoc Int AB This paper describes the construction of a data set of the Polish power sector for use with the Elfin capacity expansion planning model. Using Elfin, the paper derives four scenarios and some sensitivities for new generating capacity construction plans. These scenarios simulate choices among several generic generating technologies made to achieve the lowest overall net present cost of operating the power system through 2015. Key results include: (i) single-cycle natural gas-fired combustion turbines prove highly attractive for Poland because of its urgent need for peaking capacity, (ii) nuclear power cannot be excluded from consideration for Poland on economic grounds alone, (iii) the effectiveness of conservation to reduce airborne emissions is limited under scenarios in which nuclear generation is adopted, and (iv) the attractiveness of nuclear is shown to be highly sensitive to assumptions on some uncertain inputs, suggesting the need for a more detailed analysis before policy implications can be drawn. C1 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Marnay, C (reprint author), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WESTERN ECONOMIC ASSOC INT PI HUNTINGTON BEACH PA 7400 CENTER AVE SUITE 109, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647-3039 USA SN 1074-3529 J9 CONTEMP ECON POLICY JI Contemp. Econ. Policy PD JAN PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 109 EP 121 PG 13 WC Economics; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA YQ099 UT WOS:000071348400012 ER PT J AU Fearn, H Arroyo, AM AF Fearn, H Arroyo, AM TI Seeing clearly through the atmosphere SO CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LASER-GUIDE-STAR; SPECKLE-MASKING; ADAPTIVE OPTICS; SODIUM-LAYER; SYNTHETIC BEACON; COMPENSATION; TELESCOPES; EXCITATION; DESIGN; IMAGES AB Ground-based telescopes, operating in the visible or near-infrared, all suffer from a limiting resolution due to the thin layer of atmosphere between the Earth's surface and the vacuum of space. The atmosphere is made up of a variety of elements, roughly 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and less than 1% of argon and carbon dioxide found near the Earth's surface. The minor constituents are ozone, atomic oxygen, water vapour, sodium vapour, nitric oxide and trace elements. The atmosphere, or at least the most significant part which affects astronomical observations, is roughly 100 km thick. The atmosphere is constantly on the move and exhibits local random changes in density and hence refractive index. The effects of the atmosphere are that stars appear to twinkle, images are blurred and fuzzy (appearing to fluctuate in intensity) and closely spaced objects cannot be discerned. Here we discuss modern techniques (called adaptive optics) for eliminating almost all the degrading effects of the atmosphere. The images from a ground-based telescope using adaptive optics are of almost the same quality as would be achieved if the same telescope were outside the Earth's atmosphere. C1 Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Phys, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Div T4, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Fearn, H (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Phys, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. NR 57 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0010-7514 J9 CONTEMP PHYS JI Contemp. Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 49 EP 66 DI 10.1080/001075198182134 PG 18 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA ZH039 UT WOS:000073066000003 ER PT J AU Rognlien, TD Ryutov, DD AF Rognlien, TD Ryutov, DD TI Analysis of classical transport equations for the tokamak edge plasma SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL EXETER COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Commiss European Union, JET Joint Undertaking, Abingdon, UK, DOE, Washington DC, US, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany HO EXETER COLL ID FIELD C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rognlien, TD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 5 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 152 EP 157 DI 10.1002/ctpp.2150380123 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA YY452 UT WOS:000072148000023 ER PT J AU Xu, XQ Cohen, RH AF Xu, XQ Cohen, RH TI Scrape-off layer turbulence theory and simulations SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL EXETER COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Commiss European Union, JET Joint Undertaking, Abingdon, UK, DOE, Washington DC, US, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany HO EXETER COLL ID EDGE TURBULENCE; PLASMA; FLUCTUATIONS; INSTABILITY; TRANSITION; ASDEX AB Significant investigations in the area of scrape-off layer (SOL) turbulence theory and simulations are reviewed. The paper begins with description and derivation of the various models investigating specific linear modes as well as a discussion of the regions of validity. Special attention is given to various low-frequency electromagnetic drift-types modes in an x-point divertor geometry, which are generally believed to be relevant under normal operating conditions for current and future large fusion devices. The anomalous transport from simulations and from mixing length estimates are discussed and compared with results infered from experiments. Studies of mechanisms for the L-H transition due to turbulent transport in the SOL, and its impact on the II-mode power threshold, are also surveyed. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Xu, XQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 43 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 158 EP 170 DI 10.1002/ctpp.2150380124 PG 13 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA YY452 UT WOS:000072148000024 ER PT J AU Evans, TE Finkenthal, DF Loh, YS Fenstermacher, ME Porter, GD West, WP AF Evans, TE Finkenthal, DF Loh, YS Fenstermacher, ME Porter, GD West, WP TI Comparisons of physical and chemical sputtering in high density divertor plasmas with the Monte Carlo Impurity (MCI) transport model SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL EXETER COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Commiss European Union, JET Joint Undertaking, Abingdon, UK, DOE, Washington DC, US, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany HO EXETER COLL ID SCRAPE-OFF LAYER; CODE AB The MCI transport model was used to compare chemical and physical sputtering for a DIII-D divertor plasma near detachment, With physical sputtering alone the integrated carbon influx was 8.4 x 10(19) neutrals/s while physical plus chemical sputtering produced an integrated carbon influx of 1.7 x 10(21) neutrals/s. The average carbon concentration in the computational volume increased from 0.012% with only physical sputtering to 0.182% with both chemical and physical sputtering. This increase in the carbon inventory produced mon radiated power which is in better agreement with experimental measurements. C1 Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA USA. Palomar Coll, San Marcos, CA USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Evans, TE (reprint author), Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 260 EP 265 DI 10.1002/ctpp.2150380139 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA YY452 UT WOS:000072148000039 ER PT J AU Karney, CFF Stotler, DP Braams, BJ AF Karney, CFF Stotler, DP Braams, BJ TI Modeling of neutral plasma in a divertor in the fluid-kinetic transition SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL EXETER COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Commiss European Union, JET Joint Undertaking, Abingdon, UK, DOE, Washington DC, US, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany HO EXETER COLL AB The neutrals in a tokamak divertor in the so-called "detached" mode of operation may be in a kinetic regime (long mean free path) in some regions and in a fluid regime (short mean free path) elsewhere. For example, a kinetic description is necessary in the thin ionization front, while the cold neutrals in front of the divertor plate are adequately described by fluid equations. The paper describes a way to model this by coupling existing Monte Carlo neutral transport and plasma fluid codes. This is explored with a simple analytical model. C1 Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NYU, New York, NY 10012 USA. RP Karney, CFF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RI Braams, Bastiaan/E-7687-2011; Karney, Charles/C-1371-2013; Stotler, Daren/J-9494-2015 OI Braams, Bastiaan/0000-0003-4086-9969; Karney, Charles/0000-0002-5006-5836; Stotler, Daren/0000-0001-5521-8718 NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 319 EP 324 DI 10.1002/ctpp.2150380148 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA YY452 UT WOS:000072148000047 ER PT J AU Rensink, ME Lodestro, L Porter, GD Rognlien, TD Coster, DP AF Rensink, ME Lodestro, L Porter, GD Rognlien, TD Coster, DP TI A comparison of neutral gas models for divertor plasmas SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL EXETER COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Commiss European Union, JET Joint Undertaking, Abingdon, UK, DOE, Washington DC, US, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany HO EXETER COLL ID SIMULATION C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Max Planck Inst Plasma Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Rensink, ME (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Coster, David/B-4311-2010 OI Coster, David/0000-0002-2470-9706 NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 325 EP 330 DI 10.1002/ctpp.2150380149 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA YY452 UT WOS:000072148000048 ER PT J AU Batishchev, O Knoll, D Rognlien, T Krasheninnikov, S Rensink, M Batishcheva, A AF Batishchev, O Knoll, D Rognlien, T Krasheninnikov, S Rensink, M Batishcheva, A TI Adaptive grid approaches and multilevel iterative methods for SOL transport codes SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices CY SEP 15-17, 1997 CL EXETER COLL, OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Commiss European Union, JET Joint Undertaking, Abingdon, UK, DOE, Washington DC, US, Max Planck Inst Plasmaphys, Garching, Germany HO EXETER COLL ID MODEL C1 MIT, PSFC, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Lodestar Res Co, Boulder, CO USA. MV Keldysh Appl Math Inst, Moscow 125047, Russia. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Batishchev, O (reprint author), MIT, PSFC, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 361 EP 366 DI 10.1002/ctpp.2150380155 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA YY452 UT WOS:000072148000054 ER PT S AU Popp, RA Shinpock, SG Popp, DM Clemons, GK Van Wyck, DB AF Popp, RA Shinpock, SG Popp, DM Clemons, GK Van Wyck, DB BE Cohen, AR TI Erythropoietin level and effect of rHuEPO in beta-thalassemic mice SO COOLEYS ANEMIA: SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Cooleys Anemia Symposium CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 1997 CL CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS SP New York Acad Sci, Cooleys Anemia Fdn, NIH, NHLBI, NIH, Natl Inst Diabet & Digest & Kidney Dis, Apotex Res Inc, NIH, NICHHD C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Oak Ridge Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Meharry Med Coll, Ctr Comprehens Sickle Cell, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Arizona, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. RP Popp, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL 37056, HL 43375, P60 HL 38737] NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-121-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1998 VL 850 BP 455 EP 458 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10519.x PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity; Hematology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Transplantation SC Genetics & Heredity; Hematology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Transplantation GA BL26J UT WOS:000074933900064 PM 9668582 ER PT J AU Buchheit, RG Cunningham, M Jensen, H Kendig, MW Martinez, MA AF Buchheit, RG Cunningham, M Jensen, H Kendig, MW Martinez, MA TI A correlation between salt spray and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results for conversion-coated aluminum alloys SO CORROSION LA English DT Article DE accelerated testing; aluminum alloys; conversion coatings; corrosion resistance; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; salt spray testing; test methods AB The corrosion resistance of 33 inorganic conversion coatings applied to five aluminum alloys was tested by salt spray exposure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Results were evaluated to determine if a relationship existed. Individual salt spray test panels, with an area of 30 in(2) (194 cm(2)), were inspected visually at regular intervals up to 168 h of exposure. At each inspection interval, panels were assigned a pass rank if < 5 pits were observed, or a fail rank if > 5 pits were observed, EIS data were analyzed using a simple equivalent circuit which yielded a coating resistance (R-c), which was used as a figure of merit to assess coating performance. Examination of the data showed both tests could be sensitive discriminators of corrosion protection, but that EIS was more discriminating in the extremes of coating performance, Analysis showed the probability of achieving a passing salt spray result increased as R-c increased. In the regimes where both tests were sensitive, regression analysis showed a linear relationship existed for each alloy substrate between the log of R-c and the probability of a coating meeting the pass/fail criterion in salt spray. Based upon these relationships, threshold R-c values were proposed to define the minimum value for which a given coating can be expected to attain a passing result in a 168-h salt spray test. These values were 2 x 10(6) Ohm-cm(2) to 5 x 10(6) Ohm-cm(2) for Al 356 (UNS A13560), Al 2024-T3 (UNS A92024), and Al 6061-T6 (UNS A96061); 1.5 x 10(7) Ohm-cm(2) for Al 7075-T6 (UNS A97075): and 2.3 x 10(6) Ohm-cm(2) for Al 3003 (UNS A93003). C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Rockwell Int Sci Ctr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Buchheit, RG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 477 Watts Hall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 17 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 15 PU NATL ASSN CORROSION ENG PI HOUSTON PA 1440 SOUTH CREEK DRIVE, HOUSTON, TX 77084-4906 USA SN 0010-9312 J9 CORROSION JI Corrosion PD JAN PY 1998 VL 54 IS 1 BP 61 EP 72 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YR635 UT WOS:000071515000007 ER PT B AU Natesan, K AF Natesan, K BE Khanna, AS Totlani, MK Singh, SK TI Corrosion performance of materials in coal-fired power plants SO CORROSION AND ITS CONTROLS, VOLS I AND II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Corrosion (CORCON 97) CY DEC 03-06, 1997 CL NEHRU CTR, MUMBAI, INDIA SP NACE Int India Sect, IIM, Mumbai Chapter, SAEST, MFAI HO NEHRU CTR AB Several technologies are being developed to convert coal into clean fuels for use in power generation. From the standpoint of component materials in these technologies, the environments created by coal conversion and their interactions with materials are of interest. Coal is a complex and relatively dirty fuel that contains varying amounts of sulfur and a substantial fraction of non combustible mineral constituents, commonly called ash. Corrosion of metallic and ceramic structural materials is a potential problem at elevated temperatures in the presence of complex gas environments and coal-derived solid/liquid deposits. This paper discusses the coal-fired systems currently under development, identifies several modes of corrosion degradation that occur in many of these systems, and suggests possible mechanisms of metal wastage. Available data on the performance of materials in some of the environments are highlighted and research needs to improve the corrosion resistance of various materials are presented. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Natesan, K (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-444-82916-4 PY 1998 BP 24 EP 35 PG 12 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BL03F UT WOS:000074086500003 ER PT B AU Frieman, J AF Frieman, J BE Roszkowski, L TI Probing inflation with large-scale structure SO COSMO-97: FIRST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON PARTICLE PHYSICS AND THE EARLY UNIVERSE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe (COSMO-97) CY SEP 15-19, 1997 CL AMBLESIDE, ENGLAND AB In recent years, the framework for a theory of large-scale structure formation has emerged: primordial, quasi-scale-invariant perturbations from inflation, which subsequently grow by gravitational instability in a universe with a substantial component of cold dark matter. In the near future, new galaxy surveys and cosmic microwave background experiments will provide precise complementary probes of this paradigm and ultimately provide clues to the dynamics of inflation itself. This talk highlights recent progress and expected future developments in observationally testing the inflationary scenario for structure formation. C1 NASA, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Frieman, J (reprint author), NASA, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3527-5 PY 1998 BP 279 EP 290 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BM22G UT WOS:000078052500033 ER PT B AU Kolb, EW AF Kolb, EW BE Roszkowski, L TI Who is the inflation? SO COSMO-97: FIRST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON PARTICLE PHYSICS AND THE EARLY UNIVERSE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe (COSMO-97) CY SEP 15-19, 1997 CL AMBLESIDE, ENGLAND AB Inflation is now established as part of our picture of the very early universe. There are many particle physics models of inflation; some based on superstrings, some based on supersymmetry, and some seemingly based on superstition. But which model, if any, is correct? In this talk I will discuss how we might be able to learn something about the particle physics foundation of inflation from present observations of the angular power spectrum of cosmic background radiation temperature fluctuations and the power spectrum of fluctuations in the distribution of matter. C1 NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kolb, EW (reprint author), NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3527-5 PY 1998 BP 291 EP 298 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BM22G UT WOS:000078052500034 ER PT B AU Kinney, WH AF Kinney, WH BE Roszkowski, L TI Using the Cosmic Microwave Background to discriminate among inflation models SO COSMO-97: FIRST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON PARTICLE PHYSICS AND THE EARLY UNIVERSE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe (COSMO-97) CY SEP 15-19, 1997 CL AMBLESIDE, ENGLAND AB The upcoming satellite missions MAP and Planck will measure the spectrum of fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background with unprecedented accuracy. I discuss the prospect of using these observations to distinguish among proposed models of inflationary cosmology. (FERMILAB-CONF-97/429-A). C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Kinney, WH (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-3527-5 PY 1998 BP 386 EP 388 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BM22G UT WOS:000078052500049 ER PT S AU Erdemir, A AF Erdemir, A BE Ronkainen, H Holmberg, K TI Tribology of hard carbon films under extreme sliding conditions SO COST 516 TRIBOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SE VTT SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT COST 516 Tribology Symposium CY MAY 14-15, 1998 CL ESPOO, FINLAND AB Carbon-based films (such as diamond and diamondlike carbon) offer high hardness, strength, chemical inertness and very attractive friction and wear properties that make them good prospects for a wide range of tribological applications. Some of the current and future applications for these films include metal-forming and- cutting tools, high-precision bearings, microelectromechanical systems, biomedical implants, mechanical seals, etc. This presentation focuses on the structural and tribological properties of hard carbon films (i.e., nanocrystalline diamond, hydrogenated and hydrogen-free diamondlike carbon) developed at Argonne National Laboratory. Specifically, it addresses the fundamental tribological issues posed by these films during sliding contacts in ambient air and some inert gases. It will be shown that during sliding, most carbon-based films can undergo phase transformation and the transformation products trapped at sliding interfaces dominate the friction and wear performance. Source gas composition used during deposition may also play major roles in film performance and durability. Using structural and fundamental tribological knowledge, the talk will describe deposition conditions leading to the formation of an ideal film affording ultralow friction and wear in sliding tribological applications. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Erdemir, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE FINLAND PI ESPOO PA INFORMATION SERVICE, PO BOX 2000, FIN-02044 VT ESPOO, FINLAND SN 0357-9387 BN 951-38-4573-7 J9 VTT SYMP PY 1998 VL 180 BP 38 EP 56 PG 19 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BL29W UT WOS:000075030000002 ER PT S AU Wang, CZ Ho, KM AF Wang, CZ Ho, KM BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI Structural trends in amorphous carbon SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB Amorphous carbon (a-C) structures over a wide range of densities are generated by tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations using the recently developed environment-dependent carbon tight-binding potential. Our simulation results show that;he relative concentration of the sp(2) and sp(3) bondings in the a-C samples changes systematically with the density of the samples. The a-C networks obtained by quenching the low density liquids consist of mostly three-fold coordinated atoms while the diamond-like tetrahedral a-C can be generated by quenching the high density (about 3.0g/cm(3)) liquid carbon. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600001 ER PT S AU Schultz, PA Stechel, EB AF Schultz, PA Stechel, EB BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI Generating structural models of amorphous tetrahedral carbon: Basis set dependencies SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB We present the results of a systematic first-principles investigation of the requirements for developing realistic and reliable structural models for amorphous tetrahedral carbon (a-tC) and relate those structural models to the physical properties of this material. Within a linear combination of atomic orbitals formulation of density functional theory, we show that a large variational flexibility is required to accurately treat the highly defected and strained structures that can exist in a-tC. The average strain in the a-tC lattice is predicted to be roughly twice the strain of having all carbon atoms in three-member rings. A key figure of merit of a structural model, the proportion of three-fold bonded atoms, is shown to triple in going from a minimal basis description of a structure to a high quality basis. The basis-converged calculations agree well with experimental observables, such as the presence of four-member rings, lack of dangling bonds, and a significant gap. The simulations predict a much larger proportion of three-fold atoms than estimated in simple analyses of EELS and neutron scattering experiments. We show that the larger three-fold fraction is indeed consistent with the properties of a-tC, and imply that there are flaws in the simplifying assumptions that go into constructing experimental estimates of coordination numbers. These results highlight the perils of applying highly simplified theoretical models for a-tC before the correct physics has been identified and built into the models. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Schultz, PA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 11 EP 18 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600002 ER PT S AU Tallant, DR Friedmann, TA Missert, NA Siegal, MP Sullivan, JP AF Tallant, DR Friedmann, TA Missert, NA Siegal, MP Sullivan, JP BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI Raman spectroscopy of amorphous carbon SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB Amorphous carbon is an elemental form of carbon with low hydrogen content, which may be deposited in thin films by the impact of high energy carbon atoms or ions. It is structurally distinct from the more well-known elemental forms of carbon, diamond and graphite. It is distinct in physical and chemical properties from the material known as diamond-like carbon, a form which is also amorphous but which has a higher hydrogen content, typically near 40 atomic percent. Amorphous carbon also has distinctive Raman spectra, whose patterns depend, through resonance enhancement effects, not only on deposition conditions but also on the wavelength selected for Raman excitation. This paper provides an overview of the Raman spectroscopy of amorphous carbon and describes how Raman spectral patterns correlate to film deposition conditions, physical properties and molecular level structure. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Tallant, DR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 37 EP 48 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600005 ER PT S AU Sullivan, JP Friedmann, TA Dunn, RG Stechel, EB Schultz, PA Siegal, MP Missert, N AF Sullivan, JP Friedmann, TA Dunn, RG Stechel, EB Schultz, PA Siegal, MP Missert, N BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI The electronic transport mechanism in amorphous tetrahedrally-coordinated carbon films SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB The electronic transport mechanism in tetrahedrally-coordinated amorphous carbon was investigated using measurements of stress relaxation, thermal evolution of electrical conductivity, and temperature-dependent conductivity measurements. Stress relaxation measurements were used to determine the change in 3-fold coordinated carbon concentration, and the electrical conductivity was correlated to this change. it was found that the conductivity was exponentially proportional to the change in 3-fold concentration, indicating a tunneling or hopping transport mechanism. It was also found that the activation energy fur transport decreased with increasing anneal temperature. The decrease in activation energy was responsible for the observed increase in electrical conductivity. A model is described wherein the transport in this material is described by thermally activated conduction along 3-fold linkages or chains with variable range and variable orientation hopping. Thermal annealing leads to chain ripening and a reduction in the activation energy for transport. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Sullivan, JP (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 1421, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600013 ER PT S AU McCauley, TG Corrigan, TD Krauss, AR Auciello, O Zhou, D Gruen, DM Temple, D Chang, RPH English, S Nemanich, RJ AF McCauley, TG Corrigan, TD Krauss, AR Auciello, O Zhou, D Gruen, DM Temple, D Chang, RPH English, S Nemanich, RJ BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI Electron emission properties of Si field emitter arrays coated with nanocrystalline diamond from fullerene precursors SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB In this paper, we report on a substantial lowering of the threshold field for electron field emission from Si field emitter arrays (FEA), which have been coated with a thin layer of nanocrystalline diamond by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) from fullerene (C-60) and methane (CH4) precursors. The field emission characteristics were investigated and the emission sites imaged using photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). Electron emission from these Si FEAs coated with nanocrystalline diamond was observed at threshold fields as low as 3 V/mu m, with effective work functions as low as 0.59 eV. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP McCauley, TG (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 227 EP 232 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600032 ER PT S AU Besmann, TM Lee, WY Young, JP Xiao, H AF Besmann, TM Lee, WY Young, JP Xiao, H BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI Boron nitride coatings and materials for use in aggressive environments SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB Boron nitride coatings and structures have demonstrated significant resistance to many corrosive environments. These coatings may have application in the protection of sensors needed for measuring a variety of properties such as temperature and chemistry. In addition, boron nitride materials may offer advantages as structural materials in high temperature materials processing. In this study, BN is assessed for use in aluminum smelting. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Besmann, TM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 247 EP 252 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600035 ER PT J AU Hjeresen, DL AF Hjeresen, DL TI Green chemistry: Waste treatment, waste minimization, and clean manufacturing initiatives at Los Alamos National Laboratory SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT US-Baltic Workshop on Environmental Chemistry CY JUN, 1997 CL PALANGA, LITHUANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, US, Amer Chem Soc, US, Lithuanian Chem Soc C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Management Programs, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hjeresen, DL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Environm Management Programs, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8347 J9 CRIT REV ANAL CHEM JI Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1080/10408349891194216 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA ZX324 UT WOS:000074504100004 ER PT J AU McFarland, BL Boron, DJ Deever, W Meyer, JA Johnson, AR Atlas, RM AF McFarland, BL Boron, DJ Deever, W Meyer, JA Johnson, AR Atlas, RM TI Biocatalytic sulfur removal from fuels: Applicability for producing low sulfur gasoline SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biocatalyst; desulfurization; fuel; gasoline; sulfur ID ORGANIC-SOLVENT TOLERANCE; SP STRAIN IGTS8; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS M6; RHODOCOCCUS-RHODOCHROUS IGTS8; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; HEAVY PETROLEUM FRACTIONS; MICROBIAL DESULFURIZATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS; GENUS RHODOCOCCUS AB Environmental regulations are driving R&D efforts to produce low sulfur fuels, including diesel fuel and gasoline for motor vehicles. Biocatalytic sulfur removal from fuels has potential applicability for producing low sulfur gasoline. Microbial biocatalysts have been identified that can biotransform sulfur compounds found in fuels, including ones that selectively remove sulfur from dibenzothiophene heterocyclic compounds. Most attention is given to the 4S pathway of Rhodococcus, which can remove sulfur from substituted and unsubstituted dibenzothiophenes, including sulfur compounds that hinder chemical catalysis and that resist removal by mild hydrotreatment. Various bioreactor and bioprocess designs are being tested for use with biocatalysts, including recombinant biocatalysts, for use in removing sulfur from fuels and feedstocks within the petroleum refinery stream. With bioprocess improvements that enhance biocatalyst stability, achieve faster kinetics, improve mass transfer limitations, temperature and solvent tolerance, as well as broaden substrate specificity to attack a greater range of heterocyclic compounds, biocatalysis may be a cost-effective approach to achieve the production of low sulfur gasoline. The challenge will be to accomplish these improvements by the time the regulations for low sulfur gasoline and other vehicle fuels go into effect in order to be competitive with emerging nonbiological desulfurization technologies. C1 MicroBioTech Consulting, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US DOE, Washington, DC 20585 USA. JA Meyer Associates, Martinez, CA 94553 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Biol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP McFarland, BL (reprint author), MicroBioTech Consulting, 1143 Halifax Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM rmatla01@homer.louisville.edu NR 131 TC 79 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 19 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-841X J9 CRIT REV MICROBIOL JI Crit. Rev. Microbiol. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 99 EP 147 DI 10.1080/10408419891294208 PG 49 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZZ994 UT WOS:000074790100002 PM 9675512 ER PT J AU Eres, G AF Eres, G TI Application of supersonic molecular jets in semiconductor thin film growth SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLID STATE AND MATERIALS SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE thin film growth; supersonic molecular jets; supersonic molecular beams; elemental semiconductors; compound semiconductors ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY; NOZZLE BEAM EPITAXY; DISSOCIATIVE CHEMISORPTION; SILICON-CARBIDE; TERMINATED SI(001); ALUMINUM NITRIDE; SI(111) SURFACES; GAAS 100; GAN AB The flux and the incident kinetic energy are the most important deposition variables in thin film growth processes. By changing these variables, one can, in principle, alter the reaction pathways and the rate at which they occur and produce a different material than under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The significance of supersonic molecular jets stems from the fact that both, the flux and the incident kinetic energy of neutral growth species, can be varied independently. The number of studies that are exploring these advantages in a wide range of materials systems is growing rapidly. In this article the application of supersonic molecular jets in semiconductor thin film growth is reviewed. The effects of both the superthermal incident kinetic energy and the flux on the growth and properties of elemental and compound semiconductors are examined. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Eres, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Bldg 3150,MS 6056,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Eres, Gyula/C-4656-2017 OI Eres, Gyula/0000-0003-2690-5214 NR 113 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8436 J9 CRIT REV SOLID STATE JI Crit. Rev. Solid State Mat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 275 EP 322 DI 10.1080/10408439891324194 PG 48 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 154LC UT WOS:000077889800001 ER PT J AU Hong, J Lambers, ES Abernathy, CR Pearton, SJ Shul, RJ Hobson, WS AF Hong, J Lambers, ES Abernathy, CR Pearton, SJ Shul, RJ Hobson, WS TI Inductively coupled plasma and electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching of an InGaAlP compound semiconductor system SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLID STATE AND MATERIALS SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE plasma; InGaAlP compound; reactive ion etching; electron cyclotron resonance; inductively coupled plasma ID HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR-TRANSISTORS; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; HIGH-TEMPERATURE OPERATION; CONTINUOUS-WAVE OPERATION; VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; SINGLE-HETEROJUNCTION; GAAS BASE; INP; GROWTH; LASER AB Current and future generations of sophisticated compound semiconductor devices require the ability for submicron scale patterning. The situation is being complicated because some of the new devices are based on a wider diversity of materials to be etched. Conventional RIE (reactive ion etching) has been prevalent across the industry so far, but has limitations for materials with high bond strengths or multiple elements. In this article, we suggest high-density plasmas such as ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) and ICP (inductively coupled plasma), for the etching of ternary compound semiconductors (InGaP, AlInP, AlGaP) that are employed for electronic devices such as heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) or high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), and photonic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers. Operating at lower pressure, high-density plasma sources are expected to meet target goals determined in terms of etch rate, surface morphology, surface stoichiometry, selectivity, etc. The etching mechanisms that are described in this article can also be applied to other III-V (GaAs-based, InP-based) as well as III-Nitride, because the InGaAlP system shares many of the same properties. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Hong, J (reprint author), Samsung Elect Semicond R&D Ctr, San 24 Nongse Ri, Yongin City, Kyungki Do, South Korea. NR 51 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8436 J9 CRIT REV SOLID STATE JI Crit. Rev. Solid State Mat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 323 EP 396 DI 10.1080/10408439891324202 PG 74 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 154LC UT WOS:000077889800002 ER PT J AU Hess, JR Carman, JG AF Hess, JR Carman, JG TI Embryogenic competence of immature wheat embryos: Genotype, donor plant environment, and endogenous hormone levels SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; TISSUE-CULTURES; CYTOKININS AB The genotype and the environment in which donor plants grow influence embryogenic competence of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) embryos and levels of endogenous hormones in kernels. We studied relationships between embryogenic competence and hormone levels in kernels and calli of PCYT 10 (highly competent) and Yaqui 50 (nearly incompetent) wheat grown at 15 and 25 degrees C, Endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and six cytokinins were determined for kernels at 0, 4, 8, and 12 d past anthesis (DPA). Immature embryos were cultured at 12 DPA and hormone content of calli was determined at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d past culture initiation (DPI), Somatic embryos were counted at 28 DPI, Embryogenic competence was associated with low IAA and ABA levels in kernels from 0 to 12 DPA, high zeatin to IAA ratios in kernels at 4 DPA, and high cytokinin to auxin ratios in calli, Incompetence in Yaqui 50 may be due to low cytokinin to auxin ratios in kernels at 4 DPA and sharp increases in kernel IAA and/or ABA levels prior to embryo excision (12 DPA). Low temperatures during donor plant growth delayed the rise in IAA and ABA in Yaqui 50 kernels and significantly increased the embryogenic response from both Yaqui 50 and PCYT 10 embryos. It may be possible to increase competence of nearly nonembryogenic wheat lines by growing donor plants in cool conditions,,which appear to delay the accumulation of IAA and ABA in kernels. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Idaho Natl Engn Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Carman, JG (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 20 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 249 EP 253 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YV994 UT WOS:000071885100042 ER PT J AU Ferraris, M Radice, S Dosanjh, MK AF Ferraris, M Radice, S Dosanjh, MK TI Cryopreservation of isolated trout hepatocytes: viability and function in primary culture SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cryopreservation; cryopreserved hepatocytes; trout hepatocytes; primary cultures; cytochrome P-4501A1; benzo[a]pyrene ID METABOLIZING ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; PRIMARY MONOLAYER-CULTURES; LIVER PARENCHYMAL-CELLS; DEEP FREEZING STORAGE; RAT HEPATOCYTES; CYTOCHROME-P-450; FISH AB Isolated trout hepatocytes were frozen using a programmable freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen. Satisfactory viability were obtained in cryopreserved hepatocytes (CP) as judged by trypan blue exclusion (TB). The viability of primary cultures of CP hepatocytes, was compared with fresh cells using attachment efficiency (using TB), the rate of neutral red uptake (NRU), metabolism of the tetrazolium salt (MTT), and measurement of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase content (LDH). These results show that the activities of CP cells was lower than in fresh cultures, but remained constant over 72 hr of culture (similar to 70%). The CP cultures retain the aspects of liver-specific function as shown by the induction of cytochrome P-4501A1 (CYP1A1) by 3-methylcholantrene (3-MC) and Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) exposure. C1 Univ Milan, Dept Pharmacol Chemotherapy & Med Toxicol E Trabu, I-21029 Milan, Italy. Commiss European Communities, European Ctr Validat Alternat Methods, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ferraris, M (reprint author), Univ Milan, Dept Pharmacol Chemotherapy & Med Toxicol E Trabu, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-21029 Milan, Italy. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRYO LETTERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 7 WOOTTON WAY, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB3 9LX SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 55 EP 64 PG 10 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 108UA UT WOS:000075282800008 ER PT J AU Spellman, GP Jayakumar, R Reed, RP AF Spellman, GP Jayakumar, R Reed, RP TI Thermomechanical properties of ITER buffer zone candidate materials SO CRYOGENICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Cryogenics Materials Conference CY SEP 23-25, 1996 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP CERN, European Org Nucl Res DE elastic properties; fibre composites; insulation; strength; thermal properties AB Candidate materials for use in the ITER CS coil buffer zone have been evaluated for their thermomechanical performance. Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and Poisson ratio were measured at 295 and 4 K. The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined over the same range of temperature. Significant increases in through-thickness performance were demonstrated for a braided composite that had a small amount of Kevlar through-stitching, A relatively low-cost short fibre moulding compound had sufficient strength but excessive thermal expansion and low elastic moduli. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Cryogen Mat Inc, Boulder, CO USA. RP Spellman, GP (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0011-2275 J9 CRYOGENICS JI Cryogenics PD JAN PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 43 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0011-2275(97)00108-2 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA ZP201 UT WOS:000073727900008 ER PT B AU Fuerst, JD Theilacker, JC AF Fuerst, JD Theilacker, JC BE Guobang, C Steimle, FW Huang, ZX Yan, Q Zhang, L TI Status of the Tevatron cryosystem upgrade SO CRYOGENICS AND REFRIGERATION - PROCEEDINGS OF ICCR 98 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ICCR 98 Meeting CY APR 21-24, 1998 CL ZHEJIANG UNIV, HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Assoc Refrigerat, Int Inst Refrigerat, Zhejiang Jiecka Mech & Elect Equipment Co Ltd, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Natl Commiss Educ China HO ZHEJIANG UNIV AB Fermilab's Tevatron accelerates counter-rotating beams of protons and antiprotons to an energy of 900 GeV per beam for high energy physics research. An upgrade to the liquid helium cryogenic system is underway to increase the beam energy, and the physics potential, of this machine. An 11% energy increase is sought using cold vapor compression to reduce the magnet operating temperatures from 4.8 K down to about 4.0 K, within the capacity limits of the cryogenic system.This paper describes the status of the upgrade including cold compressor operating history, magnet performance at lower temperature, and hardware reliability issues. C1 Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Fuerst, JD (reprint author), Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, MS 347,POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI BEIJING PA 137 CHAONEI DAJIE, BEIJING 100010, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-80003-414-3 PY 1998 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BL24C UT WOS:000074797900002 ER PT S AU Knapp, GS Kurtz, CA Beno, MA Engbretson, M Jennings, G AF Knapp, GS Kurtz, CA Beno, MA Engbretson, M Jennings, G BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI Second crystal cooling on cryogenically cooled undulator and wiggler double crystal monochromators. SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE synchrotron radiation; instrumentation; cryogenic cooling ID ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE; FACILITY AB Simple methods for the cooling of the second crystals of cryogenically cooled undulator and wiggler double crystal monochromators are described. Copper braids between the first and second crystals are used to cool the second crystals of the double crystal monochromators. The method has proved successful for an undulator monochromator and we describe a design for a wiggler monochromator. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Knapp, GS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Kurtz, Chalres/G-1037-2011 OI Kurtz, Chalres/0000-0003-2606-0864 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1117/12.332516 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600003 ER PT S AU Retsch, CC Keitel, S Schulte-Schrepping, H Schneider, JR AF Retsch, CC Keitel, S Schulte-Schrepping, H Schneider, JR BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI Adaptable monochromators to optimize intensity gain and resolution for experiments with high energy synchrotron radiation SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE high energy synchrotron radiation; adjustable monochromator; structural Si1-xGex gradient crystal ID CRYSTALS AB We present investigations of bendable comb-shaped Si crystals and Si1-xGex gradient crystals, tested in Laue geometry, to be used as monochromator and analyzer for triple crystal x-ray diffractometry with high (around 100 keV) energy synchrotron radiation. At these energies, both the high q-space resolution of synchrotron radiation and the high penetration power of neutrons are present. The overall resolution element in q-space is usually dominated by the properties of the sample. A comb crystal structure can provide a gain in integrated intensity of up to a factor of 70, compared to perfect Si crystal monochromator and analyzer, by adjusting the instrumental resolution to the needs of a sample. However, this intensity gain can further be increased by using Si1-xGex gradient crystals. The continuously-changing lattice parameter in these crystals yields an increase in maximum peak reflectivity of up to 100 % in comparison to theoretical limit of 50 % for normal crystals in Laue geometry. Recently good Si1-xGex gradient crystals of sufficiently large size have been grown by means of the Czochralski technique with germanium content re between 0.02 and 0.08. We find peak reflectivities of these crystals of up to 96 %, accompanied by a large increase of the FWHM of the reflection. Combining these properties and the principle of the comb structure, the intensity gain should be easily increasable to a factor of 1600 as compared to a set-up with perfect single-crystal monochromator and analyzer. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Keitel, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 76 EP 86 DI 10.1117/12.332531 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600009 ER PT S AU Siddons, DP Yin, ZJ Furenlid, L Pietraski, P Li, Z Harlow, R AF Siddons, DP Yin, ZJ Furenlid, L Pietraski, P Li, Z Harlow, R BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI A multi-channel analyzer/detector system for high-speed, high-resolution powder diffraction. SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE powder diffraction; multi-detectors; crystal analyzers ID SYNCHROTRON AB The advantage of using high-resolution powder diffraction data to resolve ambiguities in powder diffraction analyses is widely understood. The problem with using such an instrument for routine analyses is the length of time needed to aquire a data set. An obvious solution is to introduce some parallelism in the detector / analyzer system. The system described here uses monolithic elastic design principles to construct a simple 16-element crystal analyzer, and it uses silicon multi-detector technology developed at Brookhaven to provide a compact 16-channel pulse-counting detector system. Together these components can decrease the data collection time by at least a factor of 10. Simple replication of components could further increase the efficiency of collection. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Siddons, DP (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 120 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.332499 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600014 ER PT S AU Rutt, U Schneider, JR Beno, MA Knapp, GS Montano, PA AF Rutt, U Schneider, JR Beno, MA Knapp, GS Montano, PA BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI A new diffractometer for high energy synchrotron radiation at the elliptical multipole wiggler at the APS SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE synchrotron radiation; triple crystal diffractometer; annealed silicon crystal; bent monochromator ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; TRIPLE-CRYSTAL DIFFRACTOMETER; STRUCTURAL PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SCATTERING CROSS-SECTION; GROWN SILICON-CRYSTALS; LAUE GEOMETRY; RESOLUTION FUNCTION; PHOTON; MONOCHROMATOR; SRTIO3 AB The use of high energy synchrotron radiation (above 80 keV) for diffraction experiments offers many advantages resulting from the high penetration depth of the high energy photons and the small Bragg angles. The main features are: the possibility for the study of large sample crystals in transmission geometry, simple sample environments, high instrumental resolution in reciprocal space, the ability to utilize high momentum transfers and small correction factors for scattered intensities. The experiments performed at this kind of diffractometer are driven by the photon flux, in which the only requirement is a relatively small angular divergence for the incident beam in the scattering plane. The new triple crystal diffractometer introduced here will be installed at the elliptical multipole wiggler beamline at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Because of the high critical energy of this device, 32 keV, the wiggler will produce high intensities at very high photon energies. To collect up to 1 mrad of the horizontal divergence of the beam, a bent annealed silicon monochromator will scatter and focus in the horizontal scattering plane. The diffractometer will be operated in the vertical scattering plane taking advantage of the small vertical beam divergence. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Rutt, U (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 132 EP 142 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600015 ER PT S AU Bergmann, U Cramer, SP AF Bergmann, U Cramer, SP BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI A high-resolution large-acceptance analyzer for X-ray fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Bragg reflection; K-edge; Raman spectroscopy; Rowland circle; crystal optics; silicon; synchrotron radiation; transition metals; X-ray fluorescence; X-ray absorption ID MANGANESE CLUSTER; SCATTERING; ABSORPTION; COMPLEX; EDGE; EXCITATION; SYMMETRY; STATE; WATER AB A newly designed multi-crystal X-ray spectrometer and its applications in the fields of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray Raman spectroscopy are described. The instrument is based on 8 spherically curved Si crystals, each with a 3.5 inch diameter form bent to a radius of 86 cm. The crystals are individually aligned in the Rowland geometry capturing a total solid angle of 0.07 sr. The array is arranged in a way that energy scans can be performed by moving the whole instrument, rather than scanning each crystal by itself. At angles close to back scattering the energy resolution is between 0.3 and 1 eV depending on the beam dimensions at the sample. The instrument is mainly designed for X-ray absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of transition metals in dilute systems such as metalloproteins. First results of the Mn K beta (3p -> Is) emission in photosystem II are shown. An independent application of the instrument is the technique of X-ray Raman spectroscopy which can address problems similar to those in traditional soft X-ray absorption spectroscopies, and initial results are presented. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bergmann, U (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 41 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 198 EP 209 DI 10.1117/12.332507 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600021 ER PT S AU Macrander, A Headrick, RL Liu, C Erdmann, J Khounsary, A Smolenski, K Krasnicki, S Maj, J AF Macrander, A Headrick, RL Liu, C Erdmann, J Khounsary, A Smolenski, K Krasnicki, S Maj, J BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI Specular and diffuse x-ray scattering from tungsten/carbon multilayers having a high reflectivity at 10 keV SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers ID INTERFACIAL ROUGHNESS; SURFACES AB X-ray scattering measurements at 10 keV from multilayers having a period of 24.8 Angstrom and consisting of 100 W/C bilayers are reported. Specular scans revealed first order reflectivities in the range 73.5% to 78.0% with bandpasses in the range of 1.5% to 1.7%. Total roughness (or interface grading) values deduced from fitting were in the range 2.5 to 3.0 Angstrom for the last-to-grow surface of the W layers. Diffuse scattering measurements were made in a navel geometry that permitted investigation of in-plane momentum transfers up to 0.2 Angstrom(-1). This is roughly an order of magnitude larger than is possible in conventional rocking scans. A power law dependence of the diffuse scattering after integration over a 'Brillioun zone' is found. The exponent of this power law, 1.75, when interpreted using a logarithmic correlation function leads to a value of 1.0 Angstrom for the correlated roughness. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Macrander, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1117/12.332517 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600030 ER PT S AU Krasnicki, S Maj, J Schildkamp, W Tonnessen, T AF Krasnicki, S Maj, J Schildkamp, W Tonnessen, T BE Macrander, AT Freund, AK Ishikawa, T Mills, DM TI Investigation of pin-post monochromators for a wiggler beamline SO CRYSTAL AND MULTILAYER OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystal amd Multilayer Optics CY JUL 21-22, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE synchrotron radiation; high-heat-load monochromators; heat transfer; topography; silicon bonding AB Three water-cooled pin-post monochromators, to be used on a wiggler beamline at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), were built with the heat exchanger engineered to provide very high heat transfer. The geometry of the heat exchanger as well as calculated data on the heat transfer will be presented. Before using the monochromators on the beamline, they were checked by x-ray diffraction topography. Reflections (333) and (220) in Bragg case were utilized. In all crystals, similar patterns of strain in the diffracting silicon layers were revealed which can be attributed to the geometry of the heat exchangers, the bonding technology, and the thickness of the top layer. Conclusions about construction of future pin-post monochromators have been drawn. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Krasnicki, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2903-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3448 BP 346 EP 348 DI 10.1117/12.332524 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BM32S UT WOS:000078392600036 ER PT S AU Collins, LF AF Collins, LF BE Fischer, RE Germann, LM Hatheway, AE McConnell, M Smith, WJ TI Compact and stable multibeam fiber injector SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Optical Design and Engineering VII CY JUL 22-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE laser Doppler velocimetry; long-pulse YAG laser; amplitude division; thin-film beamsplitters; fiber-injection viewer; Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) AB A compact and stable 20-beam injector was built for launching laser light into fibers for Fabry Perot velocity measurements of shock-driven surfaces. The fiber injector uses commercial mounts on mini-rails. Dielectric-coated beamsplitters provide accurate amplitude division. Minimal adjustments for stable operation are permitted by the use of a real-time video-viewer. The video system includes a non-linear camera for CW alignment and a linearized camera with a frame grabber for pulsed measurement and analysis. All 20-injection points are displayed on a single monitor. Optical requirements are given for image relay and magnification. Stimulated Brillouin scattering limitations on high-power are quantified. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94556 USA. RP Collins, LF (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, L-281, Livermore, CA 94556 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2884-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3429 BP 104 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.328531 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07K UT WOS:000077547400013 ER PT S AU Barraza, J Shu, DM Kuzay, T Royston, TJ AF Barraza, J Shu, DM Kuzay, T Royston, TJ BE Fischer, RE Germann, LM Hatheway, AE McConnell, M Smith, WJ TI Vibratory response of a precision double-multilayer-monochromator positioning system using a generic modeling program with experimental verification SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Optical Design and Engineering VII CY JUL 22-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE vibration isolation; positioning stability; vibratory-response modeling AB A generic vibratory-response modeling program has been developed as a tool for designing high-precision optical positioning systems. The systems are modeled as rigid-body structures connected by linear nonrigid elements, such as complex actuators and bearings. The full dynamic properties of each nonrigid element are determined experimentally or theoretically, then integrated into the program as inertial and stiffness matrices. Thus, it is possible to have a suite of standardized structural elements for modeling many different positioning systems that use standardized components. This paper will present the application of this program to a double-multilayer-monochromator positioning system that utilizes standardized components. Calculated results are compared to experimental modal analysis results. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Barraza, J (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2884-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3429 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07K UT WOS:000077547400035 ER PT S AU Shu, DM Alp, EE Barraza, J Kuzay, TM Mooney, TM AF Shu, DM Alp, EE Barraza, J Kuzay, TM Mooney, TM BE Fischer, RE Germann, LM Hatheway, AE McConnell, M Smith, WJ TI A novel laser Doppler linear encoder using multiple-reflection optical design for high-resolution linear actuator SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Optical Design and Engineering VII CY JUL 22-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE linear encoder; angular encoder; laser encoder; high resolution; actuator AB A novel laser Doppler linear encoder system (LDLE) has been developed at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory A self-aligning 3-D multiple-reflection optical design was used for the laser Doppler displacement meter (LDDM) to extend the encoder system resolution. The encoder is compact [about 70 mm(H) x 100 mm(W) x 250 mm(L)] and it has sub-Angstrom resolution 100 mm/sec measuring speed, and 300 mm measuring range. Because the new device affords higher resolution, as compared with commercial laser interferometer systems, and yet cost less, it will have good potential for use in scientific and industrial applications. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Expt Facil Div, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Shu, DM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Expt Facil Div, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2884-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3429 BP 284 EP 292 DI 10.1117/12.328556 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07K UT WOS:000077547400038 ER PT B AU Schulthess, TC Monnier, R AF Schulthess, TC Monnier, R BE MoranLopez, JL TI Segregation and ordering at a Ni-1O at.% Al surface from first principles SO CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on the Current Problems in Condensed Matter - Theory and Experiment CY JAN 05-09, 1997 CL COCOYOC, MEXICO SP Consejo Nacl Ciencia Tecnol, Mexico, Secretaria Educ Publica, Mexico, Soc Mexicana Fisica, Ctr Latinoamer Fisica, Mexico, Univ Autonoma San Luis Potosi, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, UNESCO, Montevideo AB We have calculated the surface energy and work function of tile (111) surface of Ni-10 at.% Al, as a function of the Al concentration in the first lattice plane, by means of the coherent potential approximation (CPA) for inhomogeneous systems, implemented within the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (LKKR) multiple scattering formalism. Our treatment includes the charge correlation ignored il?the standard single-site implementation of the CPA. Temperature effects are accounted within the mean field approximation for the configurational entropy. We find that at 1000 K the surface concentration of Al is doubled with respect to its bulk nominal value, in agreement with the results of recent surface ion scattering experiments. Allowing the formation of an ordered L1(2) plane at the surface further lowers the free energy of the system. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schulthess, TC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45915-9 PY 1998 BP 247 EP 253 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BL12A UT WOS:000074356700024 ER PT S AU Pisarski, RD AF Pisarski, RD BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI Kinetic theory of hot gauge theories: Overview, details & extensions SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS: PRIMORDIAL COSMOLOGY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics - Primordial Cosmology CY SEP 04-15, 1997 CL ERICE, ITALY SP NATO, Sci Affairs Div, Commiss European Communities, French Min Natl Educ & Sci Res, Italian Min Educ, Italian Min Univ & Sci Res, Sicilian Reg Govt AB I give a pedagogical review of the derivation for the effective lagrangian for nonabelian Debye screening, or "hard thermal loops". Following Kelly, Liu, Lucchesi, and Manuel, I give the simplest derivation possible, using classical kinetic theory. The result is valid not just for a thermal, but for an arbitrary initial distributions. I use this to study the evolution, at short times, of a gluonic "tsunami wave" I also suggest how classical kinetic theory may arise at one loop order. Using the wordline representation of the one loop effective action, I follow D'Hoker and Gagne to replace the Wilson line by an integral over worldline fermions. A bilinear of these worldline fermions naturally defines a nonabelian charge, whose equation of motion is Wong's equation. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Pisarski, RD (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-5045-6 J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1998 VL 511 BP 195 EP 210 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL56L UT WOS:000075896400005 ER PT S AU Smoot, GF AF Smoot, GF BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI Cosmic microwave background anisotropy science SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS: PRIMORDIAL COSMOLOGY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics - Primordial Cosmology CY SEP 04-15, 1997 CL ERICE, ITALY SP NATO, Sci Affairs Div, Commiss European Communities, French Min Natl Educ & Sci Res, Italian Min Educ, Italian Min Univ & Sci Res, Sicilian Reg Govt AB Cosmology deals with the creation and evolution of the Universe. Detailed measurement of the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the most important unrealized goal in observational cosmology. Mapping these CMB anisotropies precisely will provide decisive and extraordinarily exciting measurements of the geometry, constitution, and early history of the universe. Future CMB anisotropy observations allow a stringent test of cosmological models and a precision determination of cosmological parameters of its standard model. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, LBNL, SSL, CFPA, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Smoot, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, LBNL, SSL, CFPA, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-5045-6 J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1998 VL 511 BP 309 EP 324 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL56L UT WOS:000075896400009 ER PT S AU Sadoulet, B AF Sadoulet, B BE Sanchez, N Zichichi, A TI The direct detection of dark matter SO CURRENT TOPICS IN ASTROFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS: PRIMORDIAL COSMOLOGY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES C, MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Study Institute on Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics - Primordial Cosmology CY SEP 04-15, 1997 CL ERICE, ITALY SP NATO, Sci Affairs Div, Commiss European Communities, French Min Natl Educ & Sci Res, Italian Min Educ, Italian Min Univ & Sci Res, Sicilian Reg Govt AB After a brief review of the evidence for dark matter pervading the universe and of the hints that this dark matter is nonbaryonic, we discuss the implications of the recent evidence for the presence of Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs) in the halo of our galaxy. Within the current observational uncertainties, the fraction of MACHOs can be as high as 100% of the halo or as low as 10%. We argue that the "natural" conclusion that they form the totality of the halo leads to serious difficulties, both with conventional stellar astrophysics and cosmology, and that given the other cosmological observations, the final answer may be closer to the lower limit. In any case, the case for nonbaryonic dark matter remains very strong and attempts to detect it directly important. We then review the present searches for the best motivated particle candidates: axions, light neutrinos and Weakly interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). As an example of such searches, we finally describe the status of the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Sadoulet, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-2023 BN 0-7923-5045-6 J9 NATO ADV SCI I C-MAT PY 1998 VL 511 BP 517 EP 538 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL56L UT WOS:000075896400016 ER PT B AU Wolk, CP Zarka, K AF Wolk, CP Zarka, K BE Subramanian, G Kaushik, BD Venkataraman, GS TI Genetic dissection of heterocyst differentiation SO CYANOBACTERIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Biotechnology CY SEP, 1996 CL TRICHY, INDIA ID SP STRAIN PCC-7120; POLYMERASE SIGMA-FACTOR; BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; ANABAENA SP; CYANOBACTERIUM ANABAENA; MORPHOLOGICAL-DIFFERENTIATION; NITROGEN-FIXATION; PCC 7120; EXPRESSION; GLYCOLIPIDS C1 Michigan State Univ, US DOE, Plant Res Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Wolk, CP (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, US DOE, Plant Res Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 52 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PUBLISHERS INC PI ENFIELD PA MAY ST, PO BOX 699, ENFIELD, NH 03748 USA BN 1-57808-035-5 PY 1998 BP 191 EP 196 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA BQ58B UT WOS:000088853700021 ER PT J AU Kost-Alimova, MV Glesne, DA Huberman, E Zelenin, AV AF Kost-Alimova, MV Glesne, DA Huberman, E Zelenin, AV TI Assignment of inosine 5 '-monophosphate dehydrogenase type 2(IMPDH2) to human chromosome band 3p21.2 by in situ hybridization SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID IMP DEHYDROGENASE; GENE; HUMAN-CHROMOSOME-3; EXPRESSION C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Mechanist Biol & Biotechnol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Russian Acad Sci, VA Engelhardt Mol Biol Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Huberman, E (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Mechanist Biol & Biotechnol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3-4 BP 145 EP 146 DI 10.1159/000015088 PG 2 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 152UW UT WOS:000077796000001 PM 9858805 ER PT J AU Kuhn, S Rognlien, TD AF Kuhn, S Rognlien, TD TI Proceedings of the Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop - Global theme: Edge physics: Integrated modelling for fusion and industrial plasmas - Innsbruck, Austria, July 6-8, 1998 - Preface SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Innsbruck, Dept Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kuhn, S (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Dept Theoret Phys, Tech Str 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM Siegbert.Kuhn@uibk.ac.at; Rognlien1@llnl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST PHYSICS ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE PA NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 182 21, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 7 EP 8 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500001 ER PT J AU Geiger, K AF Geiger, K TI Parton cascade description of heavy-ion collisions at CERN? SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International School-Workshop for Young Physicists in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Physics (RHIP 97) CY SEP 01-05, 1997 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Comm for Collaborat Czech Republic with CERN, Comm for Collaborat Czech Republic with JINR ID DIRECT PHOTON PRODUCTION; QUARK-GLUON PLASMA; TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM; PB+PB COLLISIONS; PARTICLE; MATTER AB There seems to be a general consensus now that a first glimpse of a QGP-like effect has become visible in the beautiful NA50 data on J/psi, production and the 'anomalous supression' phenomenon. On the other hand, it is still widely believed that the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions at CERN SPS energy is predominantly governed by soft, nonperturbative physics. This is ironic: after all, it is unlikely that a QGP could be formed ii the underlying dynamics were essentially soft, rather than that it requires intense quark-gluon production with sufficient cascade-like reinteractions which drive the matter to large density and equilibrium, Therefore, I advocate in this contribution that for ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions a description based on the pQCD interactions and cascade evolution of involved partons can and should be used, owing to the claim that short-range parton interactions play an important role at sufficiently high beam energies, including CERN energy root s similar or equal to 20 A.GeV. Here mini-jet production which liberates of quarks and gluons cannot be considered as an isolated rare phenomenon! but can occur quite copiously and may lead to complex multiple cascade-type processes. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Geiger, K (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 1 BP 37 EP 49 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0005-0 PG 13 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 136FZ UT WOS:000076849000003 ER PT J AU Janeschitz, G Porter, GD AF Janeschitz, G Porter, GD TI Issues and status of "core/edge coupling" from papers and discussions SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL UNIV INNSBRUCK, INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA HO UNIV INNSBRUCK ID TRANSPORT SIMULATIONS; ASDEX-UPGRADE; TURBULENCE; CONFINEMENT C1 ITER Joint Cent Team, Garching, Germany. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Janeschitz, G (reprint author), ITER Joint Cent Team, Garching, Germany. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0021-0 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500007 ER PT J AU Voitsekhovitch, I Garbet, X Moreau, D Bush, CE AF Voitsekhovitch, I Garbet, X Moreau, D Bush, CE TI Thermal ion diffusion and evolution of the internal transport barrier in reversed shear plasmas SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Role of Electric Fields in Plasma Confinement and Exhaust CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys C1 Univ Aix Marseille 1, LPIIM, Equipe Turbulence Plasma, Marseille, France. RRC Kurchatov Inst, Moscow, Russia. CEA Cadarache, DRFC, F-13108 St Paul Durance, France. ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Voitsekhovitch, I (reprint author), Univ Aix Marseille 1, LPIIM, Equipe Turbulence Plasma, Marseille, France. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 3 BP 85 EP 90 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 206VB UT WOS:000080899000010 ER PT J AU Rognlien, TD Ruzic, DN AF Rognlien, TD Ruzic, DN TI Issues and status of "modelling industrial plasmas" from papers and discussions SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL UNIV INNSBRUCK, INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA HO UNIV INNSBRUCK AB A brief review is given of the four invited EPTSW talks dealing with industrial plasmas. Then a summary is presented of the round-table discussion session for industrial plasmas, including the similarities and differences between issues for fusion plasmas and industrial plasmas. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Rognlien, TD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 91 EP 96 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0026-8 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500012 ER PT J AU Edenstrasser, JW Goloborod'ko, VY Reznik, SN Yavorskij, VA Zweben, SJ AF Edenstrasser, JW Goloborod'ko, VY Reznik, SN Yavorskij, VA Zweben, SJ TI Influence of vacuum region between plasma and the first wall on the poloidal distribution of diffusive loss of charged fusion products in tokamaks SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL UNIV INNSBRUCK, INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA HO UNIV INNSBRUCK ID TFTR; IONS C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Ukrainian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, UA-252028 Kiev, Ukraine. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Edenstrasser, JW (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST PHYSICS ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE PA NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 182 21, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0036-6 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500022 ER PT J AU Rognlien, TD Ryutov, DD Mattor, N AF Rognlien, TD Ryutov, DD Mattor, N TI Calculation of 2-D profiles for the plasma and electric field near a tokamak separatrix SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL UNIV INNSBRUCK, INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA HO UNIV INNSBRUCK ID DIVERTOR AB A boundary layer exists around the magnetic separatrix of a diverted tokamak where the inherently 2-D structure of the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma is transformed into a nearly 1-D structure with quantities depending dominantly on the magnetic flux surface index. As the separatrix is crossed, the anomalous viscosity from edge turbulence allows the electrostatic potential to be calculated from the current continuity equation which contains a fourth-order derivative of the potential in the radial direction. Simulations from the UEDGE transport code illustrate the 2-D profiles and plasma flows near the separatrix when both ExB and del B drifts are included. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Rognlien, TD (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0040-x PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500026 ER PT J AU Wah, D Vahala, G Vahala, L Pavlo, P Carter, J AF Wah, D Vahala, G Vahala, L Pavlo, P Carter, J TI Preliminary studies for the gas blanket divertor - A thermal lattice Boltzmann approach SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL UNIV INNSBRUCK, INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA HO UNIV INNSBRUCK C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys, Prague 8, Czech Republic. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Energy Res Sci Comp Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wah, D (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RI Pavlo, Pavol/G-4214-2014 OI Pavlo, Pavol/0000-0003-1400-1074 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0071-3 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500057 ER PT J AU DeGrandpre, MD Hammar, TR Wirick, CD AF DeGrandpre, MD Hammar, TR Wirick, CD TI Short-term pCO(2) and O-2 dynamics in California coastal waters SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; SEA-SURFACE; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; PARTIAL-PRESSURE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CO2; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; EXCHANGE; OXYGEN AB We studied short-term pCO(2) and O-2 variability in surface waters 30 km off Monterey, California from April to May 1995. Sensors for pCO(2) and O-2 were deployed for 19 days on the manned research platform, R/P FLIP. The sensors were located at 5, 10 and 31 m depths. The 31 m sensors resided below or within the thermocline, and the 5 and 10 m sensors were within the surface mixed layer during the field study. The area was characterized by surface pCO(2) undersaturation and O-2 supersaturation during the entire period. The average pCO(2) levels at 5, 10, and 31 m, were 323 +/- 18, 326 +/- 19, and 452 +/- 63 mu atm, respectively. Much of the short term variability was related to thermocline movement and advection of offshore and coastal upwelled waters around the site. Rates of gas exchange and primary production were determined during periods when advection did not appear to dominate the variability. Air-sea gas exchange models predict an observed decline in O-2 supersaturation. Rapid air-sea reequilibration of O-2 relative to pCO(2) appears to have a significant effect on the pCO(2):O-2 relationship. Primary production estimates based on CO2 and O-2 rates of change match well with shipboard C-14 primary production. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP DeGrandpre, MD (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 38 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 8-9 BP 1557 EP 1575 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80006-4 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 149AB UT WOS:000077582700006 ER PT J AU Flagg, CN Kim, HS AF Flagg, CN Kim, HS TI Upper ocean currents in the northern Arabian Sea from shipboard ADCP measurements collected during the 1994-1996 US JGOFS and ONR programs SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; SOUTHWEST MONSOON; SOMALI CURRENT; CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS; COAST; TRANSPORTS; WATERS; FIELD AB A large upper-ocean velocity data set was obtained using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) on seventeen RV T.G. Thompson cruises during the JGOFS and ONR expedition to the northern Arabian Sea from September 1994 through January 1996. Seven of the cruises followed a large area survey track centered over the Arabian Basin, four cruises conducted SeaSoar surveys on either side of the Findlater jet axis, and six cruises were for the deployment and maintenance of moored instrumentation, together providing some 380 cruise-days and 96,000 track kilometers of coverage. The ADCP data extended over the upper 250-400 m of the water column depending upon the temporal/spatial distributions of acoustic scatterers. The velocity data revealed several items that differed significantly from the historical perspective. Maximum current magnitudes in this area varied from more than 1 m s-(1) along the Arabian coast to 10-20 cm s(-1) well offshore. Perhaps the most important result was the complete dominance of the velocity held by eddies that had offshore correlation length scales of roughly 100 km, a spectral peak at around 300 km, and kinetic energies that ranged from 70 to more than 90% of the total kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy was highest within about 300 km of the shore and decreased significantly in magnitude and vertical extent offshore. Within the coastal region, the temporal variability was such that currents of 50 cm s(-1) or more could completely reverse within a two-week period, seemingly independent of any local atmospheric forcing. Mean and seasonal velocities also differed from historical results. There was a large anti-cyclonic feature located for most of the year south of Ras ash Shabatat (similar to 58 degrees E) which intensified during the southwest monsoon. There was a strong jet-like current off Ras al Hadd (similar to 22 degrees N), which also intensified during the southwest monsoon, although it flowed southwestward against the wind. In contrast to the historical ship drift data, which indicated that the surface currents followed the monsoonal winds, the ADCP data over the upper 200-400 m was highly variable, with overall seasonal means that were often directed against the wind. Except within 100-200 km of the Arabian coast, the mean currents were generally toward the southwest with a mean transport in the upper 150 m between the coast and 10 degrees N of approximately 9 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Flagg, CN (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 58 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 10-11 BP 1917 EP 1959 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00059-9 PG 43 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 152FF UT WOS:000077765000002 ER PT J AU Smith, S Roman, M Prusova, I Wishner, K Gowing, M Codispoti, LA Barber, R Marra, J Flagg, C AF Smith, S Roman, M Prusova, I Wishner, K Gowing, M Codispoti, LA Barber, R Marra, J Flagg, C TI Seasonal response of zooplankton to monsoonal reversals in the Arabian Sea SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CALANOIDES-CARINATUS; SAMPLING ZOOPLANKTON; DISPLACEMENT VOLUME; BENGUELA ECOSYSTEM; MESOPELAGIC FISH; DEVELOPMENT TIME; INDIAN-OCEAN; WET WEIGHT; DRY-WEIGHT; COPEPODS AB The US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study was designed to provide a seasonally and spatially resolved carbon budget for a basin exhibiting some of the highest and lowest concentrations of plant biomass in the world's ocean. During the US JGOFS Process Study in the Arabian Sea (September 1994-January 1996), the absolute maximum in biomass of epipelagic zooplankton in the entire study was observed during the Southwest Monsoon season inshore of the Findlater Jet in the area of upwelling. The greatest contrast between high and low biomass in the study area also was observed during the Southwest Monsoon, as was the strongest onshore-offshore gradient in biomass. Lowest biomass throughout the study was observed at the most offshore station (S15), outside the direct influence of the monsoon forcing. The greatest day/night contrasts in biomass were observed nearshore in all seasons, with nighttime biomass exceeding daytime in the Northeast Monsoon season, but daytime exceeding nighttime in the Southwest Monsoon season. The diel vertical migration patterns in general reversed between the monsoons at all stations in the southern part of the study area. Virtually, no diel vertical migration of zooplankton took place in any season at the station with strong, persistent subsurface suboxic conditions (N7), suggesting that these conditions suppress migration. Based on the distribution of biomass, we hypothesize that inshore of the Findlater Jet, zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton is the dominant pathway of carbon transformation during both monsoon seasons, whereas offshore the zooplankton feed primarily on microplankton or are carnivorous, conditions that result in reduction of the carbon flux mediated by the zooplankton. Predation by mesopelagic fish, primarily myctophids, may equal daily growth of zooplankton inshore of the Findlater Jet during all seasons. This suggests that the food web inshore of the Findlater Jet is well integrated, may have evolved during past periods of intensified upwelling, and has a distinctly annual cycle. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Inst Biol So Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Smith, S (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 55 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 10-11 BP 2369 EP 2403 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00075-7 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 152FF UT WOS:000077765000017 ER PT J AU Pantelides, ST Maiti, A Chisholm, M Pennycook, SJ AF Pantelides, ST Maiti, A Chisholm, M Pennycook, SJ TI Complex atomic-scale dynamics in grain boundaries in silicon SO DEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Grain Boundary Diffusion and Grain Boundary Segregation (DiBoS-97) CY MAY, 1997 CL MOSCOW, RUSSIA DE atomic-scale dynamics; grain boundary diffusion; grain boundary segregation; As; silicon AB A combination of first-principles calculations and atomic-resolution electron microscopy have been used to determine that As segregation in Si grain boundaries occurs in the form of dimers in select atomic columns, The energy gain results from repulsion between neighbouring substitutional As atoms that achieve threefold coordination. Even more energy is gained by forming ordered chains of threefold-coordinated As atoms along the grain boundary dislocation cores, but kinetic constraints and entropic considerations limit their formation. In other work, theory predicted that segregation of vacancies causes novel reconstruction along select atomic columns, the very same columns that are readily altered by energetic electron beams used in transmission electron microscopy. The mechanisms of self-diffusion anti impurity diffusion in grain boundaries are examined and elucidated in the context of the above findings. The work was supported in part by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Department of Energy. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH-SCITEC PUBLICATIONS LTD PI UETIKON A.S. PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 UETIKON A.S., SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0386 J9 DEFECT DIFFUS FORUM PY 1998 VL 156 BP 95 EP 95 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA ZR118 UT WOS:000073938100014 ER PT S AU Windl, W Demkov, AA AF Windl, W Demkov, AA BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI First-principles study of N impurities in SiC polytypes SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB We investigate theoretically the energetics of nitrogen impurities in beta-SiC, their geometrical relaxation, and electronic properties. We find that density-functional theory is able to calculate donor-ionization energies accurately once large enough simulation cells are used. For neutral interstitial defects, we find that configurations where N is three-fold coordinated have very low formation energies and high binding energies with the involved native defects. At the same time, such configurations introduce deep levels into the gap which may result in a non-activation of the donor. C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Motorola Inc, Computat Mat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Windl, W (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Motorola Inc, Computat Mat Grp, MS B268, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Windl, Wolfgang/C-7255-2012 OI Windl, Wolfgang/0000-0001-5892-0684 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 181 EP 186 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700025 ER PT S AU Maltez, RL Liliental-Weber, Z Washburn, J Behar, M Klein, PB Specht, P Weber, ER AF Maltez, RL Liliental-Weber, Z Washburn, J Behar, M Klein, PB Specht, P Weber, ER BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Structural and photoluminescence studies of Er implanted LT-GaAs : Be SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB Characteristic 1.54 mu m Er3+ emission has been observed from Er-implanted and annealed, low-temperature grown GaAs:Be samples. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies reveal very little structural damage for elevated temperature implants up to an Er total fluence of 1.36 x 10(14) Er/cm(2). No Er emission was observed from any of the as-implanted samples, while post-implantation annealing optimized the Er emission intensity near 650 degrees C. The Er-emission appears on top of a broad background luminescence peaking near 1500 nm Significant enhancement of the optically active Er incorporation was achieved when the implantation was carried out at 300 degrees C. The Er emission intensity was found to scale linearly with the Er implantation fluence for samples with an Er concentration up to similar to 10(19) Er/cm(3). The sample with the highest Er concentration (similar to 10(20) Er/cm(3)) began to show a sublinear dependence. The beginning of Er precipitation was observed after 750 degrees C annealing, but it could even be observed after a 650 degrees C annealing for the highest Er concentration sample. These precipitates are likely ErAs. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Maltez, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna/H-8006-2012 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 319 EP 324 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700045 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA McDonald, RJ Smith, AR Hurley, DL Istratov, AA Hieslmair, H Weber, ER AF McHugo, SA McDonald, RJ Smith, AR Hurley, DL Istratov, AA Hieslmair, H Weber, ER BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Iron and nickel solubilities in heavily doped silicon and their energy levels in the silicon band gap at elevated temperatures SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB We have directly measured the solubility of iron and nickel in high and low boron-doped silicon using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. Boron doping levels were 1.5 x 10(19) and 6.5 x 10(14) atoms/cm(3). Iron and nickel impurity concentrations were measured after extended in-diffusions at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100 degrees C for iron and 600, 700 and 800 degrees C for nickel. We have measured a significant enhancement of Fe and Ni concentrations in high boron-doped silicon as compared to low boron-doped silicon. Based on these measurements, we show the iron donor energy level shifts towards the valence band with increased temperature, e.g. at 900 degrees C the donor level is 0.24 eV above the valence band as opposed to 0.39 eV at room temperature. These results demonstrate that the impurity energy level shift with temperature must be accounted for in any prediction of segregation gettering of metal impurities into heavily doped substrates and heavily implanted doping layers. Additionally, our results suggest that either Ni solubility is greatly enhanced and/or the Ni diffusivity is greatly decreased with high boron doping of silicon. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 361 EP 366 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700052 ER PT S AU Sopori, B Chen, W Ravindra, NM AF Sopori, B Chen, W Ravindra, NM BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Theoretical analysis of the minority carrier lifetime in a multicrystalline wafer with spatially varying defect distribution SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB Multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) wafers, used for the commercial solar cell fabrication, have spatial nonuniformities in the material properties that cause strong variations in the minority carrier lifetime, tau. We present the results of two-dimensional modeling to show carrier generation, recombination and transport in such a material. These results are used to infer measurement conditions that can yield meaningful spatially weighted average value of tau. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sopori, B (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 373 EP 378 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700054 ER PT S AU Sopori, B Chen, W Nemire, K Gee, J AF Sopori, B Chen, W Nemire, K Gee, J BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Influence of defect clusters on the performance of silicon solar cells SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB Improvements in the techniques for the growth of Si substrates, used for commercial solar cells, have yielded wafers that exhibit low average defect density - typically less than 10(5) cm(2). We have observed that low defect density leads to the formation of defect clusters. This defect configuration influences the device performance in a unique way - by primarily degrading the voltage-related parameters. We discuss the nature of the defect clusters and show that they constitute regions of high carrier recombination. Network modeling is used to show that, in a device, these regions act as shunts that dissipate power generated within the cell. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Sopori, B (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 505 EP 510 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700072 ER PT S AU Ahrenkiel, RK Johnston, S AF Ahrenkiel, RK Johnston, S BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Injection-level spectroscopy of metal impurities in silicon SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB Using a modified photoconductive eddy-current technique, excess carrier decay can be measured and used to identify the specific defect dominating recombination. As the dynamic range of the measurement system is linear over about three orders of magnitude, the injection-level spectroscopy technique can be performed in a single measurement for rapid defect identification. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Ahrenkiel, RK (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 575 EP 581 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700081 ER PT S AU McHugo, SA Thompson, AC Padmore, H AF McHugo, SA Thompson, AC Padmore, H BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Metal impurity mapping in semiconductor materials using X-ray fluorescence SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB We present x-ray fluorescence (XRF) results from studies of metal impurities in silicon. A synchrotron-based XRF microprobe, with 1 mu m spatial resolution, was used to detect and map the impurities. The sensitivity of the XRF microprobe was determined for copper and iron in silicon using well-characterized standard samples. We have concluded the system can detect one iron or copper precipitate in silicon with a radius of approximate to 14 nm. This sensitivity pertains to other relevant impurities in silicon, such as, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and gold. Furthermore, we have detected and spatially mapped metal impurity precipitates in silicon, which are undetectable by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy in a Scanning Electron Microscope. These results exhibit the extraordinary sensitivity of the XRF microprobe for metal impurities in semiconductors. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McHugo, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 589 EP 594 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700083 ER PT S AU Johnston, S Ahrenkiel, RK AF Johnston, S Ahrenkiel, RK BE Ashok, S Chevallier, J Sumino, K Sopori, BL Gotz, W TI Measurement of the temperature dependence of silicon recombination lifetimes SO DEFECT AND IMPURITY ENGINEERED SEMICONDUCTORS II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Defect and Impurity Engineered Semiconductors II at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Bunko Keiki, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Co, Hughes Res Lab, Jobin Yvon, Kodak Res Lab, Komatsu Electr Met, Mattson Technol, MEMC Electr Mat, Mitsubishi Mat Silicon, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, NEC, Nippon Steel, Photowatt, Riber, Shin Etsu Handotal, Sumitomo Sitix AB Lifetime spectroscopy is a valuable tool in a number of silicon-based technologies. Currently, lifetime measurement is the mast sensitive diagnostic for identification of low-level metal impurities in silicon by using the ratio of high-injection to low-injection lifetime. When a single impurity dominates recombination, the lifetime as a function of injection level provides a measure of the defect concentration. Another measurement parameter, that has not been commonly used, is the lifetime as a function of temperature. Temperature-dependent lifetime analysis leads to a better understanding of trapping-delayed recombination rates, trapping and recombination center energy levels and activation energies, temperature-dependent capture cross sections, and surface or grain boundary recombination or trapping effects. A contactless measurement technique has been developed that provides the sample's recombination lifetime over a temperature range from 80 K to 300 K. A sample is coupled to the measurement circuitry that is placed into a Dewar where it is cooled by liquid nitrogen. Lifetimes are then measured as the sample is allowed to warm to room temperature. Data will be shown on these variable-temperature lifetime measurements, which have been made on silicon wafer material ranging from high-quality float-zone-grown wafers to low-cost polycrystalline materials used in photovoltaics. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Johnston, S (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-416-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 510 BP 607 EP 612 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL88A UT WOS:000077031700086 ER PT S AU Chambers, WB Rodacy, PJ Jones, EE Gomez, BJ Woodfin, RL AF Chambers, WB Rodacy, PJ Jones, EE Gomez, BJ Woodfin, RL BE Dubey, AC Harvey, JF Broach, JT TI Chemical sensing system for classification of mine-like objects by explosives detection SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS III, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE landmines; mine detection; unexploded ordnance (UXO); ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) AB Sandia National Laboratories has conducted research in chemical sensing and analysis of explosives for many years. Recently, that experience has been directed towards detecting mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) by sensing the low-level explosive signatures associated with these objects. Our focus has been on the classification of UXO in shallow water and anti-personnel/anti tank mines on land. The objective of this work is to develop a field portable chemical sensing system which can be used to examine mine-like objects (MLO) to determine whether there are explosive molecules associated with the MLO. Two sampling subsystems have been designed, one for water collection and one for soil/vapor sampling. The water sampler utilizes a flow-through chemical adsorbent canister to extract and concentrate the explosive molecules. Explosive molecules are thermally desorbed from the concentrator and trapped in a focusing stage for sapid desorption into an ion-mobility spectrometer (IMS). We will describe a prototype system which consists of a sampler, concentrator-focuser, and detector. The soil sampler employs a light-weight probe for extracting and concentrating explosive vapor from the soil in the vicinity of an MLO. The chemical sensing system is capable of sub-part-per-billion detection of TNT and related explosive munition compounds. We will present the results of field and laboratory tests on buried landmines, which demonstrate our ability to detect the explosive signatures associated with these objects. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Chambers, WB (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2841-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1998 VL 3392 BP 453 EP 461 DI 10.1117/12.324219 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85T UT WOS:000076961000046 ER PT S AU Fliermans, CB Lopez-de-Victoria, G AF Fliermans, CB Lopez-de-Victoria, G BE Dubey, AC Harvey, JF Broach, JT TI Microbial mine detection system (MMDS) SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS III, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE land mines; land mine detection; biosensor system; microorganisms; explosives; SRTC; DOE; DoD AB The Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) is developing the Microbial Mine Detection System (MMDS), a cost-effective, safe and reliable method to detect land mines using microorganisms as the primary biosensor detector. SRTC research has shown that various naturally occurring microbial species are stimulated by nitrogen, trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluene (DNT), nitrates, nitrites, nitrous oxide, and other chemical components found in explosive materials. Several of the 10,000 indigenous bacteria already existing in the SRTC Subsurface Microbiology Culture Collection (SMCC) possess characteristics that would support discrete detection of land mines during metabolic activity or growth.(1) SRTC scientists are screening and identifying bacteria residing in the SMCC, and other collections associated with specific land mines, for their attraction to explosive off-gasses. After contacting explosives or off-gasses, the microorganisms will activate via bioluminescence and identify the location of the land mines. Once identified, down selected and mesocosmly defined, the microorganisms can then be prepared for field deployment. This deployment process requires minimal user training and is envisioned to be administered in hand-held, vehicular mounted and airborne platforms. Microbial detection systems are a renewable resource, easy to preserve, inexpensive to maintain under field conditions, and provide a high-probability response recognition technology. C1 Savannah River Technol Ctr, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. RP Fliermans, CB (reprint author), Savannah River Technol Ctr, Bldg 704-8T, Aiken, SC 29808 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2841-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1998 VL 3392 BP 462 EP 468 DI 10.1117/12.324178 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85T UT WOS:000076961000047 ER PT S AU Phelan, JM Webb, SW AF Phelan, JM Webb, SW BE Dubey, AC Harvey, JF Broach, JT TI Simulation of the environmental fate and transport of chemical signatures from buried landmines SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS III, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE mink detection; chemical sensing; soil transport; computational simulation AB The fate and transport of chemical signature molecules that emanate from buried landmines is strongly influenced by physical chemical properties and by environmental conditions of the specific chemical compounds. Published data have been evaluated as the input parameters that are used in the simulation of the fate and transport processes. A one-dimensional model developed for screening agricultural pesticides was modified and used to simulate the appearance of a surface flux above a buried landmine and estimate the subsurface total concentration. The physical chemical properties of TNT cause a majority of the mass released to the soil system to be bound to the solid phase soil particles. The majority of the transport occurs in the liquid phase with diffusion and evaporation driven advection of soil water as the primary mechanisms for the flux to the ground surface. The simulations provided herein should only be used for initial conceptual designs of chemical pre-concentration subsystems or complete detection systems. The physical processes modeled required necessary simplifying assumptions to allow for analytical solutions. Emerging numerical simulation tools will soon be available that should provide more realistic estimates that can be used to predict the success of landmine chemical detection surveys based on knowledge of the chemical and soil properties, and environmental conditions where the mines are buried. Additional measurements of the chemical properties in soils are also needed before a fully predictive approach can be confidently applied. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Environm Restorat Technol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Phelan, JM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Environm Restorat Technol Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2841-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1998 VL 3392 BP 509 EP 520 DI 10.1117/12.324224 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85T UT WOS:000076961000052 ER PT S AU Warrick, AL Azevedo, SG Mast, JE AF Warrick, AL Azevedo, SG Mast, JE BE Dubey, AC Harvey, JF Broach, JT TI Prediction of buried mine-like target radar signatures using wideband electromagnetic modeling SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS III, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE ground penetrating radars; land mine detection; impulse radar; electromagnetic modeling; diffraction tomography AB Current ground penetrating radars (GPR) have been tested for land mine detection, but they have generally been costly and have poor performance. Comprehensive modeling and experimentation must be done to predict the electromagnetic (EM) signatures of mines to access the effect of clutter on the EM signature of the mine, and to understand the merit and limitations of using radar for various mine detection scenarios. This modeling can provide a basis for advanced radar design and detection techniques leading to superior performance. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a radar technology that when combined with comprehensive modeling and detection methodologies could be the basis of an advanced mine detection system. Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR) technology exhibits a combination of properties, including wideband operation, extremely low power consumption, extremely small size and low cost, array configurability, and noise encoded pulse generation. LLNL is in the process of developing an "optimal" processing algorithm to use with the MIR sensor. In this paper, we use classical numerical models to obtain the signature of mine-like targets and examine the effect of surface roughness on the reconstructed signals. These results are then qualitatively compared to experimental data. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Warrick, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L 395, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM warrick1@llnl.gov NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2841-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1998 VL 3392 BP 776 EP 783 DI 10.1117/12.324154 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85T UT WOS:000076961000077 ER PT S AU Kercel, SW AF Kercel, SW BE Dubey, AC Harvey, JF Broach, JT TI Acoustic resonance for nonmetallic mine detection SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS III, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE humanitarian demining; acoustic resonance; plastic mine; wavelet; impulse excitation AB The feasibility of acoustic resonance for detection of plastic mines was investigated by researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Instrumentation and Controls Division under an internally funded program. The data reported in this paper suggest that acoustic resonance is not a practical method for mine detection. Representative small plastic anti-personnel mines were tested, and were found to not exhibit detectable acoustic resonances. Also, non-metal objects known to have strong acoustic resonances were tested with a variety of excitation techniques, and no practical non-contact method of exciting a consistently detectable resonance in a buried object was discovered. Some of the experimental data developed in this work may be useful to other researchers seeking a method to detect buried plastic mines. A number of excitation methods and their pitfalls are discussed. Excitation methods that were investigated include swept acoustic, chopped acoustic, wavelet acoustic, and mechanical shaking. Under very contrived conditions, a weak response that could be attributed to acoustic resonance was observed, bur it does not appear to be practical as a mine detection feature. Transfer properties of soil were investigated. Impulse responses of several representative plastic mines were investigated. Acoustic leakage coupling, and its implications as a disruptive mechanism were investigated. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kercel, SW (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008,MS 6011, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2841-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1998 VL 3392 BP 848 EP 860 DI 10.1117/12.324254 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85T UT WOS:000076961000084 ER PT S AU Wehlburg, J Shope, S Lockwood, G Selph, M Jojola, J Jacobs, J Turman, B AF Wehlburg, J Shope, S Lockwood, G Selph, M Jojola, J Jacobs, J Turman, B BE Dubey, AC Harvey, JF Broach, JT TI Field trials of mobile x-ray source for mine detection using backscattered x-rays SO DETECTION AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINES AND MINELIKE TARGETS III, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE backscattered x-ray; imaging; mine detection AB The implementation of a backscattered x-ray landmine detection system has been demonstrated in laboratories at both Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the University of Florida (UF). The next step was to evaluate the modality by assembling a system for field work. To assess the system's response to a variety of objects, buried plastic and metal antitank landmines, surface plastic antipersonnel landmines, and surface metal fragments were used as targets. The location of the test site was an unprepared field at SNL. The x-ray machine used for the outside landmine detection system was a Philips industrial x-ray machine, model MCN 225, which was operated at 150 kV and 5 mA and collimated to create a 2 cm diameter x-ray spot on the soil. The detectors used were two BICRON plastic scintillation detectors: one collimated (30 cm x 30 cm active area) to respond primarily to photons that have undergone multiple collision and the other uncollimated (30 cm x 7.6 cm active area) to respond primarily to photons that have had only one collision. To provide motion, the system was mounted on a gantry and rastered side-to-side using a computer-controlled stepper motor with a come-along providing the forward movement. Data generated from the detector responses were then analyzed to provide the images and locations of landmines. Changing from the lab environment to the field did not decrease the system's ability to detect buried or obscured landmines. The addition of rain? blowing dust, rocky soil and native plant-life did not lower the system's resolution or contrast for the plastic or the metal landmines. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Wehlburg, J (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS1182, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jcwehlb@sandia.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2841-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1998 VL 3392 BP 888 EP 892 DI 10.1117/12.324258 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BL85T UT WOS:000076961000088 ER PT B AU Rosenfeld, A Chen, A Gadgil, A AF Rosenfeld, A Chen, A Gadgil, A BE Norgard, JS Gula, A DeAlmeida, AT TI Global energy efficiency and technologies to further its progress SO DEVELOPMENT WITH SUSTAINABLE USE OF ELECTRICITY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 3, HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity CY JUN 17-21, 1996 CL LOPUSZNA, POLAND SP NATO AB Since 1973, U.S. gains in the efficient use of energy have saved a remarkable amount of energy and money for consumers and industry, approaching one-half of our energy bills. During a period of scarce energy and high prices that lasted through 1986, the United States doubled the energy efficiency of most new products. Before 1973, U.S. energy was very cheap, and U.S, use of energy per dollar of GNP ("E/GNP") was about twice that of Western Europe (or Japan). The Soviet Union used about four times as much as Europe. Hence U.S. success tells more about the potential in Eastern Europe and the former S.U. than does experience in Western Europe or Japan. The potential for future savings through energy efficiency is even larger than a second factor of two, through the implementation of proven strategies like revising utility mandates and profit rules to allow utilities to diversify into selling "energy services" and helping customers become more efficient. Another strategy with a successful record is to encourage the market penetration of more efficient technologies such as: Lighting: electronic ballasts, compact fluorescent lamps, mirrored luminaires, occupancy sensors, LED exit lights, etc. Windows: Low emissivity (heat mirror) and selective (mirror to both heat and near infrared). Motors: variable speed drive, super-efficient motors, substitution of traditional V-belt drive with "cogged" V-belts. Promising new strategies are also nearing implementation, including the use of cooler roofing and paving materials and shade trees to reduce air conditioning load and reverse urban heat islands. The California ann New England Utility "Collaboratives. California has ordered no new central power plants since 1975. Its enviable economic growth has been "fueled" by improved end-use efficiency, small gas turbines, and renewables, mainly wind. To maintain this profitable trend, profit rules have been changed so that utilities become richer by selling energy efficiency than by selling energy. Reversing summer urban heat islands. Most cities are summer "heat islands" because vegetation (which cools by evapotranspiration) has usually been replaced with dark-colored roofs and pavements, which get hot under the sun and then heat the air. A study of Los Angeles shows that white roofs, concrete colored pavement and 10 million shade trees will cool the city by 3 degrees C (at 3 pm) and reduce "smog" (ozone) by 12%. Air conditioning savings will be $175,000/HOUR and smog benefits, $360,000/HOUR. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5217-3 J9 NATO ASI 3 HIGH TECH PY 1998 VL 56 BP 19 EP 48 PG 30 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations; Public Administration GA BN02A UT WOS:000080413500002 ER PT J AU Reinitz, J Kosman, D Vanario-Alonso, CE Sharp, DH AF Reinitz, J Kosman, D Vanario-Alonso, CE Sharp, DH TI Stripe forming architecture of the gap gene system SO DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE pair-rule genes; even-skipped; positional information; morphogenetic gradients; gene circuit; simulated annealing; computational biology; Drosophila ID PAIR-RULE GENES; EVEN-SKIPPED PROMOTER; DROSOPHILA EMBRYO; FUSHI-TARAZU; SEGMENTATION GENES; REGULATORY INTERACTIONS; POSITIONAL INFORMATION; EXPRESSION; ACTIVATION; REPRESSION AB In this report, we show that gap genes encode exactly one set of pair-rule stripes, which occur in the native even-skipped position. The core of this work is a detailed analysis that shows how this conclusion follows from the arrangement of gap domains in the embryo. This analysis shows that: (1) pattern forming information is transmitted from gap io pair-rule genes by means of a nonredundant sei of morphogenetic gradients, and (2) the stripe forming capability of the gap genes is constrained by the arrangement of these gradients and by the fact thai each gap domain consists of a pair of correlated gradients. We also show that in the blastoderm, the regulatory sign of a transcriptional regulator is unlikely io change in a concentration dependent manner. The principal analytic tool used to establish these results is the gene circuli method. Here, this method is applied io examine hybrid data sets consisting of real gene expression data for four gap genes and hypothetical pair-rule expression data generated by translating native even-skipped data along the anterior-posterior axis. In this way, we are able to investigate the stripe forming capabilities of the gap gene system in complete absence of pair-rule cross regulation. We close with an inference about evolutionary development. ii is argued thai the constraints on gap gene architecture identified here are a consequence of selective pressures that minimize the number of gap genes required io determine segments in long-germ band insects. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Brookdale Ctr Mol Biol, New York, NY 10029 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Reinitz, J (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Brookdale Ctr Mol Biol, Box 1126,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR07801]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD27937] NR 43 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0192-253X J9 DEV GENET JI Dev. Genet. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 11 EP 27 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1998)23:1<11::AID-DVG2>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 17 WC Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 106LX UT WOS:000075132000002 PM 9706690 ER EF