FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Greenwood, MS Adamson, JD Bamberger, JA AF Greenwood, M. S. Adamson, J. D. Bamberger, J. A. TI Long-path measurements of ultrasonic attenuation and velocity for very dilute slurries and liquids and detection of contaminates SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultrasonics International (UI 05)/ World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU 2005) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE attenuation; velocity of sound; contaminant detection; process control ID PURE WATER; SPEED; SOUND AB The objective was to use multiple paths through the slurry to determine the lowest concentration that provided accurate attenuation measurements and to measure the velocity of sound through an effective long path. Ultrasonic attenuation measurements were obtained for slurries of silica ( 10 mu m diameter) in water for concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% silica by weight. Attenuation measurements for concentrations less than 0.1% may prove useful for process control to detect contaminants. A long path is obtained due to multiple reflections occurring within the stainless steel ( SS) vessel used; broad-band transducers are affixed on the outside of the thick-walled vessel. The signal in the receive transducer permits the measurement of the attenuation and also the velocity by measuring the time-of-light. The FFT of the appropriate signal for each echo was obtained and compared with that for water to yield the attenuation as a function of frequency. The attenuation measurements are self-calibrating because they are not affected by changes in the pulser voltage. The data show the feasibility for measuring a concentration of 0.025 wt% silica, which is equivalent to 0.25 g of silica in 1 l of water. Therefore, such measurements can prove useful for detecting contaminants in liquid. The velocity of sound measurements for solutions of hydrogen peroxide in water were obtained and accurate to about 0.3 m/s, or 0.02% uncertainty. (c) 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Greenwood, MS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM margaret.greenwood@pnl.gov OI Adamson, Justus/0000-0002-7868-5631 NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD DEC 22 PY 2006 VL 44 SU 1 BP E461 EP E466 DI 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.024 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 200ZX UT WOS:000248802400091 PM 16781750 ER PT J AU Greenwood, MS Adamson, JD Bond, LJ AF Greenwood, Margaret S. Adamson, Justus D. Bond, Leonard J. TI Measurement of the viscosity-density product using multiple reflections of ultrasonic shear horizontal waves SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultrasonics International (UI 05)/ World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU 2005) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE viscosity; reflection coefficients; shear wave reflection ID SLURRY; LIQUID; INTERFACE; SENSOR AB We have developed an on-line computer-controlled sensor, based on ultrasound reflection measurements, to determine the product of the viscosity and density of a liquid or slurry for Newtonian fluids and the shear impedance of the liquid for non-Newtonian fluids. A 14 MHz shear wave transducer is bonded to one side of a 45 degrees-90 degrees fused silica wedge and the base is in contract with the liquid. Twenty-eight echoes were observed due to the multiple reflections of an ultrasonic shear horizontal (SH) wave within the wedge. The fast Fourier transform of each echo was obtained for a liquid and for water, which serves as the calibration fluid, and the reflection coefficient at the solid-liquid interface was obtained. Data were obtained for 11 sugar water solutions ranging in concentration from 10% to 66% by weight. The viscosity values are shown to be in good agreement with those obtained independently using a laboratory viscometer. The data acquisition time is 14 s and this can be reduced by judicious selection of the echoes for determining the reflection coefficient. The measurement of the density results in a determination of the viscosity for Newtonian fluids or the shear wave velocity for non-Newtonian fluids. The sensor can be deployed for process control in a pipeline, with the base of the wedge as part of the pipeline wall, or immersed in a tank. (c) 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Idaho Natl Lab, Ctr Adv Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Greenwood, MS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM margaret.greenwood@pnl.gov OI Adamson, Justus/0000-0002-7868-5631 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD DEC 22 PY 2006 VL 44 SU 1 BP E1031 EP E1036 DI 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.093 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 200ZX UT WOS:000248802400193 PM 16793108 ER PT J AU Greenwood, MS Ahmed, S AF Greenwood, Margaret Stautberg Ahmed, Salahuddin TI Ultrasonic diffraction grating spectroscopy and the measurement of particle size SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultrasonics International (UI 05)/ World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU 2005) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE particle size; slurry characterization; velocity of sound; diffraction grating AB The results of measurements using ultrasonic diffraction grating spectroscopy (UDGS) are found to be dependent upon the particle size of the slurry. This illustrates the emergence of a new technique for measuring particle size. Theoretical calculations are underway to describe and predict them as well. The ultrasonic grating surface is in contact with the slurry. The diffraction grating was formed by machining triangular grooves with a periodicity of 483 mu m on the. at surface of an aluminum unit with send and receive transducers fastened to it. For this experimental configuration, the ultrasonic beam strikes the back of the grating at an incident angle of 30 degrees and produces a transmitted beam of spectral order m = 1 in the slurry. The angle of this transmitted beam changes with frequency and, at the critical frequency of 3.47 MHz, it is located at an angle of 90 degrees. The receive transducer measures the reflected m = 0 beam at an angle of 30 degrees. At a frequency slightly less than the critical frequency, the m = 1 transmitted beam no longer exists and its energy is shared with all other beams. Therefore, due to energy conservation, the signal in the receive transducer exhibits a peak at the critical frequency. During the transition, the wave interacts with the particles of the slurry and ultrasound amplitude is reduced. Therefore, the peak observed by the receive transducer is reduced, compared to that for water. Data have been obtained for slurries of polystyrene spheres, ranging in size from 215 mu m to 463 mu m, and for weight percentages of 1-12%. Polystyrene spheres of different diameter show differing amounts of energy loss and thus, particle size identification is possible. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Greenwood, MS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Margaret.greenwood@pnl.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD DEC 22 PY 2006 VL 44 SU 1 BP E1385 EP E1393 DI 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.213 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 200ZX UT WOS:000248802400257 PM 16824569 ER PT J AU Muller, M Tencate, JA Darling, TW Sutin, A Guyer, RA Talmant, M Laugier, P Johnson, PA AF Muller, M. Tencate, J. A. Darling, T. W. Sutin, A. Guyer, R. A. Talmant, M. Laugier, P. Johnson, P. A. TI Micro-damage assessment using non-linear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) techniques: A feasibility study SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultrasonics International (UI 05)/ World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU 2005) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE bone; micro-damage; non-linear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy; non-destructive evaluation ID CORTICAL BONE; MICRODAMAGE AB Non-linear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) is a technique exploiting the significant non-linear behavior of damaged materials, related to the presence of damage. This study shows for the first-time the feasibility of this technique for damage assessment in bone. Two samples of bovine cortical bone were subjected to a progressive damage experiment. Damage accumulation was progressively induced in the samples by mechanical testing. For independent assessment of damage, X-ray CT imaging was performed at each damage step, but only helped in the detection of the prominent cracks. Synchrotron micro-CT imaging and histology using epifluorescence microscopy were performed in one of the two samples at the last damage step and allowed detection of micro-cracks for this step. As the quantity of damage accumulation increased, NRUS revealed a corresponding increase in the non-linear response. The measured change in non-linear response is much more sensitive than the change in elastic modulus. The results suggest that NRUS could be a potential tool for micro-damage assessment in bone. Further work has to be carried out for a better understanding of the physical nature of damaged bone, and for the ultimate goal of in vivo implementation of the technique where bone access will be a challenging problem. (c) 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Lab Imagerie Parametr, F-75006 Paris, France. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Muller, M (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Lab Imagerie Parametr, 15 Rue Ecole Med, F-75006 Paris, France. EM marie.muller@lip.bhdc.jussieu.fr OI Johnson, Paul/0000-0002-0927-4003 NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD DEC 22 PY 2006 VL 44 SU 1 BP E245 EP E249 DI 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.06.043 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 200ZX UT WOS:000248802400048 PM 16876843 ER PT J AU Pfund, DM Greenwood, MS Bamberger, JA Pappas, RA AF Pfund, David M. Greenwood, Margaret S. Bamberger, Judith A. Pappas, Richard A. TI Inline ultrasonic rheometry by pulsed Doppler SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultrasonics International (UI 05)/ World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU 2005) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA ID FLOW AB This will be a discussion of the non-invasive determination of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid in laminar pipe flow over the range of shear rates present in the pipe. The procedure used requires knowledge of the flow pro. le in and the pressure drop along a long straight run of pipe. The profile is determined by using a pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter. This approach is ideal for making non-invasive, real-time measurements for monitoring and control. Rheograms of a shear thinning gel will be presented. The operating parameters and limitations of the Doppler-based instrument will be discussed. The most significantly limitation is velocity gradient broadening of the Doppler spectra near the walls of the pipe. This limitation can be significantly for strongly shear thinning fluids ( depending also on the ratio of beam to pipe diameter and the transducer's insertion angle). (c) 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Pfund, DM (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Battelle Blvd,MS K7-15, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM david.pfund@pnl.gov NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD DEC 22 PY 2006 VL 44 SU 1 BP E477 EP E482 DI 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.027 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 200ZX UT WOS:000248802400094 PM 16808950 ER PT J AU Posakony, GJ Greenwood, LR Ahmed, S AF Posakony, G. J. Greenwood, L. R. Ahmed, S. TI Stable multibubble sonoluminescence bubble patterns SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultrasonics International (UI 05)/ World Congress on Ultrasonics (WCU 2005) CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE multibubble sonoluminescence; MBSL; stable sonoluminescence AB Multibubble standing wave patterns can be generated from a. at piezoceramic transducer element radiating into water. By adding a second transducer positioned at 90 degrees from the transducer generating the standing wave, a 3-dimensional volume of stable single bubbles can be established. Further, the addition of the second transducer stabilizes the bubble pattern so that individual bubbles may be studied. The size of the bubbles and the separation of the standing waves depend on the frequency of operation. Two transducers, operating at frequencies above 500 kHz, provided the most graphic results for the configuration used in this study. At these frequencies stable bubbles exhibit a bright sonoluminescence pattern. Whereas stable SBSL is well-known, stable MBSL has not been previously reported. This paper includes discussions of the acoustic responses, standing wave patterns, and pictorial results of the separation of individual bubble sonoluminescence in a multibubble sonoluminescence environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. RP Greenwood, LR (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM Larry.greenwood@pnl.gov RI Greenwood, Lawrence/H-9539-2016 OI Greenwood, Lawrence/0000-0001-6563-0650 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X EI 1874-9968 J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD DEC 22 PY 2006 VL 44 SU 1 BP E445 EP E449 DI 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.06.001 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 200ZX UT WOS:000248802400088 PM 16857229 ER PT J AU Seballos, L Olson, TY Zhang, JZ AF Seballos, Leo Olson, Tammy Y. Zhang, Jin Z. TI Effects of chromophore orientation and molecule conformation on surface-enhanced Raman scattering studied with alkanoic acids and colloidal silver nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; SINGLE-MOLECULE; MONOSUBSTITUTED BENZENES; DISTANCE DEPENDENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; SERS; GOLD; ELECTRODE; ALKANETHIOLS; SUBSTRATE AB Experimental studies have been carried out to gain a better understanding of the effects of chromophore orientation and molecular conformation on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based on metal nanostructures. A series of alkanoic acids that contain a phenyl ring separated by methylene groups from the carboxylic acid, including phenylacetic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, 4-phenylbutyric acid, 5-phenylvaleric acid, and 6-phenylhexanoic acid, was investigated as model molecules with colloidal silver nanoparticles as SERS substrates. As the number of methylene groups increases, the molecules display an interesting zigzag intensity pattern of the phenyl ring bending mode around 1000 cm(-1) as well as a trend of appearance and disappearance of either the degenerate ring breathing mode or C = O vibrational mode near 1585 and 1630 cm(-1), respectively. Molecules containing an odd number of methylene units display a higher ring bending intensity and degenerate ring breathing mode and are suggested to have a trans conformation on the particle surface. Molecules with an even number of methylene units show a C = O vibrational mode and weaker ring bending in their SERS spectra and are suggested to have a gauche conformation on the silver nanoparticle surface. The different conformation is attributed to the varying interactions of the carboxylic group or the phenyl ring pi electrons with the silver surface. The SERS intensity was found to change little as the length between the phenyl ring and the carboxylic group was increased by adding CH2 spacers. This is possibly because the effective distance between the phenyl ring and the silver surface does not change much with increasing number of CH2 spacers as a result of changes in molecular conformation and variations in the phenyl ring orientation with CH2 addition. The insight gained from this study is important for understanding SERS of complex molecules for which chromophore orientation and molecular conformation must be taken into careful consideration. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Zhang, JZ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM zhang@chemistry.ucsc.edu NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 23 AR 234706 DI 10.1063/1.2404648 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 125BA UT WOS:000243415300032 PM 17190569 ER PT J AU Tait, SL Dohnalek, Z Campbell, CT Kay, BD AF Tait, Steven L. Dohnalek, Zdenek Campbell, Charles T. Kay, Bruce D. TI n-alkanes on Pt(111) and on C(0001)/Pt(111): Chain length dependence of kinetic desorption parameters SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR ADSORPTION; OLIGOMER DESORPTION; THERMAL-DESORPTION; BUTANE ADLAYERS; METAL-SURFACES; GRAPHITE; HYDROCARBONS; ENERGETICS; MGO(100); PHYSISORPTION AB We have measured the desorption of seven small n-alkanes (CNH2N+2, N=1-4,6,8,10) from the Pt(111) and C(0001) surfaces by temperature programed desorption. We compare these results to our recent study of the desorption kinetics of these molecules on MgO(100) [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 164708 (2005)]. There we showed an increase in the desorption preexponential factor by several orders of magnitude with increasing n-alkane chain length and a linear desorption energy scaling with a small y-intercept value. We suggest that the significant increase in desorption prefactor with chain length is not particular to the MgO(100) surface, but is a general effect for desorption of the small n-alkanes. This argument is supported by statistical mechanical arguments for the increase in the entropy gain of the molecules upon desorption. In this work, we demonstrate that this hypothesis holds true on both a metal surface and a graphite surface. We observe an increase in prefactor by five orders of magnitude over the range of n-alkane chain lengths studied here. On each surface, the desorption energies of the n-alkanes are found to increase linearly with the molecule chain length and have a small y-intercept value. Prior results of other groups have yielded a linear desorption energy scaling with chain length that has unphysically large y-intercept values. We demonstrate that by allowing the prefactor to increase according to our model, a reanalysis of their data resolves this y-intercept problem to some degree. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Mat & Chem Sci, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Mat & Chem Sci, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kay, BD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Mat & Chem Sci, Fundamental Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM bruce.kay@pnl.gov RI Tait, Steven/I-5985-2013; OI Tait, Steven/0000-0001-8251-5232; Dohnalek, Zdenek/0000-0002-5999-7867 NR 37 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 8 U2 65 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 23 AR 234308 DI 10.1063/1.2400235 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 125BA UT WOS:000243415300022 PM 17190559 ER PT J AU Prettyman, TH Hagerty, JJ Elphic, RC Feldman, WC Lawrence, DJ McKinney, GW Vaniman, DT AF Prettyman, T. H. Hagerty, J. J. Elphic, R. C. Feldman, W. C. Lawrence, D. J. McKinney, G. W. Vaniman, D. T. TI Elemental composition of the lunar surface: Analysis of gamma ray spectroscopy data from Lunar Prospector SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Review ID PROCELLARUM KREEP TERRANE; POLE-AITKEN BASIN; SCINTILLATION DETECTORS; NEUTRON SPECTROMETERS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; EPITHERMAL NEUTRONS; TIO2 CONCENTRATIONS; THORIUM ABUNDANCES; RESPONSE FUNCTIONS; THERMAL-NEUTRONS AB [ 1] Gamma ray spectroscopy data acquired by Lunar Prospector are used to determine global maps of the elemental composition of the lunar surface. Maps of the abundance of major oxides, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, TiO2, and FeO, and trace incompatible elements, K and Th, are presented along with their geochemical interpretation. Linear spectral mixing is used to model the observed gamma ray spectrum for each map pixel. The spectral shape for each elemental constituent is determined by a Monte Carlo radiation transport calculation. Linearization of the mixing model is accomplished by scaling the spectral shapes with lunar surface parameters determined by neutron spectroscopy, including the number density of neutrons slowing down within the surface and the effective atomic mass of the surface materials. The association of the highlands with the feldspathic lunar meteorites is used to calibrate the mixing model and to determine backgrounds. A linear least squares approach is used to unmix measured spectra to determine the composition of each map pixel. The present analysis uses new gamma ray production cross sections for neutron interactions, resulting in improved accuracy compared to results previously submitted to the Planetary Data System. Systematic variations in lunar composition determined by the spectral unmixing analysis are compared with the lunar soil sample and meteorite collections. Significant results include improved accuracy for the abundance of Th and K in the highlands; identification of large regions, including western Procellarum, that are not well represented by the sample collection; and the association of relatively high concentrations of Mg with KREEP-rich regions on the lunar nearside, which may have implications for the concept of an early magma ocean. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Prettyman, TH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mail Stop D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM thp@lanl.gov RI Lawrence, David/E-7463-2015; OI Lawrence, David/0000-0002-7696-6667; Prettyman, Thomas/0000-0003-0072-2831 NR 183 TC 140 Z9 144 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 111 IS E12 AR E12007 DI 10.1029/2005JE002656 PG 41 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 120TJ UT WOS:000243108600001 ER PT J AU Engtrakul, C Kim, YH Nedeljkovic, JM Ahrenkiel, SP Gilbert, KEH Alleman, JL Zhang, SB Micic, OI Nozik, AJ Heben, MJ AF Engtrakul, Chaiwat Kim, Yong-Hyun Nedeljkovic, Jovan M. Ahrenkiel, S. Phil Gilbert, Katherine E. H. Alleman, Jeff L. Zhang, S. B. Micic, Olga I. Nozik, Arthur J. Heben, Michael J. TI Self-assembly of linear arrays of semiconductor nanoparticles on carbon single-walled nanotubes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID INP QUANTUM DOTS; MONODISPERSE NANOCRYSTALS; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; GROWTH; CDTE; SUPERLATTICES; ORGANIZATION; ATTACHMENT; FILMS AB Ligand-stabilized nanocrystals (NCs) were strongly bound to the nanotube surfaces by simple van der Waals forces. Linear arrays of CdSe and InP quantum dots were formed by self-assembly using the grooves in bundles of carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) as a one-dimensional template. A simple geometrical model explains the ordering in terms of the anisotropic properties of the nanotube surface. CdSe quantum rods were also observed to self-organize onto SWNTs with their long axis parallel to the nanotube axis. This approach offers a route to the formation of ordered NC/SWNT architectures that avoids problems associated with surface derivatization. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Engtrakul, C (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM chaiwat_engtrakul@nrel.gov; michael_heben@nrel.gov RI Engtrakul, Chaiwat/H-5634-2011; Kim, Yong-Hyun/C-2045-2011; Krausnick, Jennifer/D-6291-2013; Zhang, Shengbai/D-4885-2013; Nozik, Arthur/A-1481-2012; Nozik, Arthur/P-2641-2016 OI Kim, Yong-Hyun/0000-0003-4255-2068; Zhang, Shengbai/0000-0003-0833-5860; NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25153 EP 25157 DI 10.1021/jp065176n PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400004 PM 17165958 ER PT J AU Zhu, K Kopidakis, N Neale, NR van de Lagemaat, J Frank, AJ AF Zhu, Kai Kopidakis, Nikos Neale, Nathan R. van de Lagemaat, Jao Frank, Arthur J. TI Influence of surface area on charge transport and recombination in dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID BAND-EDGE MOVEMENT; MODULATED PHOTOCURRENT SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; BACK-REACTION; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; COLLECTION EFFICIENCY; INTENSITY DEPENDENCE; ACTIVATION-ENERGIES AB The dependence of the electron transport and recombination dynamics on the internal surface area of mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 films in dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated. The internal surface area was varied by altering the average particle size in the films. The scaling of the photoelectron density and the electron diffusion coefficient at short circuit with internal surface area confirms the results of a recent study (Kopidakis, N.; Neale, N. R.; Zhu, K.; van de Lagemaat, J.; Frank, A. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 202106) that transport-limiting traps are located predominately on the surfaces of the particles. The recombination current density was found to increase superlinearly (with an exponent of 1.40 +/- 0.12) with the internal surface area. This result is at odds with the expected linear dependence of the recombination current density on the surface area when only the film thickness is increased. The observed scaling of the recombination current density with surface area is consistent with recombination being transport-limited. Evidence is also presented confirming that photoinjected electrons recombine with redox species in the electrolyte via surface states rather than from the TiO2 conduction band. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Frank, AJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM afrank@nrel.gov RI van de Lagemaat, Jao/J-9431-2012; Kopidakis, Nikos/N-4777-2015 NR 45 TC 145 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 59 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25174 EP 25180 DI 10.1021/jp065284+ PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400007 PM 17165961 ER PT J AU Creutz, C Brunschwig, BS Sutin, N AF Creutz, Carol Brunschwig, Bruce S. Sutin, Norman TI Interfacial charge-transfer absorption: 3. Application to semiconductor-molecule assemblies SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Review ID PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON-TRANSFER; RESONANCE RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; RU POLYPYRIDYL COMPLEXES; TRANSFER RATE CONSTANTS; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; SURFACE COMPLEXATION; TIO2 NANOPARTICLES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; TRANSFER RATES; REORGANIZATION ENERGY AB Interfacial charge-transfer absorption (IFCTA) provides information concerning the barriers to charge transfer between molecules and the energy levels of a metal/semiconductor and the magnitude of the electronic coupling and could thus provide a powerful tool for understanding interfacial charge-transfer kinetics. Here we utilize a previously published model (J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 10251) to predict the energetics of IFCTA spectra for semiconductors and compare literature observations to these predictions for n-type semiconductors (largely TiO(2)). In contrast to metals, where IFCTA has been only rarely observed, new absorption features due to IFCTA are common for semiconductors such as TiO(2). At issue is whether the electron accepting states in the TiO(2) are localized or delocalized over the conduction band. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Creutz, C (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM ccreutz@bnl.gov; bsb@caltech.edu; sutin@bnl.gov RI Brunschwig, Bruce/G-4249-2011 NR 112 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25181 EP 25190 DI 10.1021/jp063953d PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400008 PM 17165962 ER PT J AU Lu, Y Spitler, MT Parkinson, BA AF Lu, Yunfeng Spitler, Mark T. Parkinson, B. A. TI Photochronocoulometric measurement of the coverage of surface-bound dyes on titanium dioxide crystal surfaces SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-STEP CHRONOCOULOMETRY; NANOCRYSTALLINE TIO2; ELECTRON-INJECTION; CHARGE SEPARATION; SOLAR-CELLS; ADSORPTION; SENSITIZATION; ANATASE; DYNAMICS; FILMS AB Atomically flat terraced single-crystal anatase and rutile surfaces can be prepared allowing for the reproducible adsorption of covalently attached sensitizing dyes. Once reproducible surfaces and dye coverages are achieved, a photochronocoulometric technique is developed to measure the surface coverage of the dyes, an important parameter in determining the efficiency of sensitization. The surface-bound dyes are irreversibly oxidized by exposure to a light pulse with the n-type oxide semiconductor electrode held in depletion. A double-exponential decay of the subsequent photocurrent is then measured, where the integration of the faster decay is associated with the adsorbed dye coverage and the second much slower decay is attributed to trace regenerators, including water, in the nonaqueous electrolyte. The ruthenium-based N3 dye shows the expected linear dependence of the rate constant on light intensity whereas a dicarboxylated thiacyanine dye shows a square root dependence of its photooxidation rate on light intensity. The sublinear response of the thiacyanine dye is discussed in terms of the more complex surface chemistry that is known for this family of sensitizing dyes. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Parkinson, BA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Bruce.Parkinson@colostate.edu NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25273 EP 25278 DI 10.1021/jp064529f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400018 PM 17165972 ER PT J AU Deutsch, TG Koval, CA Turner, JA AF Deutsch, Todd G. Koval, Carl A. Turner, John A. TI III-V nitride epilayers for photoelectrochemical water splitting: GaPN and GaAsPN SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID PERSISTENT PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY; AQUEOUS-ELECTROLYTES; SURFACE MODIFICATION; GAN; SEMICONDUCTORS; ALLOYS; INTERFACE; EPITAXY AB Epilayers of single-crystal GaAsPN and GaPN semiconductor samples with varying nitrogen compositions were photoelectrochemically characterized to determine their potential to serve as water splitting photoelectrodes. The band gap and flatband potentials were determined and used to calculate the valence and conduction band edge energies. The band edges for all compositions appear to be too negative by more than 500 mV for any of the materials to effect light-driven water splitting without an external bias. Corrosion analysis was used to establish material stability under operating conditions. GaPN was found to show good stability toward photocorrosion; on the other hand, GaAsPN showed enhanced photocorrosion as compared to GaP. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Turner, JA (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM John_Turner@nrel.gov OI Deutsch, Todd/0000-0001-6577-1226 NR 34 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 41 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25297 EP 25307 DI 10.1021/jp0652805 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400021 PM 17165975 ER PT J AU Schaller, RD Sykora, M Jeong, S Klimov, VI AF Schaller, Richard D. Sykora, Milan Jeong, Sohee Klimov, Victor I. TI High-efficiency carrier multiplication and ultrafast charge separation in semiconductor nanocrystals studied via time-resolved photoluminescence SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE EXCITON GENERATION; DOT SOLAR-CELLS; QUANTUM DOTS; PBSE NANOCRYSTALS; COLLOIDAL PBSE; DYNAMICS; LIMITS; CDSE; RELAXATION; ELECTRON AB We demonstrate novel methods for the study of multiple exciton generation from a single photon absorption event (carrier multiplication) in semiconductor nanocrystals (or nanocrystal quantum dots) that are complementary to our previously reported transient absorption method. By monitoring the time dependence of photoluminescence (PL) from CdSe nanocrystals via time-correlated single photon counting, we find that carrier multiplication is observable due to the Auger decay of biexcitons. We compare these data with similar studies using transient absorption and find that the two methods give comparable results. In addition to the observation of dynamical signatures of carrier multiplication due to the Auger decay, we observe spectral signatures of multiple excitons produced from the absorption of a single photon. PL spectra at short times following excitation with high-energy photons are red-shifted compared to the single-exciton emission band, which is consistent with previous observations of significant exciton-exciton interactions in nanocrystals. We then show using a combination of transient absorption and time-resolved PL studies that charge transfer between a nanocrystal and a Ru-based catalyst model compound takes place on a time scale that is faster than Auger recombination time constants, which points toward a possible design of donor-acceptor assemblies that can be utilized to take advantage of the carrier multiplication process. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Schaller, RD (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, MS-J567, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rdsx@lanl.gov; klimov@lanl.gov OI Jeong, Sohee/0000-0002-9863-1374; Klimov, Victor/0000-0003-1158-3179 NR 33 TC 133 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 53 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25332 EP 25338 DI 10.1021/jp065282p PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400025 PM 17165979 ER PT J AU McDonald, TJ Engtrakul, C Jones, M Rumbles, G Heben, MJ AF McDonald, Timothy J. Engtrakul, Chaiwat Jones, Marcus Rumbles, Garry Heben, Michael J. TI Kinetics of PL quenching during single-walled carbon nanotube rebundling and diameter-dependent surfactant interactions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; KATAURA PLOT; FUNCTIONALIZATION; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SOLUBILIZATION; ABSORPTION; ADSORPTION; DISPERSION AB The kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotube rebundling have been investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The rate of loss of PL intensity was measured for 12 different nanotubes in three common aqueous surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS; sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, SDBS; and sodium cholate, SC) as the surfactant suspensions were diluted to promote nanotube rebundling, quenching of semiconductor nanotube PL, and precipitation. The rate of PL decay was first-order in the concentration of isolated nanotubes, as expected if surfactant desorption is rate-limiting in the rebundling process. Temperaturedependent measurements permitted an Arrhenius analysis from which diameter-dependent activation energies were determined. SDS was found to have very strong diameter dependence for activation energy, with stronger binding to smaller-diameter nanotubes, whereas SDBS displayed a weaker diameter dependence. SC was found to bind strongly to certain nanotubes and weakly to the (10,2) nanotube. The PL emission red shifted with time after dilution as surfactant desorption proceeded. This effect is attributed to an increase in the micropolarity at the nanotube surface. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP McDonald, TJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM tm2008@columbia.edu; michael_heben@nrel.gov RI Jones, Marcus/B-3291-2008; Engtrakul, Chaiwat/H-5634-2011; OI Jones, Marcus/0000-0001-9912-1168; Rumbles, Garry/0000-0003-0776-1462 NR 53 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25339 EP 25346 DI 10.1021/jp065281x PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400026 PM 17165980 ER PT J AU Abazovic, ND Comor, MI Dramicanin, MD Jovanovic, DJ Ahrenkiel, SP Nedeljkovic, JM AF Abazovic, Nadica D. Comor, Mirjana I. Dramicanin, Miroslav D. Jovanovic, Dragana J. Ahrenkiel, S. Phillip Nedeljkovic, Jovan M. TI Photoluminescence of anatase and rutile TiO2 particles SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ANTI-STOKES PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; ENERGY UP-CONVERSION; TITANIA PARTICLES; NANOSIZE RUTILE; VISIBLE-LIGHT; QUANTUM DOTS; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; SIZE QUANTIZATION; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; SOLAR-CELLS AB Nonaqueous reactions between titanium(IV) chloride and alcohols ( benzyl alcohol or n-butanol) were used for the synthesis of anatase TiO2 particles, while rutile TiO2 particles were synthesized in aqueous media by acidic hydrolysis of titanium( IV) chloride. The X-ray diffraction measurements proved the exclusive presence of either the anatase or the rutile phase in prepared samples. The photoluminescence of both kinds of particles (anatase and rutile) with several well-resolved peaks extending in the visible spectral region was observed, and the quantum yield at room temperature was found to be 0.25%. Photon energy up-conversion from colloidal anatase and rutile TiO2 particles was observed at low excitation intensities. The energy of up-converted photoluminescence spans the range of emission of normal photoluminescence. The explanation of photon energy up-conversion involves mid-gap energy levels originating from oxygen vacancies. C1 Vinca Inst Nucl Sci, Belgrade 11001, Serbia. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Nedeljkovic, JM (reprint author), Vinca Inst Nucl Sci, POB 522, Belgrade 11001, Serbia. EM jovned@vin.bg.ac.yu RI Dramicanin, Miroslav/C-8671-2011; Jovanovic, Dragana/D-2822-2017 OI Dramicanin, Miroslav/0000-0003-4750-5359; Jovanovic, Dragana/0000-0002-6017-2109 NR 57 TC 157 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 71 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25366 EP 25370 DI 10.1021/jp064454f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400029 PM 17165983 ER PT J AU Dimitrijevic, NM Poluektov, OG Saponjic, ZV Rajh, T AF Dimitrijevic, Nada M. Poluektov, Oleg G. Saponjic, Zoran V. Rajh, Tijana TI Complex and charge transfer between TiO2 and pyrroloquinoline quinone SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; QUINOPROTEIN ETHANOL DEHYDROGENASE; NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; SURFACE MODIFICATION; COENZYME PQQ; SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; SPIN-RESONANCE; OH-RADICALS AB Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) forms a tridentate complex with coordinatively unsaturated titanium atoms on the surface of similar to 4.5 nm TiO2 particles; an association constant of K = 550 M-1 per Ti(IV)(surf) has been determined. Low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance was employed in identification of localized charges and consequently produced radicals and in determination of charge-transfer processes. The photoexcitation of the PQQ-TiO2 complex results in the transfer of conduction band electrons from TiO2 to bound PQQ and the formation of the semiquinone radical. Attaching dopamine (DA) as an electron donor and PQQ as an electron acceptor on the surface of TiO2 results in spatial separation of photogenerated charges; the holes localize on dopamine and electrons on PQQ, with higher yields than for each component separately. In this triad-type assembly (PQQ-TiO2/DA) the PQQ that is bound to the particles acts as a sink for electrons allowing their almost complete scavenging even at temperature as low as 4 K. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Dimitrijevic, NM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM dimitrijevic@anl.gov NR 52 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25392 EP 25398 DI 10.1021/jp064469d PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400032 PM 17165986 ER PT J AU Saponjic, ZV Dimitrijevic, NM Poluektov, OG Chen, LX Wasinger, E Welp, U Tiede, DM Zuo, XB Rajh, T AF Saponjic, Zoran V. Dimitrijevic, Nada M. Poluektov, Oleg G. Chen, Lin X. Wasinger, Eric Welp, Ulrich Tiede, David M. Zuo, Xiaobing Rajh, Tijana TI Charge separation and surface reconstruction: A Mn2+ doping study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNETISM; MICROWAVE RESPONSE; TIO2; FIELD; NANOCRYSTALS; EPR; NANOPARTICLES; ANATASE; ZNO AB Hydrothermal synthesis of Mn doped anatase (TiO2) nanoparticles using scrolled nanotubes of TiO2 and MnCl2 as the starting materials is described. Incorporation of Mn2+ ions on the substitutional sites was confirmed using X-ray absorption fine structure (FT-XAFS) while the oxidation state Mn(II) and coordination environment were determined using both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Two different hyperfine couplings of 96 and 86 G were found using high-field (130 GHz) EPR reporting that Mn atoms occupy two distinct sites: one undercoordinated (reconstructed surface) and the other octahedral crystalline geometry (nanoparticle core), respectively. It was found that Mn atoms that occupy surface layers are weakly bound to the anatase lattice and can be easily leached using simple dialysis, while those incorporated in the nanoparticle core are bound more strongly and cannot be removed by dialysis. Light excitation EPR reveals that Mn ions incorporated in the surface layers participate in the charge separation, while those trapped deeply in the nanoparticle core do not show any photoactivity. Doping of the core of nanoparticles with Mn2+ ions, on the other hand, enables synthesis of optically transparent films having superparamagnetic behavior at room temperatures with a saturation magnetic moment of 1.23 mu(B) per Mn atom. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Saponjic, ZV (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Div Sci Mat, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM Rajh@anl.gov RI Zuo, Xiaobing/F-1469-2010 NR 25 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25441 EP 25450 DI 10.1021/jp064548p PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400037 PM 17165991 ER PT J AU Yu, PR Zhu, K Norman, AG Ferrere, S Frank, AJ Nozik, AJ AF Yu, Pingrong Zhu, Kai Norman, Andrew G. Ferrere, Suzanne Frank, Arthur J. Nozik, Arthur J. TI Nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells sensitized with InAs quantum dots SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE EXCITON GENERATION; DYE; EFFICIENCY; LIGHT; CDS; PHOTOSENSITIZATION; SEMICONDUCTORS; ABSORPTION; ELECTRODES; PARTICLES AB We report nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells sensitized with InAs quantum dots. InAs quantum dots of different sizes were synthesized and incorporated in solar cell devices. Efficient charge transfer from InAs quantum dots to TiO2 particles was achieved without deliberate modification of the quantum dot capping layer. A power conversion efficiency of about 1.7% under 5 mW/cm(2) was achieved; this is relatively high for a nanocrystalline metal oxide solar cell sensitized with presynthesized quantum dots, but this efficiency could only be achieved at low light intensity. At one sun, the efficiency decreased to 0.3%. The devices are stable for at least weeks under room light in air. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Yu, PR (reprint author), Innovalight Inc, 3303 Octavius Dr,Suite 104, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. EM pyu@innovalight.com; anozik@nrel.gov RI Norman, Andrew/F-1859-2010; Nozik, Arthur/A-1481-2012; Nozik, Arthur/P-2641-2016 OI Norman, Andrew/0000-0001-6368-521X; NR 37 TC 364 Z9 373 U1 8 U2 96 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25451 EP 25454 DI 10.1021/jp064817b PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400038 PM 17165992 ER PT J AU Murphy, JE Beard, MC Nozik, AJ AF Murphy, James E. Beard, Matthew C. Nozik, Arthur J. TI Time-resolved photoconductivity of PbSe nanocrystal arrays SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE EXCITON GENERATION; QUANTUM DOTS; TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY; RELAXATION DYNAMICS; SOLIDS; ELECTRON; WELLS; GAAS AB We report the sub-picosecond photoconductivity dynamics of chemically treated PbSe nanocrystal arrays utilizing time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS). TRTS allows both the degree of interdot electronic coupling and the carrier dynamics to be extracted simultaneously. The following capping ligands bonded to the quantum dot surface were studied: hydrazine, ethylenediamine, butlyamine, and aniline. In addition, the arrays were treated with NaOH. We find that the treatments affect both the degree of electronic coupling and the carrier dynamics. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Chem & Biosci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Beard, MC (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Chem & Biosci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM matt_beard@nrel.gov; Anozik@nrel.gov RI Nozik, Arthur/A-1481-2012; Nozik, Arthur/P-2641-2016; OI BEARD, MATTHEW/0000-0002-2711-1355 NR 35 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25455 EP 25461 DI 10.1021/jp0646123 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400039 PM 17165993 ER PT J AU Ai, X Beard, MC Knutsen, KP Shaheen, SE Rumbles, G Ellingson, RJ AF Ai, Xin Beard, Matthew C. Knutsen, Kelly P. Shaheen, Sean E. Rumbles, Garry Ellingson, Randy J. TI Photoinduced charge carrier generation in a poly(3-hexylthiophene) and methanofullerene bulk heterojunction investigated by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID POLYMER PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY; SOLAR-CELLS; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION; OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION; FILMS; GAAS; THZ; ABSORPTION; POLYTHIOPHENE AB We report on the ultrafast photoinduced charge separation processes in varying compositions of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with the electron acceptor [6,6]- phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Through the use of time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, the time-and frequency-dependent complex photoconductivity is measured for samples with PCBM weight fractions (WPCBM) of 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8. By analysis of the frequency-dependent complex conductivity, both the charge carrier yield and the average charge carrier mobility have been determined analytically and indicate a short (< 0.2 nm) carrier mean free path and a suppressed long-range transport that is characteristic of carrier localization. Studies on pure films of P3HT demonstrate that charge carrier generation is an intrinsic feature of the polymer that occurs on the time scale of the excitation light, and this is attributed to the dissociation of bound polaron pairs that reside on adjacent polymer chains due to interchain charge transfer. Both interchain and interfacial charge transfer contribute to the measured photoconductivity from the blended samples; interfacial charge transfer increases as a function of increasing PCBM. The addition of PCBM to the polymer films surprisingly does not dramatically increase the production of charge carriers within the first 2 ps. However, charge carriers in the 0.2 and 0.5 blended films survive to much longer times than those in the P3HT and 0.8 films. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Beard, MC (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM matt_beard@nrel.gov RI Ellingson, Randy/H-3424-2013; Shaheen, Sean/M-7893-2013; OI BEARD, MATTHEW/0000-0002-2711-1355; Rumbles, Garry/0000-0003-0776-1462 NR 40 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 9 U2 52 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25462 EP 25471 DI 10.1021/jp065212i PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400040 PM 17165994 ER PT J AU Semin, BK Seibert, M AF Semin, Boris K. Seibert, Michael TI Flash-induced blocking of the high-affinity manganese-binding site in photosystem II by iron cations: Dependence on the dark interval between flashes and binary oscillations of fluorescence yield SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-EVOLVING COMPLEX; WATER-OXIDIZING COMPLEX; NON-HEME IRON; MEMBRANE-FRAGMENTS; ELECTRON DONATION; ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; 2-QUANTUM MECHANISM; CYTOCHROME B(559); OXIDATION COMPLEX; ACCEPTOR COMPLEX AB Incubation of Fe(II) cations with Mn-depleted PSII membranes (PSII(-Mn)) under weak continuous light is accompanied by blocking of the high-affinity, Mn-binding (HAZ) site with ferric cations (Semin, B. K. et al. Biochemistry 2002, 41, 5854-5864). In this study we investigated the blocking yield under single-turnover flash conditions. The flash-probe fluorescence method was used to estimate the blocking efficiency. We found that the yield of blocking increases with flash number and reaches 50% after 7 flashes. When the dark interval between the flashes (Delta t) was varied, we found that the percentage of blocking decreases at Delta t < 100 ms (t(1/2), 4-10 ms). No inhibition of the blocking yield was found at longer time intervals ( as with photoactivation). This result shows the necessity of a dark rearrangement during the blocking process ( the dual-site hypothesis described in the text) and indicates the formation of a binuclear iron center. During the blocking experiments, we found a binary oscillation of the F-max elicited during a train of flashes. The oscillations were observed only in the presence of Fe( II) cations or other electron donors ( including Mn(II)) but not in the presence of Ca2+. Chelators had no effect on the oscillations. Our results indicate that the oscillations are due to processes on the acceptor side of PSII and to the appearance of "acceptor X" after odd flashes. Acceptor X is reduced by Q(A)(-) at very high rate (<< 2 ms), is not sensitive to DCMU, and is rather stable in the dark (t(1/2) approximate to 2 min). These properties are similar to those of nonheme Fe(III) (Fe(III)(NHI)). When Fe( II) NHI was oxidized with ferricyanide (Fe(CN)(6)), the fluorescence decay kinetics and yield of fluorescence were identical to those observed when the sample was exposed to 1 flash prior to the fluorescence measurement. We suggest that acceptor X is Fe(III) NHI, oxidized by the semiquinone form of Q(B)(-). This is similar to the mechanism of "reduction- induced oxidation of Fe(II)(NHI)" by exogenous quinones reported in the literature. We suggest that involvement of Q(B)(-) in the oxidation of Fe(II) NHI in PSII(-Mn) membranes is due to the modification of the QB- binding site and increase of its redox potential resulting from extraction of the functional Mn cluster. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Chem & Biosci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Dept Biophys, Moscow 119992, Russia. RP Seibert, M (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Chem & Biosci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM mike_seibert@nrel.gov NR 59 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25532 EP 25542 DI 10.1021/jp0652796 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400050 PM 17166004 ER PT J AU Gur, I Fromer, NA Alivisatos, AP AF Gur, Ilan Fromer, Neil A. Alivisatos, A. Paul TI Controlled assembly of hybrid bulk-heterojunction solar cells by sequential deposition SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID NANOCRYSTAL-POLYMER COMPOSITES; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; INORGANIC NANOCRYSTALS; MORPHOLOGY; NETWORK; GROWTH AB This work presents a technique to create ordered and easily characterized hybrid nanocrystal-polymer composites by sequential deposition of tetrapod-shaped cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanocrystals and poly(3-hexlythiophene). With controlled fabrication and composite morphology, these devices offer several advantages over traditional co-deposited hybrid cells and provide a model system for detailed investigation into the operation of bulk-heterojunction cells. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Alivisatos, AP (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM alivis@berkeley.edu RI Alivisatos , Paul /N-8863-2015 OI Alivisatos , Paul /0000-0001-6895-9048 NR 22 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25543 EP 25546 DI 10.1021/jp0652852 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400051 PM 17166005 ER PT J AU Blackburn, JL Engtrakul, C McDonald, TJ Dillon, AC Heben, MJ AF Blackburn, Jeff L. Engtrakul, Chaiwat McDonald, Timothy J. Dillon, Anne C. Heben, Michael J. TI Effects of surfactant and boron doping on the BWF feature in the Raman spectrum of single-wall carbon nanotube aqueous dispersions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID CHARGE-TRANSFER; SPECTROSCOPY; BAND; BUNDLES; SOLUBILIZATION; PROTONATION; TRANSISTORS; SCATTERING; RESONANCE; DIAMETER AB We examine the Breit-Wigner-Fano (BWF) line shape in the Raman spectra of carbon single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) dispersed in aqueous suspensions. Bundling and electronic effects are studied by comparing undoped SWNTs (C-SWNTs) to boron-doped nanotubes (B-SWNTs) in a variety of different surfactant solutions. For SWNTs dispersed with nonionic surfactants that are less effective in debundling than ionic surfactants, the Raman spectra retain a large BWF feature. However, we demonstrate that even for SWNTs dispersed as isolated nanotubes by ionic surfactants the BWF feature may be present and that the intensity of the BWF is highly sensitive to the specific surfactant. In particular, surfactants with electron-donating groups tend to enhance the BWF feature. Also, modification of the SWNT electronic properties by boron doping leads to enhanced surfactant dispersion relative to undoped C-SWNTs and also to modification of the BWF feature. These observations are in agreement with reports demonstrating an enhancement of the BWF by bundling but also agree with reports that suggest electron donation can enhance the BWF feature even for isolated SWNTs. Importantly, these results serve to caution against using the lack or presence of a BWF feature as an independent measure of SWNT aggregation in surfactant dispersions. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Blackburn, JL (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RI Engtrakul, Chaiwat/H-5634-2011; Blackburn, Jeffrey/D-7344-2012 NR 49 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 50 BP 25551 EP 25558 DI 10.1021/jp065287m PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 116TO UT WOS:000242825400053 PM 17166007 ER PT J AU Cruz, MJ Jarvis, MJ Blundell, KM Rawlings, S Croft, S Klockner, HR McLure, RJ Simpson, C Targett, TA Willott, CJ AF Cruz, Maria J. Jarvis, Matt J. Blundell, Katherine M. Rawlings, Steve Croft, Steve Klockner, Hans-Rainer McLure, Ross J. Simpson, Chris Targett, Thomas A. Willott, Chris J. TI The 6C** sample of steep-spectrum radio sources - I. Radio data, near-infrared imaging and optical spectorscopy SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : high-redshift; radio continuum : galaxies ID 7C REDSHIFT SURVEY; ALPHA EMISSION-LINES; NORTH ECLIPTIC CAP; K-Z RELATION; FIND OBJECTS; LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; ABSORBING HALOES; SKY SURVEY; 6C SURVEY; GALAXIES AB We present basic observational data on the 6C** sample. This is a new sample of radio sources drawn from the 151-MHz 6C survey, which was filtered with radio criteria chosen to optimize the chances of finding radio galaxies at z > 4. The filtering criteria are a steep-spectral index and a small angular size. The final sample consists of 68 sources from a region of sky covering 0.421 sr. We present Very Large Array radio maps, and the results of K-band imaging and optical spectroscopy. Near-infrared counterparts are identified for 66 of the 68 sources, down to a 3 sigma limiting magnitude of K similar to 22 mag in a 3-arcsec aperture. Eight of these identifications are spatially compact, implying an unresolved nuclear source. The K-magnitude distribution peaks at a median K approximate to 18.7 mag, and is found to be statistically indistinguishable from that of the similarly selected 6C* sample, implying that the redshift distribution could extend to z greater than or similar to 4. Redshifts determined from spectroscopy are available for 22 (32 per cent) of the sources, over the range of 0.2 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 3.3. We measure 15 of these, whereas the other seven were previously known. Six sources are at z > 2.5. Four sources show broad emission lines in their spectra and are classified as quasars. Three of these show also an unresolved K-band identification. I I sources fail to show any distinctive emission and/or absorption features in their spectra. We suggest that these could be (i) in the so-called 'redshift desert' region of 1.2 < z < 1.8 or (ii) at a greater redshift, but feature weak emission-line spectra. C1 Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Leiden Univ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Merced, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA 95344 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Astron Inst, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England. Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. RP Cruz, MJ (reprint author), Dept Phys, Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. EM mjc@astro.ox.ac.uk OI Croft, Steve/0000-0003-4823-129X NR 69 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 373 IS 4 BP 1531 EP 1562 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11101.x PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 121JD UT WOS:000243153000020 ER PT J AU Gehrels, N Norris, JP Barthelmy, SD Granot, J Kaneko, Y Kouveliotou, C Markwardt, CB Meszaros, P Nakar, E Nousek, JA O'Brien, PT Page, M Palmer, DM Parsons, AM Roming, PWA Sakamoto, T Sarazin, CL Schady, P Stamatikos, M Woosley, SE AF Gehrels, N. Norris, J. P. Barthelmy, S. D. Granot, J. Kaneko, Y. Kouveliotou, C. Markwardt, C. B. Meszaros, P. Nakar, E. Nousek, J. A. O'Brien, P. T. Page, M. Palmer, D. M. Parsons, A. M. Roming, P. W. A. Sakamoto, T. Sarazin, C. L. Schady, P. Stamatikos, M. Woosley, S. E. TI A new gamma-ray burst classification scheme from GRB 060614 SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID HOST GALAXY; GRB-050709; AFTERGLOW AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to come in two duration classes(1), separated at similar to 2 s. Long-duration bursts originate from star-forming regions in galaxies(2), have accompanying supernovae when these are near enough to observe and are probably caused by massive-star collapsars(3). Recent observations(4-10) show that short-duration bursts originate in regions within their host galaxies that have lower star-formation rates, consistent with binary neutron star or neutron star - black hole mergers(11,12). Moreover, although their hosts are predominantly nearby galaxies, no supernovae have been so far associated with short-duration GRBs. Here we report that the bright, nearby GRB 060614 does not fit into either class. Its similar to 102-s duration groups it with long-duration GRBs, while its temporal lag and peak luminosity fall entirely within the short-duration GRB subclass. Moreover, very deep optical observations exclude an accompanying supernova(13-15), similar to short-duration GRBs. This combination of a long-duration event without an accompanying supernova poses a challenge to both the collapsar and the merging-neutron-star interpretations and opens the door to a new GRB classification scheme that straddles both long- and short-duration bursts. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Stanford Univ, KIPAC, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NSSTC, USRA, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gehrels@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Parsons, Ann/I-6604-2012 NR 27 TC 293 Z9 298 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 444 IS 7122 BP 1044 EP 1046 DI 10.1038/nature05376 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 118VH UT WOS:000242971100048 PM 17183315 ER PT J AU Jin, RS Rummel, A Binz, T Brunger, AT AF Jin, Rongsheng Rummel, Andreas Binz, Thomas Brunger, Axel T. TI Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID H-CC-DOMAIN; SYNAPTOTAGMIN-I; BINDING-SITES; TETANUS; THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSLOCATION; MEMBRANES; TOXINS AB Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the neuroparalytic syndrome of botulism. With a lethal dose of 1 ng kg(-1), they pose a biological hazard to humans and a serious potential bioweapon threat(1). BoNTs bind with high specificity at neuromuscular junctions and they impair exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine through specific proteolysis of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors), which constitute part of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery(2,3). The molecular details of the toxin-cell recognition have been elusive. Here we report the structure of a BoNT in complex with its protein receptor: the receptor-binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B (BoNT/B) bound to the luminal domain of synaptotagmin II, determined at 2.15 angstrom resolution. On binding, a helix is induced in the luminal domain which binds to a saddle-shaped crevice on a distal tip of BoNT/B. This crevice is adjacent to the non-overlapping ganglioside-binding site of BoNT/B. Synaptotagmin II interacts with BoNT/B with nanomolar affinity, at both neutral and acidic endosomal pH. Biochemical and neuronal ex vivo studies of structure-based mutations indicate high specificity and affinity of the interaction, and high selectivity of BoNT/B among synaptotagmin I and II isoforms. Synergistic binding of both synaptotagmin and ganglioside imposes geometric restrictions on the initiation of BoNT/B translocation after endocytosis. Our results provide the basis for the rational development of preventive vaccines or inhibitors against these neurotoxins. C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Struct, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Hannover Med Sch, Inst Biochem, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Hannover Med Sch, Inst Toxikol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. RP Brunger, AT (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM brunger@stanford.edu RI Rummel, Andreas/I-7449-2013; Jin, Rongsheng/M-7797-2013; OI Jin, Rongsheng/0000-0003-0348-7363; Brunger, Axel/0000-0001-5121-2036 NR 30 TC 148 Z9 152 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 444 IS 7122 BP 1092 EP 1095 DI 10.1038/nature05387 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 118VH UT WOS:000242971100061 PM 17167421 ER PT J AU Berg, JS AF Berg, J. Scott TI Ionization cooling in all phase space planes with various absorber shapes, including parallel-faced absorbers SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE ionization cooling; coupling; emittance exchanged; synchro-betatron resonance AB Ionization cooling in a straight beamline reduces the transverse emittance of a beam, and has little effect on the longitudinal emittance (generally, in fact, it increases the longitudinal emittance). Once the beamline bends, the introduction of dispersion creates a coupling between the transverse and longitudinal planes. If this coupling is handled properly, one can achieve cooling in all three phase space planes. This is usually done by placing a wedge-shaped absorber in a region where there is dispersion. I will demonstrate using an eigenvalue analysis that there are other configurations of dispersion and absorber shape that will achieve ionization cooling in all phase space planes. In particular, I will show that one can even achieve cooling in all phase planes with a parallel-faced absorber in a dispersion-free region. I will use perturbation theory to approximate the change in the cooling rates due to longitudinal-transverse coupling. I will then describe how the cooling of longitudinal oscillations can be understood via the projection of the "longitudinal" eigenmodes into the transverse plane. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Berg, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Bldg 901A,POB 5000, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM jsberg@bnl.gov RI Berg, Joseph/E-8371-2014 OI Berg, Joseph/0000-0002-5955-6973 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 3 BP 677 EP 684 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.036 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 121SC UT WOS:000243176300003 ER PT J AU Prussin, SG Descalle, MA Hall, JM Pruet, JA Slaughter, DR Accatino, MR Alford, OJ Asztalos, SJ Bernstein, A Church, JA Gosnell, T Loshak, A Madden, NW Manatt, DR Mauger, GJ Meyer, AW Moore, TL Norman, EB Pohl, BA Petersen, DC Rusnak, B Sundsmo, TB Tenbrook, WK Walling, RS AF Prussin, S. G. Descalle, M. -A. Hall, J. M. Pruet, J. A. Slaughter, D. R. Accatino, M. R. Alford, O. J. Asztalos, S. J. Bernstein, A. Church, J. A. Gosnell, T. Loshak, A. Madden, N. W. Manatt, D. R. Mauger, G. J. Meyer, A. W. Moore, T. L. Norman, E. B. Pohl, B. A. Petersen, D. C. Rusnak, B. Sundsmo, T. B. Tenbrook, W. K. Walling, R. S. TI Comparison of tests with 14-MeV neutrons to a Monte Carlo model for interrogation of thick cargos for clandestine fissionable materials SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE cargo screening; active interrogation; neutron source; fission product gamma radiation ID RAYS FOLLOWING FISSION AB A Monte Carlo model has been developed for interrogation of fissionable material embedded in thick cargos when high-energy beta-delayed gamma-rays are detected following neutron-induced fission. The model includes the principal structural components of the laboratory, the neutron source and collimator assembly in which it resides, the assembly that represents cargo of given characteristics, a target of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and large external plastic sciritillators for photon detection. The ability of this model to reproduce experimental measurements was tested by comparing simulations with measurements of the number of induced fissions and the number of detected photons when the HEU target was irradiated with 14.25-MeV neutrons in the absence of any cargo and while embedded in assemblies of plywood and iron pipes. The simulations agreed with experimental measurements within a factor of about 2 for irradiation of the bare target and when the areal density of intervening cargo was 33 g cm(-2) (wood) and 61 gcm(-2) (steel pipes). This suggests that the model can permit exploration of a large range in parameter space with reasonable fidelity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Prussin, SG (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM prussin@berkeley.edu NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 3 BP 853 EP 862 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.002 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 121SC UT WOS:000243176300026 ER PT J AU Anderson, DN Hensley, WK Barnett, DS Fagan, DK McIntyre, JI Hayes, JC AF Anderson, Dale N. Hensley, Walter K. Barnett, Debra S. Fagan, Deborah K. McIntyre, Justin I. Hayes, James C. TI A probabilistic derivation of gamma-ray attenuation and application: Bayesian mass estimation with a low count spectrum SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE Bayesian; mass estimation; gamma-ray attenuation AB This paper presents an intuitive derivation of the source and absorber factors in a slab geometry formulation of gamma-ray emissions incident on a detector. Using the attenuation equations, an application to mass estimation from a passively observed, low count spectrum is developed for sources with gamma-ray emissions. Propagation of error provides a confidence interval on the mass estimate. The developed methods are applied to experimental spectra from a known mass of plutonium 239 oxide. The proposed estimation method has potential in national security applications where the geometry of attenuation materials is unknown and there are time constraints on the acquisition of a spectrum. In these application settings, the first-order mass estimate developed in this paper is sufficiently accurate. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Anderson, DN (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MSN K8-07, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM dale.anderson@pnl.gov RI McIntyre, Justin/P-1346-2014 OI McIntyre, Justin/0000-0002-3706-4310 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 3 BP 894 EP 899 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.065 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 121SC UT WOS:000243176300031 ER PT J AU Raylman, RR Majewski, S Lemieux, SK Velan, SS Kross, B Popov, V Smith, MF Weisenberger, AG Zorn, C Marano, GD AF Raylman, Raymond R. Majewski, Stan Lemieux, Susan K. Velan, S. Sendhil Kross, Brian Popov, Vladimir Smith, Mark F. Weisenberger, Andrew G. Zorn, Carl Marano, Gary D. TI Simultaneous MRI and PET imaging of a rat brain SO PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPATIBLE PET; SIDE INFORMATION; RECONSTRUCTION; SCANNER; DETECTOR; DESIGN; IMAGES AB Multi-modality imaging is rapidly becoming a valuable tool in the diagnosis of disease and in the development of new drugs. Functional images produced with PET fused with anatomical structure images created by MRI will allow the correlation of form with function. Our group is developing a system to acquire MRI and PET images contemporaneously. The prototype device consists of two opposed detector heads, operating in coincidence mode. Each MRI-PET detector module consists of an array of LSO detector elements coupled through a long fibre optic light guide to a single Hamamatsu flat panel position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT). The use of light guides allows the PSPMTs to be positioned outside the bore of a 3T MRI scanner where the magnetic field is relatively small. To test the device, simultaneous MRI and PET images of the brain of a male Sprague Dawley rat injected with FDG were successfully obtained. The images revealed no noticeable artefacts in either image set. Future work includes the construction of a full ring PET scanner, improved light guides and construction of a specialized MRI coil to permit higher quality MRI imaging. C1 W Virginia Univ, Ctr Adv Imaging, Dept Radiol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA. RP Raylman, RR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Ctr Adv Imaging, Dept Radiol, Box 9236, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI Velan, S. Sendhil/B-6374-2017 OI Velan, S. Sendhil/0000-0002-4096-0722 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA094196] NR 20 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 9 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-9155 J9 PHYS MED BIOL JI Phys. Med. Biol. PD DEC 21 PY 2006 VL 51 IS 24 BP 6371 EP 6379 DI 10.1088/0031-9155/51/24/006 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 118PU UT WOS:000242955000006 PM 17148823 ER PT J AU Yang, B Shaw, RH Paw, KT AF Yang, Bai Shaw, Roger H. Paw, Kyaw Tha TI Wind loading on trees across a forest edge: A large eddy simulation SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest edge; large eddy simulation; wind moment; tree damage; structure detection ID TURBULENT-FLOW; SPRUCE FOREST; MODEL; STATISTICS; STABILITY; CUTBLOCKS; STAND; RISK; SWAY; WINDTHROW AB Wind loadings on trees, quantified by wind moment, are studied at a forest edge by employing a large eddy simulation. Trees at the forest edge are subject to large mean values of wind moment. If the relative magnitude of wind moment is concerned, however, wind moment appears to be more violent in the equilibrium region far downstream of the forest edge. This is explained by that wind moments at locations further than eight tree heights downwind of the edge are characterized by larger maximum-to-mean ratios, greater intensities of fluctuation and skewness, and higher frequency of extreme value than in the edge zone. These distinct spatial features between the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude of wind moment have different implications in regard to stand vulnerabilities between young and old forests. Two approaches are used to investigate the controlling mechanisms for wind moment: (1) cross-correlation analysis and (2) comparison of extreme values in wind moment to those in flow-driving terms. The results demonstrate that pressure gradient force and streamwise advection of upstream momentum are highly correlated with, and likely induce the extreme values in wind moment at the forest edge. In the equilibrium region, however, intermittent impulsive downward momentum fluxes associated with the passage of coherent structures are the ultimate mechanism in causing extremes in wind moment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, POB 2008,Bldg 1509, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM yangb@ornl.gov NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 141 IS 2-4 BP 133 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.09.006 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 128PG UT WOS:000243669500005 ER PT J AU Lobell, DB Field, CB Cahill, KN Bonfils, C AF Lobell, David B. Field, Christopher B. Cahill, Kimberly Nicholas Bonfils, Celine TI Impacts of future climate change on California perennial crop yields: Model projections with climate and crop uncertainties SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; perennial agriculture; almonds; grapes; California ID CO2 ENRICHMENT FACE; UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURE; SCENARIOS; RESPONSES; WINE; VARIABILITY; ADAPTATION; EMISSIONS; GRAPEVINE AB Most research on the agricultural impacts of climate change has focused on the major annual crops, yet perennial cropping systems are less adaptable and thus potentially more susceptible to damage. In regions where perennial crops are economically and culturally important, improved assessments of yield responses to future climate are needed to prioritize adaptation strategies. These impact assessments, in turn, must rely on climate and crop models that contain often poorly defined uncertainties. We evaluated the impact of climate change on six major perennial crops in California: wine grapes, almonds, table grapes, oranges, walnuts, and avocados. Outputs from multiple climate models were used to evaluate climate uncertainty, while multiple statistical crop models, derived by resampling historical databases, were used to address crop response uncertainties. We find that, despite these uncertainties, climate change in California is very likely to put downward pressure on yields of almonds, walnuts, avocados, and table grapes by 2050. Without CO2 fertilization or adaptation measures, projected losses range from 0 to > 40% depending on the crop and the trajectory of climate change. Climate change uncertainty generally had a larger impact on projections than crop model uncertainty, although the latter was substantial for several crops. Opportunities for expansion into cooler regions were identified, but this adaptation would require substantial investments and may be limited by non-climatic constraints. Given the long time scales for growth and production of orchards and vineyards (similar to 30 years), climate change should be an important factor in selecting perennial varieties and deciding whether and where perennials should be planted. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Interdisciplinary Grad Program Environm & Resourc, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA 95346 USA. RP Lobell, DB (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, POB 808,L-103, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM dlobell@llnl.gov RI Nicholas, Kimberly/G-3669-2010; Bonfils, Celine/H-2356-2012 OI Nicholas, Kimberly/0000-0002-4756-7851; Bonfils, Celine/0000-0002-4674-5708 NR 32 TC 112 Z9 120 U1 13 U2 101 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 141 IS 2-4 BP 208 EP 218 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.10.006 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 128PG UT WOS:000243669500010 ER PT J AU O'Dea, CP Mu, B Worrall, DM Kastner, J Baum, S De Vries, WH AF O'Dea, Christopher P. Mu, Bo Worrall, D. M. Kastner, Joel Baum, Stefi De Vries, Willem H. TI XMM-Newton detection of X-ray emission from the compact steep-spectrum radio galaxy 3C 303.1 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (3C 303.1); galaxies : jets; X-rays : galaxies ID MAGNETIC-FIELD STRENGTHS; LINE REGION; CENTAURUS-A; LOUD AGN; CYGNUS-A; EVOLUTION; CHANDRA; CLUSTER; JET; YOUNG AB Using XMM-Newton we detect faint unresolved X-ray emission from the compact steep-spectrum radio galaxy 3C 303.1. We detect a thermal component at kT similar or equal to 0.8 keV, which seems likely to be produced in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the host galaxy. There is evidence for a second component in the spectrum whose nature is currently ambiguous. Plausible hypotheses for the second component include (1) hot gas shocked by the expansion of the radio source, and (2) synchrotron self-Compton emission from the southern radio lobe if the magnetic field is below the equipartition value by a factor of similar to 3.5. C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Rochester Inst Technol, Ctr Imaging Sci, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP O'Dea, CP (reprint author), Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Phys, 84 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. NR 56 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 2 BP 1115 EP 1120 DI 10.1086/508705 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118PW UT WOS:000242955200022 ER PT J AU Li, PS McKee, CF Klein, RI AF Li, Pak Shing McKee, Christopher F. Klein, Richard I. TI The heavy-ion approximation for ambipolar diffusion calculations for weakly ionized plasmas SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : kinematics and dynamics; ISM : magnetic fields; magnetic fields; MHD; stars : formation ID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SHOCK-WAVES; AXISYMMETRICAL CLOUD CORES; STAR-FORMATION; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; MULTIFLUID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS; NONHOMOLOGOUS CONTRACTION; IONIZATION FRACTION; INTERCLOUD MEDIUM; FORMULATION; EQUILIBRIA AB Ambipolar diffusion redistributes magnetic flux in weakly ionized plasmas and plays a critical role in star formation. Simulations of ambipolar diffusion using explicit MHD codes are prohibitively expensive for the level of ionization observed in molecular clouds (less than or similar to 10(-6)), since an enormous number of time steps is required to represent the dynamics of the dominant neutral component with a time step determined by the trace ion component. Here, we show that ambipolar diffusion calculations can be significantly accelerated by the "heavy-ion approximation,'' in which the mass density of the ions is increased and the collisional coupling constant with the neutrals decreased such that the product remains constant. In this approximation the ambipolar diffusion time and the ambipolar magnetic Reynolds number remain unchanged. We present three tests of the heavy-ion approximation: C-type shocks, the Wardle instability, and the one-dimensional collapse of a magnetized slab. We show that this approximation is quite accurate provided that (1) the square of the Alfven Mach number is small compared to the ambipolar diffusion Reynolds number for dynamical problems, and that (2) the ion mass density is negligible for quasi-static problems; a specific criterion is given for the magnetized slab problem. The first condition can be very stringent for turbulent flows with large density fluctuations. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Li, PS (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM psli@astron.berkeley.edu; cmckee@astro.berkeley.edu; klein@astron.berkeley.edu NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 2 BP 1280 EP 1291 DI 10.1086/508977 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118PW UT WOS:000242955200035 ER PT J AU Aharmim, B Ahmed, SN Anthony, AE Beier, EW Bellerive, A Bergevin, M Biller, SD Boulay, MG Chan, YD Chen, M Chen, X Cleveland, BT Cox, GA Currat, CA Dai, X Dalnoki-Veress, F Deng, H Detwiler, J DiMarco, M Doe, PJ Doucas, G Drouin, PL Duncan, FA Dunford, M Dunmore, JA Earle, ED Evans, HC Ewan, GT Farine, J Fergani, H Fleurot, F Ford, RJ Formaggio, JA Gagnon, N Goon, JT Graham, K Guillian, E Hahn, RL Hallin, AL Hallman, ED Harvey, PJ Hazama, R Heeger, KM Heintzelman, WJ Heise, J Helmer, RL Hemingway, RJ Henning, R Hime, A Howard, C Howe, MA Huang, M Jagam, P Jelley, NA Klein, JR Kormos, LL Kos, M Kruger, A Kraus, C Krauss, CB Kutter, T Kyba, CCM Labranche, H Lange, R Law, J Lawson, IT Lesko, KT Leslie, JR Loach, JC Luoma, S MacLellan, R Majerus, S Mak, HB Maneira, J Marino, AD Martin, R McCauley, N McDonald, AB McGee, S Mifflin, C Miknaitis, KKS Miller, ML Monreal, B Nickel, BG Noble, AJ Norman, EB Oblath, NS Okada, CE O'Keeffe, HM Gann, GDO Oser, SM Ott, R Peeters, SJM Poon, AWP Prior, G Rielage, K Robertson, BC Robertson, RGH Rollin, E Schwendener, MH Secrest, JA Seibert, SR Simard, O Sims, CJ Sinclair, D Skensved, P Stokstad, RG Stonehill, LC Tesic, G Tolich, N Tsui, T Van Berg, R Van de Water, RG VanDevender, BA Virtue, CJ Walker, TJ Wall, BL Waller, D Tseung, HWC Wark, DL Wendland, J West, N Wilkerson, JF Wilson, JR Wouters, JM Wright, A Yeh, M Zhang, F Zuber, K AF Aharmim, B. Ahmed, S. N. Anthony, A. E. Beier, E. W. Bellerive, A. Bergevin, M. Biller, S. D. Boulay, M. G. Chan, Y. D. Chen, M. Chen, X. Cleveland, B. T. Cox, G. A. Currat, C. A. Dai, X. Dalnoki-Veress, F. Deng, H. Detwiler, J. DiMarco, M. Doe, P. J. Doucas, G. Drouin, P. -L. Duncan, F. A. Dunford, M. Dunmore, J. A. Earle, E. D. Evans, H. C. Ewan, G. T. Farine, J. Fergani, H. Fleurot, F. Ford, R. J. Formaggio, J. A. Gagnon, N. Goon, J. Tm. Graham, K. Guillian, E. Hahn, R. L. Hallin, A. L. Hallman, E. D. Harvey, P. J. Hazama, R. Heeger, K. M. Heintzelman, W. J. Heise, J. Helmer, R. L. Hemingway, R. J. Henning, R. Hime, A. Howard, C. Howe, M. A. Huang, M. Jagam, P. Jelley, N. A. Klein, J. R. Kormos, L. L. Kos, M. Kruger, A. Kraus, C. Krauss, C. B. Kutter, T. Kyba, C. C. M. Labranche, H. Lange, R. Law, J. Lawson, I. T. Lesko, K. T. Leslie, J. R. Loach, J. C. Luoma, S. MacLellan, R. Majerus, S. Mak, H. B. Maneira, J. Marino, A. D. Martin, R. McCauley, N. McDonald, A. B. McGee, S. Mifflin, C. Miknaitis, K. K. S. Miller, M. L. Monreal, B. Nickel, B. G. Noble, A. J. Norman, E. B. Oblath, N. S. Okada, C. E. O'Keeffe, H. M. Gann, G. D. Orebi Oser, S. M. Ott, R. Peeters, S. J. M. Poon, A. W. P. Prior, G. Rielage, K. Robertson, B. C. Robertson, R. G. H. Rollin, E. Schwendener, M. H. Secrest, J. A. Seibert, S. R. Simard, O. Sims, C. J. Sinclair, D. Skensved, P. Stokstad, R. G. Stonehill, L. C. Tesic, G. Tolich, N. Tsui, T. Van Berg, R. Van de Water, R. G. VanDevender, B. A. Virtue, C. J. Walker, T. J. Wall, B. L. Waller, D. Tseung, H. Wan Chan Wark, D. L. Wendland, J. West, N. Wilkerson, J. F. Wilson, J. R. Wouters, J. M. Wright, A. Yeh, M. Zhang, F. Zuber, K. TI A search for neutrinos from the solar hep reaction and the diffuse supernova neutrino background with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE neutrinos; Sun : general; supernovae : general ID OSCILLATIONS; CALIBRATION; SIMULATION; PHYSICS; MODELS; MATTER AB A search has been made for neutrinos from the hep reaction in the Sun and from the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) using data collected during the first operational phase of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, with an exposure of 0.65 ktons yr. For the hep neutrino search, two events are observed in the effective electron energy range of 14: 3 MeV < T-eff < 20 MeV, where 3.1 background events are expected. After accounting for neutrino oscillations, an upper limit of 2.3 x 10(4) cm(-2) s(-1) at the 90% confidence level is inferred on the integral total flux of hep neutrinos. For DSNB neutrinos, no events are observed in the effective electron energy range of 21 MeV < T-eff < 35 MeV, and, consequently, an upper limit on the v(e) component of the DSNB flux in the neutrino energy range of 22.9 MeV < E-v < 36.9 MeV of 70 cm(-2) s(-1) is inferred at the 90% confidence level. This is an improvement by a factor of 6.5 on the previous best upper limit on the hep neutrino flux and by 2 orders of magnitude on the previous upper limit on the v(e) component of the DSNB flux. C1 Laurentian Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada. Queens Univ, Dept Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Phys, Ottawa Carleton Inst Phys, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Inst Nucl & Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Expt Nucl Phys & Astrophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Sudbury Neutrino Observ Lab, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3, Canada. MIT, Nucl Sci Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Tri Univ Meson Facil, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. Lab Instrumentacao & Fis Expt Particulas, P-1000149 Lisbon, Portugal. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England. RP Aharmim, B (reprint author), Laurentian Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada. RI Heeger, Karsten/A-9533-2011; Hallin, Aksel/H-5881-2011; Kormos, Laura/D-1032-2012; Kyba, Christopher/I-2014-2012; Dai, Xiongxin/I-3819-2013; Prior, Gersende/I-8191-2013; Maneira, Jose/D-8486-2011; OI Heeger, Karsten/0000-0002-4623-7543; Kyba, Christopher/0000-0001-7014-1843; Maneira, Jose/0000-0002-3222-2738; Prior, Gersende/0000-0002-6058-1420; Wilkerson, John/0000-0002-0342-0217; Rielage, Keith/0000-0002-7392-7152; Van de Water, Richard/0000-0002-1573-327X NR 40 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 2 BP 1545 EP 1551 DI 10.1086/508768 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118PW UT WOS:000242955200062 ER PT J AU Garai, J Haggerty, SE Rekhi, S Chance, M AF Garai, Jozsef Haggerty, Stephen E. Rekhi, Sandeep Chance, Mark TI Infrared absorption investigations confirm the extraterrestrial origin of carbonado diamonds SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : evolution; ISM : general; meteors, meteoroids; methods : laboratory; stars : carbon; techniques : spectroscopic ID INTERSTELLAR DIAMONDS; PRESOLAR DIAMONDS; EMISSION BANDS; NITROGEN; NANODIAMONDS; FEATURES; DUST; SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACES; HYDROGEN AB The first complete infrared FTIR absorption spectra of carbonado diamond confirm the interstellar origin of this most enigmatic diamond. All previous attempts failed to measure the absorption of carbonado diamond in the most important IR range of 1000-1300 cm(-1)(10.00-7.69 mu m) because of silica inclusions. In our investigation, KBr pellets were made from crushed silica-free carbonado diamond, and thin sections were also prepared. The 100-1000 times brighter synchrotron infrared radiation permits a greater spatial resolution. Inclusions and pore spaces were avoided and/or sources of chemical contamination were removed. The FTIR spectra of carbonado diamond mostly depict the presence of single nitrogen impurities and hydrogen. The lack of identifiable nitrogen aggregates in the infrared spectra, the presence of features related to hydrocarbon stretch bonds, and the resemblance of the spectra to CVD and presolar diamonds indicate that carbonado diamonds formed in a hydrogenrich interstellar environment. This is consistent with carbonado diamond being sintered and porous, with extremely reduced metals, metal alloys, carbides, and nitrides, light carbon isotopes, surfaces with glassy melt-like patinas, deformation lamellae, and a complete absence of primary, terrestrial mineral inclusions. The 2.6-3.8 billion year old fragmented body was of asteroidal proportions. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source Dept, Case Ctr Synchrotron Biosci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Garai, J (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM jozsef.garai@fiu.edu NR 52 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 2 BP L153 EP L156 DI 10.1086/510451 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118PZ UT WOS:000242955500020 ER PT J AU Inada, N Oguri, M Morokuma, T Doi, M Yasuda, N Becker, RH Richards, GT Kochanek, CS Kayo, I Konishi, K Utsunomiya, H Shin, MS Strauss, MA Sheldon, ES York, DG Hennawi, JF Schneider, DP Dai, XY Fukugita, M AF Inada, Naohisa Oguri, Masamune Morokuma, Tomoki Doi, Mamoru Yasuda, Naoki Becker, Robert H. Richards, Gordon T. Kochanek, Christopher S. Kayo, Issha Konishi, Kohki Utsunomiya, Hiroyuki Shin, Min-Su Strauss, Michael A. Sheldon, Erin S. York, Donald G. Hennawi, Joseph F. Schneider, Donald P. Dai, Xinyu Fukugita, Masataka TI SDSS J1029+2623: A gravitationally lensed quasar with an image separation of 22 ''.5 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : clusters : general; gravitational lensing; quasars : individual (SDSS 102913.94+262317.9) ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; EARLY DATA RELEASE; SDSS J1004+4112; TIME DELAYS; 1ST SURVEY; TELESCOPE; GALAXIES; CLUSTER; SYSTEM; SDSS-J1004+4112 AB We report the discovery of a cluster-scale lensed quasar, SDSS J1029 + 2623, selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The lens system exhibits two lensed images of a quasar at z(s) = 2.197. The image separation of 22''.5 makes it the largest separation lensed quasar discovered to date. The similarity of the optical spectra and the radio loudnesses of the two components support the lensing hypothesis. Images of the field show a cluster of galaxies at z(1)similar to 0.55 that is responsible for the large image separation. The lensed images and the cluster light centre are not collinear, which implies that the lensing cluster has a complex structure. C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Inst Astron, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan. Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Menlo Pk, CA USA. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464, Japan. NYU, Ctr Cosmol & Particle Phys, New York, NY 10012 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Inada, N (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Inst Astron, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan. RI Oguri, Masamune/C-6230-2011; Kayo, Issha/A-4389-2011; Yasuda, Naoki/A-4355-2011; Dai, Xinyu/B-5735-2011 OI Dai, Xinyu/0000-0001-9203-2808 NR 40 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 2 BP L97 EP L100 DI 10.1086/510671 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118PZ UT WOS:000242955500006 ER PT J AU Khan, S Ganguly, AR Bandyopadhyay, S Saigal, S Erickson, DJ Protopopescu, V Ostrouchov, G AF Khan, Shiraj Ganguly, Auroop R. Bandyopadhyay, Sharba Saigal, Sunil Erickson, David J., III Protopopescu, Vladimir Ostrouchov, George TI Nonlinear statistics reveals stronger ties between ENSO and the tropical hydrological cycle SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; MUTUAL INFORMATION; CHAOS AB Cross-spectrum analysis based on linear correlations in the time domain suggested a coupling between large river flows and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. A nonlinear measure based on mutual information (MI) reveals extrabasinal connections between ENSO and river flows in the tropics and subtropics, that are 20 - 70% higher than those suggested so far by linear correlations. The enhanced dependence observed for the Nile, Amazon, Congo, Parana, and Ganges rivers, which affect large, densely populated regions of the world, has significant impacts on inter-annual river flow predictabilities and, hence, on water resources and agricultural planning. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Khan, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Div, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM gangulyar@ornl.gov NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 24 AR L24402 DI 10.1029/2006GL027941 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 120SJ UT WOS:000243105900006 ER PT J AU Kim, DH Chin, YH Muntean, GG Yezeretz, A Currier, NW Epling, WS Chen, HY Hess, H Peden, CHF AF Kim, Do Heui Chin, Ya-Huei Muntean, George G. Yezeretz, Aleksey Currier, Neal W. Epling, William S. Chen, Hai-Ying Hess, Howard Peden, Charles H. F. TI Relationship of Pt particle size to the NOx storage performance of thermally aged Pt/BaO/Al2O3 lean NOx trap catalysts SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STORAGE/REDUCTION CATALYSTS; REDUCTION CATALYST; BAO/AL2O3; DEACTIVATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; MECHANISMS; PT/AL2O3; METAL AB The relationship between Pt particle size and NOx storage performance has been investigated over a simple model Pt/BaO/Al2O3 and an enhanced lean NOx trap catalyst (LNT). These catalysts were treated at elevated temperature to mimic the effect of thermal aging encountered during the desulfation step in NOx trap catalyst regeneration. A combination of in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD), diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) measurements after CO adsorption, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations of oxidatively thermally aged samples clearly shows the sintering behavior of Pt crystallites as a function of aging time and temperature. At elevated temperatures, Pt crystallite growth occurs rapidly for an initially short period (i.e., 1.5 h) followed by a further gradual increase with time. A direct correlation of NOx storage performance data, obtained after successive thermal treatments of the LNT catalysts under oxidizing conditions, with the results of in situ XRD experiments allows us to clearly attribute performance degradation to observed phase changes. Comparing a simple model Pt/BaO/Al2O3 sample with an enhanced formulation, which displays significantly less Pt sintering, we conclude that Pt crystallite size plays a critical role in determining NOx storage activity. In other words, the retention of small Pt particles after thermal aging is crucial to maintaining high activities. Thus, the prevention of Pt sintering, especially during high-temperature operation, must be a key factor in the design of more durable LNT catalysts. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Inst Interfacial Catalysis, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Cummins Inc, Columbus, IN 47201 USA. Johnson Matthey, Wayne, PA 19087 USA. RP Kim, DH (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Inst Interfacial Catalysis, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM do.kim@pnl.gov; chuck.peden@pnl.gov RI Kim, Do Heui/I-3727-2015; OI Peden, Charles/0000-0001-6754-9928 NR 24 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 26 BP 8815 EP 8821 DI 10.1021/ie060736q PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 116EV UT WOS:000242786200010 ER PT J AU Ortiz, G Somma, R Barnum, H Knill, E AF Ortiz, Gerardo Somma, Rolando Barnum, Howard Knill, Emanuel TI Limits on the power of some models of quantum computation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories CY DEC 05-09, 2005 CL Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA HO Univ Buenos Aires DE quantum computation; Lie algebraic quantum models; computational complexity; generalized entanglement ID COMPACT LIE-ALGEBRAS AB We consider quantum computational models defined via a Lie-algebraic theory. In these models, specified initial states are acted on by Lie-algebraic quantum gates and the expectation values of Lie algebra elements are measured at the end. We show that these models can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer in time polynomial in the dimension of the algebra, regardless of the dimension of the Hilbert space where the algebra acts. Similar results hold for the computation of the expectation value of operators implemented by a gate-sequence. We introduce a Lie-algebraic notion of generalized mean-field Hamiltonians and show that they are efficiently (exactly) solvable by means of a Jacobi-like diagonalization method. Our results generalize earlier ones on fermionic linear optics computation and provide insight into the source of the power of the conventional model of quantum computation. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Div Math, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ortiz, G (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 30-31 SI SI BP 5122 EP 5131 DI 10.1142/S0217979206036181 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 122OU UT WOS:000243237100020 ER PT J AU Dukelsky, J Ortiz, G Rombouts, SMA AF Dukelsky, J. Ortiz, G. Rombouts, S. M. A. TI Exact BCS solution in the BCS-BEC crossover SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories CY DEC 05-09, 2005 CL Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA HO Univ Buenos Aires DE Richardson model; BCS-BEC crossover; cooper pairs ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB The exact Richardson solution of the reduced BCS Hamiltonian is used to study the BCS-to-BEC crossover, as well as the nature of Cooper pairs, in superconducting and Fermi superfluid media. Based on the exact eigenstate we will discuss the Cooper-pair concept proposing a scenario for the BCS-to-BEC crossover in which a mixture of quasifree fermions and pair resonances (BCS) evolves to a system of weakly bound molecules (BEC). In this single unified scenario the Cooper-pair wavefunction has a unique functional form. We propose a new definition of the condensate fraction which, within the limits of the BCS model, gives a qualitative description of recent experiments in ultracold atomic Fermi gases. Finally, we will introduce a new integrable model for asymmetric superfluid systems able to describe different homogeneous and inhomogeneous competing phases such as, breached superconductivity, deformed Fermi superfluidity, and the elusive Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrell (LOFF) state. C1 CSIC, Inst Estructura Mat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Dukelsky, J (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Estructura Mat, Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. RI Dukelsky, Jorge/I-1118-2015 OI Dukelsky, Jorge/0000-0002-7715-5487 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 30-31 SI SI BP 5179 EP 5188 DI 10.1142/S0217979206036247 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 122OU UT WOS:000243237100026 ER PT J AU Nussinov, Z Batista, CD Fradkin, E AF Nussinov, Zohar Batista, Cristian D. Fradkin, Eduardo TI Intermediate symmetries in electronic systems: Dimensional reduction, order out of disorder, dualities, and fractionalization SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories CY DEC 05-09, 2005 CL Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA HO Univ Buenos Aires DE intermediate symmetries; dimensional reduction; order out of disorder ID TRANSITION-METAL COMPOUNDS; MODELS; PHASE AB We discuss symmetries intermediate between global and local and formalize the notion of dimensional reduction adduced from such symmetries. We apply this generalization to several systems including liquid crystalline phases of Quantum Hall systems, transition metal orbital systems, frustrated spin systems, (p+ip) superconducting arrays, and sliding Luttinger liquids. By considering space-time reflection symmetries, we illustrate that several of these systems are dual to each other. In some systems exhibiting these symmetries, low temperature local orders emerge by an "order out of disorder" effect while in other systems, the dimensional reduction precludes standard orders yet allows for multiparticle orders (including those of a topological nature). C1 Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nussinov, Z (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM zohar@wuphys.wustl.edu; cdb@lanl.gov; efradkin@uiuc.edu RI Fradkin, Eduardo/B-5612-2013; Batista, Cristian/J-8008-2016; OI Fradkin, Eduardo/0000-0001-6837-463X NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 30-31 SI SI BP 5239 EP 5249 DI 10.1142/S0217979206036326 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 122OU UT WOS:000243237100034 ER PT J AU Papenbrock, T Dean, DJ Gour, JR Hagen, G Hjorth-Jensen, M Piecuch, P Wloch, M AF Papenbrock, T. Dean, D. J. Gour, J. R. Hagen, G. Hjorth-Jensen, M. Piecuch, P. Wloch, M. TI Coupled-cluster theory for nuclei SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories CY DEC 05-09, 2005 CL Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA HO Univ Buenos Aires DE nuclear structure; light nuclei; coupled-cluster theory ID FIELD; FORCES; TRIPLE; STATES; O-16 AB This presentation focuses on some of the recent developments in low-energy nuclear structure theory, with emphasis on applications of coupled-cluster theory. We report on results for ground and excited states in He-4 and O-16, and about extensions of coupled-cluster theory to treat three-body forces. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Ctr Math Appl, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Papenbrock, T (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM tpapenbr@utk.edu RI Hjorth-Jensen, Morten/B-1417-2008; Piecuch, Piotr/C-4435-2011; OI Dean, David/0000-0002-5688-703X; Papenbrock, Thomas/0000-0001-8733-2849 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 20 IS 30-31 SI SI BP 5338 EP 5345 DI 10.1142/S0217979206036454 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 122OU UT WOS:000243237100047 ER PT J AU Martin, MP Taylor, EM Wu, M Weirs, VG AF Martin, M. P. Taylor, E. M. Wu, M. Weirs, V. G. TI A bandwidth-optimized WENO scheme for the effective direct numerical simulation of compressible turbulence SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE direct numerical simulation; shock capturing; bandwidth optimization; turbulence; compressible flow ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEMES; ESSENTIALLY NONOSCILLATORY SCHEMES; SHOCK-CAPTURING SCHEMES; EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION; RESOLUTION; EQUATIONS AB Two new formulations of a symmetric WENO method for the direct numerical simulation of compressible turbulence are presented. The schemes are designed to maximize order of accuracy and bandwidth, while minimizing dissipation. The formulations and the corresponding coefficients are introduced. Numerical solutions to canonical flow problems are used to determine the dissipation and bandwidth properties of the numerical schemes. In addition, the suitability and accuracy of the bandwidth-optimized schemes for direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows is assessed in decaying isotropic turbulence and supersonic turbulent boundary layers. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Martin, MP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM pmartin@princeton.edu NR 35 TC 106 Z9 121 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 220 IS 1 BP 270 EP 289 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.05.009 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 120IZ UT WOS:000243079600014 ER PT J AU Brooks, ED Szoke, A Peterson, JDL AF Brooks, Eugene D., III Szoke, Abraham Peterson, Jayson D. L. TI Piecewise linear discretization of Symbolic Implicit Monte Carlo radiation transport in the difference formulation SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE difference formulation; radiation transport; implicit Monte Carlo ID ASYMPTOTIC DIFFUSION LIMIT; EQUATION AB We describe a Monte Carlo solution for time dependent photon transport, in the difference formulation with the material in local thermodynamic equilibrium, that is piecewise linear in its treatment of the material state variable. Our method employs a Galerkin solution for the material energy equation while using Symbolic Implicit Monte Carlo to solve the transport equation. In constructing the scheme, one has the freedom to choose between expanding the material temperature, or the equivalent black body radiation energy density at the material temperature, in terms of finite element basis functions. The former provides a linear treatment of the material energy while the latter provides a linear treatment of the radiative coupling between zones. Subject to the conditional use of a lumped material energy in the vicinity of strong gradients, possible with a linear treatment of the material energy, our approach provides a robust solution for time dependent transport of thermally emitted radiation that can address a wide range of problems. It produces accurate results in thick media. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Brooks, ED (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM brooks3@llnl.gov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 220 IS 1 BP 471 EP 497 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.07.014d PG 27 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 120IZ UT WOS:000243079600024 ER PT J AU Feng, WM Yu, P Hu, SY Liu, ZK Du, Q Chen, LQ AF Feng, W. M. Yu, P. Hu, S. Y. Liu, Z. K. Du, Q. Chen, L. Q. TI Spectral implementation of an adaptive moving mesh method for phase-field equations SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE moving mesh; adaptive mesh; phase-field equations; semi-implicit; Fourier-spectral method ID PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; GRID METHOD; COMPUTATIONS; GROWTH AB Phase-field simulations have been extensively applied to modeling microstructure evolution during various materials processes. However, large-scale simulations of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures are still computationally expensive. Among recent efforts to develop advanced numerical algorithms, the semi-implicit Fourier spectral method is found to be particularly efficient for systems involving long-range interactions as it is able to utilize the fast Fourier transforms (FFT.) on uniform grids. In this paper, we report our recent progress in making grid points spatially adaptive in the physical domain via a moving mesh strategy, while maintaining a uniform grid in the computational domain for the spectral implementation. This approach not only provides more accurate treatment at the interfaces requiring higher resolution, but also retains the numerical efficiency of the semi-implicit Fourier spectral method. Numerical examples using the new adaptive moving mesh semi-implicit Fourier spectral method are presented for both two and three space dimensional microstructure simulations, and they are compared with those obtained by other methods. By maintaining a similar accuracy, the proposed method is shown to be far more efficient than the existing methods for microstructures with small ratios of interfacial widths to the domain size. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Math, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Du, Q (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Math, 218 McAllister Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM qdu@math.psu.edu RI Du, Qiang/B-1021-2008; Chen, LongQing/I-7536-2012; Liu, Zi-Kui/A-8196-2009; OI Du, Qiang/0000-0002-1067-8937; Chen, LongQing/0000-0003-3359-3781; Liu, Zi-Kui/0000-0003-3346-3696; HU, Shenyang/0000-0002-7187-3082 NR 27 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 220 IS 1 BP 498 EP 510 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.07.013 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 120IZ UT WOS:000243079600025 ER PT J AU Cowee, MM Strangeway, RJ Russell, CT Winske, D AF Cowee, M. M. Strangeway, R. J. Russell, C. T. Winske, D. TI One-dimensional hybrid simulations of planetary ion pickup: Techniques and verification SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CYCLOTRON WAVES; PLASMA TORUS; PHOBOS OBSERVATIONS; DISPERSION ANALYSIS; FREE-ENERGY; INSTABILITY; MARS; EXOSPHERE; HALLEY AB Previously, hybrid simulation techniques using massless fluid electrons and kinetic ions have been successfully applied to study the electromagnetic plasma waves generated by ion pickup in the solar wind, where instability is driven by the large drift velocities of newborn ion populations. For ion pickup at Jupiter and Saturn's magnetospheres where instability is driven by heavy ions with a ring velocity distribution, we show that the one-dimensional hybrid simulation technique can successfully reproduce the behavior of this instability as predicted by linear dispersion theory as well as the important nonlinear wave-particle interactions. The simulated ion cyclotron waves have frequencies near the ion gyrofrequency and are generated as the anisotropic newborn ion ring distribution scatters to a more isotropic configuration. Simulated maximum wave amplitudes and instability growth rates increase with newborn ion density and pickup velocity. For appropriate heavy pickup ion densities and velocities the simulated wave amplitudes are within the range observed by spacecraft. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Cowee, MM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM mcowee@igpp.ucla.edu NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A12 AR A12213 DI 10.1029/2006JA011996 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 120TS UT WOS:000243109600009 ER PT J AU Nicholson, DMC Barabash, RI Ice, GE Sparks, CJ Robertson, JL Wolverton, C AF Nicholson, D. M. C. Barabash, R. I. Ice, G. E. Sparks, C. J. Robertson, J. Lee Wolverton, C. TI Relationship between pair and higher-order correlations in solid solutions and other Ising systems SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; LOCAL ATOMIC ARRANGEMENTS; BINARY-ALLOYS; STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; DISPLACEMENTS; FE22.5NI77.5; INTERFACE AB Atomic structure is perhaps the information most critical to the understanding of materials behaviour, hence the great importance of x-rays and neutrons as probes. Although scattering is sensitive to pair and higher-order correlations, in most applications only the pair correlation is recovered. However, pair correlation is inadequate for a complete description of homogeneous systems in thermodynamic equilibrium; all correlations are required. It is often assumed that the pair correlations extracted from scattering experiments either uniquely determine or greatly restrict higher-order correlations. Here we argue on the basis of simulations and classical density functional theory that when the Hamiltonian is of pair-potential form the pair correlations do uniquely determine all higher-order correlations. However, we also demonstrate by simulation and prove algebraically that for specific many-body Hamiltonians additional information beyond pair correlations is needed to determine higher-order correlations. The derivations are underpinned by the close connection between fluctuations, applied fields, and correlations and identify approaches that hold promise for extracting higher-order correlations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Ford Res & Adv Engn, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. RP Nicholson, DMC (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Wolverton, Christopher/B-7542-2009 NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 50 BP 11585 EP 11594 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/50/013 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 121BI UT WOS:000243132500015 ER PT J AU Takeda, N Asaoka, S Miller, JR AF Takeda, Norihiko Asaoka, Sadayuki Miller, John R. TI Nature and energies of electrons and holes in a conjugated polymer, polyfluorene SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; PLASTIC SOLAR-CELLS; ALPHA,ALPHA-COUPLED THIOPHENE OLIGOMERS; AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; OPTICAL-ABSORPTION SPECTRUM; DIFFUSION-LIMITED REACTIONS; HIGHLY SENSITIVE DETECTION; EXCITON BINDING-ENERGY; OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS AB Electrons and holes were injected selectively into poly-2,7-(9,9- dihexylfluorene) (pF) dissolved in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) and a 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) solution, respectively, using pulse radiolysis. Transient absorption spectra of monoions of both signs revealed two bands attributable to formation of polarons, one in the visible region (pF(+.) at 580 nm, pF(-.) at 600 nm) and another in the near-IR region. Additional confirmation for the identification of pF(+.) and pF(-.) comes from bimolecular charge-transfer reactions, such as bithiophene(-.) + pF -> pF(-.) or pF(+.) + TTA -> +TTA(+.) (TTA) tri-p-tolylamine), in which known radical ions transfer charge to pF or from pF. Difference absorption spectra of pF chemically reduced by sodium in THF provided a ratio of absorbance of anions formed to bleaching of the neutral band at 380 nm. In conjunction with pulse-radiolysis results, the data show that each polaron occupies 4.5 +/- 0.5 fluorene units, most probably contiguous units. Extensive reduction of pF by sodium also revealed resistance to formation of bipolarons: excess electrons reside as separate polarons when two or more electrons were injected. Redox equilibria with pyrene and terthiophene by pulse radiolysis established reversible one-electron redox potentials of E-0(pF(+/0)) +0.66 V and E-0(pF(0/-)) -2.65 V vs Fc(+/0). Together with the excited-state energy, these results predict a singlet exciton binding energy of 0.2 eV for pF in the presence of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate. This binding energy would increase substantially without an electrolyte. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Miller, JR (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM jrmiller@bnl.gov NR 94 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 50 BP 16073 EP 16082 DI 10.1021/ja062596h PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 116TP UT WOS:000242825600067 PM 17165760 ER PT J AU Eitouni, HB Balsara, NP AF Eitouni, Hany B. Balsara, Nitash P. TI Electrochemically controlled self-assembly of an organometallic block copolymer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DIBLOCK COPOLYMER; ELECTRIC-FIELD; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; ALIGNMENT; MICROSTRUCTURE; POLYISOPRENE; POLYMERS; MELTS AB A new means of controlling the order-disorder transition of block copolymers is presented. By applying small electrical potentials (2 V/cm) to disordered solutions of an organometallic block copolymer, oriented ordered grains were obtained near the positive electrode. After reversing the electrical bias on the system, the ordered grains disappeared, and new, oriented, ordered regions were formed at the opposite electrode. Our work establishes the concept of electrochemical self-assembly for controlling order formation in block copolymers. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mat Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Balsara, NP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nbalsara@berkeley.edu NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 50 BP 16248 EP 16252 DI 10.1021/ja065389q PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 116TP UT WOS:000242825600085 PM 17165778 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, H AF Ledbetter, Hassel TI Sound velocities, elastic constants: Temperature dependence SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy (ICIFMS-14) CY SEP 05-09, 2005 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP ICIFUAS, Iketani Sci Tech Fdn DE bulk modulus; elastic constants; Gruneisen parameter; temperature effects; shear modulus; sound velocity ID CUBIC MATERIALS; ELEMENTS; MODULUS AB I describe a simple physics-based relationship for describing and predicting the temperature dependence of solid-state sound velocities and elastic constants. Originating in an Einstein-oscillator model, the relationship applies to essentially all solid types: successful uses range from monocrystal diamond, various elemental polycrystals, through multiphase steels, to epoxy-matrix composites. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Ledbetter, H (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM hledbet@lanl.gov NR 27 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 442 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 31 EP 34 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.147 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 118XB UT WOS:000242975700005 ER PT J AU Liu, X Spiel, CL Merithew, RD Pohl, RO Nelson, BP Wang, Q Crandall, RS AF Liu, Xiao Spiel, C. L. Merithew, R. D. Pohl, R. O. Nelson, B. P. Wang, Qi Crandall, R. S. TI Internal friction of amorphousand nanocrystalline silicon at low temperatures SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy (ICIFMS-14) CY SEP 05-09, 2005 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP ICIFUAS, Iketani Sci Tech Fdn DE internal friction; hydrogenated amorphous silicon; double-paddle oscillator; tunneling states ID LOW-ENERGY EXCITATIONS; MEDIUM-RANGE ORDER; A-SI-H; MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON; HYDROGEN DILUTION; FILMS; SOLIDS AB We measured the low temperature internal friction of a variety of hydrogenated amorphous, nanocrystalline, polycrystalline, and epitaxial silicon thin films. Most of the films studied are prepared either by hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition (HWCVD) or by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD). We show that structural changes with varying modes of deposition can be monitored by the internal friction measurements, which are a sensitive probe to structural disorder resulted from atomic tunneling states below 10 K. For hydrogenated amorphous silicon films, the measurements are also sensitive to the content of atomic hydrogen and bulk molecular hydrogen trapped in the films. With H-2 dilution of the silane during deposition, a transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline phase takes place as H-2 dilution increases. We show that with increasing volume of nanocrystallinity, the internal friction increases in contrast to our common expectation. The results suggest a large structural disorder in the nanocrystalline phase that is at least comparable to that of amorphous phase exists. The observation of internal friction peaks in amorphous HWCVD films and in nanocrystalline PECVD films indicates that the microstructures of the HWCVD and PECVD films are different. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Liu, X (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM xliu@genah.nrl.navy.mil NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 442 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 307 EP 313 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.01.146 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 118XB UT WOS:000242975700063 ER PT J AU Cusanno, F Cisbani, E Colilli, S Fratoni, R Garibaldi, F Giuliani, F Gricia, M Lo Meo, S Lucentini, M Magliozzi, ML Santavenere, F Lanza, RC Majewski, S Cinti, MN Pani, R Pellegrini, R Cancelli, VO De Notaristefani, F Bollini, D Navarria, F Moschini, G AF Cusanno, F. Cisbani, E. Colilli, S. Fratoni, R. Garibaldi, F. Giuliani, F. Gricia, M. Lo Meo, S. Lucentini, M. Magliozzi, M. L. Santavenere, F. Lanza, R. C. Majewski, S. Cinti, M. N. Pani, R. Pellegrini, R. Cancelli, V. Orsini De Notaristefani, F. Bollini, D. Navarria, F. Moschini, G. TI High-resolution, high sensitivity detectors for molecular imaging with radionuclides: The coded aperture option SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences CY SEP 25-29, 2005 CL Milos, GREECE DE coded apertures; molecular imaging; radionuclides ID GAMMA-CAMERAS; OPTIMIZATION AB Molecular imaging with radionuclides is a very sensitive technique because it allows to obtain images with nanomolar or picomolar concentrations. This has generated a rapid growth of interest in radionuclide imaging of small animals. Indeed radiolabeling of small molecules, antibodies, peptides and probes for gene expression enables molecular imaging in vivo, but only if a suitable imaging system is used. Detecting small tumors in humans is another important application of such techniques. In single gamma imaging, there is always a well known tradeoff between spatial resolution and sensitivity due to unavoidable collimation requirements. Limitation of the sensitivity due to collimation is well known and affects the performance of imaging systems, especially if only radiopharmaceuticals with limited uptake are available. In many cases coded aperture collimation can provide a solution, if the near field artifact effect can be eliminated or limited. At least this is the case for "small volumes" imaging, involving small animals. In this paper 3D-laminography simulations and preliminary measurements with coded aperture collimation are presented. Different masks have been designed for different applications showing the advantages of the technique in terms of sensitivity and spatial resolution. The limitations of the technique are also discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. INFN Grp Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma III, Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Legnaro, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy. RP Cusanno, F (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. EM francesco.cusanno@iss.infn.it RI Pellegrini, Rosanna/I-4021-2012; Cisbani, Evaristo/C-9249-2011; OI Pellegrini, Rosanna/0000-0002-4082-5272; Cisbani, Evaristo/0000-0002-6774-8473; Maria Nerina, Cinti/0000-0002-4876-4558 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 2 SI SI BP 193 EP 196 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.159 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 122QK UT WOS:000243241300011 ER PT J AU Majewski, S Popov, V Wojcik, R Weisenberger, A AF Majewski, Stan Popov, Vladimir Wojcik, Randolph Weisenberger, Andrew TI Optimization of a mini-gamma camera based on a 2 x 2 array of Hamamatsu H8500PSPMTs SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences CY SEP 25-29, 2005 CL Milos, GREECE DE gamma camera; position sensitive photomultiplier; pixellated scintillator AB We present the results of a comparative study between several scintillation sensors with the goal of optimizing the spatial resolution of a practical mini-gamma camera based on a 2 x 2 array of Hamamatsu H8500 flat panel position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) with 64 anode pads per PSPMT. The readout of this 256 pad imager was achieved by a special in-house designed and optimized pad-decoupling strip readout reducing the number of readout channels to 32. Pixellated NaI(TI) and CSI(TI) scintillator arrays, as well as thin continuous GSO, GSOZ, CsI(Na) and CSI(TI) scintillator plates were coupled to this PSPMT array to form a compact mini-gamma camera. This round of tests, following extensive prior experience with this type of imager, was intended to investigate the possibility of achieving an intrinsic spatial resolution of under 1.0 mm FWHM across the whole surface of the mini-gamma camera. We confirmed the results of our previous studies that the best overall performance is achieved with pixellated NaI(TI) arrays. The present resolution limit attainable with the H8500 PSPMT array is approaching 1.2 turn FWHM, which is equivalent to the smallest available pixel pitch of these arrays. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Ray Vis Inc, Yorktown, VA 23693 USA. RP Wojcik, R (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Natl, Div Phys, Accelerator Facil, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. EM wojcik@jlab.org NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 2 SI SI BP 215 EP 219 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.123 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 122QK UT WOS:000243241300016 ER PT J AU Garibaldi, F Cisbani, E Colilli, S Cusanno, F Fratoni, R Giuliani, F Gricia, M Lucentini, M Fratoni, R Lo Meo, S Magliozzi, ML Santanvenere, F Cinti, MN Pani, R Pellegrini, R Simonetti, G Schillaci, O Del Vecchio, S Salvatore, M Majewski, S Lanza, RC De Vincentis, G Scopinaro, F AF Garibaldi, F. Cisbani, E. Colilli, S. Cusanno, F. Fratoni, R. Giuliani, F. Gricia, M. Lucentini, M. Fratoni, R. Lo Meo, S. Magliozzi, M. L. Santanvenere, F. Cinti, M. N. Pani, R. Pellegrini, R. Simonetti, G. Schillaci, O. Del Vecchio, S. Salvatore, M. Majewski, S. Lanza, R. C. De Vincentis, G. Scopinaro, F. TI Molecular imaging: High-resolution detectors for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring of breast cancer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences CY SEP 25-29, 2005 CL Milos, GREECE DE breast cancer; high-resolution molecular imaging; radionuclides ID COMPACT GAMMA CAMERAS; CODED-APERTURE; SCINTILLATION CAMERA; OPTIMIZATION; SNR AB Dedicated high-resolution detectors are required for detection of small cancerous breast tumours by molecular imaging with radionuclides. Absorptive collimation is normally applied in imaging single photon emitters, but it results in a strong reduction in detection efficiency. Systems based on electronic collimation are complex and expensive. For these reasons simulations and measurements have been performed to design optimised dedicated high-resolution mini gamma camera. Critical parameters are contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Intrinsic performance (spatial resolution, pixel identification, and response linearity and uniformity) were first optimised. Pixellated scintillator arrays (NaI(TI)) of different pixel size were coupled to arrays of PSPMTs with different anode pad dimensions (6 x 6 mm(2) and 3 x 3 mm(2)). Detectors having a field of view (FOV) of 100 x 100 mm(2) and 150 x 200 mm(2) were designed and built. The electronic system allows read out of all the anode pad signals. The collimation technique was then considered and limits of coded aperture option were studied. Preliminary results are presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Super Sanita, Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. CNR Napoli, Naples, Italy. Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Garibaldi, F (reprint author), Inst Super Sanita, Rome, Italy. EM Franco.garibaldi@iss.infn.it RI Pellegrini, Rosanna/I-4021-2012; Cisbani, Evaristo/C-9249-2011; OI Pellegrini, Rosanna/0000-0002-4082-5272; Cisbani, Evaristo/0000-0002-6774-8473; Maria Nerina, Cinti/0000-0002-4876-4558; Scopinaro, Francesco/0000-0003-1924-3005; DEL VECCHIO, Silvana/0000-0002-5466-1213; SCHILLACI, ORAZIO/0000-0002-6176-2805; De Vincentis, Giuseppe/0000-0003-4690-1528 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 2 SI SI BP 286 EP 290 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.098 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 122QK UT WOS:000243241300031 ER PT J AU Raylman, RR Majewski, S Kross, B Popov, V Proffitt, J Smith, MF Weisenberger, AG Wojcik, R AF Raylman, Raymond R. Majewski, Stan Kross, Brian Popov, Vladimir Proffitt, James Smith, Mark F. Weisenberger, Andrew G. Wojcik, Randy TI Development of a dedicated positron emission tomography system for the detection and biopsy of breast cancer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences CY SEP 25-29, 2005 CL Milos, GREECE DE PET; PEM; mammography; biopsy ID MAMMOGRAPHY; PET; PSPMT AB Dedicated positron emission mammography breast imaging systems have shown great promise for the detection of small, radiotraceravid lesions. Our group (a collaboration consisting of West Virginia University, Jefferson Lab and the University of Washington) is extending this work by developing a positron emission mammography-tomography (PEM-PET) system for imaging and biopsy of breast lesions. The system will have four planar detector heads that will rotate about the breast to acquire multi-view data suitable for tomographic reconstruction. Each detector head will consist of a 96 x 72 array of 2 x 2 x 15 mm(3) LYSO detector elements (pitch = 2.1 mm) mounted on a 3 x 4 array of 5 x 5 cm(2) flat panel position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes. PEM-PET is expected to have approximately two-millimeter resolution and possess the ability to guide the needle biopsy of suspicious lesions seen oil the PET images. Initial tests of the scintillator arrays yielded excellent results. Pixel maps for all four scintillator arrays demonstrated that separation of the LYSO elements was very good; all of the LYSO array elements were observed, even in areas between individual PSPMTs. System energy resolution was measured to be 25% FWHM at 511 keV. Future work includes the use of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to replace the current VME-based data acquisition system, a PSPMT gain normalization procedure to help improve response uniformity and energy resolution, and the addition of an x-ray source and detector to produce mtilti-modality PEM-PET-CT images of the breast. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Radiol, Ctr Adv Imaging, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Detector Grp, Div Phys, Newport News, VA USA. RP Raylman, RR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Radiol, Ctr Adv Imaging, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM rraylman@wvu.edu NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 2 SI SI BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.052 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 122QK UT WOS:000243241300032 ER PT J AU Raylman, RR Majewski, S Lemieux, S Velan, SS Kross, B Popov, V Smith, MF Weisenberger, AG Wojcik, R AF Raylman, Raymond R. Majewski, Stan Lemieux, Susan Velan, S. Sendhil Kross, Brain Popov, Vladimir Smith, Mark F. Weisenberger, Andrew G. Wojcik, Randy TI Initial tests of a prototype MRI-compatible PET imager SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences CY SEP 25-29, 2005 CL Milos, GREECE DE PET; MRI; multi-modality imaging ID SCANNER AB Multi-modality imaging is rapidly becoming a valuable tool in the diagnosis of disease and in the development of new drugs. Functional images produced with PET fused with anatomical structure images created by MRI, will allow the correlation of form with function. Our group (a collaboration of West Virginia University and Jefferson Lab) is developing a system to acquire MRI and PET images contemporaneously. The prototype device consists of two opposed detector heads, operating in coincidence mode with an active FOV of 5 x 5 x 4 cm(3). Each MRI-PET detector module consists of an array of LSO detector elements (2.5 x 2.5 x 15 mm(3)) coupled through a long fiber optic light guide to a single Hamamatsu flat panel PSPMT. The fiber optic light guide is made of a glued assembly of 2 mm diameter acrylic fibers with a total length of 2.5 m. The use of alight guides allows the PSPMTs to be positioned outside the bore of the 3 T General Electric MRI scanner used in the tests. Photon attenuation in the light guides resulted in an energy resolution of similar to 60% FWHM, interaction of the magnetic field with PSPMT further reduced energy resolution to similar to 85% FWHM. Despite this effect, excellent multi-plane PET and MRI images of a simple disk phantom were acquired simultaneously. Future work includes improved light guides, optimized magnetic shielding for the PSPMTs, construction of specialized coils to permit high-resolution MRI imaging, and use of the system to perform simultaneous PET and MRI or MR-spectroscopy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Radiol, Ctr Adv Imaging, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Fac, Div Phys, Detector Grp, Newport News, VA USA. RP Raylman, RR (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Radiol, Ctr Adv Imaging, HSB Box 9236, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM rraylman@wvu.edu RI Velan, S. Sendhil/B-6374-2017 OI Velan, S. Sendhil/0000-0002-4096-0722 NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 2 SI SI BP 306 EP 309 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.053 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 122QK UT WOS:000243241300035 ER PT J AU Fujii, H Gelis, F Venugopalan, R AF Fujii, Hirotsugu Gelis, Francois Venugopalan, Raju TI Quark pair production in high energy pA collisions: General features SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS A LA English DT Review ID COLOR GLASS CONDENSATE; GLUON DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS; PROTON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS; Q(Q)OVER-BAR BOUND-STATE; INELASTIC EP SCATTERING; HEAVY FLAVOR PRODUCTION; SMALL-X; RENORMALIZATION-GROUP; NONLINEAR EVOLUTION; PERTURBATION-THEORY AB A consistent treatment of both multiple scattering and small x quantum evolution effects on pair production in high energy pA collisions is feasible in the framework of the color glass condensate (CGC) [J.P. Blaizot, F Gelis, R. Venugopalan, Nucl. Phys. A 743 (2004) 57]. We first discuss the properties of quark pair production in the classical effective theory where only Multiple scattering effects are included. Explicit results are given for pair production as a function of the invariant mass of pairs, the pair momenta, the atomic mass number A and the quark mass. We relate the logarithms that appear in our formulation of pair production to logarithms that appear in the limit of collinear factorization in QCD. Violations of k(perpendicular to) factorization and medium modifications, as represented by the Cronin effect, are also investigated. We next consider how small x quantum evolution (shadowing) effects modify the results for pair production. In particular, we provide results for the rapidity distribution of pairs and the dependence of the Cronin effect on rapidity. We discuss the dependence of our results on the initial conditions for small x evolution and comment on its implications for pair production at RHIC and the LHC. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CEA, DSM, Serv Phys Theor, CNRS,URA 2306, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Tokyo, Inst Phys, Tokyo 1538902, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gelis, F (reprint author), CEA, DSM, Serv Phys Theor, CNRS,URA 2306, Bat 774, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM gelis@spht.saclay.cea.fr NR 104 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9474 J9 NUCL PHYS A JI Nucl. Phys. A PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 780 IS 3-4 BP 146 EP 174 DI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.09.012 PG 29 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 116SQ UT WOS:000242823000005 ER PT J AU Molins, R Hou, PY AF Molins, Regine Hou, Peggy Y. TI Characterization of chemical and microstructural evolutions of a NiPtAl bondcoat during high temperature oxidation SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Adv Surface Engn Div DE interfaces; STEM; AES; oxidation; sulfur; segregation ID SCALE ADHESION; COATINGS; SEGREGATION; PLATINUM; STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; SURFACE; ALLOYS; SYSTEM; NI AB Bondcoats used to protect turbine blades, such as platinum modified NiAl alloys, are designed to develop a protective alumina scale during exposure conditions at high temperatures. However, during high temperature oxidation, the system is subjected to chemical and microstructural changes that arise from the consumption of aluminium to ensure alumina growth and interdiffusion between the underlying nickel-based superalloy and the bondcoat. The aim of the present work is to report experimental results concerning the chemical and microstructural evolutions of a NiPtAl bondcoat, deposited on a single crystal nickel-based superalloy, during isothermal oxidation tests at 1100 degrees C, up to 50 h. Analytical STEM studies were carried out, in conjunction with Auger experiments, in order to follow the various changes that occur in the bondcoat and at the Al2O3/bondcoat interface. Efforts were concentrated on the effect of interfacial sulfur segregation (at both intact interface and void surface) as a function of the oxidation time, as well as its dependence on phase transformations in the external layer of the bondcoat. Strong S segregation at some bondcoat NiPtAl/Al2O3 interface, especially at gamma '/Al2O3, was found in co-segregation with Cr, which has diffused from the substrate. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, UMR 7633, Ctr Mat, ENSMP, F-91003 Evry, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Molins, R (reprint author), CNRS, UMR 7633, Ctr Mat, ENSMP, BP 87, F-91003 Evry, France. EM regine.molins@ensmp.fr NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 7 BP 3841 EP 3845 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.251 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 121HW UT WOS:000243149700006 ER PT J AU Pint, BA Haynes, JA Zhang, Y More, KL Wright, IG AF Pint, B. A. Haynes, J. A. Zhang, Y. More, K. L. Wright, I. G. TI The effect of water vapor on the oxidation behavior of Ni-Pt-Al coatings and alloys SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Adv Surface Engn Div DE aluminum oxide; water vapor; high temperature oxidation; platinum; chemical vapor deposition; TEM ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION; ALUMINA-FORMING ALLOYS; BASE SUPERALLOY; SCALE FORMATION; BOND COAT; PLATINUM; PERFORMANCE; VOLATILITY; HYDROGEN; MOISTURE AB Turbines fired with hydrogen or syngas from coal gasification will have significantly higher water vapor contents in the combustion gas than natural gas fired turbines. The effect of increased water vapor on alumina-forming coatings and model alloys was investigated at 1100 degrees C in furnace cyclic testing. Increasing the water vapor content from 10% to 50 vol.% increased the amount of scale spallation on undoped alumina-forming alloys. Compared to dry O-2, increased spallation was observed for beta and gamma/gamma ' phase coatings on the substrates of alloys 142 and N5. In all cases, the addition of water vapor appeared to reduce the formation of alumina whiskers and ridges at the scale-gas interface, but did not significantly change the alumina growth rate. The addition of water vapor may have a detrimental effect on the selective oxidation of Al in gamma/gamma ' alloys and coatings. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Pint, BA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, 1 Bethel Valley Rd,POB 2008,MS 6156, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM pintba@ornl.gov RI Pint, Bruce/A-8435-2008; More, Karren/A-8097-2016 OI Pint, Bruce/0000-0002-9165-3335; More, Karren/0000-0001-5223-9097 NR 35 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 7 BP 3852 EP 3856 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.244 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 121HW UT WOS:000243149700008 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Ballard, DA Stacy, JP Pint, BA Haynes, JA AF Zhang, Y. Ballard, D. A. Stacy, J. P. Pint, B. A. Haynes, J. A. TI Synthesis and oxidation behavior of platinum-enriched gamma+gamma ' bond coatings on Ni-based superalloys SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Adv Surface Engn Div DE gamma plus gamma' two-phase coating; Pt-enriched coating; aluminide; bond coat; oxidation resistance ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; CYCLIC OXIDATION; ALUMINIDE COATINGS; INTERDIFFUSION; DIFFUSION; SULFUR; SYSTEM AB Simple Pt-enriched gamma + gamma ' coatings were synthesized on Rene 142 and Rene MNi-based superalloys by electroplating a thin layer of Pt followed by a diffusion treatment at 1150-1175 degrees C. The Al content in the resulting gamma + gamma ' coating was in the range of 16-19 at.% on superalloys with 13-14 at.% Al. After oxidation testing, alumina scale adherence to these gamma + gamma ' coatings was not as uniform as to the beta-(Ni,Pt)Al coatings on the same superalloy substrates. To better understand the effect of Al, Pt and Hf concentrations on coating oxidation resistance, a number of Ni-Pt-Al cast alloys with gamma + gamma ' or 0 phase were cyclically oxidized at 1100 degrees C. The Hf-containing gamma + gamma ' alloys with 22 at.% Al and 10-30 at.% Pt exhibited similar oxidation resistance to the p alloys with 50 at.% Al. An initial effort was made to increase the Al content in the Pt-enriched gamma + gamma ' coatings by introducing a short-term aluminizing process via chemical vapor deposition or pack cementation. However, too much Al was deposited, leading to the formation of beta or martensitic phase on the coating surface. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM yzhang@tntech.edu RI Pint, Bruce/A-8435-2008 OI Pint, Bruce/0000-0002-9165-3335 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 7 BP 3857 EP 3861 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.245 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 121HW UT WOS:000243149700009 ER PT J AU Dryepondt, S Zhang, Y Pint, BA AF Dryepondt, S. Zhang, Y. Pint, B. A. TI Creep and corrosion testing of aluminide coatings on ferritic-martensitic substrates SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Adv Surface Engn Div DE pack diffusion coatings; creep; iron; iron oxide; reliability models; B oxidation in water vapor ID OXIDATION; STEELS; VAPOR AB Pack and chemical vapor deposited (CVD) aluminide coatings on commercial ferritic-martensitic Fe-9Cr-2W steel are being investigated by creep and corrosion testing at 650 degrees C. Results from different coating thicknesses show that the coated region makes no contribution to the creep strength. The creep behavior of uncoated material was studied after various heat treatments to simulate the coating process and typical secondary heat treatments. Alternating creep and corrosion exposures showed little effect on the creep strength of uncoated material but coated materials became progressively weaker. The coatings were protective in wet air at 650 degrees C after creep testing. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. RP Dryepondt, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM dryepondtsn@ornl.gov RI Pint, Bruce/A-8435-2008 OI Pint, Bruce/0000-0002-9165-3335 NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 7 BP 3880 EP 3884 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.258 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 121HW UT WOS:000243149700013 ER PT J AU Weil, KS Kim, JY Xia, G Coleman, J Yang, ZG AF Weil, K. Scott Kim, Jin Yong Xia, Gordon Coleman, Jim Yang, Z. Gary TI Boronization of nickel and nickel clad materials for potential use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Adv Surface Engn Div DE nickel; boronization; corrosion; fuel cell ID BIPOLAR PLATES; ALLOYS AB A new low-cost, nickel clad bipolar plate concept is currently being developed for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Reported in this paper are the details of a powder-pack boronization process that could be used to establish a passivation layer on the electrolyte exposed surfaces of the bipolar plate in the final stage of manufacture. Results from energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy indicate that under moderate boronization conditions a homogeneous Ni3B layer grows on the exposed surfaces of the nickel. The thickness of this layer depends on the time and temperature of boronization according to a Wagner-type scale growth relationship. At higher temperatures and longer reaction times, a Ni2B overlayer forms on top of the NO during boronization. Preliminary results indicate that boronization dramatically improves the corrosion resistance of nickel. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Weil, KS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM scott.weil@pnl.gov NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 7 BP 4436 EP 4441 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.08.039 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 121HW UT WOS:000243149700113 ER PT J AU Yang, ZG Xia, GG Maupin, GD Stevenson, JW AF Yang, Zhenguo Xia, Guan-Guang Maupin, Gary D. Stevenson, Jeffry W. TI Conductive protection layers on oxidation resistant alloys for SOFC interconnect applications SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films CY MAY 01-05, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Adv Surface Engn Div DE solid oxide fuel cell; interconnect; oxidation; coating ID OXIDE FUEL-CELLS; FERRITIC STAINLESS-STEELS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; EXPOSURE CONDITIONS; DEFECT STRUCTURE; INDIUM OXIDE; CATHODE; PERFORMANCE; SPINEL; SEPARATOR AB Conductive oxide coatings are used as protection layers on metallic interconnects in SOFCs to improve their surface stability and electrical performance, as well as to mitigate or prevent chromium poisoning to cells. This paper discusses materials requirements for this particular application and summarizes our systematic study on varied conductive oxides as potential candidate materials for protection layers on stainless steel substrates. Overall, it appeared that chromites such as (La,Sr)CrO3 improved surface stability, but might not be good candidates for protection layer applications due to chromium vaporization, albeit at a lower rate than Cr2O3, from these oxides at high temperatures in air or moist air. The application of non-chromite perovskite (La,Sr)FeO3 (LSF) protection layers resulted in improved oxidation resistance and electrical performance. It is doubtful, however, that LSF can be an effective barrier to prevent chromium release during long term SOFC stack operation due to chromium diffusion through the LSF coatings. With a high oxygen ion conductivity, the coatings of Sn-doped In2O3 failed to provide protection to the metal substrate and are thus not suitable for the protection layer applications. The best performance was achieved using thermally-grown (Mn,CO)(3)O-4 spinel protection layers that substantially improved the surface stability of the metal substrates, and prevented chromium outward migration. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Yang, ZG (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM zgary.yang@pnl.gov NR 44 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 20 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 7 BP 4476 EP 4483 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.08.082 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 121HW UT WOS:000243149700120 ER PT J AU Antonangeli, D Merkel, S Farber, DL AF Antonangeli, Daniele Merkel, Sebastien Farber, Daniel L. TI Elastic anisotropy in hcp metals at high pressure and the sound wave anisotropy of the Earth's inner core SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; FREE OSCILLATIONS; IRON; GPA; SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFRACTION; CONVECTION; CONSTANTS AB We compare the elastic anisotropy in hcp metals at high pressure obtained by radial diffraction measurements with those determined by other experiments and calculations. Our analysis demonstrates that in non-hydrostatically compressed hcp metals the assumption of a single uniform macroscopic stress applied to all grains in the polycrystal for the inversion of the lattice strain equations is violated due to plastic deformation. In addition, the derived apparent moduli and elastic anisotropy differ significantly from those derived from single crystals. We propose that for cobalt, rhenium and iron, the elastic anisotropy in the meridian plane is best described by a sigmoidal shape for the longitudinal velocity, with the fastest direction along the c-axis. Based on these results, we suggest that preferential alignment of the c-axis of iron crystallites along the Earth's rotation axis is the most plausible explanation for the observed P-wave travel time anomalies in the inner core. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, CNRS, UMR 8008, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Antonangeli, D (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM antonangeli3@llnl.gov RI Merkel, Sebastien/E-5501-2011; Farber, Daniel/F-9237-2011 OI Merkel, Sebastien/0000-0003-2767-581X; NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 24 AR L24303 DI 10.1029/2006GL028237 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 120SH UT WOS:000243105700009 ER PT J AU McLaren, AJ Banks, HT Durman, CF Gregory, JM Johns, TC Keen, AB Ridley, JK Roberts, MJ Lipscomb, WH Connolley, WM Laxon, SW AF McLaren, A. J. Banks, H. T. Durman, C. F. Gregory, J. M. Johns, T. C. Keen, A. B. Ridley, J. K. Roberts, M. J. Lipscomb, W. H. Connolley, W. M. Laxon, S. W. TI Evaluation of the sea ice simulation in a new coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model (HadGEM1) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ARCTIC-OCEAN; FRAM STRAIT; DYNAMICS; ALBEDO; VARIABILITY; FLUX; THERMODYNAMICS AB [ 1] A rapid increase in the variety, quality, and quantity of observations in polar regions is leading to a significant improvement in the understanding of sea ice dynamic and thermodynamic processes and their representation in global climate models. We assess the simulation of sea ice in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1) against the latest available observations. The HadGEM1 sea ice component uses elastic-viscous-plastic dynamics, multiple ice thickness categories, and zero-layer thermodynamics. The model evaluation is focused on the mean state of the key variables of ice concentration, thickness, velocity, and albedo. The model shows good agreement with observational data sets. The variability of the ice forced by the North Atlantic Oscillation is also found to agree with observations. C1 Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Grp T3, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 OET, England. UCL, Ctr Polar Observat & Modeling, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP McLaren, AJ (reprint author), Met Off Hadley Ctr, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM alison.mclaren@metoffice.gov.uk; ann.keen@metoffice.gov.uk RI Laxon, Seymour/C-1644-2008; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016; OI Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644; Hewitt, Helene/0000-0001-7432-6001 NR 52 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 111 IS C12 AR C12014 DI 10.1029/2005JC003033 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 120TC UT WOS:000243107900001 ER PT J AU Gagner, J Johnson, H Watkins, E Li, Q Terrones, M Majewski, J AF Gagner, Jennifer Johnson, Hannah Watkins, Erik Li, Qingwen Terrones, Mauricio Majewski, Jaroslaw TI Carbon nanotube supported single phospholipid bilayer SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; THIN-FILMS; MODEL AB Single bilayer membranes of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) were formed on micron thin-films of hydrophilized carbon nanotubes (CNT) by fusion of small unilamellar vesicles. The structure of the membrane was investigated using neutron reflectivity (NR). The underlying thin film of CNT was formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in the presence of Fe catalyst, followed by reaction with 5 M nitric acid to render the film hydrophilic. We demonstrate that this platform lends support to homogeneous and continuous bilayer membranes that have promising applications in the fields of biomaterials, biosensors, and biophysics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, MST, STC, Los Alamos, NM USA. Inst Potosino Invest Cient & Tecnol, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. RP Majewski, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM USA. EM jarek@lanl.gov RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Terrones, Mauricio/B-3829-2014 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 26 BP 10909 EP 10911 DI 10.1021/la062038g PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 115ZB UT WOS:000242771200012 PM 17154562 ER PT J AU Lee, JRI Willey, TM Nilsson, J Terminello, LJ De Yoreo, JJ van Buuren, T AF Lee, Jonathan R. I. Willey, Trevor M. Nilsson, Joakim Terminello, Louis J. De Yoreo, James J. van Buuren, Tony TI Effect of ring substitution position on the structural conformation of mercaptobenzoic acid self-assembled monolayers on Au(111) SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED RAMAN-SCATTERING; 4-MERCAPTOBENZOIC ACID; ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYER; PROTEIN MOLECULES; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; THIOL MONOLAYERS; CARBOXYLIC-ACID; GOLD ELECTRODES; METHYLENE-BLUE; SILVER SOL AB Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy (PES), and contact angle measurements have been used to examine the structure and bonding of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared on Au(III) from the positional isomers of mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA). The isomer of MBA and solvent chosen in SAM preparation has considerable bearing upon film morphology. Carbon K-edge NEXAFS measurements indicate that the monomers of 2-, 3-, and 4-MBA have well-defined orientations within their respective SAMs. Monomers of 3- and 4- MBA assume an upright orientation on the Au substrates in monolayers prepared using an acetic acid in ethanol solvent. The aryl ring and carboxyl group of these molecules are tilted from the surface normal by a colatitudal angle of similar to 30 degrees. Preparation of 4-MBA SAMs using pure ethanol solvent, a more traditional means of synthesis, had no appreciable effect upon the monomer orientation. Nonetheless, S(2p) PES measurements illustrate that it results in extensive bilayer formation via carboxyl group hydrogen-bonding between 4-MBA monomers. In 2-MBA monolayers prepared using acetic acid/ethanol solvent, the monomers adopt a more prostrate orientation on the Au substrates, in which the aryl ring and carboxyl group of the molecules are tilted similar to 50 from the surface normal. This configuration is consistent with an interaction between both the mercaptan sulfur and carboxyl group of 2-MBA with the underlying substrate. S(2p) and C(1s) PES experiments provide supporting evidence for a bidentate interaction between 2-MBA and Au(III). C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Lee, JRI (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM lee204@llnl.gov RI Willey, Trevor/A-8778-2011 OI Willey, Trevor/0000-0002-9667-8830 NR 45 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 26 BP 11134 EP 11141 DI 10.1021/la0611256 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 115ZB UT WOS:000242771200044 PM 17154594 ER PT J AU Kolb, EW Matarrese, S Riotto, A AF Kolb, Edward W. Matarrese, Sabino Riotto, Antonio TI On cosmic acceleration without dark energy SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HAMILTON-JACOBI EQUATION; GENERAL-RELATIVITY; ZELDOVICH APPROXIMATION; COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT; INHOMOGENEOUS FLUIDS; AVERAGE PROPERTIES; UNIVERSE; EXPANSION; SUPERNOVAE; TURBULENCE AB We elaborate on the proposal that the observed acceleration of the Universe is the result of the backreaction of cosmological perturbations, rather than the effect of a negative-pressure dark-energy fluid or a modification of general relativity. Through the effective Friedmann equations describing an inhomogeneous Universe after smoothing, we demonstrate that acceleration in our local Hubble patch is possible even if fluid elements do not individually undergo accelerated expansion. This invalidates the no-go theorem that there can be no acceleration in our local Hubble patch if the Universe only contains irrotational dust. We then study perturbatively the time behaviour of general-relativistic cosmological perturbations, applying, where possible, the renormalization group to regularize the dynamics. We show that an instability occurs in the perturbative expansion involving sub-Hubble modes. Whether this is an indication that acceleration in our Hubble patch originates from the backreaction of cosmological perturbations on observable scales requires a fully non-perturbative approach. C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Matarrese, S (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy. EM rocky@fnal.gov; sabino.matarrese@pd.infn.it; antonio.riotto@pd.infn.it OI Matarrese, Sabino/0000-0002-2573-1243 NR 58 TC 169 Z9 169 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 8 AR 322 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/8/12/322 PG 25 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 118MZ UT WOS:000242947700001 ER PT J AU Elhadj, S De Yoreo, JJ Hoyer, JR Dove, PM AF Elhadj, S. De Yoreo, J. J. Hoyer, J. R. Dove, P. M. TI Role of molecular charge and hydrophilicity in regulating the kinetics of crystal growth SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE biomineral; calcite; proteins ID AMORPHOUS CALCIUM-CARBONATE; AMINO-ACIDS; HYDROPHOBICITY SCALE; MEMBRANE INTERFACES; MATRIX PROTEIN; BIOMINERALIZATION; CRYSTALLIZATION; HYDRATION; PEPTIDES; NUCLEATION AB The composition of biologic molecules isolated from biominerals suggests that control of mineral growth is linked to biochemical features. Here, we define a systematic relationship between the ability of biomolecules in solution to promote the growth of calcite (CaCO3) and their net negative molecular charge and hydrophilicity. The degree of enhancement depends on peptide composition, but not on peptide sequence. Data analysis shows that this rate enhancement arises from an increase in the kinetic coefficient. We interpret the mechanism of growth enhancement to be a catalytic process whereby biomolecules reduce the magnitude of the diffusive barrier, E-k, by perturbations that displace water molecules. The result is a decrease in the energy barrier for attachment of solutes to the solid phase. This previously unrecognized relationship also rationalizes recently reported data showing acceleration of calcite growth rates over rates measured in the pure system by nanomolar levels of abalone nacre proteins. These findings show that the growth-modifying properties of small model peptides may be scaled up to analyze mineralization processes that are mediated by more complex proteins. We suggest that enhancement of calcite growth may now be estimated a priori from the composition of peptide sequences and the calculated values of hydrophilicity and net molecular charge. This insight may contribute to an improved understanding of diverse systems of biomineralization and design of new synthetic growth modulators. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Geosci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Elhadj, S (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Geosci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM elhadj2@llnl.gov; dove@vt.edu RI Dove, Patricia/A-7911-2010 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK33501, DK61673, R01 DK033501, R01 DK061673] NR 53 TC 139 Z9 140 U1 5 U2 76 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 51 BP 19237 EP 19242 DI 10.1073/pnas.0605748103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 121OJ UT WOS:000243166600006 PM 17158220 ER PT J AU Press, WH AF Press, William H. TI Discrete Radon transform has an exact, fast inverse and generalizes to operations other than sums along lines SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE backprojection; computerized tomography; inverse methods ID ALGORITHM AB Gotz, Druckmuller, and, independently, Brady have defined a discrete Radon transform (DRT) that sums an image's pixel values along a set of aptly chosen discrete lines, complete in slope and intercept. The transform is fast, O(N(2)log N) for an N x N image; it uses only addition, not multiplication or interpolation, and it admits a fast, exact algorithm for the adjoint operation, namely backprojection. This paper shows that the transform additionally has a fast, exact (although iterative) inverse. The inverse reproduces to machine accuracy the pixel-by-pixel values of the original image from its DRT, without artifacts or a finite point-spread function. Fourier or fast Fourier transform methods are not used. The inverse can also be calculated from sampled sinograms and is well conditioned in the presence of noise. Also introduced are generalizations of the DRT that combine pixel values along lines by operations other than addition. For example, there is a fast transform that calculates median values along all discrete lines and is able to detect linear features at low signal-to-noise ratios in the presence of pointlike clutter features of arbitrarily large amplitude. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Press, WH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM wpress@lanl.gov NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 51 BP 19249 EP 19254 DI 10.1073/pnas.0609228103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 121OJ UT WOS:000243166600008 PM 17159155 ER PT J AU Skaggs, BJ Gorre, ME Ryvkin, A Burgess, MR Xie, YM Han, Y Komisopoulou, E Brown, LM Loo, JA Landaw, EM Sawyers, CL Graeber, TG AF Skaggs, Brian J. Gorre, Mercedes E. Ryvkin, Ann Burgess, Michael R. Xie, Yongming Han, Yun Komisopoulou, Evangelia Brown, Lauren M. Loo, Joseph A. Landaw, Elliot M. Sawyers, Charles L. Graeber, Thomas G. TI Phosphorylation of the ATP-binding loop directs oncogenicity of drug-resistant BCR-ABL mutants SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE chronic myelogenous leukemia; kinase inhibitor resistance; phosphoproteomics; imatinib; dasatinib ID CHRONIC MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA; TYROSINE KINASE-ACTIVITY; PHILADELPHIA-CHROMOSOME; LUNG-CANCER; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; C-ABL; TRANSFORMATION POTENCY; ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; IMATINIB TREATMENT AB The success of targeting kinases in cancer with small molecule inhibitors has been tempered by the emergence of drug-resistant kinase domain mutations. In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with ABL inhibitors, BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations are the principal mechanism of relapse. Certain mutations are occasionally detected before treatment, suggesting increased fitness relative to wild-type p210 BCR-ABL. We evaluated the oncogenicity of eight kinase inhibitor-resistant BCR-ABL mutants and found a spectrum of potencies greater or less than p210. Although most fitness alterations correlate with changes in kinase activity, this is not the case with the T3151 BCR-ABL mutation that confers clinical resistance to all currently approved ABL kinase inhibitors. Through global phosphoproteome analysis, we identified a unique phosphosubstrate signature associated with each drug-resistant allele, including a shift in phosphorylation of two tyrosines (Tyr(253) and Tyr(257)) in the ATP binding loop (P-loop) of BCR-ABL when Thr(315) is lie or Ala. Mutational analysis of these tyrosines in the context of Thr(315) mutations demonstrates that the identity of the gatekeeper residue impacts oncogenicity by altered P-loop phosphorylation. Therefore, mutations that confer clinical resistance to kinase inhibitors can substantially alter kinase function and confer novel biological properties that may impact disease progression. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Crump Inst Mol Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol & Med Pharmacol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, US DOE, Inst Genom & Proteom, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biomath, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Urol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Sawyers, CL (reprint author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM sawyersc@mskcc.org RI Sawyers, Charles/G-5327-2016; OI Graeber, Thomas/0000-0001-8574-9181 NR 48 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 19 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 51 BP 19466 EP 19471 DI 10.1073/pnas.0609239103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 121OJ UT WOS:000243166600045 PM 17164333 ER PT J AU Zhao, XD Yu, GC Cho, YC Chabot-Couture, G Barisic, N Bourges, P Kaneko, N Li, Y Lu, L Motoyama, EM Vajk, OP Greven, M AF Zhao, Xudong Yu, Guichuan Cho, Yong-Chan Chabot-Couture, Guillaume Barisic, Neven Bourges, Philippe Kaneko, Nobuhisa Li, Yuan Lu, Li Motoyama, Eugene M. Vajk, Owen P. Greven, Martin TI Crystal growth and characterization of the model high-temperature superconductor HgBa2CuO4+delta SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CU-O SYSTEM; COPPER-OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MERCURY; HGBA2CA2CU3O8+DELTA; HGBA2CACU2O6+DELTA; TRANSITION; YBA2CU3O7 AB Large, gram-sized single crystals (see figure) of the model high-temperature superconductor HgBa2CuO4+delta are obtained and characterized. The results demonstrate the high quality of the obtained crystals and the feasibility of inelastic neutron scattering measurements. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Jilin Univ, State Key Lab Inorgan Synth & Preparat Chem, Coll Chem, Changchun 130023, Peoples R China. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CEA Saclay, CNRS, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Greven, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM greven@stanford.edu RI Yu, Guichuan/K-4025-2014; Barisic, Neven/E-4246-2015 NR 38 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 18 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 24 BP 3243 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200600931 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 123QI UT WOS:000243310000008 ER PT J AU Lee, EP Chen, JY Yin, YD Campbell, CT Xia, YN AF Lee, Eric P. Chen, Jingyi Yin, Yadong Campbell, Charles T. Xia, Younan TI Pd-catalyzed growth of Pt nanoparticles or nanowires as dense coatings on polymeric and ceramic particulate supports SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID PLATINUM; DEPOSITION; PARTICLES; SILICA; NANOCRYSTALS; SURFACES AB Platinum nanowire or nanoparticle shells on different cores are selectively obtained by controlling the experimental conditions. Palladium-coated polymeric or ceramic cores are used as substrates to form shells of sub-monolayer or multilayer coatings of Pt nanoparticles or dense coatings of quasiradial Pt nanowires (see figure). Characterization of the morphology of the obtained structures confirms that the amount of iron species added during the synthesis controls the structure of the products. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mol Foundry, Berkeley, CA 94920 USA. RP Xia, YN (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM xia@chem.washington.edu RI Yin, Yadong/D-5987-2011; Xia, Younan/E-8499-2011; Chen, Jingyi/E-7168-2010 OI Yin, Yadong/0000-0003-0218-3042; Chen, Jingyi/0000-0003-0012-9640 NR 21 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 5 U2 65 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 24 BP 3271 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200601070 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 123QI UT WOS:000243310000014 ER PT J AU Bhattacharya, RN Contreras, MA Egaas, B Noufi, RN Kanevce, A Sites, JR AF Bhattacharya, R. N. Contreras, M. A. Egaas, B. Noufi, R. N. Kanevce, A. Sites, J. R. TI High efficiency thin-film CuIn1-xGaxSe2 photovoltaic cells using a Cd1-xZnxS buffer layer SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The authors have fabricated 19.52% thin-film CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS)-based photovoltaic devices using single layer chemical bath deposited Cd1-xZnxS (CdZnS) buffer layer. The efficiency equals the world record for any thin-film solar cell and is achieved with reduced optical absorption in the window layer. Using current-voltage, quantum efficiency, and capacitance-voltage measurements, the CIGS/CdZnS device parameters are directly compared with those of CIGS/CdS devices fabricated with equivalent absorbers. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bhattacharya, RN (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM raghu_bhattacharya@nrel.gov NR 3 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 25 AR 253503 DI 10.1063/1.2410230 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 125AZ UT WOS:000243415200108 ER PT J AU Giles, NC Xu, CC Callahan, MJ Wang, BG Neal, JS Boatner, LA AF Giles, N. C. Xu, Chunchuan Callahan, M. J. Wang, Buguo Neal, J. S. Boatner, L. A. TI Effects of phonon coupling and free carriers on band-edge emission at room temperature in n-type ZnO crystals SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; IONIZATION-ENERGY; ZINC-OXIDE; ACCEPTORS AB Room-temperature photoluminescence has been studied in n-type bulk ZnO crystals representing three different growth methods and having free-carrier concentrations (n) ranging from 10(13) to 10(18) cm(-3). The near-band-edge emission has both free-exciton and free-exciton-phonon contributions, with the strength of the phonon coupling dependent on sample defect concentrations. Band-gap shrinkage effects are used to explain a decrease in emission energy for the higher n values. Band filling and band nonparabolicity are predicted to be important for n q > 10(19) cm(-3). At 300 K, in the absence of free carriers, the free-exciton energy is 3.312 +/- 0.004 eV. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Phys, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom Air Force Base, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Radiat Detect Mat & Syst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Giles, NC (reprint author), Solid State Sci Corp, 27-2 Wright Rd, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. EM nancy.giles@mail.wvu.edu RI Boatner, Lynn/I-6428-2013; Neal, John/R-8203-2016 OI Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594; Neal, John/0000-0001-8337-5235 NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 25 AR 251906 DI 10.1063/1.2410225 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 125AZ UT WOS:000243415200030 ER PT J AU Gowrishankar, V Scully, SR McGehee, MD Wang, Q Branz, HM AF Gowrishankar, Vignesh Scully, Shawn R. McGehee, Michael D. Wang, Qi Branz, Howard M. TI Exciton splitting and carrier transport across the amorphous-silicon/polymer solar cell interface SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATED POLYMERS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; CONDUCTING-POLYMER; SILICON AB The authors study exciton splitting at the interface of bilayer hybrid solar cells to better understand the physics controlling organic-inorganic device performance. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a-Si:H/poly(2-methoxy-5-(2(')-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) solar cells show photoresponse dominated by exciton production in the polymer. The a-Si:H/P3HT devices are nearly as efficient as titania/P3HT cells. However, the a-Si:H/MEH-PPV system has much lower photocurrent than a-Si:H/P3HT, likely due to inefficient hole transfer back to the MEH-PPV after energy transfer from MEH-PPV to a-Si:H. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NREL, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Gowrishankar, V (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM vigneshg@stanford.edu; mmcgehee@stanford.edu NR 19 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 25 AR 252102 DI 10.1063/1.2408641 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 125AZ UT WOS:000243415200043 ER PT J AU Jeon, S Nam, YS Shir, DJL Rogers, JA Hamza, A AF Jeon, Seokwoo Nam, Yun-Suk Shir, Daniel Jay-Lee Rogers, John A. Hamza, Alex TI Three dimensional nanoporous density graded materials formed by optical exposures through conformable phase masks SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOTONIC CRYSTALS; HOLOGRAPHIC LITHOGRAPHY; NANOSTRUCTURES AB Control of spectral bandwidth, illumination angle, and degree of collimation of light passing through a conformable phase mask provides an experimentally simple route to nanostructured materials with well defined depth gradients in density (i.e., porosity). In this approach, the illumination conditions define spatial variations in visibility of the distributions of intensity. Exposure of photopolymers to these intensity distributions generates, after developing, solid structures with geometries that compare well with expectation based on modeling of the optics. A range of structures is demonstrated, some of which have potential applications ranging from targets for laser fusion to vehicles for controlled release of chemicals. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Beckman Inst, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Rogers, JA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1304 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM jrogers@uiuc.edu RI JEON, SEOKWOO/C-1701-2011; Rogers, John /L-2798-2016 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 25 AR 253101 DI 10.1063/1.2405386 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 125AZ UT WOS:000243415200081 ER PT J AU Karlsson, KF Troncale, V Oberli, DY Malko, A Pelucchi, E Rudra, A Kapon, E AF Karlsson, K. F. Troncale, V. Oberli, D. Y. Malko, A. Pelucchi, E. Rudra, A. Kapon, E. TI Optical polarization anisotropy and hole states in pyramidal quantum dots SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FINE-STRUCTURE; WIRES AB The authors present a polarization-resolved photoluminescence study of single semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) interconnected to quantum wires, measured both in a top geometry, and in a less conventional cleaved-edge geometry. Strong polarization anisotropy is revealed for all observed transitions, and it is deduced that closely spaced QD hole states exhibit nearly pure heavy-or light-hole character. These effects are attributed to the large aspect ratio of the dot shape. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Phys Nanostruct, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Karlsson, KF (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, MPA CINT, MS G755, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM fredrik.karlsson@epfl.ch RI Pelucchi, Emanuele/B-2744-2009; Materials, Semiconductor/I-6323-2013; Karlsson, Fredrik/D-5016-2011; Oberli, Daniel Yves/G-6736-2015 OI Pelucchi, Emanuele/0000-0001-7682-0601; Karlsson, Fredrik/0000-0002-4547-6673; Oberli, Daniel Yves/0000-0002-6490-8355 NR 19 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 25 AR 251113 DI 10.1063/1.2402241 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 125AZ UT WOS:000243415200013 ER PT J AU Rowe, MA Gansen, EJ Greene, M Hadfield, RH Harvey, TE Su, MY Nam, SW Mirin, RP Rosenberg, D AF Rowe, M. A. Gansen, E. J. Greene, M. Hadfield, R. H. Harvey, T. E. Su, M. Y. Nam, S. W. Mirin, R. P. Rosenberg, D. TI Single-photon detection using a quantum dot optically gated field-effect transistor with high internal quantum efficiency SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON; STORAGE; LAYER AB We investigate the operation of a quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor as a photon detector. The detector exhibits time-gated, single-shot, single-photon sensitivity, a linear response, and an internal quantum efficiency of up to (68 +/- 18)% at 4 K. Given the noise of the detector system, they find that a particular discriminator level can be chosen so the device operates with an internal quantum efficiency of (53 +/- 11)% and dark counts of 0.003 counts per shot. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rowe, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mrowe@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 9 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 25 AR 253505 DI 10.1063/1.2403907 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 125AZ UT WOS:000243415200110 ER PT J AU Tolg, C Hamilton, SR Nakrieko, KA Kooshesh, F Walton, P McCarthy, JB Bissell, MJ Turley, EA AF Tolg, Cornelia Hamilton, Sara R. Nakrieko, Kerry-Ann Kooshesh, Fatemeh Walton, Paul McCarthy, James B. Bissell, Mina J. Turley, Eva A. TI Rhamm(-/-) fibroblasts are defective in CD44-mediated ERK1,2 motogenic signaling, leading to defective skin wound repair SO JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYALURONAN RECEPTOR RHAMM; SMOOTH-MUSCLE-CELLS; LIGHT-CHAIN KINASE; MEDIATED MOTILITY; INTRACELLULAR HYALURONAN; EXPRESSION INCREASES; MULTIPLE-MYELOMA; REGULATED KINASE; BINDING-PROTEIN; TUMOR-CELLS AB Rhamm (receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility) is an hyaluronan binding protein with limited expression in normal tissues and high expression in advanced cancers. To understand its physiological functions and identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions, we created mice with a genetic deletion of Rhamm. We show that Rhamm(-/-) fibroblasts fail to resurface scratch wounds > 3 mm or invade hyaluronan-supplemented collagen gels in culture. We identify a requirement for Rhamm in the localization of CD44 to the cell surface, formation of CD44-ERK1,2 (extracellular-regulated kinase 1,2) complexes, and activation/subcellular targeting of ERK1,2 to the cell nucleus. We also show that cell surface Rhamm, restricted to the extracellular compartment by linking recombinant protein to beads, and expression of mutant active mitogen-activated kinase kinase 1 (Mek1) are sufficient to rescue aberrant signaling through CD44-ERK1,2 complexes in Rh-/- fibroblasts. ERK1,2 activation and. broblast migration/differentiation is also defective during repair of Rh-/- excisional skin wounds and results in aberrant granulation tissue in vivo. These results identify Rhamm as an essential regulator of CD44-ERK1,2. broblast motogenic signaling required for wound repair. C1 London Reg Canc Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biochem, London, ON N6A 5BB, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, London, ON N6A 5BB, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Oncol, London, ON N6A 5BB, Canada. Mt Sinai Hosp, Connect Tissue Res Grp, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. Univ Minnesota, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Turley, EA (reprint author), London Reg Canc Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada. EM eva.turley@lhsc.on.ca FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA057621, R01 CA064786, R37 CA064786] NR 55 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 1114 FIRST AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0021-9525 J9 J CELL BIOL JI J. Cell Biol. PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 175 IS 6 BP 1017 EP 1028 DI 10.1083/jcb.200511027 PG 12 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 120QL UT WOS:000243099800018 PM 17158951 ER PT J AU Carena, M Ponton, E Santiago, J Wagner, CEM AF Carena, Marcela Ponton, Eduardo Santiago, Jose Wagner, C. E. M. TI Light Kaluza-Klein states in Randall-Sundrum models with custodial SU(2) SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS B LA English DT Article ID ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY-BREAKING; COMPOSITE HIGGS-MODEL; GAUGE-THEORIES; EXTRA DIMENSIONS; UNIFICATION; HIERARCHY; S-1/Z(2); BULK; LHC AB We consider Randall-Sundrurn scenarios based on SU(2)(L) x SU(2)(R) and a discrete parity exchanging L with R. The custodial and parity symmethe anomalous couplings of the bottom quark to the Z very small. We sries can be used to make the tree level contribution to the T parameter and thow that the resulting quantum numbers typically induce a negative T parameter at one loop that, together with the positive value of the S parameter. restrict considerably these models. There are nevertheless regions of parameter space that successfully reproduce the lit to electroweak precision observables with light Kaluza-Klein excitations accessible at colliders. We consider models of gauge-Higgs unification that implement the custodial and parity symmetries and find that the electroweak data singles out a very well defined region in parameter space. In this region one typically finds light gauge boson Kaluza-Klein excitations as well as light SU(2)L singlet. and sometimes also doublet, fermionic states, that mix with the top quark, and that may yield interesting signatures at future colliders. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, HEP Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Santiago, J (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM jsantiag@fnal.gov RI Ponton, Eduardo/I-4125-2013; Santiago, Jose/D-9109-2016 OI Ponton, Eduardo/0000-0003-3138-1136; Santiago, Jose/0000-0003-3585-5626 NR 58 TC 169 Z9 169 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0550-3213 J9 NUCL PHYS B JI Nucl. Phys. B PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 759 IS 1-2 BP 202 EP 227 DI 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2006.10.012 PG 26 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 115MI UT WOS:000242738000006 ER PT J AU Jin, H Glimm, J Sharp, DH AF Jin, H. Glimm, J. Sharp, D. H. TI Entropy of averaging for compressible two-pressure two-phase flow models SO PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article DE multiphase flow; hyperbolic models; entropy ID RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY; MULTIFLUID AB We propose here a new closure for compressible two-pressure two-phase flow models, which satisfies conservation requirements, boundary conditions at the edges of the mixing zone, hyperbolic stability (real eigenvalues for the characteristic version of the equations of motion) and an entropy inequality. Except for the latter, these properties are direct consequences of the proposed closures. The entropy, which is the main focus of this Letter, inequality (as opposed to entropy conservation for microphysically adiabatic processes) implies positivity for the entropy of averaging. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cheju Natl Univ, RIBS, Dept Math, Cheju 690756, South Korea. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Computat Sci Ctr, Upton, NY 11793 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jin, H (reprint author), Cheju Natl Univ, RIBS, Dept Math, Cheju 690756, South Korea. EM hjin@cheju.ac.kr; glimm@ams.sunysb.edu; dhs@t13.lanl.gov NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9601 J9 PHYS LETT A JI Phys. Lett. A PD DEC 18 PY 2006 VL 360 IS 1 BP 114 EP 121 DI 10.1016/j.physleta.2006.07.064 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117LJ UT WOS:000242874300018 ER PT J AU Lapenta, G Furno, I Intrator, T Delzanno, GL AF Lapenta, Giovanni Furno, Ivo Intrator, Thomas Delzanno, Gian Luca TI Kink instability of flux ropes anchored at one end and free at the other SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IMMERSED BOUNDARY METHOD; TIED CORONAL LOOPS; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; COMPLEX GEOMETRIES; FINITE-LENGTH; SIMULATION; PLASMA; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS; STABILITY; EVOLUTION AB The kink instability of a magnetized plasma column (flux rope) is a fundamental process observed in laboratory and in natural plasmas. Previous theoretical, experimental, and observational work has focused either on the case of periodic (infinite) ropes (relevant to toroidal systems) or on finite ropes with both ends tied to a specified boundary (relevant to coronal ropes tied at the photosphere). However, in the Sun's corona and in astrophysical systems there is an abundant presence of finite flux ropes tied at one end but free at the other. Motivated by recent experiments conducted on the RSX device (Furno et al., 2006) and by recent theoretical work (Ryutov et al., 2006), the present paper investigates by simulation the linear and nonlinear evolution of free-ended flux ropes. The approach is based on comparing the classic case of a periodic flux rope with the case of a rope tied at one end and free at the other. In the linear phase, periodic and free ropes behave radically differently. A simulation analysis of the linear phase confirms the experimental and phenomenological findings relative to an increased instability of a free rope: the new stability limit is shown to be just half of the classic limit for periodic ropes. In the nonlinear phase, reconnection is observed to be a fundamental enabler to reach the eventual steady state. The mechanism for saturation of a flux rope is investigated and compared with the classic theory (the so-called bubble state model) by Rosenbluth et al. (1976). A remarkable agreement is found for the classic periodic case. The case of a free rope is again very different. The saturated state is observed to present a outwardly spiraling configuration with the displacement of the plasma column increasing progressively and monotonically from the tied end to the free end. The maximum displacement is observed at the free end where it is consistent with the displacement observed in a periodic rope. The key distinction is that in a periodic rope the same displacement is observed throughout the whole rope to form a helix with constant radius. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Wiskunde, Ctr Plasma Astrophys, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Ctr Rech Phys Plasmas, Assoc Euratom Confederat Suisse, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Lapenta, G (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Wiskunde, Ctr Plasma Astrophys, Celestijnenlaan 200B, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. EM giovanni.lapenta@wis.kuleuven.be OI Delzanno, Gian Luca/0000-0002-7030-2683; Lapenta, Giovanni/0000-0002-3123-4024 NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 16 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A12 AR A12S06 DI 10.1029/2006JA011932 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118NV UT WOS:000242949900005 ER PT J AU MacDonald, EA Lynch, KA Widholm, M Arnoldy, R Kintner, PM Klatt, EM Samara, M LaBelle, J Lapenta, G AF MacDonald, E. A. Lynch, K. A. Widholm, M. Arnoldy, R. Kintner, P. M. Klatt, E. M. Samara, M. LaBelle, J. Lapenta, G. TI In situ measurement of thermal electrons on the SIERRA nightside auroral sounding rocket SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL BARRIER; HIGH-LATITUDE; IONOSPHERE; SPACECRAFT; DENSITY; REGION; SHEATH AB In January 2002 the SIERRA sounding rocket was launched from Alaska into active substorm expansion aurora. Direct measurements of the cold ionospheric population in darkness were made by the Thermal Electron Detector (TED), which was designed to measure thermal electrons that can carry auroral currents coupling the lower ionosphere and the magnetosphere. Measurement of thermal electrons must be accompanied by a careful study of electrostatic potentials forming near conducting bodies in a plasma. The TED instrument measurements show that a nonmonotonic potential barrier can form in the sheath around the attractively biased detector and prevent measurements of the core of the thermal electrons. The TED instrument design and response are discussed along with the current balance conditions which can lead to the formation of a potential barrier. A plasma distribution reconstruction technique enables key measurements of temperature, density, spacecraft potential, and an estimate of field-aligned current flow. Observed thermal electron core temperatures vary greatly, from similar to 0.1 eV in the polar cap to similar to 0.8 eV in auroral arcs. Outside active precipitation, the electron density agrees with an independent calculation based on measurements from the high-frequency (HF) wave receiver, verifying the method used for estimating the spacecraft potential. In the auroral regions the HF measurement of electron plasma density must be used to extract more accurate results for the spacecraft potential. The thermal electron data indicate that in the dark the nonnegligible auroral and secondary emission currents must be accounted for in order to understand the spacecraft potential and its impact on thermal electron measurements. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Wilder Lab 6127, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. SW Res Inst, Dept Space Sci, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. RP MacDonald, EA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM macdonald@lanl.gov OI Lapenta, Giovanni/0000-0002-3123-4024 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 16 PY 2006 VL 111 IS A12 AR A12310 DI 10.1029/2005JA011493 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118NV UT WOS:000242949900001 ER PT J AU Jefferson, A Grant, G Rose, T AF Jefferson, Anne Grant, Gordon Rose, Tim TI Influence of volcanic history on groundwater patterns on the west slope of the Oregon High Cascades SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPRING-DOMINATED STREAMS; LA-FOURNAISE VOLCANO; FRACTURED ROCK; COLD SPRINGS; NOBLE-GASES; WATER FLOW; CALIFORNIA; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; DISCHARGE AB Spring systems on the west slope of the Oregon High Cascades exhibit complex relationships among modern topography, lava flow geometries, and groundwater flow patterns. Seven cold springs were continuously monitored for discharge and temperature in the 2004 water year, and they were periodically sampled for delta O-18, delta D, tritium, and dissolved noble gases. Anomalously high unit discharges suggest that topographically defined watersheds may not correspond to aquifer boundaries, and oxygen isotope data reveal that mean recharge elevations for the springs are coincident with extensive Holocene lava fields. The He-3/He-4 ratios in most of the springs are close to atmospheric, implying shallow flow paths, and aquifer thicknesses are estimated to be 30-140 m. Estimates using H-3/He-3 data with exponential and gamma distributions yield mean transit times of similar to 3-14 years. Recharge areas and flow paths are likely controlled by the geographic extent of lava flows, and some groundwater may cross the Cascade crest. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Biol & Nucl Sci Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Jefferson, A (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jeffersa@geo.oregonstate.edu RI Jefferson, Anne/K-1185-2012 OI Jefferson, Anne/0000-0002-0585-9602 NR 61 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC 16 PY 2006 VL 42 IS 12 AR W12411 DI 10.1029/2005WR004812 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 118PE UT WOS:000242953400002 ER PT J AU Tolmachev, AV Monroe, ME Jaitly, N Petyuk, VA Adkins, JN Smith, RD AF Tolmachev, Aleksey V. Monroe, Matthew E. Jaitly, Navdeep Petyuk, Vladislav A. Adkins, Joshua N. Smith, Richard D. TI Mass measurement accuracy in analyses of highly complex mixtures based upon multidimensional recalibration SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ION-CYCLOTRON RESONANCE; ASSISTED-LASER-DESORPTION/IONIZATION; SPACE-CHARGE; ESI-FTICR; PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION; TAG STRATEGY; GAIN-CONTROL; SPECTROMETRY; TIME; IONIZATION AB Mass spectrometry combined with a range of on-line separation techniques has become a powerful tool for characterization of complex mixtures, including protein digests in proteomics studies. Accurate mass measurements can be compromised due to variations that occur in the course of an on-line separation, e. g., due to excessive space charge in an ion trap, temperature changes, or other sources of instrument "drift". We have developed a multidimensional recalibration approach that utilizes existing information on the likely mixture composition, taking into account variable conditions of mass measurements, and that corrects the mass calibration for sets of individual peaks binned by, for example, the total ion count for the mass spectrum, the individual peak abundance, m/z value, and liquid chromatography separation time. The multidimensional recalibration approach uses a statistical matching of measured masses in such measurements, often exceeding 105, to a significant number of putative known species likely to be present in the mixture (i.e., having known accurate masses), to identify a subset of the detected species that serve as effective calibrants. The recalibration procedure involves optimization of the mass accuracy distribution ( histogram), to provide a more confident distinction between true and false identifications. We report the mass accuracy improvement obtained for data acquired using a TOF and several FTICR mass spectrometers. We show that the multidimensional recalibration better compensates for systematic mass measurement errors and also significantly reduces the mass error spread: i.e., both the accuracy and precision of mass measurements are improved. The mass measurement improvement is found to be virtually independent of the initial instrument calibration, allowing, for example, less frequent calibration. We show that this recalibration can provide sub-ppm mass measurement accuracy for measurements of a complex fungal proteome tryptic digest and provide improved confidence or numbers of peptide identifications. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Smith, RD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM rds@pnl.gov RI Smith, Richard/J-3664-2012; Adkins, Joshua/B-9881-2013; OI Smith, Richard/0000-0002-2381-2349; Adkins, Joshua/0000-0003-0399-0700; Petyuk, Vladislav/0000-0003-4076-151X FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 018522]; NIAID NIH HHS [Y1-AI-4894-01]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM063883] NR 51 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 24 BP 8374 EP 8385 DI 10.1021/ac0606251 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 116TJ UT WOS:000242824900027 PM 17165830 ER PT J AU Clark, WJ Park, SH Bostick, DA Duckworth, DC Van Berkel, GJ AF Clark, William J., Jr. Park, Sea H. Bostick, Debra A. Duckworth, Douglas C. Van Berkel, Gary J. TI Electrochemically modulated separation, concentration, and detection of plutonium using an anodized glassy carbon electrode and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; VOLTAMMETRY FLOW CELL; STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY; COMBINED ONLINE; ION-SOURCE; SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT; ANALYTE OXIDATION; EMITTER; PRETREATMENT; CADMIUM AB Plutonium is shown to be retained on anodized glassy carbon ( GC) electrodes at potentials positive of + 0.7 V ( vs Ag/AgCl reference) and released upon potential shifts to values negative of + 0.3 V. This phenomenom has been exploited for the separation, concentration, and detection of plutonium by the coupling an electrochemical flow cell on-line with an ICPMS system. The electrochemically controlled deposition and analysis of Pu improves detection limits by analyte preconcentration and by matrix and isobaric ion elimination. Information related to the parametric optimization of the technique and hypotheses regarding the mechanism of electrochemical accumulation of Pu are reported. The most likely accumulation scenario involves complexation of Pu(IV) species, produced under a controlled potential, with anions retained in the anodization film that develops during the activation of the GC electrode. The release mechanism is believed to result from the reduction of Pu( IV) in the anion complex to Pu(III), which has a lower tendency to form complexes. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Duckworth, DC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM douglas.duckworth@pnl.gov RI Duckworth, Douglas/B-7171-2015 OI Duckworth, Douglas/0000-0002-8161-5685 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 24 BP 8535 EP 8542 DI 10.1021/ac061538b PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 116TJ UT WOS:000242824900047 PM 17165850 ER PT J AU Yan, B McJunkin, TR Stoner, DL Scott, JR AF Yan, B. McJunkin, T. R. Stoner, D. L. Scott, J. R. TI Validation of fuzzy logic method for automated mass spectral classification for mineral imaging SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemical imaging; mineral; fuzzy logic; principal component analysis; cluster analysis; laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometry ID TOF-SIMS; SPECTROMETRY; SURFACES AB Imaging mass spectrometry requires the acquisition and interpretation of hundreds to thousands of individual spectra in order to map the mineral phases within heterogeneous geomatrices. A fuzzy logic inference engine (FLIE) was developed to automate data interpretation. To evaluate the strengths and limitations of FLIE, the chemical images obtained using FLIE were compared with those developed using two chemometric methods: principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (K-Means). Two heterogeneous geomatrices, a low-grade chalcopyrite ore and basalt, were imaged using a laser-desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Similar mineral distribution patterns in the chalcopyrite ore sample were obtained by the three data analysis methods with most of the differences occurring at the interfaces between mineral phases. PCA missed one minor mineral phase in the chalcopyrite ore sample and did not clearly differentiate among the mineral classes of the basalt. K-Means cluster analysis differentiated among the various mineral phases in both samples, but improperly grouped some spectra in the chalcopyrite sample that only contained unanticipated high mass peaks. Unlike the chemometric methods, FLIE was able to classify spectra as unknowns for those spectra that fell below the confidence level threshold. A nearest neighbor approach, included in FLIE, was used to classify the unknowns to form a visually complete image; however, the unknowns identified by FLIE can be informative because they highlight potential problems or overlooked results. In conclusion, this study validated the fuzzy logic-based approach used in our laboratory and reveald some limitations in the three techniques that were evaluated. 0 (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Scott, JR (reprint author), Idaho Natl Lab, 2525 N Fremont Ave,MS 2208, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. EM jill.scott@inl.gov RI McJunkin, Timothy/G-8385-2011; Scott, Jill/G-7275-2012 OI McJunkin, Timothy/0000-0002-4987-9170; NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 253 IS 4 BP 2011 EP 2017 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.03.093 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 122RM UT WOS:000243244200054 ER PT J AU Mu, FP Unkefer, PJ Unkefer, CJ Hlavacek, WS AF Mu, Fangping Unkefer, Pat J. Unkefer, Clifford J. Hlavacek, William S. TI Prediction of oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions based on atomic properties of metabolites SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID RESIDUAL ELECTRONEGATIVITY; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY; METABOLOMICS; PATHWAYS; NETWORKS; DATABASE; PROGRAM; NUMBERS; META AB Motivation: Our knowledge of metabolism is far from complete, and the gaps in our knowledge are being revealed by metabolomic detection of small-molecules not previously known to exist in cells. An important challenge is to determine the reactions in which these compounds participate, which can lead to the identification of gene products responsible for novel metabolic pathways. To address this challenge, we investigate how machine learning can be used to predict potential substrates and products of oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions. Results: We examined 1956 oxidation/reduction reactions in the KEGG database. The vast majority of these reactions (1626) can be divided into 12 subclasses, each of which is marked by a particular type of functional group transformation. For a given transformation, the local structures of reaction centers in substrates and products can be characterized by patterns. These patterns are not unique to reactants but are widely distributed among KEGG metabolites. To distinguish reactants from non-reactants, we trained classifiers (linear-kernel Support Vector Machines) using negative and positive examples. The input to a classifier is a set of atomic features that can be determined from the 2D chemical structure of a compound. Depending on the subclass of reaction, the accuracy of prediction for positives (negatives) is 64 to 93% (44 to 92%) when asking if a compound is a substrate and 71 to 98% (50 to 92%) when asking if a compound is a product. Sensitivity analysis reveals that this performance is robust to variations of the training data. Our results suggest that metabolic connectivity can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the presence or absence of local structural motifs in compounds and their readily calculated atomic features. Availability: Classifiers reported here can be used freely for noncommercial purposes via a Java program available upon request. Contact: wish@lanl.gov Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hlavacek, WS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM wish@lanl.gov OI Hlavacek, William/0000-0003-4383-8711 NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 24 BP 3082 EP 3088 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl535 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 115DO UT WOS:000242715200017 PM 17060354 ER PT J AU Nam, Y Branch, DW Wheeler, BC AF Nam, Yoonkey Branch, Darren W. Wheeler, Bruce C. TI Epoxy-silane linking of biomolecules is simple and effective for patterning neuronal cultures SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE epoxy silane; protein linking; microcontact printing; cell patterning; multielectrode array; hippocampal neurons ID MICROPATTERNED SURFACES; SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; NETWORKS; IMMOBILIZATION; FABRICATION; POLYLYSINE; ELECTRODE; POLARITY AB Surface chemistry is one of the main factors that contributes to the longevity and compliance of cell patterning. Two to three weeks are required for dissociated, embryonic rat neuronal cultures to mature to the point that they regularly produce spontaneous and evoked responses. Though proper surface chemistry can be achieved through the use of covalent protein attachment, often it is not maintainable for the time periods necessary to study neuronal growth. Here we report a new and effective covalent linking approach using (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, (3-GPS) for creating long term neuronal patterns. Micrometer scale patterns of cell adhesive proteins were formed using microstamping; hippocampal neurons, cultured up to 1 month, followed those patterns. Cells did not grow on unmodified 3-GPS surfaces, producing non-permissive regions for the long-term cell patterning. Patterned neuronal networks were formed on two different types of MEA (polyimide or silicon nitride insulation) and maintained for 3 weeks. Even though the 3-GPS layer increased the impedance of metal electrodes by a factor of 2-3, final impedance levels were low enough that low noise extracellular recordings were achievable. Spontaneous neural activity was recorded as early as 10 days in vitro. Neural recording and stimulation were readily achieved from these networks. Our results showed that 3-GPS could be used on surfaces to immobilize biomolecules for a variety of neural engineering applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Bioengn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Microsensor Sci & Technol Dept, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Nam, Y (reprint author), 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM ynam1@uiuc.edu RI Nam, Yoonkey/C-1662-2011 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R01 EB000786] NR 27 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 5 BP 589 EP 597 DI 10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.027 PG 9 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 108HL UT WOS:000242230800003 PM 16531038 ER PT J AU Guzman, KAD Finnegan, MP Banfield, JF AF Guzman, Katherine A. Dunphy Finnegan, Michael P. Banfield, Jillian F. TI Influence of surface potential on aggregation and transport of titania nanoparticles SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; DOUBLE-LAYER; PHASE-TRANSFORMATION; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; BROWNIAN PARTICLES; SIZE; MICROMODEL; GROUNDWATER; FILTRATION; FULLERENE AB To investigate the effect of pH on nanoparticle aggregation and transport in porous media, we quantified nanoparticle transport in two-dimensional structures. Titania was used as a model compound to explore the effects of surface potential on particle mobility in the subsurface. Results show that pH, and therefore, surface potential and aggregate size, dominate nanoparticle interactions with each other and surfaces. In each solution, nanoparticle aggregate size distributions were bimodal or trimodal, and aggregate sizes increased as the pH approached the pH of the point of zero charge (pH(zpc)). Over 80% of suspended particles and aggregates were mobile over the pH range of 1-12, except close to the pHzpc of the surfaces, where the particles are highly aggregated. The effect of pH on transport is not symmetric around the pHzpc of the particles due to charging of the channel surfaces. However, transport speed of nanoparticle aggregates did not vary with pH. The surface element integration technique, which takes into account the effect of curvature of particles on interaction energy, was used to evaluate the ability of theory to predict nanoparticle transport. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci & Policy Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Guzman, KAD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM kdunphy@sandia.gov NR 31 TC 232 Z9 235 U1 10 U2 127 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 24 BP 7688 EP 7693 DI 10.1021/es060847g PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116HP UT WOS:000242793400040 PM 17256514 ER PT J AU Spalding, BP Watson, DB AF Spalding, B. P. Watson, D. B. TI Measurement of dissolved H-2, O-2, and CO2 in groundwater using passive samplers for gas chromatographic analyses SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS; SEDIMENTS; URANIUM AB A simple in-situ passive dissolved gas groundwater sampler, comprised of a short length of silicone tubing attached to a gastight or other syringe, was adapted and tested for in-situ collection of equilibrium gas samples. Sampler retrieval after several days of immersion in groundwater allowed the direct injection of the sample onto a gas chromatograph (GC), simplifying field collection and sample handling over the commonly used "bubble stripping" method for H-2 analyses. A GC was modified by sequencing a thermal conductivity (TC) detector followed by a reductive gas (RG) detector so that linear calibration of H-2 over the range 0.2-200 000 ppmv was attained using a 0.5-mL gas sample; inclusion of the TC detector allowed the simultaneous quantification of other fixed gases (O-2, CO2, He, and Ne) to which the RG detector was not responsive. Uptake kinetics for H-2 and He indicated that the passive sampler reached equilibrium within 12 h of immersion in water. Field testing of these passive samplers revealed unusually large equilibrium gas-phase H-2 concentrations in groundwater, ranging from 0.1 to 13.9%, by volume, in 11 monitoring wells surrounding four former radiological wastewater disposal ponds at the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Spalding, BP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2006, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM spaldingbp@ornl.gov RI Watson, David/C-3256-2016 OI Watson, David/0000-0002-4972-4136 NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 40 IS 24 BP 7861 EP 7867 DI 10.1021/es0613310 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 116HP UT WOS:000242793400065 PM 17256539 ER PT J AU Chaplya, PM Mitrovic, M Carman, GP Straub, FK AF Chaplya, Pavel M. Mitrovic, Milan Carman, Gregory P. Straub, Friedrich K. TI Durability properties of piezoelectric stack actuators under combined electromechanical loading SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LEAD-ZIRCONATE-TITANATE; DOMAIN-WALL MOTION; IN-SITU TEM; ELECTRIC FATIGUE; FERROELECTRIC CERAMICS; INDUCED MICROCRACKING; PEROVSKITE OXIDES; HEAT-GENERATION; INDUCED-STRAIN; THIN-FILMS AB This paper presents results on the electro-thermo-mechanical behavior of piezoelectric materials for use in actuator applications with an emphasis on durability performance. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of different commercially available actuator systems and to determine the properties necessary for the design of such actuator systems. Basic piezoelectric properties of five stack actuators were determined as a function of mechanical preload and temperature. Changes in these properties during ferroelectric fatigue up to 10(7) cycles were determined from strain-field relations after a specified number of fatigue cycles. Experimental results indicate a strong dependence of piezoelectric properties and power requirements on mechanical loading conditions. Results indicate that the optimum operating conditions (i.e., mechanical preload) that will improve actuation capabilities of piezoelectric stack actuators can be determined. That is, strain output was found to increase by 60% for some actuators upon the application of certain compressive prestress. Results of fatigue tests indicate negligible degradation in strain output for some stack actuators even when operated under mechanical preload that causes large displacements through domain wall motion. Similar trends in strain output and current degradation curves (as a function of fatigue cycles) suggest that material degradation can be indirectly inferred from simply measuring the current being dissipated by the material and the fatigue predicted by measuring the strain output (quantity related to domain motion). Finally, temperature rise of lead zirconate titanate stacks due to self-heating should be taken into account when designing actuator systems, since temperature changes were found to significantly influence both strain output and power required to drive piezoelectric stack actuators. Physical mechanisms of ferroelectric fatigue are explored. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Goodrich Corp, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Boeing Co, Mesa, AZ 85215 USA. RP Chaplya, PM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM pmchapl@sandia.gov NR 60 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 124111 DI 10.1063/1.2407269 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900076 ER PT J AU Clements, BE Plohr, JN Addessio, FL AF Clements, B. E. Plohr, JeeYeon N. Addessio, F. L. TI Dynamically driven phase transformations in heterogeneous materials. I. Theory and microstructure considerations SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS; FLOW/DAMAGE SURFACES; TITANIUM; MODEL; THERMODYNAMICS AB A theoretical model recently developed for heterogeneous materials undergoing dynamically driven thermodynamic phase transitions [F. L. Addessio J. Appl. Phys. 97, 083509 (2005)] has been extended to allow for complex material microstructures. The model is applied to silicon carbide-titanium (SiC-Ti) unidirectional metal matrix composites where the aligned SiC fibers are filler and Ti is the matrix. Ti is known to undergo a low pressure and temperature solid-solid first-order phase transition. The microstructural analysis uses the generalized method of cells, which partitions a representative volume element into subcells containing the SiC fibers and the Ti matrix. The thermomechanical analysis has been reformulated from the previous work. In the reformulation it is found that thermodynamic quantities are naturally expressed as mass fraction averages over the two coexisting phases while the mechanical quantities are expressed naturally as volume averages. Consequently, the thermomechanical reformulation merges the mass averages typically found in thermodynamics with the volume averages used for mechanical properties of composites. Simulations have been pursued to study the complex interplay between loading, microstructure, and the thermomechanical response of the system as it undergoes the solid-solid Ti phase transformation. This is done for several different representative volume elements. For different orientations of loads relative to the fiber axes, the effect of local microstructure on the macroscopic stress-strain and thermodynamic response of the SiC-Ti composite is investigated. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Clements, BE (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, MS-B221, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM bclements@lanl.gov OI Clements, Brad/0000-0002-9664-637X NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 123520 DI 10.1063/1.2398284 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900039 ER PT J AU Fu, LF Browning, ND Zhang, SX Ogale, SB Kundaliya, DC Venkatesan, T AF Fu, L. F. Browning, N. D. Zhang, S. X. Ogale, S. B. Kundaliya, D. C. Venkatesan, T. TI Defects in Co-doped and (Co, Nb)-doped TiO2 ferromagnetic thin films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; OXYGEN VACANCIES; ANATASE; RUTILE; FIELD AB We have investigated the defect structure in pure Co-doped and (Co, Nb)-doped TiO2 (anatase) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on (001) single crystal LaAlO3. Although both films exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism, dilute Nb doping significantly improves the conductivity and microstructure of the TiO2 (anatase) thin film at the cost of a lower saturation magnetization. Z-contrast imaging and electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy study in the scanning transmission electron microscope show cluster-free microstructure in the (Co, Nb)-doped thin film although Co is enriched into the surface and forms a CoxTi1-x-yNbyO2-delta phase. In contrast, metallic Co, rutile TiO2, and cobalt oxide nanoparticles combined with some crystallographic shear defect structures are observed in the pure Co-doped thin film. The magnetic behavior in each film can be explained with the presence of these defect states or second phases. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fu, LF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM lffu@lbl.gov RI Venkatesan, Thirumalai/E-1667-2013; OI Browning, Nigel/0000-0003-0491-251X NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 123910 DI 10.1063/1.2402979 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900059 ER PT J AU Meng, LJ Zhang, KW Stocks, GM Zhong, JX AF Meng, Lijun Zhang, Kaiwang Stocks, G. Malcolm Zhong, Jianxin TI Small Si clusters on surfaces of carbon nanotubes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; SILICON; PLATINUM; CATALYST AB Structures of small Si clusters, Si-n, on surfaces of carbon nanotubes have been studied by molecular dynamics simulation. We show that the lowest-energy structures of Si-n are three-dimensional clusters rather than thin Si sheets covering the surface of a nanotube. As n increases from 10 to 30, Si-n undergoes structural transitions from a tentlike structure (with nanotube surface as its base) to a cagelike structure (without interior atoms) and further to a spherical compact structure (with interior atoms). Our results are different from the structures of small Si clusters found in a free space without Si-nanotube interaction. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Xiangtan Univ, Dept Phys, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, Peoples R China. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Meng, LJ (reprint author), Xiangtan Univ, Dept Phys, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM ljmeng@xtu.edu.cn RI Stocks, George Malcollm/Q-1251-2016 OI Stocks, George Malcollm/0000-0002-9013-260X NR 30 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 126107 DI 10.1063/1.2405133 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900132 ER PT J AU Morgan, NW Birtcher, RC Thompson, GB AF Morgan, N. W. Birtcher, R. C. Thompson, G. B. TI In situ transmission electron microscopy of ion irradiated Fe-Pt alloy thin films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INDUCED GRAIN-GROWTH; NANOPARTICLES; TEMPERATURE AB We report the microstructural evolution during irradiation of FePt and FePt 25 at. % thin films sputter deposited onto electron transparent silicon monoxide substrates. The films were studied in situ for 500 keV Kr+ irradiation up to a fluence of 10(15) ions/cm(2) or 4 displacements/atom (dpa). Upon irradiation to approximately 1 dpa, the initial disconnected granular morphology became continuous. In particular, for FePt, accelerated grain growth was observed once the continuous morphology was achieved during ambient temperature irradiation. No atomistic (chemical) ordering from the as-deposited A1 phase into either the L1(0) FePt or L1(2) Fe3Pt phases was observed during ambient temperature irradiation. After irradiation, the specimens were then in situ annealed. The intermetallic ordering temperature, compared to that of an unirradiated film, was lowered by approximate to 200 degrees C for FePt 25 at. %. No decrease in the ordering temperature was observed for irradiated FePt. The rate of FePt grain growth during annealing was very similar for both irradiated and unirradiated films over the 25-650 degrees C temperature range investigated. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Thompson, GB (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Met & Mat Engn, POB 870202, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM gthompson@coe.eng.ua.edu NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 124904 DI 10.1063/1.2364390 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900111 ER PT J AU Plohr, JN Clements, BE Addessio, FL AF Plohr, JeeYeon N. Clements, B. E. Addessio, F. L. TI Dynamically driven phase transformations in heterogeneous materials. II. Applications including damage SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; SILICON-CARBIDE; MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS; FLOW/DAMAGE SURFACES; CONSTITUTIVE MODEL; BRITTLE MATERIALS; PRESSURE; TITANIUM; VISCOPLASTICITY; TRANSITION AB A model, developed for heterogeneous materials undergoing dynamically driven phase transformations in its constituents, has been extended to include the evolution of damage. Damage is described by two mechanisms: interfacial debonding between the constituents and brittle failure micro-crack growth within the constituents. The analysis is applied to silicon carbide-titanium (SiC-Ti) unidirectional metal matrix composites that undergo the following phenomena: Ti has a yield stress of approximately 0.5 GPa and above a pressure of about 2 GPa undergoes a solid-solid phase transformation. The inelastic work from plastic dissipation contributes to the temperature and pressure rise in the Ti. SiC behaves elastically below a critical stress, above which it is damaged by microcrack growth. Finally, under tensile loading, the interface between Ti and SiC debonds according to an interfacial decohesion law. Each process is first examined independently in order to understand how its characteristic behavior is manifested in the stress-strain response of the composite. The complex interplay between loading states, viscoplasticity, damage, and solid-solid phase transformations is then studied at both the micromechanics and macromechanics levels. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Equat State & Mech & Mat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Fluid Dynam Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Plohr, JN (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Equat State & Mech & Mat Grp, MS B221, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jplohr@lanl.gov OI Clements, Brad/0000-0002-9664-637X NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 123521 DI 10.1063/1.2398327 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900040 ER PT J AU Tao, KX Wall, JJ Li, HQ Brown, DW Vogel, SC Choo, H AF Tao, Kaixiang Wall, James J. Li, Hongqi Brown, Donald W. Vogel, Sven C. Choo, Hahn TI In situ neutron diffraction study of grain-orientation-dependent phase transformation in 304L stainless steel at a cryogenic temperature SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; STRAIN RATE; TEXTURE; DIFFRACTOMETER; MECHANISM; EVOLUTION; ALLOY; HIPPO AB In situ time-of-flight neutron diffraction was performed to investigate the martensitic phase transformation during quasistatic uniaxial compression testing of 304L stainless steel at 300 and 203 K. In situ neutron diffraction enabled the bulk measurement of intensity evolution for various hkl atomic planes during the austenite (fcc) to martensite (hcp and bcc) phase transformation. Based on the neutron diffraction patterns, the martensite phases were observed from the very beginning of the plastic deformation at 203 K. However, at 300 K, no newly formed martensite, except a small amount of preexisting hcp phase, was observed throughout the test. From the changes in the relative intensities of individual hkl atomic planes, the grain-orientation-dependent phase transformation was investigated. The preferred orientation of the newly formed martensite grains was also investigated for the sample deformed at 203 K using neutron diffraction. The results reveal the orientation relationships between the austenite and the newly formed martensites. The fcc grain family diffracting with {200} plane normal parallel to the loading axis is favored for the fcc to bcc transformation and the bcc {200} plane normals are primarily aligned along the loading direction. For the fcc to hcp transformation, the fcc grains with {111} plane normals at an angle in between about 10 degrees and 50 degrees to the loading direction are favored. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Choo, H (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM hchoo@utk.edu RI Li, Hongqi/B-6993-2008; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009; OI Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907; Vogel, Sven C./0000-0003-2049-0361 NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 123515 DI 10.1063/1.2402474 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900034 ER PT J AU Wixom, RR Wright, AF AF Wixom, R. R. Wright, A. F. TI Density functional theory investigation of N interstitial migration in GaN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FINDING SADDLE-POINTS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; METALS; MG AB Using density-functional total energy calculations, we investigated N interstitial migration in GaN. Two migration paths were considered. The first path confines motion to a single c-plane of the lattice, while the second path involves movement both perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis. The latter path has a lower barrier for the positive charge states and will be the dominant mechanism for migration of the N interstitial in p-type GaN. The calculated barriers are 1.79, 2.12, and 1.98 eV for the +1, +2, and +3 charge states. These barriers are consistent with recent experimental results and indicate that interstitials will be mobile at typical processing temperatures. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Wixom, RR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM rrwixom@sandia.gov NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 12 AR 123108 DI 10.1063/1.2402589 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 121LA UT WOS:000243157900008 ER PT J AU Singh, I Shankaran, H Beauharnois, ME Xiao, ZH Alexandridis, P Neelamegham, S AF Singh, Indrajeet Shankaran, Harish Beauharnois, Mark E. Xiao, Zhihua Alexandridis, Paschalis Neelamegham, Sriram TI Solution structure of human von Willebrand factor studied using small angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VON-WILLEBRAND-FACTOR; X-RAY-SCATTERING; HUMAN VONWILLEBRAND-FACTOR; PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN IB; FACTOR A1 DOMAIN; SELF-ASSOCIATION; FACTOR-VIII; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; LIGHT-SCATTERING AB von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding to platelets under high fluid shear is an important step regulating atherothrombosis. We applied light and small angle neutron scattering to study the solution structure of human VWF multimers and protomer. Results suggest that these proteins resemble prolate ellipsoids with radius of gyration (R-g) of similar to 75 and similar to 30 nm for multimer and protomer, respectively. The ellipsoid dimensions/radii are 175 x 28 nm for multimers and 70 x 9.1 nm for protomers. Substructural repeat domains are evident within multimeric VWF that are indicative of elements of the protomer quarternary structure (16 nm) and individual functional domains (4.5 nm). Amino acids occupy only similar to 2% of the multimer and protomer volume, compared with 98% for serum albumin and 35% for fibrinogen. VWF treatment with guanidine (.) HCl, which increases VWF susceptibility to proteolysis by ADAMTS-13, causes local structural changes at length scales < 10 nm without altering protein Rg. Treatment of multimer but not protomer VWF with random homobifunctional linker BS3 prior to reduction of intermonomer disulfide linkages and Western blotting reveals a pattern of dimer and trimer units that indicate the presence of stable intermonomer non-covalent interactions within the multimer. Overall, multimeric VWF appears to be a loosely packed ellipsoidal protein with non-covalent interactions between different monomer units stabilizing its solution structure. Local, and not large scale, changes in multimer conformation are sufficient for ADAMTS-13-mediated proteolysis. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. RP Neelamegham, S (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM neel@eng.buffalo.edu RI singh, indrajeet/A-2072-2015; OI Neelamegham, Sriram/0000-0002-1371-8500 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 76211, HL 77258, R01 HL077258] NR 49 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 50 BP 38266 EP 38275 DI 10.1074/jbc.M607123200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 115BL UT WOS:000242709500019 PM 17052980 ER PT J AU Forquer, I Covian, R Bowman, MK Trumpower, BL Kramer, DM AF Forquer, Isaac Covian, Raul Bowman, Michael K. Trumpower, Bernard L. Kramer, David M. TI Similar transition states mediate the Q-cycle and superoxide production by the cytochrome bc(1) complex SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IRON-SULFUR PROTEIN; COUPLED ELECTRON-TRANSFER; PROTONMOTIVE Q-CYCLE; Q(O) SITE; UBIQUINOL OXIDATION; BC COMPLEXES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; BYPASS REACTIONS; DOMAIN MOVEMENT; UBIHYDROQUINONE OXIDATION AB The cytochrome bc complexes found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and many bacteria play critical roles in their respective electron transport chains. The quinol oxidase (Q(o)) site in this complex oxidizes a hydroquinone ( quinol), reducing two one-electron carriers, a low potential cytochrome b heme and the "Rieske" iron-sulfur cluster. The overall electron transfer reactions are coupled to transmembrane translocation of protons via a "Q-cycle" mechanism, which generates proton motive force for ATP synthesis. Since semiquinone intermediates of quinol oxidation are generally highly reactive, one of the key questions in this field is: how does the Q(o) site oxidize quinol without the production of deleterious side reactions including superoxide production? We attempt to test three possible general models to account for this behavior: 1) The Q(o) site semiquinone ( or quinol-imidazolate complex) is unstable and thus occurs at a very low steady-state concentration, limiting O-2 reduction; 2) the Q(o) site semiquinone is highly stabilized making it unreactive toward oxygen; and 3) the Q(o) site catalyzes a quantum mechanically coupled two-electron/two-proton transfer without a semiquinone intermediate. Enthalpies of activation were found to be almost identical between the uninhibited Q-cycle and superoxide production in the presence of antimycin A in wild type. This behavior was also preserved in a series of mutants with altered driving forces for quinol oxidation. Overall, the data support models where the rate-limiting step for both Q-cycle and superoxide production is essentially identical, consistent with model 1 but requiring modifications to models 2 and 3. C1 Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Battelle NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Kramer, DM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, 299 Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM dkramer@wsu.edu RI Bowman, Michael/F-4265-2011 OI Bowman, Michael/0000-0003-3464-9409 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 20379, GM 61904] NR 57 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 50 BP 38459 EP 38465 DI 10.1074/jbc.M605119200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 115BL UT WOS:000242709500039 PM 17008316 ER PT J AU Paunesku, T Vogt, S Maser, J Lai, B Woloschak, G AF Paunesku, Tatjana Vogt, Stefan Maser, Jorg Lai, Barry Woloschak, Gayle TI X-ray fluorescence microprobe imaging in biology and medicine SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE X-ray fluorescence microscopy; elemental maps; metalome; bionanotechnology ID PLATINUM(IV) ANTICANCER AGENTS; METAL CHELATION-THERAPY; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; IRON CHELATORS; TRACE-METALS; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; CANCER-CELLS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AB Characteristic X-ray fluorescence is a technique that can be used to establish elemental concentrations for a large number of different chemical elements simultaneously indifferent locations in cell and tissue samples. Exposing the samples to an X-ray beam is the basis of X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). This technique provides the excellent trace element sensitivity; and, due to the large penetration depth of hard X-rays, an opportunity to image whole cells and quantify elements on a per cell basis. Moreover, because specimens prepared for XFM do not require sectioning, they can be investigated close to their natural, hydrated state with cryogenic approaches. Until several years ago, XFM was not widely available to bio-medical communities, and rarely offered resolution better then several microns. This has changed drastically with the development of third-generation synchrotrons. Recent examples of elemental imaging of cells and tissues show the maturation of XFM imaging technique into an elegant and informative way to gain insight into cellular processes. Future developments of XFM-building of new XFM facilities with higher resolution, higher sensitivity or higher throughput will further advance studies of native elemental makeup of cells and provide the biological community including the budding area of bionanotechnology with a tool perfectly suited to monitor the distribution of metals including nanovectors and measure the results of interactions between the nanovectors and living cells and tissues. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Xray Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Radiol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. RP Woloschak, G (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. EM g-woloschak@northwestern.edu RI ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012; Maser, Jorg/K-6817-2013; Vogt, Stefan/B-9547-2009; Vogt, Stefan/J-7937-2013; Paunesku, Tatjana/A-3488-2017; Woloschak, Gayle/A-3799-2017 OI Vogt, Stefan/0000-0002-8034-5513; Vogt, Stefan/0000-0002-8034-5513; Paunesku, Tatjana/0000-0001-8698-2938; Woloschak, Gayle/0000-0001-9209-8954 FU NCI NIH HHS [U54 CA 119341, CA 107467, P50 CA 89018]; NIBIB NIH HHS [EB 002100] NR 106 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 49 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 99 IS 6 BP 1489 EP 1502 DI 10.1002/jcb.21047 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 106SY UT WOS:000242122500003 PM 17006954 ER PT J AU Gritti, F Guiochon, G AF Gritti, Fabrice Guiochon, Georges TI Experimental evidence of the influence of the surface chemistry of the packing material on the column pressure drop in reverse-phase liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE RPLC; C-18 bonding density; external porosity; internal porosity; total porosity; permeability; silica-C-18; endcapping ID STATIONARY-PHASE; COVERAGE; KINETICS; MECHANISM; POROSITY AB The permeabilities of six columns packed with different packing materials (neat silica, C-1 endcapped silica at 3.92 mu mol/m(2), C-18 bonded and endcapped silica with 0.42, 1.01, 2.03, and 3.15 mu mol/m(2) Of C-18 bonded chains) were measured. All these materials derive from the same batch of spherical particles, 5 mu m in diameter. The columns have the same tube inner diameter (phi = 0.460 +/- 0.003 cm) and length (L = 15.000 +/- 0.003 cm). The experimental conditions were the same, flow-rate (F-v = 1.000 +/- 0.003 mL/min) and temperature (295 K). Nevertheless, it was found that the column permeability decreases significantly, by about 25%, from the neat silica column to the one packed with the highest density of C-18-bonded silica (3.15 mu mol/m(2)). The results measured on two duplicate columns were very reproducible. Accurate (+/- 0.5%) measurements of the hold-volumes with concentrated and dilute solutions of NO3- showed that the columns had all nearly the same external porosity. The result cannot be explained by the error made on the volume of the column tube either as it was measured accurately for all the columns. The residual explanation is that the interstitial velocity distribution between the packed particles depends on the chemical nature of the external surface of these particles. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Dept Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Guiochon, G (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, 552 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM guiochon@utk.edu NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 1136 IS 2 BP 192 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.075 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 116GW UT WOS:000242791500005 PM 17046011 ER PT J AU Ma, Z AF Ma, Zhen TI Solvent effect on CO oxidation as a novel diagnosing tool to pin down low-coverage CO at the liquid-solid interface: An in situ infrared study SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE liquid-solid interface; reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy; CO oxidation; solvent effect; alpha-ketoester; decarbonylation ID ASYMMETRIC HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS; ATR-IR SPECTROSCOPY; ENANTIOSELECTIVE HYDROGENATION; METHYL PYRUVATE; METAL-SURFACES; POLYCRYSTALLINE PLATINUM; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; PHASE HYDROGENATION; PT/AL2O3 CATALYSTS; SUPPORTED PLATINUM AB In situ probing of liquid-solid interfaces is important for understanding heterogeneous liquid-phase catalysis and other interfacial phenomena, but the spectroscopic interference from the bulk is often a problem. Some organics may have infrared features overlapping the adsorbed CO peaks, making the determination of adsorbed CO difficult. In this study, CCl4-flushing was used as a novel diagnosing tool to pin down the low-coverage CO derived from decarbonylation of organics. This diagnosing tool was designed based on our in situ reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy results reported here that there is a marked solvent effect (water > ethanol > methanol > cyclohexane > benzene similar to carbon tetrachloride) on CO oxidation at the liquid-solid interface. Possible reasons for that solvent effect were discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Ma, Z (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Mail Stop 6201, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM zhen.ma@email.ucr.edu RI Ma, Zhen/F-1348-2010 OI Ma, Zhen/0000-0002-2391-4943 NR 68 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 304 IS 2 BP 419 EP 430 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.09.005 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 110SM UT WOS:000242399500019 PM 17028007 ER PT J AU Svensson, AKE Bilsel, O Kondrashkina, E Zitzewitz, JA Matthews, CR AF Svensson, Anna-Karin E. Bilsel, Osman Kondrashkina, Elena Zitzewitz, Jill A. Matthews, C. Robert TI Mapping the folding free energy surface for metal-free human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE ALS; protein folding mechanism; global kinetic analysis; beta-barrel dimer; SAXS ID AMYOTROPHIC-LATERAL-SCLEROSIS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; COLI DIHYDROFOLATE-REDUCTASE; AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTIONS; TRYPTOPHAN SIDE-CHAINS; BETA-SHEET PROTEIN; CU,ZN-SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Mutations at many different sites in the gene encoding human Cu,Zu superoxide dismutase (SOD) are known to be causative agents in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). One explanation for the molecular of this pathology is the aggregation of marginally soluble, partially structured states whose populations are enhanced in the protein variants. As a benchmark for testing this hypothesis, the equilibrium and kinetic of the reversible folding reaction of a metal-free variant of SOD were investigated. Reversibility was achieved by replacing the two nonessential cysteine residues with non-oxidizable analogs, C6A/C111S, to 9 produce apo-AS-SOD. The metal-free pseudo-wild-type protein is folded and dimeric in the absence of chemical denaturants, and its equilibrium folding behavior is well described by an apparent two-state mechanism involving the unfolded monomer and the native dimer. The apparent free energy of folding in the absence of denaturant and at standard state is -20.37(+/- 1.04) kcal (mol dimer)(-1). A global analysis of circular dichroism. kinetic traces for both unfolding and refolding reactions, combined with results from small angle X-ray scattering and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements, supports a sequential mechanism involving the unfolded monomer, a folded monomeric intermediate, and the native dimer. The rate-limiting monomer folding reaction is followed by a near diffusion-limited self-association reaction to form the native dimer. The relative population of the folded monomeric intermediate is predicted not to exceed 0.5% at micromolar concentrations of protein under equilibrium and both strongly unfolding and refolding conditions for metal-free pseudo-wild-type SOD. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. IIT, BioCAT Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Zitzewitz, JA (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. EM jill.zitzewitz@umassmed.edu; c.robert.matthews@umassmed.edu RI ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-08630]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 54836] NR 103 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 364 IS 5 BP 1084 EP 1102 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.005 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 115YH UT WOS:000242769200020 PM 17046019 ER PT J AU Zhao, YH AF Zhao, Y. H. TI Thermodynamic model for solid-state amorphization of pure elements by mechanical-milling SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE mechanical alloying; glass transition; phases and equilibria ID GRAIN-BOUNDARY; NANOSTRUCTURE FORMATION; SURFACE ENERGIES; SILICON; TRANSITION; ATTRITION; CRYSTAL; METALS; TEMPERATURE; MOLYBDENUM AB Mechanical-milling induced solid-state amorphization (SSA) has been observed in some covalent metalloids (Si, Ge, Se), but never in pure metals at room temperature. In this paper, a thermodynamic model was proposed for the SSA of the pure elements. In the model, a large Gibbs free energy of a grain boundary, compared with the free energy of a crystalline-amorphous interface, provides driving force for the amorphization. The critical grain size required for the SSA, therefore, can be determined from the condition when the Gibbs free energy of the nanocrystalline state is equal to that of amorphous state. The predicted critical grain sizes for SSA generally agree with the experimentally observed values for nonmetallic elements, but are much smaller than the minimum grain sizes of the metallic elements obtained by long-time mechanical-milling. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, MAt Sci & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhao, YH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MAt Sci & Applicat Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM zhao@lanl.gov RI Zhao, Yonghao/A-8521-2009; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 65 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 EI 1873-4812 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 352 IS 52-54 BP 5578 EP 5585 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.09.021 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 118CJ UT WOS:000242919300017 ER PT J AU Suratwala, T Wong, L Miller, P Feit, MD Menapace, J Steele, R Davis, P Walmer, D AF Suratwala, T. Wong, L. Miller, P. Feit, M. D. Menapace, J. Steele, R. Davis, P. Walmer, D. TI Sub-surface mechanical damage distributions during grinding of fused silica SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE crack growth; fracture; indentation; microindentation; optical microscopy; lasers; silica ID INDENTATION FRACTURE; OPTICAL-GLASSES AB The distribution and characteristics of surface cracking (i.e., sub-surface damage or SSD) formed during standard grinding processes have been measured on fused silica glass using a surface taper polishing technique. The measured SSD depth distributions are described by a single exponential followed by an asymptotic cutoff in depth. The observed surface cracks are characterized as near-surface lateral and deeper trailing indent type fractures (i.e., chatter marks). The length of the trailing indent is strongly correlated with a given grinding process. It is shown that only a small fraction of the abrasive particles are being mechanically loaded and causing fracture, and most likely it is the larger particles in the abrasive particle size distribution that bear the higher loads. The SSD depth increased with load and with a small amount of larger contaminant particles. Using a simple brittle fracture model for grinding, the SSD depth distribution has been related to the SSD length distribution to gain insight into 'effective' size distribution of particles participating in the fracture. Both the average crack length and the surface roughness were found to scale linearly with the maximum SSD depth. These relationships can serve as useful rules-of-thumb for non-destructively estimating SSD depth and for identifying the process that caused the SSD. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Suratwala, T (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM suratwalal@llnl.gov RI Feit, Michael/A-4480-2009; Suratwala, Tayyab/A-9952-2013 OI Suratwala, Tayyab/0000-0001-9086-1039 NR 32 TC 119 Z9 144 U1 10 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 352 IS 52-54 BP 5601 EP 5617 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.09.012 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 118CJ UT WOS:000242919300020 ER PT J AU Anovitz, LM Riciputi, LR Cole, DR Gruszklewicz, MS Elam, JM AF Anovitz, Lawrence M. Riciputi, Lee R. Cole, David R. Gruszklewicz, Miroslaw S. Elam, J. Michael TI The effect of changes in relative humidity on the hydration rate of Pachuca obsidian SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE diffusion and transport; geology and archeology; archaeology; geology; natural glasses; hydrogen in glass; secondary ion mass spectrecopy; oxide glasses; silicates; hydration; water; water in glass ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; WATER-ADSORPTION; CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS; MESOPOROUS SILICA; GLASS-SURFACE; VAPOR; DIFFUSION; TEMPERATURE; NACL(AQ) AB The effect of relative humidity on the hydration rate of obsidian and other glasses has been debated since the early work of [I. Friedman, R. Smith, Am. Antiquity 25 (1960) 476]. While more recent work has been in general agreement that a relative humidity dependence does exist, hydration profiles as a function of relative humidity have not been obtained. In this paper we present the results of a study in which samples of Pachuca obsidian were hydrated for approximately 5 days at 150 degrees C at relative humidities ranging from 21% to 100%, and the resultant profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results suggest that the hydration rate is, indeed, a function of relative humidity, but for the relative humidity levels commonly observed in most soils the effects on hydration dating are expected to be relatively small. In addition, analysis of the surface values as sorption isotherms and comparisons with nitrogen sorption isotherms suggests that water is relatively strongly bound to the obsidian surface. By assuming a situation in which the 'surface' refers to active centers within the glass we have shown that an adsorption model provides a useful approach to modeling the diffusive process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Anthropol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Anovitz, LM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, MS 6110,POB 2008,Bldg 4500S, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM anovitzlm@ornl.gov RI Gruszkiewicz, Miroslaw/L-2389-2016; Anovitz, Lawrence/P-3144-2016 OI Gruszkiewicz, Miroslaw/0000-0002-6551-6724; Anovitz, Lawrence/0000-0002-2609-8750 NR 64 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 352 IS 52-54 BP 5652 EP 5662 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.08.044 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 118CJ UT WOS:000242919300024 ER PT J AU Ramirez, JC Stan, M Cristea, P AF Ramirez, J. C. Stan, M. Cristea, P. TI Simulations of heat and oxygen diffusion in UO2 nuclear fuel rods SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID OPERATING DEFECTIVE FUEL; MIXED-OXIDE FUEL; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; URANIUM-DIOXIDE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; HYPERSTOICHIOMETRIC URANIA; TRANSPORT PROCESSES; SOLID-SOLUTIONS; RECOMMENDATIONS; OXIDATION AB We present finite-element simulations of coupled heat and oxygen atom diffusion for UO2 fuel pellets. The expressions for thermal conductivity, specific heat and oxygen diffusivity for the fuel element are obtained directly from previously published correlations, or from analysis of previously published data. We examine the temperature and non-stoichiometry distributions for a varying range of conditions. Simulations are performed for steady-state and transient regime in one-dimensional (purely radial) configurations. For steady-state conditions we perform parametric studies that determine the maximum temperature in the fuel rod as a function of non-stoichiometry and heat generation rate intensity. For transient simulations, we examine the time lag in the response of the temperature and non-stoichiometry distributions with respect to sudden changes in heat generation rate intensity and oxygen removal rate. All simulations are performed with the commercial code COMSOL Multiphysics (TM). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Ramirez, JC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS G755, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM jcramrez@lanl.gov NR 44 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 5 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 3 BP 174 EP 184 DI 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.08.018 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121FR UT WOS:000243144000003 ER PT J AU Wolfer, WG Oudot, B Baclet, N AF Wolfer, W. G. Oudot, B. Baclet, N. TI Reversible expansion of gallium-stabilized delta-plutonium SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID PU-GA ALLOYS; PHASE-TRANSFORMATIONS; IRRADIATION; SYSTEM AB It is shown that the transient expansion of plutonium-gallium alloys observed both in the lattice parairieter as well as in the dimension of a sample held at ambient temperature cart be explained by assuming incipient precipitation or Pu3Ga. However, this ordered zeta(')-phase is also subject to radiation-induced disordering. As a result, the gallium-stabilized delta-phase, being metastable at ambient temperature. is driven towards thermodynamic equilibrium by radiation-enhanced diffusion of gallium and at the same time reverted back to its metastable state by radiation-induced disordering. A steady state is reached in which only a modest fraction of the gallium present is arranged in ordered zeta(')-phase regions. Published by Elsevier BN. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. CEA Valduc, DRMN, SEMP, F-21120 Is Sur Tille, France. RP Wolfer, WG (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM wolfer1@llnl.gov NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 3 BP 185 EP 191 DI 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.08.020 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121FR UT WOS:000243144000004 ER PT J AU Carr, DG Ripley, MI Brown, DW Vogel, SC Holden, TM AF Carr, D. G. Ripley, M. I. Brown, D. W. Vogel, S. C. Holden, T. M. TI Residual stress measurements on a stress relieved Zircaloy-4 weld by neutron diffraction SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ROD TEXTURE AB The macroscopic stress distribution across an annealed Zircaloy-4 gas tungsten arc weld was measured by neutron time-of-flight diffraction at the SMARTS diffractometer at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The stresses after annealing are about 40% lower than those in the same weld prior to heat treatment. The intergranular strains in the reference coupons, which give the macroscopic stress free lattice spacings, are consistent with the difference in cooling the strongly textured plate and the weakly textured weld. Crown Copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. No Stress Technol, Deep River, ON K0J 1P0, Canada. RP Carr, DG (reprint author), Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. EM dgc@ansto.gov.au RI Carr, David/G-2530-2010; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; OI Carr, David/0000-0003-1134-5496; Vogel, Sven C./0000-0003-2049-0361 NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 3 BP 202 EP 207 DI 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.08.021 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121FR UT WOS:000243144000006 ER PT J AU Gusev, MN Maksimkin, OP Tivanova, OV Silnaygina, NS Garner, FA AF Gusev, M. N. Maksimkin, O. P. Tivanova, O. V. Silnaygina, N. S. Garner, F. A. TI Correlation of yield stress and microhardness in 08Cr16Ni11Mo3 stainless steel irradiated to high dose in the BN-350 fast reactor SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID HARDNESS AB The relationship between the microhardness and the engineering yield stress in 08Cr16Ni11Mo3 steel after irradiation in the BN-350 reactor has been experimentally derived and agrees with a previously published correlation developed by Toloczko for unirradiated 316 in a variety of cold-work conditions. Even more importantly, when the correlation is derived in the K-Delta format where the correlation involves changes in the two properties, excellent agreement is found with a universal K-Delta correlation developed by Busby and coworkers. Additionally, this report points out that microhardness measurements must take into account that sodium exposure at high temperature and neutron fluence alters the metal surface to produce ferrite, and therefore the altered layers should be removed prior to testing. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Mat Resources Dept, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Nucl Ctr, Inst Nucl Phys, Alma Ata 4800082, Kazakhstan. RP Garner, FA (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Mat Resources Dept, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999,MS P8-15, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM Frank.garner@pnl.gov RI Maksimkin, Oleg/M-8820-2015 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 3 BP 258 EP 262 DI 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.09.005 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121FR UT WOS:000243144000012 ER PT J AU Balsara, NP Park, MJ AF Balsara, Nitash P. Park, Moon Jeong TI Block copolymers and nanotechnology SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE blends; block copolymers; nanotechnology; self-assembly C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Balsara, NP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nbalsara@berkeley.edu RI Park, Moon Jeong/F-5752-2013 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 24 BP 3429 EP 3430 DI 10.1002/polb.20999 PG 2 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 111PY UT WOS:000242467100002 ER PT J AU Qui, W Pyda, M Nowak-Pyda, E Habenschuss, A Wagner, KB Wunderlich, B AF Qui, W. Pyda, M. Nowak-Pyda, E. Habenschuss, A. Wagner, K. B. Wunderlich, B. TI Crystallization and melting of a branched polyethylene with precisely controlled chemical structure SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE annealing; cold crystallization; copolymer; crystal perfection; decoupling; precisely branched polyethylene; reversible melting; temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) ID TEMPERATURE-MODULATED CALORIMETRY; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; HEAT-CAPACITIES; POLY(OXYETHYLENE); MACROMOLECULES; PHASE; POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-OCTENE); REVERSIBILITY; TRANSITIONS; MORPHOLOGY AB The heat capacity of a linear polyethylene with dimethyl branches, at every 21st backbone atom was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and quasi-isothermal temperature-modulated DSC. This novel copolyethylene (PE2M) is relatively difficult to crystallize from the melt. On subsequent beating, a first, sharp melting peak is followed by a sharp cold-crystallization and crystal perfection and a smaller endotherm, before reaching the main melting at 315-320 K, close to the melting temperatures of eicosane and tetracontane. The low-temperature melting is sensitive to the cooling rate and disappears below 1.0 K min(-1). The cold crystallization can be avoided by heating with rates faster than 80 K min(-1). The PE2M exhibits some reversing and reversible melting, which is typical for chain-folded polymers. The glass transition of semicrystalline MAY is broadened and reaches its upper limit at about 260 K (midpoint at about 0.355 K). Above this temperature, the crystals seem to have a heat capacity similar to that of the liquid. A hypothesis is that the melting transition can be explained by changes in crystal perfection without major alteration of the crystal structure and the lamellar morphology. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Ctr Macromol Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Wunderlich, B (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM wunderlich@chartertn.net NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 24 BP 3461 EP 3474 DI 10.1002/polb.21000 PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 111PY UT WOS:000242467100010 ER PT J AU Hakem, IF Lal, J Bockstaller, MR AF Hakem, Ilhem F. Lal, Jyotsana Bockstaller, Michael R. TI Mixed solvent effect on lithium-coordination to poly(ethylene oxide) SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ion binding; neutron scattering; polyelectrolyte; polymer electrolyte; solvent mixtures ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; POLYMER ELECTROLYTES; SALT; TRANSPORT; MIXTURES; CONFORMATION; SCATTERING; CARBONATE; BEHAVIOR; WATER AB This article presents a comparative study of the structure formation of poly (ethylene oxide) PEO/Li complexes in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We demonstrate that in acetonitrile solutions, Li-cations coordinate to the ether-oxygen of the monomeric unit, and this results in charging and stretching of the polymer chains. This is found to be in contrast to aqueous solutions, where the ions remain free in solution. In particular, we demonstrate that the "binding" and "screening" regimes that were observed in case of PEO/K+ solutions in acetonitrile are also found in the respective PEO/Li+ solutions. The addition of water to solutions in acetonitrile increasingly diminishes the ion-coordination to the polymer, eventually resulting in neutral polymer chains at water contents above phi(water)* = 30% (w/v). The preferential adsorption of water on PEO in mixtures of acetonitrile and water is evidenced by the pronounced stretching of polymer chains, in particular, at a water content of phi(water) = 25% and 33.33% (w/v) where complete stretching of the chains is observed. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Tlemcen Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Tilimsen, Algeria. Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Bockstaller, MR (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM HakemIF@cmu.edu; Bockstaller@cmu.edu RI Bockstaller, Michael/A-9124-2011; Hakem, Ilhem F. /C-8374-2014 OI Bockstaller, Michael/0000-0001-9046-9539; NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 44 IS 24 BP 3642 EP 3650 DI 10.1002/polb.21014 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 111PY UT WOS:000242467100026 ER PT J AU Mitlin, D Radmilovic, V Pan, T Chen, J Feng, Z Santella, ML AF Mitlin, D. Radmilovic, V. Pan, T. Chen, J. Feng, Z. Santella, M. L. TI Structure-properties relations in spot friction welded (also known as friction stir spot welded) 6111 aluminum SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE spot friction weld (SFW); friction stir spot weld (FSSW); 6111 Al alloy; recrystallization; texture; grain growth ID DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION; MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; ALLOYS; PRECIPITATION; MICROTEXTURE; FATIGUE; SHEET AB This work details some aspects of the microstructure-properties-processing relations in spot friction welded (also known as friction stir spot welded) 6111 Al sheets, joined in a lap configuration. We have shown that the tool pin penetration depth has a strong effect on the failure mode of the joined samples and a lesser effect on the joint shear strength. With increasing tool pin penetration depth, and consequently with increasing depth of the tool shoulder pressing into the top sample, the failure mode in a lap-shear test changes from brittle and concentrated near the pin hole, to ductile and away from the weld towards the base metal. The sheet interface under the tool shoulder consists four regions; a region where there is no contact at all between the two surfaces, a region where only a mechanical bond ("kissing bond") exists, a region where there is partial metallurgical bond, and a region with full metallurgical bonding. There is evidence that during welding the Fe-Si-Mn-Cu inclusions present in the as-received material are swept towards the joint interface, thus degrading the joint quality. The aluminum in the partially metallurgically bonded region, in the fully metallurgically bonded region and under the tool pin is fully recrystallized. In these regions, the presence of low angle grain boundaries indicates that additional deformation has occurred after recrystallized grains were formed. It is thus likely that recrystallization has occurred dynamically during the welding process. The material under the shoulder (a portion of the non-contacting region, the "kissing bond", the partial metallurgical and the full metallurgical regions) has a significantly larger grain size than under the pin, as well as a different texture. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G6, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ford Motor Co, Ford Res & Adv Engn, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Mat Joining & NDE Grp, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Mitlin, D (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G6, Canada. EM dmitlin@ualberta.ca; VRRadmilovic@lbl.gov RI Feng, Zhili/H-9382-2012; Mitlin , David /M-5328-2016 OI Feng, Zhili/0000-0001-6573-7933; Mitlin , David /0000-0002-7556-3575 NR 46 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 441 IS 1-2 BP 79 EP 96 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.126 PG 18 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 113QP UT WOS:000242612700009 ER PT J AU Lou, J Shrotriya, P Allameh, S Buchheit, T Soboyejo, WO AF Lou, J. Shrotriya, P. Allameh, S. Buchheit, T. Soboyejo, W. O. TI Strain gradient plasticity length scale parameters for LIGA Ni MEMs thin films SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE strain gradient plasticity; length scale parameters; nano-indentation; micro-bend techniques; LIGA Ni MEMS; thin films ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; INDENTATION; MICROBEND; HARDNESS AB This paper presents a recent study of the effects of plasticity strain gradient length scale parameters on plastic deformation. The plasticity length scale parameters are obtained for LIGA Ni MEMS structures plated from sulfamate baths. Micro-tensile experiments were explored in current study to evaluate the basic tensile properties for LIGA Ni MEMS structures at micron scale. The composite length scale parameter [J.S. Stolken, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 6 (1998) 5109-5115] was obtained from the micro-bend techniques, and the stretch gradient length scale parameter [J.S. Stolken, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 5109-5115; N.A. Fleck, J.W. Hutchinson, Adv. Appl. Mech. 33 (1997) 295-361; W.D. Nix, H. Gao, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46 (1998) 411-425; M.R. Begley, J.W. Hutchinson, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46 (1998) 2049-2068] was extracted from the nano-indentation experiments. A constitutive expression, which is an extension of the traditional J(2) theory, was obtained for the LIGA Ni MEMS structures. This constitutive equation can be used for the further modeling of plasticity of LIGA Ni MEMS structures plated under similar conditions. The implications of plasticity length scale parameters are discussed for multi-scale modeling between the micron- and nano-scales. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Mech Reliabil & Modeling Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Soboyejo, WO (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM soboyejo@princeton.edu RI Shrotriya, Pranav/F-5960-2011 OI Shrotriya, Pranav/0000-0001-9263-4892 NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 441 IS 1-2 BP 299 EP 307 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2006.08.048 PG 9 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 113QP UT WOS:000242612700038 ER PT J AU Vaschenko, G Etxarri, AG Menoni, CS Rocca, JJ Hemberg, O Bloom, S Chao, W Anderson, EH Attwood, DT Lu, Y Parkinson, B AF Vaschenko, G. Etxarri, A. Garcia Menoni, C. S. Rocca, J. J. Hemberg, O. Bloom, S. Chao, W. Anderson, E. H. Attwood, D. T. Lu, Y. Parkinson, B. TI Nanometer-scale ablation with a table-top soft x-ray laser SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND LASER; PULSES AB Ablation of holes with diameters as small as 82 nm and very clean walls was obtained in poly(methyl methacrylate) focusing pulses from a Ne-like Ar 46.9 nm compact capillary-discharge laser with a freestanding Fresnel zone plate diffracting into third order. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using focused soft x-ray laser beams for the direct nanoscale patterning of materials and the development of new nanoprobes. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Colorado State Univ, NSF ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. JMAR Technol Inc, San Diego, CA 92127 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, NSF ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Vaschenko, G (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NSF ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM carmen@engr.colostate.edu RI Menoni, Carmen/A-3775-2008; Garcia-Etxarri, Aitzol/B-7311-2008; Menoni, Carmen/B-4989-2011 OI Garcia-Etxarri, Aitzol/0000-0002-5867-2390; NR 13 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 24 BP 3615 EP 3617 DI 10.1364/OL.31.003615 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 112XD UT WOS:000242560400018 PM 17130921 ER PT J AU Zhou, JF Economon, EN Koschny, T Soukoulis, CM AF Zhou, Jiangfeng Economon, Eleftherios N. Koschny, Thomas Soukoulis, Costas M. TI Unifying approach to left-handed material design SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEGATIVE INDEX; REFRACTION AB We show that equivalent circuits offer a qualitative and even quantitative simple explanation for the behavior of various types of left-handed (or negative-index) metamaterials. This allows us to optimize design features and parameters while avoiding trial and error simulations or fabrications. In particular, we apply this unifying circuit approach in accounting for the features and in optimizing the structure employing parallel metallic bars on the two sides of a dielectric film. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Microelect Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Crete, FORTH, Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Iraklion, Greece. Univ Crete, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Zhou, JF (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Soukoulis, Costas/A-5295-2008; Economou, Eleftherios /E-6374-2010; Zhou, Jiangfeng/D-4292-2009 OI Zhou, Jiangfeng/0000-0002-6958-3342 NR 12 TC 178 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 29 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 24 BP 3620 EP 3622 DI 10.1364/OL.31.003620 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 112XD UT WOS:000242560400020 PM 17130923 ER PT J AU Abazov, VM Abbott, B Abolins, M Acharya, BS Adams, M Adams, T Agelou, M Agram, JL Ahn, SH Ahsan, M Alexeev, GD Alkhazov, G Alton, A Alverson, G Alves, GA Anastasoaie, M Andeen, T Anderson, S Andrieu, B Anzelc, MS Arnoud, Y Arov, M Askew, A Asman, B Jesus, ACSA Atramentov, O Autermann, C Avila, C Ay, C Badaud, F Baden, A Bagby, L Baldin, B Bandurin, DV Banerjee, P Banerjee, S Barberis, E Bargassa, P Baringer, P Barnes, C Barreto, J Bartlett, JF Bassler, U Bauer, D Bean, A Begalli, M Begel, M Belanger-Champagne, C Bellavance, A Benitez, JA Beri, SB Bernardi, G Bernhard, R Berntzon, L Bertram, I Besancon, M Beuselinck, R Bezzubov, VA Bhat, PC Bhatnagar, V Binder, M Biscarat, C Black, KM Blackler, I Blazey, G Blekman, F Blessing, S Bloch, D Bloom, K Blumenschein, U Boehnlein, A Boeriu, O Bolton, TA Borcherding, F Borissov, G Bos, K Bose, T Brandt, A Brock, R Brooijmans, G Bross, A Brown, D Buchanan, NJ Buchholz, D Buehler, M Buescher, V Burdin, S Burke, S Burnett, TH Busato, E Buszello, CP Butler, JM Calvet, S Cammin, J Caron, S Carrasco-Lizarraga, MA Carvalho, W Casey, BCK Cason, NM Castilla-Valdez, H Chakrabarti, S Chakraborty, D Chan, KM Chandra, A Chapin, D Charles, F Cheu, E Chevallier, F Cho, DK Choi, S Choudhary, B Christofek, L Claes, D Clement, B Clement, C Coadou, Y Cooke, M Cooper, WE Coppage, D Corcoran, M Cousinou, MC Cox, B Crepe-Renaudin, S Cutts, D Cwiok, M da Motta, H Das, A Das, M Davies, B Davies, G Davis, GA De, K de Jong, P de Jong, SJ De La Cruz-Burelo, E Martins, CD Degenhardt, JD Deliot, F Demarteau, M Demina, R Demine, P Denisov, D Denisov, SP Desai, S Diehl, HT Diesburg, M Doidge, M Dominguez, A Dong, H Dudko, LV Duflot, L Dugad, SR Duperrin, A Dyer, J Dyshkant, A Eads, M Edmunds, D Edwards, T Ellison, J Elmsheuser, J Elvira, VD Eno, S Ermolov, P Estrada, J Evans, H Evdokimov, A Evdokimov, VN Fatakia, SN Feligioni, L Ferapontov, AV Ferbel, T Fiedler, F Filthaut, F Fisher, W Fisk, HE Fleck, I Ford, M Fortner, M Fox, H Fu, S Fuess, S Gadfort, T Galea, CF Gallas, E Galyaev, E Garcia, C Garcia-Bellido, A Gardner, J Gavrilov, V Gay, A Gay, P Gele, D Gelhaus, R Gerber, CE Gershtein, Y Gillberg, D Ginther, G Gollub, N Gomez, B Gounder, K Goussiou, A Grannis, PD Greenlee, H Greenwood, ZD Gregores, EM Grenier, G Gris, P Grivaz, JF Grunendahl, S Grunewald, MW Guo, F Guo, J Gutierrez, G Gutierrez, P Haas, A Hadley, NJ Haefner, P Hagopian, S Haley, J Hall, I Hall, RE Han, L Hanagaki, K Harder, K Harel, A Harrington, R Hauptman, M Hauser, R Hays, J Hebbeker, T Hedin, D Hegeman, JG Heinmiller, JM Heinson, AP Heintz, U Hensel, C Hesketh, G Hildreth, MD Hirosky, R Hobbs, JD Hoeneisen, B Hohlfeld, M Hong, SJ Hooper, R Houben, P Hu, Y Hynek, V Iashvili, I Illingworth, R Ito, AS Jabeen, S Jaffre, M Jain, S Jakobs, K Jarvis, C Jenkins, A Jesik, R Johns, K Johnson, C Johnson, M Jonckheere, A Jonsson, P Juste, A Kafer, D Kahn, S Kajfasz, E Kalinin, AM Kalk, JM Kalk, JR Kappler, S Karmanov, D Kasper, J Katsanos, I Kau, D Kaur, R Kehoe, R Kermiche, S Kesisoglou, S Khanov, A Kharchilava, A Kharzheev, YM Khatidze, D Kim, H Kim, TJ Kirby, MH Klima, B Kohli, JM Konrath, JP Kopal, M Korablev, VM Kotcher, J Kothari, B Koubarovsky, A Kozelov, AV Kozminski, J Kryemadhi, A Krzywdzinski, S Kuhl, T Kumar, A Kunori, S Kupco, A Kurca, T Kvita, J Lager, S Lammers, S Landsberg, G Lazoflores, J Le Bihan, AC Lebrun, P Lee, WM Leflat, A Lehner, F Leonidopoulos, C Lesne, V Leveque, J Lewis, P Li, J Li, QZ Lima, JGR Lincoln, D Linnemann, J Lipaev, VV Lipton, R Liu, Z Lobo, L Lobodenko, A Lokajicek, M Lounis, A Love, P Lubatti, HJ Lynker, M Lyon, AL Maciel, AKA Madaras, RJ Mattig, P Magass, C Magerkurth, A Magnan, AM Makovec, N Mal, PK Malbouisson, HB Malik, S Malyshev, VL Mao, HS Maravin, Y Martens, M Mattingly, SEK McCarthy, R McCroskey, R Meder, D Melnitchouk, A Mendes, A Mendoza, L Merkin, M Merritt, KW Meyer, A Meyer, J Michaut, M Miettinen, H Millet, T Mitrevski, J Molina, J Mondal, NK Monk, J Moore, RW Moulik, T Muanza, GS Mulders, M Mulhearn, M Mundim, L Mutaf, YD Nagy, E Naimuddin, M Narain, M Naumann, NA Neal, HA Negret, JP Nelson, S Neustroev, P Noeding, C Nomerotski, A Novaes, SF Nunnemann, T O'Dell, V O'Neil, DC Obrant, G Oguri, V Oliveira, N Oshima, N Otec, R Garzon, GJOY Owen, M Padley, P Parashar, N Park, SJ Park, SK Parsons, J Partridge, R Parua, N Patwa, A Pawloski, G Perea, PM Perez, E Peters, K Petroff, P Petteni, M Piegaia, R Pleier, MA Podesta-Lerma, PLM Podstavkov, VM Pogorelov, Y Pol, ME Pompos, A Pope, BG Popov, V da Silva, WLP Prosper, HB Protopopescu, S Qian, J Quadt, A Quinn, B Rani, KJ Ranjan, K Rapidis, PA Ratoff, PN Renkel, P Reucroft, S Rijssenbeek, M Ripp-Baudot, I Rizatdinova, F Robinson, S Rodrigues, RF Royon, C Rubinov, P Ruchti, R Rud, VI Sajot, G Sanchez-Hernandez, A Sanders, MP Santoro, A Savage, G Sawyer, L Scanlon, T Schaile, D Schamberger, RD Scheglov, Y Schellman, H Schieferdecker, P Schmitt, C Schwanenberger, C Schwartzman, A Schwienhorst, R Sengupta, S Severini, H Shabalina, E Shamim, M Shary, V Shchukin, AA Shephard, WD Shivpuri, RK Shpakov, D Siccardi, V Sidwell, RA Simak, V Sirotenko, V Skubic, P Slattery, P Smith, RP Snow, GR Snow, J Snyder, S Soldner-Rembold, S Song, X Sonnenschein, L Sopczak, A Sosebee, M Soustruznik, K Souza, M Spurlock, B Stark, J Steele, J Stevenson, K Stolin, V Stone, A Stoyanova, DA Strandberg, J Strang, MA Strauss, M Strohmer, R Strom, D Strovink, M Stutte, L Sumowidagdo, S Sznajder, A Talby, M Tamburello, P Taylor, W Telford, P Temple, J Tiller, B Titov, M Tokmenin, VV Tomoto, M Toole, T Torchiani, I Towers, S Trefzger, T Trincaz-Duvoid, S Tsybychev, D Tuchming, B Tully, C Turcot, AS Tuts, PM Unalan, R Uvarov, L Uvarov, S Uzunyan, S Vachon, B van den Berg, PJ Van Kooten, R van Leeuwen, WM Varelas, N Varnes, EW Vartapetian, A Vasilyev, IA Vaupel, M Verdier, P Vertogradov, LS Verzocchi, M Villeneuve-Seguier, F Vint, P Vlimant, JR Von Toerne, E Voutilainen, M Vreeswijk, M Wahl, HD Wang, L Warchol, J Watts, G Wayne, M Weber, M Weerts, H Wermes, N Wetstein, M White, A Wicke, D Wilson, GW Wimpenny, SJ Wobisch, M Womersley, J Wood, DR Wyatt, TR Xie, Y Xuan, N Yacoob, S Yamada, R Yan, M Yasuda, T Yatsunenko, YA Yip, K Yoo, HD Youn, SW Yu, C Yu, J Yurkewicz, A Zatserklyaniy, A Zeitnitz, C Zhang, D Zhao, T Zhao, Z Zhou, B Zhu, J Zielinski, M Zieminska, D Zieminski, A Zutshi, V Zverev, EG AF Abazov, V. M. Abbott, B. Abolins, M. Acharya, B. S. Adams, M. Adams, T. Agelou, M. Agram, J. -L. Ahn, S. H. Ahsan, M. Alexeev, G. D. Alkhazov, G. Alton, A. Alverson, G. Alves, G. A. Anastasoaie, M. Andeen, T. Anderson, S. Andrieu, B. Anzelc, M. S. Arnoud, Y. Arov, M. Askew, A. Asman, B. Assis Jesus, A. C. S. Atramentov, O. Autermann, C. Avila, C. Ay, C. Badaud, F. Baden, A. Bagby, L. Baldin, B. Bandurin, D. V. Banerjee, P. Banerjee, S. Barberis, E. Bargassa, P. Baringer, P. Barnes, C. Barreto, J. Bartlett, J. F. Bassler, U. Bauer, D. Bean, A. Begalli, M. Begel, M. Belanger-Champagne, C. Bellavance, A. Benitez, J. A. Beri, S. B. Bernardi, G. Bernhard, R. Berntzon, L. Bertram, I. Besancon, M. Beuselinck, R. Bezzubov, V. A. Bhat, P. C. Bhatnagar, V. Binder, M. Biscarat, C. Black, K. M. Blackler, I. Blazey, G. Blekman, F. Blessing, S. Bloch, D. Bloom, K. Blumenschein, U. Boehnlein, A. Boeriu, O. Bolton, T. A. Borcherding, F. Borissov, G. Bos, K. Bose, T. Brandt, A. Brock, R. Brooijmans, G. Bross, A. 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Soustruznik, K. Souza, M. Spurlock, B. Stark, J. Steele, J. Stevenson, K. Stolin, V. Stone, A. Stoyanova, D. A. Strandberg, J. Strang, M. A. Strauss, M. Stroehmer, R. Strom, D. Strovink, M. Stutte, L. Sumowidagdo, S. Sznajder, A. Talby, M. Tamburello, P. Taylor, W. Telford, P. Temple, J. Tiller, B. Titov, M. Tokmenin, V. V. Tomoto, M. Toole, T. Torchiani, I. Towers, S. Trefzger, T. Trincaz-Duvoid, S. Tsybychev, D. Tuchming, B. Tully, C. Turcot, A. S. Tuts, P. M. Unalan, R. Uvarov, L. Uvarov, S. Uzunyan, S. Vachon, B. van den Berg, P. J. Van Kooten, R. van Leeuwen, W. M. Varelas, N. Varnes, E. W. Vartapetian, A. Vasilyev, I. A. Vaupel, M. Verdier, P. Vertogradov, L. S. Verzocchi, M. Villeneuve-Seguier, F. Vint, P. Vlimant, J. -R. Von Toerne, E. Voutilainen, M. Vreeswijk, M. Wahl, H. D. Wang, L. Warchol, J. Watts, G. Wayne, M. Weber, M. Weerts, H. Wermes, N. Wetstein, M. White, A. Wicke, D. Wilson, G. W. Wimpenny, S. J. Wobisch, M. Womersley, J. Wood, D. R. Wyatt, T. R. Xie, Y. Xuan, N. Yacoob, S. Yamada, R. Yan, M. Yasuda, T. Yatsunenko, Y. A. Yip, K. Yoo, H. D. Youn, S. W. Yu, C. Yu, J. Yurkewicz, A. Zatserklyaniy, A. Zeitnitz, C. Zhang, D. Zhao, T. Zhao, Z. Zhou, B. Zhu, J. Zielinski, M. Zieminska, D. Zieminski, A. Zutshi, V. Zverev, E. G. CA D0 Collaboration TI Measurement of the B-s(0) lifetime using semileptonic decays SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DETECTOR; PHYSICS AB We report a measurement of the B-s(0) lifetime in the semileptonic decay channel B-s(0)-> D-s(-)mu(+)nu X (and its charge conjugate), using approximately 0.4 fb(-1) of data collected with the D0 detector during 2002-2004. Using 5176 reconstructed D-s(-)mu(+) signal events, we have measured the B-s(0) lifetime to be tau(B-s(0))=1.398 +/- 0.044(stat)(-0.025)(+0.028)(syst) ps. This is the most precise measurement of the B-s(0) lifetime to date. C1 Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna, Russia. Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, LAFEX, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Estado Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Fis Teor, BR-01405 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China. Univ Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia. Charles Univ Prague, Ctr Particle Phys, Prague, Czech Republic. Czech Tech Univ, CR-16635 Prague, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Phys, Ctr Particle Phys, Prague, Czech Republic. Univ San Francisco, Quito, Ecuador. Univ Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Phys Corpusculaire, Clermont Ferrand, France. Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Phys Subatom & Cosmol, Grenoble, France. Univ Aix Marseille 2, CNRS, IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France. CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Accelerateur Lineaire, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris, France. Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris, France. CEA, DAPNIA, Serv Phys Particules, Saclay, France. Univ Strasbourg, CNRS, IN2P3, IReS, Strasbourg, France. Univ Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France. Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, Inst Phys Nucl Lyon, IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3A, D-5100 Aachen, Germany. Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, Freiburg, Germany. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. Univ Munich, Munich, Germany. Univ Wuppertal, Fachbereich Phys, Wuppertal, Germany. Panjab Univ, Chandigarh 160014, India. Univ Delhi, Delhi 110007, India. Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Korea Univ, Korea Dector Lab, Seoul 136701, South Korea. Sungkyunkwan Univ, Suwon, South Korea. CINVESTAV, Mexico City 14000, DF, Mexico. Univ Amsterdam, NIKHEF H, Amsterdam, Netherlands. NIKHEF H, FOM Inst, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, NIKHEF H, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117259, Russia. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow, Russia. Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino, Russia. Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, St Petersburg, Russia. Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. Lund Univ, Lund, Sweden. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Nat Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif State Univ Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Purdue Univ Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Louisiana Tech Univ, Ruston, LA 71272 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Langston Univ, Langston, OK 73050 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Texas, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Abazov, VM (reprint author), Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna, Russia. RI Dudko, Lev/D-7127-2012; Merkin, Mikhail/D-6809-2012; Novaes, Sergio/D-3532-2012; Mundim, Luiz/A-1291-2012; Yip, Kin/D-6860-2013; De, Kaushik/N-1953-2013; Fisher, Wade/N-4491-2013; Oguri, Vitor/B-5403-2013; Telford, Paul/B-6253-2011; Nomerotski, Andrei/A-5169-2010; Shivpuri, R K/A-5848-2010; Gutierrez, Phillip/C-1161-2011; Leflat, Alexander/D-7284-2012; Alves, Gilvan/C-4007-2013; Santoro, Alberto/E-7932-2014; Deliot, Frederic/F-3321-2014; Sharyy, Viatcheslav/F-9057-2014; Guo, Jun/O-5202-2015; Bargassa, Pedrame/O-2417-2016 OI Dudko, Lev/0000-0002-4462-3192; Novaes, Sergio/0000-0003-0471-8549; Mundim, Luiz/0000-0001-9964-7805; Yip, Kin/0000-0002-8576-4311; De, Kaushik/0000-0002-5647-4489; Fatakia, Sarosh/0000-0003-0430-3191; Belanger-Champagne, Camille/0000-0003-2368-2617; Sharyy, Viatcheslav/0000-0002-7161-2616; Guo, Jun/0000-0001-8125-9433; Bean, Alice/0000-0001-5967-8674; Bargassa, Pedrame/0000-0001-8612-3332 NR 15 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 24 AR 241801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.241801 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117QT UT WOS:000242888700012 ER PT J AU Abulencia, A Adelman, J Affolder, T Akimoto, T Albrow, MG Ambrose, D Amerio, S Amidei, D Anastassov, A Anikeev, K Annovi, A Antos, J Aoki, M Apollinari, G Arguin, JF Arisawa, T Artikov, A Ashmanskas, W Attal, A Azfar, F Azzi-Bacchetta, P Azzurri, P Bacchetta, N Badgett, W Barbaro-Galtieri, A Barnes, VE Barnett, BA Baroiant, S Bartsch, V Bauer, G Bedeschi, F Behari, S Belforte, S Bellettini, G Bellinger, J Belloni, A Benjamin, D Beretvas, A Beringer, J Berry, T Bhatti, A Binkley, M Bisello, D Blair, RE Blocker, C Blumenfeld, B Bocci, A Bodek, A Boisvert, V Bolla, G Bolshov, A Bortoletto, D Boudreau, J Boveia, A Brau, B Brigliadori, L Bromberg, C Brubaker, E Budagov, J Budd, HS Budd, S Budroni, S Burkett, K Busetto, G Bussey, P Byrum, KL Cabrera, S Campanelli, M Campbell, M Canelli, F Canepa, A Carrillo, S Carlsmith, D Carosi, R Carron, S Casal, B Casarsa, M Castro, A Catastini, P Cauz, D Cavalli-Sforza, M Cerri, A Cerrito, L Chang, SH Chen, YC Chertok, M Chiarelli, G Chlachidze, G Chlebana, F Cho, I Cho, K Chokheli, D Chou, JP Choudalakis, G Chuang, SH Chung, K Chung, WH Chung, YS Ciljak, M Ciobanu, CI Ciocci, MA Clark, A Clark, D Coca, M Compostella, G Convery, ME Conway, J Cooper, B Copic, K Cordelli, M Cortiana, G Crescioli, F Almenar, CC Cuevas, J Culbertson, R Cully, JC Cyr, D DaRonco, S D'Auria, S Davies, T D'Onofrio, M Dagenhart, D de Barbaro, P De Cecco, S Deisher, A De Lentdecker, G Dell'Orso, M Paoli, FD Demortier, L Deng, J Deninno, M De Pedis, D Derwent, PF Di Giovanni, GP Dionisi, C Di Ruzza, B Dittmann, JR DiTuro, P Dorr, C Donati, S Donega, M Dong, P Donini, J Dorigo, T Dube, S Efron, J Erbacher, R Errede, D Errede, S Eusebi, R Fang, HC Farrington, S Fedorko, I Fedorko, WT Feild, RG Feindt, M Fernandez, JP Field, R Flanagan, G Foland, A Forrester, S Foster, GW Franklin, M Freeman, JC Frisch, HJ Furic, I Gallinaro, M Galyardt, J Garcia, JE Garberson, F Garfinkel, AF Gay, C Gerberich, H Gerdes, D Giagu, S Giannetti, P Gibson, A Gibson, K Gimmell, JL Ginsburg, C Giokaris, N Giordani, M Giromini, P Giunta, M Giurgiu, G Glagolev, V Glenzinski, D Gold, M Goldschmidt, N Goldstein, J Gomez, G Gomez-Ceballos, G Goncharov, M Gonzalez, O Gorelov, I Goshaw, AT Goulianos, K Gresele, A Griffiths, M Grinstein, S Grosso-Pilcher, C Group, RC Grundler, U da Costa, JG Gunay-Unalan, Z Haber, C Hahn, K Hahn, SR Halkiadakis, E Hamilton, A Han, BY Han, JY Handler, R Happacher, F Hara, K Hare, M Harper, S Harr, RF Harris, RM Hartz, M Hatakeyama, K Hauser, J Heijboer, A Heinemann, B Heinrich, J Henderson, C Herndon, M Heuser, J Hidas, D Hill, CS Hirschbuehl, D Hocker, A Holloway, A Hou, S Houlden, M Hsu, SC Huffman, BT Hughes, RE Husemann, U Huston, J Incandela, J Introzzi, G Iori, M Ishizawa, Y Ivanov, A Iyutin, B James, E Jang, D Jayatilaka, B Jeans, D Jensen, H Jeon, EJ Jindariani, S Jones, M Joo, KK Jun, SY Jung, JE Junk, TR Kamon, T Karchin, PE Kato, Y Kemp, Y Kephart, R Kerzel, U Khotilovich, V Kilminster, B Kim, DH Kim, HS Kim, JE Kim, MJ Kim, SB Kim, SH Kim, YK Kimura, N Kirsch, L Klimenko, S Klute, M Knuteson, B Ko, BR Kondo, K Kong, DJ Konigsberg, J Korytov, A Kotwal, AV Kovalev, A Kraan, AC Kraus, J Kravchenko, I Kreps, M Kroll, J Krumnack, N Kruse, M Krutelyov, V Kubo, T Kuhlmann, SE Kuhr, T Kusakabe, Y Kwang, S Laasanen, AT Lai, S Lami, S Lammel, S Lancaster, M Lander, RL Lannon, K Lath, A Latino, G Lazzizzera, I LeCompte, T Lee, J Lee, J Lee, YJ Lee, SW Lefevre, R Leonardo, N Leone, S Levy, S Lewis, JD Lin, C Lin, CS Lindgren, M Lipeles, E Liss, TM Lister, A Litvintsev, DO Liu, T Lockyer, NS Loginov, A Loreti, M Loverre, P Lu, RS Lucchesi, D Lujan, P Lukens, P Lungu, G Lyons, L Lys, J Lysak, R Lytken, E Mack, P MacQueen, D Madrak, R Maeshima, K Makhoul, K Maki, T Maksimovic, P Malde, S Manca, G Margaroli, F Marginean, R Marino, C Marino, CP Martin, A Martin, M Martin, 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CA CDF Collaboration TI Observation of B(s)(0)B(s)(0) oscillations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DETECTOR; PHYSICS AB We report the observation of B(s)(0)-(B) over bar (0)(s) oscillations from a time-dependent measurement of the B(s)(0)-(B) over bar (0)(s) oscillation frequency Delta m(s). Using a data sample of 1 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron, we find signals of 5600 fully reconstructed hadronic B(s) decays, 3100 partially reconstructed hadronic B(s) decays, and 61 500 partially reconstructed semileptonic B(s) decays. We measure the probability as a function of proper decay time that the B(s) decays with the same, or opposite, flavor as the flavor at production, and we find a signal for B(s)(0)-(B) over bar (0)(s) oscillations. The probability that random fluctuations could produce a comparable signal is 8x10(-8), which exceeds 5 sigma significance. We measure Delta m(s)=17.77 +/- 0.10(stat)+/- 0.07(syst) ps(-1) and extract vertical bar V(td)/V(ts)vertical bar=0.2060 +/- 0.0007(Delta m(s))(-0.0060)(+0.0081)(Delta m(d)+theor). C1 Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Inst Fis Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Baylor Univ, Waco, TX 76798 USA. Univ Bologna, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Brandeis Univ, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Cantabria, Inst Fis Cantabria, CSIC, E-39005 Santander, Spain. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Joint Inst Nucl Res, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Univ Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. Univ Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Div High Energy Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki Inst Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Expt Kernphys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. High Energy Accelerator Res Org, KEK, Oho, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Kyungpook Natl Univ, Ctr High Energy Phys, Taegu 702701, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Sungkyunkwan Univ, Suwon 440746, South Korea. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. Ctr Invest Energet Medioambientales & Tecnol, E-08040 Madrid, Spain. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. McGill Univ, Inst Particle Phys, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117259, Russia. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Okayama Univ, Okayama 7008530, Japan. Osaka City Univ, Osaka 588, Japan. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Univ Padua, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova Trento, I-35131 Padua, Italy. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LPNHE, IN2P3,UMR 7585, F-75252 Paris, France. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Pisa, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Univ Siena, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Scuola Normale Super Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Trieste, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Udine, Italy. Univ Tsukuba, Oho, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Waseda Univ, Tokyo 169, Japan. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Abulencia, A (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Annovi, Alberto/G-6028-2012; Ivanov, Andrew/A-7982-2013; Warburton, Andreas/N-8028-2013; Kim, Soo-Bong/B-7061-2014; Ruiz, Alberto/E-4473-2011; Robson, Aidan/G-1087-2011; De Cecco, Sandro/B-1016-2012; St.Denis, Richard/C-8997-2012; Azzi, Patrizia/H-5404-2012; manca, giulia/I-9264-2012; Amerio, Silvia/J-4605-2012; Punzi, Giovanni/J-4947-2012; messina, andrea/C-2753-2013; Lysak, Roman/H-2995-2014; Scodellaro, Luca/K-9091-2014; Paulini, Manfred/N-7794-2014; Russ, James/P-3092-2014; unalan, zeynep/C-6660-2015; Lazzizzera, Ignazio/E-9678-2015; Cabrera Urban, Susana/H-1376-2015; Garcia, Jose /H-6339-2015; ciocci, maria agnese /I-2153-2015; Cavalli-Sforza, Matteo/H-7102-2015; Introzzi, Gianluca/K-2497-2015; Muelmenstaedt, Johannes/K-2432-2015; Gorelov, Igor/J-9010-2015; Prokoshin, Fedor/E-2795-2012; Leonardo, Nuno/M-6940-2016; Canelli, Florencia/O-9693-2016; OI Annovi, Alberto/0000-0002-4649-4398; Ivanov, Andrew/0000-0002-9270-5643; Warburton, Andreas/0000-0002-2298-7315; Ruiz, Alberto/0000-0002-3639-0368; Azzi, Patrizia/0000-0002-3129-828X; Punzi, Giovanni/0000-0002-8346-9052; Scodellaro, Luca/0000-0002-4974-8330; Paulini, Manfred/0000-0002-6714-5787; Russ, James/0000-0001-9856-9155; unalan, zeynep/0000-0003-2570-7611; Lazzizzera, Ignazio/0000-0001-5092-7531; ciocci, maria agnese /0000-0003-0002-5462; Introzzi, Gianluca/0000-0002-1314-2580; Muelmenstaedt, Johannes/0000-0003-1105-6678; Gorelov, Igor/0000-0001-5570-0133; Prokoshin, Fedor/0000-0001-6389-5399; Leonardo, Nuno/0000-0002-9746-4594; Canelli, Florencia/0000-0001-6361-2117; Gallinaro, Michele/0000-0003-1261-2277; Salamanna, Giuseppe/0000-0002-0861-0052; Turini, Nicola/0000-0002-9395-5230; Osterberg, Kenneth/0000-0003-4807-0414 NR 19 TC 304 Z9 305 U1 6 U2 28 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 24 AR 242003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.242003 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117QT UT WOS:000242888700016 PM 17026163 ER PT J AU Duan, HY Fuller, GM Carlson, J Qian, YZ AF Duan, Huaiyu Fuller, George M. Carlson, J. Qian, Yong-Zhong TI Coherent development of neutrino flavor in the supernova environment SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STELLAR COLLAPSE; MASS HIERARCHY; EARLY UNIVERSE; OSCILLATIONS; MATTER; NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; TRANSFORMATION AB We calculate coherent neutrino and antineutrino flavor transformation in the supernova environment, for the first time including self-consistent coupling of intersecting neutrino and antineutrino trajectories. For neutrino mass-squared difference vertical bar delta m(2)vertical bar = 3 x 10(-3) eV(2) we find that in the normal (inverted) mass hierarchy the more tangentially-propagating (radially-propagating) neutrinos and antineutrinos can initiate collective, simultaneous medium-enhanced flavor conversion of these particles across broad ranges of energy and propagation direction. Accompanying alterations in neutrino and antineutrino energy spectra and fluxes could affect supernova nucleosynthesis and the expected neutrino signal. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Duan, HY (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. OI Carlson, Joseph/0000-0002-3163-5565 NR 22 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 24 AR 241101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.241101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117QT UT WOS:000242888700010 PM 17280265 ER PT J AU Dvorak, J Bruchle, W Chelnokov, M Dressler, R Dullmann, CE Eberhardt, K Gorshkov, V Jager, E Krucken, R Kuznetsov, A Nagame, Y Nebel, F Novackova, Z Qin, Z Schadel, M Schausten, B Schimpf, E Semchenkov, A Thorle, P Turler, A Wegrzecki, M Wierczinski, B Yakushev, A Yeremin, A AF Dvorak, J. Bruechle, W. Chelnokov, M. Dressler, R. Duellmann, Ch. E. Eberhardt, K. Gorshkov, V. Jaeger, E. Kruecken, R. Kuznetsov, A. Nagame, Y. Nebel, F. Novackova, Z. Qin, Z. Schaedel, M. Schausten, B. Schimpf, E. Semchenkov, A. Thoerle, P. Tuerler, A. Wegrzecki, M. Wierczinski, B. Yakushev, A. Yeremin, A. TI Doubly magic nucleus (270)(108)Hs(162) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAVIEST NUCLEI; SPONTANEOUS-FISSION; DECAY PROPERTIES; SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI; HALF-LIVES; SEABORGIUM; STABILITY; PRODUCTS; Z=108; HEAVY AB Theoretical calculations predict (270)Hs (Z=108, N=162) to be a doubly magic deformed nucleus, decaying mainly by alpha-particle emission. In this work, based on a rapid chemical isolation of Hs isotopes produced in the Mg-26+Cm-248 reaction, we observed 15 genetically linked nuclear decay chains. Four chains were attributed to the new nuclide (270)Hs, which decays by alpha-particle emission with Q(alpha)=9.02 +/- 0.03 MeV to (266)Sg which undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of 444(-148)(+444) ms. A production cross section of about 3 pb was measured for (270)Hs. Thus, (270)Hs is the first nucleus for which experimental nuclear decay properties have become available for comparison with theoretical predictions of the N=162 shell stability. C1 Gesell Schwerionenforsch mbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany. Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia. Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Inst Electr Mat Technol, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Tech Univ Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Dvorak, J (reprint author), Gesell Schwerionenforsch mbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany. RI Turler, Andreas/D-3913-2014; Kruecken, Reiner/A-1640-2013 OI Turler, Andreas/0000-0002-4274-1056; Kruecken, Reiner/0000-0002-2755-8042 NR 36 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 24 AR 242501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.242501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117QT UT WOS:000242888700017 PM 17280272 ER PT J AU Erdin, S van Veenendaal, M AF Erdin, Serkan van Veenendaal, Michel TI Photoinduced magnetism caused by charge-transfer excitations in tetracyanoethylene-based organic magnets SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULE-BASED MAGNETS; DOUBLE EXCHANGE; BEHAVIOR; ORDER AB The photoinduced magnetism in Mn-tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) molecule-based magnets is ascribed to charge-transfer excitations from manganese to TCNE. Charge-transfer energies are calculated using density functional theory; photoinduced magnetization is described using a model Hamiltonian based on a double-exchange mechanism. Photoexciting electrons from the manganese core spins into the lowest unoccupied orbital of TCNE with photon energies around 3 eV increase the magnetization through a reduction of the canting angle of the manganese core spins for an average electron density on TCNE less than one. When photoexciting with a smaller energy, divalent TCNE molecules are formed. The delocalization of the excited electron causes a local spin flip of a manganese core spin. C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Erdin, S (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. RI Erdin, Serkan/B-4988-2008 OI Erdin, Serkan/0000-0001-6587-2625 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 24 AR 247202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.247202 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117QT UT WOS:000242888700058 PM 17280313 ER PT J AU Reiter, G Burnham, C Homouz, D Platzman, PM Mayers, J Abdul-Redah, T Moravsky, AP Li, JC Loong, CK Kolesnikov, AI AF Reiter, G. Burnham, C. Homouz, D. Platzman, P. M. Mayers, J. Abdul-Redah, T. Moravsky, A. P. Li, J. C. Loong, C. -K. Kolesnikov, A. I. TI Anomalous behavior of proton zero point motion in water confined in carbon nanotubes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CROSS-SECTIONS; ICE; ENTANGLEMENT; SOLIDS AB The momentum distribution of the protons in ice I-h, ice VI, high density amorphous ice, and water in carbon nanotubes has been measured using deep inelastic neutron scattering. We find that at 5 K the kinetic energy of the protons is 35 meV less than that in ice I-h at the same temperature, and the high momentum tail of the distribution, characteristic of the molecular covalent bond, is not present. We observe a phase transition between 230 and 268 K to a phase that does resemble ice I-h. Although there is yet no model for water that explains the low temperature momentum distribution, our data reveal that the protons in the hydrogen bonds are coherently delocalized and that the low temperature phase is a qualitatively new phase of ice. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. MER Corp, Tucson, AZ 85706 USA. Univ Manchester, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Reiter, G (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Phys, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RI Kolesnikov, Alexander/I-9015-2012 OI Kolesnikov, Alexander/0000-0003-1940-4649 NR 25 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 24 AR 247801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.247801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 117QT UT WOS:000242888700071 PM 17280326 ER PT J AU Asano, Y Liu, JC Rokni, S AF Asano, Yoshihiro Liu, James C. Rokni, Sayed TI Shielding design aspects of SR beamlines for 3 and 8 GeV class synchrotron radiation facilities SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hyogo, JAPAN SP SPring 8, APS, ESRF DE shielding design; synchrotron radiation; beamline; build up; gas bremsstrahlung; double scattering AB Differences in synchrotron radiation beamline shielding design between the facilities of 3GeV class and 8GeV class are discussed with regard to SLAC SSRL and SPring-8 beamlines. Requirements of beamline shielding as well as the accelerator shielding depend on the stored electron energy, and here some factors in beamline shielding depending on the stored energy in particular, are clarified, namely the effect of build up, the effect of double scattering of photons at branch beamlines, and the spread of gas bremsstrahlung. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795198, Japan. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Asano, Y (reprint author), Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795198, Japan. EM asano@spring8.or.jp NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 41 SU 2 BP S194 EP S199 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.028 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 182WZ UT WOS:000247536000007 ER PT J AU Khater, H Liu, J Fasso, A Prinz, A Rokni, S AF Khater, Hesham Liu, James Fasso, Alberto Prinz, Alyssa Rokni, Sayed TI Radiation safety design for SSRL storage ring SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hyogo, JAPAN SP SPring 8, APS, ESRF DE SPEAR3; synchrotron radiation; storage ring design AB In 2003, the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) had upgraded its storage ring to a 3rd generation storage ring (SPEAR3). SPEAR3 is deigned to operate at 500-mA stored beam current and 3-GeV energy. The 234-m circumference SPEAR3 ring utilizes 60-cm-thick concrete lateral walls, 30-cm-thick concrete roof, as well as 60- or 90-cm-thick concrete ratchet walls. A total of 3.5 x 10(15) e(-)/y will be injected into the ring with an injection power of 4W and an injection efficiency of 75%. Normal beam losses occur due to both injection and stored beam operations in the total of 20 low loss as well as 3 high loss limiting apertures. During the 6-min injection period, an instantaneous power loss of 0.05W occurs at each low loss aperture. When averaged over the operational year, the loss of both the injection and the stored beams is equivalent to an average loss of 2 mW at each low loss aperture. On the other hand, the average losses in the high loss apertures are 16 mW for the injection septum, 47 mW for the beam abort dump, and 13 mW for the ring stoppers. The shielding requirements for losses in the new ring were based on a generic approach that used both FLUKA Monte Carlo particle generation and transport code and empirical computer codes and formulae. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Radiat Protect Dept, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Khater, H (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Radiat Protect Dept, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM khaterl@llnl.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 41 SU 2 BP S172 EP S178 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.023 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 182WZ UT WOS:000247536000004 ER PT J AU Khater, H Liu, J Prinz, A Allan, J Rokni, S AF Khater, Hesham Liu, James Prinz, Alyssa Allan, Jim Rokni, Sayed TI Results of dose control and measurement plans applied for SPEAR3 commissioning year (FY04) SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hyogo, JAPAN SP SPring 8, APS, ESRF DE SPEAR3; synchrotron radiation; dose measurements AB Dose control and measurement plans for the SPEAR3 Booster and storage ring have taken place during the SPEAR3 commissioning. The initial commissioning period (SPEAR3 start-up) covered the time period from the beginning of November 2003 to the early part of March 2004. The period from the beginning of March to the beginning of August 2004 has been mostly dedicated to the scientific program. The initial commissioning period was characterized with frequent injection and significantly higher losses. In comparison, the scientific program period was characterized with more stable beam operation with limited number of injections per day and lower beam losses. Three types of dose measurements, passive, active and special measurements, were implemented around the SPEAR3 Booster and storage ring. Based on the expected radiation hazards, several dose control measures were adopted at several stages of the commissioning. In the early stages of commissioning, areas within 4.5 m from the walls of the Booster and storage ring were designated as radiation areas (RA). Areas outside RA were classified as radiologically controlled area (RCA). Access to these areas required less training than the RA. A monthly review of the accelerator operation conditions and radiation measurement results were used to determine the changes needed for the RA classification status and associated dose control measures. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Radiat Protect Dept, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Khater, H (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Radiat Protect Dept, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM khaterl@llnl.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 41 SU 2 BP S163 EP S171 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.026 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 182WZ UT WOS:000247536000003 ER PT J AU Liu, JC Rokni, SH Asano, Y Casey, WR Donahue, RJ Job, PK AF Liu, James C. Rokni, Sayed H. Asano, Yoshihiro Casey, William R. Donahue, Richard J. Job, P. K. TI Comparison of design and practices for radiation safety among five synchrotron radiation facilities SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hyogo, JAPAN SP SPring 8, APS, ESRF DE design; practices; synchrotron radiation; interlocks; shielding; beamlines; gas bremsstrahlung AB This work compares the design and practices for radiation safety among the five SR facilities: two low-energy sources (ALS and NSLS), one medium-energy source (SSRL), and two high-energy sources (APS and SPring8). The issues addressed in this comparison are (1) safety interlock systems for ring and beamlines, (2) beam loss scenarios and shielding design for storage ring, (3) beam loss scenarios and shielding design for SR beamlines, which cover synchrotron radiation and gas Bremsstrahlung issues, (4) radiation monitors for ring and beamlines, (5) safety control issues for top-up operation, and (6) operational issues. The goals of this work are to (1) provide a framework of radiation safety issues that need to, or may, be considered in the design and operation of a SR facility, and (2) develop sound policies and practices for radiation safety of SR facilities, when it is needed and practical to do so. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, SPring 8, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795198, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11786 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Liu, JC (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, MS 48,PO Box 20450, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM james@slac.stanford.edu NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 41 SU 2 BP S206 EP S220 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.029 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 182WZ UT WOS:000247536000009 ER PT J AU Liu, JC Fasso, A Khater, H Prinz, A Rokni, S AF Liu, James C. Fasso, Alberto Khater, Hesham Prinz, Alyssa Rokni, Sayed TI Generic radiation safety design for SSRL synchrotron radiation beamlines SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hyogo, JAPAN SP SPring 8, APS, ESRF DE design; synchrotron radiation; beamlines; gas bremsstrahlung AB To allow for a conservative, simple, uniform, consistent, efficient radiation safety design for all SSRL beamlines, a generic approach has been developed, considering both synchrotron radiation (SR) and gas bremsstrahlung (GB) hazards. To develop the methodology and rules needed for generic beamline design, analytic models, the STAC8 code, and the FLUKA Monte Carlo code were used to pre-calculate sets of curves and tables that can be looked up for each bean-dine safety design. Conservative beam parameters and standard targets and geometries were used in the calculations. This paper presents the SPEAR3 beamline parameters that were considered in the design, the safety design considerations, and the main pre-calculated results that are needed for generic shielding design. In the end, the rules and practices for generic SSRL beamline design are summarized. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Radiat Protect Dept, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Liu, JC (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Radiat Protect Dept, MS 48,PO Box 20450, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM james@slac.stanford.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 41 SU 2 BP S156 EP S162 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.027 PG 7 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 182WZ UT WOS:000247536000002 ER PT J AU Rokni, SH Fasso, A Mao, S Vincke, H AF Rokni, S. H. Fasso, A. Mao, S. Vincke, H. TI Radiation safety aspects of the linac coherent light source project at SLAC(+) SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Radiation Safety at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hyogo, JAPAN SP SPring 8, APS, ESRF DE shielding; accelerator; design AB The linac coherent light source (LCLS) is a self-amplified spontaneous emission based free electron laser (FEL) that is being designed and built at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) by a multi-laboratory collaboration. This facility will provide ultra-short pulses of coherent X-ray radiation with the fundamental harmonic energy tunable over the energy range of 0.82-8.2 keV. One-third of the existing SLAC linac will compress and accelerate the electron beam to energies ranging from 4.5 to 14.35 GeV. The beam will then be transported through a 130-m long undulator, emit FEL and spontaneous radiation. After passing through the undulator, the electron beam is bent to the main electron dump. The LCLS will have two experiment halls as well as X-ray optics and infrastructure necessary to make use of the FEL for research and development in a variety of scientific fields. The facility design will incorporate features that would make it possible to expand in future such that up to six independent undulators can be used. While some of the radiation protection issues for the LCLS are similar to those encountered at both high-energy electron linacs and synchrotron radiation facilities, LCLS poses new challenges as well. Some of these new issues include: the length of the facility and of the undulator, the experimental floor in line with the electron beam and the occupancy Dear 0 degrees, and the very high instantaneous intensity of the FEL. The shielding design criteria, methodology, and results from Monte Carlo and analytical calculations are presented. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Rokni, SH (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM rokni@slac.stanford.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 41 SU 2 BP S247 EP S251 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.032 PG 5 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 182WZ UT WOS:000247536000014 ER PT J AU Brownlee, D Tsou, P Aleon, J Alexander, CMO Araki, T Bajt, S Baratta, GA Bastien, R Bland, P Bleuet, P Borg, J Bradley, JP Brearley, A Brenker, F Brennan, S Bridges, JC Browning, ND Brucato, JR Bullock, E Burchell, MJ Busemann, H Butterworth, A Chaussidon, M Cheuvront, A Chi, MF Cintala, MJ Clark, BC Clemett, SJ Cody, G Colangeli, L Cooper, G Cordier, P Daghlian, C Dai, ZR D'Hendecourt, L Djouadi, Z Dominguez, G Duxbury, T Dworkin, JP Ebel, DS Economou, TE Fakra, S Fairey, SAJ Fallon, S Ferrini, G Ferroir, T Fleckenstein, H Floss, C Flynn, G Franchi, IA Fries, M Gainsforth, Z Gallien, JP Genge, M Gilles, MK Gillet, P Gilmour, J Glavin, DP Gounelle, M Grady, MM Graham, GA Grant, PG Green, SF Grossemy, F Grossman, L Grossman, JN Guan, Y Hagiya, K Harvey, R Heck, P Herzog, GF Hoppe, P Horz, F Huth, J Hutcheon, ID Ignatyev, K Ishii, H Ito, M Jacob, D Jacobsen, C Jacobsen, S Jones, S Joswiak, D Jurewicz, A Kearsley, AT Keller, LP Khodja, H Kilcoyne, ALD Kissel, J Krot, A Langenhorst, F Lanzirotti, A Le, L Leshin, LA Leitner, J Lemelle, L Leroux, H Liu, MC Luening, K Lyon, I MacPherson, G Marcus, MA Marhas, K Marty, B Matrajt, G McKeegan, K Meibom, A Mennella, V Messenger, K Messenger, S Mikouchi, T Mostefaoui, S Nakamura, T Nakano, T Newville, M Nittler, LR Ohnishi, I Ohsumi, K Okudaira, K Papanastassiou, DA Palma, R Palumbo, ME Pepin, RO Perkins, D Perronnet, M Pianetta, P Rao, W Rietmeijer, FJM Robert, F Rost, D Rotundi, A Ryan, R Sandford, SA Schwandt, CS See, TH Schlutter, D Sheffield-Parker, J Simionovici, A Simon, S Sitnitsky, I Snead, CJ Spencer, MK Stadermann, FJ Steele, A Stephan, T Stroud, R Susini, J Sutton, SR Suzuki, Y Taheri, M Taylor, S Teslich, N Tomeoka, K Tomioka, N Toppani, A Trigo-Rodriguez, JM Troadec, D Tsuchiyama, A Tuzzolino, AJ Tyliszczak, T Uesugi, K Velbel, M Vellenga, J Vicenzi, E Vincze, L Warren, J Weber, I Weisberg, M Westphal, AJ Wirick, S Wooden, D Wopenka, B Wozniakiewicz, P Wright, I Yabuta, H Yano, H Young, ED Zare, RN Zega, T Ziegler, K Zimmerman, L Zinner, E Zolensky, M AF Brownlee, Don Tsou, Peter Aleon, Jerome Alexander, Conel M. O'D. Araki, Tohru Bajt, Sasa Baratta, Giuseppe A. Bastien, Ron Bland, Phil Bleuet, Pierre Borg, Janet Bradley, John P. Brearley, Adrian Brenker, F. Brennan, Sean Bridges, John C. Browning, Nigel D. Brucato, John R. Bullock, E. Burchell, Mark J. Busemann, Henner Butterworth, Anna Chaussidon, Marc Cheuvront, Allan Chi, Miaofang Cintala, Mark J. Clark, B. C. Clemett, Simon J. Cody, George Colangeli, Luigi Cooper, George Cordier, Patrick Daghlian, C. Dai, Zurong D'Hendecourt, Louis Djouadi, Zahia Dominguez, Gerardo Duxbury, Tom Dworkin, Jason P. Ebel, Denton S. Economou, Thanasis E. Fakra, Sirine Fairey, Sam A. J. Fallon, Stewart Ferrini, Gianluca Ferroir, T. Fleckenstein, Holger Floss, Christine Flynn, George Franchi, Ian A. Fries, Marc Gainsforth, Z. Gallien, J. -P. Genge, Matt Gilles, Mary K. Gillet, Philipe Gilmour, Jamie Glavin, Daniel P. Gounelle, Matthieu Grady, Monica M. Graham, Giles A. Grant, P. G. Green, Simon F. Grossemy, Faustine Grossman, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Guan, Yunbin Hagiya, Kenji Harvey, Ralph Heck, Philipp Herzog, Gregory F. Hoppe, Peter Hoerz, Friedrich Huth, Joachim Hutcheon, Ian D. Ignatyev, Konstantin Ishii, Hope Ito, Motoo Jacob, Damien Jacobsen, Chris Jacobsen, Stein Jones, Steven Joswiak, David Jurewicz, Amy Kearsley, Anton T. Keller, Lindsay P. Khodja, H. Kilcoyne, A. L. David Kissel, Jochen Krot, Alexander Langenhorst, Falko Lanzirotti, Antonio Le, Loan Leshin, Laurie A. Leitner, J. Lemelle, L. Leroux, Hugues Liu, Ming-Chang Luening, K. Lyon, Ian MacPherson, Glen Marcus, Matthew A. Marhas, Kuljeet Marty, Bernard Matrajt, Graciela McKeegan, Kevin Meibom, Anders Mennella, Vito Messenger, Keiko Messenger, Scott Mikouchi, Takashi Mostefaoui, Smail Nakamura, Tomoki Nakano, T. Newville, M. Nittler, Larry R. Ohnishi, Ichiro Ohsumi, Kazumasa Okudaira, Kyoko Papanastassiou, Dimitri A. Palma, Russ Palumbo, Maria E. Pepin, Robert O. Perkins, David Perronnet, Murielle Pianetta, P. Rao, William Rietmeijer, Frans J. M. Robert, Francois Rost, D. Rotundi, Alessandra Ryan, Robert Sandford, Scott A. Schwandt, Craig S. See, Thomas H. Schlutter, Dennis Sheffield-Parker, J. Simionovici, Alexandre Simon, Steven Sitnitsky, I. Snead, Christopher J. Spencer, Maegan K. Stadermann, Frank J. Steele, Andrew Stephan, Thomas Stroud, Rhonda Susini, Jean Sutton, S. R. Suzuki, Y. Taheri, Mitra Taylor, Susan Teslich, Nick Tomeoka, Kazu Tomioka, Naotaka Toppani, Alice Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M. Troadec, David Tsuchiyama, Akira Tuzzolino, Anthony J. Tyliszczak, Tolek Uesugi, K. Velbel, Michael Vellenga, Joe Vicenzi, E. Vincze, L. Warren, Jack Weber, Iris Weisberg, Mike Westphal, Andrew J. Wirick, Sue Wooden, Diane Wopenka, Brigitte Wozniakiewicz, Penelope Wright, Ian Yabuta, Hikaru Yano, Hajime Young, Edward D. Zare, Richard N. Zega, Thomas Ziegler, Karen Zimmerman, Laurent Zinner, Ernst Zolensky, Michael TI Comet 81P/Wild 2 under a microscope SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLINE SILICATES; REFRACTORY INCLUSIONS; SOLAR NEBULA; KUIPER BELT; P/WILD 2; GRAINS; MINERALOGY; NUCLEUS; ORIGIN AB The Stardust spacecraft collected thousands of particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 and returned them to Earth for laboratory study. The preliminary examination of these samples shows that the nonvolatile portion of the comet is an unequilibrated assortment of materials that have both presolar and solar system origin. The comet contains an abundance of silicate grains that are much larger than predictions of interstellar grain models, and many of these are high-temperature minerals that appear to have formed in the inner regions of the solar nebula. Their presence in a comet proves that the formation of the solar system included mixing on the grandest scales. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, F-91405 Orsay, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Inst, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Osserv Astrofis Catania, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-95123 Catania, Italy. NASA, Engn Sci Contract Grp, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, Impact & Astromat Res Ctr, London SW7 2AZ, England. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, D-6000 Frankfurt, Germany. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Kent, Sch Phys Sci, Canterbury CT2 7NH, Kent, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Littleton, CO 80125 USA. NASA, ERC Inc, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. NASA, Exobiol Branch, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. 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Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Etud Mat Extraterr, USM 0205, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Geol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Particle Chem Dept, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NASA, Robert M Walker Lab Space Sci, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Meteorite Studies, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. 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Inst Mat Struct Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Minnesota State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Mankato, MN 56001 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. Univ Parthenope, Dipartimento Sci Applicate, Naples, Italy. NASA, Astrophys Branch, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Engn Sci Contract Barrios Technol Astromat Res &, Houston, TX 77258 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. Japan Synchrotron Radiat Inst, Hyogo, Japan. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, CSIC, Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, Inst Space Sci, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. IEEC, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Osaka Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5600043, Japan. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. CUNY, Kingsborough Community Coll, Brooklyn, NY 11235 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Brownlee, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM brownlee@astro.washington.edu RI Leitner, Jan/A-7391-2015; Hoppe, Peter/B-3032-2015; Jacobsen, Chris/E-2827-2015; Tomioka, Naotaka/B-1888-2011; Chi, Miaofang/Q-2489-2015; Khodja, Hicham/A-1869-2016; Yabuta, Hikaru/M-9041-2014; Kilcoyne, David/I-1465-2013; Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011; Liu, Ming-Chang/D-1885-2010; Dworkin, Jason/C-9417-2012; Chaussidon, Marc/E-7067-2017; Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012; Zare, Richard/A-8410-2009; Green, Simon/C-7408-2009; Appourchaux, Thierry/F-4692-2010; McKeegan, Kevin/A-4107-2008; Dai, Zurong/E-6732-2010; Bajt, Sasa/G-2228-2010; Gilmour, Jamie/G-7515-2011; Fallon, Stewart/G-6645-2011; Heck, Philipp/C-6092-2012; Cordier, Patrick/D-2357-2012; Taheri, Mitra/F-1321-2011; Jacobsen, Stein/B-1759-2013; Alexander, Conel/N-7533-2013 OI Ignatyev, Konstantin/0000-0002-8937-5655; Rotundi, Alessandra/0000-0001-5467-157X; Palumbo, MariaElisabetta/0000-0002-9122-491X; Busemann, Henner/0000-0002-0867-6908; Baratta, Giuseppe/0000-0002-3688-160X; Grady, Monica/0000-0002-4055-533X; Gilmour, Jamie/0000-0003-1990-8636; Brucato, John Robert/0000-0002-4738-5521; Browning, Nigel/0000-0003-0491-251X; Burchell, Mark/0000-0002-2680-8943; Leitner, Jan/0000-0003-3655-6273; Hoppe, Peter/0000-0003-3681-050X; Jacobsen, Chris/0000-0001-8562-0353; Tomioka, Naotaka/0000-0001-5725-9513; Chi, Miaofang/0000-0003-0764-1567; Yabuta, Hikaru/0000-0002-4625-5362; Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015; Dworkin, Jason/0000-0002-3961-8997; Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765; McKeegan, Kevin/0000-0002-1827-729X; Fallon, Stewart/0000-0002-8064-5903; Cordier, Patrick/0000-0002-1883-2994; Alexander, Conel/0000-0002-8558-1427 NR 26 TC 552 Z9 554 U1 13 U2 137 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1711 EP 1716 DI 10.1126/science.1135840 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600041 PM 17170289 ER PT J AU Horz, F Bastien, R Borg, J Bradley, JP Bridges, JC Brownlee, DE Burchell, MJ Chi, MF Cintala, MJ Dai, ZR Djouadi, Z Dominguez, G Economou, TE Fairey, SAJ Floss, C Franchi, IA Graham, GA Green, SF Heck, P Hoppe, P Huth, J Ishii, H Kearsley, AT Kissel, J Leitner, J Leroux, H Marhas, K Messenger, K Schwandt, CS See, TH Snead, C Stadermann, FJ Stephan, T Stroud, R Teslich, N Trigo-Rodriguez, JM Tuzzolino, AJ Troadec, D Tsou, P Warren, J Westphal, A Wozniakiewicz, P Wright, I Zinner, E AF Hoerz, Friedrich Bastien, Ron Borg, Janet Bradley, John P. Bridges, John C. Brownlee, Donald E. Burchell, Mark J. Chi, Miaofang Cintala, Mark J. Dai, Zu Rong Djouadi, Zahia Dominguez, Gerardo Economou, Thanasis E. Fairey, Sam A. J. Floss, Christine Franchi, Ian A. Graham, Giles A. Green, Simon F. Heck, Philipp Hoppe, Peter Huth, Joachim Ishii, Hope Kearsley, Anton T. Kissel, Jochen Leitner, Jan Leroux, Hugues Marhas, Kuljeet Messenger, Keiko Schwandt, Craig S. See, Thomas H. Snead, Christopher Stadermann, Frank J. Stephan, Thomas Stroud, Rhonda Teslich, Nick Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M. Tuzzolino, A. J. Troadec, David Tsou, Peter Warren, Jack Westphal, Andrew Wozniakiewicz, Penelope Wright, Ian Zinner, Ernst TI Impact features on Stardust: Implications for comet 81P/Wild 2 dust SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPACECRAFT; AEROGEL AB Particles emanating from comet 81P/ Wild 2 collided with the Stardust spacecraft at 6.1 kilometers per second, producing hypervelocity impact features on the collector surfaces that were returned to Earth. The morphologies of these surprisingly diverse features were created by particles varying from dense mineral grains to loosely bound, polymineralic aggregates ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size. The cumulative size distribution of Wild 2 dust is shallower than that of comet Halley, yet steeper than that of comet Grigg-Skjellerup. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Engn Sci Contract Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Kent, Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Canterbury CT2 7NH, Kent, England. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Lab Astrophys & Space Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Washington Univ, Space Sci Lab, St Louis, MO 63160 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Particle Chem Dept, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Univ Lille, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. CSIC, Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, Inst Space Sci, Barcelona 08193, Spain. Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Univ Lille, Inst Electron Microelectron & Nanotechnol, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Horz, F (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Engn Sci Contract Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM friedrich.p.horz@jsc.nasa.gov RI Green, Simon/C-7408-2009; Dai, Zurong/E-6732-2010; Heck, Philipp/C-6092-2012; Leitner, Jan/A-7391-2015; Hoppe, Peter/B-3032-2015; Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008; OI Leitner, Jan/0000-0003-3655-6273; Hoppe, Peter/0000-0003-3681-050X; Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015; Burchell, Mark/0000-0002-2680-8943 NR 19 TC 192 Z9 193 U1 6 U2 35 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1716 EP 1719 DI 10.1126/science.1135705 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600042 PM 17170290 ER PT J AU Sandford, SA Aleon, J Alexander, CMO Araki, T Bajt, S Baratta, GA Borg, J Bradley, JP Brownlee, DE Brucato, JR Burchell, MJ Busemann, H Butterworth, A Clemett, SJ Cody, G Colangeli, L Cooper, G D'Hendecourt, L Djouadi, Z Dworkin, JP Ferrini, G Fleckenstein, H Flynn, GJ Franchi, IA Fries, M Gilles, MK Glavin, DP Gounelle, M Grossemy, F Jacobsen, C Keller, LP Kilcoyne, ALD Leitner, J Matrajt, G Meibom, A Mennella, V Mostefaoui, S Nittler, LR Palumbo, ME Papanastassiou, DA Robert, F Rotundi, A Snead, CJ Spencer, MK Stadermann, FJ Steele, A Stephan, T Tsou, P Tyliszczak, T Westphal, AJ Wirick, S Wopenka, B Yabuta, H Zare, RN Zolensky, ME AF Sandford, Scott A. Aleon, Jerome Alexander, Conel M. O'D. Araki, Tohru Bajt, Sasa Baratta, Giuseppe A. Borg, Janet Bradley, John P. Brownlee, Donald E. Brucato, John R. Burchell, Mark J. Busemann, Henner Butterworth, Anna Clemett, Simon J. Cody, George Colangeli, Luigi Cooper, George D'Hendecourt, Louis Djouadi, Zahia Dworkin, Jason P. Ferrini, Gianluca Fleckenstein, Holger Flynn, George J. Franchi, Ian A. Fries, Marc Gilles, Mary K. Glavin, Daniel P. Gounelle, Matthieu Grossemy, Faustine Jacobsen, Chris Keller, Lindsay P. Kilcoyne, A. L. David Leitner, Jan Matrajt, Graciela Meibom, Anders Mennella, Vito Mostefaoui, Smail Nittler, Larry R. Palumbo, Maria E. Papanastassiou, Dimitri A. Robert, Francois Rotundi, Alessandra Snead, Christopher J. Spencer, Maegan K. Stadermann, Frank J. Steele, Andrew Stephan, Thomas Tsou, Peter Tyliszczak, Tolek Westphal, Andrew J. Wirick, Sue Wopenka, Brigitte Yabuta, Hikaru Zare, Richard N. Zolensky, Michael E. TI Organics captured from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES; DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ICE ANALOGS; MOLECULES; MATTER; IDENTIFICATION; CONSTRAINTS; CHONDRITES; METEORITES AB Organics found in comet 81P/ Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneous and unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition. Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poor organic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygen and nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compounds are present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer in aromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest that some organics have an interstellar/ protostellar heritage. Although the variable extent of modification of these materials by impact capture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organic compounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Glenn I Seaborg Inst, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. Osserv Astrofis Catania, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-95123 Catania, Italy. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Univ Kent, Sch Phys Sci, Canterbury CT2 7NH, Kent, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Expense Reduct Consulting Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Ctr Astrobiol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Etud Mat Extraterr, Paris, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Naples Parthenope, Dipartimento Sci Applicate, I-80133 Naples, Italy. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Sandford, SA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ssandford@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Zare, Richard/A-8410-2009; Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012; Alexander, Conel/N-7533-2013; Leitner, Jan/A-7391-2015; Jacobsen, Chris/E-2827-2015; Yabuta, Hikaru/M-9041-2014; Kilcoyne, David/I-1465-2013; Dworkin, Jason/C-9417-2012; Appourchaux, Thierry/F-4692-2010; Bajt, Sasa/G-2228-2010 OI Brucato, John Robert/0000-0002-4738-5521; Rotundi, Alessandra/0000-0001-5467-157X; Burchell, Mark/0000-0002-2680-8943; Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765; Alexander, Conel/0000-0002-8558-1427; Leitner, Jan/0000-0003-3655-6273; Jacobsen, Chris/0000-0001-8562-0353; Yabuta, Hikaru/0000-0002-4625-5362; Dworkin, Jason/0000-0002-3961-8997; Palumbo, MariaElisabetta/0000-0002-9122-491X; Busemann, Henner/0000-0002-0867-6908; Baratta, Giuseppe/0000-0002-3688-160X; NR 29 TC 312 Z9 319 U1 8 U2 91 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1720 EP 1724 DI 10.1126/science.1135841 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600043 PM 17170291 ER PT J AU McKeegan, KD Aleon, J Bradley, J Brownlee, D Busemann, H Butterworth, A Chaussidon, M Fallon, S Floss, C Gilmour, J Gounelle, M Graham, G Guan, YB Heck, PR Hoppe, P Hutcheon, ID Huth, J Ishii, H Ito, M Jacobsen, SB Kearsley, A Leshin, LA Liu, MC Lyon, I Marhas, K Marty, B Matrajt, G Meibom, A Messenger, S Mostefaoui, S Mukhopadhyay, S Nakamura-Messenger, K Nittler, L Palma, R Pepin, RO Papanastassiou, DA Robert, F Schlutter, D Snead, CJ Stadermann, FJ Stroud, R Tsou, P Westphal, A Young, ED Ziegler, K Zimmermann, L Zinner, E AF McKeegan, Kevin D. Aleon, Jerome Bradley, John Brownlee, Donald Busemann, Henner Butterworth, Anna Chaussidon, Marc Fallon, Stewart Floss, Christine Gilmour, Jamie Gounelle, Matthieu Graham, Giles Guan, Yunbin Heck, Philipp R. Hoppe, Peter Hutcheon, Ian D. Huth, Joachim Ishii, Hope Ito, Motoo Jacobsen, Stein B. Kearsley, Anton Leshin, Laurie A. Liu, Ming-Chang Lyon, Ian Marhas, Kuljeet Marty, Bernard Matrajt, Graciela Meibom, Anders Messenger, Scott Mostefaoui, Smail Mukhopadhyay, Sujoy Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko Nittler, Larry Palma, Russ Pepin, Robert O. Papanastassiou, Dimitri A. Robert, Francois Schlutter, Dennis Snead, Christopher J. Stadermann, Frank J. Stroud, Rhonda Tsou, Peter Westphal, Andrew Young, Edward D. Ziegler, Karen Zimmermann, Laurent Zinner, Ernst TI Isotopic compositions of cometary matter returned by Stardust SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES; CRYSTALLINE SILICATES; HALE-BOPP; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; ORGANIC-MATTER; METEORITES; NITROGEN; PRESOLAR; ORIGIN; RATIOS AB Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic compositions are heterogeneous among comet 81P/Wild 2 particle fragments; however, extreme isotopic anomalies are rare, indicating that the comet is not a pristine aggregate of presolar materials. Nonterrestrial nitrogen and neon isotope ratios suggest that indigenous organic matter and highly volatile materials were successfully collected. Except for a single O-17-enriched circumstellar stardust grain, silicate and oxide minerals have oxygen isotopic compositions consistent with solar system origin. One refractory grain is O-16-enriched, like refractory inclusions in meteorites, suggesting that Wild 2 contains material formed at high temperature in the inner solar system and transported to the Kuiper belt before comet accretion. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, F-91405 Orsay, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Inst, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Washington Univ, Dept Phys, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Etud Mat Extraterr, F-75005 Paris, France. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Particle Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Robert M Walker Lab Space Sci, Astromat Res Explorat Sci Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, Impacts & Astromat Res Ctr, London SW7 5BD, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Jacobs Sverdrup, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Minnesota State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Mankato, MN 56001 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP McKeegan, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM mckeegan@ess.ucla.edu RI Jacobsen, Stein/B-1759-2013; Hoppe, Peter/B-3032-2015; Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011; Liu, Ming-Chang/D-1885-2010; Chaussidon, Marc/E-7067-2017; McKeegan, Kevin/A-4107-2008; Gilmour, Jamie/G-7515-2011; Fallon, Stewart/G-6645-2011; Heck, Philipp/C-6092-2012 OI Hoppe, Peter/0000-0003-3681-050X; Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015; Gilmour, Jamie/0000-0003-1990-8636; Busemann, Henner/0000-0002-0867-6908; McKeegan, Kevin/0000-0002-1827-729X; Fallon, Stewart/0000-0002-8064-5903; NR 33 TC 249 Z9 250 U1 3 U2 48 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1724 EP 1728 DI 10.1126/science.1135992 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600044 PM 17170292 ER PT J AU Keller, LP Bajt, S Baratta, GA Borg, J Bradley, JP Brownlee, DE Busemann, H Brucato, JR Burchell, M Colangeli, L d'Hendecourt, L Djouadi, Z Ferrini, G Flynn, G Franchi, IA Fries, M Grady, MM Graham, GA Grossemy, F Kearsley, A Matrajt, G Nakamura-Messenger, K Mennella, V Nittler, L Palumbo, ME Stadermann, FJ Tsou, P Rotundi, A Sandford, SA Snead, C Steele, A Wooden, D Zolensky, M AF Keller, Lindsay P. Bajt, Sasa Baratta, Giuseppe A. Borg, Janet Bradley, John P. Brownlee, Don E. Busemann, Henner Brucato, John R. Burchell, Mark Colangeli, Luigi d'Hendecourt, Louis Djouadi, Zahia Ferrini, Gianluca Flynn, George Franchi, Ian A. Fries, Marc Grady, Monica M. Graham, Giles A. Grossemy, Faustine Kearsley, Anton Matrajt, Graciela Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko Mennella, Vito Nittler, Larry Palumbo, Maria E. Stadermann, Frank J. Tsou, Peter Rotundi, Alessandra Sandford, Scott A. Snead, Christopher Steele, Andrew Wooden, Diane Zolensky, Mike TI Infrared spectroscopy of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples returned by Stardust SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; ORGANIC-MATTER; HALE-BOPP; INTERPLANETARY DUST; GALACTIC-CENTER; MU-M; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; CONSTRAINTS; SILICATES; GRAINS AB Infrared spectra of material captured from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft reveal indigenous aliphatic hydrocarbons similar to those in interplanetary dust particles thought to be derived from comets, but with longer chain lengths than those observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. Similarly, the Stardust samples contain abundant amorphous silicates in addition to crystalline silicates such as olivine and pyroxene. The presence of crystalline silicates in Wild 2 is consistent with mixing of solar system and interstellar matter. No hydrous silicates or carbonate minerals were detected, which suggests a lack of aqueous processing of Wild 2 dust. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Osserv Astrofis Catania, INAF, I-95123 Catania, Italy. Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Univ Kent, Sch Phys Sci, Canterbury CT2 7NR, Kent, England. Novaetech SRL, I-80125 Naples, Italy. SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. Open Univ, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Engn Sci Contract Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Washington Univ, Space Sci Lab, St Louis, MO 63160 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Napoli Parthenope, Dipartimento Sci Applicate, I-80133 Naples, Italy. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Keller, LP (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Mail Code KR, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM lindsay.p.keller@nasa.gov RI Appourchaux, Thierry/F-4692-2010; Bajt, Sasa/G-2228-2010; OI Grady, Monica/0000-0002-4055-533X; Palumbo, MariaElisabetta/0000-0002-9122-491X; Busemann, Henner/0000-0002-0867-6908; Baratta, Giuseppe/0000-0002-3688-160X; Brucato, John Robert/0000-0002-4738-5521; Rotundi, Alessandra/0000-0001-5467-157X; Burchell, Mark/0000-0002-2680-8943 NR 33 TC 117 Z9 118 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1728 EP 1731 DI 10.1126/science.1135796 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600045 PM 17170293 ER PT J AU Flynn, GJ Bleuet, P Borg, J Bradley, JP Brenker, FE Brennan, S Bridges, J Brownlee, DE Bullock, ES Burghammer, M Clark, BC Dai, ZR Daghlian, CP Djouadi, Z Fakra, S Ferroir, T Floss, C Franchi, IA Gainsforth, Z Gallien, JP Gillet, P Grant, PG Graham, GA Green, SF Grossemy, F Heck, PR Herzog, GF Hoppe, P Horz, F Huth, J Ignatyev, K Ishii, HA Janssens, K Joswiak, D Kearsley, AT Khodja, H Lanzirotti, A Leitner, J Lemelle, L Leroux, H Luening, K MacPherson, GJ Marhas, KK Marcus, MA Matrajt, G Nakamura, T Nakamura-Messenger, K Nakano, T Newville, M Papanastassiou, DA Pianetta, P Rao, W Riekel, C Rietmeijer, FJM Rost, D Schwandt, CS See, TH Sheffield-Parker, J Simionovici, A Sitnitsky, I Snead, CJ Stadermann, FJ Stephan, T Stroud, RM Susini, J Suzuki, Y Sutton, SR Taylor, S Teslich, N Troadec, D Tsou, P Tsuchiyama, A Uesugi, K Vekemans, B Vicenzi, EP Vincze, L Westphal, AJ Wozniakiewicz, P Zinner, E Zolensky, ME AF Flynn, George J. Bleuet, Pierre Borg, Janet Bradley, John P. Brenker, Frank E. Brennan, Sean Bridges, John Brownlee, Don E. Bullock, Emma S. Burghammer, Manfred Clark, Benton C. Dai, Zu Rong Daghlian, Charles P. Djouadi, Zahia Fakra, Sirine Ferroir, Tristan Floss, Christine Franchi, Ian A. Gainsforth, Zack Gallien, Jean-Paul Gillet, Philippe Grant, Patrick G. Graham, Giles A. Green, Simon F. Grossemy, Faustine Heck, Philipp R. Herzog, Gregory F. Hoppe, Peter Hoerz, Friedrich Huth, Joachim Ignatyev, Konstantin Ishii, Hope A. Janssens, Koen Joswiak, David Kearsley, Anton T. Khodja, Hicham Lanzirotti, Antonio Leitner, Jan Lemelle, Laurence Leroux, Hugues Luening, Katharina MacPherson, Glenn J. Marhas, Kuljeet K. Marcus, Matthew A. Matrajt, Graciela Nakamura, Tomoki Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko Nakano, Tsukasa Newville, Matthew Papanastassiou, Dimitri A. Pianetta, Piero Rao, William Riekel, Christian Rietmeijer, Frans J. M. Rost, Detlef Schwandt, Craig S. See, Thomas H. Sheffield-Parker, Julie Simionovici, Alexandre Sitnitsky, Ilona Snead, Christopher J. Stadermann, Frank J. Stephan, Thomas Stroud, Rhonda M. Susini, Jean Suzuki, Yoshio Sutton, Stephen R. Taylor, Susan Teslich, Nick Troadec, D. Tsou, Peter Tsuchiyama, Akira Uesugi, Kentaro Vekemans, Bart Vicenzi, Edward P. Vincze, Laszlo Westphal, Andrew J. Wozniakiewicz, Penelope Zinner, Ernst Zolensky, Michael E. TI Elemental compositions of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples collected by Stardust SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPACECRAFT; ABUNDANCES; SOLAR; DUST AB We measured the elemental compositions of material from 23 particles in aerogel and from residue in seven craters in aluminum foil that was collected during passage of the Stardust spacecraft through the coma of comet 81P/Wild 2. These particles are chemically heterogeneous at the largest size scale analyzed (similar to 180 ng). The mean elemental composition of this Wild 2 material is consistent with the CI meteorite composition, which is thought to represent the bulk composition of the solar system, for the elements Mg, Si, Mn, Fe, and Ni to 35%, and for Ca and Ti to 60%. The elements Cu, Zn, and Ga appear enriched in this Wild 2 material, which suggests that the CI meteorites may not represent the solar system composition for these moderately volatile minor elements. C1 SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Orsay, France. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Mineral, D-6000 Frankfurt, Germany. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Open Univ, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Lockheed Martin, Denver, CO 80201 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ecole Normale Super Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CNRS, CEA, Lab Pierre Sue, Saclay, France. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Engn & Sci Contract Grp Jacobs Sverdrup, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Antwerp, Dept Chem, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Univ Lille, Lille, France. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. XRT Ltd, Port Melbourne, Vic, Australia. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst SPring8, Hyogo, Japan. Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Engn Res & Dev Ctr, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Osaka Univ, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan. RP Flynn, GJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. EM george.flynn@plattsburgh.edu RI Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008; Green, Simon/C-7408-2009; Dai, Zurong/E-6732-2010; Heck, Philipp/C-6092-2012; Leitner, Jan/A-7391-2015; Hoppe, Peter/B-3032-2015; Khodja, Hicham/A-1869-2016; Janssens, Koen/B-8049-2011 OI Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015; Ignatyev, Konstantin/0000-0002-8937-5655; Leitner, Jan/0000-0003-3655-6273; Hoppe, Peter/0000-0003-3681-050X; Janssens, Koen/0000-0002-6752-6408 NR 17 TC 154 Z9 154 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1731 EP 1735 DI 10.1126/science.1136141 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600046 PM 17170294 ER PT J AU Zolensky, ME Zega, TJ Yano, H Wirick, S Westphal, AJ Weisberg, MK Weber, I Warren, JL Velbel, MA Tsuchiyama, A Tsou, P Toppani, A Tomioka, N Tomeoka, K Teslich, N Taheri, M Susini, J Stroud, R Stephan, T Stadermann, FJ Snead, CJ Simon, SB Simionovici, A See, TH Robert, F Rietmeijer, FJM Rao, W Perronnet, MC Papanastassiou, DA Okudaira, K Ohsumi, K Ohnishi, I Nakamura-Messenger, K Nakamura, T Mostefaoui, S Mikouchi, T Meibom, A Matrajt, G Marcus, MA Leroux, H Lemelle, L Le, L Lanzirotti, A Langenhorst, F Krot, AN Keller, LP Kearsley, AT Joswiak, D Jacob, D Ishii, H Harvey, R Hagiya, K Grossman, L Grossman, JN Graham, GA Gounelle, M Gillet, P Genge, MJ Flynn, G Ferroir, T Fallon, S Ebel, DS Dai, ZR Cordier, P Clark, B Chi, MF Butterworth, AL Brownlee, DE Bridges, JC Brennan, S Brearley, A Bradley, JP Bleuet, P Bland, PA Bastien, R AF Zolensky, Michael E. Zega, Thomas J. Yano, Hajime Wirick, Sue Westphal, Andrew J. Weisberg, Mike K. Weber, Iris Warren, Jack L. Velbel, Michael A. Tsuchiyama, Akira Tsou, Peter Toppani, Alice Tomioka, Naotaka Tomeoka, Kazushige Teslich, Nick Taheri, Mitra Susini, Jean Stroud, Rhonda Stephan, Thomas Stadermann, Frank J. Snead, Christopher J. Simon, Steven B. Simionovici, Alexandre See, Thomas H. Robert, Francois Rietmeijer, Frans J. M. Rao, William Perronnet, Murielle C. Papanastassiou, Dimitri A. Okudaira, Kyoko Ohsumi, Kazumasa Ohnishi, Ichiro Nakamura-Messenger, Keiko Nakamura, Tomoki Mostefaoui, Smail Mikouchi, Takashi Meibom, Anders Matrajt, Graciela Marcus, Matthew A. Leroux, Hugues Lemelle, Laurence Le, Loan Lanzirotti, Antonio Langenhorst, Falko Krot, Alexander N. Keller, Lindsay P. Kearsley, Anton T. Joswiak, David Jacob, Damien Ishii, Hope Harvey, Ralph Hagiya, Kenji Grossman, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Graham, Giles A. Gounelle, Matthieu Gillet, Philippe Genge, Matthew J. Flynn, George Ferroir, Tristan Fallon, Stewart Ebel, Denton S. Dai, Zu Rong Cordier, Patrick Clark, Benton Chi, Miaofang Butterworth, Anna L. Brownlee, Donald E. Bridges, John C. Brennan, Sean Brearley, Adrian Bradley, John P. Bleuet, Pierre Bland, Phil A. Bastien, Ron TI Report - Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/Wild 2 nucleus samples SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE; SOLAR-SYSTEM; COMPONENTS; PYROXENE; OLIVINE; MATRIX; GRAINS; ORIGIN; HALLEY AB The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 ( hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger ( over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. JAXA ISAS, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CUNY, Kingsborough Community Coll, Dept Phys Sci, Brooklyn, NY 11235 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. JAcobs Scerdrup, Engn Sci Contract Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Osaka Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5600043, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, F-91405 Orsay, France. Kobe Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Lab Sci Terre, F-69007 Lyon, France. ARES JSC, Engn Sci Contract Barrios Technol, Houston, TX 77258 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Etude Mat Extraterr, LEME, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Inst Mat Struct Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Sci & Tech Lille, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Source, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Jena, Inst Geosci, D-07749 Jena, Germany. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Nat Hist Museum, Impact & Astromat Res Ctr, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Geol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hyogo, Grad Sch Life Sci, Kamigori, Hyogo 6781297, Japan. Univ Jena, Inst Geosci, D-07749 Jena, Germany. Nat Hist Museum, Impact & Astromat Res Ctr, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Geol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hyogo, Grad Sch Life Sci, Kamigori, Hyogo 6781297, Japan. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Impact & Astromat Res Ctr, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, New York, NY 10024 USA. Lockheed Martin Astronaut, Denver, CO 80201 USA. Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Zolensky, ME (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM michael.e.zolensky@nasa.gov RI Dai, Zurong/E-6732-2010; Fallon, Stewart/G-6645-2011; Cordier, Patrick/D-2357-2012; Taheri, Mitra/F-1321-2011; Tomioka, Naotaka/B-1888-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008 OI Fallon, Stewart/0000-0002-8064-5903; Cordier, Patrick/0000-0002-1883-2994; Tomioka, Naotaka/0000-0001-5725-9513; Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015 NR 35 TC 436 Z9 438 U1 9 U2 58 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1735 EP 1739 DI 10.1126/science.1135842 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600047 PM 17170295 ER PT J AU Venken, KJT He, YC Hoskins, RA Bellen, HJ AF Venken, Koen J. T. He, Yuchun Hoskins, Roger A. Bellen, Hugo J. TI P[acman]: A BAC transgenic platform for targeted insertion of large DNA fragments in D-melanogaster SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL MAP; GENOME; SYSTEM; TRANSFORMATION; CHROMOSOME; PIGGYBAC; SEQUENCE; VECTORS; CLONING; GENES AB We describe a transgenesis platform for Drosophila melanogaster that integrates three recently developed technologies: a conditionally amplifiable bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), recombineering, and bacteriophage phi C31-mediated transgenesis. The BAC is maintained at low copy number, facilitating plasmid maintenance and recombineering, but is induced to high copy number for plasmid isolation. Recombineering allows gap repair and mutagenesis in bacteria. Gap repair efficiently retrieves DNA fragments up to 133 kilobases long from P1 or BAC clones. phi C31-mediated transgenesis integrates these large DNA fragments at specific sites in the genome, allowing the rescue of lethal mutations in the corresponding genes. This transgenesis platform should greatly facilitate structure/function analyses of most Drosophila genes. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Genome Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Bellen, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM hbellen@bcm.edu RI Venken, Koen/B-9909-2013; OI Venken, Koen/0000-0003-0741-4698; Bellen, Hugo/0000-0001-5992-5989 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM067858-05] NR 25 TC 375 Z9 381 U1 5 U2 19 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5806 BP 1747 EP 1751 DI 10.1126/science.1134426 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 116WD UT WOS:000242833600050 PM 17138868 ER PT J AU Lin, WS Huang, YW Zhou, XD Ma, YF AF Lin, Weisheng Huang, Yue-wern Zhou, Xiao-Dong Ma, Yinfa TI In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE silica (SiO2); cytotoxicity; lung cancer cells (A549); nanoparticles; oxidative stress ID OXIDATIVE STRESS; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; CYTOTOXICITY; INFLAMMATION; DELIVERY; SURFACE; ASSAY; RATS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOTOXICOLOGY AB The cytotoxicity of 15-nm and 46-nm silica nanoparticles was investigated by using crystalline silica (Min-U-Sil 5) as a positive control in cultured human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived cells. Exposure to 15-nm or 46-nm SiO2 nanoparticles for 48 h at dosage levels between 10 and 100 mu g/ml decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Both SiO2 nanoparticles were more cytotoxic than Min-U-Sil 5; however, the cytotoxicities of 15-nm and 46-nm silica nanoparticles were not significantly different. The 15-nm SiO2 nanoparticles were used to determine time-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses. Cell viability decreased significantly as a function of both nanoparticle dosage (10-100 mu g/ml) and exposure time (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Indicators of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, including total reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione, malondialdehyde, and lactate dehydrogenase, were quantitatively assessed. Exposure to SiO2 nanoparticles increased ROS levels and reduced glutathione levels. The increased production of malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase release from the cells indicated lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. In summary, exposure to SiO2 nanoparticles results in a dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cultural human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived cells that is closely correlated to increased oxidative stress. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Univ Missouri, Environm Res Ctr, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biol Sci, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Univ Missouri, Environm Res Ctr, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Ma, YF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM yinfa@umr.edu NR 41 TC 414 Z9 454 U1 19 U2 147 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC 15 PY 2006 VL 217 IS 3 BP 252 EP 259 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.004 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 121FM UT WOS:000243143500003 PM 17112558 ER PT J AU DeSain, JD Valachovic, L Jusinski, LE Taatjes, CA AF DeSain, John D. Valachovic, Linda Jusinski, Leonard E. Taatjes, Craig A. TI Reaction of chlorine atom with trichlorosilane from 296 to 473 K SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; AB-INITIO; RATE COEFFICIENTS; CL ATOMS; ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; HCL PRODUCTION; KINETICS; THERMOCHEMISTRY AB The reaction of trichlorosilane (HSiCl3) with atomic chlorine (Cl) has been investigated by using infrared kinetic spectroscopy of the HCl product. The overall second order rate constant for the reaction has been determined as a function of temperature by using pseudo-first-order kinetic methods. Formation of HCl (nu=0) was monitored on the (nu=1 <- 0) R(2) line at 2944.914 cm(-1) and that of HCl (nu=1) on the (nu=2 <- 1) R(2) line at 2839.148 cm(-1). The overall second order rate constant was determined to be (2.8 +/- 0.1)x10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 296 K. The rate constant shows no pressure dependence and decreases slightly with increased temperature [k=(2.3 +/- 0.2)x10(-11)e((66 +/- 3)/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)]. Substantial vibrational excitation is measured in the HCl product, with the fraction of HCl (nu=1)/HCl (total)=0.41 +/- 0.08. These observations are consistent with the reaction being a barrierless hydrogen abstraction reaction. The experimental results are supported by ab initio quantum chemical calculations that show the transition state for abstraction to lie below the energy of the reactants, in disagreement with previously published calculations. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP DeSain, JD (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. EM john.d.desain@aero.org; cataatj@sandia.gov NR 50 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 22 AR 224308 DI 10.1063/1.2404673 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 117EP UT WOS:000242855800017 PM 17176142 ER PT J AU Goncher, SJ Sveum, NE Moore, DT Bartlett, ND Neumark, DM AF Goncher, Scott J. Sveum, Niels E. Moore, David T. Bartlett, Nate D. Neumark, Daniel M. TI Photodissociation dynamics of ClN3 at 193 nm SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHLORINE AZIDE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; CIN3; NCL(A(1)DELTA); DISSOCIATION; CYCLIC-N-3; SPECTRA; LASER; HN3; N-3 AB Photofragment translational spectroscopy was used to identify the primary and secondary reaction pathways in 193 nm photodissociation of chlorine azide (ClN3) under collision-free conditions. Both the molecular elimination (NCl+N-2) and the radical bond rupture channel (Cl+N-3) were investigated and compared with earlier results at 248 nm. The radical channel strongly dominates, just as at 248 nm. At 193 nm, the ClN3 (C (1)A(')) state is excited, rather than the B (1)A(') state that is accessed at 248 nm, resulting in different photofragment angular distributions. The chlorine translational energy distribution probing the dynamics of the radical bond rupture channel shows three distinct peaks, with the two fastest peaks occurring at the same translational energies as the two peaks seen at 248 nm that were previously assigned to linear and "high energy" N-3. Hence, nearly all the additional photon energy relative to 248 nm appears as N-3 internal excitation rather than as translational energy, resulting in considerably more spontaneous dissociation of N-3 to N-2+N. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Goncher, SJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM dneumark@berkeley.edu RI Moore, David/A-7393-2008; Neumark, Daniel/B-9551-2009 OI Neumark, Daniel/0000-0002-3762-9473 NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 22 AR 224304 DI 10.1063/1.2400854 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 117EP UT WOS:000242855800013 PM 17176138 ER PT J AU Liu, J Miller, WH AF Liu, Jian Miller, William H. TI Using the thermal Gaussian approximation for the Boltzmann operator in semiclassical initial value time correlation functions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONICALLY NONADIABATIC DYNAMICS; QUANTUM-STATISTICAL MECHANICS; VIBRATIONAL-ENERGY RELAXATION; LIQUID PARA-HYDROGEN; VALUE REPRESENTATION; RATE CONSTANTS; CONDENSED-PHASE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; DENSITY AB The thermal Gaussian approximation (TGA) recently developed by Frantsuzov [Chem. Phys. Lett. 381, 117 (2003)] has been demonstrated to be a practical way for approximating the Boltzmann operator exp(-beta H) for multidimensional systems. In this paper the TGA is combined with semiclassical (SC) initial value representations (IVRs) for thermal time correlation functions. Specifically, it is used with the linearized SC-IVR (LSC-IVR, equivalent to the classical Wigner model), and the "forward-backward semiclassical dynamics" approximation developed by Shao and Makri [J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 7753 (1999); 103, 9749 (1999)]. Use of the TGA with both of these approximate SC-IVRs allows the oscillatory part of the IVR to be integrated out explicitly, providing an extremely simple result that is readily applicable to large molecular systems. Calculation of the force-force autocorrelation for a strongly anharmonic oscillator demonstrates its accuracy, and calculation of the velocity autocorrelation function (and thus the diffusion coefficient) of liquid neon demonstrates its applicability. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, KS Pitzer Ctr Theoret Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM millerwh@berkeley.edu RI Liu, Jian/B-2274-2012 OI Liu, Jian/0000-0002-2906-5858 NR 62 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 22 AR 224104 DI 10.1063/1.2395941 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 117EP UT WOS:000242855800006 PM 17176131 ER PT J AU Bozek, JD Furst, JE Gay, TJ Gould, H D Kilcoyne, AL Machacek, JR Martin, F McLaughlin, KW Sanz-Vicario, JL AF Bozek, J. D. Furst, J. E. Gay, T. J. Gould, H. D Kilcoyne, A. L. Machacek, J. R. Martin, F. McLaughlin, K. W. Sanz-Vicario, J. L. TI Production of excited atomic hydrogen and deuterium from H-2 and D-2 photodissociation SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; STATES; PHOTOIONIZATION; DISSOCIATION; IONIZATION; EXCITATION; FRAGMENTS; SERIES; HD AB We have measured the production of both Lya and Ha fluorescence from atomic H and D for the photodissociation of H-2 and D-2 by linearly polarized photons with energies between 24 and 60 eV. In this energy range, excited photofragments result primarily from the production of doubly excited molecular species which promptly autoionize or dissociate into two neutrals. Our data are compared with ab initio calculations of the dissociation process, in which both doubly excited state production and prompt ionization (nonresonant) channels are considered. Agreement between our experimental data and that of earlier work, and with our theoretical calculations, is qualitative at best. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Newcastle Ourimbah, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia. Univ Nebraska, Behlen Lab Phys, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Quim, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. Loras Coll, Dept Phys & Engn, Dubuque, IA 52001 USA. Univ Antioquia, Inst Fis, Medellin, Colombia. RP Bozek, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Bozek, John/E-4689-2010; Machacek, Joshua/A-5316-2011; Bozek, John/E-9260-2010; Furst, John/D-2335-2009; Martin, Fernando/C-3972-2014; Kilcoyne, David/I-1465-2013 OI Bozek, John/0000-0001-7486-7238; Furst, John/0000-0001-7506-3733; Martin, Fernando/0000-0002-7529-925X; NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 23 BP 4871 EP 4882 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/39/23/006 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 114ER UT WOS:000242650000008 ER PT J AU Cimpoiasu, E Stern, E Klie, R Munden, RA Cheng, G Reed, MA AF Cimpoiasu, E. Stern, E. Klie, R. Munden, R. A. Cheng, G. Reed, M. A. TI The effect of Mg doping on GaN nanowires SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEFECTS; NANODEVICES; NANORODS AB We present a comparison between the structural, chemical, and electrical properties of Mg-doped GaN nanowires grown by hot-wall chemical vapour deposition using two different Mg sources, namely, metallo-organic bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) magnesium and magnesium nitride powder. We find that Mg from the solid nitride source is more effectively incorporated into the nanowires while better maintaining the nanowire integrity. After Mg activation, the nanowires are partially or fully compensated. In comparison, vapour phase doping results in an obvious degradation of the nanowire morphology in spite of lower Mg incorporation levels. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11760 USA. RP Cimpoiasu, E (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM elena.cimpoiasu@yale.edu RI Cheng, Guosheng/S-3401-2016 OI Cheng, Guosheng/0000-0003-4810-9403 NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 23 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 23 BP 5735 EP 5739 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/23/004 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 113LA UT WOS:000242598200004 ER PT J AU Wang, GT Talin, AA Werder, DJ Creighton, JR Lai, E Anderson, RJ Arslan, I AF Wang, George T. Talin, A. Alec Werder, Donald J. Creighton, J. Randall Lai, Elaine Anderson, Richard J. Arslan, Ilke TI Highly aligned, template-free growth and characterization of vertical GaN nanowires on sapphire by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GALLIUM NITRIDE NANOWIRES; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; PHASE EPITAXY; CATALYTIC GROWTH; YELLOW LUMINESCENCE; DEFECT STRUCTURE; NANOROD ARRAYS; DOPED GAN; CARBON AB We report the growth of exceptionally well aligned and vertically oriented GaN nanowires on (1 (1) over bar 02) r-plane sapphire wafers via metal-organic chemical vapour deposition. The nanowires were grown without the use of either a template or patterning. Transmission electron microscopy indicates the nanowires are single crystalline, free of threading dislocations, and have triangular cross-sections. The high degree of vertical alignment is explained by the crystallographic match between the [11 (2) over bar0] oriented nanowires and the r-plane sapphire surface. We find that the degree of alignment and size uniformity of the nanowires are highly dependent on the nickel nitrate catalyst concentration used, with the highest degree of uniformity and alignment occurring at concentrations much more dilute than typically employed for vapour-liquid-solid-based nanowire growth. Additionally, we report here a strong dependence of the optical and electrical properties of the nanowires on the growth temperature, which we hypothesize is due to increased carbon incorporation at lower growth temperatures. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wang, GT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS-1086, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM gtwang@sandia.gov RI Wang, George/C-9401-2009 OI Wang, George/0000-0001-9007-0173 NR 47 TC 121 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 48 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 23 BP 5773 EP 5780 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/23/011 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 113LA UT WOS:000242598200011 ER PT J AU Hraber, PT Fischer, W Bruno, WJ Leitner, T Kuiken, C AF Hraber, Peter T. Fischer, William Bruno, William J. Leitner, Thomas Kuiken, Carla TI Comparative analysis of hepatitis C virus phylogenies from coding and non-coding regions: the 5 ' untranslated region (UTR) fails to classify subtypes SO VIROLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RNA SECONDARY STRUCTURES; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION; SEQUENCE; GENOME; MODEL; GENOTYPES; VARIABILITY; EVOLUTION; INFECTION; NS5B AB Background: The duration of treatment for HCV infection is partly indicated by the genotype of the virus. For studies of disease transmission, vaccine design, and surveillance for novel variants, subtype-level classification is also needed. This study used the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test and related statistical techniques to compare phylogenetic trees obtained from coding and non-coding regions of a whole-genome alignment for the reliability of subtyping in different regions. Results: Different regions of the HCV genome yield inconsistent phylogenies, which can lead to erroneous conclusions about classification of a given infection. In particular, the highly conserved 5' untranslated region (UTR) yields phylogenetic trees with topologies that differ from the HCV polyprotein and complete genome phylogenies. Phylogenetic trees from the NS5B gene reliably cluster related subtypes, and yield topologies consistent with those of the whole genome and polyprotein. Conclusion: These results extend those from previous studies and indicate that, unlike the NS5B gene, the 5' UTR contains insufficient variation to resolve HCV classifications to the level of viral subtype, and fails to distinguish genotypes reliably. Use of the 5' UTR for clinical tests to characterize HCV infection should be replaced by a subtype-informative test. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hraber, PT (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, T-10 MS K710, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM phraber@lanl.gov; wfischer@lanl.gov; billb@lanl.gov; tkl@lanl.gov; kuiken@lanl.gov OI Fischer, Will/0000-0003-4579-4062; Hraber, Peter/0000-0002-2920-4897 NR 50 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1743-422X J9 VIROL J JI Virol. J. PD DEC 14 PY 2006 VL 3 AR 103 DI 10.1186/1743-422X-3-103 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 182OI UT WOS:000247513500001 PM 17169155 ER PT J AU Hooker, JM Esser-Kahn, AP Francis, MB AF Hooker, Jacob M. Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. Francis, Matthew B. TI Modification of aniline containing proteins using an oxidative coupling strategy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COPPER(I)-CATALYZED AZIDE-ALKYNE; GENETIC-CODE; SURFACE MODIFICATION; CHEMICAL LIGATION; BANDROWSKIS BASE; CROSS-LINKING; AMINO-ACIDS; IN-VIVO; BIOCONJUGATION; CYCLOADDITION C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Francis, MB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM francis@cchem.berkeley.edu OI Hooker, Jacob/0000-0002-9394-7708 FU PHS HHS [1 T32 GMO66698] NR 34 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 49 BP 15558 EP 15559 DI 10.1021/ja064088d PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 113CM UT WOS:000242575300005 PM 17147343 ER PT J AU Walter, EC Beetz, T Sfeir, MY Brus, LE Steigerwald, ML AF Walter, Erich C. Beetz, Tobias Sfeir, Matthew Y. Brus, Louis E. Steigerwald, Michael L. TI Crystalline graphite from an organometallic solution-phase reaction SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; GROWTH; NANOSTRUCTURES; CARBONIZATION C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat & Condensed Matter Phys & Mat S, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Steigerwald, ML (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, 3000 Broadway Ave, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM mls2064@columbia.edu RI Walter, Erich/H-2165-2013; OI Sfeir, Matthew/0000-0001-5619-5722 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 49 BP 15590 EP 15591 DI 10.1021/ja0666203 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 113CM UT WOS:000242575300021 PM 17147359 ER PT J AU Hernandez, NC Sanz, JF Rodriguez, JA AF Cruz Hernandez, Norge Fdez. Sanz, Javier Rodriguez, Jose A. TI Unravelling the origin of the high-catalytic activity of supported Au: A density-functional theory-based interpretation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CO OXIDATION; GOLD CLUSTERS; ADSORPTION; OXYGEN; NANOPARTICLES; TITANIA; MODEL C1 Univ Seville, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Fis, E-41012 Seville, Spain. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Sanz, JF (reprint author), Univ Seville, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Fis, E-41012 Seville, Spain. EM sanz@us.es RI Cruz Hernandez, Norge/E-1067-2011 OI Cruz Hernandez, Norge/0000-0002-5057-8738 NR 20 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 49 BP 15600 EP 15601 DI 10.1021/ja0670153 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 113CM UT WOS:000242575300026 PM 17147364 ER PT J AU Grills, DC van Eldik, R Muckerman, JT Fujita, E AF Grills, David C. van Eldik, Rudi Muckerman, James T. Fujita, Etsuko TI Direct measurements of rate constants and activation volumes for the binding of H-2, D-2, N-2, C2H4, and CH3CN to W(CO)(3)(PCy3)(2): Theoretical and experimental studies with time-resolved step-scan FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN COMPLEXES; EFFECTIVE CORE POTENTIALS; OCTAHEDRAL METAL-CARBONYLS; SIGMA-BOND COORDINATION; GAUSSIAN-TYPE BASIS; H-H BOND; TRANSITION-METALS; REDUCTIVE ELIMINATION; DINITROGEN COMPLEXES; REVERSIBLE BINDING AB dPulsed 355 nm laser excitation of toluene or hexane solutions containing W-L (W) mer, transW(CO)(3)(PCy3)(2);PCy3 = tricyclohexylphosphine; L = H-2, D-2, N-2, C2H4, or CH3CN) resulted in the photoejection of ligand L and the formation of W. A combination of nanosecond UV-vis flash photolysis and time-resolved step-scan FTIR (s(2)-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to spectroscopically characterize the photoproduct, W, and directly measure the rate constants for binding of the ligands L to W to reform W-L under pseudo-first-order conditions. From these data, equilibrium constants for the binding of L to W were estimated. The UV-vis flash photolysis experiments were also performed as a function of pressure in order to determine the activation volumes, Delta V-+/-, for the reaction of W with L. Small activation volumes ranging from -7 to +3 cm(3) mol(-1) were obtained, suggesting that despite the crowded W center an interchange mechanism between L and the agostic W...H-C interaction of one of the PCy3 ligands (or a weak interaction with a solvent molecule) at the W center takes place in the transition state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed at the B3LYP level of theory on W with/without the agostic C-H interaction of the PCy3 ligand and also on the series of model complexes, mer,trans-W(CO)(3)(PH3)(2)L (W'-L, where L = H-2, N-2, C2H4, CO, or n-hexane) in an effort to confirm the infrared spectroscopic assignment of the W-L complexes, to simulate and assign the electronic transitions in the UV-vis spectra, to determine the nature of the HOMO and LUMO of W-L, and to understand the agostic C-H interaction of the ligand vs solvent interaction. Our DFT calculations indicate an entropy effect that favors agostic W...H-C interaction over a solvent sigma C-H interaction by 8-10 kcal mol(-1). C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Inorgan Chem, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. RP Fujita, E (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM fujita@bnl.gov RI Fujita, Etsuko/D-8814-2013; Muckerman, James/D-8752-2013; Grills, David/F-7196-2016 OI Grills, David/0000-0001-8349-9158 NR 52 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 49 BP 15728 EP 15741 DI 10.1021/ja064627e PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 113CM UT WOS:000242575300045 PM 17147383 ER PT J AU Liu, TB Imber, B Diemann, E Liu, G Cokleski, K Li, HL Chen, ZQ Muller, A AF Liu, Tianbo Imber, Brandon Diemann, Ekkehard Liu, Guang Cokleski, Katrina li, Huin Li Chen, Zhiqiang Mueller, Achim TI Deprotonations and charges of well-defined {Mo72Fe30} nanoacids simply stepwise tuned by pH allow control/variation of related self-assembly processes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; IONIC-STRENGTH; POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; MACROIONIC SOLUTIONS; KEPLERATE; CLUSTERS; PRECIPITATION; MACROANIONS; MOLECULES; CHEMISTRY AB The solution behavior of the largest inorganic acid known thus far, the neutral, spherical iron/molybdenum/oxide nanocluster {Mo72Fe30} (equivalent to{(Mo-VI)Mo-5(VI)}(12)Fe-30(III) 1a), including the pH-controlled deprotonation, is reported. The acidic properties are due to the 30 peripheral, weakly acidic Fe-III(H2O) groups that form a unique Archimedean solid with all edges and dihedral angles being equal, the icosidodecahedron, and therefore an "isotropic" surface. Interestingly, the aqueous solutions are stable even for months because of the inertness of the spherical solutes and the presence of the hard FeIII and Mo-VI centers. The stability can be nicely proven by the very characteristic Raman spectrum showing, because of the (approximately) icosahedral symmetry, only a few lines. Whereas the {Mo72Fe30} clusters exist as discrete, almost neutral, molecules in aqueous solution at pH < 2.9, they get deprotonated and self-associate into single-layer blackberry-type structures at higher pH while the assembly process (i.e., the size of the final species) can be controlled by the pH values; this allows the deliberate generation of differently sized nanoparticles, a long-term goal in nanoscience. The average hydrodynamic radius (R-h) of the self-assembled structures decreases monotonically with increasing number of charges on the {Mo72Fe30} macroanions (from similar to 45 nm at pH similar to 3.0 to similar to 15 nm at pH approximate to 6.6), as studied by laser light scattering and TEM techniques. The {Mo72Fe30} macroions with high-stability tunable charges/surfaces, equal shape, and masses provide models for the understanding of more complex polyelectrolyte solutions while the controllable association and dissociation reported here of the assembled soft magnetic materials with tuneable sizes could be interesting for practical applications. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Chem, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Bielefeld, Fac Chem, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. RP Liu, TB (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Dept Chem, 6E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. EM til204@lehigh.edu; a.mueller@uni-bielefeld.de RI Liu, Tianbo/D-8915-2017; OI Liu, Tianbo/0000-0002-8181-1790; Muller, Achim/0000-0003-0117-4021 NR 58 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 49 BP 15914 EP 15920 DI 10.1021/ja066133n PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 113CM UT WOS:000242575300066 PM 17147404 ER PT J AU Lim, YS Yee, KJ Kim, JH Haroz, EH Shaver, J Kono, J Doorn, SK Hauge, RH Smalley, RE AF Lim, Yong-Sik Yee, Ki-Ju Kim, Ji-Hee Haroz, Erik H. Shaver, Jonah Kono, Junichiro Doorn, Stephen K. Hauge, Robert H. Smalley, Richard E. TI Coherent lattice vibrations in single-walled carbon nanotubes SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PULSES; EXCITATION; SCATTERING; DYNAMICS; PHONONS; MODE AB We have generated and detected coherent lattice vibrations in single-walled carbon nanotubes corresponding to the radial breathing mode (RBM) using ultrashort laser pulses. Because the band gap is a function of diameter, these RBM-induced diameter oscillations cause ultrafast band gap oscillations, thereby modulating the interband excitonic resonances at the phonon frequencies (3-9 THz). Excitation spectra show a large number of pronounced peaks, allowing the determination of the chiralities present in particular samples and relative population differences of particular chiralities between samples. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Konkuk Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Chungju 380701, Chungbuk, South Korea. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Taejon 305764, South Korea. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem Chem Sci & Engn, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Rice Univ, Carbon Nanotechnol Lab, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Kono, J (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM kono@rice.edu RI Hauge, Robert/A-7008-2011; OI Hauge, Robert/0000-0002-3656-0152; Shaver, Jonah/0000-0002-9602-7798 NR 38 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2696 EP 2700 DI 10.1021/nl061599p PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500011 PM 17163690 ER PT J AU Tang, J Alivisatos, AP AF Tang, Jing Alivisatos, A. Paul TI Crystal splitting in the growth of Bi2S3 SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC NANOCRYSTALS; NANORODS; MORPHOGENESIS; POLYMER; ROUTE AB Bi2S3 nanostructures with a sheaflike morphology are obtained via reaction of bismuth acetate-oleic acid complex with elemental sulfur in 1-octadecence. These structures may form by the splitting crystal growth mechanism, which is known to account for the morphology some mineral crystals assume in nature. By control of the synthetic parameters, different shapes are obtained, analogous to those which have been observed to occur by crystal splitting in minerals. These new and complex Bi2S3 nanostructures are characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and electron and X-ray diffraction. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Alivisatos, AP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM alivis@berkeley.edu RI Alivisatos , Paul /N-8863-2015 OI Alivisatos , Paul /0000-0001-6895-9048 NR 27 TC 237 Z9 239 U1 18 U2 115 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2701 EP 2706 DI 10.1021/nl0615930 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500012 PM 17163691 ER PT J AU Yuzvinsky, TD Mickelson, W Aloni, S Begtrup, GE Kis, A Zettl, A AF Yuzvinsky, T. D. Mickelson, W. Aloni, S. Begtrup, G. E. Kis, A. Zettl, A. TI Shrinking a carbon nanotube SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; ELECTRON-BEAM; MOLECULAR WIRES; BREAKDOWN; NANOSTRUCTURES; TRANSPORT AB We report a method to controllably alter the diameter of an individual carbon nanotube. The combination of defect formation via electron irradiation and simultaneous resistive heating and electromigration in vacuum causes the nanotube to continuously transform into a high-quality nanotube of successively smaller diameter, as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The process can be halted at any diameter. Electronic transport measurements performed in situ reveal a striking dependence of conductance on nanotube geometry. As the diameter of the nanotube is reduced to near zero into the carbon chain regime, we observe negative differential resistance. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Integrated Nanomech Syst, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Zettl, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM azettl@berkeley.edu RI Mickelson, Willi/D-8813-2013; Kis, Andras/A-4631-2011; Zettl, Alex/O-4925-2016; OI Mickelson, Willi/0000-0002-6398-6212; Kis, Andras/0000-0002-3426-7702; Zettl, Alex/0000-0001-6330-136X; Yuzvinsky, Thomas/0000-0001-5708-2877 NR 33 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2718 EP 2722 DI 10.1021/nl061671j PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500015 PM 17163694 ER PT J AU An, JM Franceschetti, A Dudiy, SV Zunger, A AF An, J. M. Franceschetti, A. Dudiy, S. V. Zunger, Alex TI The peculiar electronic structure of PbSe quantum dots SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IV-VI-SEMICONDUCTORS; BAND-STRUCTURE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; COLLOIDAL PBSE; NANOCRYSTALS; PBTE; ANISOTROPY; INP AB PbSe is a pseudo-II-VI material distinguished from ordinary II-VI's (e.g., CdSe, ZnSe) by having both its valence band maximum (VBM) and its conduction band minimum (CBM) located at the fourfold-degenerate L-point in the Brillouin zone. It turns out that this feature dramatically affects the properties of the nanosystem. We have calculated the electronic and optical properties of PbSe quantum dots using an atomistic pseudopotential method, finding that the electronic structure is different from that of ordinary II-VI's and, at the same time, is more subtle than what k center dot p or tight-binding calculations have suggested previously for PbSe. We find the following in PbSe dots: (i) The intraband (valence-to-valence and conduction-to-conduction) as well as interband (valence-to-conduction) excitations involve the massively split L-manifold states. (ii) In contrast to previous suggestions that the spacings between valence band levels will equal those between conduction band levels (because the corresponding effective-masses m(e) approximate to m(h) are similar), we find a densely spaced hole manifold and much sparser electron manifold. This finding reflects the existence of a few valence band maxima in bulk PbSe within similar to 500 meV. This result reverses previous expectations of slow hole cooling in PbSe dots. (iii) The calculated optical absorption spectrum reproduces the measured absorption peak that had previously been attributed to the forbidden 1S(h) -> 1P(e) or 1P(h) -> 1S(e) transitions on the basis of k center dot p calculations. However, we find that this transition corresponds to an allowed 1P(h) -> 1P(e) excitation arising mainly from bulk states near the L valleys on the Gamma-L lines of the Brillouin zone. We discuss this reinterpretation of numerous experimental results. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80228 USA. RP An, JM (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80228 USA. EM joonhee_an@nrel.gov; alex_zunger@nrel.gov RI Zunger, Alex/A-6733-2013 NR 34 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2728 EP 2735 DI 10.1021/nl061684x PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500017 PM 17163696 ER PT J AU Romero, MJ van de Lagemaat, J Mora-Sero, I Rumbles, G Al-Jassim, MM AF Romero, Manuel J. van de Lagemaat, Jao Mora-Sero, Ivan Rumbles, Garry Al-Jassim, Mowafak M. TI Imaging of resonant quenching of surface plasmons by quantum dots SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; MULTIPLE EXCITON GENERATION; LARGE AG NANOCRYSTALS; SOLAR-CELLS; FLUORESCENCE INTERMITTENCY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT-EMISSION; ELECTROLUMINESCENCE; STM AB In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), confinement of surface plasmons to the optical cavity formed at the metallic tunneling gap stimulates the emission of light. We demonstrate that quantum dots (QDs) found in such a cavity give rise to discrete, observable transitions in the tunneling luminescence spectrum due to the resonant extinction of the plasmon. The observed resonances represent a fingerprint of the QD and occur at the optical band gap owing to the nearly simultaneous transfer of carriers from both sides of the tunneling gap to the QD. The resonant quenching of surface plasmons enables a new imaging technique, dubbed plasmon resonance imaging, with a spatial resolution potentially similar to that of STM and the energy resolution of optical spectroscopies. This detection and imaging strategy is not restricted to QDs, being of great interest to an entire spectrum of nanostructures, from molecular assemblies and biomolecules to carbon nanotubes. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Romero, MJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM manuel_romero@nrel.gov RI van de Lagemaat, Jao/J-9431-2012; Mora-Sero, Ivan/E-4781-2014; OI Mora-Sero, Ivan/0000-0003-2508-0994; Rumbles, Garry/0000-0003-0776-1462 NR 23 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2833 EP 2837 DI 10.1021/nl061997s PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500035 PM 17163714 ER PT J AU Shabaev, A Efros, AL Nozik, AJ AF Shabaev, A. Efros, Al. L. Nozik, A. J. TI Multiexciton generation by a single photon in nanocrystals SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE EXCITON GENERATION; SOLAR-CELLS; QUANTUM DOTS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; IMPACT IONIZATION; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; EFFICIENCY; PBSE; LIMITS AB We have theoretically shown that efficient generation of multi-electron-hole pairs by a single photon observed recently in semiconductor nanocrystals(1-4) is caused by breaking the single electron approximation for carriers with kinetic energy above the effective energy gap. Due to strong Coulomb interaction, these states form a coherent superposition with charged excitons of the same energy. This concept allows us to define the conditions for dominant two-exciton generations by a single photon: the thermalization rate of a single exciton, initiated by light, should be lower than both the two-exciton state thermalization rate and the rate of Coulomb coupling between single and two exciton states. Possible experimental manifestations of our model are discussed. C1 USN, Res Lab, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Ctr Basic Sci, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Shabaev, A (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM ashabaev@gmu.edu; efros@dave.nrl.navy.mil; arthur_nozik@nrel.gov RI Nozik, Arthur/A-1481-2012; Nozik, Arthur/P-2641-2016 NR 25 TC 213 Z9 214 U1 7 U2 66 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2856 EP 2863 DI 10.1021/nl062059v PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500040 PM 17163719 ER PT J AU Letant, SE Wang, TF AF Letant, S. E. Wang, T. -F. TI Semiconductor quantum dot scintillation under gamma-ray irradiation SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DETECTORS AB We recently demonstrated the ability of semiconductor quantum dots to convert alpha radiation into visible photons. In this letter, we report on the scintillation of quantum dots under gamma irradiation and compare the energy resolution of the 59 keV line of americium-241 obtained with our quantum dot-glass nanocomposite to that of a standard sodium iodide scintillator. A factor 2 improvement is demonstrated experimentally and interpreted theoretically using a combination of energy-loss and photon-transport models. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Letant, SE (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem & Mat Sci Directorate, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM letant1@llnl.gov NR 15 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 9 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2877 EP 2880 DI 10.1021/nl0620942 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500044 PM 17163723 ER PT J AU Barman, A Wang, SQ Maas, JD Hawkins, AR Kwon, S Liddle, A Bokor, J Schmidt, H AF Barman, Anjan Wang, Suqin Maas, Jeffrey D. Hawkins, Aaron R. Kwon, Sunghoon Liddle, Alexander Bokor, Jeffrey Schmidt, Holger TI Magneto-optical observation of picosecond dynamics of single nanomagnets SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL; MICROSCOPY; NANOPARTICLES; PERMALLOY; ARRAYS AB We report measurements of picosecond dynamics of individual nickel nanomagnets as a function of magnet dimension, aspect ratio, and magnetic environment. Spatial sensitivity to nanomagnet diameters as small as 125 nm is achieved by use of cavity enhancement of the magneto-optic Kerr effect (CE-MOKE). The importance of single-particle measurements without ensemble effects for extracting the size dependence of the intrinsic nanomagnet material properties is demonstrated. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Brigham Young Univ, ECEn Dept, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Mol Foundry, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Schmidt, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Sch Engn, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM hschmidt@soe.ucsc.edu RI Liddle, James/A-4867-2013; Bokor, Jeffrey/A-2683-2011; Hawkins, Aaron/F-5708-2016 OI Liddle, James/0000-0002-2508-7910; Hawkins, Aaron/0000-0002-3882-0771 NR 37 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2006 VL 6 IS 12 BP 2939 EP 2944 DI 10.1021/nl0623457 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 116EY UT WOS:000242786500056 PM 17163735 ER PT J AU Graziano, V McGrath, WJ Yang, L Mangel, WF AF Graziano, Vito McGrath, William J. Yang, Lin Mangel, Walter F. TI SARS CoV main proteinase: The monomer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; CORONAVIRUS 3C-LIKE PROTEINASE; ENZYME DIMERIZATION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; HIV-1 PROTEASE; VIRUS; SUBSTRATE; SCATTERING; INHIBITOR; MECHANISM AB The SARS coronavirus main proteinase (SARS CoV main proteinase) is required for the replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS CoV), the virus that causes SARS. One function of the enzyme is to process viral polyproteins. The active form of the SARS CoV main proteinase is a homodimer. In the literature, estimates of the monomer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant, K-D, have varied more than 650000-fold, from < 1 nM to more than 200 mu M. Because of these discrepancies and because compounds that interfere with activation of the enzyme by dimerization may be potential antiviral agents, we investigated the monomer-dimer equilibrium by three different techniques: small-angle X-ray scattering, chemical cross-linking, and enzyme kinetics. Analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data from a series of measurements at different SARS CoV main proteinase concentrations yielded K-D values of 5.8 +/- 0.8 mu M (obtained from the entire scattering curve), 6.5 +/- 2.2 mu M (obtained from the radii of gyration), and 6.8 +/- 1.5 mu M (obtained from the forward scattering). The K-D from chemical cross-linking was 12.7 +/- 1.1 mu M, and from enzyme kinetics, it was 5.2 +/- 0.4 mu M. While each of these three techniques can present different, potential limitations, they all yielded similar K-D values. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Mangel, WF (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM Mangel@bnl.gov RI Yang, Lin/D-5872-2013 OI Yang, Lin/0000-0003-1057-9194 NR 43 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD DEC 12 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 49 BP 14632 EP 14641 DI 10.1021/bi061746y PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 112HI UT WOS:000242516100008 PM 17144656 ER PT J AU Xiong, YJ Chen, BW Smallwood, HS Urbauer, RJB Markille, LM Galeva, N Williams, TD Squier, TC AF Xiong, Yijia Chen, Baowei Smallwood, Heather S. Urbauer, Ramona J. Bieber Markille, Lye Meng Galeva, Nadezhda Williams, Todd D. Squier, Thomas C. TI High-affinity and cooperative binding of oxidized calmodulin by methionine sulfoxide reductase SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE CA-ATPASE; SEQUENCE-INDEPENDENT RECOGNITION; SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; OPPOSING DOMAINS AB Methionines can play an important role in modulating protein-protein interactions associated with intracellular signaling, and their reversible oxidation to form methionine sulfoxides [Met(O)] in calmodulin (CaM) and other signaling proteins has been suggested to couple cellular redox changes to protein functional changes through the action of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr). Prior measurements indicate the full recovery of target protein activation upon the stereospecific reduction of oxidized CaM by MsrA, where the formation of the S-stereoisomer of Met(O) selectively inhibits the CaM-dependent activation of the Ca-ATPase. However, the physiological substrates of MsrA remain unclear, as neither the binding specificities nor affinities of protein targets have been measured. To assess the specificity of binding and its possible importance in the maintenance of CaM function, we have measured the kinetics of repair and the binding affinity between oxidized CaM and MsrA. Reduction of Met(O) in fully oxidized CaM by MsrA is sensitive to the protein fold, as repair of the intact protein is incomplete, with > 6 Met(O) remaining in each CaM following MsrA reduction. In contrast, following proteolytic digestion, MsrA is able to fully reduce one-half of the oxidized methionines, indicating that surface-accessible Met(O) within folded proteins need not be substrates for MsrA repair. Mutation of the active site (i.e., C72S) in MsrA permitted equilibrium-binding measurements using both ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements. We observe cooperative binding of two MsrA to each CaMox with an apparent affinity (K = 70 +/- 10 nM) that is 3 orders of magnitude greater than the Michaelis constant (K-M = 68 +/- 4 mu M). The high-affinity and cooperative interaction between MsrA and CaMox suggests an important regulatory role of MsrA in the binding and reduction of Met(O) in functionally sensitive proteins, such that multiple MsrA proteins are recruited to simultaneously bind and reduce Met(O) in highly oxidized proteins. Given the suggested role of Met(O) in modulating reversible binding interactions between proteins associated with cellular signaling, these results indicate an ability of MsrA to selectively reduce Met(O) within highly surface-accessible sequences to maintain cellular function as part of an adaptive response to oxidative stress. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Cell Biol & Biochem Grp, Div Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99354 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Kansas, Mass Spectrometry Lab, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Squier, TC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Cell Biol & Biochem Grp, Div Biol Sci, 790 6th St,Mail Stop P7-53, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM thomas.squier@pnl.gov RI Xiong, Yijia/C-1341-2011 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG17996, AG12993] NR 81 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD DEC 12 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 49 BP 14642 EP 14654 DI 10.1021/bi0612465 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 112HI UT WOS:000242516100009 PM 17144657 ER PT J AU Sathyamurthy, S Kim, K Aytug, T Paranthaman, M AF Sathyamurthy, S. Kim, K. Aytug, T. Paranthaman, M. TI Effect of relative humidity on the crystallization of sol-gel lanthanum zirconium oxide films SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL SOLUTION DEPOSITION; THIN-FILMS; COATED CONDUCTORS; GROWTH C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Mat Proc, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Sathyamurthy, S (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD DEC 12 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 25 BP 5829 EP 5831 DI 10.1021/cm0619353 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 112HD UT WOS:000242515600007 ER PT J AU Stachowiak, TB Svec, F Frechet, JMJ AF Stachowiak, Timothy B. Svec, Frantisek Frechet, Jean M. J. TI Patternable protein resistant surfaces for multifunctional microfluidic devices via surface hydrophilization of porous polymer monoliths using photografting SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; PHOTOINDUCED GRAFT-POLYMERIZATION; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CAPILLARY ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY; INITIATING PERFORMANCE; MALEIC-ANHYDRIDE; AMINO-ACIDS; ADSORPTION; CHIP; CHANNELS AB Surface-modified macroporous polymer monoliths that resist the adsorption of proteins have been prepared using both single- and two-step photografting of hydrophilic monomers. The adsorption of protein was measured using a fluorescence assay based on bovine serum albumin labeled with fluorescein. Acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, vinyl pyrrolidinone, and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) monomers were grafted and evaluated for their ability to prevent protein adsorption. Photografted layers of PEGMA reduced protein adsorption to less than 2% relative to unmodified surfaces. The sequential two-step photografting process consisted in (i) the formation of covalently bound surface photoinitiator sites followed by (ii) surface-localized graft polymerization. Monomer concentration and irradiation time during photografting were found to be the most important parameters for optimization of the two-step process. For simultaneous single- step photografting, the solvent and the presence of photoinitiator were the key variables. Initiator-free single- step photografting was less efficient than the two-step technique, yet resulted in similar prevention of protein adsorption after grafting for an extended period of time. The utility of photografting as a simple, patternable modification technique was demonstrated by first creating a hydrophilic surface within the monolith that was subsequently patterned with a layer of reactive 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone polymer chains followed by the immobilization of green fluorescent protein. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Frechet, JMJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM frechet@berkeley.edu OI Frechet, Jean /0000-0001-6419-0163 NR 47 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 6 U2 47 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD DEC 12 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 25 BP 5950 EP 5957 DI 10.1021/cm0617034 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 112HD UT WOS:000242515600023 ER PT J AU Mehta, R Dadmun, MD AF Mehta, Rujul Dadmun, M. D. TI Small angle neutron scattering studies on miscible blends of poly(styrene-ran-vinyl phenol) with liquid crystalline polyurethane SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLY(P-PHENYLENE TEREPHTHALAMIDE) ANION; METHACRYLATE) THERMOREVERSIBLE GELS; TRUE MOLECULAR COMPOSITE; POLYMER BLENDS; THERMOTROPIC POLYESTER; STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); PHASE-RELATIONSHIPS AB The production of uniformly dispersed rigid-rod liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) molecules in a flexible amorphous polymer, with an experimentally accessible miscibility window, has become possible by modifying the architecture of the flexible polymer, so as to induce favorable inter-species hydrogen bonding. The conformation of LCP chains that are uniformly dispersed in a flexible coil matrix are examined by studying a system consisting of a liquid crystalline polyurethane (LCPU) and a copolymer containing 12% vinylphenol and deuterated styrene, utilizing small-angle neutron scattering. Intramolecular hydrogen bond interaction within the vinylphenol segments of the copolymer leads to the formation of a dynamically cross-linked structure, characterized by the large amount of scattering seen at low angle. Addition of the LCPU in the blend results in formation of hydrogen bonding interactions between the LCP and the copolymer; demonstrated by an initial reduction in the correlated size of the dynamic network at the lowest LCP dosage, whereas the network size is recovered in blends containing higher amounts of the LCPU. Using FTIR to quantify the amount of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the polymers, the results demonstrate the conversion from intra-species to interspecies hydrogen bonding; further corroborating the observation that the LCPU molecules integrate themselves into the hydrogen bonded physical network. Investigation of the high-angle portion of the scattering curves reveals that the LCPU molecules exhibit presence of anisotropic structures staggered along its length, resulting in rods that are shorter and thicker than a fully extended LCPU chain. With increasing concentration of the LCPU, interference between individual LCP molecules leads to orientation and structures with greater lengths of the anisotropic portions, leading up to formation of anisotropic aggregates that contain multiple LCPU molecules. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Dadmun, MD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 64 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD DEC 12 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 25 BP 8799 EP 8807 DI 10.1021/ma0610360 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 112HF UT WOS:000242515800033 ER PT J AU Ruegg, ML Patel, AJ Narayanan, S Sandy, AR Mochrie, SGJ Watanabe, H Balsara, NP AF Ruegg, Megan L. Patel, Amish J. Narayanan, Suresh Sandy, Alec R. Mochrie, Simon G. J. Watanabe, Hiroshi Balsara, Nitash P. TI Condensed exponential correlation functions in multicomponent polymer blends measured by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ASYMMETRIC DIBLOCK COPOLYMER; FIELD GRADIENT NMR; WORM-LIKE MICELLES; BLOCK-COPOLYMER; SELF-DIFFUSION; BICONTINUOUS MICROEMULSIONS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; SPIN-ECHO AB X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiments were conducted on bicontinuous microemulsion and lamellar phases in polystyrene/polyisoprene/poly(styrene-b-isoprene) blends. Regardless of the microstructure, the scattering intensity autocorrelation function at low temperatures in the vicinity of the primary X-ray scattering peak, g(2)(q,t) (q is the scattering vector), was found to be a condensed exponential, i.e., g(2)(q,t) similar to exp{-[t/tau(q)](alpha)} with alpha > 1. This is in direct contrast to previous observations of exponential and stretched exponential correlation functions (alpha <= 1) in microstructured materials comprising polymers as well as small molecules. At higher temperatures, more conventional stretched exponential correlation functions are recovered. We suggest that condensed exponential relaxation functions may be related to the spontaneous breakup of microsctructure. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Kyoto Univ, Chem Res Inst, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Mat Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ruegg, ML (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 82 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 EI 1520-5835 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD DEC 12 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 25 BP 8822 EP 8831 DI 10.1021/ma061183y PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 112HF UT WOS:000242515800036 ER PT J AU Jain, M Kang, BS Jia, QX AF Jain, M. Kang, B. S. Jia, Q. X. TI Effect of conductive LaNiO3 electrode on the structural and ferroelectric properties of Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; TEMPERATURE; CAPACITORS; GROWTH; PHASE AB Ferroelectric Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) films were grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si (Pt/Si), LaNiO3/Pt/Si, and LaNiO3/Si substrates using chemical solution deposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that films grown on conductive LaNiO3 electrodes had higher degree of (117) orientation as compared to that grown directly on Pt/Si substrate. High remanent polarization value (2P(r))similar to 43.14 mu C/cm(2) (E-c of 111 kV/cm) under an applied field of 396 kV/cm was obtained for BLT film on LaNiO3/Pt/Si as compared to a value of 26 mu C/cm(2) obtained for BLT film on Pt/Si directly. There was no degradation in the switchable polarization (P-sw-P-ns) after 10(10) switching cycles. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Jain, M (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Superconduct Technol Ctr, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mjain@lanl.gov; qxjia@lanl.gov RI Jia, Q. X./C-5194-2008; OI Jain, Menka/0000-0002-2264-6895 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 24 AR 242903 DI 10.1063/1.2404949 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117PY UT WOS:000242886500084 ER PT J AU Kaatz, FH Siegal, MP Overmyer, DL Provencio, PP Tallant, DR AF Kaatz, F. H. Siegal, M. P. Overmyer, D. L. Provencio, P. P. Tallant, D. R. TI Thermodynamic model for growth mechanisms of multiwall carbon nanotubes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION; FILAMENTOUS CARBON; ACETYLENE AB Multiwall carbon nanotubes are grown via thermal chemical vapor deposition between temperatures of 630 and 830 C using acetylene in nitrogen as the carbon source. This process is modeled using classical thermodynamics to explain the total carbon deposition as a function of time and temperature. An activation energy of 1.60 eV is inferred for nanotube growth after considering the carbon solubility term. Scanning electron microscopy shows growth with diameters increasing linearly with time. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy show multiwall nanotubes surrounded by a glassy-carbon sheath, which grows with increasing wall thickness as growth temperatures and times rise. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Mesalands Community Coll, Tucumcari, NM 88401 USA. Owens Community Coll, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87122 USA. RP Kaatz, FH (reprint author), Mesalands Community Coll, 911 South 10th St, Tucumcari, NM 88401 USA. EM fhkaatz@yahoo.com NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 24 AR 241915 DI 10.1063/1.2405847 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117PY UT WOS:000242886500049 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, RA Shenoy, GK Sun, XH Sham, TK AF Rosenberg, R. A. Shenoy, G. K. Sun, X. H. Sham, T. K. TI Time-resolved x-ray-excited optical luminescence characterization of one-dimensional Si-CdSe heterostructures SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NANOWIRE BUILDING-BLOCKS; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; SILICON NANOWIRES; LOCAL-STRUCTURE; POROUS SILICON; ZNS NANOWIRES; TRANSPORT; SITES; LOGIC AB The authors have monitored the optical luminescence from one-dimensional Si-CdSe nanoheterostructures as a function of x-ray energy at the Se L-3 edge (similar to 1430 eV). The wires consist of a diamond Si core encased in a wurtzite CdSe sheath. The time-resolved luminescence spectrum consists of a short-lifetime band centered at 637 nm and a long-lived band at 530 nm. By monitoring the intensities of these bands following excitation of a Se 2p(3/2) electron, the authors are able to show that the 637 nm band is associated with the CdSe sheath while the 530 nm band emanates from the Si core. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Chem, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. RP Rosenberg, RA (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM rar@aps.anl.gov RI Rosenberg, Richard/K-3442-2012; Sun, Xuhui /K-5689-2012 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 24 AR 243102 DI 10.1063/1.2402262 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117PY UT WOS:000242886500099 ER PT J AU Wang, ZG Zu, XT Gao, F Weber, WJ AF Wang, Zhiguo Zu, Xiaotao Gao, Fei Weber, William J. TI Atomistic simulation of brittle to ductile transition in GaN nanotubes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; NITRIDE NANOTUBES; LOW-TEMPERATURES; GALLIUM-NITRIDE; YIELD STRENGTH; BORON-NITRIDE; CRYSTAL; SEMICONDUCTORS; FRACTURE; GAAS AB Molecular dynamics methods with a Stillinger-Weber [Phys. Rev. B 31, 5262 (1985)] potential have been used to investigate the mechanical properties of wurtzite-type single-crystalline GaN nanotubes under applied tensile strains. At low temperatures, the nanotubes show brittle properties, whereas at high temperatures, they behave as ductile materials. The brittle to ductile transition (BDT) is systematically investigated and the corresponding transition temperatures have been determined in GaN nanotubes. The BDT temperature generally increases with increasing thickness of nanotubes and strain rate. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Dept Appl Phys, Chengdu 610054, Peoples R China. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Wang, ZG (reprint author), Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Dept Appl Phys, Chengdu 610054, Peoples R China. EM zgwang_dr@yahoo.com; xiaotaozu@yahoo.com; fei.gao@pnl.gov RI Weber, William/A-4177-2008; Gao, Fei/H-3045-2012; Wang, Zhiguo/B-7132-2009 OI Weber, William/0000-0002-9017-7365; NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 24 AR 243123 DI 10.1063/1.2405879 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117PY UT WOS:000242886500120 ER PT J AU Ye, Z Hu, XH Li, M Ho, KM Yang, PD AF Ye, Zhuo Hu, Xinhua Li, Ming Ho, Kai-Ming Yang, Peidong TI Propagation of guided modes in curved nanoribbon waveguides SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The authors develop a plane-wave-based transfer matrix method in curvilinear coordinates to study the guided modes in curved nanoribbon waveguides. The problem of a curved structure is transformed into an equivalent one of a straight structure with spatially dependent tensors of dielectric constant and magnetic permeability. The authors investigate the coupling between the eigenmodes of the straight part and those of the curved part when the waveguide is bent. The authors show that curved sections can result in strong oscillations in the transmission spectrum similar to the recent experimental results of Lawet al. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ye, Z (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM zye@iastate.edu; kmh@ameslab.gov RI Hu, Xinhua/A-5930-2010; Ye, Zhuo/H-4027-2011 OI Hu, Xinhua/0000-0003-3153-7612; NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 24 AR 241108 DI 10.1063/1.2404976 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117PY UT WOS:000242886500008 ER PT J AU Tachikawa, H Abe, S AF Tachikawa, Hiroto Abe, Shigeaki TI Spectral shifts of ozone molecule by the complex formation with a water molecule SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOREACTIVITY; EXCITATION AB The excitation energies of O-3-H2O complex have been calculated by means of SAC-Cl method to elucidate the spectral shifts of excitation energies of O-3 caused by the complex formation with a water molecule. The eclipsed form, where the center oxygen of O-3 and water oxygen are located on the C, molecular plane, was examined in the present study. The first and third excitation energies of O-3 were slightly blue-shifted by the complex formation with H2O. The oscillator strength for the third excitation was not affected by the complex formation, indicating that the photo-dissociation of the O-3-H2O Complex occurs efficiently as well as free ozone molecule. The electronic states of the complex was discussed on the basis of theoretical results. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Chem, Div Mat Chem, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Tachikawa, H (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Chem, Div Mat Chem, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. EM hiroto@eng.hokudai.ac.jp RI Tachikawa, Hiroto/F-7560-2012 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 432 IS 4-6 BP 409 EP 413 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.110 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 120EQ UT WOS:000243067000005 ER PT J AU Hatcher, LQ Lee, DH Vance, MA Milligan, AE Sarangi, R Hodgson, KO Hedman, B Solomon, EI Karlin, KD AF Hatcher, Lanying Q. Lee, Dong-Heon Vance, Michael A. Milligan, Ashley E. Sarangi, Ritimukta Hodgson, Keith O. Hedman, Britt Solomon, Edward I. Karlin, Kenneth D. TI Dioxygen reactivity of a copper(I) complex with a N3S thioether chelate; Peroxo-dicopper(II) formation including sulfur-ligation SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-HYDROXYLATING MONOOXYGENASE; DOPAMINE-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; GALACTOSE-OXIDASE; ACTIVE-SITE; END-ON; COORDINATION; BINUCLEAR; LIGAND; MODEL; MONONUCLEAR AB Employing a tetradentate N3S(thioether) ligand, L-N3S, dioxygen reactivity of a copper(I) complex, [(L-N3S) Cu-I](+) (1) was examined. In CH2Cl2, acetone (at -80 degrees C), or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (at -128 degrees C), 1 reacts with O-2 producing the end-on bound peroxodicopper(II) complex [{(L-N3S)Cu-II}(2)(mu-1,2-O-2(2-))](2+) (2), the first reported copper dioxygen adduct with sulfur ( thioether) ligation. Its absorption spectrum contains an additional low-energy feature (but not a Cu-S CT band) compared to the previously well-characterized N-4 ligand complex, [{(TMPA)Cu-II}(2)(mu-1,2-O-2(2-))](2+) (3) (TMPA) = tris(2-pyridylmethyl) amine). Resonance Raman spectroscopy confirms the peroxo formulation {v((O-O)) = 817 cm(-1) (O-16-18(2) Delta = 46 cm(-)1) and v((Cu-O)) = 545 cm(-1) (O-16-18(2) Delta = 26 cm(-1)), in close analogy to that known for 3 {v((O-O)) = 827 cm(-1) and v((Cu-O)) = 561 cm(-1)}. Direct evidence for thioether ligation comes from EXAFS spectroscopy {Cu K-edge; Cu-S = 2.4 A}. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21212 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Chonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Jeonju, South Korea. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Karlin, KD (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21212 USA. EM karlin@jhu.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK31450]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM28962] NR 29 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 45 IS 25 BP 10055 EP 10057 DI 10.1021/ic061813c PG 3 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 111UE UT WOS:000242479700022 PM 17140210 ER PT J AU Shah, L Fermann, ME Dawson, JW Barty, CPJ AF Shah, Lawrence Fermann, Martin E. Dawson, Jay W. Barty, Christopher P. J. TI Micromachining with a 50 W, 50 mu J, sub-picosecond fiber laser system SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article AB A 50 W sub-picosecond fiber chirped pulse amplification system generating 50 mu J pulses at a repetition rate of 1 MHz is demonstrated. As required for precision high speed micro-machining, this system has a practical system configuration enabled by the fiber stretcher and 1780 1/mm dielectric diffraction grating compressor and is capable of ablation rates > 0.17 mm(3)/s metal, ceramic, and glass. C1 IMRA Amer Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Shah, L (reprint author), IMRA Amer Inc, 1044 Woodridge Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM lshah@imra.com RI Shah, Lawrence/F-4462-2014 OI Shah, Lawrence/0000-0002-0462-5089 NR 12 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD DEC 11 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 25 BP 12546 EP 12551 DI 10.1364/OE.14.012546 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 118TJ UT WOS:000242964300075 PM 19529689 ER PT J AU Younger, JD Haiman, Z Bryan, GL Wang, S AF Younger, Joshua D. Haiman, Zoltan Bryan, Greg L. Wang, Sheng TI Breaking cosmological degeneracies in galaxy cluster surveys with a physical model of cluster structure SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmological parameters; cosmology : observations; cosmology : theory; dark matter; galaxies : clusters : general; large-scale structure of universe ID COLD DARK-MATTER; X-RAY-CLUSTERS; LUMINOSITY-TEMPERATURE RELATION; LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE; POWER SPECTRUM; MASS FUNCTION; T RELATION; ENERGY; SAMPLE; EVOLUTION AB It has been shown that in an idealized galaxy cluster survey, containing 10,000 clusters, statistical errors on dark energy and other cosmological parameters would be at the percent level. Furthermore, through "self-calibration," parameters describing the mass-observable relation and cosmology could be simultaneously determined, although at a loss in accuracy by about an order of magnitude. Here we examine an alternative approach to self-calibration, in which a parameterized ab initio physical model is used to compute theoretical mass-observable relations from the cluster structure. As an example, we use a modified-entropy ("preheating") model of the intracluster medium, with the history and magnitude of entropy injection as unknown input parameters. Using a Fisher matrix approach, we evaluate the expected simultaneous statistical errors on cosmological and cluster model parameters. We find that compared to a phenomenological parameterization of the mass-observable relation, our physical model yields significantly tighter constraints in both surveys and offers substantially improved synergy when the two surveys are combined. In a mock X-ray survey, we find statistical errors on the dark energy equation of state are a factor of 2 tighter than the phenomenological model, with Delta w(0) similar to 0.08 and its evolution, Delta w(a) equivalent to -Delta dw/da similar to 0.23, with corresponding errors of Delta w(0) similar to 0.06 and Delta w(a) similar to 0.17 from a mock Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) survey, both with N-cl similar to 2.2 x 10(4) clusters, while simultaneously constraining cluster model parameters to less than or similar to 10%. When the two surveys are combined, the constraints tighten to Delta w(0) similar to 0.03 and Delta w(a) similar to 0.1, a 40% improvement over adding the individual experiment errors in quadrature and a factor of 2 improvement over the phenomenological model. This suggests that parameterized physical models of cluster structure would be useful when extracting cosmological constraints from SZ and X-ray cluster surveys. C1 Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, Pupin Phys Labs, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Pupin Phys Labs, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, Pupin Phys Labs, New York, NY 10027 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Younger, JD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, Pupin Phys Labs, 550 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA. OI Bryan, Greg/0000-0003-2630-9228 NR 80 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 1 BP 27 EP 42 DI 10.1086/508646 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118AG UT WOS:000242913800003 ER PT J AU Piau, L Beers, TC Balsara, DS Sivarani, T Truran, JW Ferguson, JW AF Piau, L. Beers, T. C. Balsara, D. S. Sivarani, T. Truran, J. W. Ferguson, J. W. TI From first stars to the Spite plateau: A possible reconciliation of halo stars observations with predictions from big bang nucleosynthesis SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE Galaxy : abundances; Galaxy : halo; nuclear reaction, nucleosynthesis, abundances; stars : abundances ID METAL-POOR STARS; LOW-MASS STARS; PRIMORDIAL LITHIUM ABUNDANCE; INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC-FIELDS; SUPERNOVA-DRIVEN TURBULENCE; GALACTIC COSMIC-RAYS; ULTRA-DEEP-FIELD; EARLY MILKY-WAY; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; LIGHT-ELEMENTS AB Since the pioneering observations of Spite & Spite in 1982, the constant lithium abundance of metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -1.3) halo stars near the turnoff has been attributed to a cosmological origin. Closer analysis, however, revealed that the observed abundance lies at Delta(7)Li similar to 0.4 dex below the predictions of big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). The measurements of deuterium abundances along the lines of sight toward quasars, and the recent data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), have independently confirmed this gap. We suggest here that part of the discrepancy (from 0.2 to 0.3 dex) is explained by a first generation of stars that efficiently depleted lithium. Assuming that the models for lithium evolution in halo turnoff stars, as well as the Delta(7)Li, estimates are correct, we infer that between one-third and one-half of the baryonic matter of the early halo (i.e., similar to 10(9) M circle dot) was processed through Population III stars. This new paradigm proposes a very economical solution to the lingering difficulty of understanding the properties of the Spite plateau and its lack of star-to-star scatter down to [Fe/H] = -2.5. It is moreover in agreement both with the absence of lithium in the most iron-poor turnoff star currently known (HE 1327-2326) and also with new trends of the plateau suggesting its low-metallicity edge may be reached around [Fe/H] = -2.5. We discuss the role of turbulent mixing associated with enhanced supernovae explosions in the early interstellar medium in this picture. We suggest how it may explain the small scatter and also other recent observational features of the lithium plateau. Finally, we show that other chemical properties of the extremely metal-poor stars (such as carbon enrichment) are also in agreement with significant Population III processing in the halo, provided these models include mass loss and rotationally induced mixing. C1 Univ Chicago, Lab Astrophys & Space Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Joint Inst Nucl Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Study Cosm Evolut, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Joint Inst Nucl Astrophys, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Phys, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Wichita State Univ, Dept Phys, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. RP Piau, L (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Lab Astrophys & Space Res, 933 E 56th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM laurent@oddjob.uchicago.edu; beers@pa.msu.edu; dbalsara@nd.edu; thirupathi@pa.msu.edu; truran@nova.uchicago.edu; jason.ferguson@wichita.edu RI Ferguson, Jason/A-7735-2009 NR 134 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 1 BP 300 EP 315 DI 10.1086/508445 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118AG UT WOS:000242913800022 ER PT J AU Burrows, DN Grupe, D Capalbi, M Panaitescu, A Patel, SK Kouveliotou, C Zhang, B Meszaros, P Chincarini, G Gehrels, N Wijers, RAM AF Burrows, David N. Grupe, Dirk Capalbi, Milvia Panaitescu, Alin Patel, Sandeep K. Kouveliotou, Chryssa Zhang, Bing Meszaros, Peter Chincarini, Guido Gehrels, Neil Wijers, Ralph A. M. TI Jet breaks in short gamma-ray bursts. II. The collimated afterglow of GRB 051221A SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts ID NEUTRON-STARS; HOST GALAXY; TELESCOPE; GRB-050709; ENERGETICS; NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; CONSTRAINTS; EMISSION; BINARIES; OUTFLOWS AB We report the best evidence to date of a jet break in a short gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow, using Chandra and Swift XRT observations of the X-ray afterglow of GRB 051221A. The combined X-ray light curve, which has three breaks, is similar to those commonly observed in Swift observations of long GRBs. A flat segment of the light curve at similar to 0.1 days after the burst represents the first clear case of strong energy injection in the external shock of a short GRB afterglow. The last break in the light curve occurs at similar to 4 days postburst and breaks to a power-law decay index of similar to 2. We interpret this as a jet break, with important implications for models of short GRBs, since it requires collimation of the afterglow into a jet with an initial opening angle theta(0) similar to 4 degrees-8 degrees and implies a total jet kinetic energy of E-jet similar to (1-5) x 10(49) ergs. Combined with the lack of a jet break in GRB 050724, this suggests a wide range in jet collimation in short GRBs, with at least some having collimation similar to that found in long GRBs, although with significantly lower jet energies. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ASI, Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. NASA, Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, Merate 23807, Italy. Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Burrows, DN (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM burrows@astro.psu.edu RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 38 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 1 BP 468 EP 473 DI 10.1086/508740 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118AG UT WOS:000242913800037 ER PT J AU Wang, LF Baade, D Hoflich, P Wheeler, JC Kawabata, K Khokhlov, A Nomoto, K Patat, F AF Wang, Lifan Baade, Dietrich Hoflich, Peter Wheeler, J. Craig Kawabata, Koji Khokhlov, Alexei Nomoto, Ken'ichi Patat, Ferdinando TI Premaximum spectropolarimetry of the type ia SN 2004dt SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE supernovae : individual (SN 2004dt); techniques : polarimetric ID WHITE-DWARF MODELS; INFRARED-SPECTRA; DELAYED DETONATION; SUPER-NOVAE; EJECTA; POLARIZATION; ASPHERICITY; SIMULATIONS; EXPLOSION; 1999BY AB We report observations of SN 2004dt obtained with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) on 2004 August 13.30, when the supernova was more than a week before optical maximum. SN 2004dt showed strong lines of O I, Mg II, Si II, and Ca II, with typical velocities of absorption minimum around 17,000 km s(-1). The line profiles show material moving at velocities as high as 25,000 km s-1 in these lines. The observations also reveal absorption lines from S II and Si III with a velocity of only 11,000 km s(-1). The highest velocity in the S II features can be traced to about 15,000 km s(-1), much lower than those of 0, Mg, Si, and Ca. SN 2004dt has a polarization spectrum unlike any previously observed. The variation of the polarization across some Si II lines approaches 2%, making SN 2004dt the most highly polarized SN Ia ever observed. In contrast, the strong line of 0 1 at 777.4 nm shows little or no polarization signature. The degree of polarization points to a silicon layer with substantial departure from spherical symmetry. A geometry that would account for the observations is one in which the distribution of oxygen is essentially spherically symmetric, but with protrusions of intermediate-mass elements within the oxygen-rich region. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94712 USA. Acad Sinica, Purple Mt Observ, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Hiroshima Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. RP Wang, LF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Nomoto, Ken'ichi/A-4393-2011; OI Patat, Ferdinando/0000-0002-0537-3573 NR 57 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 653 IS 1 BP 490 EP 502 DI 10.1086/508250 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 118AG UT WOS:000242913800039 ER PT J AU Chin, YH King, DL Roh, HS Wang, Y Heald, SM AF Chin, Ya-Huei (Cathy) King, David L. Roh, Hyun-Seog Wang, Yong Heald, Steven M. TI Structure and reactivity investigations on supported bimetallic Au-Ni catalysts used for hydrocarbon steam reforming SO JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE EXAFS; XANES; steam reforming; nickel; Ni; gold; Au; bimetallic; surface alloy; N2O decomposition ID NICKEL-CATALYSTS; CH4; METHANE; CARBON AB The addition of small quantities of gold to the surface of supported nickel catalysts has been described as a means to retard carbon formation during hydrocarbon steam reforming. Calculations by others have indicated that gold locates at the most catalytically active (step and edge) sites that also serve as nucleation sites for carbon formation. In this paper, we describe experiments to characterize the Ni-Au interactions on bimetallic Au-Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts at various Ni and Au loadings. The catalyst structure was investigated using EXAFS/XANES spectroscopy and adsorption-desorption measurements with H-2 and N2O. Evidence for surface alloy formation is provided in the Ni K-edge and Au L-III-edge EXAFS measurements of Au-promoted 8.8% Ni/MgAl2O4, especially at An loadings <= 0.2 wt%. At higher Au concentrations, there is evidence of a combination of alloy and segregated Au species. H-2 chemisorption and N2O temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements showed a significant decrease in total surface sites, or surface site reactivity, on Au-modified Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst. The XANES structure is consistent with perturbation of the electronic structure of both the Ni and Au atoms as a result of alloy formation. TGA studies with steam/n-butane feed confirmed the ability of An to retard coke deposition under low S/C reforming conditions, although carbon formation was not fully suppressed. When testing for methane steam reforming, a lower initial activity and deactivation rate resulted from Au promotion of the Ni catalyst. However, both catalysts showed a declining activity with time. The lack of a direct correlation between the surface characterization results and catalytic activity is most likely a result of decreasing effectiveness of the surface alloy with increasing temperature. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Inst Interfacial Catalysis, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP King, DL (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Inst Interfacial Catalysis, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM david.king@pnl.gov RI Wang, Yong/C-2344-2013 NR 22 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 9 U2 79 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9517 EI 1090-2694 J9 J CATAL JI J. Catal. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 244 IS 2 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1016/j.jcat.2006.08.016 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 109SV UT WOS:000242329800002 ER PT J AU Wang, ZQ Ghoniem, N Swaminarayan, S Lesar, R AF Wang, Zhiqiang Ghoniem, Nasr Swaminarayan, Sriram LeSar, Richard TI A parallel algorithm for 3D dislocation dynamics SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 3D dislocation dynamics; parallel algorithm; single crystal plasticity; large scale simulation ID MESOSCOPIC PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; ELASTIC FIELD; PARAMETRIC DISLOCATIONS; SIMULATIONS; CRYSTALS; FORMS AB Dislocation dynamics (DD), a discrete dynamic simulation method in which dislocations are the fundamental entities, is a powerful tool for investigation of plasticity, deformation and fracture of materials at the micron length scale. However, severe computational difficulties arising from complex, long-range interactions between these curvilinear line defects limit the application of DD in the study of large-scale plastic deformation. We present here the development of a parallel algorithm for accelerated computer simulations of DD. By representing dislocations as a 3D set of dislocation particles, we show here that the problem of an interacting ensemble of dislocations can be converted to a problem of a particle ensemble, interacting with a long-range force field. A grid using binary space partitioning is constructed to keep track of node connectivity across domains. We demonstrate the computational efficiency of the parallel micro-plasticity code and discuss how O(N) methods map naturally onto the parallel data structure. Finally, we present results from applications of the parallel code to deformation in single crystal fee metals. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Wang, ZQ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM zhiqiang@lanl.gov RI Ghoniem, Nasr/A-9799-2008; LeSar, Richard/G-1609-2012 NR 25 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 219 IS 2 BP 608 EP 621 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.04.005 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 116QG UT WOS:000242816800008 ER PT J AU Torres, DJ Trujillo, MF AF Torres, David J. Trujillo, Mario F. TI KIVA-4: An unstructured ALE code for compressible gas flow with sprays SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE unstructured meshes; arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian; fluid dynamics; spray; internal combustion engines ID MODEL AB The KIVA family of codes was developed to simulate the thermal and fluid processes taking place inside an internal combustion engine. In this latest version of this open source code, KIVA-4, the numerics have been generalized to unstructrured meshes. This change required modifications to the Lagrangian phase of the computations, the pressure solution and fundamental changes in the fluxing schemes of the rezoning phase. This newest version of the code inherits all the droplet phase capabilities and physical sub-models of previous versions. The integration of the gas phase equations with moving solid boundaries continues to employ the successful arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methodology. Its new unstructured capability facilitates grid construction in complicated geometries and affords a higher degree of flexibility. The numerics of the code, emphasizing the new additions, are described. Various computational examples are performed demonstrating the new capabilities of the code. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Fluid Dynam Grp T3, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. RP Torres, DJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Fluid Dynam Grp T3, MS B216, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM dtorres@lanl.gov NR 21 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 219 IS 2 BP 943 EP 975 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.07.006 PG 33 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 116QG UT WOS:000242816800025 ER PT J AU Re, V Bondioli, M Bruinsma, M Curry, S Kirkby, D Berryhill, J Burke, S Callahan, D Campagnari, C Cunha, A Dahmes, B Hale, D Kyre, S Richman, J Stoner, J Verkerke, W Beck, T Eisner, AM Kroseberg, J Lockman, WS Nesom, G Seiden, A Spradlin, P Wilson, M Winstrom, L Bozzi, C Cibinetto, G Piemontese, L Brown, D Charles, E Dardin, S Goozen, F Gritsan, A Kerth, LT Lynch, G Roe, NA Chen, C Lae, CK Roberts, D Simi, G Lazzaro, A Palombo, F Snoek, HL Ratti, L Angelini, C Batignani, G Bettarini, S Bosi, F Bucci, F Calderini, G Carpinelli, M Ceccanti, M Forti, F Cenci, R Giorgi, MA Lusiani, A Mammini, P Manfredi, PF Marchiori, G Mazur, M Morganti, M Morsani, F Neri, N Paoloni, E Profeti, A Rama, M Rizzo, G Walsh, J Elmer, P Long, O Perazzo, A Burchat, P Edwards, AJ Majewski, S Petersen, BA Bona, M Bianchi, F Gamba, D Trapani, P Bomben, M Bosisio, L Cartaro, C Cossutti, F Della Ricca, G Dittongo, S Lanceri, L Vitale, L Datta, M Mihalyi, A AF Re, V. Bondioli, M. Bruinsma, M. Curry, S. Kirkby, D. Berryhill, J. Burke, S. Callahan, D. Campagnari, C. Cunha, A. Dahmes, B. Hale, D. Kyre, S. Richman, J. Stoner, J. Verkerke, W. Beck, T. Eisner, A. M. Kroseberg, J. Lockman, W. S. Nesom, G. Seiden, A. Spradlin, P. Wilson, M. Winstrom, L. Bozzi, C. Cibinetto, G. Piemontese, L. Brown, D. Charles, E. Dardin, S. Goozen, F. Gritsan, A. Kerth, L. T. Lynch, G. Roe, N. A. Chen, C. Lae, C. K. Roberts, D. Simi, G. Lazzaro, A. Palombo, F. Snoek, H. L. Ratti, L. Angelini, C. Batignani, G. Bettarini, S. Bosi, F. Bucci, F. Calderini, G. Carpinelli, M. Ceccanti, M. Forti, F. Cenci, R. Giorgi, M. A. Lusiani, A. Mammini, P. Manfredi, P. F. Marchiori, G. Mazur, M. Morganti, M. Morsani, F. Neri, N. Paoloni, E. Profeti, A. Rama, M. Rizzo, G. Walsh, J. Elmer, P. Long, O. Perazzo, A. Burchat, P. Edwards, A. J. Majewski, S. Petersen, B. A. Bona, M. Bianchi, F. Gamba, D. Trapani, P. Bomben, M. Bosisio, L. Cartaro, C. Cossutti, F. Della Ricca, G. Dittongo, S. Lanceri, L. Vitale, L. Datta, M. Mihalyi, A. TI BABAR silicon vertex tracker: Status and prospects SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors CY NOV 07-11, 2005 CL Nikko, JAPAN DE silicon detector; radiation damage; charge accumulation AB The BABAR Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) has been efficiently operated for six years since the start of data taking in 1999. Due to higher than expected background levels some unforeseen effects have appeared. We discuss: a shift in the pedestal for the channels of the AToM readout chips that are most exposed to radiation; an anomalous increase in the bias leakage current for the modules in the outer layers. Estimates of future radiation doses and occupancies are shown together with the extrapolated detector performance and lifetime, in light of the new observations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Univ Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Ferrara, Italy. Univ Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Milan, Milan, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Natl Inst Nucl & High Energy Phys, NIKHEF, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Pisa, Italy. Univ Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-10125 Turin, Italy. Univ Turin, Turin, Italy. Univ Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Trieste, Italy. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Cunha, A (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM adamcun@physics.ucsb.edu RI Rizzo, Giuliana/A-8516-2015; Roe, Natalie/A-8798-2012; Neri, Nicola/G-3991-2012; Ratti, Lodovico/I-8836-2012; Della Ricca, Giuseppe/B-6826-2013; Lusiani, Alberto/N-2976-2015; Lusiani, Alberto/A-3329-2016; Forti, Francesco/H-3035-2011 OI Rizzo, Giuliana/0000-0003-1788-2866; RATTI, LODOVICO/0000-0003-1906-1076; Paoloni, Eugenio/0000-0001-5969-8712; Lanceri, Livio/0000-0001-8220-3095; Carpinelli, Massimo/0000-0002-8205-930X; Re, Valerio/0000-0003-0697-3420; Neri, Nicola/0000-0002-6106-3756; Della Ricca, Giuseppe/0000-0003-2831-6982; Lusiani, Alberto/0000-0002-6876-3288; Lusiani, Alberto/0000-0002-6876-3288; Kirkby, David/0000-0002-8828-5463; Bettarini, Stefano/0000-0001-7742-2998; Cibinetto, Gianluigi/0000-0002-3491-6231; Forti, Francesco/0000-0001-6535-7965 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.001 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 118EC UT WOS:000242924000002 ER PT J AU Hanagaki, K AF Hanagaki, K. TI DO Layer 0 - innermost layer of Silicon Microstrip Tracker SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors CY NOV 07-11, 2005 CL Nikko, JAPAN DE Silicon Microstrip Tracker; DO; radiation damage ID DETECTOR AB A new inner layer silicon strip detector has been built and will be installed in the existing silicon microstrip tracker in DO. We report on the motivation, design, and performance of this new detector. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Hanagaki, K (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. EM kazu@fnal.gov NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 1 BP 8 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.045 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 118EC UT WOS:000242924000004 ER PT J AU Adelman, J Annovi, A Aoki, M Bardi, A Bellinger, J Bitossi, M Bogdan, M Carosi, R Catastini, P Cerri, A Chappa, S Dell'Orso, M Di Ruzza, B Furic, I Giannetti, P Giovacchini, P Liu, T Maruyama, T Pedron, I Piendibene, M Pitkanen, M Reisert, B Rescigno, M Ristori, L Sanders, H Sartori, L Shochet, M Simoni, B Spinella, F Torre, S Tripiccione, R Tang, F Yang, UK Zanetti, AM AF Adelman, J. Annovi, A. Aoki, M. Bardi, A. Bellinger, J. Bitossi, M. Bogdan, M. Carosi, R. Catastini, P. Cerri, A. Chappa, S. Dell'Orso, M. Di Ruzza, B. Furic, I. Giannetti, P. Giovacchini, P. Liu, T. Maruyama, T. Pedron, I. Piendibene, M. Pitkanen, M. Reisert, B. Rescigno, M. Ristori, L. Sanders, H. Sartori, L. Shochet, M. Simoni, B. Spinella, F. Torre, S. Tripiccione, R. Tang, F. Yang, U. K. Zanetti, A. M. TI Real time secondary vertexing at CDF SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors CY NOV 07-11, 2005 CL Nikko, JAPAN DE vertexing; trigger; online tracking; data acquisition; real time pattern recognition; position-sensitive detectors ID UPGRADE; TRIGGER AB The Online Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) is the trigger processor dedicated to the 2-D reconstruction of charged particle trajectories at the Level 2 of the CDF trigger. As the Tevatron luminosity rises, multiple interactions increase the complexity of events and thus the SVT processing time, reducing the amount of data CDF can record. The SVT upgrade aims to increase the SVT processing power to restore at high luminosity the original CDF Data Acquisition capability. In this paper we review the tracking algorithms implemented in the SVT and we report on the first step in the SVT upgrade. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma, I-00173 Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Trieste, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. RP Carosi, R (reprint author), Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. EM roberto.carosi@pi.infn.it RI Zanetti, Anna/I-3893-2012; Annovi, Alberto/G-6028-2012 OI tripiccione, raffaele/0000-0002-8516-2492; Torre, Stefano/0000-0002-7565-0118; Annovi, Alberto/0000-0002-4649-4398 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 1 BP 111 EP 114 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.022 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 118EC UT WOS:000242924000028 ER PT J AU Ellis, M Soler, FJP AF Ellis, M. Soler, F. J. P. TI Near detector at a neutrino factory SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors CY NOV 07-11, 2005 CL Nikko, JAPAN DE neutrino factories; near detector; silicon microstrip detectors; charm detection ID NOMAD-STAR DETECTOR; SHORT-BASE-LINE; MICROSTRIP DETECTORS; OSCILLATIONS; PERFORMANCE; PARTICLES; PHYSICS; SEARCH; TARGET AB A near detector at a neutrino factory is essential for the measurement of neutrino oscillations, by performing the ratio of neutrino interactions between the near and far detectors. The near detector needs to establish the neutrino flux, beam angle, divergence, and energy of the neutrino beam, as well as determining the polarization of the anions that produce the neutrinos. Cross-section measurements and other physics such as measurements of parton distribution functions and charm physics can also be carried out at a near detector. There are many technological choices for a near detector at a neutrino factory, but a detector comprising an active silicon target inside a magnetic field for precise vertex reconstruction, followed by muon and electron identification is capable of carrying out these goals. A prototype silicon detector consisting of four passive layers of boron carbide and five layers of silicon microstrip detectors (NOMAD-STAR) was implemented within the NOMAD neutrino oscillation experiment. Impact parameter and double vertex resolutions were measured for this detector and a sample of charm decays was reconstructed for the first time using silicon detectors inside a neutrino beam. Consequences and lessons learnt from this prototype shall be applied to the case of a near detector at a neutrino factory. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Glasgow, Dept Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, London, England. RP Soler, FJP (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Dept Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. EM p.soler@physics.gla.ac.uk RI Soler, Paul/E-8464-2011 OI Soler, Paul/0000-0002-4893-3729 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 1 BP 127 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.060 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 118EC UT WOS:000242924000032 ER PT J AU Tajima, H AF Tajima, Hiroyasu TI GLAST tracker SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors CY NOV 07-11, 2005 CL Nikko, JAPAN DE gamma-ray; silicon strip detector; astronomical instrument ID TELESCOPE; SPACE AB The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Gamma-ray Large-Area Space Telescope (GLAST) is a pair-conversion gamma-ray detector designed to explore the gamma-ray universe in the 20 MeV-300 GeV energy band. The Tracker subsystem of the LAT will perform tracking of electron and positrons to determine the origin of the gamma-ray. The design and performance of the GLAST LAT Tracker are described in this paper. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Tajima, H (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM htajima@slac.stanford.edu NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 10 PY 2006 VL 569 IS 1 BP 140 EP 143 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.063 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 118EC UT WOS:000242924000035 ER PT J AU Wing, S Johnson, JR Fujimoto, M AF Wing, Simon Johnson, Jay R. Fujimoto, Masaki TI Timescale for the formation of the cold-dense plasma sheet: A case study SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; SOLAR-WIND; BOUNDARY REGION; MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOTAIL; ASYMMETRIES; TRANSPORT; IMF AB The timescale for the formation of cold-dense plasma sheet ions was investigated with an event in which the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF) was northward for almost one day. The plasma sheet dawn and dusk flanks appear to reach cold dense states ( n > 1 cm(-3); T < 2 keV) within a few hours after IMF northward turning. Closer to the center ( midnight meridian), the ion temperatures reach < 2 keV within a few hours of IMF northward turning, but the ion densities do not reach above 1 cm(-3) for at least similar to 8 hours after IMF northward turning. The connection between solar wind ions and plasma sheet cold-component ions is demonstrated. The plasma sheet dawn flank ions appear to lag the solar wind ions by about 3 hours. This study confirms the previous statistical results: ( a) the densification of the plasma sheet can be attributed to the influx of the cold-component ( magnetosheath/ solar wind origin) ions; and (b) the cooling of the plasma sheet can be attributed not only to the influx of the solar wind ions, but also to the cooling of the hot components. Order of magnitude calculations of the plasma sheet filling rate from reconnection and diffusion suggest that both entry mechanisms could result in roughly comparable filling rates. Hence, the dawn-dusk asymmetries would be key in distinguishing the roles of the various proposed entry mechanisms. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. RP Wing, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM simon.wing@jhuapl.edu NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 9 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 23 AR L23106 DI 10.1029/2006GL027110 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 115RZ UT WOS:000242752800002 ER PT J AU Baumgardner, J Aldhous, P AF Baumgardner, John Aldhous, Peter TI God said, let the dry land appear ... SO NEW SCIENTIST LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Inst Creat Res, Santee, CA USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Baumgardner, J (reprint author), Inst Creat Res, Santee, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU REED BUSINESS INFORMATION LTD PI SUTTON PA QUADRANT HOUSE THE QUADRANT, SUTTON SM2 5AS, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0262-4079 J9 NEW SCI JI New Sci. PD DEC 9 PY 2006 VL 192 IS 2581 BP 54 EP 55 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 114LB UT WOS:000242666600038 ER PT J AU Huang, Z Roussel-Dupre, R AF Huang, Zhen Roussel-Dupre, Robert TI Total electron content (TEC) variability at Los Alamos, New Mexico: A comparative study: 2. Comparisons with other TEC sources SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE; GPS; MODELS; RADAR; IRI; BENT AB [1] In this study, the Fast On-Orbit Recording of Transient Events ( FORTE) derived TEC variabilities on a diurnal cycle, seasonal cycle, 11-year solar cycle, and 27-day solar cycle are compared with the TEC estimates from the Los Alamos ionospheric transfer function implemented with the International Reference Ionosphere model, the GPS-derived TEC maps from NOAA, the GPS measurements made at Los Alamos, and the ionosonde critical frequency data at the closest station, Boulder, Colorado. The results show good agreement on average ( monthly, annual, or multiyear means) in TEC variability at Los Alamos between the various data sources with relative RMS errors of about 5 - 10%. The results also show RMS errors larger than 30% for point-to-point comparisons, with the most significant errors found during high solar activity years, during summer seasons, and during strong geomagnetic storm conditions. This comparative study suggests that the FORTE-derived TECs combined with other TEC sources can help to better understand the TEC variability at Los Alamos in providing more accurate time-dependent site TECs than those derived from a single source or extrapolated from global model predictions. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Atmospher Environm & Climat Dynam Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Huang, Z (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Atmospher Environm & Climat Dynam Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM zhen_huang@lanl.gov NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD DEC 9 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 6 AR RS6004 DI 10.1029/2004RS003203 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 115UF UT WOS:000242758600001 ER PT J AU Brewer, PG Chen, BX Warzinki, R Baggeroer, A Peltzer, ET Dunk, RM Walz, P AF Brewer, Peter G. Chen, Baixin Warzinki, Robert Baggeroer, Arthur Peltzer, Edward T. Dunk, Rachel M. Walz, Peter TI Three-dimensional acoustic monitoring and modeling of a deep-sea CO2 droplet cloud SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FOSSIL-FUEL CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BIOLOGICAL IMPACT; OCEAN; INJECTION; SEAWATER; FATE; FLUID; WATER AB [1] We show that release of 5 liters of liquid CO2 at 1000 m depth can be readily detected acoustically, and tracked for over 30 minutes, and 150 m of ascent, with both surface ship (38 kHz) and ROV (675 kHz) sonars. The released liquid broke up into droplets covered with a hydrate film. The remarkably sensitive acoustic response of the droplets may be attributed to the high sound speed contrast between CO2 (300 m/sec) and sea water (1500 m/sec), the near spherical shape of the droplets created by the hydrate shell, and the high compressibility of the liquid. The observed cloud conformed closely to models of CO2 disposal, allowing for reasonable predictions of larger scale processes. This offers a remarkably sensitive technique for examination in real time of engineered releases of CO2, volcanic sea floor liquid CO2 plumes, or leakage from geologic CO2 storage. C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 30586564, Japan. US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. MIT, Dept Ocean & Elect Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Brewer, PG (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM brpe@mbari.org OI Peltzer, Edward/0000-0003-2821-3553 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 23 AR L23607 DI 10.1029/2006GL027181 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 115RW UT WOS:000242752500002 ER PT J AU Draper, O Middleton, R Doucleff, M Zambryski, PC AF Draper, Olga Middleton, Rebecca Doucleff, Michaeleen Zambryski, Patricia C. TI Topology of the VirB4 C terminus in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/D4 type IV secretion system SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; DNA; PROTEINS; ATPASE; COMPONENTS; SUBSTRATE; MACHINERY; SUBUNITS; BACTERIA AB Gram-negative type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) transfer proteins and DNA to eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic recipients resulting in pathogenesis or conjugative DNA transfer. VirB4, one of the most conserved proteins in these systems, has both energetic and structural roles in substrate translocation. We previously predicted a structural model for the large C-terminal domain ( residues 425-789) of VirB4 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Here we have defined a homology-based structural model for Agrobacterium VirB11. Both VirB4 and VirB11 models predict hexameric oligomers. Yeast two-hybrid interactions define peptides in the C terminus of VirB4 and the N terminus of VirB11 that interact with each other. These interactions were mapped onto the homology models to predict direct interactions between the hexameric interfaces of VirB4 and VirB11 such that the VirB4 C terminus stacks above VirB11 in the periplasm. In support of this, fractionation and Western blotting show that the VirB4 C terminus is localized to the membrane and periplasm rather than the cytoplasm of cells. Additional high resolution yeast two- hybrid results demonstrate interactions between the C terminus of VirB4 and the periplasmic portions of VirB1, VirB8, and VirB10. Genetic studies reveal dominant negative interactions and thus function of the VirB4C terminus in vivo. The above data are integrated with the existing body of literature to propose a structural, periplasmic role for the C-terminal half of the Agrobacterium VirB4 protein. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zambryski, PC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM zambrysk@nature.berkeley.edu NR 44 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 EI 1083-351X J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 49 BP 37628 EP 37635 DI 10.1074/jbc.M606403200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 111TH UT WOS:000242477100039 PM 17038312 ER PT J AU Gritti, F Felinger, A Guiochon, G AF Gritti, Fabrice Felinger, Attila Guiochon, Georges TI Influence of the errors made in the measurement of the extra-column volume on the accuracies of estimates of the column efficiency and the mass transfer kinetics parameters SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE accuracy of HETP; column efficiency; HETP; van Deemter curves; extra-column volume; mass transfer; solute dispersion; sunfire-C-18; phenol ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OPERATING PARAMETERS; THEORETICAL LIMIT; SEPARATING SPEED; PRACTICAL METHOD; OPTIMIZATION; DISPERSION; PHASES; TUBES AB The influences of the errors made in the measurement of the extra-column volume of an instrument on the accuracies of the estimates made of the column efficiency and of the parameters of the mass transfer kinetics were investigated from an experimental point of view. A standard HP 1090 apparatus (extra-column volume, approximate to 50 mu L) was used to measure the efficiency of a Sunfire-C-18 RPLC column (column hold-up volume, -1.50 mL). The first and second moments of the peaks of phenol (a retained compound) and of thiourea (a practically non-retained compound) were measured at six different temperatures between 22 and 78 degrees C, for flow rates between 0.10 and 4.70 mL/min (i.e., for linear velocities between 0.025 and 1.179 cm/s). Each series of measurements was successively made with the instrument being fitted with and without the column. The experimental HETP data must be corrected for the solute dispersion in the connected tubes in order properly to assess the true column efficiency. Even with a modem, high performance instrument, the dispersion of a non-retained compound is essentially due to the band broadening phenomena that take place in the extra-column volumes, the sum of all these extra-column band broadening contributions accounting for more than 80% of the total band broadening measured. The contribution of the sampling device is particularly deleterious since, for a 2 mu L injection, the maximum solute concentration in the peak that enters into the column is nearly ten-fold lower than that of the sample. Nevertheless, the impact of the extra-column volumes on the estimates of the kinetic parameters (e.g., molecular diffusion coefficient D. and effective particle diffusivity De) remains negligible. Obviously, the relative error made on the column efficiency of a retained compound depends much on its retention factor. It decreases from 8 to 1% when the retention factor increases from 5 to 17. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Pecs, Dept Analyt Chem, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary. RP Guiochon, G (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, 552 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM guiochon@utk.edu RI Felinger, Attila/A-1595-2008 OI Felinger, Attila/0000-0001-7130-1968 NR 40 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 1136 IS 1 BP 57 EP 72 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.074 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 112YM UT WOS:000242564100007 PM 17046003 ER PT J AU Aubert, B Bona, M Boutigny, D Couderc, F Karyotakis, Y Lees, JP Poireau, V Tisserand, V Zghiche, A Grauges, E Palano, A Chen, JC Qi, ND Rong, G Wang, P Zhu, YS Eigen, G Ofte, I Stugu, B Abrams, GS Battaglia, M Brown, DN Button-Shafer, J Cahn, RN Charles, E Gill, MS Groysman, Y Jacobsen, RG Kadyk, JA Kerth, LT Kolomensky, YG Kukartsev, G Lynch, G Mir, LM Orimoto, TJ Pripstein, M Roe, NA Ronan, MT Wenzel, WA Sanchez, PD Barrett, M Ford, KE Hart, AJ Harrison, TJ Hawkes, CM Watson, AT Held, T Koch, H Lewandowski, B Pelizaeus, M Peters, K Schroeder, T Steinke, M Boyd, JT Burke, JP Cottingham, WN Walker, D Asgeirsson, DJ Cuhadar-Donszelmann, T Fulsom, BG Hearty, C Knecht, NS Mattison, TS McKenna, JA Khan, A Kyberd, P Saleem, M Sherwood, DJ Teodorescu, L Blinov, VE Bukin, AD Druzhinin, VP Golubev, VB Onuchin, AP Serednyakov, SI Skovpen, YI Solodov, EP Todyshev, KY Bondioli, M Bruinsma, M Chao, M Curry, S Eschrich, I Kirkby, D Lankford, AJ Lund, P Mandelkern, M Mommsen, RK Roethel, W Stoker, DP Abachi, S Buchanan, C Foulkes, SD Gary, JW Long, O Shen, BC Wang, K Zhang, L Hadavand, HK Hill, EJ Paar, HP Rahatlou, S Sharma, V Berryhill, JW Campagnari, C Cunha, A Dahmes, B Hong, TM Kovalskyi, D Richman, JD Beck, TW Eisner, AM Flacco, CJ Heusch, CA Kroseberg, J Lockman, WS Nesom, G Schalk, T Schumm, BA Seiden, A Spradlin, P Williams, DC Wilson, MG Albert, J Chen, E Dvoretskii, A Fang, F Hitlin, DG Narsky, I Piatenko, T Porter, FC Ryd, A Mancinelli, G Meadows, BT Mishra, K Sokoloff, MD Blanc, F Bloom, PC Chen, S Ford, WT Hirschauer, JF Kreisel, A Nagel, M Nauenberg, U Olivas, A Ruddick, WO Smith, JG Ulmer, KA Wagner, SR Zhang, J Chen, A Eckhart, EA Soffer, A Toki, WH Wilson, RJ Winklmeier, F Zeng, Q Altenburg, DD Feltresi, E Hauke, A Jasper, H Merkel, J Petzold, A Spaan, B Brandt, T Klose, V Lacker, HM Mader, WF Nogowski, R Schubert, J Schubert, KR Schwierz, R Sundermann, JE Volk, A Bernard, D Bonneaud, GR Latour, E Thiebaux, C Verderi, M Clark, PJ Gradl, W Muheim, F Playfer, S Robertson, AI Xie, Y Andreotti, M Bettoni, D Bozzi, C Calabrese, R Cibinetto, G Luppi, E Negrini, M Petrella, A Piemontese, L Prencipe, E Anulli, F Baldini-Ferroli, R Calcaterra, A de Sangro, R Finocchiaro, G Pacetti, S Patteri, P Peruzzi, IM Piccolo, M Rama, M Zallo, A Buzzo, A Contri, R Lo Vetere, M Macri, MM Monge, MR Passaggio, S Patrignani, C Robutti, E Santroni, A Tosi, S Brandenburg, G Chaisanguanthum, KS Morii, M Wu, J Dubitzky, RS Marks, J Schenk, S Uwer, U Bhimji, W Bowerman, DA Dauncey, PD Egede, U Flack, RL Nash, JA Nikolich, MB Vazquez, WP Bard, DJ Behera, PK Chai, X Charles, MJ Mallik, U Meyer, NT Ziegler, V Cochran, J Crawley, HB Dong, L Eyges, V Meyer, WT Prell, S Rosenberg, EI Rubin, AE Gritsan, AV Denig, AG Fritsch, M Schott, G Arnaud, N Davier, M Grosdidier, G Hocker, A Le Diberder, F Lepeltier, V Lutz, AM Oyanguren, A Pruvot, S Rodier, S Roudeau, P Schune, MH Stocchi, A Wang, WF Wormser, G Cheng, CH Lange, DJ Wright, DM Chavez, CA Forster, IJ Fry, JR Gabathuler, E Gamet, R George, KA Hutchcroft, DE Payne, DJ Schofield, KC Touramanis, C Bevan, AJ Di Lodovico, F Menges, W Sacco, R Cowan, G Flaecher, HU Hopkins, DA Jackson, PS McMahon, TR Ricciardi, S Salvatore, F Wren, AC Brown, DN Davis, CL Allison, J Barlow, NR Barlow, RJ Chia, YM Edgar, CL Lafferty, GD Naisbit, MT Williams, JC Yi, JI Chen, C Hulsbergen, WD Jawahery, A Lae, CK Roberts, DA Simi, G Blaylock, G Dallapiccola, C Hertzbach, SS Li, X Moore, TB Saremi, S Staengle, H Cowan, R Sciolla, G Sekula, SJ Spitznagel, M Taylor, F Yamamoto, RK Kim, H Mclachlin, SE Patel, PM Robertson, SH Lazzaro, A Lombardo, V Palombo, F Bauer, JM Cremaldi, L Eschenburg, V Godang, R Kroeger, R Sanders, DA Summers, DJ Zhao, HW Brunet, S Cote, D Simard, M Taras, P Viaud, FB Nicholson, H Cavallo, N De Nardo, G Fabozzi, F Gatto, C Lista, L Monorchio, D Paolucci, P Piccolo, D Sciacca, C Baak, MA Raven, G Snoek, HL Jessop, CP LoSecco, JM Allmendinger, T Benelli, G Corwin, LA Gan, KK Honscheid, K Hufnagel, D Jackson, PD Kagan, H Kass, R Rahimi, AM Regensburger, JJ Ter-Antonyan, R Wong, QK Blount, NL Brau, J Frey, R Igonkina, O Kolb, JA Lu, M Rahmat, R Sinev, NB Strom, D Strube, J Torrence, E Gaz, A Margoni, M Morandin, M Pompili, A Posocco, M Rotondo, M Simonetto, F Stroili, R Voci, C Benayoun, M Briand, H Chauveau, J David, P Del Buono, L de la Vaissiere, C Hamon, O Hartfiel, BL Leruste, P Malcles, J Ocariz, J Roos, L Therin, G Gladney, L Biasini, M Covarelli, R Angelini, C Batignani, G Bettarini, S Bucci, F Calderini, G Carpinelli, M Cenci, R Forti, F Giorgi, MA Lusiani, A Marchiori, G Mazur, MA Morganti, M Neri, N Paoloni, E Rizzo, G Walsh, JJ Haire, M Judd, D Wagoner, DE Biesiada, J Danielson, N Elmer, P Lau, YP Lu, C Olsen, J Smith, AJS Telnov, AV 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CA BABAR Collaboration TI Observation of an excited charm baryon Omega(*)(c) decaying to Omega(0)(c)gamma SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MASSES; PHYSICS AB We report the first observation of an excited singly charmed baryon Omega(*)(c) (css) in the radiative decay Omega(0)(c)gamma, where the Omega(0)(c) baryon is reconstructed in the decays to the final states Omega(-)pi(+), Omega(-)pi(+)pi(0), Omega(-)pi(+)pi(-)pi(+), and Xi K--(-)pi(+)pi(+). This analysis is performed using a data set of 230.7 fb(-1) collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The mass difference between the Omega(*)(c) and the Omega(0)(c) baryons is measured to be 70.8 +/- 1.0(stat) +/- 1.1(syst) MeV/c(2). We also measure the ratio of inclusive production cross sections of Omega(*)(c) and Omega(0)(c) in e(+)e(-) annihilation. C1 CNRS, Phys Particules Lab, IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy Le Vieux, France. 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Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. CEA Saclay, DSM Dapnia, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. Univ Turin, Dipartimento Fis Sperimentale, I-10125 Turin, Italy. Univ Turin, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-10125 Turin, Italy. Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. Univ Trieste, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, IFIC, E-46071 Valencia, Spain. Univ Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Aubert, B (reprint author), CNRS, Phys Particules Lab, IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy Le Vieux, France. RI Negrini, Matteo/C-8906-2014; Monge, Maria Roberta/G-9127-2012; Oyanguren, Arantza/K-6454-2014; Luppi, Eleonora/A-4902-2015; Calabrese, Roberto/G-4405-2015; Mir, Lluisa-Maria/G-7212-2015; Martinez Vidal, F*/L-7563-2014; Kolomensky, Yury/I-3510-2015; Lo Vetere, Maurizio/J-5049-2012; Lusiani, Alberto/N-2976-2015; Morandin, Mauro/A-3308-2016; Lusiani, Alberto/A-3329-2016; Neri, Nicola/G-3991-2012; Forti, Francesco/H-3035-2011; Rotondo, Marcello/I-6043-2012; Patrignani, Claudia/C-5223-2009; de Sangro, Riccardo/J-2901-2012; M, Saleem/B-9137-2013; Cavallo, Nicola/F-8913-2012; Saeed, Mohammad Alam/J-7455-2012; Peters, Klaus/C-2728-2008; de Groot, Nicolo/A-2675-2009; Lista, Luca/C-5719-2008; Bellini, Fabio/D-1055-2009; Roe, Natalie/A-8798-2012; Della Ricca, Giuseppe/B-6826-2013; Di Lodovico, Francesca/L-9109-2016; Pappagallo, Marco/R-3305-2016; Calcaterra, Alessandro/P-5260-2015; Frey, Raymond/E-2830-2016; OI Negrini, Matteo/0000-0003-0101-6963; Monge, Maria Roberta/0000-0003-1633-3195; Oyanguren, Arantza/0000-0002-8240-7300; Luppi, Eleonora/0000-0002-1072-5633; Calabrese, Roberto/0000-0002-1354-5400; Mir, Lluisa-Maria/0000-0002-4276-715X; Martinez Vidal, F*/0000-0001-6841-6035; Kolomensky, Yury/0000-0001-8496-9975; Lo Vetere, Maurizio/0000-0002-6520-4480; Lusiani, Alberto/0000-0002-6876-3288; Morandin, Mauro/0000-0003-4708-4240; Lusiani, Alberto/0000-0002-6876-3288; Neri, Nicola/0000-0002-6106-3756; Forti, Francesco/0000-0001-6535-7965; Rotondo, Marcello/0000-0001-5704-6163; Patrignani, Claudia/0000-0002-5882-1747; de Sangro, Riccardo/0000-0002-3808-5455; Saeed, Mohammad Alam/0000-0002-3529-9255; Peters, Klaus/0000-0001-7133-0662; Bellini, Fabio/0000-0002-2936-660X; Della Ricca, Giuseppe/0000-0003-2831-6982; Di Lodovico, Francesca/0000-0003-3952-2175; Pappagallo, Marco/0000-0001-7601-5602; Calcaterra, Alessandro/0000-0003-2670-4826; Frey, Raymond/0000-0003-0341-2636; Ebert, Marcus/0000-0002-3014-1512; Hamel de Monchenault, Gautier/0000-0002-3872-3592; Lanceri, Livio/0000-0001-8220-3095; Corwin, Luke/0000-0001-7143-3821; Carpinelli, Massimo/0000-0002-8205-930X; Sciacca, Crisostomo/0000-0002-8412-4072; Adye, Tim/0000-0003-0627-5059; Lafferty, George/0000-0003-0658-4919; Cristinziani, Markus/0000-0003-3893-9171; Wilson, Robert/0000-0002-8184-4103; Strube, Jan/0000-0001-7470-9301; Chen, Chunhui /0000-0003-1589-9955 NR 15 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 232001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.232001 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900015 ER PT J AU Bernevig, BA Orenstein, J Zhang, SC AF Bernevig, B. Andrei Orenstein, J. Zhang, Shou-Cheng TI Exact SU(2) symmetry and persistent spin helix in a spin-orbit coupled system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-WELLS; SEMICONDUCTORS AB Spin-orbit coupled systems generally break the spin rotation symmetry. However, for a model with equal Rashba and Dresselhauss coupling constants, and for the [110] Dresselhauss model, a new type of SU(2) spin rotation symmetry is discovered. This symmetry is robust against spin-independent disorder and interactions and is generated by operators whose wave vector depends on the coupling strength. It renders the spin lifetime infinite at this wave vector, giving rise to a persistent spin helix. We obtain the spin fluctuation dynamics at, and away from, the symmetry point and suggest experiments to observe the persistent spin helix. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Princeton Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bernevig, BA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, McCullough Bldg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Zhang, Shou-Cheng/B-2794-2010; Orenstein, Joseph/I-3451-2015 NR 27 TC 252 Z9 253 U1 6 U2 35 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 236601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.236601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900040 PM 17280220 ER PT J AU Buckley, MR Murayama, H AF Buckley, Matthew R. Murayama, Hitoshi TI How can we test the neutrino mass seesaw mechanism experimentally? SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LINEAR E(+)E(-) COLLIDERS; SUPERSYMMETRY-BREAKING; UNIFIED THEORIES; BARYOGENESIS; COUPLINGS; EQUATIONS; PHYSICS AB The seesaw mechanism for the small neutrino mass has been a popular paradigm, yet it has been believed that there is no way to test it experimentally. We present a conceivable outcome from future experiments that would convince us of the seesaw mechanism. It would involve data from the CERN Large Hadron Collider, International Linear Collider, cosmology, underground, and low-energy flavor experiments to establish the case. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Theoret Phys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Buckley, MR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Murayama, Hitoshi/A-4286-2011 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 231801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.231801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900014 PM 17280194 ER PT J AU Chen, YL Iyo, A Yang, WL Zhou, XJ Lu, DH Eisaki, H Devereaux, TP Hussain, Z Shen, ZX AF Chen, Yulin Iyo, Akira Yang, Wanli Zhou, Xingjiang Lu, Donghui Eisaki, Hiroshi Devereaux, Thomas P. Hussain, Zahid Shen, Z. -X. TI Anomalous Fermi-surface dependent pairing in a self-doped high-T-c superconductor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; GAP ANISOTROPY; HIGH-PRESSURE; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; EVOLUTION AB We report the discovery of a self-doped multilayer high T-c superconductor Ba2Ca3Cu4O8F2 (F0234) which contains distinctly different superconducting gap magnitudes along its two Fermi-surface sheets. While formal valence counting would imply this material to be an undoped insulator, it is a self-doped superconductor with a T-c of 60 K, possessing simultaneously both electron- and hole-doped Fermi-surface sheets. Intriguingly, the Fermi-surface sheet characterized by the much larger gap is the electron-doped one, which has a shape disfavoring two electronic features considered to be important for the pairing mechanism: the van Hove singularity and the antiferromagnetic (pi/a, pi/a) scattering. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chen, YL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Chen, Yulin/C-1918-2012; Yang, Wanli/D-7183-2011 OI Yang, Wanli/0000-0003-0666-8063 NR 30 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 236401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.236401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900037 PM 17280217 ER PT J AU Colakerol, L Veal, TD Jeong, HK Plucinski, L DeMasi, A Learmonth, T Glans, PA Wang, SC Zhang, YF Piper, LFJ Jefferson, PH Fedorov, A Chen, TC Moustakas, TD McConville, CF Smith, KE AF Colakerol, Leyla Veal, T. D. Jeong, Hae-Kyung Plucinski, Lukasz DeMasi, Alex Learmonth, Timothy Glans, Per-Anders Wang, Shancai Zhang, Yufeng Piper, L. F. J. Jefferson, P. H. Fedorov, Alexei Chen, Tai-Chou Moustakas, T. D. McConville, C. F. Smith, Kevin E. TI Quantized electron accumulation states in indium nitride studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE ACCUMULATION; BEAM EPITAXY; INN FILMS; BAND-GAP; SURFACES AB Electron accumulation states in InN have been measured using high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The electrons in the accumulation layer have been discovered to reside in quantum well states. ARPES was also used to measure the Fermi surface of these quantum well states, as well as their constant binding energy contours below the Fermi level E-F. The energy of the Fermi level and the size of the Fermi surface for these quantum well states could be controlled by varying the method of surface preparation. This is the first unambiguous observation that electrons in the InN accumulation layer are quantized and the first time the Fermi surface associated with such states has been measured. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Smith, KE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM ksmith@bu.edu RI Piper, Louis/C-2960-2011; Wang, Shancai/F-6162-2013; Plucinski, Lukasz/J-4987-2013; Moustakas, Theodore/D-9249-2016; Glans, Per-Anders/G-8674-2016; Veal, Tim/A-3872-2010 OI Piper, Louis/0000-0002-3421-3210; Plucinski, Lukasz/0000-0002-6865-7274; Moustakas, Theodore/0000-0001-8556-884X; Veal, Tim/0000-0002-0610-5626 NR 18 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 237601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.237601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900065 PM 17280245 ER PT J AU Dodelson, S Liguori, M AF Dodelson, Scott Liguori, Michele TI Can cosmic structure form without dark matter? SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODIFIED NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS; GALAXIES; CLUSTERS AB One of the prime pieces of evidence for dark matter is the observation of large overdense regions in the Universe. To account for this observation, perturbations had to have grown since recombination by a factor greater than (1+z(*)) similar or equal to 1180 where z(*) is the epoch of recombination. This enhanced growth does not happen in general relativity, and so dark matter is needed in the standard theory. We show here that enhanced growth can occur in alternatives to general relativity, in particular, in Bekenstein's relativistic version of modified Newtonian dynamics. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy. RP Dodelson, S (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Ctr Particle Astrophys, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 24 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 231301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.231301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900012 ER PT J AU Kemp, AJ Sentoku, Y Sotnikov, V Wilks, SC AF Kemp, A. J. Sentoku, Y. Sotnikov, V. Wilks, S. C. TI Collisional relaxation of superthermal electrons generated by relativistic laser pulses in dense plasma SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IGNITION; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; TARGET AB Energy relaxation of the hot electron population generated by relativistic laser pulses in overdense plasma is analyzed for densities ranging from below to 1000 times solid density. It is predicted that longitudinal beam-plasma instabilities, which dominate energy transfer between hot electrons and plasma at lower densities, are suppressed by collisions beyond solid density. The respective roles of collisional energy transfer modes, i.e., direct collisions, diffusion, and resistive return current heating, are identified with respect to plasma density. The transition between the kinetic and the collisional regimes and scalings of collisional process are demonstrated by a fully integrated one-dimensional collisional particle simulation. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kemp, AJ (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI Sentoku, Yasuhiko/P-5419-2014 NR 23 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 235001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.235001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900028 PM 17280208 ER PT J AU Konczykowski, M van der Beek, CJ Koshelev, AE Mosser, V Dodgson, M Kes, PH AF Konczykowski, M. van der Beek, C. J. Koshelev, A. E. Mosser, V. Dodgson, M. Kes, P. H. TI Composite to tilted vortex lattice transition in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) in oblique fields SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LAYERED SUPERCONDUCTORS; ANISOTROPIC SUPERCONDUCTORS; MELTING TRANSITION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; FLUX LATTICES; CHAIN STATE; BARRIERS; BSCCO; PHASE; LINE AB Precision measurements of the vortex phase diagram in single crystals of the layered superconductor Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) in oblique magnetic fields confirm the existence of a second phase transition, in addition to the usual first-order vortex-lattice melting line H(m)(T). The transition has a strong first-order character, is accompanied by strong hysteresis, and intersects the melting line in a tricritical point (H(m)(perpendicular to), H(cr)(parallel to)). Its field dependence and the changing character of the melting line at the tricritical point strongly suggest that the ground state for magnetic fields closely aligned with the superconducting layers is a lattice of uniformly tilted vortex lines. C1 Ecole Polytech, Solides Irradies Lab, CNRS, UMR 7642, Palaiseau, France. Ecole Polytech, CEA, DSM, DRECAM, Palaiseau, France. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. ITRON, F-92240 Malakoff, France. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RP Konczykowski, M (reprint author), Ecole Polytech, Solides Irradies Lab, CNRS, UMR 7642, Palaiseau, France. RI Koshelev, Alexei/K-3971-2013 OI Koshelev, Alexei/0000-0002-1167-5906 NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 237005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.237005 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900055 ER PT J AU Lashley, JC Lawson, AC Cooley, JC Mihaila, B Opeil, CP Pham, L Hults, WL Smith, JL Schmiedeshoff, GM Drymiotis, FR Chapline, G Basu, S Riseborough, PS AF Lashley, J. C. Lawson, A. C. Cooley, J. C. Mihaila, B. Opeil, C. P. Pham, L. Hults, W. L. Smith, J. L. Schmiedeshoff, G. M. Drymiotis, F. R. Chapline, G. Basu, S. Riseborough, P. S. TI Tricritical phenomena at the gamma ->alpha transition in Ce0.9-xLaxTh0.1 alloys SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-PHASE-TRANSITION; POSITRON-ANNIHILATION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CERIUM ISOMORPHISM; GAMMA; VALENCE; DIAGRAM; HEAT AB The gamma ->alpha isostructural transition in the Ce0.9-xLaxTh0.1 system is measured as a function of La alloying using specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, thermal expansivity or striction measurements. A line of discontinuous transitions, as indicated by the change in volume, decreases exponentially from 118 K to close to 0 K with increasing La doping, and the transition changes from being first-order to continuous at a critical concentration, x(c)approximate to 0.14. At the tricritical point, the coefficient of the linear T term in the specific heat gamma and the magnetic susceptibility increase rapidly near x(c) and approach large values at x=0.35 signifying that a heavy Fermi-liquid state evolves at large doping. The Wilson ratio reaches a value above 2 for a narrow range of concentrations near x(c), where the specific heat and susceptibility vary most rapidly with the doping concentration. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Occidental Coll, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90041 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. RP Lashley, JC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Riseborough, Peter/D-4689-2011; Mihaila, Bogdan/D-8795-2013; Cooley, Jason/E-4163-2013 OI Mihaila, Bogdan/0000-0002-1489-8814; NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 235701 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.235701 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900033 ER PT J AU Opplestrup, T Bulatov, VV Gilmer, GH Kalos, MH Sadigh, B AF Opplestrup, Tomas Bulatov, Vasily V. Gilmer, George H. Kalos, Malvin H. Sadigh, Babak TI First-passage Monte Carlo algorithm: Diffusion without all the hops SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION AB We present a novel Monte Carlo algorithm for N diffusing finite particles that react on collisions. Using the theory of first-passage processes and time dependent Green's functions, we break the difficult N-body problem into independent single- and two-body propagations circumventing numerous diffusion hops used in standard Monte Carlo simulations. The new algorithm is exact, extremely efficient, and applicable to many important physical situations in arbitrary integer dimensions. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Royal Inst Technol, KTH, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Opplestrup, T (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 14 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 230602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.230602 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900007 PM 17280187 ER PT J AU Phelan, D Louca, D Kamazawa, K Lee, SH Ancona, SN Rosenkranz, S Motome, Y Hundley, MF Mitchell, JF Moritomo, Y AF Phelan, D. Louca, Despina Kamazawa, K. Lee, S. -H. Ancona, S. N. Rosenkranz, S. Motome, Y. Hundley, M. F. Mitchell, J. F. Moritomo, Y. TI Spin incommensurability and two phase competition in cobaltites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LA1-XSRXCOO3; PHYSICS; OXIDES; STATE AB The perovskite LaCoO3 evolves from a nonmagnetic Mott insulator to a spin cluster ferromagnet (FM) with the substitution of Sr2+ for La3+ in La1-xSrxCoO3. The clusters increase in size and number with x and the charge percolation through the clusters leads to a metallic state. Using elastic neutron scattering on La1-xSrxCoO3 single crystals, we show that an incommensurate spin superstructure coexists with the FM spin clusters. The incommensurability increases continuously with x, with the intensity rising in the insulating phase and dropping in the metallic phase as it directly competes with the commensurate FM, itinerant clusters. The spin incommensurability arises from local order of Co3+-Co4+ clusters but no long-range static or dynamic spin stripes develop. The coexistence and competition of the two magnetic phases explain the residual resistivity at low temperatures in samples with metalliclike transport. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87454 USA. Univ Tsukuba, Dept Phys, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan. RP Louca, D (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM louca@virginia.edu RI Rosenkranz, Stephan/E-4672-2011; OI Rosenkranz, Stephan/0000-0002-5659-0383; moritomo, yutaka/0000-0001-6584-7489 NR 26 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 235501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.235501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900031 PM 17280211 ER PT J AU Shvyd'ko, YV Lerche, M Kuetgens, U Ruter, HD Alatas, A Zhao, J AF Shvyd'ko, Yu. V. Lerche, M. Kuetgens, U. Rueter, H. D. Alatas, A. Zhao, J. TI X-ray Bragg diffraction in asymmetric backscattering geometry SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLES; PI/2 AB We observe three effects in the Bragg diffraction of x rays in backscattering geometry from asymmetrically cut crystals. First, exact Bragg backscattering takes place not at normal incidence to the reflecting atomic planes. Second, a well-collimated (similar or equal to 1 mu rad) beam is transformed after the Bragg reflection into a strongly divergent beam (230 mu rad) with reflection angle dependent on x-ray wavelength-an effect of angular dispersion. The asymmetrically cut crystal thus behaves like an optical prism, dispersing an incident collimated polychromatic beam. The dispersion rate is similar or equal to 8.5 mrad/eV. Third, parasitic Bragg reflections accompanying Bragg backreflection are suppressed. These effects offer a radically new means for monochromatization of x rays not limited by the intrinsic width of the Bragg reflection. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. PTB, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany. RP Shvyd'ko, YV (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM shvydko@aps.anl.gov NR 11 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 235502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.235502 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900032 ER PT J AU Thorsmolle, VK Averitt, RD Shibauchi, T Hundley, MF Taylor, AJ AF Thorsmolle, V. K. Averitt, R. D. Shibauchi, T. Hundley, M. F. Taylor, A. J. TI Dynamic coupling-decoupling crossover in the current-driven vortex state in Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 probed by the Josephson plasma resonance SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID C-AXIS; NONLOCAL CONDUCTIVITY; LIQUID-PHASE; LATTICE; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; VORTICES; FILMS; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; SUPERCONDUCTORS; CRYSTALS AB We have used terahertz spectroscopy to measure the Josephson plasma resonance in the superconductor Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8+delta. This allows us to probe the longitudinal ordering of pancake vortices as a function of applied ab-plane current in a 2.5 kG c-axis magnetic field. With increasing current in the low temperature vortex solid phase, we observe a decrease in the interlayer phase coherence consistent with a progressive misalignment of the pancake vortices in neighboring layers. In the high temperature vortex liquid phase, an increase in the longitudinal ordering occurs above a certain threshold current. Our results show evidence of a current-driven coupling-decoupling crossover in the pinned liquid phase. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Thorsmolle, VK (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Shibauchi, Takasada/B-9349-2008; Thorsmolle, Verner/M-1095-2015 OI Shibauchi, Takasada/0000-0001-5831-4924; Thorsmolle, Verner/0000-0002-5890-4403 NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 237001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.237001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900051 PM 17280231 ER PT J AU Yan, L Zhuang, PF Xu, N AF Yan, Li Zhuang, Pengfei Xu, Nu TI J/psi production in quark-gluon plasma SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; SHORT-DISTANCE ANALYSIS; CHARMONIUM PRODUCTION; PSI' SUPPRESSION; ANOMALOUS J/PSI; COLLABORATION; COALESCENCE; SYSTEMS; SPS AB We study J/psi production at RHIC and LHC energies with both initial production at energies reached and the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with regeneration. We solve the coupled set of transport equations for the J/psi distribution in phase space and the hydrodynamic equation for evolution of quark-gluon plasma. At RHIC, continuous regeneration is crucial for the J/psi momentum distribution while the elliptic flow is still dominated by initial production. At energies reached at the LHC energy, almost all the initially created J/psi s are dissociated in the medium and regeneration dominates the J/psi properties. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Yan, L (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. NR 38 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 97 IS 23 AR 232301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.232301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115BG UT WOS:000242708900016 PM 17280196 ER PT J AU Eggleton, PP Dearborn, DSP Lattanzio, JC AF Eggleton, Peter P. Dearborn, David S. P. Lattanzio, John C. TI Deep mixing of He-3: Reconciling big bang and stellar nucleosynthesis SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RED GIANT STARS; HORIZONTAL BRANCH; EVOLUTION; ANOMALIES; DJEHUTY AB Low-mass stars, similar to 1 to 2 solar masses, near the Main Sequence are efficient at producing the helium isotope He-3, which they mix into the convective envelope on the giant branch and should distribute into the Galaxy by way of envelope loss. This process is so efficient that it is difficult to reconcile the low observed cosmic abundance of He-3 with the predictions of both stellar and Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Here we find, by modeling a red giant with a fully three-dimensional hydrodynamic code and a full nucleosynthetic network, that mixing arises in the supposedly stable and radiative zone between the hydrogen-burning shell and the base of the convective envelope. This mixing is due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability within a zone just above the hydrogen-burning shell, where a nuclear reaction lowers the mean molecular weight slightly. Thus, we are able to remove the threat that He-3 production in low-mass stars poses to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis of He-3. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys & Appl Technol Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Monash Univ, Ctr Stellar & Planetary Astrophys, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Eggleton, PP (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM ppe@igpp.ucllnl.org OI Lattanzio, John/0000-0003-2952-859X NR 21 TC 134 Z9 134 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 8 PY 2006 VL 314 IS 5805 BP 1580 EP 1583 DI 10.1126/science.1133065 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 113UX UT WOS:000242624600036 PM 17068226 ER PT J AU Valiev, M Kowalski, K AF Valiev, Marat Kowalski, Karol TI Hybrid coupled cluster and molecular dynamics approach: Application to the excitation spectrum of cytosine in the native DNA environment SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AB-INITIO; BASE-PAIR; STATE; GUANINE; MECHANICS; ENERGIES; DECAY; FIELD; SELECTIVITY; POTENTIALS AB Evolution of the excited state energies of cytosine base in the native DNA environment was investigated using a hybrid coupled cluster and classical molecular dynamics approach. The time averaged excitation energies obtained with the variant of the completely renormalized equation-of-motion with singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples approach that includes a bulk of the correlation effects for excited states, are compared with the analogous calculations in the gas phase. Significant blue shifts for the two lowest singlet excitation energies can be observed as a result of the interaction of the quantum system with the surrounding environment. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Mol Sci Software Grp, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Valiev, M (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Mol Sci Software Grp, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM marat.valiev@pnl.gov; karol.kowalski@pnl.gov NR 43 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 21 AR 211101 DI 10.1063/1.2403847 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 114DF UT WOS:000242646200001 PM 17166008 ER PT J AU Witek, HA Irle, S Zheng, GS de Jong, WA Morokuma, K AF Witek, Henryk A. Irle, Stephan Zheng, Guishan de Jong, Wibe A. Morokuma, Keiji TI Modeling carbon nanostructures with the self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding method: Vibrational spectra and electronic structure of C-28, C-60, and C-70 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; HARTREE-FOCK; BASIS-SETS; 2ND DERIVATIVES; RAMAN-SPECTRA; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; SEMIEMPIRICAL METHODS; ENCAPSULATED C-60; INFRARED-SPECTRA; ORBITAL METHODS AB The self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) method is employed for studying various molecular properties of small fullerenes: C-28, C-60, and C-70. The computed bond distances, vibrational infrared and Raman spectra, vibrational densities of states, and electronic densities of states are compared with experiment (where available) and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations using various basis sets. The presented DFT benchmark calculations using the correlation-consistent polarized valence triple zeta basis set are at present the most extensive calculations on harmonic frequencies of these species. Possible limitations of the SCC-DFTB method for the prediction of molecular vibrational and optical properties are discussed. The presented results suggest that SCC-DFTB is a computationally feasible and reliable method for predicting vibrational and electronic properties of such carbon nanostructures comparable in accuracy with small to medium size basis set DFT calculations at the computational cost of standard semiempirical methods. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Mol Sci, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Cherry L Emerson Ctr Sci Computat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Kyoto Univ, Fukui Inst Fundamental Chem, Kyoto 6068103, Japan. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Witek, HA (reprint author), Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Mol Sci, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. EM hwitek@mail.nctu.edu.tw; irle@fukui.kyoto-u.ac.jp; morokuma@emory.edu RI DE JONG, WIBE/A-5443-2008; Zheng, Guishan/B-3450-2009; Witek, Henryk/A-3427-2012; Irle, Stephan/E-8984-2011 OI DE JONG, WIBE/0000-0002-7114-8315; Witek, Henryk/0000-0002-9013-1287; Irle, Stephan/0000-0003-4995-4991 NR 79 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 125 IS 21 AR 214706 DI 10.1063/1.2370877 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 114DF UT WOS:000242646200032 PM 17166039 ER PT J AU Kowalski, K Valiev, M AF Kowalski, Karol Valiev, Marat TI Asymptotic extrapolation scheme for large-scale calculations with hybrid coupled cluster and molecular dynamics simulations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CORRELATION-ENERGY EXTRAPOLATION; TRIPLES CORRECTION T; ULTRAFAST INTERNAL-CONVERSION; LEVEL CORRELATED CALCULATIONS; ELECTRON CORRELATION METHODS; VIRTUAL ORBITAL SPACE; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; AB-INITIO; PERTURBATIVE CORRECTIONS; DETERMINANTAL ANALYSIS AB In this paper we discuss a simple extrapolation scheme based on the asymptotic behavior of the electronic energies considered as functions of cutoff factor for orbital energies corresponding to virtual orbitals. The performance of this approach is illustrated in the context of large-scale dynamic simulations for excitation energies of the cytosine molecule in its native DNA environment. We demonstrate that the extrapolation errors are significantly smaller than the excitation-energy fluctuations, due to the fluctuating environment. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, William R Wiley Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Kowalski, K (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, William R Wiley Environm Mol Sci Lab, K8-91,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM karol.kowalski@pnl.gov; marat.valiev@pnl.gov NR 71 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 48 BP 13106 EP 13111 DI 10.1021/jp064266p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 110TX UT WOS:000242405100017 PM 17134172 ER PT J AU Schultz, DG Lin, XM Li, DX Gebhardt, J Meron, M Viccaro, PJ Lin, BH AF Schultz, David G. Lin, Xiao-Min Li, Dongxu Gebhardt, Jeff Meron, Mati Viccaro, P. James Lin, Binhua TI Structure, wrinkling, and reversibility of Langmuir monolayers of gold nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; NANOCRYSTAL SUPERLATTICES; CDSE NANOCRYSTALLITES; GAS/WATER INTERFACE; SELF-ORGANIZATION; SIZE; TRANSITION; SPECTROSCOPY; ASSEMBLIES; PARTICLES AB The assembly of nanoparticles into large, two-dimensional structures provides a route for the exploration of collective phenomena among mesoscopic building blocks. We characterize the structure of Langmuir monolayers of dodecanethiol-ligated gold nanoparticles with in situ optical microscopy and X-ray scattering. The interparticle spacing increases with thiol concentration and does not depend on surface pressure. The correlation lengths of the Langmuir monolayer crystalline domains are on the order of five to six particle diameters. Further compression of the monolayers causes wrinkling; however, we find that wrinkled monolayers with excess thiol can relax to an unwrinkled state following a reduction of surface pressure. A theoretical model based on van der Waals attraction and tunable steric repulsion is adopted to explain this reversibility. C1 Univ Chicago, Ctr Adv Radiat Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanomat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Lin, BH (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Ctr Adv Radiat Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM lin@cars.uchicago.edu NR 51 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 48 BP 24522 EP 24529 DI 10.1021/jp063820s PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 111CI UT WOS:000242428200037 PM 17134211 ER PT J AU Mazurkiewicz, K Bachorz, RA Gutowski, M Rak, J AF Mazurkiewicz, Kamil Bachorz, Rafal A. Gutowski, Maciej Rak, Janusz TI On the unusual stability of valence anions of thymine based on very rare tautomers: A computational study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID INTERMOLECULAR PROTON-TRANSFER; EXCESS ELECTRON-ATTACHMENT; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; THEORETICAL AB-INITIO; NUCLEIC-ACID BASES; DIPOLE-BOUND ANIONS; BASIS-SET CONVERGENCE; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; DNA STRAND BREAKS; IONIZATION-POTENTIALS AB We characterized anionic states of thymine using various electronic structure methods, with the most accurate results obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory followed by extrapolations to complete basis set limits. We found that the most stable anion in the gas phase is related to an imino-oxo tautomer, in which the N1H proton is transferred to the C5 atom. This valence anion, aT(n1)(c5) , is characterized by an electron vertical detachment energy (VDE) of 1251 meV and it is adiabatically stable with respect to the canonical neutral nT(can) by 2.4 kcal/mol. It is also more stable than the dipole-bound (aT(can)(dbs)) and valence anion (aT(can)(val)) of the canonical tautomer. The VDE values for aT(can)(dbs) and aT(can)(val) are 55 and 457 meV, respectively. Another, anionic, low-lying imino-oxo tautomer with a VDE of 2458 meV has a proton transferred from N3H to C5 (aT(n3)(c5)). It is less stable than aT(can)(val) by 3.3 kcal/mol. The mechanism of formation of anionic tautomers with the carbons C5 or C6 protonated may involve intermolecular proton transfer or dissociative electron attachment to the canonical neutral tautomer followed by a barrier-free attachment of a hydrogen atom to C5. The six-member ring structure of the anionic tautomers with carbon atoms protonated is unstable upon an excess electron detachment. Within the PCM hydration model, the low-lying valence anions become adiabatically bound with respect to the canonical neutral; aT(n3)(c6) becomes the most stable, being followed by aT(n1)(c5), aT(n3)(c5), aT(can), and aT(n1)(c6).(.) C1 Univ Gdansk, Fac Chem, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Gutowski, M (reprint author), Univ Gdansk, Fac Chem, Sobieskiego 18, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. EM m.gutowski@hw.ac.uk; janusz@raptor.chem.univ.gda.pl NR 91 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 48 BP 24696 EP 24707 DI 10.1021/jp065666f PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 111CI UT WOS:000242428200059 PM 17134233 ER PT J AU Bostrom, M Tavares, FW Ninham, BW Prausnitz, JM AF Bostrom, Mathias Tavares, Frederico W. Ninham, Barry W. Prausnitz, John M. TI Effect of salt identity on the phase diagram for a globular protein in aqueous electrolyte solution SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID HOFMEISTER-SERIES; ANALYTIC CALCULATION; MEAN FORCE; LYSOZYME; COLLOIDS; BEHAVIOR; FOLLOW; PH AB Monte Carlo simulations are used to establish the potential of mean force between two globular proteins in an aqueous electrolyte solution. This potential includes nonelectrostatic contributions arising from dispersion forces first, between the globular proteins, and second, between ions in solution and between each ion and the globular protein. These latter contributions are missing from standard models. The potential of mean force, obtained from simulation, is fitted to an analytic equation. Using our analytic potential of mean force and Barker-Henderson perturbation theory, we obtain phase diagrams for lysozyme solutions that include stable and metastable fluid-fluid and solid-fluid phases when the electrolyte is 0.2 M NaSCN or NaI or NaCl. The nature of the electrolyte has a significant effect on the phase diagram. C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Escola Quim, BR-21949900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Linkoping Univ, Dept Phys Chem & Biol, SE-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. Australian Natl Univ, Dept Math Appl, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Tavares, FW (reprint author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Escola Quim, Caixa Postal 68542, BR-21949900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 48 BP 24757 EP 24760 DI 10.1021/jp061191g PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 111CI UT WOS:000242428200066 PM 17134240 ER PT J AU Lee, SW Choi, SW Jo, SM Chin, BD Kim, DY Lee, KY AF Lee, Sung Woo Choi, Sung Won Jo, Seong Mu Chin, Byung Doo Kim, Dong Young Lee, Kwan Young TI Electrochemical properties and cycle performance of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based fibrous membrane electrolytes for Li-ion polymer battery SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE lithium ion polymer battery; electrospinning; poly(vinylidene fluoride); fibrous membrane electrolyte ID LITHIUM BATTERIES; FILM AB Prototype cells were prepared by hot pressing of the cathode and the anode coated with poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) P(VdF-HFP) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVdF-based fibrous membranes, respectively. Electrochemical properties and cycle performance of them before and after hot pressing were investigated. Pressing of the fibrous membrane resulted in decrease of the apparent porosity and electrolyte uptake. The prototype cell using hot-pressed membrane electrolyte showed continuous fading of the capacity while that using non-pressing fibrous membrane almost retained the initial capacity after 100 cycles at room temperature (0.5 C rate). In the case of cycle test at 80 degrees C, however, the capacity was slightly decreased after the initial capacity fading of about 6.5% during the first 10 cycles due to the evaporation of liquid electrolytes. Rate performance exhibited about 97% and 72% of the full capacity at the 1 C rate and 2 C rate, respectively. The capacities at 5 C rate and 10 C rate were about 27-28% of the full capacity similarly because of the reduction of the entrapped liquid phase due to the swell of the fibrous structure. 0 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Optoelect Mat Res Ctr, Seoul 136791, South Korea. Korea Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Seoul 136701, South Korea. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Energy Technol Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Jo, SM (reprint author), Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Optoelect Mat Res Ctr, 39-1 Hawolgok Dong, Seoul 136791, South Korea. EM smjo@kist.re.kr RI Lee, Kwan-Young/F-7603-2013 NR 17 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.102 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100007 ER PT J AU Borup, RL Davey, JR Garzon, FH Wood, DL Inbody, MA AF Borup, Rod L. Davey, John R. Garzon, Fernando H. Wood, David L. Inbody, Michael A. TI PEM fuel cell electrocatalyst durability measurements SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE PEM fuel cell durability; platinum electrocatalyst; electrochemically active surface area; catalyst aging; electrochemical potential cycling; fuel cell drive cycle AB Electrode material durability is an important factor in limiting the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCS). PEMFCs typically use carbon supported nanometer sized Pt and/or Pt alloy catalysts for both anode and cathode. Electrocatalyst surface area loss is due to the growth of platinum particles. Particle size growth is accelerated by potential cycling whether due to artificial potential cycling or by cycling during fuel cell operation. Catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to detemtine the degree of electrocatalyst sintering. Cathode Pt particle size growth is a function of temperature, test length and potential. The largest increase in cathode Pt particle size was observed during potential cycling experiments and increased with increasing potential. During single cell durability testing, the cathode catalyst particle size grew from about 1.9 to 3.5 nm during the drive cycle experiments over 1200 h of testing. This extent of growth was greater than that observed during steady-state testing, where the particles grew to 2.6 nm at 900 h and 3.1 nm over 3500 h. During cycling measurements, catalyst coarsening rates exhibited a linear increase with temperature. Low relative humidity decreased platinum particle growth, but substantially increased carbon loss. Carbon corrosion of the electrode catalyst layer was found to increase with increasing potential and decreasing humidity. 0 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Elect & Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Borup, RL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Elect & Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp, MS J579,POB 1663,MST 11, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM Borup@lanl.gov OI Wood, David/0000-0002-2471-4214 NR 10 TC 300 Z9 303 U1 16 U2 86 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 76 EP 81 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.009 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100014 ER PT J AU Doeff, MM Wilcox, JD Kostecki, R Lau, G AF Doeff, Marca M. Wilcox, James D. Kostecki, Robert Lau, Grace TI Optimization of carbon coatings on LiFePO4 SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE lithium iron phosphate; lithium batteries; carbon; conductive coatings ID ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE; BATTERY CATHODES; HEAT-TREATMENT; IRON-OXIDE; LITHIUM; COMPOSITES; ELECTRODES; SURFACE; FILMS AB The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 in lithium cells is strongly dependent on the structure (disordered/graphene or D/G ratio) of the in situ carbon produced during synthesis from carbon-containing precursors. Addition of pyromellitic acid (PA) prior to final calcination results in lower D/G ratios, yielding a higher-rate material. Further, improvements in electrochemical performance are realized when graphitization catalysts such as ferrocene are also added during LiFePO4 preparation, although overall carbon content is still less than 2 wt.%. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Doeff, MM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mmdoeff@lbl.gov RI Doeff, Marca/G-6722-2013 OI Doeff, Marca/0000-0002-2148-8047 NR 32 TC 157 Z9 165 U1 13 U2 106 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 EI 1873-2755 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 180 EP 184 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.075 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100030 ER PT J AU Chung, KY Yoon, WS Lee, HS McBreen, J Yang, XQ Oh, SH Ryu, WH Lee, JL Won, IC Cho, BW AF Chung, Kyung Yoon Yoon, Won-Sub Lee, Hung Sui McBreen, James Yang, Xiao-Qing Oh, Si Hyoung Ryu, Woon Hyoung Lee, Jae Lyong Cho, Won Il Cho, Byung Won TI In situ XRD studies of the structural changes of ZrO2-coated LiCoO2 during cycling and their effects on capacity retention in lithium batteries SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE ZrO2-coated LiCoO2; in situ X-ray diffraction; phase transitions; lithium batteries ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; CATHODE MATERIAL; PHASES; CELL AB Synchrotron based in situ X-ray diffraction was used to study the structural changes of a ZrO2-coated LiCoO2 cathode in comparison with the uncoated sample during multi-cycling in a wider voltage window from 2.5 to 4.8 V. It was found that the improved cycling performance of ZrO2-coated LiCoO2 is closely related to the larger lattice parameter "c" variation range, which is an indicator of how far the structural change has proceeded towards the two end members of the phase transition stream during charge-discharge cycling. At fifth charge, the lattice parameter variation ranges for both uncoated and ZrO2-Wated LiCoO2 were reduced compared with those for the first charge, reflecting the capacity fading caused by the high voltage cycling. However, this variation range reduction is smaller in ZrO2-coated LiCoO2 than that in the uncoated sample, and so is the capacity fading. These results point out an important direction for studying the fading mechanism and coating effects: the key issues are the surface protection, the interaction between-the cathode surface and the electrolyte and the electrolyte decomposition. In order to improve the capacity retention during cycling, the variation range of lattice parameter "c" of LiCoO2 should be preserved, not reduced. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Eco & Nano Res Ctr, Seoul 130650, South Korea. RP Yoon, WS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM wonsuby@bnl.gov RI Chung, Kyung Yoon/E-4646-2011; Yoon, Won-Sub/H-2343-2011 OI Chung, Kyung Yoon/0000-0002-1273-746X; NR 7 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 185 EP 190 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.063 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100031 ER PT J AU Yoon, WS Chung, KY Nam, KW Kim, KB AF Yoon, Won-Sub Chung, Kyung Yoon Nam, Kyung-Wan Kim, Kwang-Bum TI Characterization of LiMn2O4-coated LiCoO2 film electrode prepared by electrostatic spray deposition SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE LiMn2O4 coating; soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy; ESD; lithium rechargeable batteries; thin film ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; POHANG LIGHT-SOURCE; STRUCTURAL STABILITY; CATHODE MATERIAL; L-EDGE; SPECTROSCOPY; BATTERIES AB LiMn2O4-coated LiCoO2 film was synthesized by the ESD technique. The bulk structure and its electrochemical property were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltarnmetry (CV) and the surface structure were characterized using soft XAS at the O K-edge and the Mn L-edge. The bulk structure and the electrochemical property of the LiMn2O4-coated LiCoO2 film do not show substantial difference compared to the bare LiCoO2 film. The thermal stability of LiCoO2 film is improved by LiMn2O4 coating on the surface of the LiCoO2 film. The Mn L-edge and O K-edge results suggest that the structure at the surface of LiMn2O4-coated LiCoO2 film is a spinel LiCoMn2-xO4. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Yonsei Univ, Div Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 120749, South Korea. RP Yoon, WS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM wonsuby@bnl.gov RI Chung, Kyung Yoon/E-4646-2011; Nam, Kyung-Wan Nam/G-9271-2011; Yoon, Won-Sub/H-2343-2011; Nam, Kyung-Wan/B-9029-2013; Nam, Kyung-Wan/E-9063-2015 OI Chung, Kyung Yoon/0000-0002-1273-746X; Nam, Kyung-Wan/0000-0001-6278-6369; Nam, Kyung-Wan/0000-0001-6278-6369 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 207 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.058 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100035 ER PT J AU Yoon, WS Chung, KY Balasubramanian, M Hanson, J McBreen, J Yang, XQ AF Yoon, Won-Sub Chung, Kyung Yoon Balasubramanian, Mahalingam Hanson, Jonathan McBreen, James Yang, Xiao-Qing TI Time-resolved XRD study on the thermal decomposition of nickel-based layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE time-resolved X-ray diffraction; lithium rechargeable batteries; LiNiO2; LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2; LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; LITHIUM; STABILITY; NI; CO AB Structural changes for a series of nickel based layer structured cathode materials during heating from 25 to 450 degrees C in the presence of electrolyte were studied using time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD). These samples were electrochemically delithiated to Li0.33NiO2, Li0.27Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, and Li0.2Ni0.5Mn0.5O2. The structural changes of all these three samples follow a same trend, first convert from a layered structure to a disordered spinel structure, then the disordered spinel phase transforms to the NiO-like phase as the temperature increases. However, the onset temperature of the thermal decomposition reactions strongly depends on the nickel content of the material. The lower the nickel content, the higher the decomposition temperature. At the end of heating at 450 degrees C, the metallic nickel structure was observed only for Li0.33NiO2 sample. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Xray Operat & Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Yoon, WS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM wonsuby@bnl.gov RI Hanson, jonathan/E-3517-2010; Chung, Kyung Yoon/E-4646-2011; Yoon, Won-Sub/H-2343-2011 OI Chung, Kyung Yoon/0000-0002-1273-746X; NR 13 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 6 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 219 EP 222 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.043 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100038 ER PT J AU Yoon, WS Chung, KY McBreen, J Fischer, DA Yang, XQ AF Yoon, Won-Sub Chung, Kyung Yoon McBreen, James Fischer, Daniel A. Yang, Xiao-Qing TI Changes in electronic structure of the electrochemically Li-ion deintercalated LiNiO2 system investigated by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Polymet Batteries and Fuel Cells CY JUN 12-17, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV DE soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy; LiNiO2; lithium rechargeable batteries; XAS ID L-EDGE; OXYGEN CONTRIBUTION; OK-EDGE; K-EDGE; LICOO2; CATHODE; XANES AB The electronic structures of Li1-xNiO2 system after electrochemically deintercalated to various "x" values have been investigated using soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for oxygen K-edge and Ni L-II,L-III-edge. By comparing the O K-edge XAS spectra of Li1-xNiO2 electrode collected simultaneously by the partial electron yield (PEY) mode and florescence mode (FY), it was found that the surface electronic structure of Li1-xNiO2 electrode is different from the bulk. Therefore, if the PEY mode, which is a surface-sensitive technique, is used alone, the reliability of the results is limited to the surface structures only. Ni L-II,L-III-edge XAS results of Li1-xNiO2 electrode at different charge states, in both the FY and PEY modes, show that Ni2+ ions at the surface are mostly oxidized to Ni3+ ions during Li deintercalation, whereas the process in the bulk is the oxidation of Ni ions from Ni3+ to Ni4+. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, WS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM wonsuby@bnl.gov RI Chung, Kyung Yoon/E-4646-2011; Yoon, Won-Sub/H-2343-2011 OI Chung, Kyung Yoon/0000-0002-1273-746X; NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 234 EP 237 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.013 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100041 ER PT J AU Spotnitz, RM Yeduvaka, GS Nagasubramanian, G Jungst, R AF Spotnitz, R. M. Yeduvaka, G. S. Nagasubramanian, G. Jungst, R. TI Modeling self-discharge of Li/SOCl2 cells SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE thionyl chloride; battery; fade; lithium corrosion; safety ID LITHIUM/THIONYL CHLORIDE BATTERY; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; THERMAL-ANALYSIS AB A kinetic expression for the chemical reaction of lithium metal with thionyl chloride is presented that is consistent with calorimetric measurements of the heat generation from a thionyl chloride cell. The kinetics expression is incorporated into a well-established electrochemical model for the discharge behavior, and then used to estimate the life of the battery under an intermittent discharge so as to assess the importance of lithium corrosion. The model predicts that, under the conditions examined, there is no danger of depleting the lithium anode and so introducing a safety hazard. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Battery Design LLC, Pleasanton, CA 94588 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Spotnitz, RM (reprint author), Battery Design LLC, 2277 DeLucchi Dr, Pleasanton, CA 94588 USA. EM rspotnitz@batdesign.com; gowriy@batdesign.com; gnagasu@sandia.gov; rgjungs@sandia.gov NR 11 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 163 IS 1 SI SI BP 578 EP 583 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.025 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 137UF UT WOS:000244317100092 ER PT J AU Lemey, P Hillis, D Candelas, FG Milinkovitch, M Leitner, T AF Lemey, Philippe Hillis, David Candelas, Fernando Gonzalez Milinkovitch, Michel Leitner, Thomas TI Molecular HIV evidence backs accused medics - Expert opinion SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Rega Inst, Louvain, Belgium. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Valencia, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. Free Univ Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. RP Lemey, P (reprint author), Rega Inst, Louvain, Belgium. RI Hillis, David/B-4278-2008 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 444 IS 7120 BP 659 EP 659 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 113EL UT WOS:000242581100006 ER PT J AU Fuller-Rowell, T Araujo-Pradere, E Minter, C Codrescu, M Spencer, P Robertson, D Jacobson, AR AF Fuller-Rowell, Tim Araujo-Pradere, Eduardo Minter, Cliff Codrescu, Mihail Spencer, Paul Robertson, Doug Jacobson, Abram R. TI US-TEC: A new data assimilation product from the Space Environment Center characterizing the ionospheric total electron content using real-time GPS data SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE AB [ 1] The potential of data assimilation for operational numerical weather forecasting has been appreciated for many years. For space weather it is a new path that we are just beginning to explore. With the emergence of satellite constellations and the networks of ground-based observations, sufficient data sources are now available to make the application of data assimilation techniques a viable option. The first space weather product at Space Environment Center ( SEC) utilizing data assimilation techniques, US-TEC, was launched as a test operational product in November 2004. US-TEC characterizes the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) over the continental United States (CONUS) every 15 min with about a 15-min latency. US-TEC is based on a Kalman filter data assimilation scheme driven by a ground-based network of real-time GPS stations. The product includes a map of the vertical TEC, an estimate of the uncertainty in the map, and the departure of the TEC from a 10-day average at that particular universal time. In addition, data files are provided for vertical TEC and the line-of-sight electron content to all GPS satellites in view over the CONUS at that time. The information can be used to improve single-frequency GPS positioning by providing more accurate corrections for the ionospheric signal delay, or it can be used to initialize rapid integer ambiguity resolution schemes for dual-frequency GPS systems. Validation of US-TEC indicates an accuracy of the line-of-sight electron content of between 2 and 3 TEC units ( 1 TECU = 10(16) el m(-2)), equivalent to less than 50 cm signal delay at L1 frequencies, which promises value for GPS users. This is the first step along a path that will likely lead to major improvement in space weather forecasting, paralleling the advances achieved in meteorological weather forecasting. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Fuller-Rowell, T (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tim.fuller-rowell@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 41 IS 6 AR RS6003 DI 10.1029/2005RS003393 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 115UE UT WOS:000242758500001 ER PT J AU Cao, WQ Duan, YX AF Cao, Wenqing Duan, Yixiang TI Optical fiber evanescent wave sensor for oxygen deficiency detection SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE oxygen; sensors; optical fiber; evanescent field; sol-gel ID GAS-SENSING APPLICATIONS; OXIDIZED ALUMINUM PLATE; ZIRCONIA ELECTROLYTE; IONIC-CONDUCTIVITY; CHEMICAL SENSORS; SOLID-SOLUTION; SENSITIVITY; BIOSENSORS; DIFFUSION; POWDER AB We have designed and developed an optical fiber based evanescent sensor for oxygen deficiency detection. The sensing dye, methylene blue, was immobilized in the substitutional cladding using sol-gel process. The sensing properties of the optical sensor to gaseous oxygen at room temperature were characterized. The response of the sensor is logarithmic linear within the oxygen concentration range between 0.6% and 20.9%. This newly developed oxygen deficiency sensor has significant advantages over the currently available oxygen sensors such as fast response and recovery, good reversibility and repeatability, and minimal temperature influence. The change of temperature from 21 to 35 degrees C seems not affecting the system sensing properties such as response and recovery time. Particularly, even though the spectrum intensities at the fixed wavelength 636 nm shifted with the temperature increase from 21 to 35 degrees C, the degree of the relative evanescent absorbance originated from oxygen kept unchanged. Compared with the optical oxygen sensors based on dynamic luminescence quenching, the optical fiber oxygen sensor we developed here is based on the evanescent field absorption and should be more straightforwardly responding to the change of oxygen concentrations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, C CSE, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Duan, YX (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, C CSE, MS K484, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM yduan@lanl.gov NR 36 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 119 IS 2 BP 363 EP 369 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2005.12.034 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 093VE UT WOS:000241197600002 ER PT J AU Brosha, EL Mukundan, R Lujan, R Garzon, FH AF Brosha, Eric L. Mukundan, Rangachary Lujan, Roger Garzon, Fernando H. TI Mixed potential NOx sensors using thin film electrodes and electrolytes for stationary reciprocating engine type applications SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE electrochemical sensor; NOx sensor; mixed potential ID ZIRCONIA OXYGEN SENSOR; STATE IONIC DEVICES; STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; OXIDE ELECTRODES; HYDROGEN SENSOR; CARBON-MONOXIDE; BEHAVIOR AB Mixed potential sensors using dense, thin film metal oxide working electrodes, Pt counter electrodes, and thin film YSZ electrolytes on Al2O3 polycrystalline and sapphire substrates were prepared and studied between 450 and 650 degrees C. Their response to NO, NO2, CO, and C1 and C3 hydrocarbons in 10.4% O-2/N-2 balance and in air atmospheres was characterized. The lanthanum chromite-based sensors showed preferential sensitivity to NO, with cross sensitivity to CO and non-methane hydrocarbons such as C3H6 and C3H8 with the highest NO, sensitivity and minimal CO/HC cross sensitivity exhibited by a sensor prepared with a La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 working electrode. Studies of the Mg-doped LaCrO3 devices conducted for up to 800 h at 600 degrees C showed minimal aging in these devices. In contrast, sensors fabricated with spinel NiCr2O4 or ZnFe2O4 working electrodes showed preferential sensitivity to HCs and minimal sensitivity to NO2. Sensors fabricated with Y0.16Th0.3Zr0.54O2-delta working electrodes required operating temperatures in excess of 600 degrees C and, like the spinels, showed minimal NOx, sensitivity. A prototype three-electrode mixed potential device for the detection of multiple gases was also demonstrated. The use of a heated Pt black pre-catalyst upstream to the sensor was demonstrated to effectively remove the CO and hydrocarbon response. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Brosha, EL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp, MS D429, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM brosha@lanl.gov OI Mukundan, Rangachary/0000-0002-5679-3930 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD DEC 7 PY 2006 VL 119 IS 2 BP 398 EP 408 DI 10.1016/j.snb.2005.12.044 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 093VE UT WOS:000241197600008 ER PT J AU Liu, NG Prall, BS Klimov, VI AF Liu, Nanguo Prall, Bradley S. Klimov, Victor I. TI Hybrid gold/silica/nanocrystal-quantum-dot superstructures: Synthesis and analysis of semiconductor-metal interactions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GOLD NANOPARTICLES; FLUORESCENCE; ENHANCEMENT; PARTICLES C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Klimov, VI (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM klimov@lanl.gov OI Klimov, Victor/0000-0003-1158-3179 NR 15 TC 177 Z9 178 U1 9 U2 108 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 6 PY 2006 VL 128 IS 48 BP 15362 EP 15363 DI 10.1021/ja0660296 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 110GS UT WOS:000242367000005 PM 17131988 ER PT J AU Song, SJ Wachsman, ED Lee, TH Chen, L Dorris, SE Balachandran, UB AF Song, Sun-Ju Wachsman, Eric D. Lee, Tae H. Chen, Ling Dorris, Stephen E. Balachandran, U. Balu TI Annealing effect of cermet membranes on hydrogen permeability SO CHEMISTRY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STRONTIUM CERATE; PERMEATION; CONDUCTIVITY; CERAMICS AB Ni-SrCe0.8Yb0.2O3-delta cermet membranes are being developed to separate hydrogen from hydrogen-containing gas mixtures at high temperature. The hydrogen flux of an annealed membrane showed higher flux than that of an as-sintered membrane. The major contribution to overall flux was from ambipolar diffusion through the metal-to-oxide grain boundary. The higher hydrogen permeation flux of an annealed membrane may be understood by its larger metal grains and lower tortuosity, leading to a less-effective length for proton diffusion. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Song, SJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM song@anl.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 1-5 KANDA-SURUGADAI CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101-8307, JAPAN SN 0366-7022 EI 1348-0715 J9 CHEM LETT JI Chem. Lett. PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 35 IS 12 BP 1378 EP 1379 DI 10.1246/cl.2006.1378 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 131KQ UT WOS:000243868100028 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, V Galinsky, V Winske, D AF Shevchenko, Valentin Galinsky, Vitaly Winske, Dan TI Heavy ion acceleration in the divergent solar wind SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FOKKER-PLANCK COEFFICIENT; PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE; PREFERENTIAL ACCELERATION; HYBRID SIMULATIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; CORONAL HOLES; HELIUM; WAVES; TURBULENCE AB [1] We study the heavy ion acceleration due to cyclotron interaction with both right- and left-hand polarized MHD waves propagating along the magnetic field in the outward direction in the divergent solar wind. It is shown in test-particle approximation that heavy ions can overcome the gap between the maximum resonant velocity for left-handed waves and minimum resonant velocity for right- handed waves and acquire the average parallel velocity on the order of local Alfven speed relative to the protons. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Theoret Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Shevchenko, V (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM valentin@ece.ucsd.edu NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 33 IS 23 AR L23101 DI 10.1029/2006GL026765 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 115RP UT WOS:000242751800001 ER PT J AU Labouriau, A Smith, BF Khalsa, GRK Robison, TW AF Labouriau, Andrea Smith, Barbara F. Khalsa, Guru Rattan K. Robison, Thomas W. TI Boric acid binding studies with diol containing polyethylenimines as determined by B-11 NMR spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water-soluble polymers; B-11 NMR; polyethylenimine; boric acid; diol ID POLYBORATE EQUILIBRIA; PH-DEPENDENCE; BORATE ESTERS; POLYMER; STABILITY; BORON AB Three water-soluble polymers incorporating increasing levels of 2,3-dihydroxy propyl attached to polyethylenimine (PEI) backbone were synthesized, characterized by NMR, and investigated for their ability to bind boric acid (BA). B-11 NMR spectroscopy showed that BA interacted with the polymeric 2,3-dihydroxy propyls by forming borate monoester and borate diesters in the boron concentration range of 100-1000 ppm and at 0.0775M polymer. Borate monoester species predominated for low functionalization levels (33% of the PEI amines functionalized), whereas borate diester species dominated for the higher functionalized polymers (66-100% of the PEI amines functionalized). All three polymers showed that 100% of the BA was bound as a mixture of borate mono- and diesters at 100-ppm boron. The overall best performer based on total borate ester formation was the 2/3-PEI, with a binding K-d of 631 at 200 ppm boron. Borate ion concentration was measured from the B-11 NMR chemical shift of the BA/borate peak and it decreased as 1/3-PEI > 2/3-PEI > 3/3-PEI. Variable temperature B-11 NMR showed drastic reduction of borate ester species at 65 degrees C. Thus, PEI polymers, as the ones investigated in this work, are reasonable candidates for the selective recovery and recycle of BA. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Chem Sci & Engn Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Thiel Coll, Dept Chem, Greenville, PA 16125 USA. RP Labouriau, A (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Chem Sci & Engn Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM andrea@lanl.gov OI Labouriau, Andrea/0000-0001-8033-9132 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 102 IS 5 BP 4411 EP 4418 DI 10.1002/app.24637 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 099KQ UT WOS:000241593700043 ER PT J AU Shao, MH Huang, T Liu, P Zhang, J Sasaki, K Vukmirovic, MB Adzic, RR AF Shao, M. H. Huang, T. Liu, P. Zhang, J. Sasaki, K. Vukmirovic, M. B. Adzic, R. R. TI Palladium monolayer and palladium alloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; PT-FE ALLOYS; O-2 REDUCTION; PLATINUM-MONOLAYER; THERMODYNAMIC GUIDELINES; BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; KINETIC-PARAMETERS; METAL-SURFACES; FUEL-CELL AB We investigated the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) on Pd monolayers on various surfaces and on Pd alloys to obtain a substitute for Pt and to elucidate the origin of their activity. The activity of Pd monolayers supported on Ru(0001), Rh(111), Ir( 111), Pt( 111), and Au( 111) increased in the following order: Pd/Ru( 0001) < Pd/Ir( 111) < Pd/ Rh( 111)< Pd/ Au( 111)< Pd/ Pt( 111). Their activity was correlated with their d-band centers, which were calculated using density functional theory (DFT). We found a volcano-type dependence of activity on the energy of the d-band center of Pd monolayers, with Pd/ Pt(111) at the top of the curve. The activity of the non-Pt Pd2Co/ C alloy electrocatalyst nanoparticles that we synthesized was comparable to that of commercial Pt-containing catalysts. The kinetics of the ORR on this electrocatalyst predominantly involves a four-electron step reduction with the first electron transfer being the rate-determining step. The downshift of the d-band center of the Pd "skin", which constitutes the alloy surface due to the strong surface segregation of Pd at elevated temperatures, determined its high ORR activity. Additionally, it showed very high methanol tolerance, retaining very high catalytic activity for the ORR at high concentrations of methanol. Provided its stability is satisfactory, this catalyst might possibly replace Pt in fuel-cell cathodes, especially those of direct methanol oxidation fuel cells (DMFCs). C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Adzic, RR (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM adzic@bnl.gov OI Shao, Minhua/0000-0003-4496-0057 NR 51 TC 283 Z9 291 U1 31 U2 306 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 25 BP 10409 EP 10415 DI 10.1021/la0610553 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 109WM UT WOS:000242340300015 PM 17129009 ER PT J AU Bennett, B Langan, P Coates, L Mustyakimov, M Schoenborn, B Howell, EE Dealwis, C AF Bennett, Brad Langan, Paul Coates, Leighton Mustyakimov, Marat Schoenborn, Benno Howell, Elizabeth E. Dealwis, Chris TI Neutron diffraction studies of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase complexed with methotrexate SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE deuterium exchange; dynamics; solvent; hydrogen; crystallography ID ACTIVE-SITE; PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; HYDROGEN-EXCHANGE; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; ENZYME CATALYSIS; SINGLE-MOLECULE; LIGAND-BINDING; DYNAMICS; WATER AB Hydrogen atoms play a central role in many biochemical processes yet are difficult to visualize by x-ray crystallography. Spallation neutron sources provide a new arena for protein crystallography with TOF measurements enhancing data collection efficiency and allowing hydrogen atoms to be located in smaller crystals of larger biological macromolecules. Here we report a 2.2-angstrom resolution neutron structure of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in complex with methotrexate (MTX). Neutron data were collected on a 0.3-mm(3) D2O-soaked crystal at the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center. This study provides an example of using spallation neutrons to study protein dynamics, to identify protonation states directly from nuclear density maps, and to analyze solvent structure. Our structure reveals that the occluded loop conformation [monomer (mon.) A] of the (DHFRMTX)-M-. complex undergoes greater H/D exchange compared with the closed-loop conformer (mon. B), partly because the Met-20 and 13(F-G) loops readily exchange in mon. A. The eight-stranded beta sheet of both DHFR molecules resists H/D exchange more than the helices and loops. However, the C-terminal strand, beta H, in mon. A is almost fully exchanged. Several D2OS form hydrogen bonds with exchanged amides. At the active site, the N1 atom of MTX is protonated and thus charged when bound to DHFR. Several D2Os are observed at hydrophobic surfaces, including two pockets near the MTX-binding site. A previously unidentified D2O hydrogen bonds with the catalytic D27 in mon. B, stabilizing its negative charge. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Biochem Cellular & Mol Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Dealwis, C (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Biochem Cellular & Mol Biol, M407 Walters Life Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM cdealwis@utk.edu RI Langan, Paul/N-5237-2015; OI Langan, Paul/0000-0002-0247-3122; Coates, Leighton/0000-0003-2342-049X NR 51 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 103 IS 49 BP 18493 EP 18498 DI 10.1073/pnas.0604977103 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 114TZ UT WOS:000242689800022 PM 17130456 ER PT J AU Park, S DiMasi, E Kim, YI Han, WQ Woodward, PM Vogt, T AF Park, Sangmoon DiMasi, Elaine Kim, Young-Il Han, Weiqiang Woodward, Patrick M. Vogt, Thomas TI The preparation and characterization of photocatalytically active TiO2 thin films and nanoparticles using Successive-Ionic-Layer-Adsorption-and-Reaction SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE titanium oxide; deposition process; heat treatment; photocatalysis ID TEMPERATURE DEPOSITION; CRYSTALLIZATION; IMPROVEMENT; SILICON; OXIDES AB Photocatalytically active TiO2 thin-films were deposited on silicon wafers using the Successive-Ionic-Layer-Adsorption-and-Reaction technique and subsequent hydrothermal and/or furnace annealing. Atomic-force-microscopy images and X-ray diffraction measurements of the TiO2 films obtained under various annealing conditions show how changes of the micro-scale surface structure depend on the post-SILAR treatment. The hydrogen evolution over various TiO2 films was measured. Hydrothermally treated TiO2 films show a higher photocatalytic activity and a much better mechanical stability compared to furnace-annealed films. The optical transmittance of TiO2 thin films on glass substrates was also studied. A red shift was observed with increasing film thickness. TiO2 nanoparticles (similar to 10 nm) that were peeled off from the TiO2 films were investigated using high-resolution-transmission-electron-microscopy. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ S Carolina, NanoCtr, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Vogt, T (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, NanoCtr, 1212 Green St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM tvogt@gwm.sc.edu RI Han, WQ/E-2818-2013; Vogt, Thomas /A-1562-2011; Kim, Young-il/I-9322-2014 OI Vogt, Thomas /0000-0002-4731-2787; Kim, Young-il/0000-0003-2755-9587 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 1250 EP 1254 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.01.068 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900002 ER PT J AU Faiz, M Tabet, N Mekki, A Mun, BS Hussain, Z AF Faiz, M. Tabet, N. Mekki, A. Mun, B. S. Hussain, Z. TI X-ray absorption near edge structure investigation of vanadium-doped ZnO thin films SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE ZnO; XANES; vanadium doping; thin films; DC-sputtering ID 3D TRANSITION-METALS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; OXIDES; SPECTRA AB X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy has been used to investigate the electronic and atomic structure of vanadium-doped ZnO thin films obtained by reactive plasma. The results show no sign of metallic clustering of V atoms, +4 oxidation state of V, 4-fold coordination of Zn in the films, and a secondary phase (possibly VO2) formation at 15% V doping. O K edge spectra show V 3d-O 2p and Zn 4d-O 2p hybridization, and suggest that V4+ acts as electron donor that fills the sigma* band. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 KFUPM, Dept Phys, Surface Sci Lab, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Faiz, M (reprint author), KFUPM, Dept Phys, Surface Sci Lab, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. RI Mun, Bongjin /G-1701-2013 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 1377 EP 1379 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.03.044 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900022 ER PT J AU Elam, JW Zinovev, A Han, CY Wang, HH Welp, U Hryn, JN Pellin, MJ AF Elam, J. W. Zinovev, A. Han, C. Y. Wang, H. H. Welp, U. Hryn, J. N. Pellin, M. J. TI Atomic layer deposition of palladium films on Al2O3 surfaces SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE atomic layer deposition; palladium; formalin; anodic aluminum oxide ID QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; HYDROGEN SENSORS; THIN-FILMS; ANODIC ALUMINA; REDUCING AGENT; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; OXIDE; PD; TRIMETHYLALUMINUM AB We examined the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Pd films using sequential exposures of Pd(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Pd(hfac)(2)) and formalin and discovered that formalin enables the efficient nucleation of Pd ALD on Al2O3. In situ quartz crystal microbalance measurements revealed that the Pd nucleation is hampered by the relatively slow reaction of the adsorbed Pd(hfaC)2 species, but is accelerated using larger initial Pd(hfac)2 and formalin exposures. Pd nucleation proceeds via coalescence of islands and leaves hfac contamination at the Al2O3 interface. Pd films were deposited on the thermal oxide of silicon, glass and mesoporous anodic alumina following the ALD of a thin Al2O3 seed layer and analyzed using a variety of techniques. We measured a Pd ALD growth rate of 0.2 angstrom/cycle following a nucleation period of slower growth. The deposited films are cubic Pd with a roughness of 4.2 nm, and a resistivity of 11 mu Omega cm at 42 nm thickness. Using this method, Pd deposits conformally on the inside of mesoporous anodic alumina membranes with aspect ratio similar to 1500 yielding promising hydrogen sensors. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Elam, JW (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Syst, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM jelam@anl.gov RI Pellin, Michael/B-5897-2008 OI Pellin, Michael/0000-0002-8149-9768 NR 42 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 10 U2 70 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 1664 EP 1673 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.05.049 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900069 ER PT J AU Orlovskaya, N Coratolo, A Lugovy, M Johnson, C Gemmen, R AF Orlovskaya, Nina Coratolo, Anthony Lugovy, Mykola Johnson, Christopher Gemmen, Randall TI Structural evolution of La-Cr-O thin films: Part I. Microstructure and phase development SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE ceramics; coatings; phase transitions; sputtering ID OXIDE FUEL-CELL; STAINLESS-STEEL INTERCONNECT; SELF-ORGANIZATION; NETWORK GLASSES; MIXED OXIDES; CRYSTALLIZATION; ELECTROLYTE; PERFORMANCE; OXIDATION; CATALYSTS AB The structural evolution of La-Cr-O thin films and the formation mechanisms of the LaCrO3 perovskite phase have been studied. X-ray amorphous La-Cr-O protective coatings were deposited by magnetron sputtering on metallic interconnect materials. During the annealing of the material in air a two-step phase transition from La-Cr-O to a monoclinic LaCrO4 monazite and further to an orthorhombic LaCrO3 Perovskite phase was observed. The formation of a fine nanoporous structure is a result of the significant increase in density of the final LaCrO3 perovskite in comparison with monazite LaCrO4 phase. While the porous structure was not sought after for this application, these distinctive nanostructures may have numerous applications in catalysis, separation membranes or for other SOFC components. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Energy Technol Lab, Dept Energy, Morgantown, WV 26507 USA. RP Orlovskaya, N (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM norlovsk@mtu.edu NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 6 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 1741 EP 1747 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.06.017 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900081 ER PT J AU Kundu, SN Johnston, S Olsen, LC AF Kundu, Sambhu N. Johnston, Steve Olsen, Larry C. TI Traps identification in Copper-Indium-Gallium-Sulfur-Selenide solar cells completed with various buffer layers by deep level transient spectroscopy SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE sollar cells; copper indium gallium; sulfur selenide; deep level transient spectroscopy defects ID MINORITY-CARRIER TRAPS; CUINSE2; DLTS AB Current-voltage characteristics of thin-filin semiconductor devices are greatly affected by surface and interface defects. Deep level transient spectroscopy has been used in this work to reveal information about defect levels in CuInGaSSe based solar cells. The defect spectra varied significantly from sample to sample. Majority and minority carrier traps were identified for each cell. An effort was made to correlate the traps with the chemical nature of defects. In particular, cells were investigated that had three different buffer layers namely CdS, ZnO and ZnS. In the case of ZnO and ZnS buffer layer devices cells with high and low efficiencies were studied. The lower efficiency cells were characterized by deeper trap levels. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Kundu, SN (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM Sambhu.kundu@pnl.gov NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 2625 EP 2631 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.03.046 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900228 ER PT J AU Albin, DS Demtsu, SH McMahon, TJ AF Albin, D. S. Demtsu, S. H. McMahon, T. J. TI Film thickness and chemical processing effects on the stability of cadmium telluride solar cells SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE cadmium telluride; solar cells; surface thermodynamics; X-ray diffraction ID BACK-CONTACT; CDTE; PERFORMANCE; MICROSTRUCTURE; EFFICIENCY AB The performance and stability of CdS/CdTe solar cells as a function of layer thickness, back contact etch, and oxygen during the CdCl2 anneal was determined. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the statistical significance of various first order effects and interactions. With stress, all devices showed a reduction in open-circuit voltage (V-oc) and fill factor (FF) characteristic of increased recombination. Devices using thinner US were vulnerable to shunt formation. Oxygen during the CdCl2 anneal minimizes this effect. A thermodynamic model involving the formation of Cu-oxide is presented to explain the latter. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Albin, DS (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1617 Cole Blvd,MS 3211, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM david_albin@nrel.gov NR 37 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 2659 EP 2668 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.05.042 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900234 ER PT J AU Pan, G Schaefer, DW van Ooij, WJ Kent, MS Majewski, J Yim, H AF Pan, Guirong Schaefer, Dale W. van Ooij, Wim J. Kent, Michael S. Majewski, Jaroslaw Yim, Hyun TI Morphology and water resistance of mixed silane films of bis[3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl]tetrasulfide and bis-[trimethoxysilylpropyl]amine SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE silanes; neutron reflectivity; swelling; interface ID NEUTRON REFLECTION; SILICON-WAFERS; X-RAY; ADSORPTION; ALUMINUM; 2024-T3; FINISH; LAYERS AB Functional organosilanes are powerful interface-active agents that find applications as adhesion promoters as well as optical, dielectric and protective coatings. Bis-silanes are of particular interest because they are highly crosslinked leading to very robust films. In almost all applications, the water resistance of the films is a critical performance measure. Here we use neutron reflectivity to address the effect of bridging group on the hydrothermal response of bis-silane films prepared using bis[3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl]tetrasulfide and bis-[trimethoxysilylpropyl]amine. Neat and mixed films are examined as-prepared, after exposure to water vapor and then in the re-dried state. The bridging group is the key factor that controls the morphology and water resistance of silane films. Although bis-sulfur silane is not as condensed as bis-amino silane, bis-sulfur swells less in water because of the hydrophobic nature of bridging group. The reflectivity of bis-sulfur silane film is reversible after room-temperature water conditioning but not at 80 degrees C, indicating chemical alternation of the film at 80 degrees C. The water resistance of mixed silane is roughly that of both components weighted by their volume fraction. But based on the enhanced shrinkage that occurs following water-vapor conditioning of the mixed film, condensation is accelerated in the mixed silane. Regarding the precursor solution, bis-amino silane may act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of bis-sulfur silane leading to more silanols in the solution and further condensation in the film. Variation in the structure normal to the substrate is also examined by swelling the film with d-nitrobenzene, a non-reacting swelling agent. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1811, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87585 USA. RP Schaefer, DW (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM dale.schaefer@uc.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 18 TC 16 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD DEC 5 PY 2006 VL 515 IS 4 BP 2771 EP 2780 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.05.034 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 118HB UT WOS:000242931900253 ER PT J AU Ma, BW Djurovich, PI Garon, S Alleyne, B Thompson, ME AF Ma, Biwu Djurovich, Peter I. Garon, Simona Alleyne, Bert Thompson, Mark E. TI Platinum binuclear complexes as phosphorescent dopants for monochromatic and white organic light-emitting diodes SO ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SATURATED RED EMISSION; HIGH-EFFICIENCY; ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES; ELECTROPHOSPHORESCENT DEVICES; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; IRIDIUM COMPLEXES; IR(III) COMPLEXES; OLED APPLICATIONS; SYNTHETIC CONTROL; TRIPLET EXCIMERS AB Efficient blue-, green-, and red-light-emitting organic diodes are fabricated using binuclear platinum complexes as phosphorescent dopants. The series of complexes used here have pyrazolate bridging ligands and the general formula C'NPt(mu-pz)(2)(PtCN)-N-boolean AND (where (CN)-N-boolean AND = 2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N, C-2' pz = pyrazole (1), 3-methyl-5-tert-butylpyrazole (2), and 3,5-bis(tert-butyl)pyrazole (3)). The Pt-Pt distance in the complexes, which decreases in the order 1 > 2 > 3, solely determines the electroluminescence color of the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Blue OLEDs fabricated using 8 % 1 doped into a 3,5-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP) host have a quantum efficiency of 4.3 % at 120 Cd m(-2), a brightness of 3900 Cd m(-2) at 12 V, and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.11, 0.24). Green and red OLEDs fabricated with 2 and 3, respectively, also give high quantum efficiencies (similar to 6.7 %), with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.63) and (0.59, 0.46), respectively. The current-density-voltage characteristics of devices made using dopants 2 and 3 indicate that hole trapping is enhanced by short Pt-Pt distances (< 3.1 angstrom). Blue electrophosphorescence is achieved by taking advantage of the binuclear molecular geometry in order to suppress dopant intermolecular interactions. No evidence of low-energy emission from aggregate states is observed in OLEDs made with 50 % 1 doped into mCP. OLEDs made using 100 % 1 as an emissive layer display red luminescence, which is believed to originate from distorted complexes with compressed Pt-Pt separations located in defect sites within the neat film. White OLEDs are fabricated using 1 and 3 in three different device architectures, either with one or two dopants in dual emissive layers or both dopants in a single emissive layer. All the white OLEDs have high quantum efficiency 5 %) and brightness (similar to 600 Cd m(-2) at 10 V). C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Ma, BW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM met@usc.edu RI Ma, Biwu/B-6943-2012; OI Thompson, Mark/0000-0002-7764-4096 NR 45 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 8 U2 66 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1616-301X J9 ADV FUNCT MATER JI Adv. Funct. Mater. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 16 IS 18 BP 2438 EP 2446 DI 10.1002/adfm.200600614 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 120KE UT WOS:000243082800019 ER PT J AU Li, QW Zhang, XF DePaula, RF Zheng, LX Zhao, YH Stan, L Holesinger, TG Arendt, PN Peterson, DE Zhu, YT AF Li, Qingwen Zhang, Xiefei DePaula, Raymond F. Zheng, Lianxi Zhao, Yonghao Stan, Liliana Holesinger, Terry G. Arendt, Paul N. Peterson, Dean E. Zhu, Yuntian T. TI Sustained growth of ultralong carbon nanotube arrays for fiber spinning SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SINGLE; NUCLEATION; CATALYST; YARNS; FILMS AB Arrays of well-aligned, ca 4.7 mm long carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are grown in a simple, safe, and cost-effective manner using an efficient Al2O3/Fe catalyst prepared by an ion-beam assisted deposition technique (see figure). Importantly, the as-synthesized CNT arrays with lengths ranging from 500 mu m to 1.5 mm are conducive to spinning, and CNT fibers spun from such long CNT arrays show remarkably improved tensile strength. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Zhu, YT (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM yzhu@lanl.gov RI Zhu, Yuntian/B-3021-2008; Zhao, Yonghao/A-8521-2009; Zheng, Lianxi/A-3855-2011; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 OI Zhu, Yuntian/0000-0002-5961-7422; Zheng, Lianxi/0000-0003-4974-365X; NR 32 TC 220 Z9 229 U1 16 U2 184 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3160 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200601344 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 121UY UT WOS:000243183700018 ER PT J AU Fan, C Liaw, PK Wilson, TW Choo, H Gao, YF Liu, CT Proffen, T Richardson, JW AF Fan, Cang Liaw, P. K. Wilson, T. W. Choo, H. Gao, Y. F. Liu, C. T. Proffen, Th. Richardson, J. W. TI Pair distribution function study and mechanical behavior of as-cast and structurally relaxed Zr-based bulk metallic glasses SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AMORPHOUS-ALLOYS; NANOCRYSTALLINE COMPOSITES; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; RELAXATION; COMPOUND AB Contrary to reported results on structural relaxation inducing brittleness in amorphous alloys, the authors found that structural relaxation actually caused an increase in the strength of Zr55Cu35Al10 bulk metallic glass (BMG) without changing the plasticity. Three dimensional models were rebuilt for the as-cast and structurally relaxed BMGs by reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations based on the pair distribution function (PDF) measured by neutron scattering. Only a small portion of the atom pairs was found to change to more dense packing. The concept of free volume was defined based on the PDF and RMC studies, and the mechanism of mechanical behavior was discussed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lujan Neutron Scattering Ctr, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Fan, C (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM cfan@utk.edu RI Gao, Yanfei/F-9034-2010; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Choo, Hahn/A-5494-2009; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009 OI Gao, Yanfei/0000-0003-2082-857X; Choo, Hahn/0000-0002-8006-8907; Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 231920 DI 10.1063/1.2402884 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200044 ER PT J AU Kohli, P Christensen, C Muehlmeier, J Biswas, R Tuttle, G Ho, KM AF Kohli, Preeti Christensen, Caleb Muehlmeier, Jason Biswas, Rana Tuttle, Gary Ho, Kai-Ming TI Add-drop filters in three-dimensional layer-by-layer photonic crystals using waveguides and resonant cavities SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BAND-GAP AB A three-dimensional layer-by-layer photonic crystal with a complete photonic band gap is used to experimentally and theoretically demonstrate a sharp tunable bandpass filter. The structure consists of input and output waveguide sections coupled through a nearby cavity. The authors show experimentally and verify with finite difference time domain simulations that this configuration is a bandpass filter where a particular resonant frequency of the cavity is selected from the input guide and transmitted to the output guide leaving out other input frequencies. An excellent coupling efficiency near 100% between the waveguide and the cavity is found for the drop frequencies. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Microelect Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Microelect Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kohli, P (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM biswasr@iastate.edu NR 12 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 231103 DI 10.1063/1.2400398 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200003 ER PT J AU Levitas, VI Smilowitz, LB Henson, BF Asay, BW AF Levitas, Valery I. Smilowitz, Laura B. Henson, Bryan F. Asay, Blaine W. TI Nucleation mechanism for reconstructive solid-solid phase transitions via melt mediated nanocluster transformation SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ENERGETIC NITRAMINE OCTAHYDRO-1,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAZOCINE; HMX AB A general nucleation mechanism is proposed and justified thermodynamically and kinetically. The authors apply it to the beta-delta phase transformation (PT) in the HMX crystal. It explains the observation of a reconstructive PT very close (0.6 K) to the phase equilibrium temperature, despite the large volume change and interface energy. Nanosize clusters of beta phase dissolve in a liquid and transform into delta phase clusters. The liquid completely removes the elastic energy generated by a large volume change. Cluster to cluster PT also drastically reduces the change in interfacial energy. Suggested kinetics for the beta-delta PT is in good agreement with experiments. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Levitas, VI (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM valery.levitas@ttu.edu NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 231930 DI 10.1063/1.2403900 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200054 ER PT J AU Reed, SA Chvykov, V Kalintchenko, G Matsuoka, T Rousseau, P Yanovsky, V Vane, CR Beene, JR Stracener, D Schultz, DR Maksimchuk, A AF Reed, S. A. Chvykov, V. Kalintchenko, G. Matsuoka, T. Rousseau, P. Yanovsky, V. Vane, C. R. Beene, J. R. Stracener, D. Schultz, D. R. Maksimchuk, A. TI Photonuclear fission with quasimonoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefields SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-REACTIONS AB Recent advancements in laser wakefield accelerators have resulted in the generation of low divergence, hundred MeV, quasimonoenergetic electron beams. The bremsstrahlung produced by these highly energetic electrons in heavy converters includes a large number of MeV gamma rays that have been utilized to induce photofission in natural uranium. Analysis of the measured delayed gamma emission demonstrates production of greater than 3x10(5) fission events per joule of laser energy, which is more than an order of magnitude greater than that previously achieved. Monte Carlo simulations model the generated bremsstrahlung spectrum and compare photofission yields as a function of target depth and incident electron energy. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Ultrafast Opt Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Reed, SA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM reedsa@umich.edu RI Yanovsky, Victor/B-5899-2008; Kalinchenko, Galina/G-5684-2014 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 231107 DI 10.1063/1.2400400 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200007 ER PT J AU Smith, DL Ruden, PP AF Smith, D. L. Ruden, P. P. TI Analytic device model for light-emitting ambipolar organic semiconductor field-effect transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBE; EMISSION AB Recent experiments have demonstrated ambipolar channel conduction and light emission in conjugated polymer field-effect transistors (FETs). Electrons and holes are injected from metal source and drain contacts with different work functions, propagate through the FET channel, and recombine emitting light. The position of maximum light emission is varied by changing the voltages applied to the transistor terminals. Here, we present an analytic device model for ambipolar organic field-effect transistors, based on the gradual channel approximation. Trapping of the injected carriers is found to be important. The model results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Smith, DL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM dsmith@lanl.gov NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 233519 DI 10.1063/1.2402942 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200137 ER PT J AU Soldatenkov, O Samoilova, T Ivanov, A Kozyrev, A Ginley, D Kaydanova, T AF Soldatenkov, Oleg Samoilova, Tatyana Ivanov, Andrey Kozyrev, Andrey Ginley, David Kaydanova, Tatyana TI Nonlinear properties of thin ferroelectric film-based capacitors at elevated microwave power SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITORS; PHASE-SHIFTER; DEVICES; TEMPERATURE AB A key interest in high power high frequency microwave devices is their performance at high power levels. The authors discuss two mechanisms determining the capacitance variations of a thin ferroelectric film-based nonlinear capacitor under elevated microwave power levels analytically and experimentally studied over wide frequency range. The mechanisms are the dielectric nonlinearity under the microwave electric field and ferroelectric film heating due to microwave energy dissipation. It is shown that for thin ferroelectric film parallel plate capacitive structures up to millimeter-wave frequency range, the electric field effect is the dominant mechanism in the capacitance variations, and for limitations on power handling. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 St Petersburg Electrotech Univ, St Petersburg 197376, Russia. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80228 USA. RP Soldatenkov, O (reprint author), St Petersburg Electrotech Univ, 5 Prof Popov St, St Petersburg 197376, Russia. EM mcl@eltech.ru NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 232901 DI 10.1063/1.2399336 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200081 ER PT J AU Sun, SY Sun, Y Liu, Z Lee, DI Pianetta, P AF Sun, Shiyu Sun, Yun Liu, Zhi Lee, Dong-Ick Pianetta, Piero TI Roles of oxygen and water vapor in the oxidation of halogen terminated Ge(111) surfaces SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GE(100); GERMANIUM; KINETICS; SI(100); AIR AB The initial stage of the oxidation of Cl and Br terminated Ge(111) surfaces is studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. The authors perform controlled experiments to differentiate the effects of different factors in oxidation, and find that water vapor and oxygen play different roles. Water vapor effectively replaces the halogen termination layers with the hydroxyl group, but does not oxidize the surfaces further. In contrast, little oxidation is observed for Cl and Br terminated surfaces with dry oxygen alone. However, with the help of water vapor, oxygen oxidizes the surface by breaking the Ge-Ge back bonds instead of changing the termination layer. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Sun, SY (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM sysun@stanford.edu RI Liu, Zhi/B-3642-2009 OI Liu, Zhi/0000-0002-8973-6561 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 89 IS 23 AR 231925 DI 10.1063/1.2403908 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 115BJ UT WOS:000242709200049 ER PT J AU Cao, ZJ Suo, BB Balasubramanian, K AF Cao, Zhiji Suo, Bingbing Balasubramanian, K. TI Electronic states and potential energy curves of InN2, In2N, and their ions SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANION PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS; GROUP-III NITRIDES; RELATIVISTIC EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; INDIUM-PHOSPHIDE CLUSTERS; SPIN-ORBIT OPERATORS; RARE-GAS MATRICES; INFRARED-SPECTRA; POLYATOMIC CLUSTERS; GALLIUM-PHOSPHIDE AB Potential energy curves of low-lying electronic states of InN2, In2N and their cations and anions are investigated by the complete active space multi-configuration self-consistent field (CASSCF) followed by multi-reference singles + doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) computations. The neutral InN2 and In2N exhibit linear (2)Pi and (2)Sigma(+)(u) ground states, respectively. The InNN+ cation exhibits a linear C-infinity v ground state whereas In2N+ ion exhibits two nearly-degenerate singlet and triplet ground states. Whereas ln2N- is strongly bound with an adiabatic electron affinity of 2.07 eV, the electron affinity of InNN is only 0.2 eV. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Calif State Univ Hayward, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Hayward, CA 94542 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Balasubramanian, K (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808 L-268, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM balu@llnl.gov RI Cao, Zhiji/A-5957-2010 NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 432 IS 1-3 BP 50 EP 56 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.051 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 112IV UT WOS:000242520100009 ER PT J AU Kalosakas, G Rasmussen, KO Bishop, AR AF Kalosakas, G. Rasmussen, K. O. Bishop, A. R. TI Non-exponential decay of base-pair opening fluctuations in DNA SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN; DYNAMICS; RELAXATION; TRANSITION; MYOGLOBIN; MOTIONS; TRANSCRIPTION; DENATURATION; BEHAVIOR; SOLVENT AB We report non-exponential decay of the time-dependent autocorrelation functions of base-pair opening dynamics in a model of DNA. Complex fluctuations occur in a wide temperature range, extending from below 200 K up to the premelting transition regime above physiological temperatures. At least two distinct decay processes at different time scales are apparent. The observed decay in the picoseconds to nanoseconds range, attributed to vibrational hot-spots, is well described by a stretched exponential functional form. The temperature dependence of the corresponding rates and stretch exponents is presented and activation energies around 4-6 kJ/mol are calculated. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Max Planck Inst Phys Komplexer Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kalosakas, G (reprint author), Univ Patras, Dept Mat Sci, GR-26504 Patras, Greece. EM georgek@upatras.gr RI Rasmussen, Kim/B-5464-2009; Kalosakas, George/L-6211-2013 OI Rasmussen, Kim/0000-0002-4029-4723; Kalosakas, George/0000-0001-7763-718X NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 432 IS 1-3 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.045 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 112IV UT WOS:000242520100055 ER PT J AU Chen, LL Ye, ZZ Lu, JG He, HP Zhao, BH Zhu, LP Chu, PK Shao, L AF Chen, L. L. Ye, Z. Z. Lu, J. G. He, H. P. Zhao, B. H. Zhu, L. P. Chu, Paul K. Shao, L. TI Co-doping effects and electrical transport in In-N doped zinc oxide SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID P-TYPE ZNSE; THIN-FILMS; ZNO; FABRICATION; GAAS; XPS AB The influence of indium concentrations on electrical properties of In-N co-doped ZnO thin films has been studied. Based on Hall-effect measurements and analyses, impurity scattering is the dominant mechanism determining the diminished mobility in ZnO with higher In concentration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the presence of In enhances the solubility of N with the formation of In-N and Zn-N bonds. The optimal properties, namely resistivity of 16.1 Omega cm and Hall mobility of 1.13 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), are obtained at an indium concentration of 0.14 at.%. The diffraction angle of co-doped ZnO is closest to that of un-doped ZnO. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Zhejiang Univ, State Key Lab Silicon Mat, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys & Mat Sci, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Ye, ZZ (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, State Key Lab Silicon Mat, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. EM yezz@zju.edu.cn; paul.chu@cityu.edu.hk RI Chu, Paul/B-5923-2013; OI Chu, Paul/0000-0002-5581-4883; He, Haiping/0000-0001-8246-0286 NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 432 IS 1-3 BP 352 EP 355 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.047 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 112IV UT WOS:000242520100066 ER PT J AU Tolis, EI Engelhardt, LP Mason, PV Rajaraman, G Kindo, K Luban, M Matsuo, A Nojiri, H Raftery, J Schroder, C Timco, GA Tuna, F Wernsdorfer, W Winpenny, REP AF Tolis, Evangelos I. Engelhardt, Larry P. Mason, Pamela V. Rajaraman, Gopalan Kindo, Koichi Luban, Marshall Matsuo, Akira Nojiri, Hiroyuki Raftery, James Schroeder, Christian Timco, Grigore A. Tuna, Floriana Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang Winpenny, Richard E. P. TI Studies of an Fe-9 tridiminished icosahedron SO CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cage compounds; iron; molecular magnetism; phosphonate ligands; X-ray diffraction ID GROUND-STATE; COMPLEXES; IRON(III); CLUSTERS; HYSTERESIS; REVERSAL AB The synthesis and structural characterization of a nonanuclear Fe-III cage complex is reported. The nine iron centers in [Fe-9(mu(3)-O)(4)(O3PPh)(3)- (o(2)CCMe(3))(13)] lie on the vertices of an incomplete icosahedron, with the P atoms of triphenylphosphonate at the other three vertices. The paramagnetic core therefore describes a tridiminished icosahedron. Magnetic studies suggest an S=1/2 ground state for the molecule. Analysis of exchange paths and the susceptibility data point to the interpretation that the cluster can be divided into two nearly decoupled sections: an [Fe6O3] section, with an S=O ground state, in which three oxo-centered triangles bound a central triangle that is not oxo-centered; and an [Fe3O1] triangle with S=1/2. The analysis of the susceptibility data leads to a Heisenberg model based on three significant antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, with values of 173.7 cm(-1) in the [Fe3O] triangle, and 30.9 and 19.1 cm(-1) within the [Fe6O3] section, while the exchange between them is < 1 cm(-1). With these assignments, the theoretical low-temperature differential susceptibility is also in very good agreement with measurements up to 50 T. Magnetic measurements in the milli-kelvin range reveal striking hysteresis loops and magnetization reversals associated with a Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg (LZS) transition as enhanced by the occurrence of a phonon bottleneck. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Chem, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Univ Appl Sci, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, D-33602 Bielefeld, Germany. CNRS, Lab Louis Neel, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RP Luban, M (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM luban@ameslab.gov; nojiri@imr.tohoku.ac.jp; richard.winpenny@man.ac.uk RI Nojiri, Hiroyuki/B-3688-2011; Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang/M-2280-2016 OI Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang/0000-0003-4602-5257 NR 28 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0947-6539 J9 CHEM-EUR J JI Chem.-Eur. J. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 12 IS 35 BP 8961 EP 8968 DI 10.1002/chem.200600400 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 116HQ UT WOS:000242793500006 PM 17009372 ER PT J AU Gallo, SA Reeves, JD Garg, H Foley, B Doms, RW Blumenthal, R AF Gallo, Stephen A. Reeves, Jacqueline D. Garg, Himanshu Foley, Brian Doms, Robert W. Blumenthal, Robert TI Kinetic studies of HIV-1 and HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion SO RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; GP41 CYTOPLASMIC TAIL; CORECEPTOR-BINDING-SITE; LEUCINE-ZIPPER DOMAIN; MEMBRANE-FUSION; 6-HELIX BUNDLE; TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; ENTRY INHIBITORS; ENV AB Background: HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env)-mediated fusion is driven by the concerted coalescence of the HIV gp41 N-helical and C-helical regions, which results in the formation of 6 helix bundles. Kinetics of HIV Env-mediated fusion is an important determinant of sensitivity to entry inhibitors and antibodies. However, the parameters that govern the HIV Env fusion cascade have yet to be fully elucidated. We address this issue by comparing the kinetics HIV-1(IIIB) Env with those mediated by HIV-2 from two strains with different affinities for CD4 and CXCR4. Results: HIV-1 and HIV-2 Env-mediated cell fusion occurred with half times of about 60 and 30 min, respectively. Binding experiments of soluble HIV gp120 proteins to CD4 and co-receptor did not correlate with the differences in kinetics of fusion mediated by the three different HIV Envs. However, escape from inhibition by reagents that block gp120-CD4 binding, CD4-induced CXCR4 binding and 6-helix bundle formation, respectively, indicated large difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins in their CD4-induced rates of engagement with CXCR4. Conclusion: The HIV-2 Env proteins studied here exhibited a significantly reduced window of time between the engagement of gp120 with CD4 and exposure of the CXCR4 binding site on gp120 as compared with HIV-1(IIIB) Env. The efficiency with which HIV-2 Env undergoes this CD4-induced conformational change is the major cause of the relatively rapid rate of HIV-2 Env mediated-fusion. C1 NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Nanobiol Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Penn, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Blumenthal, R (reprint author), NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Nanobiol Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. EM sgallo@aibs.org; jreeves@MonogramBio.com; gargh@ncifcrf.gov; btf@lanl.gov; doms@mail.med.upenn.edu; blumen@helix.nih.gov RI Reeves, Jacqueline/I-5379-2012; OI Gallo, Stephen/0000-0001-6043-2153; Foley, Brian/0000-0002-1086-0296 FU Intramural NIH HHS; NIMHD NIH HHS [L60 MD003100] NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1742-4690 J9 RETROVIROLOGY JI Retrovirology PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 3 AR 90 DI 10.1186/1742-4690-3-90 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 114DG UT WOS:000242646300001 PM 17144914 ER PT J AU Mohamed, SH Anders, A AF Mohamed, Sodky H. Anders, Andre TI Structural, optical, and electrical properties of WOx(N-y) films deposited by reactive dual magnetron sputtering SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dual magnetron sputtering; tungsten oxynitride thin films; structural; electrical; optical properties ID DIFFUSION BARRIER PROPERTIES; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; OXYNITRIDE THIN-FILMS; TUNGSTEN NITRIDE; PLASMA; OXIDES AB Thin films of tungsten oxyrritrides were prepared by dual magnetron sputtering of tungsten using argon/oxygen/nitrogen gas mixtures with various nitrogen/oxygen ratios. The presence of even relatively small amounts of oxygen led to close-to-stoichiometric WO3, with little incorporation of nitrogen, therefore the films were labeled as WOx(N-y). Oxygen had a great effect not only on the composition but on the structure of WOx(N-y) films, as shown by Rutherford backscattering and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Significant incorporation of nitrogen occurred only when the nitrogen partial pressure exceeded 89% of the total reactive gas pressure. Sharp changes in the stoichiometry, deposition rate, room temperature resistivity, electrical activation energy and optical band gap were observed when the nitrogen/oxygen ratio was high. The deposition rate increased from 0.31 to 0.89 mn/s, the room temperature resistivity decreased from 1.65 x 10(8) to 1.82 x 10(-2) Omega cm, the electrical activation energy decreased from 0.97 to 0.067 eV, and the optical band gap decreased from 3.19 to 2.94 eV upon nitrogen incorporation into the films. WO,(Ny) films were highly transparent as long as the nitrogen incorporation was low, and were brownish (absorbing) and partially reflecting as nitrogen incorporation became significant. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. S Valley Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Sohag 82524, Egypt. RP Anders, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM aanders@lbl.gov RI Anders, Andre/B-8580-2009 OI Anders, Andre/0000-0002-5313-6505 NR 42 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 6 BP 2977 EP 2983 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.008 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 144YF UT WOS:000244831800118 ER PT J AU Gorokhovsky, V Bowman, C Gannon, P VanVorous, D Voevodin, AA Rutkowski, A Muratore, C Smith, RJ Kayani, A Gelles, D Shutthanandan, V Trusov, BG AF Gorokhovsky, V. Bowman, C. Gannon, P. VanVorous, D. Voevodin, A. A. Rutkowski, A. Muratore, C. Smith, R. J. Kayani, A. Gelles, D. Shutthanandan, V. Trusov, B. G. TI Tribological performance of hybrid filtered arc-magnetron coatings - Part I: Coating deposition process and basic coating properties characterization SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE filtered arc; magnetron; coatings; aerospace; thermodynamics; nanocomposite ID DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON; BORON-CARBIDE COATINGS; THIN-FILMS; NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS; CORROSION-RESISTANCE; SUPERLATTICE COATINGS; FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; UNBALANCED MAGNETRON; COMPRESSIVE STRESS AB Aircraft propulsion applications require low-friction and wear resistant surfaces that operate under high contact loads in severe environments. Recent research on supertough and low friction nanocomposite coatings produced with hybrid plasma deposition processes was demonstrated to have a high potential for such demanding applications. However, industrially scalable hybrid plasma technologies are needed for their commercial realization. The Large area Filtered Arc Deposition (LAFAD) process provides atomically smooth coatings at high deposition rates over large surface areas. The LAFAD technology allows functionally graded, multilayer, super-lattice and nanocomposite architectures of multi-elemental coatings via electro-magnetic mixing of two plasma flows composed of different metal ion vapors. Further advancement can be realized through a combinatorial process using a hybrid filtered arc-magnetron deposition system. In the present study, multilayer and nanostructured TiCrCN/TiCr +TiBC composite cermet coatings were deposited by the hybrid filtered arc-magnetron process. Filtered plasma streams from arc evaporated Ti and Cr targets, and two unbalanced magnetron sputtered B(4)C targets, were directed to the substrates in the presence of reactive gases. A multiphase nanocomposite coating architecture was designed to provide the optimal combination of corrosion and wear resistance of advanced steels (Pyrowear 675) used in aerospace bearing and gear applications. Coatings were characterized using SEM/EDS, XPS and RBS for morphology and chemistry, XRD and TEM for structural analyses, wafer curvature and nanoindentation for stress and mechanical properties, and Rockwell and scratch indentions for adhesion. Coating properties were evaluated for a variety of coating architectures. Thermodynamic modeling was used for estimation of phase composition of the top TiBC coating segment. Correlations between coating chemistry, structure and mechanical properties are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Arcomac Surface Engn LLC, Bozeman, MT USA. USAF, Res Lab, UTC Inc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ, Moscow, Russia. RP Gorokhovsky, V (reprint author), 3626 Fieldstone Dr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. EM vigase@aol.com RI Voevodin, Andrey/I-6684-2013 NR 82 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD DEC 4 PY 2006 VL 201 IS 6 BP 3732 EP 3747 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.09.007 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 144YF UT WOS:000244831800216 ER PT J AU Park, HS Klein, PA Wagner, GJ AF Park, Harold S. Klein, Patrick A. Wagner, Gregory J. TI A surface Cauchy-Born model for nanoscale materials SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE surface elasticity; Cauchy-Born; surface stress; nanoscale materials ID STRAIN GRADIENT PLASTICITY; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; BRIDGING SCALE; GOLD NANOWIRES; ATOMISTIC SIMULATION; PHASE-TRANSFORMATION; CONTINUUM ANALYSIS; METAL NANOWIRES; FILMS; STRESS AB We present an energy-based continuum model for the analysis of nanoscale materials where surface effects are expected to contribute significantly to the mechanical response. The approach adopts principles utilized in Cauchy-Born constitutive modelling in that the strain energy density of the continuum is derived from an underlying crystal structure and interatomic potential. The key to the success of the proposed method lies in decomposing the potential energy of the material into bulk (volumetric) and surface area components. In doing so, the method naturally satisfies a variational formulation in which the bulk volume and surface area contribute independently to the overall system energy. Because the surface area to volume ratio increases as the length scale of a body decreases, the variational form naturally allows the surface energy to become important at small length scales; this feature allows the accurate representation of size and surface effects on the mechanical response. Finite element simulations utilizing the proposed approach are compared against fully atomistic simulations for verification and validation. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Park, HS (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM harold.park@vanderbilt.edu; patrickklein@mac.com; gjwagne@sandia.gov RI Park, Harold/B-1525-2008; Wagner, Gregory/I-4377-2015 OI Park, Harold/0000-0001-5365-7776; NR 56 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0029-5981 J9 INT J NUMER METH ENG JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. PD DEC 3 PY 2006 VL 68 IS 10 BP 1072 EP 1095 DI 10.1002/nme.1754 PG 24 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 112EJ UT WOS:000242508000004 ER PT J AU McGrail, BP Schaef, HT Ho, AM Chien, YJ Dooley, JJ Davidson, CL AF McGrail, B. Peter Schaef, H. Todd Ho, Anita M. Chien, Yi-Ju Dooley, James J. Davidson, Casie L. TI Potential for carbon dioxide sequestration in flood basalts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID DISSOLUTION KINETICS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NEWARK BASIN; NEW-JERSEY; OLIVINE DISSOLUTION; GEOLOGICAL MEDIA; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SALINE AQUIFERS; GLOBAL CLIMATE; HARTFORD BASIN AB [ 1] Flood basalts are a potentially important host medium for geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO2. Most lava flows have flow tops that are porous and permeable and have enormous capacity for storage of CO2. Interbedded sediment layers and dense low-permeability basalt rock overlying sequential flows may act as effective seals allowing time for mineralization reactions to occur. Laboratory experiments confirm relatively rapid chemical reaction of CO2-saturated pore water with basalts to form stable carbonate minerals. Calculations suggest a sufficiently short time frame for onset of carbonate precipitation after CO2 injection that verification of in situ mineralization rates appears feasible in field pilot studies. If proven viable, major flood basalts in the United States and India would provide significant additional CO2 storage capacity and additional geologic sequestration options in certain regions where more conventional storage options are limited. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Appl Geol & Geochem, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Flathead Valley Community Coll, Dept Geol, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Joint Global Change Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Technol Syst Anal Dept, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP McGrail, BP (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Appl Geol & Geochem, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM pete.mcgrail@pnl.gov RI daorui, han/G-3767-2011; OI Dooley, James/0000-0002-2824-4344 NR 70 TC 114 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 59 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 2 PY 2006 VL 111 IS B12 AR B12201 DI 10.1029/2005JB004169 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 115PJ UT WOS:000242745900001 ER PT J AU Cooper, SP Goodwin, LB Lorenz, JC AF Cooper, Scott P. Goodwin, Laurel B. Lorenz, John C. TI Fracture and fault patterns associated with basement-cored anticlines: The example of Teapot Dome, Wyoming SO AAPG BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION BANDS; POROUS SANDSTONES; PERMEABILITY STRUCTURE; STRESS-FIELD; COLORADO; BASIN; ARCHITECTURE; RESERVOIRS; POROSITY; AREA AB Teapot Dome is an asymmetric, doubly plunging, basement-cored, Laramide-age anticline. Most of the fractures, deformation bands, and faults at Teapot Dome are interpreted to have formed during contemporaneous longitudinal and transverse stretching of the sedimentary cover over a basement-involved thrust Strain was accommodated by fractures, deformation bands, and normal and normal-oblique faults that strike both parallel and perpendicular to the fold hinge. The fracture and fault patterns at Teapot Dome are distinctly different from those formed within anticlines associated with thin-skinned thrust systems. The inferred fracture-influenced permeability anisotropy of thick-skinned systems is therefore distinct from that of thin-skinned systems. We propose that Teapot Dome is a good analog for similar basement-involved, thrust-generated anticlines. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Geophys Technol Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cooper, SP (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Geophys Technol Dept, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM spcoope@sandia.gov; laurel@geology.wisc.edu; jcloren@sandia.gov NR 67 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST PI TULSA PA 1444 S BOULDER AVE, PO BOX 979, TULSA, OK 74119-3604 USA SN 0149-1423 J9 AAPG BULL JI AAPG Bull. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 90 IS 12 BP 1903 EP 1920 DI 10.1306/06020605197 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 115PL UT WOS:000242746100003 ER PT J AU Su, HJ McCarthy, JM Sosonkina, M Watson, LT AF Su, Hai-Jun McCarthy, J. Michael Sosonkina, Masha Watson, Layne T. TI Algorithm 857: POLSYS_GLP - A parallel general linear product homotopy code for solving polynomial systems of equations SO ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE algorithms; Chow-Yorke algorithm; curve tracking; fixed point; Fortran 95; general linear product; globally convergent; homotopy methods; linear product decomposition; probability-one; zero ID COMPUTING SINGULAR SOLUTIONS; NONLINEAR ANALYTIC SYSTEMS; CURVE TRACKING; CONTINUATION; COMPUTATION; HYPERCUBE; HOMPACK; SUITE AB Globally convergent, probability-one homotopy methods have proven to be very effective for finding all the isolated solutions to polynomial systems of equations. After many years of development, homotopy path trackers based on probability-one homotopy methods are reliable and fast. Now, theoretical advances reducing the number of homotopy paths that must be tracked and handling singular solutions have made probability-one homotopy methods even more practical. POLSYS-GLP consists of Fortran 95 modules for finding all isolated solutions of a complex coefficient polynomial system of equations. The package is intended to be used on a distributed memory multiprocessor in conjunction with HOMPACK90 (Algorithm 777), and makes extensive use of Fortran 95-derived data types and MPI to support a general linear product (GLP) polynomial system structure. GLP structure is intermediate between the partitioned linear product structure used by POLSYS_PLP (Algorithm 801) and the BKK-based structure used by PHCPACK. The code requires a GLP structure as input, and although finding the optimal GLP structure is a difficult combinatorial problem, generally physical or engineering intuition about a problem yields a very good GLP structure. POLSYS-GLP employs a sophisticated power series end game for handling singular solutions, and provides support for problem definition both at a high level and via hand-crafted code. Different GLP structures and their corresponding Bezout numbers can be systematically explored before committing to root finding. C1 Iowa State Univ, Virtual Real Applicat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Robot & Automat Lab, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Math, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Su, HJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Virtual Real Applicat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM haijunsu@iastate.edu; jmmccart@uci.edu; masha@scl.ameslab.gov; ltw@cs.vt.edu RI Su, Haijun/B-8145-2012; OI Su, Haijun/0000-0002-3132-0213; McCarthy, John/0000-0002-3991-4681 NR 45 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 2 PENN PLAZA, STE 701, NEW YORK, NY 10121-0701 USA SN 0098-3500 EI 1557-7295 J9 ACM T MATH SOFTWARE JI ACM Trans. Math. Softw. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 32 IS 4 BP 561 EP 579 DI 10.1145/1186785.1186789 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 119FF UT WOS:000242997500004 ER PT J AU Bader, BW Kolda, TG AF Bader, Brett W. Kolda, Tamara G. TI Algorithm 862: MATLAB tensor classes for fast algorithm prototyping SO ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE algorithms; higher-order tensors; multilinear algebra; N-way arrays; MATLAB ID DECOMPOSITION; NOTATION AB Tensors (also known as multidimensional arrays or N-way arrays) are used in a variety of applications ranging from chemometrics to psychometrics. We describe four MATLAB classes for tensor manipulations that can be used for fast algorithm prototyping. The tensor class extends the functionality of MATLAB's multidimensional arrays by supporting additional operations such as tensor multiplication. The tensor-as-matrix class supports the "matricization" of a tensor, that is, the conversion of a tensor to a matrix (and vice versa), a commonly used operation in many algorithms. Two additional classes represent tensors stored in decomposed formats: cp_tensor and tucker-tensor. We describe all of these classes and then demonstrate their use by showing how to implement several tensor algorithms that have appeared in the literature. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Bader, BW (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM bwbader@sandia.gov; tgkolda@sandia.gov RI Kolda, Tamara/B-1628-2009 OI Kolda, Tamara/0000-0003-4176-2493 NR 15 TC 134 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0098-3500 J9 ACM T MATH SOFTWARE JI ACM Trans. Math. Softw. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 32 IS 4 BP 635 EP 653 DI 10.1145/1186785.1186794 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 119FF UT WOS:000242997500009 ER PT J AU Deva, T Baker, EN Squire, CJ Smith, CA AF Deva, Taru Baker, Edward N. Squire, Christopher J. Smith, Clyde A. TI Structure of Escherichia coli UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl : L-alanine ligase (MurC) SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID 2.3 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; POLY-GAMMA-GLUTAMATE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; FOLYLPOLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHETASE; SIMILARITIES; SUPERFAMILY; COMPLEXES; PROTEINS; ENZYMES AB The bacterial cell wall provides essential protection from the external environment and confers strength and rigidity to counteract internal osmotic pressure. Without this layer the cell would be easily ruptured and it is for this reason that biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of peptidoglycan have for many years been a prime target for effective antibiotics. Central to this pathway are four similar ligase enzymes which add peptide groups to glycan moieties. As part of a program to better understand the structure - function relationships in these four enzymes, the crystal structure of Escherichia coli UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl:L-alanine ligase (MurC) has been determined to 2.6 angstrom resolution. The structure was solved by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction methods from a single selenomethionine-substituted crystal and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 0.212 (R-free = 0.259). The enzyme has a modular multi-domain structure very similar to those of other members of the mur family of ATP-dependent amide-bond ligases. Detailed comparison of these four enzymes shows that considerable conformational changes are possible. These changes, together with the recruitment of two different N-terminal domains, allow this family of enzymes to bind a substrate which is identical at one end and at the other has the growing peptide tail which will ultimately become part of the rigid bacterial cell wall. Comparison of the E. coli and Haemophilus influenzae structures and analysis of the sequences of known MurC enzymes indicate the presence of a 'dimerization' motif in almost 50% of the MurC enzymes and points to a highly conserved loop in domain 3 that may play a key role in amino-acid ligand specificity. C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Smith, CA (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand. EM csmith@slac.stanford.edu FU Wellcome Trust NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 BP 1466 EP 1474 DI 10.1107/S0907444906038376 PN 12 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 108JW UT WOS:000242237100005 PM 17139082 ER PT J AU Wang, JW Dauter, M Dauter, Z AF Wang, Jiawei Dauter, Miroslawa Dauter, Zbigniew TI What can be done with a good crystal and an accurate beamline? SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; CHROMIUM RADIATION; IN-HOUSE; ANOMALOUS SIGNAL; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; STRUCTURE REFINEMENT; MOUNTING METHOD; MODEL; SAD AB X-ray single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) data from a crystal of proteinase K were collected using synchrotron radiation of 0.98 angstrom wavelength at SER-CAT 22-ID beamline, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. At this wavelength, the expected Bijvoet ratio resulting from the presence of one calcium, one chloride and ten S atoms in the 279-residue protein is extremely small at similar to 0.46%. The direct-methods program SHELXD located 11 anomalous sites using data truncated to 2 A resolution. SHELXE was used to produce an easily interpretable electron-density map. This study shows that an accurate beamline and a good-quality crystal provide the possibility of successfully using a very weak anomalous signal of sulfur measured at a short wavelength for phasing a protein structure, even if a small degree of radiation damage is present. C1 NCI, Synchrotron Radiat Res Sect, MCL, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. SAIC Frederick Inc, Basic Res Program, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Dauter, Z (reprint author), NCI, Synchrotron Radiat Res Sect, MCL, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM dauter@anl.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS; PHS HHS [N01-C0-12400] NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 BP 1475 EP 1483 DI 10.1107/S0907444906038534 PN 12 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 108JW UT WOS:000242237100006 PM 17139083 ER PT J AU Petrova, T Ginell, S Mitschler, A Hazemann, I Schneider, T Cousido, A Lunin, VY Joachimiak, A Podjarny, A AF Petrova, Tatiana Ginell, Stephan Mitschler, Andre Hazemann, Isabelle Schneider, Thomas Cousido, Alexandra Lunin, Vladimir Y. Joachimiak, Andrzej Podjarny, Alberto TI Ultrahigh-resolution study of protein atomic displacement parameters at cryotemperatures obtained with a helium cryostat SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; HUMAN ALDOSE REDUCTASE; CRYOGENIC HELIUM; ELECTRON-DENSITY; TEMPERATURE; CRYSTALS; DYNAMICS; MOLECULES AB Two X-ray data sets for a complex of human aldose reductase (h-AR) with the inhibitor IDD 594 and the cofactor NADP+ were collected from two different parts of the same crystal to a resolution of 0.81 angstrom at 15 and 60 K using cold helium gas as cryogen. The contribution of temperature to the atomic B values was estimated by comparison of the independently refined models. It was found that although being slightly different for different kinds of atoms, the differences (delta B) in the isotropic equivalents B of atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) were approximately constant (about 1.7 angstrom(2)) for well ordered atoms as the temperature was increased from 15 to 60 K. The mean value of this difference varied according to the number of non-H atoms covalently bound to the parent atom. Atoms having a B value of higher than 8 angstrom(2) at 15 K showed much larger deviations of delta B from the average value, which might reflect partial occupancy of atomic sites. An analysis of the anisotropy of ADPs for individual atoms revealed an increase in the isotropy of ADPs with the increase of the temperature from 15 to 60 K. In a separate experiment, a 0.93 angstrom resolution data set was collected from a different crystal of the same complex at 100 K using cold nitrogen as a cryogen. The effects of various errors on the atomic B values were estimated by comparison of the refined models and the temperature-dependent component was inferred. It was found that both decreasing the data redundancy and increasing the resolution cutoff led to an approximately constant increase in atomic B values for well ordered atoms. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Math Problems Biol, Pushchino 142290, Russia. ULP, CNRS, Lab Genom & Biol Struct, IGNMC,INSERM, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France. Inst Mol Oncol, Milan, Italy. RP Joachimiak, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Biosci Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM andrzejj@anl.gov RI Schneider, Thomas/B-7442-2011; Petrova, Tatiana/N-1578-2013; Lunin, Vladimir/O-2506-2013; OI Schneider, Thomas/0000-0001-6955-7374; Petrova, Tatiana/0000-0002-8032-2629; Lunin, Vladimir/0000-0003-1235-1206; Podjarny, Alberto/0000-0002-7685-1077 NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 BP 1535 EP 1544 DI 10.1107/S0907444906041035 PN 12 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 108JW UT WOS:000242237100012 PM 17139089 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, R Suescun, L Mombru, AW Kremer, E AF Gonzalez, Ricardo Suescun, Leopoldo Mombru, Alvaro W. Kremer, Eduardo TI Aqua(L-phenylalaninato)(L-prolinato)copper(II) monohydrate SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTURE REPORTS ONLINE LA English DT Article ID TERNARY COPPER(II) COMPLEXES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE; AMINO-ACIDS; TRIHYDRATE; STACKING; RING AB The title compound, [Cu(C5H8NO2)(C9H10NO2)(H2O)]center dot H2O, is formed by the chelate coordination of L-prolinate and L-phenylalaninate anions. Both ligands bind through carboxylate O and amine N atoms to the Cu-II atom in a trans arrangement. The square pyramid is completed by an aqua ligand in the apical position. C1 Fac Quim Montevideo, DEC, Catedra Quim Inorgan, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay. Fac Quim Montevideo, DETEMA, Cryssmat Lab, Catedra Fis, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay. RP Suescun, L (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave,Mat Sci Div Bldg 223, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM leopoldo@anl.gov OI Suescun, Leopoldo/0000-0002-7606-8074 NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1600-5368 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR E JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. E.-Struct Rep. Online PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 BP M3459 EP M3461 DI 10.1107/S1600536806048513 PN 12 PG 3 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 111EQ UT WOS:000242434600134 ER PT J AU Shi, DS Caldovic, L Jin, ZM Yu, XL Qu, QH Roth, L Morizono, H Hathout, Y Allewell, NM Tuchman, M AF Shi, Dashuang Caldovic, Ljubica Jin, Zhongmin Yu, Xiaolin Qu, Qiuhao Roth, Lauren Morizono, Hiroki Hathout, Yetrib Allewell, Norma M. Tuchman, Mendel TI Expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of a novel bifunctional N-acetylglutamate synthase/kinase from Xanthomonas campestris homologous to vertebrate N-acetylglutamate synthase SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ANALYSIS; ARGININE-BIOSYNTHESIS; PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PURIFICATION; GENE; SYNTHETASE; CLONING; ENZYME AB A novel N-acetylglutamate synthase/kinase bifunctional enzyme of arginine biosynthesis that was homologous to vertebrate N-acetylglutamate synthases was identified in Xanthomonas campestris. The protein was overexpressed, purified and crystallized. The crystals belong to the hexagonal space group P6(2)22, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 134.60, c = 192.11 angstrom, and diffract to about 3.0 angstrom resolution. Selenomethionine-substituted recombinant protein was produced and selenomethionine substitution was verified by mass spectroscopy. Multiple anomalous dispersion ( MAD) data were collected at three wavelengths at SER-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Structure determination is under way using the MAD phasing method. C1 George Washington Univ, Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20010 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, APS, SER CAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Maryland, Coll Chem & Life Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Shi, DS (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Childrens Natl Med Ctr, 111 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20010 USA. EM dshi@cnmcresearch.org OI Caldovic, Ljubica/0000-0002-9140-5585; Morizono, Hiroki/0000-0002-9678-5564 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-32652, P01 HD032652]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-064913, DK-067935, K01 DK067935, R01 DK064913] NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1744-3091 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR F JI Acta Crystallogr. F-Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 BP 1218 EP 1222 DI 10.1107/S1744309106044101 PN 12 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 111CV UT WOS:000242429700012 PM 17142901 ER PT J AU Buchko, GW Robinson, H Ni, SS Pakrasi, HB Kennedy, MA AF Buchko, Garry W. Robinson, Howard Ni, Shuisong Pakrasi, Himadri B. Kennedy, Michael A. TI Cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a pentapeptide-repeat protein (Rfr23) from the bacterium Cyanothece 51142 SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; RESISTANCE; DNA AB A unique feature of cyanobacteria genomes is the abundance of genes that code for hypothetical proteins containing tandem pentapeptide repeats approximately described by the consensus motif A(N/D)LXX. To date, the structures of two pentapeptide-repeat proteins (PRPs) have been determined, with the tandem pentapeptide-repeat sequences observed to adopt a novel type of right-handed quadrilateral beta-helix, or Rfr-fold, in both structures. One structure, Mycobacterium tuberculosis MfpA, is a 183-residue protein that contains 30 consecutive pentapeptide repeats and appears to offer antibiotic resistance by acting as a DNA mimic. The other structure, Cyanothece 51142 Rfr32, is a 167-residue protein that contains 21 consecutive pentapeptide repeats. The function of Rfr32, like the other 35 hypothetical PRPs identified in the genome of Cyanothece, is unknown. In an effort to understand the role of PRPs in cyanobacteria and to better characterize the structural properties of Rfr-folds with different amino-acid sequences, a second PRP from Cyanothece 51142, Rfr23, has been cloned, expressed and purified. Selenomethione-substituted protein was crystallized by vapor diffusion in hanging drops. Nearly complete SAD and native diffraction data sets were collected from these crystals to 2.5 and 2.1 angstrom resolution, respectively, using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belonged to space group I4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 106.61, c = 53.37 angstrom, and one molecule per asymmetric unit. Preliminary analysis of the electron-density map from the SAD data shows that Rfr23 contains an Rfr-fold. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Buchko, GW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Biol Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM garry.buchko@pnl.gov; michael.kennedy@muohio.edu RI Buchko, Garry/G-6173-2015 OI Buchko, Garry/0000-0002-3639-1061 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1744-3091 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR F JI Acta Crystallogr. F-Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 BP 1251 EP 1254 DI 10.1107/S174430910604663X PN 12 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 111CV UT WOS:000242429700020 PM 17142909 ER PT J AU White, JA Borja, RI Fredrich, JT AF White, Joshua A. Borja, Ronaldo I. Fredrich, Joanne T. TI Calculating the effective permeability of sandstone with multiscale lattice Boltzmann/finite element simulations SO ACTA GEOTECHNICA LA English DT Article DE Finite elements; Lattice Boltzmann; Multiscale simulation; Porous media; Synchrotron microtomography; Upscaling AB The lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is an efficient technique for simulating fluid flow through individual pores of complex porous media. The ease with which the LB method handles complex boundary conditions, combined with the algorithm's inherent parallelism, makes it an elegant approach to solving flow problems at the sub-continuum scale. However, the realities of current computational resources can limit the size and resolution of these simulations. A major research focus is developing methodologies for upscaling microscale techniques for use in macroscale problems of engineering interest. In this paper, we propose a hybrid, multiscale framework for simulating diffusion through porous media. We use the finite element (FE) method to solve the continuum boundary-value problem at the macroscale. Each finite element is treated as a sub-cell and assigned permeabilities calculated from subcontinuum simulations using the LB method. This framework allows us to efficiently find a macroscale solution while still maintaining information about microscale heterogeneities. As input to these simulations, we use synchrotron-computed 3D microtomo-graphic images of a sandstone, with sample resolution of 3.34 mu m. We discuss the predictive ability of these simulations, as well as implementation issues. We also quantify the lower limit of the continuum (Darcy) scale, as well as identify the optimal representative elementary volume for the hybrid LB-FE simulations. C1 [White, Joshua A.; Borja, Ronaldo I.] Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Fredrich, Joanne T.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Borja, RI (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM borja@stanford.edu FU Stanford Graduate Fellowship; National Science Foundation; Sandia National Laboratories; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-03ER15454]; U.S. National Science Foundation [CMS-0324674]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences and Geosciences Program; US DOE [DE-AC04-94AL85000] FX The first author gratefully acknowledges the support of a Stanford Graduate Fellowship, a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, and two summer Graduate Research Internships at Sandia National Laboratories. The second author acknowledges the support of the U.S. Department of Energy Grant DE-FG02-03ER15454, and the U.S. National Science Foundation, Grant CMS-0324674. The first and third author acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences and Geosciences Program. Portions of this work were performed at Sandia National Laboratories funded by the US DOE under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration. We are grateful to David Noble of Sandia National Laboratories for helpful discussions concerning boundary conditions, and to Professor Atilla Aydin of Stanford University for allowing the reproduction of Fig. 4. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. Much of the computation was performed on Sandia's 256-node ICC Liberty cluster. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1861-1125 EI 1861-1133 J9 ACTA GEOTECH JI Acta Geotech. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 1 IS 4 BP 195 EP 209 DI 10.1007/s11440-006-0018-4 PG 15 WC Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA V25EA UT WOS:000208460100001 ER PT J AU Kharzeev, D AF Kharzeev, Dmitri TI The physics of strong color fields: New frontier of QCD SO ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Cracow School of Theoretical Physics CY MAY 27-JUN 05, 2006 CL Zakopane, POLAND ID CHARGED-PARTICLE MULTIPLICITY; HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; PLUS AU COLLISIONS; HIGH-DENSITY QCD; NUCLEAR COLLISIONS; GLASS CONDENSATE; PARITY VIOLATION; CP CONSERVATION; SOFT POMERON; HOT QCD AB At high energies, the properties of hadronic and nuclear interactions are determined by the dynamics of strong color fields. The physics of strong color fields is responsible for many of the phenomena observed at RHIC and is expected to describe both pp and AA collisions at the LHC. These lectures are intended as an elementary introduction into QCD and its behavior in the strong field limit. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Nucl Theory Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kharzeev, D (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Nucl Theory Grp, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM kharzeev@bnl.gov NR 69 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B, JAGELLONIAN UNIV, INST PHYSICS PI KRAKOW PA REYMONTA 4, 30-059 KRAKOW, POLAND SN 0587-4254 J9 ACTA PHYS POL B JI Acta Phys. Pol. B PD DEC PY 2006 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3205 EP 3236 PG 32 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 129SI UT WOS:000243750000002 ER PT J AU McLerran, L AF McLerran, Larry TI Some comments about the high energy limit of QCD SO ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Cracow School of Theoretical Physics CY MAY 27-JUN 05, 2006 CL Zakopane, POLAND ID COLOR GLASS CONDENSATE; GLUON DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS; HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; NUCLEAR COLLISIONS; TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM; SMALL-X; SATURATION; EQUATION; PLASMA; QUARK AB I argue that the physics of the scattering of very high energy strongly interacting particles is controlled by a new, universal form of matter, the Color Glass Condensate. This matter is the dominant contribution to the low x part of a hadron wavefunction. In collisions, this mater almost instantaneously turns into a Glasma. The Glasma initially has strong longitudinal color electric and magnetic fields, with topological charge. These fields melt into gluons. Due to instabilities, quantum noise is converted into classical turbulence, which may be responsible for the early thermalization seen in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Riken Brookhaven Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP McLerran, L (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, POB 5000, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM mclerran@quark.phy.bnl.gov NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B, JAGELLONIAN UNIV, INST PHYSICS PI KRAKOW PA REYMONTA 4, 30-059 KRAKOW, POLAND SN 0587-4254 J9 ACTA PHYS POL B JI Acta Phys. Pol. B PD DEC PY 2006 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3237 EP 3251 PG 15 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 129SI UT WOS:000243750000003 ER PT J AU Gelis, F Venugopalan, R AF Gelis, Francois Venugopalan, Raju TI Three lectures on multi-particle production in the Glasma SO ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Cracow School of Theoretical Physics CY MAY 27-JUN 05, 2006 CL Zakopane, POLAND ID HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS; QUARK-GLUON PLASMA; NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS; BOTTOM-UP THERMALIZATION; STRONG EXTERNAL SOURCES; HIGH-ENERGY SCATTERING; HIGH-DENSITY QCD; NONLINEAR EVOLUTION; PARTICLE-PRODUCTION; SMALL-X AB In the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) effective field theory, when two large sheets of Colored Glass collide, as in a central nucleus-nucleus collision, they form a strongly interacting, non-equilibrium state of matter called the Glasma. How Colored Glass shatters to form the Glasma, the properties of the Glasma, and the complex dynamics transforming the Glasma to a thermalized (quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) are questions of central interest in understanding the properties of the strongly interacting matter produced in heavy ion collisions. In the first of these lectures, we shall discuss how these questions may be addressed in the framework of particle production in a field theory with strong time dependent external sources. Albeit such field theories are non-perturbative even for arbitrarily weak coupling, moments of the multiplicity distribution can in principle be computed systematically in powers of the coupling constant. We will demonstrate that the average multiplicity can be (straightforwardly) computed to leading order in the coupling and (remarkably) to next-to-leading order as well. The latter are obtained from solutions of small fluctuation equations of motion with retarded boundary conditions. In the second lecture, we relate our formalism to results from previous 2+1 and 3+1 dimensional numerical simulations of the Glasma fields. The latter show clearly that the expanding Glasma is unstable; small fluctuations in the initial conditions grow exponentially with the square root of the proper time. Whether this explosive growth of small fluctuations leads to early thermalization in heavy ion collisions requires at present a better understanding of these fluctuations on the light cone. In the third and final lecture, motivated by recent work A. Bialas, M. Jezabek, Phys. Lett. B590, 233 (2004), we will discuss how the widely observed phenomenon of limiting fragmentation is realized in the CGC framework. C1 CEA, CNRS, Serv Phys Theor, URA 2306, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gelis, F (reprint author), CEA, CNRS, Serv Phys Theor, URA 2306, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM raju@bnl.gov NR 157 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAGIELLONIAN UNIV PRESS PI KRAKOW PA UL MICHALOWSKIEGO 9-2, KRAKOW, 31126, POLAND SN 0587-4254 EI 1509-5770 J9 ACTA PHYS POL B JI Acta Phys. Pol. B PD DEC PY 2006 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3253 EP 3313 PG 61 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 129SI UT WOS:000243750000004 ER PT J AU Harimkar, SP Dahotre, NB AF Harimkar, S. P. Dahotre, N. B. TI Effect of laser fluence on surface microstructure of alumina ceramic SO ADVANCES IN APPLIED CERAMICS LA English DT Article DE laser surface modification; ceramic; alumina; texture; microstructure ID GRINDING WHEEL MATERIAL; SOLIDIFICATION; MORPHOLOGY AB The present study discusses the microstructure development during surface modifications of alumina ceramic using high power continuous wave Nd: YAG laser. Laser fluence influenced the microstructure in terms of changes in morphology and ( 1 1 0) crystallographic texture of the surface grains. The microstructural observations can be used to establish the guidelines for optimising the laser fluence to achieve the desired morphology of the surface grains and extent of texture in the surface modified alumina ceramic. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Dahotre, NB (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM ndahotre@utk.edu NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 1743-6753 J9 ADV APPL CERAM JI Adv. Appl. Ceram. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 105 IS 6 BP 304 EP 308 DI 10.1179/174367606X152688 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 112IP UT WOS:000242519500008 ER PT J AU Hraber, PT AF Hraber, Peter T. TI Collectives formation and specialization in biosystems SO ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material ID RNA SECONDARY STRUCTURES C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hraber, PT (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, T-10,MS K710, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. OI Hraber, Peter/0000-0002-2920-4897 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0219-5259 J9 ADV COMPLEX SYST JI Adv. Complex Syst. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 9 IS 4 BP 295 EP 298 DI 10.1142/S0219525906000823 PG 4 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 140ZB UT WOS:000244544300001 ER PT J AU Forst, CV Cabusora, L Mawuenyega, KG Chen, X AF Forst, Christian V. Cabusora, Lawrence Mawuenyega, Kwasi G. Chen, Xian TI Biological systems analysis by a network proteomics approach and subcellular protein profiling SO ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE proteomics; response networks; systems biology ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS PROTEINS; POST-GENOMIC ERA; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; IDENTIFICATION AB We provide a systematic analysis of a biological system, the microbial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by directly profiling its gene products. This analysis combines high-throughput proteomics and biocomputational approaches to elucidate the globally expressed complements of the three sulocellular compartments (the cell wall, membrane and cytosol) of Mtb. We report the compartmentalization of 1,044 identified proteins using proteomics methods. Genome-based biological network analyses were performed and integrated with proteomics data to reconstruct response networks. From the reconstructed response networks for fatty acid degradation and lipid biosynthesis pathways in Mtb, we identified proteins whose involvements in these pathways were not previously suspected. Furthermore, the subcellular localizations of these expressed proteins provide interesting insights into the compartmentalization of these pathways, which appear to traverse from cell wall to cytoplasm. Results of this large-scale subcellular proteome profile of Mtb have confirmed and validated the computational network hypothesis that functionally related proteins work together in larger organizational structures. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. RP Forst, CV (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, POB 1663,Mailstop M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM chris@lanl.gov; lcab@aol.com; kwasi@lanl.gov; chen_xian@lanl.gov NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0219-5259 J9 ADV COMPLEX SYST JI Adv. Complex Syst. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 9 IS 4 BP 299 EP 314 DI 10.1142/S0219525906000835 PG 16 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 140ZB UT WOS:000244544300002 ER PT J AU Jiang, Y Sozinova, O Alber, M AF Jiang, Yi Sozinova, Olga Alber, Mark TI On modeling complex collective behavior in myxobacteria SO ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE myxobacteria; collaborative behavior; cellular automata; pattern formation; complex systems; stochastic modeling ID FRUITING BODY MORPHOGENESIS; MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS DEVELOPMENT; SURFACE-ASSOCIATED MORPHOGEN; PATTERN-FORMATION; C-SIGNAL; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; TRAVELING WAVES; CELL; AGGREGATION; DIFFERENTIATION AB This paper reviews recent progress in modeling collective behaviors in myxobacteria using lattice gas cellular automata approach (LGCA). Myxobacteria are social bacteria that swarm, glide on surfaces and feed cooperatively. When starved, tens of thousands of cells change their movement pattern from outward spreading to inward concentration; they form aggregates that become fruiting bodies. Cells inside fruiting bodies differentiate into round, nonmotile, environmentally resistant spores. Traditionally, cell aggregation has been considered to imply chernotaxis, a long-range cell interaction. However, myxobacteria aggregation is the consequence of direct cell-contact interactions, not chemotaxis. In this paper, we review biological LGCA models based on local cell-cell contact signaling that have reproduced the rippling, streaming, aggregating and sporulation stages of the fruiting body formation in myxobacteria. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Math, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Study Biocomplex, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Jiang, Y (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jiang@lanl.gov; osozinov@nd.edu; malber@nd.edu NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0219-5259 J9 ADV COMPLEX SYST JI Adv. Complex Syst. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 9 IS 4 BP 353 EP 367 DI 10.1142/S0219525906000860 PG 15 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 140ZB UT WOS:000244544300005 ER PT J AU Wolpert, DH Strauss, CEM Rajnarayan, D AF Wolpert, David H. Strauss, Charlie E. M. Rajnarayan, Dev TI Advances in distributed optimization using probability collectives SO ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE distributed optimization; distributed control; probability collectives ID INTELLIGENCE AB Recent work has shown how information theory extends conventional full-rationality game theory to allow bounded rational agents. The associated mathematical framework can be used to solve distributed optimization and control problems. This is done by translating the distributed problem into an iterated game, where each agent's mixed strategy (i.e. its stochastically determined move) sets a different variable of the problem. So the expected value of the objective function of the distributed problem is determined by the joint probability distribution across the moves of the agents. The mixed strategies of the agents are updated from one game iteration to the next so as to converge on a joint distribution that optimizes that expected value of the objective function. Here, a set of new techniques for this updating is presented. These and older techniques are then extended to apply to uncountable move spaces. We also present an extension of the approach to include (in)equality constraints over the underlying variables. Another contribution is that we show how to extend the Monte Carlo version of the approach to cases where some agents have no Monte Carlo samples for some of their moves, and derive an "automatic annealing schedule." C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Wolpert, DH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cems@lanl.gov; dgorur@stanford.edu NR 37 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0219-5259 J9 ADV COMPLEX SYST JI Adv. Complex Syst. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 9 IS 4 BP 383 EP 436 DI 10.1142/S0219525906000884 PG 54 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 140ZB UT WOS:000244544300007 ER PT J AU Cai, Y Zelenyuk, A Imre, D AF Cai, Yong Zelenyuk, Alla Imre, Dan TI A high resolution study of the effect of morphology on the mass spectra of single PSL particles with Na-containing layers and nodules SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL-PARTICLES; LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SUBMICRON PARTICLES; SIZE; SPECTROMETER; DISTRIBUTIONS; PITTSBURGH; DENSITY; CARBON AB The interpretation and quantification of measurements of particle composition by laser ablation based single particle mass spectrometry is complex. Among the most difficult systems to quantify are internally mixed particles containing alkali metals and organics. The alkali atoms in such particles tend to suppress the formation of other ions sometimes to below the detection limit. Here we present a study of the behavior of single particle mass spectral peak intensities as a function of the amount of the sodium containing compounds deposited on the surface of 240 nm polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres. We generate three morphologically distinct and well defined coating types: uniform layers, cubic nodules and rounded nodules, and measure the individual particle mass spectra as a function of the vacuum aerodynamic diameter with nanometer resolution. The data show that the probability of detecting the PSL spheres depends on the amount of the alkali metal on the PSL sphere surface, its morphological distribution and the ablation laser power. The data suggest that PSL spheres with localized Na-containing nodules are easier to detect than those which are completely encapsulated. We show, for example, that at low laser power, PSL particles that are completely encapsulated with Na-containing compounds, whose weight fraction is close to 50%, cannot be detected, while 35% of PSL spheres with same amount of coating can be detected if coating is localized in nodules on a fraction of the particle surface. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Imre Consulting, Richland, WA USA. RP Zelenyuk, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM alla.zelenyuk@pnl.gov NR 31 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 40 IS 12 BP 1111 EP 1122 DI 10.1080/02786820601001677 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 115DT UT WOS:000242715700007 ER PT J AU Salyer, TR Collicott, SH Schneider, SP AF Salyer, Terry R. Collicott, Steven H. Schneider, Steven P. TI Characterizing laser-generated hot spots for receptivity studies SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 22nd Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference CY JUN 24-26, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION; LEADING-EDGE RECEPTIVITY; BOUNDARY-LAYER; WAVES; SHOCK AB Simple, well-characterized experimental perturbations are needed to validate CFD simulations of supersonic and hypersonic boundary-layer receptivity. A laser-generated hot-spot perturbation has been characterized and modeled, based on experiments in the Purdue University Mach-4 quiet-How Ludwieg tube. The model provides a detailed density profile and time evolution for the perturbation, which consists of a hot spot and the surrounding weak shock. The model is validated by comparing simulated optical path differences to measurements from a high-sensitivity, high-bandwidth laser differential interferometer. CFD simulations are compared with receptivity experiments on a hemisphere to illustrate the usefulness of the perturbation model. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Collicott, SH (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 12 BP 2871 EP 2878 DI 10.2514/1.13023 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119BP UT WOS:000242987500007 ER PT J AU Beresh, SJ Henfling, JF Erven, RJ Spillers, RW AF Beresh, Steven J. Henfling, John F. Erven, Rocky J. Spillers, Russell W. TI Crossplane velocimetry of a transverse supersonic jet in a transonic crossflow SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA ID PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY; TURBULENT JET; PENETRATION; VORTICES AB Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry has been employed to study the interaction created by a supersonic axisymmetric jet exhausting transversely from a flat plate into a transonic crossflow. Data have been acquired in the crossplane of the interaction at a single station in the far field, from which the velocity field identifies the induced counter-rotating vortex pair as well as the remnant of the horseshoe vortex, that wraps around the jet plume as it first exhausts from the nozzle. Data taken for four different values of the jet-to-freestream dynamic pressure ratio reveal the resulting change in the vortex characteristics, where the vortex strength, size, and position are established from the derived vorticity field. Sufficient data were acquired at one condition to determine all six unique components of the turbulent stress tensor, providing the mean spatial character of the anisotropic turbulence. A measureable degree of asymmetry is observed in the size and lateral position of the counter-rotating vortex pair. Self-similarity is established laterally when dimensions are scaled by either the vortex diameter or the horizontal vortex spacing; in the wall-normal direction, scaling is found with the vortex diameter once the vortex penetration is accounted. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Beresh, SJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Engn Sci Ctr, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM sjberes@sandia.gov NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 12 BP 3051 EP 3061 DI 10.2514/1.22311 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119BP UT WOS:000242987500025 ER PT J AU Barone, MF Roy, CJ AF Barone, Matthew F. Roy, Christopher J. TI Evaluation of detached eddy simulation for turbulent wake applications SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA ID SQUARE CYLINDER; BASE-FLOW; AFTERBODY; MODELS AB Simulations of a low-speed square cylinder wake and a supersonic axisymmetric base wake are performed using the detached eddy simulation model. A reduced-dissipation form of a shock-capturing flux scheme is employed to mitigate the effects of dissipative error in regions of smooth flow. The reduced-dissipation scheme is demonstrated on a two-dimensional square cylinder wake problem, showing a marked improvement in accuracy for a given grid resolution. The results for simulations on three grids of increasing resolution for the three-dimensional square cylinder wake are compared with experimental data-and to other computational studies. The comparisons of mean flow and global flow quantities to experimental data are favorable, whereas the results for second order statistics in the wake are mixed and do not always improve with increasing spatial resolution. Comparisons to large eddy simulation are also generally favorable, suggesting detached eddy simulation provides an adequate subgrid scale model. Predictions of base drag and centerline wake velocity for the supersonic wake are also good, given sufficient grid refinement. These cases add to the validation library for detached eddy simulation and support its use as an engineering analysis tool for accurate prediction of global flow quantities and mean How properties. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Aerosci & Compressible Fluid Mech Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Barone, MF (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Aerosci & Compressible Fluid Mech Dept, Mail Stop 0825, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Roy, Christopher/C-5427-2013 NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 44 IS 12 BP 3062 EP 3071 DI 10.2514/1.22359 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 119BP UT WOS:000242987500026 ER PT J AU Krauss, RM Blanche, PJ Rawlings, RS Fernstrom, HS AF Krauss, Ronald M. Blanche, Patricia J. Rawlings, Robin S. Fernstrom, Harriett S. TI Carbohydrate restriction is effective in improving atherogenic dyslipidemia even in the absence of weight loss - Reply to EC Westman et al SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID LOW-FAT DIET; LIPOPROTEIN SUBFRACTIONS; KETOGENIC DIET; OBESITY; MEN C1 Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Krauss, RM (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, 5700 Martin Luther King,Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. EM rkrauss@chori.org NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1550 EP 1550 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 116BF UT WOS:000242776800040 ER PT J AU De Yoreo, JJ Qiu, SR Hoyer, JR AF De Yoreo, James J. Qiu, S. Roger Hoyer, John R. TI Molecular modulation of calcium oxalate crystallization SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE citrate; osteopontin; atomic force microscopy; biomineralization; kidney stone ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ACID-RICH PROTEIN; MINERALIZED-TISSUE FORMATION; MONOHYDRATE CRYSTAL-GROWTH; TAMM-HORSFALL PROTEIN; BONE SIALOPROTEIN; RAT BONE; SELECTIVE BINDING; STONE FORMATION; SHELL PROTEINS AB Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) is the primary constituent of the majority of renal stones. Osteopontin (OPN), an aspartic acid-rich urinary protein, and citrate, a much smaller molecule, are potent inhibitors of COM crystallization at levels present in normal urine. Current concepts of the role of site-specific interactions in crystallization derived from studies of biomineralization are reviewed to provide a context for understanding modulation of COM growth at a molecular level. Results from in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses of the effects of citrate and OPN on growth verified the critical role of site-specific interactions between these growth modulators and individual steps on COM crystal surfaces. Molecular modeling investigations of interactions of citrate with steps and faces on COM crystal surfaces provided links between the stereochemistry of interaction and the binding energy levels that underlie mechanisms of growth modification and changes in overall crystal morphology. The combination of in situ AFM and molecular modeling provides new knowledge that will aid rationale design of therapeutic agents for inhibition of stone formation. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Biosecur & NanoSci Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Hoyer, JR (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM hoyer@udel.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-33501, DK-61673] NR 77 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1931-857X J9 AM J PHYSIOL-RENAL JI Am. J. Physiol.-Renal Physiol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 291 IS 6 BP F1123 EP F1131 DI 10.1152/ajprenal.00136.2006 PG 9 WC Physiology; Urology & Nephrology SC Physiology; Urology & Nephrology GA 101QN UT WOS:000241755600003 PM 17082348 ER PT J AU Waychunas, G Trainor, T Eng, P Catalano, J Brown, G Davis, J Rogers, J Bargar, J AF Waychunas, G. Trainor, T. Eng, P. Catalano, J. Brown, G. Davis, J. Rogers, J. Bargar, J. TI Surface complexation studied via combined grazing-incidence EXAFS and surface diffraction: arsenate on hematite (0001) and (10-12) (vol 386, pg 2255, 2006) SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, CARS, Argonne, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Environm Chem Div, Argonne, IL 60637 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Waychunas, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM gawaychunas@lbl.gov RI Catalano, Jeffrey/A-8322-2013 OI Catalano, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9311-977X NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 386 IS 7-8 BP 2255 EP 2255 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0922-3 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 107AX UT WOS:000242144200040 ER PT J AU Schabacker, DS Stefanovska, I Gavin, I Pedrak, C Chandler, DP AF Schabacker, Daniel S. Stefanovska, Ivana Gavin, Igor Pedrak, Casandra Chandler, Darrell P. TI Protein array staining methods for undefined protein content, manufacturing quality control, and performance validation SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE protein array; staining methods; fractionated proteins; posttranslational modification ID LOW-CALCIUM RESPONSE; YERSINIA-PESTIS; LIQUID SEPARATIONS; MICROARRAYS; CANCER; FRACTIONATION; ANTIBODY; GROWTH AB Methods to assess the quality and performance of protein microarrays fabricated from undefined protein content are required to elucidate slide-to-slide variability and interpolate resulting signal intensity values after an interaction assay. We therefore developed several simple total- and posttranslational modification-specific, on-chip staining methods to quantitatively assess the quality of gel element protein arrays manufactured with whole-cell lysate in vitro protein fractions derived from two-dimensional liquid-phase fractionation (PF2D) technology. A linear dynamic range of at least 3 logs was observed for protein stains and immobilized protein content, with a lower limit of detection at 8 pg of protein per gel element with Deep Purple protein stain and a field-portable microarray imager. Data demonstrate the successful isolation, separation, transfer, and immobilization of putative transmembrane proteins from Yersinia pestis KIM D27 with the combined PF2D and gel element array method. Internal bovine serum albumin standard curves provided a method to assess on-chip PF2D transfer and quantify total protein immobilized per gel element. The basic PF2D array fabrication and quality assurance/quality control methods described here therefore provide a standard operating procedure and basis for developing whole-proteome arrays for interrogating host-pathogen interactions, independent of sequenced genomes, affinity tags, or a priori knowledge of target cell composition. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Benedictine Univ, Lisle, IL 60532 USA. RP Schabacker, DS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM dschabacker@anl.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 1 BP 84 EP 93 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.035 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 106NY UT WOS:000242108900011 PM 17034751 ER PT J AU Papalia, GA Leavitt, S Bynum, MA Katsamba, PS Wilton, R Qiu, HW Steukers, M Wang, SM Bindu, L Phogat, S Giannetti, AM Ryan, TE Pudlak, VA Matusiewicz, K Michelson, KM Nowakowski, A Pham-Baginski, A Brooks, J Tieman, BC Bruce, BD Vaughn, M Baksh, M Cho, YH De Wit, M Smets, A Vandersmissen, J Michiels, L Myszka, DG AF Papalia, Giuseppe A. Leavitt, Stephanie Bynum, Maggie A. Katsamba, Phinikoula S. Wilton, Rosemarie Qiu, Huawei Steukers, Mieke Wang, Siming Bindu, Lakshman Phogat, Sanjay Giannetti, Anthony M. Ryan, Thomas E. Pudlak, Victoria A. Matusiewicz, Katarzyna Michelson, Klaus M. Nowakowski, Agnes Pham-Baginski, Anh Brooks, Jonathan Tieman, Bryan C. Bruce, Barry D. Vaughn, Michael Baksh, Michael Cho, Yun Hee De Wit, Mieke Smets, Alexandra Vandersmissen, Johan Michiels, Lieve Myszka, David G. TI Comparative analysis of 10 small molecules binding to carbonic anhydrase II by different investigators using Biacore technology SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Biacore; surface plasmon resonance; protein-protein interaction; kinetics; SPR ID OPTICAL BIOSENSOR LITERATURE; KINETIC-ANALYSIS; USERS AB In this benchmark study, 26 investigators were asked to characterize the kinetics and affinities of 10 sulfonamide inhibitors binding to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase II using Biacore optical biosensors. A majority of the participants collected data that could be fit to a 1:1 interaction model, but a subset of the data sets obtained from some instruments were of poor quality. The experimental errors in the k(a), k(d), and K-D parameters determined for each of the compounds averaged 34, 24, and 37%, respectively. As expected, the greatest variation in the reported constants was observed for compounds with exceptionally weak affinity and/or fast association rates. The binding constants determined using the biosensor correlated well with solution-based titration calorimetry measurements. The results of this study provide insight into the challenges, as well as the level of experimental variation, that one would expect to observe when using Biacore technology for small molecule analyses. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Utah, Ctr Biomol Interact Anal, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. Gilead Sci, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. Agilent Technol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Genzyme Corp, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. Dyaxsa, B-4000 Liege 1, Belgium. Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA. NCI, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Reichert Analyt Instruments, Depew, NY 14043 USA. Adamed, PL-05152 Czosnow, Poland. Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA. diaDexus, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA. Wyeth, Andover, MA 01810 USA. Wyeth, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. Abbott Labs, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Human Genome Sci, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Tibotec, B-2800 Mechelen, Belgium. RP Myszka, DG (reprint author), Univ Utah, Ctr Biomol Interact Anal, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. EM dmyszka@cores.utah.edu OI Katsamba, Phinikoula/0000-0003-3981-1604 NR 14 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 359 IS 1 BP 94 EP 105 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.021 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 106NY UT WOS:000242108900012 PM 17007806 ER PT J AU Griffiths, SK Nilson, RH AF Griffiths, Stewart K. Nilson, Robert H. TI Charged species transport, separation, and dispersion in nanoscale channels: Autogenous electric field-flow fractionation SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROKINETIC TRANSPORT; RETENTION; NANOCHANNELS; PARTICULATE; PARAMETERS; LIQUID AB Numerical methods are employed to examine the transport of charged species in pressure-driven and electroosmotic flow along nanoscale channels having an electric double-layer thickness comparable to the channel size. In such channels, the electric field inherent to the double layer produces transverse species distributions that depend on species charge. Flow along the channel thus yields mean axial species speeds that also depend on the species charge, enabling species separation and identification. Here we characterize field-flow separations of this type via the retention and plate height. For pressure-driven flows, we demonstrate that mean species speeds along the channel are uniquely associated with a single species charge, allowing species separation based on charge alone. In contrast, electroosmotic flows generally yield identical speeds for several values of the charge, and these speeds generally depend on both the species charge and electrophoretic mobility. Coefficients of dispersion for charged species in both planar and cylindrical geometries are presented as part of this analysis. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Griffiths, SK (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM skgriff@sandia.gov NR 41 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 78 IS 23 BP 8134 EP 8141 DI 10.1021/ac061412e PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 110TZ UT WOS:000242405300038 PM 17134150 ER PT J AU Erdos, PL Ligeti, P Sziklai, P Torney, DC AF Erdos, Peter L. Ligeti, Peter Sziklai, Peter Torney, David C. TI Subwords in reverse-complement order SO ANNALS OF COMBINATORICS LA English DT Article DE combinatorics of words; Levenshtein distance; DNA codes; reconstruction of words ID EFFICIENT RECONSTRUCTION; SEQUENCES AB We examine finite words over an alphabet Gamma = {a; (a) over bar; b, (b) over bar} of pairs of letters, where each word w(1)w(2)(...)w(t) is identified with its reverse complement (w) over bar (...)(t)(w) over bar (2)(w) over bar (1) where (where <(a)double over bar > = a; <(b)double over bar > = b). We seek the smallest k such that every word of length n, composed from G, is uniquely determined by the set of its subwords of length up to k. Our almost sharp result (k similar to 2n/3) is an analogue of a classical result for "normal" words. This problem has its roots in bioinformatics. C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Math, H-1364 Budapest, Hungary. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Comp Sci, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Erdos, PL (reprint author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Math, POB 127, H-1364 Budapest, Hungary. EM elp@renyi.hu; turul@cs.elte.hu; sziklai@cs.elte.hu; dtorney@earthlink.net NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0218-0006 J9 ANN COMB JI Ann. Comb. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 10 IS 4 BP 415 EP 430 DI 10.1007/s00026-006-0297-3 PG 16 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 135WY UT WOS:000244185800002 ER PT J AU Creutz, M AF Creutz, Michael TI Hidden symmetries in two dimensional field theory SO ANNALS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE bosonization; chiral symmetry; Goldstone bosons ID NON-ABELIAN BOSONIZATION; MASSIVE SCHWINGER MODEL; CHIRAL-SYMMETRY; 2 DIMENSIONS; CURRENTS; CHARGES AB The bosonization process elegantly shows the equivalence of massless scalar and fermion fields in two space-time dimensions. However, with multiple fermions the technique often obscures global symmetries. Witten's non-Abelian bosonization makes these symmetries explicit, but at the expense of a somewhat complicated bosonic action. Frenkel and Kac have presented an intricate mathematical formalism relating the various approaches. Here, I reduce these arguments to the simplest case of a single massless scalar field. In particular, using only elementary quantum field theory concepts, I expose a hidden SU(2) x SU(2) chiral symmetry in this trivial theory. I then discuss in what sense this field should be interpreted as a Goldstone boson. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Creutz, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM creutz@bnl.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-4916 EI 1096-035X J9 ANN PHYS-NEW YORK JI Ann. Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 321 IS 12 BP 2782 EP 2792 DI 10.1016/j.aop.2006.01.003 PG 11 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 115NG UT WOS:000242740400003 ER PT J AU Deng, YJ Flury, M Harsh, JB Felmy, AR Qafoku, O AF Deng, Youjun Flury, Markus Harsh, James B. Felmy, Andrew R. Qafoku, Odeta TI Cancrinite and sodalite formation in the presence of cesium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and strontium in Hanford tank waste simulants SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; NITRATE-CANCRINITE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; LOW-TEMPERATURE; PRECIPITATION; DISSOLUTION; KINETICS; TRANSFORMATIONS; KAOLINITE; SEDIMENTS AB High-level radioactive tank waste solutions that have leaked into the subsurface at the US Department of Energy Hanford Site, Washington, are chemically complex. Here, the effect of five cations, Cs+, K+, Sr2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, on mineral formation and transformation pathways under conditions mimicking Hanford tank leaks is investigated. Sodium silicate was used to represent the dissolved silicate from sediments. The silicate was added into a series of simulants that contained 0.5 M aluminate, 1 M or 16 M NaOH, and the NO3- salts of the cations. The precipitates were monitored by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. In the 1 M NaOH simulants, low concentration of Cs+ (< 100 mM) did not affect the formation of lepispheric cancrinite and socialite, whereas only highly crystalline cancrinite formed when Cs+ concentration was >= 250 mM. An unidentified feldspathoid or zeolite intermediate phase was observed in the presence of high concentrations of Cs+ (500 mM). The presence of K+ did not alter, but slowed, the formation of cancrinite and sodalite. The presence of divalent cations led to the formation of metastable or stable silicates, aluminates, hydroxides, or alumino silicates. The formation of these intermediate phases slowed the formation of cancrinite and sodalite by consuming OH-, silicate, or aluminate. Compared with the concentrations used in this study, the concentrations of radioactive Cs+ and Sr2+ in the tank solutions are much lower and divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) released from sediments likely precipitate out as hydroxides, silicates or aluminates; therefore, the authors do not expect that the presence of these monovalent and divalent cations significantly affect the formation of cancrinite and sodalite in the sediments underneath the leaking waste tanks. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ctr Multiphase Environm Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Harsh, JB (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ctr Multiphase Environm Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM harsh@wsu.edu RI Flury, Markus/H-2983-2012; Harsh, James/C-7455-2014 OI Flury, Markus/0000-0002-3344-3962; Harsh, James/0000-0002-0177-3342 NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 21 IS 12 BP 2049 EP 2063 DI 10.1016/j.apgeoche,.2006.019 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 119CJ UT WOS:000242989500002 ER PT J AU Silver, GL AF Silver, G. L. TI Analysis of three-dimensional grids: Sine-and-cosine equation for the nine-point prismatic array SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE interpolation; response surfaces; operational equations; experimental design; cubic array AB The nine-point prismatic array consists of a cube with center point. This paper illustrates an operational sine-and-cosine equation that makes explicit use of the center point datum. It is useful for interpolating the array. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Silver, GL (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663,MS E517, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM gsilver@lanl.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0096-3003 J9 APPL MATH COMPUT JI Appl. Math. Comput. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 183 IS 1 BP 617 EP 621 DI 10.1016/j.amc.2006.05.113 PG 5 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 130WB UT WOS:000243828600065 ER PT J AU Alton, GD Zhang, Y Kawai, Y AF Alton, G. D. Zhang, Y. Kawai, Y. TI Prescriptions for optimizing intensities of short-lived RIBs at ISOL based research facilities SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE radioactive ion beam; ISOL target; target materials; fiber target; composite target; matrix; diffusion; energy deposition; thermal conductivity; temperature distribution; thermal radiation; vapor transport; effusive flow ID ION-BEAM FACILITY; PRODUCTION TARGET APPLICATIONS; COMPOUND MATERIALS; GENERATION; SELECTION; DESIGN; ACCELERATOR; SCATTERING; MATRICES; NE-18 AB In order to generate useful intensities of short-lived radioactive species at Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) based research facilities, species of interest must be diffused from the interior of the production target-material, effusively transported to an ion source, ionized, extracted, mass-analyzed, and accelerated to research energies in times commensurate with their lifetimes. The intensities at such facilities are principally limited by decay losses associated with times required for diffusion-release from target materials and transport from the target to the ion source and by the maximum permissible primary beam power depositional density that can be tolerated without deleteriously affecting target integrity or ion source efficiency. Consequently, it is imperative to minimize delay times associated with the independent diffusion and effusive-flow processes by choosing small dimensioned (short-diffusion length) highly refractory target materials and formatting them in highly permeable mechanically and thermally robust structures that can withstand high-power beam irradiation for extended periods of time. This article provides basic information on methods, procedures and principles for selecting target materials; for designing fast diffusion-release targets; for designing fast effusive-flow vapor transport systems; and introduces methods for controlling target temperatures as required for optimizing intensities of short-lived radioactive ion beams at ISOL based research facilities. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Alton, GD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM gda@ornl.gov NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 64 IS 12 BP 1574 EP 1603 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.01.004 PG 30 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 112LE UT WOS:000242526600007 PM 16520037 ER PT J AU Hoover, AS Sullivan, JP Baird, B Brumby, SP Kippen, RM McCluskey, CW Rawool-Sullivan, MW Sorensen, EB AF Hoover, A. S. Sullivan, J. P. Baird, B. Brumby, S. P. Kippen, R. M. McCluskey, C. W. Rawool-Sullivan, M. W. Sorensen, E. B. TI Gamma-ray imaging with a Si/CsI(Tl) compton detector SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE compton; gamma-ray; imaging ID TELESCOPE; CAMERA; PERFORMANCE; PROTOTYPE AB We present results from Compton imaging of gamma-ray sources using an instrument constructed from thin silicon scattering detectors and CsI(Tl) absorbing detectors. We have successfully imaged single and double point sources for several common radioactive isotopes (Cs-137, Co-60, Na-22, Mn-54). The measured angular resolution is 11.6 degrees FWHM at 662 keV. In parallel with the hardware effort, a GEANT4-based simulation code was developed. Comparisons between real and simulated data are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hoover, AS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM ahoover@lanl.gov OI Rawool-Sullivan, Mohini/0000-0002-3001-3318; Sullivan, John/0000-0002-9067-1531 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 64 IS 12 BP 1648 EP 1654 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.05.015 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 112LE UT WOS:000242526600014 PM 16837205 ER PT J AU Jang, SP Choi, SUS AF Jang, Seok Pil Choi, Stephen U. S. TI Cooling performance of a microchannel heat sink with nanofluids SO APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE nanofluids; microchannel; heat sink; thermal resistance; nanoparticles ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; NANOTUBE SUSPENSIONS; NANOPARTICLES; ENHANCEMENT AB In this paper, the cooling performance of a microchannel heat sink with nanoparticle-fluid suspensions ("nanofluids") is numerically investigated. By using a theoretical model of thermal conductivity of nanofluids that accounts for the fundamental role of Brownian motion, we investigate the temperature contours and thermal resistance of a microchannel heat sink with nanofluids such as 6 nut copper-in-water and 2 nm diamond-in-water. The results show that the cooling performance of a microchannel heat sink with water-based nanofluids containing diamond (1 vol.%, 2 nm) at the fixed pumping power of 2.25 W is enhanced by about 10% compared with that of a microchannel heat sink with water. Nanofluids reduce both the thermal resistance and the temperature difference between the heated microchannel wall and the coolant. Finally, the potential of deploying a combined microchannel heat sink with nanofluids as the next generation cooling devices for removing ultra-high heat flux is shown. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Hankuk Aviat Univ, Sch Aerosp & Mech Engn, Goyang 412791, Gyeonggi, South Korea. RP Choi, SUS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM choi@anl.gov NR 21 TC 202 Z9 208 U1 6 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-4311 J9 APPL THERM ENG JI Appl. Therm. Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 26 IS 17-18 BP 2457 EP 2463 DI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.02.036 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mechanics GA 076UV UT WOS:000239984400048 ER PT J AU Zanker, H Huttig, G Arnold, T Nitsche, H AF Zaenker, Harald Huettig, Gudrun Arnold, Thuro Nitsche, Heino TI Formation of iron-containing colloids by the weathering of phyllite SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE weathering; colloids; centrifugation; ferrihydrite; aluminosilicates; aluminum hydroxide; unsaturated zone ID PHOTON-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON; IN-STATU-NASCENDI; DISSOLUTION RATES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; NATURAL-WATERS; HYDROXYALUMINOSILICATE FORMATION; SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS AB The formation of colloids during the weathering of phyllite was investigated by exposing ground phyllite to Milli-Q water. Secondary mineral colloids of 10(1)-10(2) nm were detected in significant concentrations. At pH of about 8.5, the solution concentration of these colloids reached up to 10 mg/L (however, acidification to pH 4.0 prevented the formation of the colloids). The mineralogical composition of the secondary mineral colloids is assumed to be a mixture of ferrihydrite, manganese oxyhydroxides, aluminosilicates, amorphous Al(OH)(3) and gibbsite with possible additions of iron silicates and iron-alumino silicates. The colloids were stable over longer periods of time (at least several weeks), even in the presence of suspended ground rock. Direct formation of iron-containing secondary mineral colloids at the rock-water interface by the weathering of rock material is an alternative to the well-known mechanism of iron colloid formation in the bulk of water bodies by mixing of different waters or by aeration of anoxic waters. This direct mechanism is of relevance for colloid production during the weathering of freshly crushed rock in the unsaturated zone as for instance crushed rock in mine waste rock piles. Colloids produced by this mechanism, too, can influence the transport of contaminants such as actinides because these colloids have a large specific surface area and a high sorption affinity. C1 Rossendorf Inc, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf EV, Inst Radiochem, D-01314 Dresden, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zanker, H (reprint author), Rossendorf Inc, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf EV, Inst Radiochem, Postfach 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany. EM H.zaenker@fz-rossendorf.de NR 130 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1380-6165 EI 1573-1421 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 299 EP 325 DI 10.1007/s10498-006-9000-x PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 102TS UT WOS:000241836800001 ER PT J AU Zielonka, J Sarna, T Roberts, JE Wishart, JF Kalyanaraman, B AF Zielonka, Jacek Sarna, Tadeusz Roberts, Joan E. Wishart, James F. Kalyanaraman, B. TI Pulse radiolysis and steady-state analyses of the reaction between hydroethidine and superoxide and other oxidants SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE hydroethidine; 2-hydroxyethidium; ethidium; superoxide; Fenton's reaction; HPLC; pulse radiolysis; one-electron oxidation ID INTRACELLULAR FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; RADICAL-INDUCED OXIDATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS; DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT; HYDROXYL RADICALS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; ETHIDIUM-BROMIDE; PRODUCT; BENZIDINE AB Hydroethidine (HE) is a cell-permeable probe used for the intracellular detection of superoxide. Here, we report the direct measurement of the rate constant between hydroethidine and superoxide radical anion using the pulse radiolysis technique. This reaction rate constant was calculated to be ca. 2 x 10(6) M-1 S-1 in water:ethanol (1:1) mixture. The spectral characteristics of the intermediates indicated that the one-electron oxidation product of HE was different from the one-electron reduction product of ethidium (E+). The HPLC-electrochemical measurements of incubation mixtures containing HE and the oxygenated Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/DTPA/H2O2) in the presence of aliphatic alcohols or formate as a superoxide generating system revealed 2-OH-E+ as a major product. Formation of 2-OH-E+ by the Fenton's reagent without additives was shown to be superoxide dismutase-sensitive and we attribute the formation of superoxide radical anion to the one-electron reduction of oxygen by the DTPA-derived radical. Addition of tert-butanol, DMSO, and potassium bromide to the Fenton's system caused inhibition of 2-OH-E+ formation. Results indicate that reducing and oxidizing radicals have differential effects on the formation of 2-OH-E+. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Biophys, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Free Rad Res Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Jagiellonian Univ, Dept Biophys, Fac Biochem Biophys & Biotechnol, PL-30387 Krakow, Poland. Fordham Univ, Dept Nat Sci, New York, NY 10023 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kalyanaraman, B (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Biophys, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. EM balarama@mcw.edu RI Wishart, James/L-6303-2013; Zielonka, Jacek/N-9546-2014 OI Wishart, James/0000-0002-0488-7636; Zielonka, Jacek/0000-0002-2524-0145 FU NCI NIH HHS [5R01CA77822, R01 CA077822, R01 CA077822-08]; NHLBI NIH HHS [5P01HL68769-01, 5R01HL067244, P01 HL068769, P01 HL068769-01, R01 HL067244, R01 HL067244-05]; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS039958-08, 2R01NS39958, R01 NS039958] NR 33 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 456 IS 1 BP 39 EP 47 DI 10.1016/j.abb.2006.09.031 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 114NL UT WOS:000242672800005 PM 17081495 ER PT J AU Losey, LM Andres, RJ Marland, G AF Losey, London M. Andres, Robert J. Marland, Gregg TI Monthly estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption in Brazil during the late 1990s and early 2000s SO AREA LA English DT Article DE Brazil; global change; CO2 emissions; fossil fuels; monthly data; spatial distribution AB Detailed understanding of global carbon cycling requires estimates of CO2 emissions on temporal and spatial scales finer than annual and country. This is the first attempt to derive such estimates for a large, developing, Southern Hemisphere country. Though data on energy use are not complete in terms of time and geography, there are enough data available on the sale or consumption of fuels in Brazil to reasonably approximate the temporal and spatial patterns of fuel use and CO2 emissions. Given the available data, a strong annual cycle in emissions from Brazil is not apparent. CO2 emissions are unevenly distributed within Brazil as the population density and level of development both vary widely. C1 Univ N Dakota, Dept Space Studies, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Mid Sweden Univ, Dept Engn Phys & Math, SE-83225 Ostersund, Sweden. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Losey, LM (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Dept Space Studies, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. EM andres@space.edu NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0004-0894 J9 AREA JI Area PD DEC PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 445 EP 452 DI 10.1111/j.1475-4762.2006.00713.x PG 8 WC Geography SC Geography GA 113ZR UT WOS:000242637000009 ER PT J AU Zogg, R Sriramulu, S Carlson, E Roth, K Brodrick, J AF Zogg, Robert Sriramulu, Suresh Carlson, Eric Roth, Kurt Brodrick, James TI Using solid-oxide fuel cells for distributed generation SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 TIAX LLC, Cambridge, MA USA. US DOE, Bldg Technol Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Zogg, R (reprint author), TIAX LLC, Cambridge, MA USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 48 IS 12 BP 116 EP 118 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 117RS UT WOS:000242891200012 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DI Harrison, TE McNamara, BJ Vestrand, WT Holtzman, JA Barker, T AF Hoffman, D. I. Harrison, T. E. McNamara, B. J. Vestrand, W. T. Holtzman, J. A. Barker, T. TI The case for third bodies as the cause of period changes in selected algol systems SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE binaries : eclipsing; stars : individual (AB Andromedae, TV Cassiopeiae, XX Cephei; AK Herculis, Y Camelopardalis) ID CLOSE BINARIES; STARS AB Many eclipsing binary star systems show long-term variations in their orbital periods, evident in their O-C (observed minus calculated period) diagrams. With data from the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-I) compiled in the SkyDOT database, New Mexico State University 1 m data, and recent American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) data, we revisit Borkovits and Hegedus's best-case candidates for third-body effects in eclipsing binaries: AB And, TV Cas, XX Cep, and AK Her. We also examine the possibility of a third body orbiting Y Cam. Our new data support their suggestion that a third body is present in all systems except AK Her, as is revealed by the sinusoidal variations of the O-C residuals. Our new data suggest that a third body alone cannot explain the variations seen in the O-C residuals of AK Her. We also provide a table of 143 eclipsing binary systems that have historical AAVSO O-C data with new values computed from the SkyDOT database. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Wheaton Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Norton, MA 02766 USA. RP Hoffman, DI (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Box 30001,MSC 4500, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM dhoffman@nmsu.edu; tharriso@nmsu.edu; bmcnamar@nmsu.edu; vestrand@lanl.gov; holtz@nmsu.edu; tbarker@wheatoncollege.edu NR 23 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 132 IS 6 BP 2260 EP 2267 DI 10.1086/508411 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MC UT WOS:000242529100004 ER PT J AU Cassan, A Beaulieu, JP Fouque, P Brillant, S Dominik, M Greenhill, J Heyrovsky, D Horne, K Jorgensen, UG Kubas, D Stempels, HC Vinter, C Albrow, MD Bennett, D Caldwell, JAR Calitz, JJ Cook, K Coutures, C Dominis, D Donatowicz, J Hill, K Hoffman, M Kane, S Marquette, JB Martin, R Meintjes, P Menzies, J Miller, VR Pollard, KR Sahu, KC Wambsganss, J Williams, A Udalski, A Szymanski, MK Kubiak, M Pietrzynski, G Soszynski, I Zebrun, K Szewczyk, O Wyrzykowski, L AF Cassan, A. Beaulieu, J. -P. Fouque, P. Brillant, S. Dominik, M. Greenhill, J. Heyrovsky, D. Horne, K. Jorgensen, U. G. Kubas, D. Stempels, H. C. Vinter, C. Albrow, M. D. Bennett, D. Caldwell, J. A. R. Calitz, J. J. Cook, K. Coutures, C. Dominis, D. Donatowicz, J. Hill, K. Hoffman, M. Kane, S. Marquette, J. -B. Martin, R. Meintjes, P. Menzies, J. Miller, V. R. Pollard, K. R. Sahu, K. C. Wambsganss, J. Williams, A. Udalski, A. Szymanski, M. K. Kubiak, M. Pietrzynski, G. Soszynski, I. Zebrun, K. Szewczyk, O. Wyrzykowski, L. TI OGLE 2004-BLG-254: a K3III Galactic bulge giant spatially resolved by a single microlens SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gravitational lensing; techniques : high angular resolution; stars : atmospheres; stars : individual : OGLE 2004-BLG-254 ID LIMB-DARKENING MEASUREMENT; H-ALPHA LINE; PLANET PHOTOMETRY; MACHO 98-SMC-1; LENS; STAR; ATMOSPHERE; CALIBRATION; SPECTRA; SYSTEMS AB Aims. We present an analysis of OGLE 2004-BLG-254, a high-magnification (A(o) similar or equal to 60) and relatively short duration (t(E) similar or equal to 13.2 days) microlensing event in which the source star, a Bulge K-giant, has been spatially resolved by a point-like lens. We seek to determine the lens and source distance, and provide a measurement of the linear limb-darkening coefficients of the source star in the I and R bands. We discuss the derived values of the latter and compare them to the classical theoretical laws, and furthermore examine the cases of already published microlensed GK-giants limb-darkening measurements. Methods. We have obtained dense photometric coverage of the event light curve with OGLE and PLANET telescopes, as well as a high signal-to-noise ratio spectrum taken while the source was still magnified by A similar to 20, using the UVES/VLT spectrograph. We have performed a modelling of the light curve, including finite source and parallax effects, and have combined spectroscopic and photometric analysis to infer the source distance. A Galactic model for the mass and velocity distribution of the stars has been used to estimate the lens distance. Results. From the spectrum analysis and calibrated color-magnitude of the event target, we found that the source was a K3 III Bulge giant, situated at the far end of the Bulge. From modelling the light curve, we have derived an angular size of the Einstein ring theta(E) similar or equal to 114 mu as, and a relative lens-source proper motion mu = theta(E)/t(E) similar or equal to 3.1 mas/yr. We could also measure the angular size of the source, theta(*) similar or equal to 4.5 mu as, whereas given the short duration of the event, no significant constraint could be obtained from parallax effects. A Galactic model based on the modelling of the light curve then provides us with an estimate of the lens distance, mass and velocity as D(L) similar or equal to 9.6 kpc, M similar or equal to 0.11 M(circle dot) and v similar or equal to 145 km s(-1) (at the lens distance) respectively. Our dense coverage of this event allows us to measure limb darkening of the source star in the I and R bands. We also compare previous measurements of linear limb-darkening coefficients involving GK-giant stars with predictions from ATLAS atmosphere models. We discuss the case of K-giants and find a disagreement between limb-darkening measurements and model predictions, which may be caused by the inadequacy of the linear limb-darkening law. C1 Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Astron, Astron Rech Inst, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Toulouse 3, Observ Midi Pyrenees, Astrophys Lab, UMR 5572, F-31400 Toulouse, France. European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile. Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. Univ Tasmania, Dept Phys, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Charles Univ Prague, Inst Theoret Phys, CR-18000 Prague, Czech Republic. Astron Observ, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Warsaw Observ, PL-00478 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Canterbury, Dept Phys & Astron, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46530 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Ft Davis, TX 79734 USA. Univ Orange Free State, Dept Phys, Boyden Observ, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. CEA Saclay, DAPNIA, DSM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany. Vienna Univ Technol, Dept Comp, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Bryan Space Sci Ctr 211, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Perth Observ, Perth, WA 6076, Australia. S African Astron Observ, ZA-7935 Cape Town, South Africa. Univ Concepcion, Dept Fis, Concepcion, Chile. Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England. EM cassan@ari.uni-heidelberg.de RI Kane, Stephen/B-4798-2013; Greenhill, John/C-8367-2013; Williams, Andrew/K-2931-2013; Heyrovsky, David/A-2031-2015; OI Williams, Andrew/0000-0001-9080-0105; Heyrovsky, David/0000-0002-5198-5343; Dominik, Martin/0000-0002-3202-0343 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 460 IS 1 BP 277 EP 288 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20054414 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 108ZD UT WOS:000242276800030 ER PT J AU Petrosian, V Madejski, G Luli, K AF Petrosian, Vahe Madejski, Greg Luli, Kevin TI Analysis and interpretation of hard X-ray emission from the bullet cluster (1ES 0657-558), the most distant cluster of galaxies observed by RXTE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE acceleration of particles; galaxies : clusters : individual (1ES 0657-558, RX J0658-5557); X-rays : galaxies : clusters ID TIMING-EXPLORER OBSERVATIONS; DIFFUSE RADIO-EMISSION; 2 EPOCH OBSERVATIONS; COMA CLUSTER; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; SKY SURVEY; HALO; ELECTRONS; SPECTRUM; EXCESS AB Evidence for nonthermal activity in clusters of galaxies is well established from radio observations of synchrotron emission by relativistic electrons. New windows in the extreme-ultraviolet and hard X-ray ranges have provided more powerful tools for the investigation of this phenomenon. Detections of hard X-rays in the 20-100 keV range have been reported for several clusters of galaxies, notably from Coma and others. Based on these earlier observations we identified the relatively high-redshift cluster 1ES 0657-558 (also known as RX J0658-5557) as a good candidate for hard X-ray observations. This cluster, also known as the Bullet Cluster, has many other interesting and unusual features, most notably that it is undergoing a merger, clearly visible in the X-ray images. Here we present results from successful RXTE observations of this cluster. We summarize past observations and their theoretical interpretation that guided us in the selection process. We describe the new observations and present the constraints we can set on the flux and spectrum of the hard X-rays. Finally, we discuss the constraints one can set on the characteristics of accelerated electrons that produce the hard X-rays and the radio radiation. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Part Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Petrosian, V (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM vahe@astronomy.stanford.edu NR 45 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 652 IS 2 BP 948 EP 954 DI 10.1086/508564 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MM UT WOS:000242530100010 ER PT J AU Nakamura, M Li, H Li, ST AF Nakamura, Masanori Li, Hui Li, Shengtai TI Structure of magnetic tower jets in stratified atmospheres SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : jets; magnetic fields; methods : numerical; MHD ID DOUBLE RADIO-SOURCES; ACCRETION DISKS; POYNTING JETS; DISCS; FLOWS; STARS; MODEL; DYNAMICS; OUTFLOWS; ENERGY AB Using a new approach to modeling the magnetically dominated outflows from active galactic nuclei, we study the propagation of magnetic tower jets in gravitationally stratified atmospheres (such as a galaxy cluster environment) at large scales (more than tens of kiloparsecs) by performing three-dimensional MHD simulations. We present the detailed analysis of the MHD waves, the cylindrical radial force balance, and the collimation of magnetic tower jets. As magnetic energy is injected into a small central volume over a finite amount of time, the magnetic fields expand down the background density gradient, forming a collimated jet and an expanded "lobe" due to the gradually decreasing background density and pressure. Both the jet and lobes are magnetically dominated. In addition, the injection and expansion produce a hydrodynamic shock wave that moves ahead of and encloses the magnetic tower jet. This shock can eventually break the hydrostatic equilibrium in the ambient medium and cause a global gravitational contraction. This contraction produces a strong compression at the head of the magnetic tower front and helps to collimate the jet radially to produce a slender body. At the outer edge of the jet, the magnetic pressure is balanced by the background (modified) gas pressure, without any significant contribution from the hoop stress. On the other hand, along the central axis of the jet, hoop stress is the dominant force in shaping the central collimation of the poloidal current. The system, which possesses a highly wound helical magnetic configuration, never quite reaches a force-free equilibrium state, although the evolution becomes much slower at late stages. The simulations were performed without any initial perturbations, so the overall structures of the jet remain mostly axisymmetric. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Nakamura, M (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B227, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM nakamura@lanl.gov; hli@lanl.gov; sli@lanl.gov OI Li, Shengtai/0000-0002-4142-3080 NR 29 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 652 IS 2 BP 1059 EP 1067 DI 10.1086/508338 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MM UT WOS:000242530100020 ER PT J AU Roming, PWA Schady, P Fox, DB Zhang, B Liang, EW Mason, KO Rol, E Burrows, DN Blustin, AJ Boyd, PT Brown, P Holland, ST McGowan, K Landsman, WB Page, KL Rhoads, JE Rosen, SR Vanden Berk, D Barthelmy, SD Breeveld, AA Cucchiara, A De Pasquale, M Fenimore, EE Gehrels, N Gronwall, C Grupe, D Goad, MR Ivanushkina, M James, C Kennea, JA Kobayashi, S Mangano, V Meszaros, P Morgan, AN Nousek, JA Osborne, JP Palmer, DM Poole, T Still, MD Tagliaferri, G Zane, S AF Roming, Peter W. A. Schady, Patricia Fox, Derek B. Zhang, Bing Liang, Enwei Mason, Keith O. Rol, Evert Burrows, David N. Blustin, Alex J. Boyd, Patricia T. Brown, Peter Holland, Stephen T. McGowan, Katherine Landsman, Wayne B. Page, Kim L. Rhoads, James E. Rosen, Simon R. Vanden Berk, Daniel Barthelmy, Scott D. Breeveld, Alice A. Cucchiara, Antonino De Pasquale, Massimiliano Fenimore, Edward E. Gehrels, Neil Gronwall, Caryl Grupe, Dirk Goad, Michael R. Ivanushkina, Mariya James, Cynthia Kennea, Jamie A. Kobayashi, Shiho Mangano, Vanessa Meszaros, Peter Morgan, Adam N. Nousek, John A. Osborne, Julian P. Palmer, David M. Poole, Tracey Still, Martin D. Tagliaferri, Gianpiero Zane, Silvia TI Very early optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts: Evidence for relative paucity of detection SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE gamma rays : bursts ID 28 FEBRUARY 1997; REVERSE SHOCK; RADIO AFTERGLOW; LIGHT-CURVE; SWIFT UVOT; THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS; ENERGY RESERVOIR; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL; KINETIC-ENERGY AB Very early observations with the Swift satellite of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows reveal that the optical component is not detected in a large number of cases. This is in contrast to the bright optical flashes previously discovered in some GRBs (e. g., GRB 990123 and GRB 021211). Comparisons of the X-ray afterglow flux to the optical afterglow flux and prompt gamma-ray fluence is used to quantify the seemingly deficient optical, and in some cases X-ray, light at these early epochs. This comparison reveals that some of these bursts appear to have higher than normal gamma-ray efficiencies. We discuss possible mechanisms and their feasibility for explaining the apparent lack of early optical emission. The mechanisms considered include, foreground extinction, circumburst absorption, Ly alpha blanketing and absorption due to high-redshift, low-density environments, rapid temporal decay, and intrinsic weakness of the reverse shock. Of these, foreground extinction, circumburst absorption, and high redshift provide the best explanations for most of the nondetections in our sample. There is tentative evidence of suppression of the strong reverse shock emission. This could be because of a Poynting flux-dominated flow or a pure nonrelativistic hydrodynamic reverse shock. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Inst Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Sez Palermo, INAF, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, Italy. RP Roming, PWA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM roming@astro.psu.edu RI Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 OI Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723; NR 139 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 652 IS 2 BP 1416 EP 1422 DI 10.1086/508481 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MM UT WOS:000242530100051 ER PT J AU Salmonson, JD Fragile, PC Anninos, P AF Salmonson, Jay D. Fragile, P. Chris Anninos, Peter TI Numerical modeling of the radio nebula from the 2004 December 27 giant flare of SGR 1806-20 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hydrodynamics; pulsars : individual (SGR 1806-20); relativity; shock waves; stars : winds, outflows ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; AFTERGLOW LIGHT CURVES; JET STRUCTURE; SGR-1806-20; POLARIZATION; COUNTERPART; CONNECTION; EMISSION AB We use the relativistic hydrodynamics code Cosmos++ to model the evolution of the radio nebula triggered by the 2004 December 27 giant flare event of SGR 1806-20. We primarily focus on the rebrightening and centroid motion occurring subsequent to day 20 following the flare event. We model this period as a mildly relativistic (gamma similar to 1.07-1.67) jetted outflow expanding into the ISM. We demonstrate that a jet with total energy similar to 10(46) ergs confined to a half opening angle similar to 20 degrees fits the key observables of this event, e. g., the flux light curve, emission map centroid position, and aspect ratio. In particular, we find excellent agreement with observations if the rebrightening is due to the jet, moving at 0.5c and inclined similar to 0 degrees-40 degrees toward the observer, colliding with a density discontinuity in the ISM at a radius of several times 10(16) cm. We also find that a jet with a higher velocity, greater than or similar to 0.7c, and larger inclination, greater than or similar to 70 degrees, moving into a uniform ISM can fit the observations in general but tends to miss the details of rebrightening. The latter, uniform ISM model predicts an ISM density more than 100 times lower than that of the former model and thus suggests an independent test that might discriminate between the two. One of the strongest constraints of both models is that the data seem to require a nonuniform jet in order to be well fitted. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Coll Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. RP Salmonson, JD (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM salmonson@llnl.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 652 IS 2 BP 1508 EP 1522 DI 10.1086/508648 PN 1 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MM UT WOS:000242530100060 ER PT J AU Middleditch, J Marshall, FE Wang, QD Gotthelf, EV Zhang, W AF Middleditch, J. Marshall, F. E. Wang, Q. D. Gotthelf, E. V. Zhang, W. TI Predicting the starquakes in PSR J0537-6910 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE pulsars : individual (PSR J0537-6910); stars : neutron; X-rays : stars ID X-RAY PULSAR; LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; CRUSTAL PLATE-TECTONICS; RAPIDLY SPINNING PULSARS; POST-GLITCH RELAXATION; NEUTRON-STAR CRUST; VELA PULSAR; CRAB PULSAR; POSTGLITCH RELAXATION; TIMING OBSERVATIONS AB We report on more than 7 yr of monitoring of PSR J0537-6910, the 16 ms pulsar in the LMC, using data acquired with RXTE. During this campaign the pulsar experienced 23 sudden increases in frequency ("glitches") amounting to a total gain of over 6 ppm of rotation frequency superposed on its gradual spin-down of v = -2 x 10(-10) Hz s(-1). The time interval from one glitch to the next obeys a strong linear correlation to the amplitude of the first glitch, with a mean slope of about 400 days ppm(-1) (6.5 days mu Hz(-1)), such that these intervals can be predicted to within a few days, an accuracy that has never before been seen in any other pulsar. There appears to be an upper limit of similar to 40 mu Hz for the size of glitches in all pulsars, with the 1999 April glitch of PSR J0537-6910 the largest so far. The change of its spin-down across the glitches, Delta v, appears to have the same hard lower limit, -1.5 x 10(-13) Hz s(-1), as that observed in all other pulsars. The spin-down continues to increase in the long term, v = -10(-21) Hz s(-2), and thus the timing age of PSR J0537-6910 (-0.5vv(-1)) continues to decrease at a rate of nearly 1 yr every year, consistent with movement of its magnetic moment away from its rotational axis by 1 rad every 10,000 yr, or about 1 m yr(-1). PSR J0537-6910 was likely to have been born as a nearly aligned rotator spinning at 75-80 Hz, with a vertical bar v vertical bar considerably smaller than its current value of 2 x 10(-10) Hz s(-1). Its pulse profile consists of a single pulse that is found to be flat at its peak for at least 0.02 cycles. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Comp Computat & Stat Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Middleditch, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Comp Computat & Stat Sci Div, CCS-3,MS B265, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jon@lanl.gov; frank.marshall@gsfc.nasa.gov; wqd@astro.umass.edu; eric@astro.columbia.edu; william.w.zhang@nasa.gov NR 100 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 652 IS 2 BP 1531 EP 1546 DI 10.1086/508736 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MM UT WOS:000242530100062 ER PT J AU Dopita, MA Fischera, J Sutherland, RS Kewley, LJ Leitherer, C Tuffs, RJ Popescu, CC van Breugel, W Groves, BA AF Dopita, Michael A. Fischera, Joerg Sutherland, Ralph S. Kewley, Lisa J. Leitherer, Claus Tuffs, Richard J. Popescu, Cristina C. van Breugel, Wil Groves, Brent A. TI Modeling the pan-spectral energy distribution of starburst galaxies. III. Emission line diagnostics of ensembles of evolving HII regions SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE galaxies : abundances; galaxies : formation; galaxies : general; galaxies : starburst; ISM : abundances; HII regions ID DIFFUSE IONIZED MEDIUM; SOUTHERN GALAXIES; SPIRAL GALAXIES; STAR-FORMATION; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; OXYGEN ABUNDANCES; MAGELLANIC CLOUDS; HELIUM ABUNDANCE; SPACE-TELESCOPE; MASSIVE STARS AB We build, as far as theory will permit, self-consistent model H II regions around central clusters of aging stars. These produce strong emission line diagnostics applicable to either individual H II regions in galaxies or to the integrated emission line spectra of disk or starburst galaxies. The models assume that the expansion and internal pressure of individual H II regions is driven by the net input of mechanical energy from the central cluster, be it through winds or supernova events. This eliminates the ionization parameter as a free variable, replacing it with a parameter that depends on the ratio of the cluster mass to the pressure in the surrounding interstellar medium. These models explain why H II regions with low abundances have high excitation and demonstrate that at least part of the warm ionized medium is the result of overlapping faint, old, large, and low-pressure H II regions. We present line ratios (at both optical and IR wavelengths) that provide reliable abundance diagnostics for both single H II regions or for integrated galaxy spectra, and we find a number that can be used to estimate the mean age of the cluster stars exciting individual H II regions. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. RP Dopita, MA (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Cotter Rd, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia. EM michael.dopita@anu.edu.au RI Dopita, Michael/P-5413-2014 OI Dopita, Michael/0000-0003-0922-4986 NR 74 TC 113 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 167 IS 2 BP 177 EP 200 DI 10.1086/508261 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 112MH UT WOS:000242529600004 ER PT J AU Monforti, F Vitali, L Pagnini, G Lorenzini, R Delle Monache, L Zanini, G AF Monforti, Fabio Vitali, Lina Pagnini, Gianni Lorenzini, Rita Delle Monache, Luca Zanini, Gabriele TI Testing kernel density reconstruction for Lagrangian photochemical modelling SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE photochemical pollution; Lagrangian chemical transport model; grid-free model; complex chemical mechanism; kernel density estimator ID PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; CHEMISTRY; MECHANISM; URBAN AB In recent years, a number of pioneering works have shown as Lagrangian models can be of great interest when dealing with photochemistry, provided that special care is given in the reconstruction of chemicals concentration in the atmosphere. Density reconstruction can be performed through the so-called "box counting" method: an Eulerian grid for chemistry is introduced and density is computed counting particles in each box. In this way one of the main advantages of the Lagrangian approach, the grid independence, is lost. In this paper, a new approach to Lagrangian photochemical modelling is investigated and the chemical module of the Photochemical Lagrangian Particle Model (PLPM) is described and fully tested for stability, reliability and computational weight. Photochemical reactions are treated in PLPM by means of the complex chemical mechanism SAPRC90 and four density reconstruction methods have been developed, based on the kernel density estimator approach, in order to obtain grid-free accurate concentrations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ENEA, PROT, INN, FUS,MAG, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. CAMO Sect, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Monforti, F (reprint author), ENEA, PROT, INN, FUS,MAG, Via Martiri Monte Sole 4, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. EM monfortio@bologna.enea.it RI Pagnini, Gianni/C-1386-2012 OI Pagnini, Gianni/0000-0001-9917-4614 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 40 IS 40 BP 7770 EP 7785 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.046 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120AL UT WOS:000243055600010 ER PT J AU Lunin, VV Dobrovetsky, E Khutoreskaya, G Zhang, RG Joachimiak, A Doyle, DA Bochkarev, A Maguire, ME Edwards, AM Koth, CM AF Lunin, Vladimir V. Dobrovetsky, Elena Khutoreskaya, Galina Zhang, Rongguang Joachimiak, Andrzej Doyle, Declan A. Bochkarev, Alexey Maguire, Michael E. Edwards, Aled M. Koth, Christopher M. TI CorA Mg2+ transporter: determining the crystal structure SO BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY-BIOCHIMIE ET BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Univ Hlth Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada. Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Midwest Ctr Struct Genom, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Struct Genom Consortium Botnar Res Ctr, Oxford OX3 7LD, England. Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada. Banting & Best Inst, Struct Genom Consortium, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada. Vertex Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0829-8211 J9 BIOCHEM CELL BIOL JI Biochem. Cell Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1053 EP 1054 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 134FS UT WOS:000244069500029 ER PT J AU Coulton, JW Pawelek, PD Croteau, N Ng-Thow-Hing, C Khursigara, CM Moiseeva, N Allaire, M AF Coulton, J. W. Pawelek, P. D. Croteau, N. Ng-Thow-Hing, C. Khursigara, C. M. Moiseeva, N. Allaire, M. TI Structure of TonB in complex with FhuA, an Escherichia coli outer membrane receptor SO BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY-BIOCHIMIE ET BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 McGill Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0829-8211 J9 BIOCHEM CELL BIOL JI Biochem. Cell Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1082 EP 1082 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 134FS UT WOS:000244069500081 ER PT J AU Price, SJ Dorcas, ME Gallant, AL Klaver, RW Willson, JD AF Price, Steven J. Dorcas, Michael E. Gallant, Alisa L. Klaver, Robert W. Willson, John D. TI Three decades of urbanization: Estimating the impact of land-cover change on stream salamander populations SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Desmognathus fuscus; Eurycea cirrigera; land cover change; North Carolina; northern dusky salamander; southern two-lined salamander; urban sprawl ID DESMOGNATHUS-FUSCUS-FUSCUS; BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; HEADWATER STREAMS; UNITED-STATES; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; LANDSCAPE; BIOMASS; AMPHIBIANS AB Urbanization has become the dominant form of landscape disturbance in parts of the United States. Small streams in the Piedmont region of the eastern United States support high densities of salamanders and are often the first habitats to be affected by landscape-altering factors such as urbanization. We used US Geological Survey land cover data from 1972 to 2000 and a relation between stream salamanders and land cover, established from recent research, to estimate the impact of contemporary land-cover change on the abundance of stream salamanders near Davidson, North Carolina, a Piedmont locale that has experienced rapid urbanization during this time. Our analysis indicates that southern two-lined salamander (Eurycea cirrigera) populations have decreased from 32% to 44% while northern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus fuscus) have decreased from 21% to 30% over the last three decades. our results suggest that the widespread conversion of forest to urban land in small catchments has likely resulted in a substantial decline of populations of stream salamanders and could have serious effects on stream ecosystems. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Davidson Coll, Dept Biol, Davidson, NC 28035 USA. USGS Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Price, SJ (reprint author), Davidson Coll, Dept Biol, Davidson, NC 28035 USA. EM sjprice@davidson.edu; midorcas@davidson.edu; gallant@usgs.gov; bklaver@usgs.gov; willson@srel.edu NR 31 TC 44 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 133 IS 4 BP 436 EP 441 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.005 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 120NN UT WOS:000243091800004 ER PT J AU Ramirez, JC Conlisk, AT AF Ramirez, J. C. Conlisk, A. T. TI Formation of vortices near abrupt nano-channel height changes in electro-osmotic flow of aqueous solutions SO BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES LA English DT Article DE computational fluid dynamics; electroosmotic flow; vortex formation ID ELECTROKINETIC FLOW; MICROCHANNEL; NANOCHANNELS; NANOFILTERS; CAPILLARY; MODEL AB We perform computational fluid dynamics simulations of electro-osmotic flow in nano-channels and examine the effects of sudden changes in channel cross-section area (e.g., channels with a backward-facing step) which may be a simple model of one type of fabrication flaw. When the width of the electric double layers is large enough, we observe the formation of vortices or recirculation regions near the step face. On the other hand, flows with thin electric double layers are less likely to exhibit recirculation regions. We also simulate the formation of vortices and recirculation regions for flows with asymmetrical boundary conditions for charge and concentrations. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Grp MST8, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Ramirez, JC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Grp MST8, POB 1663,Mailstop G755, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jcramirez@lanl.gov NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-2176 J9 BIOMED MICRODEVICES JI Biomed. Microdevices PD DEC PY 2006 VL 8 IS 4 BP 325 EP 330 DI 10.1007/s10544-006-9819-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 101NQ UT WOS:000241747900006 PM 16917661 ER PT J AU Rempe, S Roux, B AF Rempe, Susan Roux, Benoit TI Editorial for special issue on ions SO BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Roux, B (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM SLRempe@sandia.gov; roux@uchicago.edu RI Rempe, Susan/H-1979-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-4622 J9 BIOPHYS CHEM JI Biophys. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 3 BP 169 EP 170 DI 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.06.015 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry GA 114QM UT WOS:000242680700001 ER PT J AU Varma, S Rempe, SB AF Varma, Sameer Rempe, Susan B. TI Coordination numbers of alkali metal ions in aqueous solutions SO BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 230th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Chem Soc DE hydration numbers; molecular dynamics; quasi-chemical theory; force fields; ab initio; alkali metal ions ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; INITIO MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; QUASI-CHEMICAL THEORY; POLARIZABLE FORCE-FIELD; HYDRATION FREE-ENERGY; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; LIQUID WATER; COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS; CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS; LITHIUM-CHLORIDE AB The level of complexity with which any biological ion interaction mechanism can be investigated, whether it is a binding mechanism in proteins or a permeation mechanism in ion channels, is invariably limited by the state-of-the-art of our understanding of the characteristic properties of ion solvation. Currently, our understanding of the energetic properties of ion solvation in aqueous phase is considered adequate enough to have helped us obtain satisfactory descriptions of the role of energetics in several biological ion interaction processes. In contrast, the lack of consensus among all the experimental structural hydration data determined more than 10 years ago, particularly regarding ion hydration numbers, has limited us to nothing better than speculation regarding the roles of local spatial environments in these mechanisms. Here we revisit experimental and theoretical work applied to probe hydration numbers of three alkali metal ions, Li+, Na+ and K+, and analyze them to clarify the current state-of-the-art of our understanding of their structural hydration properties. We find that with substantial improvements over the past 10 years in areas of experimental techniques, data analysis strategies, and theoretical and computational approaches for interrogating ion hydration structures, there is now growing consensus regarding the hydration numbers of these ions. We see that under physiological conditions, ab initio methods suggest that all three ions prefer strong coordination with exactly 4 water molecules, a result we find consistent with some older experimental measurements. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations invariably identify additional "loosely" coordinated water molecules at the far slopes of the principle maxima of the radial distribution profiles for Na+ and K+ ions. We suggest that these statistical admixtures of additional oxygen atoms have resulted in the most recent experimentally determined hydration numbers of Na+ ions to be 5 and K+ ions to be 6. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Computat Biosci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Rempe, SB (reprint author), MS 0895,POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM slrempe@sandia.gov RI Rempe, Susan/H-1979-2011 NR 86 TC 146 Z9 146 U1 8 U2 66 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-4622 EI 1873-4200 J9 BIOPHYS CHEM JI Biophys. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 3 BP 192 EP 199 DI 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.07.002 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry GA 114QM UT WOS:000242680700004 PM 16875774 ER PT J AU Leung, K AF Leung, Kevin TI Ab initio molecular dynamics study of the hydration of the formohydroxamate anion SO BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 230th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Chem Soc DE ab initio molecular dynamics; hydroxamic acids; hydroxamate anion; ion hydration ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; ACETOHYDROXAMIC ACID; WANNIER FUNCTIONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; PROTON-TRANSFER; 1ST PRINCIPLES; ION HYDRATION; LIQUID WATER AB We apply ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) to study the hydration structures and electronic properties of the formohydroxamate anion in liquid water. We consider the cis- nitrogen-deprotonated, cis- oxygen-deprotonated, and trans- oxygen-deprotonated formohydroxamate tautomers. They form an average of 6.3, 6.9, and 6.0 hydrogen bonds with water molecules, respectively. The predicted pair correlation functions and time dependence of the hydration numbers suggest that water is highly structured around the nominally negatively charged oxime oxygen in O-deprotonated tautomers but significantly less so around the nitrogen atom in the N-deprotonated species. Wannier function analysis suggests that, in the O-deprotonated anions, the negative charge is concentrated on the oxime oxygen, while in the N-deprotonated case, it is partially delocalized between the nitrogen and the adjoining oxime oxygen atom. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Leung, K (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 1415, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM kleung@sandia.gov NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-4622 J9 BIOPHYS CHEM JI Biophys. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 124 IS 3 BP 222 EP 228 DI 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.04.001 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry GA 114QM UT WOS:000242680700008 PM 16678963 ER PT J AU Frischknecht, AL Frink, LJD AF Frischknecht, Amalie L. Frink, Laura J. Douglas TI Alcohols reduce lateral membrane pressures: Predictions from molecular theory SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; INTERFACIAL-TENSION; LIPID-BILAYERS; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; ETHANOL DISTRIBUTION; NUMERICAL-METHODS; SIMULATIONS; MODEL; WATER; AREA/MOLECULE AB We explore the effects of alcohols on fluid lipid bilayers using a molecular theory with a coarse-grained model. We show that the trends predicted from the theory in the changes in area per lipid, alcohol concentration in the bilayer, and area compressibility modulus, as a function of alcohol chain length and of the alcohol concentration in the solvent far from the bilayer, follow those found experimentally. We then use the theory to study the effect of added alcohol on the lateral pressure pro. le across the membrane, and find that added alcohol reduces the surface tensions at both the headgroup/solvent and headgroup/tailgroup interfaces, as well as the lateral pressures in the headgroup and tailgroup regions. These changes in lateral pressures could affect the conformations of membrane proteins, providing a nonspecific mechanism for the biological effects of alcohols on cells. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Frischknecht, AL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM alfrisc@sandia.gov RI Frischknecht, Amalie/N-1020-2014 OI Frischknecht, Amalie/0000-0003-2112-2587 NR 46 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 91 IS 11 BP 4081 EP 4090 DI 10.1529/biophysj.106.091918 PG 10 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 104GJ UT WOS:000241945600017 PM 16980354 ER PT J AU Slade, AL Schoeniger, JS Sasaki, DY Yip, CM AF Slade, Andrea L. Schoeniger, Joseph S. Sasaki, Darryl Y. Yip, Christopher M. TI In situ scanning probe microscopy studies of tetanus toxin-membrane interactions SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; PLANAR LIPID-BILAYERS; LOW PH; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; PORE FORMATION; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYERS; BOTULINUM NEUROTOXINS; NEURONAL MEMBRANES; GANGLIOSIDE GM1; CELL-MEMBRANES AB Despite the considerable information available with regards to the structure of the clostridial neurotoxins, and their inherent threat as biological warfare agents, the mechanisms underpinning their interactions with and translocation through the cell membrane remain poorly understood. We report herein the results of an in situ scanning probe microscopy study of the interaction of tetanus toxin C-fragment (Tet C) with supported planar lipid bilayers containing the ganglioside receptor G(T1b). Our results show that Tet C preferentially binds to the surface of fluid phase domains within biphasic membranes containing G(T1b) and that with an extended incubation period these interactions lead to dramatic changes in the morphology of the lipid bilayer, including the formation of 40-80 nm diameter circular cavities. Combined atomic force microscopy/total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy experiments confirmed the presence of Tet C in the membrane after extended incubation. These morphological changes were found to be dependent upon the presence of G(T1b) and the solution pH. C1 Univ Toronto, IBBME, Dept Chem Engn & Appl Chem, Dept Biochem,Inst Biomat & Biomed Engn, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada. Sandia Natl Labs, Biosyst Res, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Biomol Interfaces & Syst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Yip, CM (reprint author), Univ Toronto, IBBME, Dept Chem Engn & Appl Chem, Dept Biochem,Inst Biomat & Biomed Engn, Rosebrugh Bldg,4 Taddle Creek Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada. EM christopher.yip@utoronto.ca OI Yip, Christopher/0000-0003-4507-556X NR 64 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 91 IS 12 BP 4565 EP 4574 DI 10.1529/biophysj.105.080457 PG 10 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 109WF UT WOS:000242339600024 PM 16997879 ER PT J AU Lee, BD Apel, WA Walton, MR AF Lee, Brady D. Apel, William A. Walton, Michelle R. TI Calcium carbonate formation by Synechococcus sp strain PCC 8806 and Synechococcus sp strain PCC 8807 SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon sequestration; cyanobacteria; Synechococcus; Synechocystis; calcium carbonate ID PRECIPITATION; CYANOBACTERIA AB Precipitation of CaCO3 catalyzed by the growth and physiology of cyanobacteria in the genus Synechococcus represents a potential mechanism for sequestration of atmospheric CO2 produced during the burning of coal for power generation. Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 8806 and Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 8807 were tested in microcosm experiments for their ability to calcify when exposed to a fixed calcium concentration of 3.4 mM and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations of 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5 mM. Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 8806 removed calcium continuously over the duration of the experiment producing approximately 18.6 mg of solid phase calcium. Calcium removal occurred over a two-day time period when Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 8807 was tested and only 8.9 mg of solid phase calcium was produced. Creation of an alkaline growth environment catalyzed by the physiology of the cyanobacteria appeared to be the primary factor responsible for CaCO3 precipitation in these experiments. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Dept Biol Sci, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Lee, BD (reprint author), Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Dept Biol Sci, MS 2203,POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. EM Brady.Lee@inl.gov OI Walton, Michelle/0000-0003-4169-4443 NR 23 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 97 IS 18 BP 2427 EP 2434 DI 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.028 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 086YM UT WOS:000240709200027 PM 16289626 ER PT J AU Svitel, J Tkac, J Vostiar, I Navratil, M Stefuca, V Bucko, M Gemeiner, P AF Svitel, Juraj Tkac, Jan Vostiar, Igor Navratil, Marian Stefuca, Vladimir Bucko, Marek Gemeiner, Peter TI Gluconobacter in biosensors: applications of whole cells and enzymes isolated from gluconobacter and acetobacter to biosensor construction SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Review DE Acetobacter; biosensor; dehydrogenase; enzymes; Gluconobacter; whole cells ID QUINOHEMOPROTEIN ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; CELLULOSE-ACETATE MEMBRANE; PQQ-DEPENDENT GLUCOSE; MICROBIAL BIOSENSOR; AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; ALDOSE DEHYDROGENASE; FRUCTOSE BIOSENSOR; OXYDANS CELLS; ELECTRODE; ETHANOL AB Bacteria belonging to the genus Acetobacter and Gluconobacter, and enzymes isolated from them, have been extensively used for biosensor construction in the last decade. Bacteria used as a biocatalyst are easy to prepare and use in amperometric biosensors. They contain multiple enzyme activities otherwise not available commercially. The range of compounds analyzable by Gluconobacter biosensors includes: mono- and poly-alcohols, multiple aldoses and ketoses, several disaccharides, triacylglycerols, and complex parameters like utilizable saccharides or biological O-2 demand. Here, the recent trends in Gluconobacter biosensors and current practical applications are summarized. C1 Slovak Tech Univ, Inst Biotechnol & Food Sci, Fac Chem & Food Technol, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Chem, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. Slovak Tech Univ, Inst Chem & Environm Engn, Fac Chem & Food Technol, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia. RP Svitel, J (reprint author), Slovak Tech Univ, Inst Biotechnol & Food Sci, Fac Chem & Food Technol, Radlinskeho 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia. EM juraj.svitel@gmail.com RI Tkac, Jan/B-4313-2008; Tkac, Jan/D-6962-2015 OI Tkac, Jan/0000-0002-0765-7262; NR 48 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 EI 1573-6776 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 28 IS 24 BP 2003 EP 2010 DI 10.1007/s10529-006-9195-3 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 110ZC UT WOS:000242418900004 PM 17072528 ER PT J AU Lee, SK Keasling, JD AF Lee, Sung Kuk Keasling, Jay D. TI Effect of glucose or glycerol as the sole carbon source on gene expression from the Salmonella prpBCDE promoter in Escherichia coli SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION; HETEROLOGOUS PROTEIN-PRODUCTION; CATABOLITE REPRESSION; INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION; LAC REPRESSOR; SYSTEM; PURIFICATION; CULTIVATION; BACTERIA; ENTERICA AB We have developed an expression system (Salmonella-based pPro system) containing the Salmonella enterica prpBCDE promoter (P-prpB) and prpR encoding the positive transcriptional regulator of this promoter. In this study, the transcriptional efficiency of the pPro expression system was measured by placing the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (gfp) under the control of PprpB and growing cells containing this construct in minimal medium supplemented with glucose or glycerol as a sole carbon source. In wild-type Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21, the system exhibited high induced expression as well as high background expression; however, in E. coli JSB, a sbm-ygfDGHI deletion mutant of E. coli BL21(DE3), the system showed low background expression and high induced expression. The system exhibited homogeneous expression at the single-cell level, highly regulatable expression over a wide range of propionate concentrations, and fully induced expression at a low propionate concentration relative to that needed to induce the system in rich, undefined medium. The expression system is comparable to the widely used T7 promoter-driven expression systems in glucose or glycerol minimal medium. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Synthet Biol Dept, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Keasling, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM keasling@berkeley.edu RI Lee, Sung/E-6525-2010; Keasling, Jay/J-9162-2012 OI Keasling, Jay/0000-0003-4170-6088 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM070763-01] NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1547 EP 1551 DI 10.1021/bp060193f PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 111BZ UT WOS:000242427200009 PM 17137300 ER PT J AU Cullum, JK Tuma, M AF Cullum, J. K. Tuma, M. TI Matrix-free preconditioning using partial matrix estimation SO BIT NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE matrix-free algorithms; linear algebraic equations; large sparse matrices; preconditioned iterative methods ID SPARSE JACOBIAN MATRICES; APPROXIMATE INVERSE PRECONDITIONERS; GRAPH-COLORING PROBLEMS; HESSIAN MATRICES; ALGORITHM; PATTERNS AB We consider matrix-free solver environments where information about the underlying matrix is available only through matrix vector computations which do not have access to a fully assembled matrix. We introduce the notion of partial matrix estimation for constructing good algebraic preconditioners used in Krylov iterative methods in such matrix-free environments, and formulate three new graph coloring problems for partial matrix estimation. Numerical experiments utilizing one of these formulations demonstrate the viability of this approach. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Comp Sci, Prague 18207 8, Czech Republic. RP Cullum, JK (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Tuma, Miroslav/A-5946-2014 OI Tuma, Miroslav/0000-0003-2808-6929 NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-3835 J9 BIT JI Bit PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 IS 4 BP 711 EP 729 DI 10.1007/s10543-006-0094-8 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 112AW UT WOS:000242498500003 ER PT J AU Yang, B Morse, AP Shaw, RH Paw U, KT AF Yang, Bai Morse, Andrew P. Shaw, Roger H. Paw U, Kyaw Tha TI Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow across a forest edge. Part II: Momentum and turbulent kinetic energy budgets SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE forest edge; large-eddy simulation; momentum budget; turbulent kinetic energy budget ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; AIR-FLOW; DECIDUOUS FOREST; REYNOLDS STRESS; PLANT CANOPY; MODEL; STATISTICS AB Momentum and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets across a forest edge have been investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). Edge effects are observed in the rapid variation of a number of budget terms across this vegetation transition. The enhanced drag force at the forest edge is largely balanced by the pressure gradient force and by streamwise advection of upstream momentum, while vertical turbulent diffusion is relatively insignificant. For variance and TKE budgets, the most important processes at the forest edge are production due to the convergence (or divergence) of the mean flow, streamwise advection, pressure diffusion and enhanced dissipation by canopy drag. Turbulent diffusion, pressure redistribution and vertical shear production, which are characteristic processes in homogeneous canopy flow, are less important at the forest transition. We demonstrate that, in the equilibrated canopy flow, a substantial amount of TKE produced in the streamwise direction by the vertical shear of the mean flow is redistributed in the vertical direction by pressure fluctuations. This redistribution process occurs in the upper canopy layers. Part of the TKE in the vertical velocity component is transferred by turbulent and pressure diffusion to the lower canopy levels, where pressure redistribution takes place again and feeds TKE back to the streamwise direction. In this TKE cycle, the primary source terms are vertical shear production for streamwise velocity variance and pressure redistribution for vertical velocity variance. The evolution of these primary source terms downwind of the forest edge largely controls the adjustment rates of velocity variances. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Geog, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008,Bldg 1509, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM yangb@ornl.gov NR 22 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 121 IS 3 BP 433 EP 457 DI 10.1007/s10546-006-9083-3 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 109BZ UT WOS:000242284200003 ER PT J AU Anjos, JC Barbosa, AF Bernstein, A Bowden, NS Fulgione, W Kemp, E Magnin, J Nunokawa, H Peres, OLG Reyna, D Schilithz, A Shellard, RC Funchal, RZ AF Anjos, J. C. Barbosa, A. F. Bernstein, A. Bowden, N. S. Fulgione, W. Kemp, E. Magnin, J. Nunokawa, H. Peres, O. L. G. Reyna, D. Schilithz, A. Shellard, R. C. Funchal, R. Zukanovich TI Angra dos reis reactor neutrino oscillation experiment SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Brazillian Meeting on Particles and Fields CY OCT 04-08, 2005 CL Minas Gerais, BRAZIL ID MATTER; SPECTROSCOPY AB We present the status and plans of the Angra Project, a new reactor neutrino oscillation experiment, proposed to be built in Brazil at the Angra dos Reis nuclear complex. This experiment is aimed to measure 013, the last unknown of the three neutrino mixing angles, We propose a high sensitivity multi-detector experiment, able to reach a sensitivity to antineutrino disappearance down to sin(2) 2 theta(13) = 0.006 in a three years running period, by combining a high luminosity design, very low background from cosmic rays and careful control of systematic errors. We also intend to explore the possibility to use the neutrino detector for purposes of safeguards and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. C1 Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-10100 Turin, Italy. Univ Estadual Campinas, Ist Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro, Dept Fis, BR-22452970 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-05315970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Anjos, JC (reprint author), Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rua Dr Xavier Sigaud 150, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RI Kemp, Ernesto/H-1502-2011; Shellard, Ronald/G-4825-2012; fulgione, walter/I-5232-2012; Anjos, Joao/C-8335-2013; Zukanovich Funchal, Renata/C-5829-2013; Peres, Orlando/C-3760-2012; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017; Fulgione, Walter/C-8255-2016; OI Shellard, Ronald/0000-0002-2983-1815; Zukanovich Funchal, Renata/0000-0001-6749-0022; Peres, Orlando/0000-0003-2104-8460; Fulgione, Walter/0000-0002-2388-3809; Bowden, Nathaniel/0000-0002-6115-0956 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA FISICA PI SAO PAULO PA CAIXA POSTAL 66328, 05315-970 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SN 0103-9733 J9 BRAZ J PHYS JI Braz. J. Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 36 IS 4A BP 1118 EP 1123 DI 10.1590/S0103-97332006000700003 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 120FR UT WOS:000243070400003 ER PT J AU Leung, LR Kuo, YH Tribbia, J AF Leung, L. Ruby Kuo, Ying-Hwa Tribbia, Joe TI Research needs and directions of regional climate modeling using WRF and CCSM SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Leung, LR (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM ruby.leung@pnl.gov NR 7 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 87 IS 12 BP 1747 EP 1751 DI 10.1175/BAMS-87-12-1747 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 124TN UT WOS:000243392900018 ER PT J AU Arrowsmith, SJ Arrowsmith, MD Hedlin, MAH Stump, B AF Arrowsmith, Stephen J. Arrowsmith, Marie D. Hedlin, Michael A. H. Stump, Brian TI Discrimination of delay-fired mine blasts in Wyoming using an automatic time-frequency discriminant SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID QUARRY BLASTS; EARTHQUAKES; EXPLOSIONS AB Delay-fired mine blasts, which consist of a series of individual shots arranged in a grid pattern and detonated in sequence, can introduce spectral modulations into recorded seismograms. We can exploit spectral modulations to separate delay-fired mine blasts from the remaining event population, which includes single-fired mine blasts and earthquakes. Here, we enhance an existing algorithm (Hedlin, 1998) for the automatic discrimination of delay-fired mine blasts. A total of seven separate discriminants are computed, based on the spectrograms of recorded events. A feature-selection procedure is used to ensure that each discriminant is significant and contributes to the overall performance of the discrimination algorithm. The effect of input parameters on the methodology is explored. The choice of input parameters is made to maximize the mean Mahalanobis distance between the earthquake and delay-fired mine-blast populations. The technique is then applied to a dataset consisting of regional earthquakes and delay-fired mine blasts recorded at a station in Wyoming. The results show that the larger delay-fired mine blasts, the cast blasts, can be identified successfully by using this technique. The smaller mine blasts are not identified with this technique, although such events are of less interest in a nuclear-monitoring perspective. In a drop-one test, 89.5% of the events studied are successfully identified. Of the events that are misclassified, one is a cast blast and seven are earthquakes. The cast blast is misclassified because of noise on one component, which biased the value of a single discriminant. The earthquakes are misclassified because of a greater variance of the seven discriminants for the mine-blast population. The results suggest that this methodology is very successful at identifying cast blasts in Wyoming, and would be an extremely useful method to use as part of an integrated set of discriminants for the identification of small-magnitude regional events. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Institut Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dedman Coll, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. RP Arrowsmith, SJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES-2,POB 1663,MS D401, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM sarrowsmith@gmail.com; plutonium@gmail.com; hedlin@epicenter.ucsd.edu; bstump@smu.edu OI Arrowsmith, Marie/0000-0002-8916-2414 NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 96 IS 6 BP 2368 EP 2382 DI 10.1785/0120060039 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 116SD UT WOS:000242821700027 ER PT J AU Zhao, DH Allen, B Sharitz, RR AF Zhao, Dehai Allen, Bruce Sharitz, Rebecca R. TI Twelve year response of old-growth southeastern bottomland hardwood forests to disturbance from Hurricane Hugo SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL RAIN-FORESTS; CENTRAL NEW-ENGLAND; INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; PUERTO-RICO; DAMAGE; DYNAMICS; SUCCESSION; USA AB The influence of wind damage from Hurricane Hugo on bottomland forest community structure and composition over a 12 year period was evaluated using data generated from repeated measurements in permanent plots. The resistance and responsiveness of the forests to hurricane disturbance at the community level are dependent on the prehurricane species composition and structure. However, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that forests with higher species diversity are more resistant to hurricane disturbances. The hurricane disturbance does restructure species composition and may enrich species diversity, but the evidence of diversity enrichment is not strong. The effects of the hurricane on the succession of the bottomland forests are complex at the tree population level: both promoting colonization of some shade-intolerant pioneer species and removing other established pioneers. Changes in community composition and structure suggest that hurricane disturbance can accelerate succession of the bottomland hardwood forests. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43021 USA. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Zhao, DH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dzhao@warnell.uga.edu; Sharitz@srel.edu NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 36 IS 12 BP 3136 EP 3147 DI 10.1139/X06-204 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 149BG UT WOS:000245121000007 ER PT J AU Melchiorre, EB Williams, PA Rose, TP Talyn, BC AF Melchiorre, Erik B. Williams, Peter A. Rose, Timothy P. Talyn, Becky C. TI Biogenic nitrogen from termite mounds and the origin of gerhardtite at the great Australia mine, Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia SO CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article DE gerhardtite; nitrogen; isotope; copper; Great Australia deposit; Australia ID ISOTOPE RATIOS; NITRATE DEPOSITS; N-15; DENITRIFICATION; FRACTIONATION; CALIFORNIA; INDICATOR; SYSTEM; CARBON; OXYGEN AB The Great Australia deposit, near Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia, hosts an unusua enrichment in the copper nitrate mineral gerhardtite. Nitrogen isotope analyses Suggest that oxidized ammonia from nearby termite Mounds provides the nitrate required for gerhardtite mineralization. Groundwater delta(15)N and [NO(3)(-)] show a correlated decrease with depth, Suggesting a surface source of nitrogen, with delta(15)N(AIR) > + 10 parts per thousand. The delta(15)N values of gerhardtite (delta(15)N(AIR) = +13.3 parts per thousand) and local bulk termite-mound material (delta(15)N(AIR) = +13.5 parts per thousand) are virtually identical and the remote desert location of the deposite precludes a septic or manure source of nitrogen. Similarly, remobilization of older inorganic evaporitic nitrates is all unlikely source owing to both geology and climate. Field evidence suggests that the spatial distribution of termite mounds may be a useful predictor of base-metal speciation as nitrates within the oxidation zone of base-metal deposits. C1 Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Geol, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. Univ Western Sydney, Minerals & Mat Grp, Sch Sci Food & Hort, Penrith, NSW 1797, Australia. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Biol & Nucl Sci Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Coll Nat Sci, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. RP Melchiorre, EB (reprint author), Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Geol, 5500 Univ Pkwy, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL ASSOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 78087, MERILINE POSTAL OUTLET, 1460 MERIVALE RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2E 1B1, CANADA SN 0008-4476 J9 CAN MINERAL JI Can. Mineral. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 44 BP 1447 EP 1455 DI 10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1447 PG 9 WC Mineralogy SC Mineralogy GA 135PL UT WOS:000244165400011 ER PT J AU West, J Perkins, J Hok, S Balhorn, R Lightstone, FC Cosman, M DeNardo, SJ DeNardo, GL AF West, Jeremy Perkins, Julie Hok, Saphon Balhorn, Rodney Lightstone, Felice C. Cosman, Monique DeNardo, Sally J. DeNardo, Gerald L. TI Direct antilymphoma activity of novel, first-generation "antibody mimics" that bind HLA-DR10-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells SO CANCER BIOTHERAPY AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS LA English DT Article DE antibody; lymphoma; radionuclide; bioactivity ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HLA-DR; FRACTIONATED RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; LYM-1; MOLECULES; THERAPY; MALIGNANCIES; RITUXIMAB; PROTEINS AB A first-generation series of novel small molecules, collectively known as selective high-affinity ligands (SHALs), were designed and synthesized to mimic the binding of Lym-1, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) shown to be an effective cytotoxic and radionuclide carrier molecule for targeting non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Created as radionuclide targeting molecules, these SHALs were intended to have the human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) selectivity of Lym-1 mAb and the pharmacokinetics of a small molecule. Because of the remarkable bioactivity of Lym-1 in vitro, the direct antilymphoma activity of three of these SHALs was tested. Two of these SHALs were bidentate and consisted of two ligands connected to the carboxyl and amino groups of lysine and polyethylene glycol (PEG); the third SHAL was a dimeric version of one of the former two SHALs linked with PEG. The three SHALs tested were: LeLPLDB, that contained one deoxycholate and one 5-leu-enkephalin as ligands; (LeacPLD)(2)LPB, a bis version of LeLPLDB intended to improve "functional affinity"; and ItPLDB, that contained the ligands, deoxycholate and triiodothyronine. Micromolar concentrations of all three SHALs showed binding to Raji, an HLA-DR10-positive human malignant B-cell line but no binding to CEM or Jurkat's, HLA-DR10-negative malignant T-cell lines. Additionally, the Raji cell membrane distributions of all three SHALs and of Lym-1 were remarkably similar. Unlike Lym-1, which causes substantial growth inhibition and cell death in NHL cell lines, these SHALs had no direct antilymphoma activity. In summary, three first-generation SHALs lacked direct antilymphoma activity, although they had selective NHL B-cell binding like Lym-1 mAb. Because of their small. size, these SHALs have potential as radionuclide carrier substitutes for Lym-1 mAb to target the HLA-DR10 NHL-related cell-surface protein. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Internal Med & Radiol, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP DeNardo, GL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Internal Med & Radiol, 1508 Alhambra Blvd 3100, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA. EM gldenardo@ucdavis.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 47829] NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1084-9785 J9 CANCER BIOTHER RADIO JI Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 21 IS 6 BP 645 EP 654 DI 10.1089/cbr.2006.21.645 PG 10 WC Oncology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 130EI UT WOS:000243781800012 PM 17257080 ER PT J AU Neve, RM Chin, K Fridlyand, J Yeh, J Baehner, FL Fevr, T Clark, L Bayani, N Coppe, JP Tong, F Speed, T Spellman, PT DeVries, S Lapuk, A Wang, NJ Kuo, WL Stilwell, JL Pinkel, D Albertson, DG Waldman, FM McCormick, F Dickson, RB Johnson, MD Lippman, M Ethier, S Gazdar, A Gray, JW AF Neve, Richard M. Chin, Koei Fridlyand, Jane Yeh, Jennifer Baehner, Frederick L. Fevr, Tea Clark, Laura Bayani, Nora Coppe, Jean-Philippe Tong, Frances Speed, Terry Spellman, Paul T. DeVries, Sandy Lapuk, Anna Wang, Nick J. Kuo, Wen-Lin Stilwell, Jackie L. Pinkel, Daniel Albertson, Donna G. Waldman, Frederic M. McCormick, Frank Dickson, Robert B. Johnson, Michael D. Lippman, Marc Ethier, Stephen Gazdar, Adi Gray, Joe W. TI A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes SO CANCER CELL LA English DT Article ID COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; GENE-EXPRESSION PATTERNS; MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; COPY NUMBER; MOLECULAR PORTRAITS; SOLID TUMORS; IN-VITRO; CARCINOMAS; RESISTANCE; REVEALS AB Recent studies suggest that thousands of genes may contribute to breast cancer pathophysiologies when deregulated by genomic or epigenomic events. Here, we describe a model "system" to appraise the functional contributions of these genes to breast cancer subsets. In general, the recurrent genomic and transcriptional characteristics of 51 breast cancer cell lines mirror those of 145 primary breast tumors, although some significant differences are documented. The cell lines that comprise the system also exhibit the substantial genomic, transcriptional, and biological heterogeneity found in primary tumors. We show, using Trastuzumab (Herceptin) monotherapy as an example, that the system can be used to identify molecular features that predict or indicate response to targeted therapies or other physiological perturbations. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94270 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Comprehens Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Barbara Ann Karmanos Canc Inst, Detroit, MI USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Div Biostat, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Georgetown Univ, Sch Med, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Lombardi Comprehens Canc Ctr, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Neve, RM (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94270 USA. EM rmneve@lbl.gov RI Speed, Terence /B-8085-2009 OI Speed, Terence /0000-0002-5403-7998 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 58207, CA090788, CA112970, P50 CA058207, U54 CA090788, U54 CA112970, U54 CA112970-05] NR 57 TC 1517 Z9 1534 U1 17 U2 142 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 1535-6108 J9 CANCER CELL JI Cancer Cell PD DEC PY 2006 VL 10 IS 6 BP 515 EP 527 DI 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.008 PG 13 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA 118PA UT WOS:000242953000009 PM 17157791 ER PT J AU Chin, K DeVries, S Fridlyand, J Spellman, PT Roydasgupta, R Kuo, WL Lapuk, A Neve, RM Qian, ZW Ryder, T Chen, FQ Feiler, H Tokuyasu, T Kingsley, C Dairkee, S Meng, ZH Chew, K Pinkel, D Jain, A Ljung, BM Esserman, L Albertson, DG Waldman, FM Gray, JW AF Chin, Koei DeVries, Sandy Fridlyand, Jane Spellman, Paul T. Roydasgupta, Ritu Kuo, Wen-Lin Lapuk, Anna Neve, Richard M. Qian, Zuwei Ryder, Tom Chen, Fanqing Feiler, Heidi Tokuyasu, Taku Kingsley, Chris Dairkee, Shanaz Meng, Zhenhang Chew, Karen Pinkel, Daniel Jain, Ajay Ljung, Britt Marie Esserman, Laura Albertson, Donna G. Waldman, Frederic M. Gray, Joe W. TI Genomic and transcriptional aberrations linked to breast cancer pathophysiologies SO CANCER CELL LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION PATTERNS; MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; COPY NUMBER ALTERATION; ARRAY-CGH; CDNA MICROARRAYS; SOLID TUMORS; HYBRIDIZATION; AMPLIFICATION; CARCINOMAS; AMPLICON AB This study explores the roles of genome copy number abnormalities (CNAs) in breast cancer pathophysiology by identifying associations between recurrent CNAs, gene expression, and clinical outcome in a set of aggressively treated early-stage breast tumors. It shows that the recurrent CNAs differ between tumor subtypes defined by expression pattern and that stratification of patients according to outcome can be improved by measuring both expression and copy number, especially high-level amplification. Sixty-six genes deregulated by the high-level amplifications are potential therapeutic targets. Nine of these (FGFR1, IKBKB, ERBB2, PROCC, ADAM9, FNTA, ACACA, PNMT, and NR1D1) are considered druggable. Low-level CNAs appear to contribute to cancer progression by altering RNA and cellular metabolism. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Comprehens Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94127 USA. Calif Pacific Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA. Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. RP Gray, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Comprehens Canc, 2340 Sutter St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. EM jwgray@lbl.gov RI Dairkee, Shanaz/D-6743-2012; OI Tokuyasu, Taku/0000-0003-3401-3195 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA101359, CA90421, P50 CA058207, CA58207] NR 76 TC 762 Z9 771 U1 3 U2 22 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 1535-6108 J9 CANCER CELL JI Cancer Cell PD DEC PY 2006 VL 10 IS 6 BP 529 EP 541 DI 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.009 PG 13 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA 118PA UT WOS:000242953000010 PM 17157792 ER PT J AU Felton, JS Knize, MG AF Felton, James S. Knize, Mark G. TI A meat and potato war: implications for cancer etiology SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Review ID CARCINOGENIC HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; DIETARY ACRYLAMIDE; MUTAGENS-CARCINOGENS; AROMATIC-AMINES; RISK-ASSESSMENT; MODEL SYSTEMS; COOKED FOODS; FRIED BEEF; IDENTIFICATION; PRODUCTS AB Cooking foods clearly has a beneficial impact for humans; the microbial content can be decreased, proteins made more digestible and the flavor and texture improved. But at the same time, amino acids, creatine and sugars, which occur naturally in meats, may be involved in reactions that generate heterocyclic amine (HA) carcinogens during cooking. Recently, another amine carcinogen, acrylamide, was found at relatively high levels in cooked carbohydrate-rich foods, especially potatoes. In this commentary acrylamide will be compared with the meat carcinogens (HAs) with respect to formation, human intake and health consequences-it's a meat and potato war. What conclusion about risks from these dietary carcinogens can we make from the available scientific data? C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Mat & Life Sci Div, Biosci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Felton, JS (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Chem Mat & Life Sci Div, Biosci Directorate, POB 808,L-452,7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM felton1@llnl.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55861] NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD DEC PY 2006 VL 27 IS 12 BP 2367 EP 2370 DI 10.1093/carcin/bg1165 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 111RJ UT WOS:000242471600002 PM 17082177 ER PT J AU Anderson, ARA Weaver, AM Cummings, PT Quaranta, V AF Anderson, Alexander R. A. Weaver, Alissa M. Cummings, Peter T. Quaranta, Vito TI Tumor morphology and phenotypic evolution driven by selective pressure from the microenvironment SO CELL LA English DT Article ID CANCER INITIATION; SOLID TUMORS; GROWTH; PROGRESSION; METASTASIS; MODEL; CELL; ANGIOGENESIS; SIGNATURE; INVASION AB Emergence of invasive behavior in cancer is life-threatening, yet ill-defined due to its multifactorial nature. We present a multiscale mathematical model of cancer invasion, which considers cellular and microenvironmental factors simultaneously and interactively. Unexpectedly, the model simulations predict that harsh tumor microenvironment conditions (e.g., hypoxia, heterogenous extracellular matrix) exert a dramatic selective force on the tumor, which grows as an invasive mass with fingering margins, dominated by a few clones with aggressive traits. In contrast, mild microenvironment conditions (e.g., normoxia, homogeneous matrix) allow clones with similar aggressive traits to coexist with less aggressive phenotypes in a heterogeneous tumor mass with smooth, noninvasive margins. Thus, the genetic make-up of a cancer cell may realize its invasive potential through a clonal evolution process driven by definable microenvironmental selective forces. Our mathematical model provides a theoretical/ experimental framework to quantitatively characterize this selective pressure for invasion and test ways to eliminate it. C1 Univ Dundee, Div Math, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nanomat Theory Inst, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Canc Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. RP Anderson, ARA (reprint author), Univ Dundee, Div Math, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. EM anderson@maths.dundee.ac.uk; vito.quaranta@vanderbilt.edu RI Anderson, Alexander/A-2713-2011; Quaranta, Vito/G-6512-2016; Cummings, Peter/B-8762-2013 OI Anderson, Alexander/0000-0002-2536-4383; Quaranta, Vito/0000-0001-7491-8672; Cummings, Peter/0000-0002-9766-2216 FU NCI NIH HHS [K22 CA109590, U54 CA113007] NR 33 TC 336 Z9 345 U1 4 U2 64 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0092-8674 J9 CELL JI Cell PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 127 IS 5 BP 905 EP 915 DI 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.042 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 113RA UT WOS:000242613800009 PM 17129778 ER PT J AU Redner, S Ben-Naim, E Doering, CR Lathrop, DP AF Redner, Sidney Ben-Naim, Eli Doering, Charles R. Lathrop, Daniel P. TI Introduction: Third annual gallery of nonlinear images (Baltimore, Maryland, 2006) SO CHAOS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Michigan Ctr Theoret Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Redner, S (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Ben-Naim, Eli/C-7542-2009 OI Ben-Naim, Eli/0000-0002-2444-7304 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1054-1500 J9 CHAOS JI Chaos PD DEC PY 2006 VL 16 IS 4 AR 041101 DI 10.1063/1.2390557 PG 1 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 121KZ UT WOS:000243157800001 ER PT J AU Smith, LL Tuberville, TD Seigel, RA AF Smith, Lora L. Tuberville, Tracey D. Seigel, Richard A. TI Workshop on the Ecology, Status, and Management of the Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, 16-17 January 2003: Final Results and Recommendations SO CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Smith, Lora L.] Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 39870 USA. [Tuberville, Tracey D.] Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. [Seigel, Richard A.] Towson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Towson, MD 21252 USA. RP Smith, LL (reprint author), Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Route 2,Box 2324, Newton, GA 39870 USA. EM lora.smith@jonesctr.org; tuberville@srel.edu; rseigel@towson.edu NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHELONIAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LUNENBURG PA 168 GOODRICH ST., LUNENBURG, MA USA SN 1071-8443 J9 CHELONIAN CONSERV BI JI Chelonian Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 5 IS 2 BP 326 EP 330 DI 10.2744/1071-8443(2006)5[326:WOTESA]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V77VR UT WOS:000205261500027 ER PT J AU Gritti, F Guiochon, G AF Gritti, Fabrice Guiochon, Georges TI Effect of the surface coverage of C-18-bonded silica particles on the obstructive factor and intraparticle diffusion mechanism SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE column efficiency; HETP; van Deemter curves; extra-column volume; mass transfer; solute dispersion; surface diffusion; thiourea; tortuosity factor ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-SOLID ADSORPTION; FIELD GRADIENT NMR; HOLD-UP VOLUME; FUNCTIONALIZED SILICAS; MODULATED POROSITY; PORE NETWORK; COLUMNS; PARAMETERS; TRANSPORT AB The intraparticle obstructive factors of several endcapped C-18-bonded silica particles with different C-18 surface densities (0, 0.42, 1.01, 2.03, and 3.15 mu mol/m(2)) were measured. A column packed with the reference neat silica was also used. The stop and flow experiment technique was applied, with the injection of a pulse of 5 mu L of a dilute solution of thiourea, a nearly unretained compound. The contribution of radial diffusion was also determined by injecting a semi-infinite concentration plug into the column. Experimental results demonstrate that the stop and flow method provides accurate and precise values of the apparent diffusion coefficient D-app of the sample inside the column. Radial diffusion plays a negligible role compared to that of axial diffusion. A theoretical model of diffusion through the packed bed is proposed, based on the sum of parallel diffusion fluxes in the solutions contained in the external and the internal porosities of the bed, and onto the surface of the solid adsorbent. The agreement between the experimental values of the diffusion coefficient D-app and the values predicted by the model demonstrates that: (1) surface diffusion plays a major role in axial dispersion (30%), despite the small retention and isosteric heat of adsorption Q(st) of thiourea, and (2) the intraparticle obstructive factor, gamma(i), decreases significantly, from 0.82 to 0.56 from the neat silica particles to the C-18-bonded silica particles with a 3.15 mu mol/m(2) surface density. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Guiochon, G (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM guiochon@utk.edu NR 34 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0009-2509 J9 CHEM ENG SCI JI Chem. Eng. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 61 IS 23 BP 7636 EP 7650 DI 10.1016/j.ces.2006.08.070 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 111WM UT WOS:000242486500006 ER PT J AU Hah, SS Henderson, PT AF Hah, Sang Soo Henderson, Paul T. TI Kinetics of carboplatin-DNA binding in genomic DNA and bladder cancer cells as determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Meeting of the Division of Chemical Toxicology of the American-Chemical-Society held at the 232nd ACS National Meeting CY SEP 10-14, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Chem Toxicol C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 MA 34 BP 1683 EP 1683 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 119FD UT WOS:000242997300048 ER PT J AU Henderson, PT Hah, SS Mundt, JM AF Henderson, Paul T. Hah, Sang Soo Mundt, Janna M. TI Recent advances in molecular toxicology using accelerator mass spectrometry. SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Meeting of the Division of Chemical Toxicology of the American-Chemical-Society held at the 232nd ACS National Meeting CY SEP 10-14, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Chem Toxicol C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 6 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 19 IS 12 MA 108 BP 1700 EP 1700 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 119FD UT WOS:000242997300122 ER PT J AU Jackson, BP Seaman, JC Bertsch, PM AF Jackson, B. P. Seaman, J. C. Bertsch, P. M. TI Fate of arsenic compounds in poultry litter upon land application SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE arsenic; roxarsone; poultry litter; land application ID ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; CONTAMINATED SOILS; WASTE MANAGEMENT; ORGANIC-MATTER; SPECIATION; ADSORPTION; ROXARSONE; TIME; FERRIHYDRITE; SOLUBILITY AB The use of the organic As compound, roxarsone, as an antibiotic additive to poultry feed continues to raise concern over potential negative environmental impacts. Total As concentration in poultry litter can reach > 40 mg kg(-1) and both roxarsone and its mineralization product As(V) have been identified in poultry litters (PL). To investigate the fate of these As species upon land application of PL we conducted two studies. In the first, an Orangeburg soil (Ultisol from the Atlantic Coastal Plain) was spiked with either 20 mg kg-1 As(V) or roxarsone and incubated at 10% moisture content for 4 months. Exchangeable As was determined periodically by extraction with 0.1 M PO4. Both As(V) and roxarsone displayed similar desorption; initially, approximately 70% of added As was ligand exchangeable and this decreased to 35% after 4 months incubation, presumably due to either slow sorption reactions or a change in solid phase speciation of As to less exchangeable forms. In the second study, various manipulations of two PL samples were applied to the Orangeburg soil at realistic field application rates. The treatments were wet to 10% moisture content and water soluble As, Cu and organic carbon (DOC) was measured over 30 days. Arsenic and Cu solubility were highest from the dried litter samples. Ashing of the PLs decreased soluble As and Cu, presumably because of the loss of organic matter from the ashed litter and subsequent decrease in DOC. Application of leachates from either PL resulted in higher concentrations of soluble As and Cu than when the soil was amended with equivalent concentrations of soluble As and Cu dissolved in DI H2O. We hypothesize that the increased levels of DOC from the PL treatments enhance As and Cu solubility through competitive sorption and complexation, respectively. In fact, As and Cu solubility was correlated to DOC levels in the amended soil extracts. Even though land application of PL introduced relatively low concentrations of As and Cu to soil it appeared that other soluble constituents of PL significantly enhanced As and Cu solubility. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Chem, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Jackson, BP (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM brian.p.jackson@dartmouth.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES 07373] NR 27 TC 65 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD DEC PY 2006 VL 65 IS 11 BP 2028 EP 2034 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.065 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119NQ UT WOS:000243019400015 PM 16899273 ER PT J AU Poulain, AJ Orihel, DM Amyot, M Paterson, MJ Hintelmann, H Southworth, GR AF Poulain, Alexandre J. Orihel, Diane M. Amyot, Marc Paterson, Michael J. Hintelmann, Holger Southworth, Georize R. TI Relationship to aquatic between the loading rate of inorganic mercury ecosystems and dissolved gaseous mercury production and evasion SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE dissolved gaseous mercury; evasion; atmospheric deposition; stable isotope; sulfur hexafluoride; METAALICUS ID GAS TRANSFER VELOCITIES; ST-LAWRENCE-RIVER; FRESH-WATER LAKES; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; VOLATILE MERCURY; WIND-SPEED; NATURAL-WATERS; AIR EXCHANGE; SURFACES; FLUXES AB The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) production and evasion is directly proportional to the loading rate of inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] to aquatic ecosystems. We simulated different rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in 10-m diameter mesocosms in a boreal lake by adding multiple additions of Hg(II) enriched with a stable mercury isotope (Hg-202). We measured DGM concentrations in surface waters and estimated evasion rates using the thin-film gas exchange model and mass transfer coefficients derived from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) additions. The additions of Hg(II) stimulated DGM production, indicating that newly added Hg(II) was highly reactive. Concentrations of DGM derived from the experimental Hg(II) additions ("spike DGM") were directly proportional to the rate of Hg(II) loading to the mesocosms. Spike DGM concentrations averaged 0.15, 0.48 and 0.94 ng l(-1) in mesocosms loaded at 7.1, 14.2, and 35.5 mu g ng m(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The evasion rates of spike DGM from these mesocosms averaged 4.2, 17.2, and 22.3 ng m(-2) h(-1), respectively. The percentage of Hg(II) added to the mesocosms that was lost to the atmosphere was substantial (33-59% over 8 weeks) and was unrelated to the rate of Hg(II) loading. We conclude that changes in atmospheric mercury deposition to aquatic ecosystems will not change the relative proportion of mercury recycled to the atmosphere. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Univ Manitoba, Clayton H Riddell Fac Environm Earth & Resources, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Trent Univ, Dept Chem, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Poulain, AJ (reprint author), Univ Montreal, Dept Sci Biol, CP 6128,Succursale Ctr Ville,Pavillon Marie Victo, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. EM alexandre.poulain@umontreal.ca RI Amyot, Marc/A-7182-2008; Poulain, Alexandre/C-2136-2008; Orihel, Diane/G-5462-2011; Poulain, Alexandre/C-1246-2009; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 OI Amyot, Marc/0000-0002-0340-3249; NR 43 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD DEC PY 2006 VL 65 IS 11 BP 2199 EP 2207 DI 10.1016/j.chemopshere.2006.05.066 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 119NQ UT WOS:000243019400037 PM 16860838 ER PT J AU Ding, HB Zhu, SJ Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Hwang, JK Luo, YX Rasmussen, JO Lee, IY Che, XL Chen, YJ Li, ML AF Ding Huai-Bo Zhu Sheng-Jiang Hamilton, J. H. Ramayya, A. V. Hwang, J. K. Luo, Y. X. Rasmussen, J. O. Lee, I. Y. Che Xing-Lai Chen Yong-Jing Li Ming-Liang TI Search for double gamma-vibrational bands in neurton-rich Mo-105 nucleus SO CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SPIN STRUCTURE; OCTUPOLE CORRELATIONS; ROTATIONAL BANDS; COLLECTIVE BANDS; ISOTOPES; FISSION AB Levels in the neutron-rich Mo-105 nucleus have been investigated by observing prompt gamma-rays following the spontaneous fission fragments of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array. The yrast band has been confirmed and updated. The other two collective bands with the band head levels at 870.5 and 1534.6 keV are newly observed, and they are suggested as the candidates for one-phonon K =9/2 and two-phonon K 13/2 double gamma-vibrational bands, respectively. Systematic characteristics of these bands have been discussed. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ding, HB (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM zhushj@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn NR 26 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0256-307X J9 CHINESE PHYS LETT JI Chin. Phys. Lett. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 23 IS 12 BP 3222 EP 3225 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 110XM UT WOS:000242414600028 ER PT J AU Warnick, GR McNamara, JR Boggess, CN Clendenen, F Williams, PT Landolt, CC AF Warnick, G. Russell McNamara, Judith R. Boggess, Chris N. Clendenen, Faith Williams, Paul T. Landolt, Cleland C. TI Polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis of lipoprotein subclasses SO CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER; LDL PARTICLE-SIZE; PHOSPHOLIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; HEPATIC LIPASE ACTIVITY; LOW-FAT DIET; PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDE CONCENTRATION AB High-density (HDL), low-density (LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins are heterogeneous cholesterol-containing particles that differ in their metabolism, environmental interactions, and association with disease. Several protocols use polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) to separate these major lipoproteins into known subclasses. This article provides a brief history of the discovery of lipoprotein heterogeneity and an overview of relevant hpoprotein metabolism, highlighting the importance of the subclasses in the context of their metabolic origins, fates, and clinical implications. Various techniques using polyacrylamide GGE to assess HDL and LDL heterogeneity are described, and how the genetic and enviromnental determinations of HDL and LDL affect lipoprotein size heterogeneity and the implications for cardiovascular disease are outlined. C1 Berkeley HeartLab Inc, Alameda, CA 94501 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Warnick, GR (reprint author), Berkeley HeartLab Inc, 960 Atlantic Ave,Suite 100, Alameda, CA 94501 USA. EM grwarnick@bhlinc.com NR 190 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0272-2712 J9 CLIN LAB MED JI Clin. Lab. Med. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 803 EP + DI 10.1016/j.cll.2006.07.005 PG 46 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 115XB UT WOS:000242766000007 PM 17110241 ER PT J AU Starobin, AJ Dienes, JK AF Starobin, A. J. Dienes, J. K. TI One-dimensional thermomechanical model for lateral melting and ignition of a thin sheared viscous layer SO COMBUSTION THEORY AND MODELLING LA English DT Article DE shear-melting; self-similarity; ignition; moving boundaries ID MOVING BOUNDARY AB We compute the temperature profile near a laterally growing uniformly sheared viscous layer, a melt of the host material. A similarity variable is identified and an analytical solution is found for the temperature field and phase boundary trajectory for the case of uniform sliding. A numerical method for the iterative solution of this non-linear Stefan problem is implemented. In the case of a chemically reactive material with an Arrhenius dependence of the reaction rate on temperature we compute the ignition times. The dependence of the ignition time on the sliding velocity and latent heat of the material is determined numerically. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Starobin, AJ (reprint author), Casting Aid Comp Simulat, Santa Fe, NM USA. EM starobin@cybermesa.com NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-7830 J9 COMBUST THEOR MODEL JI Combust. Theory Model. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 10 IS 6 BP 885 EP 905 DI 10.1080/13647830600719993 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mathematics GA 115ZK UT WOS:000242772100001 ER PT J AU Menikoff, R AF Menikoff, R. TI Detonation waves in PBX 9501 SO COMBUSTION THEORY AND MODELLING LA English DT Article DE detonation wave; reaction zone; shock desensitization; wave stability; PBX 9501 ID HMX; PHASE; OCTAHYDRO-1,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAZOCINE; DECOMPOSITION; PRESSURE AB For a planar detonation wave propagating in the plastic-bonded explosive PBX 9501, measurements of the reaction zone display a classical ZND profile. Moreover, the reaction-zone width is substantially less than the average size of an explosive grain. We show that the reaction zone is compatible with realistic constitutive properties and an Arrhenius reaction rate based on the bulk temperature. Thus, contrary to conventional wisdom, hot spots are not needed to propagate a detonation wave. Conventional wisdom is based, in part, on shock desensitization experiments; the observation that precompressing a PBX with a weak shock - which eliminates voids as nucleation sites for hot spots - can quench a propagating detonation wave. By analysing the temperature behind two shocks compared to a single shock and the corresponding change of the induction time, we show that a detonation wave sustained by the bulk reaction rate from shock heating is compatible with shock desensitization. Shock desensitization depends on having a temperature sensitive rate, which usually is associated with detonation wave instability. However, for PBX 9501 the temperature variation in the reaction zone is small, and one-dimensional simulations show that this results in a stable detonation wave. Furthermore, we show that two additional phenomena are compatible with the perspective that bulk burn can sustain a planar detonation wave: failure diameter, which does depend on the heterogeneous structure of a PBX; and PBXs with a lower HE content which display an irregular detonation front. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Menikoff, R (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rtm@lanl.gov NR 33 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-7830 J9 COMBUST THEOR MODEL JI Combust. Theory Model. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1003 EP 1021 DI 10.1080/13647830600851754 PG 19 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mathematics GA 115ZK UT WOS:000242772100007 ER PT J AU Givon, D Kevrekidis, IG Kupferman, R AF Givon, Dror Kevrekidis, Ioannis G. Kupferman, Raz TI Strong convergence of projective integration schemes for singularly perturbed stochastic differential systems SO COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dimension reduction; stochastic differential equations; scale separation; singular perturbations; projective integration ID EQUATIONS; DYNAMICS AB We study the convergence of the slow (or "essential") components of singularly perturbed stochastic differential systems to solutions of lower dimensional stochastic systems (the "effective", or "coarse" dynamics). We prove strong, mean-square convergence in systems where both fast and slow components are driven by noise, with full coupling between fast and slow components. We analyze a class of "projective integration" methods, which consist of a hybridization between a standard solver for the slow components, and short runs for the fast dynamics, which are used to estimate the effect that the fast components have on the slow ones. We obtain explicit bounds for the discrepancy between the results of the projective integration method and the slow components of the original system. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, PACM & Math, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Math, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Givon, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT PRESS PI SOMERVILLE PA PO BOX 43502, SOMERVILLE, MA 02143 USA SN 1539-6746 J9 COMMUN MATH SCI JI Commun. Math. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 4 IS 4 BP 707 EP 729 PG 23 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 120HU UT WOS:000243076300002 ER PT J AU Liovic, P Rudman, M Liow, JL Lakehal, D Kothe, D AF Liovic, Petar Rudman, Murray Liow, Jong-Leng Lakehal, Djamel Kothe, Doug TI A 3D unsplit-advection volume tracking algorithm with planarity-preserving interface reconstruction SO COMPUTERS & FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID OF-FLUID METHOD; FRONT-TRACKING; SET METHOD; LEVEL SET; FLOWS; SIMULATION; 2-PHASE AB A new volume tracking method is introduced for tracking interfaces in three-dimensional (3D) geometries partitioned with orthogonal hexahedra. The method approximates interface geometries as piecewise planar, and advects volumes in a single unsplit step using fully multidimensional fluxes that have their definition based in backward-trajectory remapping. By using multidimensional unsplit advection, the expense of high-order interface reconstruction is incurred only once per timestep. Simple departures from strict backward-trajectory remapping remove any need for consideration of volume computations involving shapes consisting of non-planar ruled surfaces. Second-order accuracy of the method is demonstrated even for vigorous 3D deformations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ETH, Inst Energy Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. CSIRO, Mfg & Infrastructure Technol, Highett, Vic 3190, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Engn, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Continuum Dynam Grp, Comp & Computat Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Liovic, P (reprint author), ETH, Inst Energy Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM liovic@iet.mavt.ethz.ch RI Rudman, Murray/C-6737-2008; Whitford, Linda/C-2470-2009; Liovic, Petar/E-7081-2010; OI Rudman, Murray/0000-0002-5649-4180; Liow, Jong Leng/0000-0003-2538-5552 NR 47 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-7930 J9 COMPUT FLUIDS JI Comput. Fluids PD DEC PY 2006 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1011 EP 1032 DI 10.1016/j.compfluid.2005.09.003 PG 22 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Computer Science; Mechanics GA 095QX UT WOS:000241323900002 ER PT J AU Tang, HS AF Tang, H. S. TI Study on a grid interface algorithm for solutions of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations SO COMPUTERS & FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID OVERLAPPING GRIDS; FLOWS; SIMULATION AB Grid interface treatment is a crucial issue in solving unsteady, three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by domain decomposition methods. Recently, a mass flux based interpolation (MFBI) interface algorithm was proposed for Chimera grids [Tang HS, Jones SC, Sotiropoulos F. An overset grid method for 3D unsteady incompressible flows. J Comput Phys, 2003; 191:567-600] and it has been successfully applied to a variety of flows. MFBI determines velocity and pressure at grid interfaces by mass conservation and interpolation, and it is easy to implement. Compared with the commonly used standard interpolation, which directly interpolates velocity as well as pressure, the proposed interface algorithm gives fewer solution oscillations and faster convergence rates. This paper makes a study on MFBI. Starting with discussions about grid connectivity, it is shown that MFBI is second-order accurate for mass flux across grid interface. It is also derived that the scheme provides second-order accuracy for momentum flux. In addition, another version of MFBI is presented. At last, numerical examples are presented to demonstrate that MFBI honors mass flux balance at grid interfaces and it leads to second-order accurate solutions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Tang, HS (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 1100 Dexter Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. EM hansongtang@yahoo.com NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-7930 J9 COMPUT FLUIDS JI Comput. Fluids PD DEC PY 2006 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1372 EP 1383 DI 10.1016/j.compfluid.2005.08.003 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Computer Science; Mechanics GA 095QX UT WOS:000241323900029 ER PT J AU McDunn, JE Burykin, A Schierding, W Cobb, JP Ghosh, B Stormo, GD Polpitiya, AD AF McDunn, Jonathan E. Burykin, Anton Schierding, William Cobb, J. Perren Ghosh, Bijoy Stormo, Gary D. Polpitiya, Ashoka D. TI Plasticity of the human innate immune response to acute infection during critical illness: Development of the riboleukogram. SO CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 36th Critical Care Congress of the Society-of-Critical-Care-Medicine CY FEB 18-21, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Soc Critical Care Med C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RI Stormo, Gary/C-5367-2013 OI Stormo, Gary/0000-0001-6896-1850 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0090-3493 J9 CRIT CARE MED JI Crit. Care Med. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 34 IS 12 SU S SI SI MA 183 BP A47 EP A47 DI 10.1097/00003246-200612002-00164 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine SC General & Internal Medicine GA 112PZ UT WOS:000242540400164 ER PT J AU Rashkovich, LN De Yoreo, JJ Orme, CA Chernov, AA AF Rashkovich, L. N. De Yoreo, J. J. Orme, C. A. Chernov, A. A. TI In situ atomic force microscopy of layer-by-layer crystal growth and key growth concepts SO CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REPORTS LA English DT Article ID LYSOZYME CRYSTALS; CALCITE GROWTH; 010 FACE; STEP VELOCITY; KINETICS; NUCLEATION; CRYSTALLIZATION; DEPENDENCE; INTERFACE; MOVEMENT AB Contradictions that have been found recently between the representations of classical theory and experiments on crystal growth from solutions are considered. Experimental data show that the density of kinks is low in many cases as a result of the low rate of their fluctuation generation, the Gibbs-Thomson law is not always applicable in these cases, and there is inconsistency with the Cabrera-Vermilyea model. The theory of growth of non-Kossel crystals, which is to be developed, is illustrated by the analysis of the experimental dependence of the growth rate on the solution stoichiometry. C1 Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow 119992, Russia. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Russian Acad Sci, AV Shubnikov Crystallog Inst, Moscow 119333, Russia. RP Rashkovich, LN (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow 119992, Russia. EM rashk@polly.phys.msu.ru RI Orme, Christine/A-4109-2009 NR 38 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 26 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7745 J9 CRYSTALLOGR REP+ JI Crystallogr. Rep. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1063 EP 1074 DI 10.1134/S1063774506060174 PG 12 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 111AG UT WOS:000242422200017 ER PT J AU Karpinets, TV Greenwood, DJ Pogribny, IP Samatova, NF AF Karpinets, T. V. Greenwood, D. J. Pogribny, I. P. Samatova, N. F. TI Bacterial stationary-state mutagenesis and mammalian tumorigenesis as stress-induced cellular adaptations and the role of epigenetics SO CURRENT GENOMICS LA English DT Review DE adaptive mutagenesis; bacteria; cancer; stress; histone-like proteins; epigenetic alterations ID PROTEIN H-NS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12; GENOME-WIDE HYPERMUTATION; DNA ADENINE METHYLATION; SMALL RNA REGULATORS; GTP-BINDING PROTEIN; LONG-TERM SURVIVAL; ADAPTIVE MUTATION; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS AB Mechanisms of cellular adaptation may have some commonalities across different organisms. Revealing these common mechanisms may provide insight in the organismal level of adaptation and suggest solutions to important problems related to the adaptation. An increased rate of mutations, referred as the mutator phenotype, and beneficial nature of these mutations are common features of the bacterial stationary-state mutagenesis and of the tumorigenic transformations in mammalian cells. We argue that these commonalities of mammalian and bacterial cells result from their stress-induced adaptation that may be described in terms of a common model. Specifically, in both organisms the mutator phenotype is activated in a subpopulation of proliferating stressed cells as a strategy to survival. This strategy is an alternative to other survival strategies, such as senescence and programmed cell death, which are also activated in the stressed cells by different subpopulations. Sustained stress-related proliferative signalling and epigenetic mechanisms play a decisive role in the choice of the mutator phenotype survival strategy in the cells. They reprogram cellular functions by epigenetic silencing of cell-cycle inhibitors, DNA repair, programmed cell death, and by activation of repetitive DNA elements. This reprogramming leads to the mutator phenotype that is implemented by error-prone cell divisions with the involvement of Y family polymerases. Studies supporting the proposed model of stress-induced cellular adaptation are discussed. Cellular mechanisms involved in the bacterial stress-induced adaptation are considered in more detail. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Biol Inst, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Hort Res Int, Wellesbourne CV35 9EF, Warwick, England. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biochem Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. RP Karpinets, TV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Computat Biol Inst, Comp Sci & Math Div, POB 2008,MS6164, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM karpinetstv@ornl.gov NR 139 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 6 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI SHARJAH PA EXECUTIVE STE Y26, PO BOX 7917, SAIF ZONE, 1200 BR SHARJAH, U ARAB EMIRATES SN 1389-2029 J9 CURR GENOMICS JI Curr. Genomics PD DEC PY 2006 VL 7 IS 8 BP 481 EP 496 DI 10.2174/138920206779315764 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 128CC UT WOS:000243632500003 PM 18369407 ER PT J AU Lerouxel, O Cavalier, DM Liepman, AH Keegstra, K AF Lerouxel, Olivier Cavalier, David M. Liepman, Aaron H. Keegstra, Kenneth TI Biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides - a complex process SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CARBOHYDRATE-ACTIVE ENZYMES; CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GALACTOMANNAN GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE; XYLOGLUCAN BIOSYNTHESIS; FUCOSYL-TRANSFERASE; MEMBRANE-PROTEIN; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; CESA GENES; SYNTHASE AB Cellulose, a major component of plant cell walls, is made by dynamic complexes that move within the plasma membrane while depositing cellulose directly into the wall. On the other hand, matrix polysaccharides are made in the Golgi and delivered to the wall via secretory vesicles. Several Golgi proteins that are involved in glucomannan and xyloglucan biosynthesis have been identified, including some glycan synthases that show sequence similarity to, the cellulose synthase proteins and several glycosytransferases that add sidechains to the polysaccharide backbones. Recent progress in identifying the proteins needed for polysaccharide biosynthesis should lead to an improved understanding of the molecular details of these complex processes, and eventually to an ability to manipulate them in an effort to generate plants that have improved properties for human uses. C1 Michigan State Univ, Plant Res Lab, US DOE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Eastern Michigan Univ, Dept Biol, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Keegstra, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Plant Res Lab, US DOE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM keegstra@msu.edu NR 71 TC 177 Z9 194 U1 9 U2 57 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 9 IS 6 BP 621 EP 630 DI 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.009 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 105UM UT WOS:000242057800011 PM 17011813 ER PT J AU Pellicena, P Kuriyan, J AF Pellicena, Patricia Kuriyan, John TI Protein-protein interactions in the allosteric regulation of protein kinases SO CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; ABL TYROSINE KINASE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; SUBSTRATE RECOGNITION; STRUCTURAL BASIS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; CATALYTIC SUBUNIT; ACTIVATION-LOOP; ASSOCIATION DOMAIN AB Protein-protein interactions involving the catalytic domain of protein kinases are likely to be generally important in the regulation of signal transduction pathways, but are rather sparsely represented in crystal structures. Recently determined structures of the kinase domains of the mitogena-ctivated protein kinase Fus3, the RNA-dependent kinase PKR, the epidermal growth factor receptor and Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II have revealed unexpected and distinct mechanisms by which interactions with the catalytic domain can modulate kinase activity. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Phys Biosci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kuriyan, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM kuriyan@berkeley.edu NR 72 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 14 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0959-440X J9 CURR OPIN STRUC BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 16 IS 6 BP 702 EP 709 DI 10.1016/j.sbi.2006.10.007 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 120CL UT WOS:000243061100006 PM 17079130 ER PT J AU Afonin, MA Kopyrin, AA Moody, K AF Afonin, M. A. Kopyrin, A. A. Moody, K. TI OSCILLATORY EXTRACTION - NEW METHOD OF SIMILAR ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES SEPARATION SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The new separation extraction method was created based on oscillatory extraction/stripping process in two extractors coupled by bulk liquid membrane (LM). The experimental setup to investigate the kinetics of non-stationary processes was built in Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology in the Rare Earth Department. To induce the oscillatory extraction-stripping process the cyclic Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction or cyclic electrochemical oxidation-reduction was used. The possibility to use oscillatory extraction approach to separate similar elements by using the differences in their kinetic properties is demonstrated. The experimental evidences of uranium, cerium and neodymium isotopes separation were obtained. The separation of (142)Ce and (140)Ce isotopes between aqueous phases of two extractors coupled by bulk LM in the experiments with cyclic chemical oxidation/reduction with enrichment factor about 2.5% was observed. Under the same conditions the separation of the Nd isotopes (heavy isotopes of Nd - (144)Nd, (145)Nd, (146)Nd, (148)Nd, and (150)Nd from the light isotope - (143)Nd) in the same experiment with enrichment factor about 0.7-1.4% was observed. C1 [Afonin, M. A.; Kopyrin, A. A.] St Petersburg Inst Technol, St Petersburg, Russia. [Moody, K.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. RP Afonin, MA (reprint author), St Petersburg Inst Technol, 26 Moskovsky Av, St Petersburg, Russia. EM afonin@lti-gti.ru RI Afonin, Mikhail/E-5962-2014 OI Afonin, Mikhail/0000-0001-7993-9528 FU U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [RC0-20000-SC14, RUC2-20011-ST-04] FX This work was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under grant RC0-20000-SC14 and RUC2-20011-ST-04 administered by the Civilian Research and Development Foundation. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU INST PHYSICS ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE PA NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 182 21, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 56 BP D445 EP D451 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V89PV UT WOS:000206057500054 ER PT J AU Dullmann, CE AF Duellmann, Christoph E. TI PHYSICAL PRESEPARATION FOR CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The availability of physically preseparated isotopes for chemistry experiment opens up completely new possibilities, especially for chemical investigations of transactinide elements. Many restrictions present in conventional methods that were used very successfully in the past can be overcome by using preseparated isotopes. An overview of experiments that were performed with preseparated isotopes is given. Studies of beta-diketonates of group 4 elements are described in some more detail and used as an example to demonstrate the power of the method. Production of preseparated long-lived transactinide isotopes is outlined and, lastly, the new preseparator TASCA which is currently being installed at GSI, Darmstadt, is briefly described. C1 [Duellmann, Christoph E.] Gesell Schwerionenforsch mbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany. [Duellmann, Christoph E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dullmann, CE (reprint author), Gesell Schwerionenforsch mbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany. EM C.E.Duellmann@gsi.de NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST PHYSICS ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE PA NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 182 21, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 56 SU 4 BP D333 EP D338 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V89PV UT WOS:000206057500041 ER PT J AU Herbst, RS Peterman, DR Tillotson, RD AF Herbst, R. S. Peterman, D. R. Tillotson, R. D. TI ASPECTS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF CESIUM EXTRACTION FROM ACIDIC MEDIA BY HCCD SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB It is well known that cesium extraction from acidic media by HCCD proceeds through a liquid-liquid ion exchange extraction mechanism. Four data sets with 25 experimental measurements of Cs distribution ratios, D(Cs) = [Cs](org)/[Cs](aq), at a variety of initial conditions (various concentrations of [HCCD] and [HNO(3)]) have been modeled using the SXLSQI computer program developed at ORNL. The SXLSQI program was used in this analysis to help elucidate the general chemical equilibria operative in the extraction of Cs(+) into an organic phase comprised of HCCD in FS-13. The experimental data sets are best modeled with four chemical equilibria (T = 25 degrees C). The equilibrium constant for the primary exchange reaction of log K(eq) = 3.07 is in excellent agreement with values reported in the literature of log K(eq) = 3.00 for the HCCD/nitrobenzene system. In general, the equilibria representing the mechanism of Cs extraction by HCCD are consistent with earlier literature reports, albeit derived by different experimental and modeling schemes. C1 [Herbst, R. S.; Peterman, D. R.; Tillotson, R. D.] Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Herbst, RS (reprint author), Idaho Natl Lab, POB 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. EM R.Herbst@inl.gov FU U. S. Department of Energy [DE - AC07-99 ID13727] FX Sponsored by U. S. Department of Energy, under contract DE - AC07-99 ID13727 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST PHYSICS ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE PA NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 182 21, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 56 BP D477 EP D482 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V89PV UT WOS:000206057500058 ER PT J AU Phillips, CM Dernburg, AF AF Phillips, Carolyn M. Dernburg, Abby F. TI A family of zinc-finger proteins is required for chromosome-specific pairing and synapsis during meiosis in C. elegans SO DEVELOPMENTAL CELL LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; MEIOTIC PROPHASE; GENE STRUCTURES; RECOMBINATION; BOUQUET; EXCHANGE; DNA AB Homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis are prerequisite for accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis. Here, we show that a family of four related C2H2 zinc-finger proteins plays a central role in these events in C. elegans. These proteins are encoded within a tandem gene cluster. In addition to the X-specific HIM-8 protein, three additional paralogs collectively mediate the behavior of the five autosomes. Each chromosome relies on a specific member of the family to pair and synapse with its homolog. These "ZIM" proteins concentrate at special regions called meiotic pairing centers on the corresponding chromosomes. These sites are dispersed along the nuclear envelope during early meiotic prophase, suggesting a role analogous to the telomere-mediated meiotic bouquet in other organisms. To gain insight into the evolution of these components, we characterized homologs in C. briggsae and C. remanei, which revealed changes in copy number of this gene family within the nematode lineage. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dernburg, AF (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM afdernburg@lbl.gov RI Phillips, Carolyn/E-8305-2011; OI Phillips, Carolyn/0000-0002-6228-6468; Dernburg, Abby/0000-0001-8037-1079 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 GM/CA655591] NR 31 TC 106 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 6 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 1534-5807 J9 DEV CELL JI Dev. Cell PD DEC PY 2006 VL 11 IS 6 BP 817 EP 829 DI 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.09.020 PG 13 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 114KK UT WOS:000242664900011 PM 17141157 ER PT J AU Yoo, TS Lafortune, S AF Yoo, Tae-Sic Lafortune, Stephane TI Solvability of centralized supervisory control under partial observation SO DISCRETE EVENT DYNAMIC SYSTEMS-THEORY AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE supervisory control; partial observation; decidability; nonblocking ID DISCRETE-EVENT SYSTEMS; LANGUAGE AB The problem of synthesizing a nontrivial controllable and observable sublanguage of a given non-prefix-closed language is addressed. This problem arises in supervisory control of discrete-event systems, when the objective is to synthesize safe nonblocking supervisors for partially observed systems. The decentralized version of this problem is known to be unsolvable. We show that the centralized version of this problem is solvable by presenting a new algorithm that synthesizes a nontrivial controllable and observable sublanguage of the given non-prefix-closed language, if one exists. We also show that the union of all nonblocking solutions to the associated supervisory control problem can be expressed as the union of all regular nonblocking solutions. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. RP Lafortune, S (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 1301 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM tae-sic.yoo@inl.gov; stephane@eecs.umich.edu NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6703 J9 DISCRETE EVENT DYN S JI Discret. Event Dyn. Syst.-Theory Appl. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 16 IS 4 BP 527 EP 553 DI 10.1007/s10626-006-0023-7 PG 27 WC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 096TP UT WOS:000241400000004 ER PT J AU Tolich, N Chan, YD Currat, CA Fujikawa, BK Henning, R Lesko, KT Poon, AWP Decowski, MP AF Tolich, N. Chan, Y. -D. Currat, C. A. Fujikawa, B. K. Henning, R. Lesko, K. T. Poon, A. W. P. Decowski, M. P. TI A geoneutrino experiment at homestake SO EARTH MOON AND PLANETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Neutrino Geophysics CY DEC 14-16, 2005 CL Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI HO Univ Hawaii Manoa DE geoneutrino; electron antineutrino; georeactor; homestake mine ID CONTINENTAL-CRUST; EARTHS INTERIOR; HEAT; NEUTRINOS; TERRESTRIAL; CONVECTION; EVOLUTION; SEARCH AB A significant fraction of the 44TW of heat dissipation from the Earth's interior is believed to originate from the decays of terrestrial uranium and thorium. The only estimates of this radiogenic heat, which is the driving force for mantle convection, come from Earth models based on meteorites, and have large systematic errors. The detection of electron antineutrinos produced by these uranium and thorium decays would allow a more direct measure of the total uranium and thorium content, and hence radiogenic heat production in the Earth. We discuss the prospect of building an electron antineutrino detector approximately 700 m(3) in size in the Homestake mine at the 4850' level. This would allow us to make a measurement of the total uranium and thorium content with a statistical error less than the systematic error from our current knowledge of neutrino oscillation parameters. It would also allow us to test the hypothesis of a naturally occurring nuclear reactor at the center of the Earth. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Inst Nucl & Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Nucl Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Phys Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Earth Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Tolich, N (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Inst Nucl & Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nrtolich@lbl.gov RI Decowski, Patrick/A-4341-2011 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9295 J9 EARTH MOON PLANETS JI Earth Moon Planets PD DEC PY 2006 VL 99 IS 1-4 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.1007/s11038-006-9112-8 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA 130SB UT WOS:000243818200016 ER PT J AU Vine, E Fielding, D AF Vine, Edward Fielding, Diane TI An evaluation of residential CFL hours-of-use methodologies and estimates: Recommendations for evaluators and program managers SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE compact fluorescent lamp (CFL); evaluation methods; hours-of-use; residential; metering; surveys AB This paper presents a review of methodologies and results of evaluations examining hours-of-use in compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Hours-of-use is a crucial variable in determining the cost-effectiveness of lighting programs, and there is extensive variation in hours-of-use estimates across methodologies and within a particular methodology. Given the different sources of variation, one must be careful in comparing the results from different studies. However, we are able to recommend a robust methodology that should be used by evaluators of lighting programs, regardless of geography or program delivery type. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Anal Dept, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. BC Hydro & Power Author, Burnaby, BC V5H 4T8, Canada. RP Vine, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Anal Dept, Environm Energy Technol Div, 1 Cyclotron Rd,Bldg 90-4000, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM elvine@lbl.gov NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1388 EP 1394 DI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.09.008 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 094OP UT WOS:000241249100003 ER PT J AU Zhou, N Marnay, C Firestone, R Gao, WJ Nishida, M AF Zhou, Nan Marnay, Chris Firestone, Ryan Gao, Weijun Nishida, Masaru TI An analysis of the DER adoption climate in Japan using optimization results for prototype buildings with US comparisons SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE distributed energy resources; combined heat and power; building energy efficiency; commercial buildings; optimization; absorption cooling AB This research demonstrates economically optimal distributed energy resource (DER) system choice using the DER choice and operations optimization program, the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM). DER-CAM finds the optimal combination of installed equipment given prevailing utility tariffs and fuel prices, site electrical and thermal loads (including absorption cooling), and a menu of available equipment. It provides a global optimization, albeit idealized, that shows how site useful energy loads can be served at minimum cost. Five prototype Japanese commercial buildings are examined and DER-CAM is applied to select the economically optimal DER system for each. Based on the optimization results, energy and emission reductions are evaluated. Significant decreases in fuel consumption, carbon emissions, and energy costs were seen in the DER-CAM results. Savings were most noticeable in the prototype sports facility, followed by the hospital, hotel, and office building. Results show that DER with combined heat and power equipment is a promising efficiency and carbon mitigation strategy, but that precise system design is necessary. Furthermore, a Japan-U.S. comparison study of policy, technology, and utility tariffs relevant to DER installation is presented. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Kitakyushu, Fac Environm Engn, Wakamatsu Ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8080135, Japan. Kyushu Sangyo Univ, Fac Engn, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8138503, Japan. RP Zhou, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90R4000, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM NZhou@lbl.gov NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1423 EP 1433 DI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.025 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 094OP UT WOS:000241249100008 ER PT J AU Wong-Parodi, G Dale, L Lekov, A AF Wong-Parodi, Gabrielle Dale, Larry Lekov, Alex TI Comparing price forecast accuracy of natural gas models and futures markets SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE natural gas price; pricing AB The purpose of this article is to compare the accuracy of forecasts for natural gas prices as reported by the Energy Information Administration's short-term energy outlook (STEO) and the futures market for the period from 1998 to 2004. The analysis tabulates the existing data and develops a statistical comparison of the error between STEO and US wellhead natural gas prices and between Henry Hub and US wellhead spot prices. The results indicate that, on average, Henry Hub is a slightly better predictor of natural gas prices with an average error of -0.52 and a standard deviation of 1.25 than STEO with an average error of -0.83 and a standard deviation of 1.34. In addition. the results reveal that during the 13-24 months of the 2-year ahead forecast, STEO is a biased predictor of natural gas prices. This analysis suggests that as the futures market continues to report longer forward prices (currently out to 5 years), it may be of interest to economic modelers to compare the accuracy of their models to the futures market. The authors would especially like to thank Doug Hale of the Energy Information Administration for supporting and reviewing this work. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wong-Parodi, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90-4000, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM GWong-Parodi@lbl.gov NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD DEC PY 2006 VL 34 IS 18 BP 4115 EP 4122 DI 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.08.013 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 105MJ UT WOS:000242033900069 ER PT J AU Kerr, LA Andrews, AH Cailliet, GM Brown, TA Coale, KH AF Kerr, Lisa A. Andrews, Allen H. Cailliet, Gregor M. Brown, Thomas A. Coale, Kenneth H. TI Investigations of Delta C-14, delta C-13, and delta N-15 in vertebrae of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the eastern North Pacific Ocean SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE radiocarbon; stable isotope ratios; age validation; shark vertebrae ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; TROPHIC POSITION; AGE-DETERMINATION; BOMB RADIOCARBON; FOOD-WEB; FEEDING ECOLOGY; COASTAL WATERS; FISH OTOLITHS; C-14 AB The white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, has a complex life history that is characterized by large scale movements and a highly variable diet. Estimates of age and growth for the white shark from the eastern North Pacific Ocean indicate they have a slow growth rate and a relatively high longevity. Age, growth, and longevity estimates useful for stock assessment and fishery models, however, require some form of validation. By counting vertebral growth band pairs, ages can be estimated, but because not all sharks deposit annual growth bands and many are not easily discernable, it is necessary to validate growth band periodicity with an independent method. Radiocarbon (C-14) age validation uses the discrete C-14 signal produced from thermonuclear testing in the 1950s and 1960s that is retained in skeletal structures as a time-specific marker. Growth band pairs in vertebrae, estimated as annual and spanning the 1930s to 1990s, were analyzed for C-14 and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (delta C-13 and delta N-15). The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of C-14 age validation for a wide-ranging species with a complex life history and to use stable isotope measurements in vertebrae as a means of resolving complexity introduced into the C-14 chronology by ontogenetic shifts in diet and habitat. Stable isotopes provided useful trophic position information; however, validation of age estimates was confounded by what may have been some combination of the dietary source of carbon to the vertebrae, large-scale movement patterns, and steep C-14 gradients with depth in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Calif State Univ, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kerr, LA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. EM kerr@cbl.umces.edu RI Andrews, Allen/G-3686-2016 OI Andrews, Allen/0000-0002-9001-8305 NR 58 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD DEC PY 2006 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 353 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9125-1 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 107BS UT WOS:000242146300013 ER PT J AU Ardizzone, D Cailliet, GM Natanson, LJ Andrews, AH Kerr, LA Brown, TA AF Ardizzone, Daniele Cailliet, Gregor M. Natanson, Lisa J. Andrews, Allen H. Kerr, Lisa A. Brown, Thomas A. TI Application of bomb radiocarbon chronologies to shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) age validation SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE shark vertebrae; lamnidae; band pairs; growth ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT; ANNUAL CORAL RINGS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BANDED CORALS; GEORGES BANK; TIME HISTORY; PRE-BOMB; C-14; OTOLITHS; RECORD AB Age estimation is an issue for the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, because of disagreement on vertebral band-pair deposition periodicity. In the 1950s-1960s, thermonuclear testing released large amounts of radiocarbon into the atmosphere, which diffused into the ocean through gas exchange. This influx created a time-specific marker that can be used in age validation. Annual band-pair deposition in the porbeagle, Lamna nasus, was validated in a previous study and indicated preliminary annual deposition in the shortfin mako, using four samples from one vertebra. In the present study, age estimates from 54 shortfin mako vertebrae collected in 1950-1984 ranged 1-31 years. Ageing error between readers was consistent, with 76% of the estimates ranging within 2 years. Twenty-one Delta C-14 values from eight shortfin mako vertebrae (collected in the western North Atlantic in 1963-1984) ranged -154.8 parts per thousand to 86.8 parts per thousand. The resulting conformity with the Delta C-14 timeline for the porbeagle supported annual band-pair deposition in vertebrae of the shortfin mako. C1 Calif State Univ, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NOAA, Fisheries NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Naragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Ardizzone, D (reprint author), Calif State Univ, Moss Landing Marine Labs, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM dardizzone@mlml.calstate.edu RI Andrews, Allen/G-3686-2016 OI Andrews, Allen/0000-0002-9001-8305 NR 46 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD DEC PY 2006 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 355 EP 366 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9106-4 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 107BS UT WOS:000242146300014 ER PT J AU Coon, S Stark, A Peterson, E Gloi, A Kortsha, G Pounds, J Chettle, D Gorell, J AF Coon, Steven Stark, Azadeh Peterson, Edward Gloi, Airne Kortsha, Gene Pounds, Joel Chettle, David Gorell, Jay TI Whole-body lifetime occupational lead exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE case control; chronic toxicity; K-X-ray fluorescence; lead exposure; neurodegeneration; occupational exposure; Parkinson's disease ID X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; MINI-MENTAL-STATE; BONE LEAD; METALS; BRAIN; IONS AB BACKGROUND: Several epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and exposure to heavy metals using subjective exposure measurements. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between objective chronic occupational lead exposure and the risk of PD. METHODS: We enrolled 121 PD patients and 414 age-, sex-, and race-, frequency-matched controls in a case-control study. As an indicator of chronic Pb exposure, we measured concentrations of tibial and calcaneal bone Pb stores using (109)Cadmium excited K-series X-ray fluorescence. As an indicator of recent exposure, we measured blood Pb concentration. We collected occupational data on participants from 18 years of age until the age at enrollment, and an industrial hygienist determined the duration and intensity of environmental Pb exposure. We employed physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to combine these data, and we estimated whole-body lifetime Pb exposures for each individual. Logistic regression analysis produced estimates of PD risk by quartile of lifetime Pb exposure. RESULTS: Risk of PD was elevated by > 2-fold [odds ratio = 2.27 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-4.55); p = 0.021] for individuals in the highest quartile for lifetime lead exposure relative to the lowest quartile, adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking history, and coffee and alcohol consumption. The associated risk of PD for the second and third quartiles were elevated but not statistically significant at the alpha = 0.05 level. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide an objective measure of chronic Pb exposure and confirm our earlier findings that occupational exposure to Pb is a risk factor for PD. C1 Henry Ford Hlth Syst, Dept Biostat & Res Epidemiol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Henry Ford Hlth Syst, Dept Pathol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. St Vincent Hosp, Dept Radiol, Green Bay, WI USA. Henry Ford Hlth Syst, Dept Neurol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Mol Biosci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. McMaster Univ, Med Phys & Appl Radiat Sci Dept, Hamilton, ON, Canada. RP Coon, S (reprint author), Henry Ford Hlth Syst, Dept Biostat & Res Epidemiol, 1 Ford Hlth Syst,1 Ford Pl,Suite 3E, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. EM scoon1@hfhs.org OI Pounds, Joel/0000-0002-6616-1566 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06418] NR 27 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 14 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 114 IS 12 BP 1872 EP 1876 DI 10.1289/ehp.9102 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 112BN UT WOS:000242500200034 PM 17185278 ER PT J AU Hazen, TC Timmis, K Stahl, D DeLong, E Wagner, M AF Hazen, Terry C. Timmis, Ken Stahl, Dave DeLong, Ed Wagner, Michael TI This issue of environmental microbiology is dedicated to the memory of David. C. White SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hazen, TC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Hazen, Terry/C-1076-2012 OI Hazen, Terry/0000-0002-2536-9993 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 8 IS 12 BP 2059 EP 2061 DI 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01192.x PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 104IY UT WOS:000241953300001 PM 17107546 ER PT J AU Kong, SG Martin, ME Vo-Dinh, T AF Kong, Seong G. Martin, Matthew E. Vo-Dinh, Tuan TI Hyperspectral fluorescence imaging for mouse skin tumor detection SO ETRI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hyperspectral imaging; skin tumor detection; fluorescence; medical diagnostics; acousto-optic tunable filter ID DIAGNOSIS; SYSTEM; AOTF AB This paper presents a hyperspectral imaging technique based on laser-induced fluorescence for non-invasive detection of tumorous tissue on mouse skin. Hyperspectral imaging sensors collect image data in a number of narrow, adjacent spectral bands. Such high-resolution measurement of spectral information reveals contiguous emission spectra at each image pixel useful for the characterization of constituent materials. The hyperspectral image data used in this study are fluorescence images of mouse skin consisting of 21 spectral bands in the visible spectrum of the wavelengths ranging from 440 nm to 640 nm. Fluorescence signal is measured with the use of laser excitation at 337 nm. An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is used to capture images at 10 nm intervals. All spectral band images are spatially registered with the reference band image at 490 tun to obtain exact pixel correspondences by compensating the spatial offsets caused by the refraction differences in AOTF at different wavelengths during the image capture procedure. The unique fluorescence spectral signatures demonstrate a good separation to differentiate malignant tumors from normal tissues for rapid detection of skin cancers without biopsy. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Kong, SG (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM skong@utk.edu; martinme@oml.gov; vodinht@oml.gov NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELECTRONICS TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INST PI TAEJON PA 161 KAJONG-DONG, YUSONG-GU, TAEJON 305-350, SOUTH KOREA SN 1225-6463 EI 2233-7326 J9 ETRI J JI ETRI J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 28 IS 6 BP 770 EP 776 DI 10.4218/etrij.06.0106.0061 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 116NK UT WOS:000242809400008 ER PT J AU Ribeiro, TC AF Ribeiro, T. C. TI The short-range correlations of a doped Mott insulator SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B LA English DT Article ID T-J MODEL; QUASI-PARTICLE DISPERSION; HUBBARD-MODEL; QUANTUM ANTIFERROMAGNET; SPECTRAL-FUNCTION; SPIN POLARONS; HOLE POCKETS; NORMAL-STATE; SUPERCONDUCTORS; NARROW AB This paper presents numerical studies of the single hole tt' t" J model that address the interplay between the kinetic energy of itinerant electrons and the exchange energy of local moments as of interest to doped Mott insulators. Due to this interplay, two different spin correlations coexist around a mobile vacancy. These local correlations provide an effective two-band picture that explains the two-band structure observed in various theoretical and experimental studies, the doping dependence of the momentum space anisotropic pseudogap phenomena and the asymmetry between hole and electron doped cuprates. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ribeiro, TC (reprint author), Global Modelling & Analyt Grp, 1 Cabot Sq, London E14 4QJ, England. EM tribeiro@mit.edu NR 57 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6028 J9 EUR PHYS J B JI Eur. Phys. J. B PD DEC PY 2006 VL 54 IS 4 BP 457 EP 464 DI 10.1140/epjb/e2007-00028-4 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 132WG UT WOS:000243973000007 ER PT J AU Quadt, A AF Quadt, A. TI Top quark physics at hadron colliders SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C LA English DT Review ID PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTION; PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLISIONS; ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLISIONS; MISSING TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM; PRODUCTION NEAR-THRESHOLD; DYNAMIC LIKELIHOOD METHOD; SILICON VERTEX DETECTOR; GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES; NEUTRAL-CURRENT DECAYS; CARLO EVENT GENERATOR AB The top quark, discovered at the FERMILAB TEVATRON collider in 1995, is the heaviest known elementary particle. Today, ten years later, still relatively little is known about its properties. The strong and weak interactions of the top quark are not nearly as well studied as those of the other quarks and leptons. The strong interaction is most directly measured in top quark pair production. The weak interaction is measured in top quark decay and single top quark production, which remains thus far unobserved. The large top-quark mass of about 175 GeV/c(2) suggests that it may play a special role in nature. It behaves differently from all other quarks due to its large mass and its correspondingly short lifetime. The top quark decays before it hadronises, passing its spin information on to its decay products. Therefore, it is possible to measure observables that depend on the top quark spin, providing a unique environment for tests of the Standard Model and for searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. This report summarises the latest measurements and studies of top quark properties and rare decays from the TEVATRON in Run II. With more than 1 fb(-1)of luminosity delivered to each experiment, CDF and DO, top quark physics at the TEVATRON is at a turning point from first studies to precision measurements with sensitivity to new physics. An outlook onto top quark physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, planned to begin operation in the year 2007, is also given. C1 Univ Rochester, Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RP Quadt, A (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Friedrich Hund Pl 1, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. EM arnulf.quadt@cern.ch NR 547 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6044 EI 1434-6052 J9 EUR PHYS J C JI Eur. Phys. J. C PD DEC PY 2006 VL 48 IS 3 BP 835 EP 1000 DI 10.1140/epjc/s2006-02631-6 PG 166 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 114JB UT WOS:000242661400011 ER PT J AU Ribeiro, TC Seidel, A Han, JH Lee, DH AF Ribeiro, T. C. Seidel, A. Han, J. H. Lee, D. -H. TI The electronic states of two oppositely doped Mott insulators bilayers SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID T-J MODEL; SUPERLATTICES; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; ANTIFERROMAGNET AB We study the effect of Coulomb interaction between two oppositely doped low-dimensional U model systems. We exactly show that, in the one-dimensional case, an arbitrarily weak interaction leads to the formation of charge neutral electron-hole pairs. We then use two different mean-field theories to address the two-dimensional case, where inter-layer excitons also form and condense. We propose that this results in new features which have no analog in single layers, such as the emergence of an insulating spin liquid phase. Our simple bilayer model might have relevance to the physics of doped Mott insulator interfaces and of the new four layer Ba2Ca3Cu4O8 compound. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Phys, Suwon 440746, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, CSCMR, Seoul 151747, South Korea. RP Ribeiro, TC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 76 IS 5 BP 891 EP 897 DI 10.1029/epl/i2006-10371-6 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 118KK UT WOS:000242941000023 ER PT J AU Bussmann-Holder, A Bishop, AR AF Bussmann-Holder, A. Bishop, A. R. TI Intrinsic inhomogeneity as origin of incomplete ferroelectricity SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-ISOTOPE EXCHANGE; STRONTIUM-TITANATE; PHASE-TRANSITION; SRTIO3; PEROVSKITE AB Strontium titanate is an incipient ferroelectric where the freezing of the soft polar mode is inhibited by quantum fluctuations (MULLER. K. A. and BURHARD H., Phys. Rev. B, 19 (1979) 3593). Exchanging O-16 by its isotope O-18 induces ferroelectricity at T-c = 25K (ITOH M., WANG R., INAGUMA Y., YAMAGUCHI T., SHAN Y. J. and NAKAMURA T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 82 (1999) 3540). This finding is unexpected and its origin remains nuclear since seemingly contradictory data have been obtained. Here we suggest that (SMO3)-O-18 (STO18) exhibits self-induced intrinsic inhomogencity due to optic - acoustic mode coupling, whereby dynamical clusters are formed with a lower symmetry than the embedding matrix. With decreasing temperature these clusters grow in size and volume fraction and remain present in the ferroelectric state leading to an incomplete ferroelectric ground state. The remaining lattice shows soft-mode behaviour. Since the length and time scales of the coexisting components differ considerably, experiments which test these scales can reach contradictory conclusions concerning the phase transition mechanism. C1 Max Planck Inst Solid State Res, D-70509 Stuttgart, Germany. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bussmann-Holder, A (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Solid State Res, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70509 Stuttgart, Germany. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 76 IS 5 BP 945 EP 951 DI 10.1209/epl/i2006-10369-0 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 118KK UT WOS:000242941000031 ER PT J AU Kairies, CL Schroeder, KT Cardone, CR AF Kairies, Candace L. Schroeder, Karl T. Cardone, Carol R. TI Mercury in gypsum produced from flue gas desulfurization SO FUEL LA English DT Article DE wallboard; synthetic gypsum; mercury immobilization ID FLY-ASH; DISPOSAL AB Wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from combustion gases can be effective in capturing oxidized mercury (Hg). Depending on the FGD process, a large portion of this Hg may be incorporated into the FGD slurry and its solid byproducts including synthetic gypsum, a material commonly used in the manufacturing of wallboard. The potential for atmospheric and groundwater releases of Hg arises during the manufacturing processes, during the preparation and use of the manufactured products, and eventually upon disposal of the wallboard or other products. In this paper, the fate and mobility of Hg in FGD products and process streams were investigated. Experimental approaches, including leaching studies and size separation techniques, were used to investigate products including FGD-outlet slurry and wallboard production line samples. Results of the experiments reported here indicate that, in a number of cases, Hg mobility is limited. Further, the agent responsible for the immobilization appears to be not the finer particles of gypsum itself but an iron-rich phase, such as iron coated clay minerals or iron oxide/hydroxide particles, probably introduced with the limestone used to form the SO2-capture reagent. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Kairies, CL (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, POB 10940,626 Cochrans Mill Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM candace.kairies@netl.doe.gov NR 29 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD DEC PY 2006 VL 85 IS 17-18 BP 2530 EP 2536 DI 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.027 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 104AX UT WOS:000241929400021 ER PT J AU Kutchko, BG Kim, AG AF Kutchko, Barbara G. Kim, Ann G. TI Fly ash characterization by SEM-EDS SO FUEL LA English DT Article DE SEM-EDS; coal by-products; fly ash ID SOLUBILITY; COAL AB A study conducted at the National Energy Technology Laboratory characterized twelve Class F fly ash samples from nine PC power plants in PA, WV, MD and TN, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Both the surface and internal structure of fly ash particles were analyzed. All of the fly ash samples were comprised mainly of amorphous alumino-silicate spheres and a smaller amount of iron-rich spheres. The majority of the iron-rich spheres had two components: iron oxide and amorphous alumino-silicate. Both materials were apparent on the particle surface, and cross-sections clearly showed that the iron oxide and aluminosilicate were mixed throughout the fly ash particles. Calcium, the fourth most abundant element in the fly ash, was associated with oxygen, sulfur or phosphorous, not with silicon or aluminum. The calcium-rich material was distinct in both elemental composition and texture from the amorphous alumino-silicate spheres. The elemental concentrations, as determined by EDS, were consistent with ICP-OES and X-ray diffraction data. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Kutchko, BG (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd,POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM barbara.kutchko@netl.doe.gov; ann.kim@netl.doe.gov NR 22 TC 166 Z9 172 U1 16 U2 65 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD DEC PY 2006 VL 85 IS 17-18 BP 2537 EP 2544 DI 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.05.016 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 104AX UT WOS:000241929400022 ER PT J AU O'Dowd, WJ Pennline, HW Freeman, MC Granite, EJ Hargis, RA Lacher, CJ Karash, A AF O'Dowd, William J. Pennline, Henry W. Freeman, Mark C. Granite, Evan J. Hargis, Richard A. Lacher, Clement J. Karash, Andrew TI A technique to control mercury from flue gas: The Thief Process SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mercury; flue gas; sorbent; activated carbon; Thief Process ID REMOVAL AB The Thief Process is a mercury removal process that may be applicable to a broad range of pulverized coal-fired combustion systems. This is one of several sorbent injection technologies under development by the U.S. Department of Energy for capturing mercury from coal-fired electric utility boilers. A unique feature of the Thief Process involves the production of a thermally activated sorbent in situ at the power plant. The sorbent is obtained by inserting a lance, or thief, into the combustor, in or near the flame, and extracting a mixture of partially combusted coal and gas. The partially combusted coal or sorbent has adsorptive properties suitable for the removal of vapor-phase mercury at flue gas temperatures that are typical downstream of a power plant preheater. One proposed scenario, similar to activated carbon injection (ACI), involves injecting the extracted sorbent into the downstream ductwork between the air preheater and the particulate collection device of the power plant. Initial laboratory-scale and pilot-scale testing, using an eastern bituminous coal, focused on the concept validation. Subsequent pilot-scale testing, using a Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, focused on the process development and optimization. The results of the experimental studies, as well as an independent experimental assessment, are detailed. In addition, the results of a preliminary economic analysis that documents the costs and the potential economic advantages of the Thief Process for mercury control are discussed. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP O'Dowd, WJ (reprint author), US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Ctr, POB 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. EM odowd@netl.doe.gov NR 26 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 87 IS 12 BP 1071 EP 1084 DI 10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.05.006 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 113XF UT WOS:000242630600004 ER PT J AU Winne, CT Hopkins, WA AF Winne, C. T. Hopkins, W. A. TI Influence of sex and reproductive condition on terrestrial and aquatic locomotor performance in the semi-aquatic snake Seminatrix pygaea SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cost of reproduction; crawling; relative clutch mass; swimming; trade-offs ID RELATIVE CLUTCH MASS; CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITING PESTICIDE; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; NERODIA-SIPEDON; GARTER SNAKE; BODY-SIZE; THAMNOPHIS ELEGANS; FORAGING MODE; GRAVID SNAKES; COST AB 1. Most life-history models assume a trade-off between reproductive investment and parental survival. Several studies have documented reproductive costs in terms of reduced locomotor performance in terrestrial habitats. However, few studies have determined the reproductive costs of pregnancy in aquatic environments, or compared pregnancy-induced locomotor costs among habitats. This knowledge gap is important because many organisms rely on multiple habitat types during pregnancy. 2. We compared sexual differences in maximum locomotor velocity and the relative impacts of pregnancy on locomotor performance in aquatic and terrestrial environments for a semi-aquatic snake (Seminatrix pygaea). In addition, because most life-history models predict a direct trade-off between reproductive investment and reproductive costs, we quantified the relationship between reproductive investment and postpartum increase in velocity for both habitat types. 3. Both males and non-pregnant females always swam faster than they crawled, but males were significantly faster for their size than were non-pregnant females. These results mirror sexual differences known to exist in other snakes, but differ in that the degree of sexual divergence in velocity does not vary with habitat for S. pygaea. 4. Pregnancy significantly reduced both crawling and swimming velocity. Moreover, pregnancy impaired crawling velocity significantly more than swimming velocity. The mean (+/- 1 SE) percentage increases in crawling and swimming velocity after parturition were 72.8 +/- 21.6 and 59.4 +/- 12.8%, respectively. There was a direct trade-off between reproductive investment and aquatic locomotor impairment: snakes that invested more in offspring experienced larger decreases in swimming velocity. However, evidence for such a trade-off in the terrestrial habitat was weaker. 5. Our results demonstrate that the cost of reproduction for semi-aquatic organisms may differ between aquatic and terrestrial habitats in complex ways. Swimming may be more effective than crawling for escaping predators during pregnancy, because swimming results in faster velocities and is less impaired by pregnancy However, the assumption of a direct trade-off between reproductive investment and locomotor impairment may be stronger for swimming performance compared with crawling performance. C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RP Winne, CT (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM winne@srel.edu NR 52 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1054 EP 1061 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01180.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 117TU UT WOS:000242897000016 ER PT J AU Nie, L Wu, G Zhang, WW AF Nie, Lei Wu, Gang Zhang, Weiwen TI Correlation of mRNA expression and protein abundance affected by multiple sequence features related to translational efficiency in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: A quantitative analysis SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SYNONYMOUS CODON CHOICE; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; STOP CODON; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; INITIATION CODON; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; PROKARYOTIC TRANSLATION AB The modest correlation between mRNA expression and protein abundance in large-scale data sets is explained in part by experimental challenges, such as technological limitations, and in part by fundamental biological factors in the transcription and translation processes. Among various factors affecting the mRNA-protein correlation, the roles of biological factors related to translation are poorly understood. In this study, using experimental mRNA expression and protein abundance data collected from Desulfovibrio vulgaris by DNA microarray and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomic analysis, we quantitatively examined the effects of several translational-efficiency-related sequence features on mRNA-protein correlation. Three classes of sequence features were investigated according to different translational stages: (i) initiation, Shine-Dalgarno sequences, start codon identity, and start codon context; (ii) elongation, codon usage and amino acid usage; and (iii) termination, stop codon identity and stop codon context. Surprisingly, although it is widely accepted that translation initiation is the rate-limiting step for translation, our results showed that the mRNA-protein correlation was affected the most by the features at elongation stages, i.e., codon usage and amino acid composition (5.3-15.7% and 5.8-11.9% of the total variation of mRNA-protein correlation, respectively), followed by stop codon context and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (3.7-5.1% and 1.9-3.8%, respectively). Taken together, all sequence features contributed to 15.2-26.2% of the total variation of mRNA-protein correlation. This study provides the first comprehensive quantitative analysis of the mRNA-protein correlation in bacterial D. vulgaris and adds new insights into the relative importance of various sequence features in prokaryotic protein translation. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Microbiol, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Biostat Bioinformat & Biomath, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Biol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Zhang, WW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Dept Microbiol, POB 999,Mail Stop P7-50, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM weiwen.zhang@pnl.gov NR 73 TC 118 Z9 122 U1 2 U2 12 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD DEC PY 2006 VL 174 IS 4 BP 2229 EP 2243 DI 10.1534/genetics.106.065862 PG 15 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123GN UT WOS:000243284500044 PM 17028312 ER PT J AU Doggett, NA Xie, G Meincke, LJ Sutherland, RD Mundt, MO Berbari, NS Davy, BE Robinson, ML Rudd, MK Weber, JL Stallings, RL Han, C AF Doggett, Norman A. Xie, Gary Meincke, Linda J. Sutherland, Robert D. Mundt, Mark O. Berbari, Nicolas S. Davy, Brian E. Robinson, Michael L. Rudd, M. Katharine Weber, James L. Stallings, Raymond L. Han, Cliff TI A 360-kb interchromosomal duplication of the human HYDIN locus SO GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE segmental duplication; interchromosomal duplication; gene duplication; HYDIN gene; human chromosome 16; human chromosome 1 ID X-LINKED HYDROCEPHALUS; CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS; HUMAN GENOME; SEGMENTAL DUPLICATIONS; MASA SYNDROME; GENE; DNA; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN; MUTATIONS AB The HYDIN gene located in human chromosome band 16q22.2 is a large gene encompassing 423 kb of genomic DNA that has been suggested as a candidate for an autosomal recessive form of congenital hydrocephalus. We have found that the human HYDIN locus has been very recently duplicated, with a nearly identical 360-kb paralogous segment inserted on chromosome 1q21.1. The duplication, among the largest interchromosomal segmental duplications described in humans, is not accounted for in the current human genome assembly and appears to be part of a greater than 550-kb contig that must lie within 1 of the 11 sequence gaps currently remaining in 1q21.1. Both copies of the HYDIN gene are expressed in alternatively spliced transcripts. Elucidation of the role of HYDIN in human disease susceptibility will require careful discrimination among the paralogous copies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, DOE Joint Genome Inst, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Ohio State Univ, Childrens Res Inst, Div Mol & Human Genet, Columbus, OH 43205 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Human Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Ctr Genet Med, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Childrens Canc Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. RP Doggett, NA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, DOE Joint Genome Inst, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM doggett@lanl.gov RI Stallings, Raymond/A-7213-2008; OI xie, gary/0000-0002-9176-924X NR 37 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0888-7543 J9 GENOMICS JI Genomics PD DEC PY 2006 VL 88 IS 6 BP 762 EP 771 DI 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.07.012 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 113KT UT WOS:000242597500012 PM 16938426 ER PT J AU Garten, CT Hanson, PJ AF Garten, Charles T., Jr. Hanson, Paul J. TI Measured forest soil C stocks and estimated turnover times along an elevation gradient SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE forests; soil C; soil N; turnover times; temperature; N availability; litter chemistry; mountainous terrain ID ORGANIC-MATTER; TEMPERATE FORESTS; CARBON ALLOCATION; DYNAMICS; DECOMPOSITION; RESPIRATION; PRODUCTIVITY; CLIMATE; STORAGE; CO2 AB The purpose of this research was to measure forest soil C stocks and estimate turnover times along a 1.3 km rise in elevation in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Turnover times were calculated based on estimated soil C inputs and near steady state soil C stocks in the O-horizon and the mineral soil to a 30-cm soil depth. Monte Carlo methods were used in the calculations to accommodate uncertainties in model parameterization. Measured mean stocks and calculated median turnover times of soil C ranged from 4.4 to 12.2 kg C m(-2) and 11 to 31 years, respectively. The predicted turnover times reflect a high proportion of labile soil C over the selected sampling depth. Both forest soil C stocks and the predicted turnover time of soil C increased with altitude. There were no consistent trends for stand basal area and forest soil C inputs along the elevation gradient suggesting that altitudinal changes in soil C stocks and turnover times could be attributed to different rates of soil organic matter decomposition. Soil respiration flux did not vary significantly with altitude, but soil respiration normalized for existing soil C stocks indicated decreasing rates of soil organic matter decomposition with increasing elevation. Measured soil N stocks and differences in O-horizon litter chemistry indicated increasing N availability from low-elevation to high-elevation forests. Soil C storage and turnover time increased from warmer, drier, less N-rich forests to colder, wetter, more N-rich forests. Considered together, these data support assumptions of a declining rate of soil organic matter decomposition with increasing elevation in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Representative characterization of long-term litter C inputs is one of the most challenging aspects of the present analysis. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Garten, CT (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM gartenctjr@ornl.gov RI Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011 OI Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561 NR 44 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 EI 1872-6259 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD DEC PY 2006 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 342 EP 352 DI 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.03.049 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 116XQ UT WOS:000242837500030 ER PT J AU Commer, M Helwig, SL Hordt, A Scholl, C Tezkan, B AF Commer, Michael Helwig, Stefan L. Hoerdt, Andreas Scholl, Carsten Tezkan, Buelent TI New results on the resistivity structure of Merapi Volcano (Indonesia), derived from three-dimensional restricted inversion of long-offset transient electromagnetic data SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Merapi volcano; 3-D least squares inversion; transient electromagnetic fields ID CENTRAL JAVA; TIME-DOMAIN; GEOPHYSICAL DATA; EQUATIONS; SOUNDINGS; ERUPTION; GERMANY; SUMMIT; AREA AB Three long-offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) surveys were carried out at the active volcano Merapi in Central Java (Indonesia) during the years 1998, 2000 and 2001. The measurements focused on the general resistivity structure of the volcanic edifice at depths of 0.5-2 km and the further investigation of a southside anomaly. The measurements were insufficient for a full 3-D inversion scheme, which could enable the imaging of finely discretized resistivity distributions. Therefore, a stable, damped least-squares joint-inversion approach is used to optimize 3-D models with a limited number of parameters. The models feature the realistic simulation of topography, a layered background structure, and additional coarse 3-D blocks representing conductivity anomalies. 28 LOTEM transients, comprising both horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic induction time derivative, were analysed. In view of the few unknowns, we were able to achieve reasonable data fits. The inversion results indicate an upwelling conductor below the summit, suggesting hydrothermal activity in the central volcanic complex. A shallow conductor due to a magma-filled chamber, at depths down to 1 km below the summit, suggested by earlier seismic studies, is not indicated by the inversion results. In conjunction with an anomalous-density model, derived from a recent gravity study, our inversion results provide information about the southern geological structure resulting from a major sector collapse during the Middle Merapi period, approximately 14 000 to 2200 yr BP. The density model allows to assess a porosity range and thus an estimated vertical salinity profile to explain the high conductivities on a larger scale, extending beyond the foothills of the volcano. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, D-5000 Cologne, Germany. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Commer, M (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA USA. EM mcommer@lbl.gov RI Helwig, Stefan/C-8023-2011; Commer, Michael/G-3350-2015 OI Commer, Michael/0000-0003-0015-9217 NR 51 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 167 IS 3 BP 1172 EP 1187 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03182.x PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 114JD UT WOS:000242661600012 ER PT J AU Molina, A Shaddix, CR Blevins, LG Walsh, PM Neufeld, JW AF Molina, Alejandro Shaddix, Christopher R. Blevins, Linda G. Walsh, Peter M. Neufeld, John W. TI Effect of furnace operating conditions on alkali vaporization, batch carryover, and the formation of SO2 and NO in an oxy-fuel fired container glass furnace SO GLASS TECHNOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART A LA English DT Article ID INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LIME-SILICA GLASS; MELTING FURNACES; SODIUM VAPORIZATION; WATER-VAPOR; CORROSION; SUPERSTRUCTURE; TEMPERATURE; EMISSIONS; BRICK AB Oxygen-fuel fired glass melting furnaces have successfully reduced NO, and particulate emissions and improved the furnace energy efficiency relative to the more conventional air-fuel fired technology. However, full optimisation of the oxygen/fuel approach (particularly with respect to crown refractory corrosion) is unlikely to be achieved until there is improved understanding of the effects of furnace operating conditions on alkali vaporization, batch carry over, and the formation of gaseous air pollutants; in operating furnaces. In this investigation, continuous online measurements of alkali concentration (by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) were coupled with measurements of the flue gas composition in the exhaust of an oxygen/natural gas fired container glass furnace. The burner stoichiometry was purposefully varied while maintaining normal glass production. The data demonstrate that alkali vaporization and SO2 release increase as the oxygen concentration in the exhaust decreases. NOx emissions showed a direct correlation with the flow rate of infiltrated air into the combustion space. The extent of batch carryover was primarily affected by variations in the furnace differential pressure. The furnace temperature did not vary significantly during the measurement campaign, so no clear correlation could be obtained between the available measurements of furnace temperature and alkali vaporization. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Mech Engn, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Gallo Glass Co, Modesto, CA 95353 USA. RP Shaddix, CR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 969,MS 9052, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM crshadd@sandia.gov NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC GLASS TECHNOLOGY PI SHEFFIELD PA UNIT 9, TWELVE O CLOCK COURT, 21 ATTERCLIFFE RD, SHEFFIELD S4 7WW, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0017-1050 J9 GLASS TECHNOL-PART A JI Glass Technol.-Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. Part A PD DEC PY 2006 VL 47 IS 6 BP 177 EP 187 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 150IH UT WOS:000245208800005 ER PT J AU Elmore, K AF Elmore, Kim TI The migratory experiences of people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA) in Wilmington, North Carolina SO HEALTH & PLACE LA English DT Article DE migration; experiences with HIV/AIDS; qualitative ID AIDS; HIV; MOBILITY AB People with a serious illness such as HIV/AIDS may migrate in order to receive support from family and friends and/or better health care. In this paper, I examine the experiences of people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA) that are initial and return migrants to Wilmington, North Carolina. For the study this paper is based upon, I conducted 63 interviews of service providers, PWHA and community members in Wilmington, North Carolina. Qualitative data analysis reveals that for return migrants, migration networks made the move and getting 'into the system' easier while initial migrants struggled through the relocation process and often moved for reasons unrelated to family or friends in the area. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ORISE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Elmore, K (reprint author), ORISE, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Ms E-60, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM kelmore@cdc.gov NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-8292 J9 HEALTH PLACE JI Health Place PD DEC PY 2006 VL 12 IS 4 BP 570 EP 579 DI 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.009 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 067EI UT WOS:000239284100018 PM 16168702 ER PT J AU Das, SK Choi, SUS Patel, HE AF Das, Sarit Kumar Choi, Stephen U. S. Patel, Hrishikesh E. TI Heat transfer in Nanofluids - A review SO HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING LA English DT Review ID EFFECTIVE THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; NANOPARTICLE-FLUID MIXTURE; CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES; TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT; BROWNIAN-MOTION; AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS; MODEL; PARTICLES; POOL; FLOW AB Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids, called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The enhanced thermal conductivity of these fluids with small-particle concentration was surprising and could not be explained by existing theories. Micrometer-sized particle-fluid suspensions exhibit no such dramatic enhancement. This difference has led to studies of other modes of heat transfer and efforts to develop a comprehensive theory. This article presents an exhaustive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments. The review and suggestions could be useful because the literature in this area is spread over a wide range of disciplines, including heat transfer, material science, physics, chemical engineering and synthetic chemistry. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Mech Engn, Heat Transfer & Thermal Power Lab, Madras 600036, Tamil Nadu, India. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Das, SK (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Mech Engn, Heat Transfer & Thermal Power Lab, Madras 600036, Tamil Nadu, India. EM sarit_das@hotmail.com NR 102 TC 385 Z9 394 U1 5 U2 74 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0145-7632 EI 1521-0537 J9 HEAT TRANSFER ENG JI Heat Transf. Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 27 IS 10 BP 3 EP 19 DI 10.1080/01457630600904593 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 087NV UT WOS:000240750000002 ER PT J AU Waldron, JL Lanham, JD Bennett, SH AF Waldron, Jayme L. Lanham, Joseph D. Bennett, Stephen H. TI Using behaviorally-based seasons to investigate canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) movement patterns and habitat selection SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Crotalus horridus; habitat partitioning; habitat selection; movement; rattlesnake; snake behavior ID HOME RANGE SIZE; TIMBER RATTLESNAKE; PINE BARRENS; SNAKE AB Both abiotic factors and behavioral patterns may influence snake activity. However, other than reproductive activities, behavioral patterns have rarely been incorporated into studies of snake habitat selection. We investigated seasonal differences in canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) movement patterns and habitat selection. We modeled habitat selection in two ways, with and without regard to behaviorally-based seasons, and compared the two models to determine which yielded the most informative results. Behaviorally-based seasons (foraging, breeding, and hibernation) were determined from field observations of study animals. Habitat selection was modeled as habitat use versus availability using a case control sampling design for males and nongravid females using logistic regression. Males had significantly larger home ranges, moved more often, and traveled greater distances between successive locations during the breeding season as compared to nongravid females. The male no-season habitat model lacked significance, and the nongravid female no-season model revealed a positive association with pine savannas. When behaviorally-based seasons were included in the models, both sexes showed distinct seasonal variation in habitat selection, with males and nongravid females using similar habitat for breeding and hibernation, but partitioning habitat during the foraging season. Our results indicate that behaviorally-based seasons provide important details about intraspecific canebrake rattlesnake habitat selection and movement patterns, and that future research should benefit from the inclusion of snake behavior in habitat studies. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. RP Waldron, JL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM waldron@srel.edu NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 16 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD DEC PY 2006 VL 62 IS 4 BP 389 EP 398 DI 10.1655/0018-0831(2006)62[389:UBSTIC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 123YA UT WOS:000243331800005 ER PT J AU Zlotin, SG Kislitsin, PG Kucherov, FA Serebryakov, EA Strelenko, YA Gakh, AA AF Zlotin, Sergei G. Kislitsin, Pavel G. Kucherov, Fedor A. Serebryakov, Evgeny A. Strelenko, Yury A. Gakh, Andrei A. TI Synthetic utilization of polynitro aromatic compounds. 5. Multi-centered reactivity pattern in reactions of 4,6-dinitro-1,2-benzisothiazoles and -isothiazol-3(2H)-ones with C-, N-, O-, S-, and F-nucleophiles SO HETEROCYCLES LA English DT Article ID HIV NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; ZINC FINGERS; INHIBITORS; BENZISOTHIAZOLONES; DERIVATIVES; PHASE AB Reactions of 4,6-dinitro-1,2-benzisothiazoles, -isothiazol-3(2H)-ones, and -isothiazol-3(2H)-one-1-oxides with C-, N-, O-, S-, and F-nucleophiles give products of aromatic nucleophilic substitution of one or two nitro groups, "vicarious" substitution of the hydrogen atom H-7, or heterocyclic S-N bond cleavage depending on the structure of the starting compound and the nature of the nucleophile. These reactions provide a new synthetic approach to a family of biologically active benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones based on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). C1 Russian Acad Sci, ND Zelinskii Organ Chem Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zlotin, SG (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, ND Zelinskii Organ Chem Inst, Leninsky Prosp 47, Moscow 119991, Russia. EM zlotin@ioc.ac.ru; gakhaa@ornl.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0385-5414 J9 HETEROCYCLES JI Heterocycles PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 68 IS 12 BP 2483 EP 2498 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 123IH UT WOS:000243289100004 ER PT J AU Che, XL Zhu, SJ Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Hwang, JK Rasmussen, JO Luo, YX Chen, YJ Li, ML Ding, HB AF Che Xing-Lai Zhu Sheng-Jiang Hamilton, J. H. Ramayya, A. V. Hwang, J. K. Rasmussen, J. O. Luo, Y. X. Chen Yong-Jing Li Ming-Liang Ding Huai-Bo TI High spin band structure in Ru-112 SO HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS-CHINESE EDITION LA Chinese DT Article DE nuclear structure; quasiparticle band; gamma-vibrational band; spontaneous fission ID COLLECTIVE BANDS; NEUTRON; NUCLEUS; ISOTOPES AB Through measuring high-fold prompt gamma-ray coincidence events following the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array, new level scheme in the very neutron-rich Ru-112 nucleus has been established. The ground-state band and the one-phonon gamma-vibrational band have been confirmed and extended with spin up to 16h and 15h, respectively. The other two side bands, one proposed as two-phonon gamma-vibrational band and another proposed as two-quasiparticle band, have been identified for the first time. From cranked shell model calculations, Ru-112 nucleus may have triaxial deformation with parameters beta(2) similar to 0.27, gamma similar to -29 degrees and the band crossing in the yrast band is due to the alignment of two h(11/2) neutrons. The characteristics for the quasiparticle band and gamma-vibrational bands have also been discussed. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Che, XL (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM chexl02@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0254-3052 J9 HIGH ENERG PHYS NUC JI High Energy Phys. Nucl. Phys.-Chin. Ed. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 30 SU 2 BP 154 EP 156 PG 3 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 125DR UT WOS:000243422700041 ER PT J AU Ding, HB Zhu, SJ Hamilton, JH Ramayya, AV Hwang, JK Luo, YX Rasmussen, JO Lee, IY Che, XL Chen, YJ Li, ML AF Ding Huai-Bo Zhu Sheng-Jiang Hamilton, J. H. Ramayya, A. V. Hwang, J. K. Luo, Y. X. Rasmussen, J. O. Lee, I. Y. Che Xing-Lai Chen Yong-Jing Li Ming-Liang TI Identification of the collective bands based on the single neutron orbitals in neutron-rich Mo-105 nucleus SO HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS-CHINESE EDITION LA Chinese DT Article DE neutron-rich nucleus; spontaneous fission; single-neutron excitation band ID ROTATIONAL BANDS AB High-spin band structures in neutron-rich Mo-105 nucleus have been investigated by measuring prompt gamma-rays emitted by the spontaneous fission fragments of Cf-252 with the Gammasphere detector array. The yrast band has been confirmed and updated. The other three new collective bands are observed and they are proposed as the single-neutron excitation bands built on the 3/2(+)[411], 1/2(+) [411] and 5/2(+) [413] Nilsson orbitals, respectively. The characters of these bands are discussed. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ding, HB (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM dhb04@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0254-3052 J9 HIGH ENERG PHYS NUC JI High Energy Phys. Nucl. Phys.-Chin. Ed. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 30 SU 2 BP 172 EP 174 PG 3 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 125DR UT WOS:000243422700047 ER PT J AU Smith, MS AF Smith, Michael S. TI Nuclear structure aspects in nuclear astrophysics SO HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS-CHINESE EDITION LA English DT Article DE nuclear astrophysics; nucleosynthesis; radioactive beam; reaction rates; supernova ID R-PROCESS; REACTION-RATES; NEUTRON-STARS; RAY-BURSTS; NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AB Nuclear structure information plays an extremely important role in studies of the evolution and explosion of stars and the cosmic synthesis of the elements. Properties of nuclear ground states (e.g., masses, lifetimes, decay branches) and low-lying resonances (excitation energies, spins, parities, decay widths, spectroscopic factors), especially on unstable nuclei, can quantitatively and qualitatively change predictions of astrophysical simulations. The location of the particle driplines and shell structure far from stability also strongly influence our astrophysical predictions. A number of examples of the dramatic impact that new nuclear structure information has on simulations of nova explosions, X-ray bursts, and core collapse supernovae are given. Some of these are results of recent measurements with radioactive F-18, Ge-82, and Se-84 beams at ORNL's Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility. A new suite of software tools to help determine the astrophysical impact of nuclear physics studies will also be presented. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Smith, MS (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM msmith@mail.phy.ornl.gov NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0254-3052 J9 HIGH ENERG PHYS NUC JI High Energy Phys. Nucl. Phys.-Chin. Ed. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 30 SU 2 BP 214 EP 218 PG 5 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 125DR UT WOS:000243422700061 ER PT J AU Tang, JY Qiu, J Wang, S Wei, J AF Tang, Jing-Yu Qiu, Jing Wang, Sheng Wei, Jie TI Physics design and study of the BSNS RCS injection system SO HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS-CHINESE EDITION LA English DT Article DE rapid cycling synchrotron; H- stripping injection; phase space painting; space charge effects; ORBIT code AB With the Beijing Spallation Neutron Source (BSNS) accelerator in design, intense H- beams are first accelerated by the linac and then injected in the rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) for accumulation and further acceleration. The injection system uses H- stripping and phase space painting method to fill the large ring acceptance wit h the linac beam of small emittance. The method is crucial to maintain low beam loss rate during the accumulation and initial acceleration. Different from the injection design of similar high-intensity accelerators in the world, the BSNS ring injection is accomplished by magnetic elements that are completely contained in a 9 meter-long uninterrupted space of near-zero dispersion. With the accumulated 1.9 x 10(13) particles, space charge effects play a very important role. The 3D simulations including space charge effects have been carried out to optimize the injection design. This paper presents the physics design, computer simulation results and design optimization of the injection system. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Tang, JY (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. EM tangjy@ihep.ac.cn RI tang, jingyu/B-1022-2008 NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0254-3052 J9 HIGH ENERG PHYS NUC JI High Energy Phys. Nucl. Phys.-Chin. Ed. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1184 EP 1189 PG 6 WC Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 110YL UT WOS:000242417100007 ER PT J AU Sidorov, VA Ekimov, EA Rakhmanina, AV Stishov, SM Mel'nik, NN Bauer, ED Thompson, JD AF Sidorov, V. A. Ekimov, E. A. Rakhmanina, A. V. Stishov, S. M. Mel'nik, N. N. Bauer, E. D. Thompson, J. D. TI Superconductivity in boron-doped diamond, synthesized at high pressure SO HIGH PRESSURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual Meeting of the European-High-Pressure-Research-Group Meeting (EHPRG 44) CY SEP 04-08, 2006 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP European High Pressure Res Grp DE superconductivity; diamond; boron; pressure; tunneling ID POLYCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND; THIN-FILMS AB Diamonds, synthesized at high pressures and high temperatures in the presence of boron, are superconductors below T-c = 2-6 K. Synthesis in the systems boron-graphite and B4C-graphite at P = 9 GPa and T = 2500-2800 K results in formation of polycrystalline carbonado-like diamonds. Synthesis by decomposition of orthocarborane or naphthalene (with addition of boron) gives small single crystals and intergrowth plates. Dense superconducting bodies can be prepared by compacting these single crystal particles at P = 8 GPa and T = 1800 K. The dependence of the characteristic Raman mode frequency of diamond on unit cell volume points to softening of the optical phonon upon boron doping. These observations, together with tunneling measurements on pressure-synthesized samples, are consistent with a BCS-like phonon-assisted mechanism for superconductivity in diamond. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Vereshchagin Inst High Pressure Phys, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sidorov, VA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Vereshchagin Inst High Pressure Phys, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. EM sidorov@hppi.troitsk.ru RI Bauer, Eric/D-7212-2011; Melnik, Nikolay/E-5666-2014; OI Melnik, Nikolay/0000-0002-7058-0333; Bauer, Eric/0000-0003-0017-1937 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0895-7959 J9 HIGH PRESSURE RES JI High Pressure Res. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 26 IS 4 BP 455 EP 459 DI 10.1080/08957950601102785 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 132KX UT WOS:000243942800029 ER PT J AU Anderson, JW Lee, RF AF Anderson, Jack W. Lee, Richard F. TI Use of biomarkers in oil spill risk assessment in the marine environment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Review DE biomarkers; oil; spill; cytochrome P450; bile; aromatic; hydrocarbons ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FLOUNDER PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASE; XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING ENZYMES; PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA L; NATURAL PETROLEUM SEEP; MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; DNA ADDUCT FORMATION AB Numerous molecular, cellular, and physiological biomarkers have been used to assess the responses of marine animals to petroleum compounds. To be used in ecological risk assessment after an oil spill, a biomarker response needs to be linked to petroleum exposure and not strongly influenced by internal and external confounding factors. Biomarker responses to petroleum PAH, dominated by alklated two-and three-ringed aromatics, can be quite different than responses to pyrogenic PAH, dominated by four-and five-ringed aromatics. In many field sites there is a mixture of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH, along with other contaminants, making it difficult to relate biomarker responses to a particular contaminant class. Biomarkers used to assess marine animal responses in the field include the cytochrome P450 system, heat stress protein, histopathology, and bile fluorescent compounds (FAC). Other biomarkers, including DNA/chromosomal damage and phase 2 enzymes, have been shown to respond after laboratory exposure, but more work needs to be done to demonstrate their usefulness in the field. One of the most useful biomarkers of petroleum exposure are the FAC responses in fish, which can be used to distinguish between petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH exposure. Few of the presently used biomarkers are linked to higher order biological effects, e.g. toxicity, reproductive failure. C1 Battelle Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA USA. RP Anderson, JW (reprint author), Battelle Marine Sci Lab, 1529 Sequim Bay Rd, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. EM jw.anderson@pnl.gov NR 153 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 28 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 12 IS 6 BP 1192 EP 1222 DI 10.1080/10807030600976600 PG 31 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 100DG UT WOS:000241647000008 ER PT J AU Liu, HH Bodvarsson, GS Dane, JH AF Liu, Hui-Hai Bodvarsson, G. S. Dane, J. H. TI Temperature dependence of large-scale water-retention curves: a case study SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE unsaturated zone; thermal conditions; scale effects; general hydrogeology; Yucca Mountain ID FRACTIONAL GAUSSIAN-NOISE; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL; FLOW; MOVEMENT AB A local-scale model for temperature-dependence of water-retention curves may be applicable to large scales. Consideration of this temperature dependence is important for modeling unsaturated flow and transport in the subsurface in numerous cases. Although significant progress has been made in understanding and modeling this temperature effect, almost all the previous studies have been limited to small scales (on the order of several centimeters). Numerical experiments were used to investigate the possibility of extending a local-scale model for the temperature-dependence of water retention curves to large scales (on the order of meters). Temperature effects on large-scale hydraulic properties are of interest in many practical applications. Numerical experiment results indicate that the local-scale model can indeed be applicable to large-scale problems for special porous media with high air entry values. A typical porous medium of this kind is the porous tuff matrix in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the proposed geologic disposal site for national high-level nuclear wastes. Whether this finding can approximately hold for general cases needs to be investigated in future studies. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Liu, HH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM hhliu@lbl.gov NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 14 IS 8 BP 1403 EP 1408 DI 10.1007/s10040-006-0054-z PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 109QX UT WOS:000242324700002 ER PT J AU Zhang, K Wu, YS Houseworth, JE AF Zhang, Keni Wu, Yu-Shu Houseworth, James E. TI Sensitivity analysis of hydrological parameters in modeling flow and transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE unsaturated zone; fractured rocks; numerical modeling; hydraulic properties; Yucca Mountain ID 3-D SITE-SCALE; FRACTURED ROCKS; SIMULATION; FLUID AB The unsaturated fractured volcanic deposits at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, USA, have been intensively investigated as a possible repository site for storing high-level radioactive waste. Field studies at the site have revealed that there exist large variabilities in hydrological parameters over the spatial domain of the mountain. Systematic analyses of hydrological parameters using a site-scale three-dimensional unsaturated zone (UZ) flow model have been undertaken. The main objective of the sensitivity analyses was to evaluate the effects of uncertainties in hydrologic parameters on modeled UZ flow and contaminant transport results. Sensitivity analyses were carried out relative to fracture and matrix permeability and capillary strength (van Genuchten a) through variation of these parameter values by one standard deviation from the base-case values. The parameter variation resulted in eight parameter sets. Modeling results for the eight UZ flow sensitivity cases have been compared with field observed data and simulation results from the base-case model. The effects of parameter uncertainties on the flow fields were evaluated through comparison of results for flow and transport. In general, this study shows that uncertainties in matrix parameters cause larger uncertainty in simulated moisture flux than corresponding uncertainties in fracture properties for unsaturated flow through heterogeneous fractured rock. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zhang, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM kzhang@lbl.gov RI Wu, Yu-Shu/A-5800-2011; Houseworth, James/D-8749-2015 NR 36 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 14 IS 8 BP 1599 EP 1619 DI 10.1007/s10040-006-0055-y PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 109QX UT WOS:000242324700016 ER PT J AU Wong, MH de Pater, I Showalter, MR Roe, HG Macintosh, B Verbanac, G AF Wong, Michael H. de Pater, Irake Showalter, Mark R. Roe, Henry G. Macintosh, Bruce Verbanac, Giuli TI Ground-based near infrared spectroscopy of Jupiter's ring and moons SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE planetary rings; Jupiter; infrared observations; spectroscopy; Jupiter; satellites ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ICY GALILEAN SATELLITES; JOVIAN RING; MU-M; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; STANDARD STARS; WATER-ICE; SYSTEM; SPECTRA; PHOTOMETRY AB The backscattered reflectivity of Jupiter's ring has been previously measured over distinct visible and near infrared wavelength bands by a number of ground-based and spaceborne instruments. We present spectra of Jupiter's main ring from 2.21-2.46 mu m taken with the NIRSPEC spectrometer at the W.M. Keck observatory. At these wavelengths, scattered light from Jupiter is minimal due to the strong absorption of methane in the planet's atmosphere. We find an overall flat spectral slope over this wavelength interval, except for a possible red slope shortward of 2.25 mu m. We extended the spectral coverage of the ring to shorter wavelengths by adding a narrow-band image at 1.64 mu m, and show results from 2.27-mu m images over phase angles of 1.2 degrees-11.0 degrees. Our images at 1.64 and 2.27 mu m reveal that the halo contribution is stronger at the shorter wavelength, possibly due to the redder spectrum of the ring parent bodies as compared with the halo dust component. We find no variation in main ring reflectivity over the 1.2 degrees-11.0 degrees phase angle range at 2.27 mu m. We use adaptive optics imaging at the longer wavelength L ' band (3.4-4.1 mu m) to determine a 2-sigma upper limit of 22 m of vertically-integrated I/F. Our observing campaign also produced an L ' image of Callisto, showing a darker leading hemisphere, and a spectrum of Amalthea over the 2.2-2.5 and 2.85-3.03 mu m ranges, showing deep 3-mu m absorption. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Zagreb, Fac Sci, Zagreb 1000, Croatia. RP Wong, MH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mikewong@astro.berkeley.edu; imke@berkeley.edu; mshowalter@seti.org; hroe@gps.caltech.edu; bmac@igpp.ucllnl.org; verbanac@irb.hr NR 63 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD DEC PY 2006 VL 185 IS 2 BP 403 EP 415 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.07.007 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125MP UT WOS:000243446300007 ER PT J AU Bokolamulla, D Hansson, AA Aulin, TM AF Bokolamulla, D. Hansson, A. A. Aulin, T. M. TI Low-complexity iterative detection based on limited bi-directional search SO IEE PROCEEDINGS-COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID STATE SEQUENCE ESTIMATION; INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE; CONVOLUTIONAL-CODES; DECISION-FEEDBACK; ALGORITHM AB A new reduced-complexity iterative decoding algorithm is introduced. The algorithm approximates a posteriori probabilities by using a set of highly probable sequences, found in a limited bi-directional search. To assess the performance, numerical results for serially concatenated convolutional codes, transmitted over an intersymbol interference channel, disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise are presented. A substantial reduction in complexity is achieved with a performance degradation around 0.25dB, as demonstrated by bit error rate performance and convergence behaviour. C1 STMicroelect, Bristol BS32 4SQ, Avon, England. Chalmers, Dept Comp Engn, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Bokolamulla, D (reprint author), STMicroelect, 1000 Aztec W, Bristol BS32 4SQ, Avon, England. EM dhammika@ce.chalmers.se NR 17 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INSTITUTION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 1350-2425 J9 IEE P-COMMUN JI IEE Proc.-Commun. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 153 IS 6 BP 933 EP 938 DI 10.1049/ip-com:20050600 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 119AJ UT WOS:000242984300020 ER PT J AU Kohler, E Li, JY Paxson, V Shenker, S AF Kohler, Eddie Li, Jinyang Paxson, Vern Shenker, Scott TI Observed structure of addresses in IP traffic SO IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING LA English DT Article DE address space; address structures; multifractals; network measurement AB We investigate the structure of addresses contained in IPv4 traffic-specifically, the structural characteristics of destination IP addresses seen on Internet links, considered as a subset of the address space. These characteristics have implications for algorithms that deal with IP address aggregates, such as routing lookups and aggregate-based congestion control. Several example address structures are well modeled by multifractal Cantor-like sets with two parameters. This model may be useful for simulations; where realistic IP addresses are preferred. We also develop concise characterizations of address structures, including active aggregate counts and discriminating prefixes. Our structural characterizations are stable over short time scales at a given site, and different sites have visibly different characterizations, so that the characterizations make useful "fingerprints" of the traffic seen at a site. Also, changing traffic conditions, such as worm propagation, significantly alter these fingerprints. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NYU, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10012 USA. Int Comp Sci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kohler, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM kohler@cs.ucla.edu NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1063-6692 EI 1558-2566 J9 IEEE ACM T NETWORK JI IEEE-ACM Trans. Netw. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1207 EP 1218 DI 10.1109/TNET.2006.886288 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 119VB UT WOS:000243041200005 ER PT J AU Miller, EK AF Miller, Edmund K. TI The differentiated on-surface Poynting vector as a measure of radiation loss from wires SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic fields; electromagnetic radiation; Poynting vector; antenna radiation patterns; antenna theory; wire antennas; wire scatterers; power flow ID FIELD AB This article explores use of the on-surface Poynting vector to investigate the power flow at the surface of various thin wires, excited as antennas or scatterers. By differentiating the axial Poynting vector at the wire's surface, the rate of change of power flow in the current and charge along a perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) wire can be determined. The idea being explored is to see if a change in axial power flow can reveal anything about possible power loss due to radiation. The results from the differentiated Poynting vector are normalized with those obtained from an approach developed by the author called FARS (Far-field Analysis of Radiation Sources). Two antenna-excitation models are investigated for a straight-wire dipole: the usual tangential E-field model, and a two-wire transmission-line feed. Comparison of FARS and the differentiated Poynting vector results for a 10-wavelength dipole shows them to agree to within 10% relative to end peaks in the distribution of spatial radiation, except in the vicinity of the antenna's feed point. Both also show that radiation occurs not only near the feed point and ends of the antenna, but is distributed along its length, being associated with maxima of the current standing wave. Results presented for antennas such as a bent-wire dipole, circular and square loops, and for a straight-wire scatterer demonstrated the effects of shape and excitation on the distributed radiation. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lincoln, CA 95648 USA. RP Miller, EK (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, 597 Rustic Ranch Lane, Lincoln, CA 95648 USA. EM e.miller@ieee.org NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1045-9243 EI 1558-4143 J9 IEEE ANTENN PROPAG M JI IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 48 IS 6 BP 21 EP 32 DI 10.1109/MAP.2006.323341 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 143TO UT WOS:000244748200006 ER PT J AU Wolfrum, EJ Meglen, RM Peterson, D Sluiter, J AF Wolfrum, Edward J. Meglen, Robert M. Peterson, Darren Sluiter, Justin TI Calibration transfer among sensor arrays designed for monitoring volatile organic compounds in indoor air quality SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE calibration; gas detectors; multisensor systems; statistics AB Sensor arrays were constructed using commercially available heated tin oxide sensors (Figaro TGS2602) and exposed to a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air streams at concentration levels in the range of 0.01-0.30 ppm, which is a range typical of indoor air quality studies. Partial least squares calibration models were developed using steady-state sensor array responses. These calibration models were used to detect, differentiate, and quantify different VOCs. The authors were able to successfully transfer single-component calibrations by sorting the sensors in each array by sensitivity prior to transfer. Future work will explore multicomponent calibration transfer. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Natl Bioenergy Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Latent Struct LLC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wolfrum, EJ (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Natl Bioenergy Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM ed_wolfrum@nrel.gov; bmeglen@comcast.net; darren_peterson@nrel.gov; justin_sluiter@nrel.gov OI Wolfrum, Edward/0000-0002-7361-8931 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 6 IS 6 BP 1638 EP 1643 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2006.884558 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 110OY UT WOS:000242389400039 ER PT J AU Rodenbeck, CT AF Rodenbeck, Christopher T. TI Planar miniature RFID antennas suitable for integration with batteries SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE batteries; electrically small antennas; radio-frequency identification (RFID); UHF antennas ID WIRE ANTENNAS; DESIGN AB A class of planar, electrically-small UHF antennas suitable for direct integration with electronic components such as batteries is introduced. The new design approach combines a meander line section and a capacitive strip section. The geometries of the two sections can together be scaled in size over a wide range of planar form factors while still maintaining self-resonance and practically realizable line widths and spacings. No external matching network is required. Moreover, batteries can be mounted above or below the capacitive strip section, significantly reducing the total size of a wireless device. Three designs are demonstrated on printed circuit board at 433 MHz. Measurements show that the antennas provide good gain and excellent bandwidth, omnidirectional radiation patterns, and electrically small size. The results of this work have numerous uses in radiofrequency identification (RFID). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Rodenbeck, CT (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM ctroden@sandia.gov RI Rodenbeck, Christopher/A-8937-2009 NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 BP 3700 EP 3706 DI 10.1109/TAP.2006.886503 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 116PM UT WOS:000242814800022 ER PT J AU Krstic, M Bement, M AF Krstic, Miroslav Bement, Matt TI Nonovershooting control of strict-feedback nonlinear systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL LA English DT Article DE backstepping; nonovershooting control ID STEP-RESPONSE AB A means of obtaining a nonovershooting output tracking response for single-input-single-output (SISO) strict-feedback nonlinear systems is introduced. With the proposed method, arbitrary reference trajectories can be tracked "from below" for arbitrary initial conditions (as long as the initial value of the plant output is strictly below the initial value of the reference trajectory). In addition, a design is presented for "approximately" nonovershooting control in the presence of disturbances, where the amount of overshoot can be made arbitrarily small by appropriately choosing the control gains. Finally, an output-feedback example shows the ability of our approach to ensure arbitrarily small overshoot, where the overshoot is caused by the initial condition of the unmeasured part of the state. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Krstic, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM krstic@ucsd.edu OI Bement, Matthew/0000-0003-3577-3292 NR 10 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9286 J9 IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR JI IEEE Trans. Autom. Control PD DEC PY 2006 VL 51 IS 12 BP 1938 EP 1943 DI 10.1109/TAC.2006.886518 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA 119VN UT WOS:000243042500006 ER PT J AU Frachtenberg, E Petrini, F Fernandez, J Pakin, S AF Frachtenberg, Eitan Petrini, Fabrizio Fernandez, Juan Pakin, Scott TI STORM: Scalable resource management for large-scale parallel computers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS LA English DT Article DE hardware/software interface; system architectures; integration; modeling; network operating systems; supercomputers ID NETWORK AB Although clusters are a popular form of high-performance computing, they remain more difficult to manage than sequential systems - or even symmetric multiprocessors. In this paper, we identify a small set of primitive mechanisms that are sufficiently general to be used as building blocks to solve a variety of resource-management problems. We then present STORM, a resource-management environment that embodies these mechanisms in a scalable, low-overhead, and efficient implementation. The key innovation behind STORM is a modular software architecture that reduces all resource management functionality to a small number of highly scalable mechanisms. These mechanisms simplify the integration of resource management with low-level network features. As a result of this design, STORM can launch large, parallel applications an order of magnitude faster than the best time reported in the literature and can gang-schedule a parallel application as fast as the node OS can schedule a sequential application. This paper describes the mechanisms and algorithms behind STORM and presents a detailed performance model that shows that STORM's performance can scale to thousands of nodes. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Modeling Algorithms & Informat Grp CCS3, Comp & Computat Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Appl Comp Sci Grp, Domputat & Math Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Murcia, Fac Informat, Dept Ingn & Tecnol Computadores, E-30071 Murcia, Spain. RP Frachtenberg, E (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Modeling Algorithms & Informat Grp CCS3, Comp & Computat Sci Div, MS B256,POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM etcs@cs.huji.ac.il; fabrizio.petrini@pnl.gov; juanf@ditec.um.es; pakin@lanl.gov OI Pakin, Scott/0000-0002-5220-1985 NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9340 J9 IEEE T COMPUT JI IEEE Trans. Comput. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 55 IS 12 BP 1572 EP 1587 DI 10.1109/TC.2006.206 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 096YJ UT WOS:000241412500008 ER PT J AU Veress, AI Segars, WP Weiss, JA Tsui, BMW Gullberg, GT AF Veress, Alexander I. Segars, W. Paul Weiss, Jeffrey A. Tsui, Benjamin M. W. Gullberg, Grant T. TI Normal and pathological NCAT image and phantom data based on physiologically realistic left ventricle finite-element models SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING LA English DT Article DE cardiac imaging research; finite element (FE); ischemia; left ventricle; mechanical model; NURBS-based cardiac-torso (NCAT); SPECT phantom ID CARDIAC FIBER ORIENTATION; CANINE LEFT-VENTRICLE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; TRANSMURAL DISTRIBUTION; STUNNED MYOCARDIUM; ACTIVE CONTRACTION; STRAIN; DEFORMATION; FLOW; MECHANICS AB The four-dimensional (4-D) NURBS-based cardiac-torso (NCAT) phantom, which provides a realistic model of the normal human anatomy and cardiac and respiratory motions, is used in medical imaging research to evaluate and improve imaging devices and techniques, especially dynamic cardiac applications. One limitation of the phantom is that it lacks the ability to accurately simulate altered functions of the heart that result from cardiac pathologies such as coronary artery disease (CAD). The goal of this work was to enhance the 4-D NCAT phantom by incorporating a physiologically based, finite-element (FE) mechanical model of the left ventricle (LV) to simulate both normal and abnormal cardiac motions. The geometry of the FE mechanical model was based on gated high-resolution X-ray multislice computed tomography (MSCT) data of a healthy male subject. The myocardial wall was represented as a transversely isotropic hyperelastic material, with the fiber angle varying from -90 degrees at the epicardial surface, through 0 degrees at the midwall, to 90 degrees at the endocardial surface. A time-varying elastance model was used to simulate fiber contraction, and physiological intraventricular systolic pressure-time curves were applied to simulate the cardiac motion over the entire cardiac cycle. To demonstrate the ability of the FE mechanical model to accurately simulate the normal cardiac motion as well as the abnormal motions indicative of CAD, a normal case and two pathologic cases were simulated and analyzed. In the first pathologic model, a subendocardial anterior ischemic region was defined. A second model was created with a transmural ischemic region defined in the same location. The FE-based deformations were incorporated into the 4-D NCAT cardiac model through the control points that define the cardiac structures in the phantom which were set to move according to the predictions of the mechanical model. A simulation study was performed using the FE-NCAT combination to investigate how the differences in contractile function between the subendocardial and transmural infarcts; manifest themselves in myocardial Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images. The normal FE model produced strain distributions that were consistent with those reported in the literature and a motion consistent with that defined in the normal 4-D NCAT beating heart model based on tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The addition of a subendocardial ischemic region changed the average transmural circumferential strain from a contractile value of -0.09 to a tensile value of 0.02. The addition of a transmural ischemic region changed average circumferential strain to a value of 0.13, which is consistent with data reported in the literature. Model results demonstrated differences in contractile function between subendocardial and transmural infarcts and how these differences in function are documented in simulated myocardial SPECT images produced using the 4-D NCAT phantom. Compared with the original NCAT beating heart model, the FE mechanical model produced a more accurate simulation for the cardiac motion abnormalities. Such a model, when incorporated into the 4-D NCAT phantom, has great potential for use in cardiac imaging research. With its enhanced physiologically based cardiac model, the 4-D NCAT phantom can be used to simulate realistic, predictive imaging data of a patient population with varying whole-body anatomy and with varying healthy and diseased states of the heart that will provide a known truth from which to evaluate and improve existing andemerging 4-D imaging techniques used in the diagnosis of cardiac disease. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, Sci Comp & Imaging Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Veress, AI (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM averess@ucair.med.utah.edu OI Veress, Alexander/0000-0002-9334-9257 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R01 EB00121] NR 60 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0278-0062 J9 IEEE T MED IMAGING JI IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging PD DEC PY 2006 VL 25 IS 12 BP 1604 EP 1616 DI 10.1109/TMI.2006.884213 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 114EV UT WOS:000242650400007 PM 17167995 ER PT J AU Hernandez-Sanchez, BA Boyle, TJ Lambert, TN Daniel-Taylor, SD Oliver, JM Wilson, BS Lidke, DS Andrews, NL AF Hernandez-Sanchez, Bernadette A. Boyle, Timothy J. Lambert, Timothy N. Daniel-Taylor, Sherrika D. Oliver, Janet M. Wilson, Bridget S. Lidke, Diane S. Andrews, Nicholas L. TI Synthesizing biofunctionalized nanoparticles to image cell signaling pathways SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; biofunctionalization; degranulation; imaging nanoprobes; nanoceramics; nanometals; quantum dots; synthesis ID THIN-FILMS; NANOCRYSTALS; PRECURSORS; FAMILY; MORPHOLOGY; ALKOXIDE AB This minireview outlines the synthetic efforts, from our research group, to produce nanomaterials for use as imaging agents to study cell signaling pathways. An overview of our approach to the synthesis and biofunctionalization of metal, semiconductor, and ceramic nanomaterials is presented. The probes investigated include coinage metals, Cd-based, Ge-o, naturally occurring fluorescent (NOF) minerals, and Ln-based nanoparticles which were synthesized from novel metal alkoxide, amide, and alkyl precursors. We illustrate the applications of some of these materials as imaging probes to detect signaling pathway components and cellular responses to signals (apoptosis and degranulation) in inflammatory and cancer cells. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. Univ New Mexico, Hlth Sci Ctr, Canc Res & Treatment Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Boyle, TJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Adv Mat Lab, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. EM tjboyle@sandia.gov; joliver@satud.unm.edu FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R21 EB005365]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM49814] NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1241 J9 IEEE T NANOBIOSCI JI IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 222 EP 230 DI 10.1109/TNB.2006.886565 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 115RQ UT WOS:000242751900002 PM 17181020 ER PT J AU Jeong, S Hollingsworth, JA AF Jeong, Sohee Hollingsworth, Jennifer A. TI Polymerization of nanocrystal quantum dot-tubulin bioconjugates SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microtubule polymerization; nanocrystal quantum dot (NQD); NQD-tubulin bioconjugates; tubulin ID MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY INVITRO; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; ACTIVE ESTERS; STIMULATION; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR AB Nanocrystal quantum dot (NQD)-tubulin bioconjugates were prepared using a two-step crosslinking procedure. NQD-decorated microtubules were successfully polymerized directly from the NQD-tubulin conjugates to form nonaggregated, full-length (several micrometers) biopolymers. However, polymerization kinetics were slowed in comparison with unmodified tubulin and tubulin modified with small-molecule dyes or biotin. Association with the relatively large nanocrystals, therefore, interferes to some extent with tubulin's ability to polymerize. These results suggest that before NQDs are used extensively as fluorescent labels in studies of biomolecular activity, the impact of NQD bioconjugation must be well understood. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hollingsworth, JA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jenn@lanl.gov OI Jeong, Sohee/0000-0002-9863-1374 NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1536-1241 EI 1558-2639 J9 IEEE T NANOBIOSCI JI IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 239 EP 245 DI 10.1109/TNB.2006.886561 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 115RQ UT WOS:000242751900004 PM 17181022 ER PT J AU Dodd, PE AF Dodd, Paul E. TI 2006 IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference Awards - Comments by the chairman SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Dodd, PE (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3072 EP 3073 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.886816 PN 1 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400003 ER PT J AU Schwank, JR Shaneyfelt, MR Baggio, J Dodd, PE Felix, JA Ferlet-Cavrois, V Paillet, P Lum, GK Girard, S Blackmore, E AF Schwank, J. R. Shaneyfelt, M. R. Baggio, J. Dodd, P. E. Felix, J. A. Ferlet-Cavrois, V. Paillet, P. Lum, G. K. Girard, S. Blackmore, E. TI Effects of angle of incidence on proton and neutron-induced single-event latchup SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hardness assurance; proton radiation effects; single-event effects; single-event latchup ID INTEGRATED-CIRCUITS; CHARGE COLLECTION; SPACE; TEMPERATURE; DEPENDENCE; THICKNESS; ENERGY; UPSETS; SRAMS; SEU AB The effect of proton angle of incidence on proton-induced single-event latchup (SEL) is investigated in detail at room and elevated temperatures in present-day SRAMs. SRAMs from seven different vendors were irradiated at proton energies from 50 to 200 MeV, at temperatures of 25 degrees C and 75 degrees C, and at angles of incidence from 0 degrees (normal) to 85 degrees (grazing). The effects of angle of incidence were also investigated for neutron-induced SEL. The angle of incidence can significantly impact SEL hardness. For one SRAM at a temperature of 75 degrees C, characterizing SEL cross section at grazing angle resulted in a 16 times increase in SEL cross section. Large increases in SEL cross section with angle were also observed for other SRAMs characterized at room temperature. These increases in SEL cross section with angle of incidence are much larger than those measured previously for older SRAM technologies. The mechanism for the effect of angle of incidence on SEL cross section is not due simply to the deposition of more energy in the sensitive volume caused by an increase in path length as the angle of incidence is increased. To investigate possible mechanisms nuclear scattering calculations were performed and combined with device simulations. Simulation results suggest that the mechanism is a consequence of the linear energy transfer (LET) and range distributions of secondary ions produced by proton-material (or neutron-material) interactions coupled with an increase in SEL sensitivity (decrease in LET threshold) as angle of incidence is increased. These results have significant impact on SEL hardness assurance testing, especially for system applications where latchups cannot be tolerated. To best ensure that SEL hardness requirement are met, SRAMs should be characterized at both grazing and normal angles of incidence, and at maximum temperature, voltage, and proton energy. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. CEA, DIF, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. Lockheed Martin, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. RP Schwank, JR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM schwanjr@sandia.gov RI GIRARD, Sylvain/A-7981-2013 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 17 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3122 EP 3131 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.884059 PN 1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400009 ER PT J AU Shaneyfelt, MR Schwank, JR Dodd, PE Hash, GL Paillet, P Felix, JA Baggio, J Ferlet-Cavrois, V AF Shaneyfelt, Marty R. Schwank, James R. Dodd, Paul E. Hash, Gerald L. Paillet, Philippe Felix, James A. Baggio, Jacques Ferlet-Cavrois, Veronique TI Implications of characterization temperature on hardness assurance qualification SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hardness assurance testing; integrated circuit radiation effects; integrated circuit reliability; radiation effects; radiation hardening (electronics) ID PULSED IRRADIATION; MOS CAPACITORS; POWER MOSFETS; INTERFACE; TRANSISTORS; ENVIRONMENTS; DEGRADATION; ELECTRONICS; MECHANISMS; MOBILITY AB To explore the impact of temperature on the post-irradiation response of ICs, we characterized the temperature response of transistors, SRAMs, and a custom mixed-signal ASIC. Devices were irradiated at room temperature and electrically characterized post irradiation as a function of temperature. Devices exhibit significantly more parametric degradation when characterized at elevated temperatures. In addition to parametric degradation, it is demonstrated that post-irradiation elevated temperature characterization can also induce functional failures at significantly lower total dose levels than at room temperature. As a result, to ensure system functionality, it is essential that devices be characterized over the full system temperature range pre- and post-irradiation. Recommendations for incorporating temperature testing into a hardness assurance test method (i.e., Method 1019) are suggested. Methods for minimizing the detrimental effects of elevated temperature anneals on hardness assurance testing are also discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. CEA, DIF, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. RP Shaneyfelt, MR (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM shaneymr@sandia.gov NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3132 EP 3138 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.886009 PN 1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400010 ER PT J AU Felix, JA Dodd, PE Shaneyfelt, MR Schwank, JR Hash, GL AF Felix, James A. Dodd, Paul E. Shaneyfelt, Marty R. Schwank, James R. Hash, Gerald L. TI Radiation response and variability of advanced commercial foundry technologies SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE commercial foundry; COTS; heavy-ion; leakage current; neutron; proton; radiation effects; radiation response; SEL; SEU; single event; SRAM; total-dose ID SINGLE-EVENT LATCHUP; INTEGRATED-CIRCUITS; HARDNESS; MICROELECTRONICS; TEMPERATURE; THICKNESS AB The radiation hardness of nominally identical SRAM test chips fabricated in five commercial foundries is examined. Large variations in single-event latchup and total dose response are. observed. The softest SRAMs fail functionally at similar to 200 krad(SiO2) and have a fairly large single-event latchup cross section. This is in contrast to the hardest foundry split which is nearly immune to single-event latchup at room temperature, and remains functional to a total dose of 400 krad(SiO2). Three of the splits show a similar increase in radiation induced leakage current, which is dependent on both the characterization bias as well as the pattern written to the memory array. The other two splits show neither a pattern nor a bias dependence on the leakage current. Heavy-ion microbeam experiments confirm that the most latchup sensitive area of these SRAMs is the peripheral circuitry, not the memory array itself. Qualification and hardened-by-design integrated circuit implications are discussed. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Felix, JA (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jafelix@sandia.gov NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3187 EP 3194 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.886041 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400018 ER PT J AU Ferlet-Cavrois, V Paillet, P Gaillardin, M Lambert, D Baggio, J Schwank, JR Vizkelethy, G Shaneyfelt, MR Hirose, K Blackmore, EW Faynot, O Jahan, C Tosti, L AF Ferlet-Cavrois, V. Paillet, P. Gaillardin, M. Lambert, D. Baggio, J. Schwank, J. R. Vizkelethy, G. Shaneyfelt, M. R. Hirose, K. Blackmore, E. W. Faynot, O. Jahan, C. Tosti, L. TI Statistical analysis of the charge collected in SOI and bulk devices under heavy ion and proton irradiation - Implications for digital SETs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE collected charge; heavy ion and proton irradiation; single event transient; SOI and bulk transistors; statistical response; transient current; transient width ID SEU; TECHNOLOGIES; ENHANCEMENT; INSIGHTS; VOLUMES AB The statistical transient response of floating body SOI and bulk devices is measured under proton and heavy ion irradiation. The influence of the device architecture is analyzed in detail for several generations of technologies, from 0.25 mu m to 70 nm. The effects of the measured transients on SET sensitivity are investigated. The amount of collected charge and the shape of the transient currents are shown to have a significant impact on the temporal width of propagating transients. Finally, based on our measured data, the threshold LET and the critical transient width for unattenuated propagation are calculated for both bulk and floating body SOI as a function of technology scaling. We show that the threshold LETs and the critical transient widths for bulk and floating body SOI devices are similar. Body ties can be used to harden SOI ICs to digital SET. However, the primary advantage of SOI technologies, even with a floating body design, mostly lies in shorter transients, at a given ion LET, for SOI technologies than for bulk technologies. C1 CEA, DIF, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. Minatech INPG, IMEP, ENSERG, F-38016 Grenoble, France. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. CEA, LETI, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France. RP Ferlet-Cavrois, V (reprint author), CEA, DIF, BP12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. EM veronique.ferlet@cea.fr NR 23 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3242 EP 3252 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885111 PN 1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400026 ER PT J AU Tipton, AD Pellish, JA Reed, RA Schrimpf, RD Weller, RA Mendenhall, MH Sierawski, B Sutton, AK Diestelhorst, RM Espinel, G Cressler, JD Marshall, PW Vizkelethy, G AF Tipton, Alan D. Pellish, Jonathan A. Reed, Robert A. Schrimpf, Ronald D. Weller, Robert A. Mendenhall, Marcus H. Sierawski, Brian Sutton, Akil K. Diestelhorst, Ryan M. Espinel, Gustavo Cressler, John D. Marshall, Paul W. Vizkelethy, Gyorgy TI Multiple-bit upset in 130 nm CMOS technology SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE energy deposition cross section; multiple-bit upset (MBU); MRED; single event upset (SEU); SRAM; proton effects ID SINGLE-EVENT UPSETS; NUCLEAR-REACTIONS; ANGULAR-DEPENDENCE; SRAM; SEU AB The probability of proton-induced multiple-bit upset (MBU) has increased in highly-scaled technologies because device dimensions are small relative to particle event track size. Both proton-induced single event upset (SEU) and MBU responses have been shown to vary with angle and energy for certain technologies. This work analyzes SEU and MBU in a 130 nm CMOS SRAM in which the single-event response shows a strong dependence on the angle of proton incidence. Current proton testing methods do not account for device orientation relative to the proton beam and, subsequently, error rate prediction assumes no angular dependencies. Proton-induced MBU is expected to increase as integrated circuits continue to scale into the deep sub-micron regime. Consequently, the application of current testing methods will lead to an incorrect prediction of error rates. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Inst Space & Def Elect, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Keck Free Electron Laser Ctr, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Tipton, AD (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM alan.tipton@vanderbilt.edu RI Pellish, Jonathan/A-8591-2008; Schrimpf, Ronald/L-5549-2013 OI Schrimpf, Ronald/0000-0001-7419-2701 NR 20 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3259 EP 3264 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.884789 PN 1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400028 ER PT J AU Pellish, JA Reed, RA Schrimpf, RD Alles, ML Varadharajaperumal, M Niu, GF Sutton, AK Diestelhorst, RM Espinel, G Krithivasan, R Comeau, JP Cressler, JD Vizkelethy, G Marshall, PW Weller, RA Mendenhall, MH Montes, EJ AF Pellish, Jonathan A. Reed, Robert A. Schrimpf, Ronald D. Alles, Michael L. Varadharajaperumal, Muthubalan Niu, Guofu Sutton, Akil K. Diestelhorst, Ryan M. Espinel, Gustavo Krithivasan, Ranikumar Comeau, Jonathan P. Cressler, John D. Vizkelethy, Gyorgy Marshall, Paul W. Weller, Robert A. Mendenhall, Marcus H. Montes, Enrique J. TI Substrate engineering concepts to mitigate charge collection in deep trench isolation technologies SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE deep trench isolation; Ion Beam Induced Charge Collection (IBICC); silicon germanium; Single Event Upset (SEU); substrate engineering ID SINGLE-EVENT UPSETS; HEAVY-ION; NUCLEAR MICROPROBE; BUFFER LAYER; SIGE HBTS; SIMULATION; CIRCUIT; PROTON; SEU; DEVICES AB Delayed charge collection from ionizing events outside the deep trench can increase the SEU cross section in deep trench isolation technologies. Microbeam test data and device simulations demonstrate how this adverse effect can be mitigated through substrate engineering techniques. The addition of a heavily doped p-type charge-blocking buried layer in the substrate can reduce the delayed charge collection from events that occur outside the deep trench isolation by almost an order of magnitude, implying an approximately comparable reduction in the SEU cross section. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Free Electron Laser Ctr, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Pellish, JA (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM jonathan.pellish@ieee.org RI Pellish, Jonathan/A-8591-2008; Krithivasan, Ramkumar/D-3549-2011; Schrimpf, Ronald/L-5549-2013 OI Schrimpf, Ronald/0000-0001-7419-2701 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3298 EP 3305 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885798 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400034 ER PT J AU Lucovsky, G Fleetwood, DM Lee, S Seo, H Schrimpf, RD Felix, JA Luning, J Fleming, LB Ulrich, M Aspnes, DE AF Lucovsky, G. Fleetwood, D. M. Lee, S. Seo, H. Schrimpf, R. D. Felix, J. A. Luning, J. Fleming, L. B. Ulrich, M. Aspnes, D. E. TI Differences between charge trapping states in irradiated nano-crystalline HfO2 and non-crystalline Hf silicates SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE charge trapping; electron traps; high-K dielectrics; hole traps; metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices; oxide-trap charge ID DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT OXIDES; KAPPA GATE DIELECTRICS; BORDER TRAPS; RADIATION RESPONSE; MOS DEVICES; INTERFACE; RELIABILITY; INSTABILITIES AB This paper provides an explanation for qualitative differences between radiation-induced charge trapping states in nano-crystalline HfO2 and non-crystalline Elf silicate alloys in high-kappa gate stacks by combining electrical measurements with spectroscopic studies and theory. Differences in the observed electrical response to X-ray and gamma-ray irradiation are consistent with fundamental differences in electronic structures between high-kappa dielectrics that are nano-crystalline and have a film thickness in excess of 4 nm, and high-kappa dielectrics that are non-crystalline and devoid of grain boundaries. Oxygen vacancy and interstitial defects are shown to be natural candidates for the electron and hole traps in these high-kappa dielectrics. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Lucovsky, G (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM lucovsky@ncsu.edu; dan.fleetwood@vanderbilt.edu; ron.schrimpf@vanderbilt.edu; jafelix@sandia.gov; j.luning@stanford.edu RI Schrimpf, Ronald/L-5549-2013 OI Schrimpf, Ronald/0000-0001-7419-2701 NR 38 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3644 EP 3648 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.886211 PN 1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400085 ER PT J AU Bielejec, E Vizkelethy, G Kolb, NR King, DB Doyle, BL AF Bielejec, E. Vizkelethy, G. Kolb, N. R. King, D. B. Doyle, B. L. TI Damage equivalence of heavy ions in silicon bipolar junction transistors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE damage equivalence; silicon bipolar transistor ID INDUCED DISPLACEMENT DAMAGE; RADIATION; DEVICES; PROTON AB Results of displacement damage correlation between neutrons, light ions and heavy ions in bipolar junction transistors are presented. Inverse gain degradation as the function of fluence was measured. The inverse gain degradation due to heavy ion irradiation followed the Messenger-Spratt equation, while some deviation was found for light ions. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Bielejec, E (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM esbicle@sandia.gov; gvizkel@sandia.gov; nkolb@sandia.gov; dbking@sandia.gov; dldoyle@sandia.gov NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3681 EP 3686 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.886231 PN 1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RJ UT WOS:000243174400091 ER PT J AU Fairfield, JA Groom, DE Bailey, SJ Bebek, CJ Holland, SE Karcher, A Koble, WF Lorenzon, W Roe, NA AF Fairfield, Jessamyn A. Groom, Donald E. Bailey, Stephen J. Bebek, Christopher J. Holland, Stephen E. Karcher, Armin Koble, William F. Lorenzon, Wolfgang Roe, Natalie A. TI Reduced charge diffusion in thick, fully depleted CCDs with enhanced red sensitivity SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE charge-coupled device (CCD); diffusion processes; high-resistivity silicon; optical transfer functions ID ELECTRIC-FIELD; SILICON; HOLES AB Lateral charge diffusion in charge-coupled devices (CCDs) dominates the device point-spread function (PSF), which can affect both image quality and spectroscopic resolution. We present new data and theoretical interpretations for lateral charge diffusion in thick, fully depleted CCDs developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Because they can be overdepleted, the LBNL devices have no field-free region and diffusion is controlled through the application of an external bias voltage. Recent improvements in CCD design at LBNL allow the application of bias voltages exceeding 200 V. We give results for a 3512 x 3512 format, 10.5 mu m pixel back-illuminated p-channel CCD developed for the SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP), a proposed satellite-based experiment designed to study dark energy. Lateral charge diffusion, which is well described by a symmetric two-dimensional (2-D) Gaussian function, was measured at substrate bias voltages between 3 and 115 V. At a bias voltage of 115 V, we measure a root-mean square (rms) diffusion of 3.7 +/- 0.2 mu m. Lateral charge diffusion in LBNL CCDs will meet the SNAP requirements. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Fairfield, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM NARoe@lbl.gov RI Holland, Stephen/H-7890-2013; Roe, Natalie/A-8798-2012; OI Fairfield, Jessamyn/0000-0002-2143-9077 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3877 EP 3881 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885793 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 118CB UT WOS:000242918500012 ER PT J AU Fairfield, JA Groom, DE Bailey, SJ Bebek, CJ Holland, SE Karcher, A Koble, WF Lorenzon, W Roe, NA AF Fairfield, Jessamyn A. Groom, Donald E. Bailey, Stephen J. Bebek, Christopher J. Holland, Stephen E. Karcher, Armin Koble, William F. Lorenzon, Wolfgang Roe, Natalie A. TI Reduced charge diffusion in thick, fully depleted CCDs with enhanced red sensitivity SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE charge-coupled device (CCD); diffusion processes; high-resistivity silicon; optical transfer functions ID ELECTRIC-FIELD; SILICON; HOLES AB Lateral charge diffusion in charge-coupled devices (CCDs) dominates the device point-spread function (PSF), which can affect both image quality and spectroscopic resolution. We present new data and theoretical interpretations for lateral charge diffusion in thick, fully depleted CCDs developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Because they can be overdepleted, the LBNL devices have no field-free region and diffusion is controlled through the application of an external bias voltage. Recent improvements in CCD design at LBNL allow the application of bias voltages exceeding 200 V. We give results for a 3512 x 3512 format, 10.5 mu m pixel back-illuminated p-channel CCD developed for the SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP), a proposed satellite-based experiment designed to study dark energy. Lateral charge diffusion, which is well described by a symmetric two-dimensional (2-D) Gaussian function, was measured at substrate bias voltages between 3 and 115 V. At a bias voltage of 115 V, we measure a root-mean square (rms) diffusion of 3.7 +/- 0.2 mu m. Lateral charge diffusion in LBNL CCDs will meet the SNAP requirements. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Fairfield, JA (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM NARoe@lbl.gov RI Holland, Stephen/H-7890-2013; Roe, Natalie/A-8798-2012; OI Fairfield, Jessamyn/0000-0002-2143-9077 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3877 EP 3881 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885793 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RK UT WOS:000243174500012 ER PT J AU Vaddigiri, A Potter, KS Thomes, WJ Meister, DC AF Vaddigiri, A. Potter, K. Simmons Thomes, W. J., Jr. Meister, D. C. TI Ionizing radiation effects in single-crystal and polycrystalline YAG SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ceramic; gamma; optical loss; photodarkening; transmission ID COLOR-CENTERS AB The effect of ionizing-radiation fields on optical materials is predominantly seen in changes in the transmission properties of the materials. Both transient and permanent photodarkening can occur in passive and active optical elements as a result of exposure to either short-pulsed or steady-state radiation. In laser materials, such as YAG, such induced optical loss can result in significant degradation of the lasing characteristic of the material, making its selection for optical device applications in radiation environments unfeasible. In the present study, the effects of ionizing radiation on the optical response of undoped and 1.1% Nd-doped single-crystal and polycrystalline YAG have been investigated. Both room temperature and elevated temperature studies have been performed. An evaluation of the data shows some potential advantages of single-crystal over polycrystalline YAG in applications involving radiation exposure of the materials. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Impact Fuzing & Firing Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Vaddigiri, A (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM arunav@email.arizona.edu; kspotter@ece.arizona.edu; wjthome@sandia.gov; dcmeist@sandia.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3882 EP 3888 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885951 PN 2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RK UT WOS:000243174500013 ER PT J AU Vaddigiri, A Potter, KS Thomes, WJ Meister, DC AF Vaddigiri, A. Potter, K. Simmons Thomes, W. J., Jr. Meister, D. C. TI Ionizing radiation effects in single-crystal and polycrystalline YAG SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ceramic; gamma; optical loss; photodarkening; transmission ID COLOR-CENTERS AB The effect of ionizing-radiation fields on optical materials is predominantly seen in changes in the transmission properties of the materials. Both transient and permanent photodarkening can occur in passive and active optical elements as a result of exposure to either short-pulsed or steady-state radiation. In laser materials, such as YAG, such induced optical loss can result in significant degradation of the lasing characteristic of the material, making its selection for optical device applications in radiation environments unfeasible. In the present study, the effects of ionizing radiation on the optical response of undoped and 1.1% Nddoped single-crystal and polycrystalline YAG have been investigated. Both room temperature and elevated temperature studies have been performed. An evaluation of the data shows some potential advantages of single-crystal over polycrystalline YAG in applications involving radiation exposure of the materials. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Impact Fuzing & Firing Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Vaddigiri, A (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM arunav@email.arizona.edu; kspotter@ece.arizona.edu; wjthome@sandia.gov; dcmeist@sandia.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3882 EP 3888 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885951 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 118CB UT WOS:000242918500013 ER PT J AU Dyshkant, A Beznosko, D Blazey, G Fisk, E Hahn, E Rykalin, V Wayne, M Zutshi, V AF Dyshkant, A. Beznosko, D. Blazey, G. Fisk, E. Hahn, E. Rykalin, V. Wayne, M. Zutshi, V. TI Quality control studies of wavelength shifting fibers for a scintillator-based tail catcher muon tracker for linear collider prototype detector SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Detailed measurements of the wavelength shifting fiber response to a stable and reliable light source are presented. Particulars about materials, a double reference method, and measurement technique are included. The fibers studied were several hundred Kuraray, Y-11, multiclad, 1.2-mm outer diameter wavelength shifting fibers, each cut from a reel to about one meter length. The fibers were polished, mirrored, and the mirrors were UV epoxy protected. Each fiber passed quality control requirements before installation. About 94% of the fibers tested have a response within 1% of the overall mean. C1 No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Dyshkant, A (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. EM dyshkant@nicadd.niu.edu OI Beznosko, Dmitriy/0000-0003-4828-8659 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3944 EP 3948 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885794 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 121RK UT WOS:000243174500022 ER PT J AU Dyshkant, A Beznosko, D Blazey, G Fisk, E Hahn, E Rykalin, V Wayne, M Zutshi, V AF Dyshkant, A. Beznosko, D. Blazey, G. Fisk, E. Hahn, E. Rykalin, V. Wayne, M. Zutshi, V. TI Quality control studies of wavelength shifting fibers for a scintillator-based tail catcher muon tracker for linear collider prototype detector SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Detailed measurements of the wavelength shifting fiber response to a stable and reliable light source are presented. Particulars about materials, a double reference method, and measurement technique are included. The fibers studied were several hundred Kuraray, Y-11, multiclad, 1.2-mm outer diameter wavelength shifting fibers, each cut from a reel to about one meter length. The fibers were polished, mirrored, and the mirrors were UV epoxy protected. Each fiber passed quality control requirements before installation. About 94% of the fibers tested have a response within 1 % of the overall mean. C1 No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Dyshkant, A (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. EM dyshkant@nicadd.niu.edu OI Beznosko, Dmitriy/0000-0003-4828-8659 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9499 EI 1558-1578 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 6 BP 3944 EP 3948 DI 10.1109/TNS.2006.885794 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 118CB UT WOS:000242918500022 ER PT J AU Matveev, IB Rosocha, LA AF Matveev, Igor B. Rosocha, Louis A. TI Guest editorial - Special issue on plasma-assisted combustion SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Appl Plasma Technol, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Matveev, IB (reprint author), Appl Plasma Technol, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. EM i.matveev@worldnet.att.net; rosocha@lanl.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2469 EP 2470 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.888659 PN 1 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 118DR UT WOS:000242922800001 ER PT J AU Rosocha, LA Kim, Y Anderson, GK Lee, JO Abbate, S AF Rosocha, Louis A. Kim, Yongho Anderson, Graydon K. Lee, Jae Ok Abbate, Sara TI Decomposition of ethane in atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier discharges: Experiments SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE combustion; dielectric-barrier discharges (DBDs); gas discharges; plasma applications ID COLLISION CROSS-SECTIONS; NONTHERMAL PLASMA; ELECTRON-IMPACT; METHANE; HYDROCARBONS; COMBUSTION; DISSOCIATION; ENHANCEMENT; FLAMES AB It is well known that electric fields can influence combustion processes. When the magnitude of an external applied electric field exceeds the breakdown field of the fuel gas or fuel/oxidizer mixture, plasma effects dominate. The earlier work in the field of plasma-assisted combustion has demonstrated that dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD)-driven nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) can increase flame speed and extend the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel gases into very lean-burn regimes. In this paper, results on the decomposition of ethane (C2H6) by DBDs at atmospheric pressure will be presented. The authors have chosen ethane for this paper because its gaseous electronics properties (electron-impact dissociation cross sections, drift velocity) are available in the literature. A subsequent paper will present results on the calculated yield of DBD-driven plasma decomposition products of ethane, as predicted by plasma-chemistry modeling. In this paper, results on experiments carried out to determine the decomposition products of ethane, as measured by gas chromatography are presented. An atmospheric-pressure DBD reactor processed a flowing gas stream of chemically pure ethane in the regime of plasma specific energy ranging from 1200 to 2400 J/std lit. The major stable decomposition products were H-2, CH4, C2H2, and C2H4. These results are important in assessing the possibility of using NTPs to enhance the combustion of hydrocarbons. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Korea Inst Machinery & Mat, Taejon 305343, South Korea. RP Rosocha, LA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rosocha@lanl.gov NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2526 EP 2531 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.886085 PN 1 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 118DR UT WOS:000242922800008 ER PT J AU Kim, Y Ferreri, VW Rosocha, LA Anderson, GK Abbate, S Kim, KT AF Kim, Yongho Ferreri, Vincent W. Rosocha, Louis A. Anderson, Graydon K. Abbate, Sara Kim, Kwan-Tae TI Effect of plasma chemistry on activated propane/air flames SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD); plasma-assisted combustion; propane discharge fragment ID DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGES; COMBUSTION ENHANCEMENT; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; STABILITY AB We have developed a dielectric-barrier-discharge propane burner where propane is activated prior to being mixed with air and burned. In contrast to most work reported by others, combustion in our apparatus occurs away from the plasma region, thereby greatly reducing electric field effects, thus providing more insight into the role played by plasma chemistry. Flame flashback images were recorded as a function of the separation between the propane plasma and injected air, and the mixing length of the activated propane/air mixture. The lifetime of activated propane was found to be about 150 ins, while the lifetime of an activated propane/air mixture was measured to be about 300 ms. Using a gas-chromatograph diagnostic, H-2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6 were identified as the principal propane-discharge fragments, however, these are not the dominant species causing flame flashback behavior. The presence of reactive radical species is suggested to be a main factor governing flame flashback. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Korea Inst Machinery & Mat, Taejon 305343, South Korea. RP Kim, Y (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM yhkim@lanl.gov NR 14 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2532 EP 2536 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.886088 PN 1 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 118DR UT WOS:000242922800009 ER PT J AU Schumer, JW Ottinger, PF Olson, CL AF Schumer, Joseph W. Ottinger, Paul F. Olson, Craig L. TI Power flow in a magnetically insulated recyclable transmission line for a z-pinch-driven inertial-confinement-fusion energy system SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE electron emission; energy system; inertial confinement fusion; ion emission; magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL); particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation; power flow; z-pinch ID IN-CELL SIMULATIONS; ELECTRON FLOW; DIODES; PLASMA; IMPEDANCE; FIELD; TRANSPORT; VACUUM AB Power flow in a recyclable transmission line (RTL) for a z-pinch-driven inertial-confinement fusion energy (IFE) system is studied. In a magnetically insulated transmission line, plasma forms by explosive emission on the cathode but emission from the anode does not occur. However, in an RTL, the large linear current density that flows in the electrodes at small radius near the load resistively heats the anode surface, leading to anode plasma formation and ion emission. If the impedance of the RTL is too small, large ion current losses can occur and large electron flow currents can be launched into the z-pinch load region. If only the boundary current drives the z-pinch load, then these large electron flow currents can introduce a polarity effect with more bound current in the anode than the cathode. While being mindful of the IFE system requirement to maintain a small RTL inductance, these problems are avoided by choosing the line impedance at the load end of the RTL to be well above the effective impedance of the imploding load. In this case, the ion current losses are tolerable and the electron flow current is negligibly small. For the present baseline design with a peak current of 60 MA driving a 100-ns implosion, these power flow constraints require a gap of order 2 mm or more at the load end of the RTL. C1 USN, Res Lab, Plasma Phys Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Schumer, JW (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Plasma Phys Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM schumer@nrl.navy.mil; ottinger@suzie.nrl.navy.mil RI Schumer, Joseph/D-7591-2013 NR 44 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2652 EP 2668 DI 10.1109/TPS.2006.887768 PN 2 PG 17 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 118DU UT WOS:000242923200015 ER PT J AU Kalinin, SV Rar, A Jesse, S AF Kalinin, Sergei V. Rar, Andrei Jesse, Stephen TI A decade of piezoresponse force microscopy: Progress, challenges, and opportunities SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Review ID FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; LEAD-ZIRCONATE-TITANATE; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY; OUTER HAIR CELL; DOMAIN-STRUCTURE; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES; NANOMETER-SCALE; TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; POLARIZATION IMPRINT AB Coupling between electrical and mechanical phenomena is a near-universal characteristic of inorganic and biological systems alike, with examples ranging from piezoelectricity in ferroelectric perovskites to complex, electromechanical couplings in electromotor proteins in cellular membranes. Understanding electromechanical functionality :in materials such as ferroelectric nanocrystals and thin films, relaxor ferroelectrics, and biosystems requires probing these properties on the nanometer level of individual grain, domain, or protein fibril. In the last decade, piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) was established as a powerful tool for nanoscale imaging, spectroscopy, and manipulation of ferroelectric materials. Here, we present principles and recent advances in PFM, including vector and frequency-dependent imaging of piezoelectric materials, briefly review applications for ferroelectric materials, discuss prospects for electromechanical imaging of local crystallographic and molecular orientations and disorder, and summarize future challenges and opportunities for PFM emerging in the second decade since its invention. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. RP Kalinin, SV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM sergei2@ornl.gov RI Kalinin, Sergei/I-9096-2012; Rodriguez, Brian/A-6253-2009; Jesse, Stephen/D-3975-2016 OI Kalinin, Sergei/0000-0001-5354-6152; Rodriguez, Brian/0000-0001-9419-2717; Jesse, Stephen/0000-0002-1168-8483 NR 168 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 14 U2 106 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 EI 1525-8955 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD DEC PY 2006 VL 53 IS 12 BP 2226 EP 2252 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2006.169 PG 27 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 110PM UT WOS:000242390900003 PM 17186903 ER PT J AU Bourgeat, P Meriaudeau, F Tobin, KW Gorria, P AF Bourgeat, P. Meriaudeau, F. Tobin, K. W. Gorria, P. TI Gabor filtering for feature extraction on complex images: application to defect detection on semiconductors SO IMAGING SCIENCE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE wafer inspection; Gabor filters; segmentation; thresholding ID CONTENT-BASED SEGMENTATION; PATTERNED WAFER AB This paper is an extension of previous work on the image segmentation of electronic structures on patterned wafers to improve the defect detection process on optical inspection tools. Die-to-die wafer inspection is based upon the comparison of the same area on two neighbourhood dies. The dissimilarities between the images are a result of defects in this area of one of the dies. The noise level can vary from one structure to the other, within the same image. Therefore, segmentation is needed to create a mask and apply an optimal threshold in each region. Contrast variation on the texture can affect the response of the parameters used for the segmentation. This paper shows a method of anticipating these variations with a limited number of training samples and modifying the classifier accordingly to improve the segmentation results. C1 Univ Burgundy, Le2i Lab, F-71200 Le Creusot, France. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Meriaudeau, F (reprint author), Univ Burgundy, Le2i Lab, 12 Rue Fonderie, F-71200 Le Creusot, France. EM f.meriaudeau@iutlecreusot.u-bourgogne.Fr RI Bourgeat, Pierrick/A-1419-2010 OI Bourgeat, Pierrick/0000-0002-2605-4766 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 1368-2199 J9 IMAGING SCI J JI Imaging Sci. J. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 54 IS 4 BP 200 EP 210 DI 10.1179/174313106X110129 PG 11 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 119FU UT WOS:000242999000002 ER PT J AU Willse, A Kwak, J Yamazaki, K Preti, G Wahl, JH Beauchamp, GK AF Willse, Alan Kwak, Jae Yamazaki, Kunio Preti, George Wahl, Jon H. Beauchamp, Gary K. TI Individual odortypes: interaction of MHC and background genes SO IMMUNOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE MHC; odors; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; heterozygosity ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; CHEMOSENSORY IDENTITY; URINARY PROTEINS; MOUSE URINE; MICE; IDENTIFICATION; RECOGNITION; DISCRIMINATION; SPECTROMETRY; PHEROMONES AB Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence the urinary odors of mice. Behavioral studies have shown (1) that mice differing only at MHC have distinct urinary odors, suggesting an MHC odor phenotype or odortype; (2) that the MHC odortype can be recognized across different background strains; and (3) that the MHC odortype is not an additive trait. Very little is known about the odorants underlying this behavioral phenotype. We compared urinary volatile profiles of two MHC haplotypes (H2(b) and H2(k)) and their heterozygous cross (H2(b) x H2(k)) for two different background strains (C57BL/6J and BALB/c) using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) headspace analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Both MHC and background genes substantially influence the volatile profile. Of 148 compounds screened, 108 of them significantly differ between the six genotypes. Surprisingly, for numerous compounds, their MHC associations are moderated by background genes (i.e., there is a significant MHC x background interaction effect in the statistical model relating genotype to relative compound concentration). These interactions account for nearly 30% of the total genetic effect on the volatile profile. MHC heterozygosity further extends the odortype diversity. For many compounds, the volatile expression for the heterozygote is more extreme than the expression for either homozygote, suggesting a heterozygous-specific odortype. The remarkable breadth of effects of MHC variation on concentrations of metabolites and the interaction between MHC and other genetic variation implies the existence of as yet unknown processes by which variation in MHC genes gives rise to variation in volatile molecules in body fluids. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Willse, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM Alan.Willse@pnl.gov RI Kwak, Jae/E-5781-2011 OI Kwak, Jae/0000-0003-4216-2019 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0093-7711 J9 IMMUNOGENETICS JI Immunogenetics PD DEC PY 2006 VL 58 IS 12 BP 967 EP 982 DI 10.1007/s00251-006-0162-x PG 16 WC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 120GQ UT WOS:000243072900004 PM 17089117 ER PT J AU Brotcke, A Weiss, DS Kim, CC Chain, P Malfatti, S Garcia, E Monack, DM AF Brotcke, Anna Weiss, David S. Kim, Charles C. Chain, Patrick Malfatti, Stephanie Garcia, Emilio Monack, Denise M. TI Identification of MglA-regulated genes reveals novel virulence factors in Francisella tularensis SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OLIGOPEPTIDE PERMEASE; PORPHYROMONAS-GINGIVALIS; INTRAMACROPHAGE GROWTH; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MURINE MACROPHAGES; EXPRESSION; SSPA; TULAREMIA AB The facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. F. tularensis resides within host macrophages in vivo, and this ability is essential for pathogenesis. The transcription factor MgIA is required for the expression of several Francisella genes that are necessary for replication in macrophages and for virulence in mice. We hypothesized that the identification of MgIA-regulated genes in the Francisella genome by transcriptional profiling of wild-type and mgl4 mutant bacteria would lead to the discovery of new virulence factors utilized by F. tularensis. A total of 102 MgIA-regulated genes were identified, the majority of which were positively regulated, including all of the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) genes. We mutated novel MgIA-regulated genes and tested the mutants for their ability to replicate and induce cytotoxicity in macrophages and to grow in mice. Mutations in MgIA-regulated genes within the FPI (pdpB and cds2) as well as outside the FPI (FTT0989, oppB, and FTT1209c) were either attenuated or hypervirulent in macrophages compared to the wild-type strain. All of these mutants exhibited decreased fitness in vivo in competition experiments with wild-type bacteria. We have identified five new Francisella virulence genes, and our results suggest that characterizations of additional MgtA-regulated genes will yield further insights into the pathogenesis of this bacterium. C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosci Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Monack, DM (reprint author), 299 Campus Dr,Fairchild Bldg D041, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM dmonack@stanford.edu RI chain, patrick/B-9777-2013; OI Kim, Charles/0000-0001-6474-8227 FU NIAID NIH HHS [P01 AI063302, AI 65359, R01 AI 063302, U54 AI065359]; NIGMS NIH HHS [5T32 GM 007276, T32 GM007276] NR 53 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 74 IS 12 BP 6642 EP 6655 DI 10.1128/IAI.01250-06 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 109KX UT WOS:000242308100014 PM 17000729 ER PT J AU Roach, D AF Roach, D. TI Use of focused pulse-echo ultrasonics for non-destructive inspection of thick carbon-carbon structures SO INSIGHT LA English DT Article AB The reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) heat shield components on the Space Shuttle's wings must withstand harsh atmospheric re-entry environments where the wing leading edge can reach temperatures of 3000 degrees F (about 1650 degrees C). Potential damage includes impact damage, micro cracks, oxidation in the silicon carbide-to-carbon-carbon layers, and interlaminar disbonds. The thick, carbon-carbon and silicon-carbide layers in the heat shield panels are difficult to inspect and existing techniques were deemed to be inadequate. Since accumulated damage in these structures can lead to catastrophic failure of the Shuttle's heat protection system, it became imperative for NASA to develop quickly an acceptable health monitoring programme. NASA selected a multi-method approach for inspecting the wing leading edge which includes eddy current, thermography, and ultrasonics. Sandia Labs produced the in-situ ultrasonic pitch-catch inspection method. Optimum combinations of custom ultrasonic probes and data analysis were merged into the overall inspection method needed to properly survey the heat shield panels. Comprehensive validation tests revealed that the ultrasonic pitch-catch inspection system is capable of reliably finding flaws of 0.25" diameter or less in the heat shields. The inspection system is now in use at NASA to complete 'Return-to-Flight' certification inspections prior to each Shuttle launch. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Roach, D (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU BRITISH INST NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING PI NORTHAMPTON PA 1 SPENCER PARADE, NORTHAMPTON NN1 5AA, NORTHANTS, ENGLAND SN 1354-2575 J9 INSIGHT JI Insight PD DEC PY 2006 VL 48 IS 12 BP 743 EP 750 DI 10.1784/insi.2006.48.12.743 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA 121RQ UT WOS:000243175100016 ER PT J AU Stillman, JH Teranishi, KS Tagmount, A Lindquist, EA Brokstein, PB AF Stillman, Jonathon H. Teranishi, Kristen S. Tagmount, Abderrhamane Lindquist, Erika A. Brokstein, Peter B. TI Construction and characterization of EST libraries from the porcelain crab, Petrolisthes cinctipes SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 04-08, 2006 CL Orlando, FL ID EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS; GENE DISCOVERY; GENOME; IDENTIFICATION; HEMOCYTES; LIMITS AB The thermal phenotype of an organism (heat and cold tolerance, thermal range, and thermal plasticity) is an essential feature of how the organism performs across thermal environments and in response to thermal stress. Porcelain crabs are of interest in addressing questions of thermal phenotype because of their high species diversity and the large variation in thermal phenotype among species, as well as the biogeographic patterning of these crabs along environmental stress gradients. We are studying the cellular bases of thermal phenotype and physiological responses to environmental stress using a functional genomics cDNA microarray approach. To do this, we have isolated total RNA from a range of tissues from I species of porcelain crab (Petrolisthes cinctipes) exposed to a suite of thermal conditions, and have used this RNA to construct a 13 824-clone EST library. Here, we describe construction, EST sequencing, assembly and clustering, and results of BLASTx homology search for our initial 13 824-clone library. From 12 060 usable ESTs, 6717 consensus sequences were identified, and roughly 50% of these have homology to known proteins. At present, an additional 50 000-75 000-clone library of P. cinctipes ESTs is being generated, with the aim of developing a library with near-complete coverage of the transcriptome. The libraries and sequence information that will be generated as a result of this project should be of value for crustacean biologists working across a broad range of scientific disciplines (for example, physiology, developmental biology, biological rhythms, ecology, fisheries biology), as well as in studies of molecular evolution and phylogeography. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. RP Stillman, JH (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, 3152 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. EM stillmaj@sfsu.edu NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 EI 1557-7023 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 IS 6 BP 919 EP 930 DI 10.1093/icb/icl007 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 111HP UT WOS:000242442300021 PM 21672796 ER PT J AU Croshaw, DA AF Croshaw, Dean A. TI Fitness consequences of polyandrous mating for female marbled salamanders SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Savannah River Ecol Lab, Savannah, GA USA. EM croshaw@srel.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E29 EP E29 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100115 ER PT J AU Hale, ME Waters, JS Lee, WK Socha, JJ Fezzaa, K Westneat, MW AF Hale, M. E. Waters, J. S. Lee, W. K. Socha, J. J. Fezzaa, K. Westneat, M. W. TI Drawing inspiration from insect breathing and heaving conventional wisdom: Convective tracheal and air sac mechanisms in Drosophila visualized with x-ray imaging. SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Field Museum, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM mhale@uchicago.edu RI Waters, James/B-3878-2010 OI Waters, James/0000-0002-9804-1585 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E53 EP E53 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100213 ER PT J AU Janzen, FJ Gibbons, JW Greene, JL Iverson, JB Tucker, JK AF Janzen, F. J. Gibbons, J. W. Greene, J. L. Iverson, J. B. Tucker, J. K. TI Climate change and temporal variation in nesting biology of North American turtles SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Iowa State Univ, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Earlham Coll, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM fjanzen@iastate.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E69 EP E69 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100274 ER PT J AU Klok, CJ Kaiser, A Lee, WH Socha, JJ Harrison, JF AF Klok, C. J. Kaiser, A. Lee, W. H. Socha, J. J. Harrison, J. F. TI Single- and multi-generational effects of atmospheric oxygen level on body size and tracheal dimensions in Drosophila melanogaster SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM cjklok@asu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E75 EP E75 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100299 ER PT J AU Lema, SC Dickey, JT Schultz, IR Swanson, P AF Lema, S. C. Dickey, J. T. Schultz, I. R. Swanson, P. TI Disruption of the fish thyroid axis by Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Washington, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Battelle Marine Sci Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sean.lema@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E83 EP E83 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100330 ER PT J AU Miklasz, KA Socha, JJ Labarbera, M AF Miklasz, K. A. Socha, J. J. Labarbera, M. TI Understanding aerodynamic force generation in gliding snakes using physical models SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Chicago, Argonne Natl Lab, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM kmiklasz@gmail.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E98 EP E98 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100393 ER PT J AU Rivera, ARV Wyneken, J Hagen, C Blob, RW AF Rivera, A. R. V. Wyneken, J. Hagen, C. Blob, R. W. TI Comparative kinematics of convergent forelimb flapping behaviors: Swimming in Carettochelys insculpta and Caretta caretta SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. EM arivera@clemson.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 13 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E242 EP E242 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100963 ER PT J AU Socha, JJ Fezzaa, K Lee, WK De Carlo, F AF Socha, J. J. Fezzaa, K. Lee, W. K. De Carlo, F. TI The use of synchrotron x-ray microtomography for studies of fine-scale 3D morphology SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM jjsocha@midway.uchicago.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E252 EP E252 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970101003 ER PT J AU Socha, JJ Waters, JS Westneat, MW Labarbera, M Cook, S Fezzaa, K Lee, WK AF Socha, J. J. Waters, J. S. Westneat, M. W. Labarbera, M. Cook, S. Fezzaa, K. Lee, W. K. TI The poise that refreshes: dynamics of internal food transport in a butterfly SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Arizona State Univ, Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Chicago, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM jjsocha@midway.uchicago.edu RI Waters, James/B-3878-2010 OI Waters, James/0000-0002-9804-1585 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E133 EP E133 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970100532 ER PT J AU Westneat, MW Socha, JJ Waters, JS Hale, ME Lee, WK AF Westneat, M. W. Socha, J. J. Waters, J. S. Hale, M. E. Lee, W. K. TI Visual adaptations of life history stages of ontogenetically migrating crustaceans SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM mwestneat@fieldmuseum.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 46 SU 1 BP E265 EP E265 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V43YJ UT WOS:000202970101055 ER PT J AU Crosby, ME Scholtz, J Ward, P AF Crosby, Martha E. Scholtz, Jean Ward, Paul TI Special issue of interacting with computers: Symbiotic performance between humans and intelligent systems SO INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Informat & Comp Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Psychol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Florida State Univ, Learning Syst Inst, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Crosby, ME (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Informat & Comp Sci, 1680 East West Rd,Post 317, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM crosby@hawaii.edu; Jean.scholtz@pnl.gov; pward@lsi.fsu.edu RI Ward, Paul/K-4145-2012; Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 OI Ward, Paul/0000-0003-1223-5782; NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0953-5438 J9 INTERACT COMPUT JI Interact. Comput. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1165 EP 1169 DI 10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.013 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 115XF UT WOS:000242766400001 ER PT J AU Scholtz, J Morse, E Steves, MP AF Scholtz, Jean Morse, Emile Steves, Michelle Potts TI Evaluation metrics and methodologies for user-centered evaluation of intelligent systems SO INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Article DE evaluation; metrics; intelligent software systems; intelligence analysts AB In the past four years, we have worked with several research programs that were developing intelligent software for use by intelligence analysts. Our involvement in these programs was to develop the metrics and methodologies for assessing the impact on users; in this case, on intelligence analysts. In particular, we focused on metrics to evaluate how much the intelligent systems contribute to the users' tasks and what the cost is to the user in terms of workload and process deviations. In this paper, we describe the approach used. We started with two types of preliminary investigations - first, collecting and analyzing data from analysts working in an instrumented environment for a period of 2 years, and second, developing and conducting formative evaluations of research software. The long-term studies informed our ideas about the processes that analysts use and provided potential metrics in an environment without intelligent software tools. The formative evaluations helped us to define sets of application-specific metrics. Finally, we conducted assessments during and after technology insertions. We describe the metrics and methodologies used in each of these activities, along with the lessons learned. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scholtz, J (reprint author), 340 N Slope Way,POB 70, Rockaway Beach, OR 97136 USA. EM jean.scholtz@pnl.gov; emile.morse@nist.gov; msteves@nist.gov RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0953-5438 J9 INTERACT COMPUT JI Interact. Comput. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1186 EP 1214 DI 10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.014 PG 29 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 115XF UT WOS:000242766400003 ER PT J AU Hernandez, JL Srikishen, J Erickson, DJ Oglesby, R Irwin, D AF Hernandez, Jose L. Srikishen, Jayanthi Erickson, David J., III Oglesby, Robert Irwin, Daniel TI Regional climate study of Central America using the MM5 modeling system: Results and comparison to observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate; regional modeling; Central America; diagnostic analysis; land use ID SURFACE-HYDROLOGY MODEL; LAND-SURFACE; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; ETA-MODEL; PROJECT; IMPLEMENTATION; DROUGHT AB The Mesoscale Modeling system, version 3.6 (MM5) regional modeling system has been applied to Central America and has been evaluated against National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Climatic Data Center (NOAA/NCDC) daily observations and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) precipitation data. We compare model results and observations for 1997 and evaluate various climate parameters (temperature, wind speed, precipitation and water vapor mixing ratio), emphasizing the differences within the context of the station dependent Geographical features and the land use (LU) categories. At 9 of the 16 analyzed stations the modeled temperature, wind speed and vapor mixing ratio are in agreement with observations with average model-observation differences consistently lower than 25%. MM5 has better performance at stations strongly impacted by monsoon systems, regions typified by low topography in coastal areas and areas characterized by evergreen, broad-leaf and shrub land vegetation types. At four stations the model precipitation is about a factor of 3-5 higher than the observations, while the simulated wind is roughly twice what is observed. These stations include two inland stations characterized by croplands close to water bodied. one coastal station in El Salvador adjacent to a mountain-based cropland area and one station at sea-level. This suggests that the model does not adequately represent the influence of topographic features and water bodies close to these stations. In General, the model agrees reasonably well with measurements and therefore provides an acceptable description of regional climate. The simulations in this study use only two seasonal maps of land cover. The main model discrepancies are likely attributable to the actual annual cycle of land-atmosphere vapor and energy exchange that has a temporal scale of days to weeks. These fluxes are impacted by surface moisture availability, albedo and thermal inertia parameters. Copyright (C) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Computat Sci, Climate & Carbon Res Inst, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Erickson, DJ (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Computat Sci, Climate & Carbon Res Inst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM ericksondj@ornl.com NR 33 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 26 IS 15 BP 2161 EP 2179 DI 10.1002/joc.1361 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 120LL UT WOS:000243086100003 ER PT J AU Aceves, SM Berry, GD Martinez-Frias, J Espinosa-Loza, F AF Aceves, Salvador M. Berry, Gene D. Martinez-Frias, Joel Espinosa-Loza, Francisco TI Vehicular storage of hydrogen in insulated pressure vessels SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE hydrogen storage; cryogenic hydrogen; compressed hydrogen; pressure vessels AB This paper describes an alternative technology for storing hydrogen fuel onboard vehicles. Insulated pressure vessels are cryogenic capable vessels that can accept cryogenic liquid hydrogen, cryogenic compressed gas or compressed hydrogen gas at ambient temperature. Insulated pressure vessels offer advantages over conventional storage approaches. Insulated pressure vessels are more compact and require less carbon fiber than compressed hydrogen vessels. They have lower evaporative losses than liquid hydrogen tanks, and are lighter than metal hydrides. The paper outlines the advantages of insulated pressure vessels and describes the experimental and analytical work conducted to verify that insulated pressure vessels can be safely used for vehicular hydrogen storage. Insulated pressure vessels have successfully completed a series of certification tests. A series of tests have been selected as a starting point toward developing a certification procedure. An insulated pressure vessel has been installed in a hydrogen fueled truck and tested over a six month period. (c) 2006 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Aceves, SM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-644, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM saceves@llnl.gov RI aceves, salvador/G-9052-2011 OI aceves, salvador/0000-0001-5687-7256 NR 16 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD DEC PY 2006 VL 31 IS 15 BP 2274 EP 2283 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.019 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 123JI UT WOS:000243291800016 ER PT J AU Antoun, TH Glenn, LA Walton, OR Goldstein, P Lomov, IN Liu, B AF Antoun, T. H. Glenn, L. A. Walton, O. R. Goldstein, P. Lomov, I. N. Liu, B. TI Simulation of hypervelocity penetration in limestone SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE penetration; impact; simulation; damage; GEODYN AB A parameter study was performed to examine the (shock) damage obtained with long-rod and spherical mono-material penetrators impacting two varieties of limestone. In all cases, the impacts were assumed to be normal to the plane of the rock and at zero angle of attack (in the case of the rods). Impact velocities ranged to 15 km/s but most calculations were performed at 4 and 6 km/s and the penetrator mass was fixed at 1000 kg. For unlined underground structures, incipient damage was defined to occur when the peak stress, sigma(pk), exceeds 1 kb (100 MPa) and the applied impulse per unit area, I(pk), exceeds 1 ktap (1 kb mu s). Severe damage was assumed to occur when sigma(pk) exceeds 1 kb and I(pk) exceeds 1000 ktaps. Using the latter definition it was found that severe damage in hard, non-porous limestone with spherical impactors extended to a depth of 9 m on-axis for an impact velocity of 4 km/s and 12 m at 6 km/s. Cylinders with length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of 8.75 achieved depth to severe damage of 23 and 40 m, respectively, under the same conditions. For a limestone medium with 2% initial gas porosity, the latter numbers were reduced to 12 and 18 m. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Antoun, TH (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM antoun1@llnl.gov NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 45 EP 52 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.009 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400008 ER PT J AU Bergeron, NP Hollerman, WA Goedeke, SM Hovater, M Hubbs, W Finchum, A Moore, RJ Allison, SW Edwards, DL AF Bergeron, N. P. Hollerman, W. A. Goedeke, S. M. Hovater, M. Hubbs, W. Finchum, A. Moore, R. J. Allison, S. W. Edwards, D. L. TI Experimental evidence of triboluminescence induced by hypervelocity impact SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE hypervelocity; impact; triboluminescence; luminescence; phosphor AB The emission of light due to crystal fracture, or triboluminescence (TL), is a phenomenon that has been known for centuries. One of the most common examples of TL is the flash created from chewing wintergreen Lifesavers(R). For the last couple of years, the authors have been measuring fluorescence properties of phosphors like zinc sulfide doped with manganese (ZnS:Mn). Preliminary results indicate that impact energies greater than 16 mJ produced measurable TL from ZnS:Mn. Light was generated from the interaction of a dropped mass and a small number of luminescence centers in the ZnS:Mn powder. To extend this research, a two-stage hypervelocity light gas gun located at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) was used to evaluate equipment and settings that show promise for hypervelocity TL detection. In these experiments, a projectile was accelerated to approximately 5-6 km/s before striking a ZnS:Mn phosphor-coated aluminum plate. This paper will provide an overview into the first experimental evidence of TL emission from ZnS:Mn due to hypervelocity impact. It is hoped that these results will generate interest in future hypervelocity research. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Phys, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Engn Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Engn Directorate, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Hollerman, WA (reprint author), Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Phys, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. EM hollerman@louisiana.edu RI Hollerman, William/F-5943-2011; OI Allison, Stephen/0000-0002-5887-5403 NR 10 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.079 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400013 ER PT J AU Bless, SJ Tarcza, K Chau, R Taleff, E Persad, C AF Bless, S. J. Tarcza, K. Chau, R. Taleff, E. Persad, C. TI Dynamic fracture of tungsten heavy alloys SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE fracture; tungsten heavy alloys; spall AB Dynamic fracture of tungsten heavy alloys was induced by two different test techniques. The first was spall (e.g., 1-D strain fracture). The second was transverse impact, as occurs in a yawed penetrator. Spall failure is stress driven, and spall stress corresponds to the threshold for void formation, which is 2.6 GPa for a 91 % WNiCo alloy and 2.1-2.5 GPa for a 95% WNiFe alloy. Yaw-induced fracture, on the other hand, is strain driven. Surface flaws can provide fracture sites. At the meso scale, grain cleavage is mainly responsible for transverse fracture. Grain fracture also appears to play a critical role in the initiation of spall fracture. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Texas, Inst Adv Technol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Texas, Dept Mech Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Bless, SJ (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Adv Technol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM bless@iat.utexas.edu RI Persad, Chadee/G-5704-2010 NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.028 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400014 ER PT J AU Burkett, MW Clancy, SP Maudlin, PJ Hollian, KS AF Burkett, M. W. Clancy, S. P. Maudlin, P. J. Hollian, K. S. TI Coupled plasticity and damage modeling and their applications in a three-dimensional Eulerian hydrocode SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE hydrocode; constitutive modeling; anisotropic; Eulerian; damage ID ANISOTROPIC PLASTICITY; DEFORMATION; STRESS AB Previously developed constitutive models and solution algorithms for continuum-level anisotropic elastoplastic material strength and an isotropic damage model TEPLA have been implemented in the three-dimensional Eulerian hydrodynamics code known as CONEJO. The anisotropic constitutive modeling is posed in an unrotated material frame of reference using the theorem of polar decomposition to compute rigid-body rotation. TEPLA is based upon the Gurson flow surface (a potential function used in conjunction with the associated flow law). The original TEPLA equation set has been extended to include anisotropic elastoplasticity and has been recast into a new implicit solution algorithm based upon an eigenvalue scheme to accommodate the anisotropy. This algorithm solves a two-by-two system of nonlinear equations using a Newton-Raphson iteration scheme. Simulations of a shaped-charge jet formation, a Taylor cylinder impact, and an explosively loaded hemishell were selected to demonstrate the utility of this modeling capability. The predicted deformation topology, plastic strain, and porosity distributions are shown for the three simulations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Burkett, MW (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM mwb@lanl.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 126 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.068 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400017 ER PT J AU Chhabildas, LC Reinhart, WD Thornhill, TF Brown, JL AF Chhabildas, L. C. Reinhart, W. D. Thornhill, T. F. Brown, J. L. TI Shock-induced vaporization in metals SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE shock-induced vaporization; aluminum; indium; zinc; hypervelocity impact ID IMPACT VELOCITIES; 3-STAGE GUN; 11 KM/S; ALUMINUM AB Results of well-controlled experiments on shock-induced vaporization studies in zinc, indium, and aluminum are presented. A titanium alloy impact at a velocity of 10.4 km/s will melt these materials totally. The expansion products upon release will consist of liquid-vapor mixtures. The ratio of liquid to vapor in the mixture depends on the material and also on the degree of expansion upon release. The impact generated debris propagates a gap dimension up to 125 mm before it stagnates against a stationary witness plate. The non-uniform spatial loading on the witness plate is determined using multiple velocity interferometers. Radiographic measurements of the debris cloud are also taken before it stagnates against the witness plate. Both radiographic and the velocity interferometer measurements suggest lateral and axial expansion. We have identified that the kinetics of the vaporization process can be related to the energy of the material shocked to the high-pressure state. In particular, the energy E of the material in the shocked state is expressed in units of the energy E-v required to vaporize a gram of material from room temperature. Results of these experiments indicate that the rate of vaporization is strongly dependent on E/E-v, as it is increased by an order of magnitude from 1 to 10. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Chhabildas, LC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM lcchhab@sandia.gov NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 158 EP 168 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.014 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400020 ER PT J AU Germann, TC AF Germann, T. C. TI Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of hyperthermal cluster impact SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE molecular dynamics simulations; copper; impact; fragmentation ID EMBEDDED-ATOM METHOD; CONTACT LINE REGION; DROPLET IMPACT; WAVE STRUCTURE; SHOCK-WAVES; SURFACE; EMISSION; FRAGMENTATION; DESORPTION; COMPUTER AB Using multimillion-atom classical molecular dynamics simulations, we have studied the impact dynamics of solid and liquid spherical copper clusters (10-30 nm radius) with a solid surface, at velocities ranging from 100 m/s to 2 km/s. The resulting shock, jetting, and fragmentation processes are analyzed, demonstrating three distinct mechanisms for fragmentation. At early times, shock-induced ejection and hydrodynamic jetting produce fragments in the normal and tangential directions, respectively, while sublimation (evaporation) from the shock-heated solid (liquid) surface produces an isotropic fragment flux at both early and late times. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Germann, TC (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, X-1-SMMP, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM tcg@lanl.gov OI Germann, Timothy/0000-0002-6813-238X NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.049 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400032 ER PT J AU Kalantar, DH Collins, GW Colvin, JD Eggert, JH Hawreliak, J Lorenzana, HE Meyers, MA Minich, RW Rosolankova, K Schneider, MS Stolken, JS Wark, JS AF Kalantar, D. H. Collins, G. W. Colvin, J. D. Eggert, J. H. Hawreliak, J. Lorenzana, H. E. Meyers, M. A. Minich, R. W. Rosolankova, K. Schneider, M. S. Stoelken, J. S. Wark, J. S. TI In situ diffraction measurements of lattice response due to shock loading, including direct observation of the alpha-epsilon phase transition in iron SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE X-ray diffraction; laser shocks; phase transformation ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; HIGH-PRESSURE; COMPRESSION; CRYSTALS AB In situ diffraction is a technique to probe directly the lattice response of materials during the shock loading process. It is used to record diffraction patterns from multiple lattice planes simultaneously. The application of this technique is described for laser-based shock experiments. The approach to analyze in situ wide-angle diffraction data is discussed. This is presented in the context of single crystal [001] iron shock experiments where uniaxial compression of the bee lattice by up to 6% was observed. Above the alpha-epsilon transition pressure, the lattice showed a collapse along the [001] direction by 15-18%. Additional diffraction lines appear that confirm the transformation of the iron crystal from the initial bee phase to the hcp phase. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Kalantar, DH (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM kalantar1@llnl.gov RI Collins, Gilbert/G-1009-2011; Meyers, Marc/A-2970-2016 OI Meyers, Marc/0000-0003-1698-5396 NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 343 EP 352 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.050 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400038 ER PT J AU Lawrence, RJ Reinhart, WD Chhabildas, LC Thornhill, TF AF Lawrence, R. J. Reinhart, W. D. Chhabildas, L. C. Thornhill, T. F. TI Spectral measurements of hypervelocity impact flash SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE impact flash; spectroscopy; line spectra; continuum spectra AB We have revisited the well-known phenomena of impact flash by examining the optical spectra generated by hypervelocity impacts at velocities up to several tens of kilometers per second. This particular effort, sponsored by an LDRD from our laboratories, has looked at the flash from impacts over a range of velocities from 6 to 25 km/s, using two different experimental environments. Both two- and three-stage light-gas guns and magnetically driven flyers on the Z accelerator were used. Here, we describe the latter set of experiments. Using standard tabulations of atomic spectral data, we were able to identify strong spectral lines from the principal materials used in the various shots. We demonstrated that the impact-flash spectra were qualitatively reproducible from shot to shot, and have confirmed the feasibility and credibility of using impact-flash spectroscopy for remote sensing applications such as meteoroid-impact or missile-defense engagement analyses. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Ktech Corp Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. RP Lawrence, RJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM rjlawre@sandia.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 353 EP 363 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.010 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400039 ER PT J AU Morris, JP Rubin, MB Block, GI Bonner, MP AF Morris, J. P. Rubin, M. B. Block, G. I. Bonner, M. P. TI Simulations of fracture and fragmentation of geologic materials using combined FEM/DEM analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE FEM; DEM; distinct elements; fragmentation; fracture ID DISTINCT ELEMENT METHOD; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; POLYHEDRAL BLOCKS; BRITTLE MATERIALS; MODEL; FORMULATION; BEHAVIOR AB Results are presented from a study investigating the effect of explosive and impact loading on geological media using the Livermore distinct element code (LDEC). LDEC was initially developed to simulate tunnels and other structures in jointed rock masses with large numbers of intact polyhedral blocks. However, underground structures in jointed rock subjected to explosive loading can fail due to both rock motion along preexisting interfaces and fracture of the intact rock mass itself. Many geophysical applications, such as projectile penetration into rock, concrete targets, and boulder fields, require a combination of continuum and discrete methods in order to predict the formation and interaction of the fragments produced. In an effort to model these types of problems, we have implemented Cosserat point theory and cohesive element formulations into the current version of LDEC, thereby allowing for dynamic fracture and combined finite element/ discrete element simulations. Results of a large-scale LLNL simulation of an explosive shock wave impacting an elaborate underground facility are also discussed. It is confirmed that persistent joints lead to an underestimation of the impact energy needed to fill the tunnel systems with rubble. Non-persistent joint patterns, which are typical of real geologies, inhibit shear within the surrounding rock mass and significantly increase the load required to collapse a tunnel. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Mech Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. RP Morris, JP (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM morris50@llnl.gov NR 28 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 32 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 463 EP 473 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.006 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400050 ER PT J AU Reinhart, WD Chhabildas, LC Vogler, TJ AF Reinhart, W. D. Chhabildas, L. C. Vogler, T. J. TI Investigating phase transitions and strength in single-crystal sapphire using shock-reshock loading techniques SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE sapphire; shock; reshock; phase transition; PMMA ID COMPRESSION; ALUMINA; TRANSFORMATION; PRESSURE; AL2O3; WAVE AB This paper focuses on developing a technique that can probe phase transitions in ceramics and evaluating strength properties of single-crystal sapphire. High strength ceramics that undergo solid-to-solid polymorphic phase transitions can display a wide range of volume changes. Materials with large volumetric changes can be easily detected; however, materials demonstrating small volume changes, pose a different experimental problem. Because of the variety of diagnostics tools (for acquiring data), and differing interpretation of the data, materials that undergo small volume changes, make detection of transformation quite challenging. Different experimental test methods are needed to potentially allow detection and characterization of materials undergoing phase transitions with small volume changes. In addition, these results show that single-crystal sapphire has considerable strength loss at approximately 56 GPa on the Hugoniot. In this study, we report loading profile measurements in the form of particle velocity histories for single-crystal sapphire that is shocked to a given stress level directly or through multiple steps from a shocked state of 56 GPa. We probe the region of suggested phase transformations utilizing the simplest type of off-Hugoniot reshock loading. This also allows an assessment of shear strength in the shocked state of single-crystal c-axis sapphire. The present measurements show no evidence of a phase transition, but do suggest considerable strength loss in sapphire. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Reinhart, WD (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM wdreinh@sandia.gov RI Vogler, Tracy/B-4489-2009 NR 27 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 655 EP 669 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.083 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400064 ER PT J AU Riha, DS Thacker, BH Pleming, JB Walker, JD Mullin, SA Weiss, CE Rodriguez, EA Leslie, PO AF Riha, D. S. Thacker, B. H. Pleming, J. B. Walker, J. D. Mullin, S. A. Weiss, C. E. Rodriguez, E. A. Leslie, P. O. TI Verification and validation for a penetration model using a deterministic and probabilistic design tool SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE penetration; computational model; uncertainty quantification; verification and validation AB The Los Alamos National Laboratory Dynamic Experimentation (DynEx) program is the designing and validating steel blast containment vessels using limited experiments coupled with computational models. Through a need to design portions of the vessel to protect against breeches by projectiles, an analytical model was developed along the lines of the Walker-Anderson penetration model to predict the penetration depth of a projectile in a two- and three-layer target. The three-layer target consists of boron carbide ceramic (B4C), beryllium (Be), and aluminum. The two-layer target removes the Be. This model was integrated in the NESSUS(R) probabilistic analysis program to provide a deterministic and probabilistic design tool. Through a verification and validation approach, the model predictions are compared to the experimental results for both target configurations. The probabilistic analysis or uncertainty quantification is an essential part of verification and validation (V&V) and is used to provide confidence in model predictions. Overall, the V&V procedure indicates that the model predicts the two-layer target results well and is biased conservatively. The three-layer target provides reasonable predictions for thinner ceramic layers. The probabilistic results provide additional insight into the model and experimental results comparison over a deterministic analysis alone. The results show that there may be incomplete physics in the modeling of Be and thicker B4C layers. The probabilistic sensitivity factors show that the projectile density, velocity and strength, and Be strength are important variables. This information provides insight into approaches to improve the model predictions and establishes validity for use of the current model for specific configuration ranges. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Riha, DS (reprint author), SW Res Inst, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. EM driha@swri.org RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 681 EP 690 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.048 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400066 ER PT J AU Starks, MJ Cooke, DL Dichter, BK Chhabildas, LC Reinhart, WD Thornhill, TF AF Starks, M. J. Cooke, D. L. Dichter, B. K. Chhabildas, L. C. Reinhart, W. D. Thornhill, T. F., III TI Seeking radio emissions from hypervelocity micrometeoroid impacts: Early experimental results from the ground SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE impact plasma; hypervelocity; micrometeoroid ID KM/S AB High-velocity impact experiments have been conducted to look for radio frequency (RF) emissions from impact-produced plasmas that could be used to identify micrometeoroid impacts to spacecraft in orbit. Launched by a three-stage light gas gun, 17 mm diameter by 0.9 mm thick Ti6Al-4V flyer plates impacted 0.75 mm thick indium (In) foil at more than 10 km s(-1). The resulting collision presumably ionized some fraction of the vaporized In cloud, which was accelerated to about 12 km s(-1). This weak In plasma then passed through a wide-band detection system that looked for RF emissions. Over the course of five shots during the experiment, no conclusive plasma emissions from the In were detected. However, strong evidence indicates that significant charge is accumulated on the flyer plate during acceleration and flight, possibly producing Paschen discharge to the chamber walls. Finally, plasma may be produced by the launcher secondary to launching the plate, leading to further contamination of the results. These effects have significant consequences for RF experiments attempted in launching systems of this type. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Shock Phys Applicat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Starks, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, VSBX1,29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM michael.starks@hanscom.af.mil NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 781 EP 787 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.044 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400075 ER PT J AU Thornhill, TF Chhabildas, LC Reinhart, WD Davidson, DL AF Thornhill, T. F. Chhabildas, L. C. Reinhart, W. D. Davidson, D. L. TI Particle launch to 19 km/s for micro-meteoroid simulation using enhanced three-stage light gas gun hypervelocity launcher techniques SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE meteoroid; three stage; two stage; flier; hypervelocity AB Particle launch experiments were performed to study application of the enhanced hypervelocity launcher (EHVL), i.e. the third-stage addition to the two-stage gun, for launching micron to millimeter sized particulates at velocities unobtainable with a standard two-stage light gas gun launch. Three types of particles or fliers were tested along with several barrel designs. For micron scale particles fine-grain polycrystalline ceramics were impacted and fractured, launching particulate clouds at velocities of 15 km/s. Multiple titanium particles similar to 400 mu m diameter embedded in plastic were "shotgun" launched to velocities of 10 km/s. Flier plates of 3 mm diameter by 1 mm thick Ti6Al4V were launched to 19 km/s. All experiments used a second-stage projectile with graded density facing impacting a flier in an impact generated acceleration reservoir. This paper describes the modification and adaptation of the Sandia EHVL to provide micrometeoroid simulation capabilities. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Ktech Corp Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. RP Chhabildas, LC (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM lcchhab@sandia.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 799 EP 811 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.015 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400077 ER PT J AU Vogler, TJ Chhabildas, LC AF Vogler, Tracy J. Chhabildas, Lalit C. TI Strength behavior of materials at high pressures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE strength; shock; isentropic compression; experimental techniques ID SHEAR-STRENGTH; SILICON-CARBIDE; NONHYDROSTATIC COMPRESSION; 6061-T6 ALUMINUM; YIELD STRENGTH; SHOCKED STATE; BORON-CARBIDE; STRAIN; IMPACT; INSTABILITY AB Strength is an important aspect of material behavior for armor performance, planetary science, and accurate property measurement under quasi-isentropic loading and static high pressure. The advent of time-resolved diagnostics allowed the elastic-plastic behavior of solids under shock loading to be detected for the first time. These early experiments revealed a two-wave structure of elastic and plastic shock waves for stresses above the elastic limit. However, the full stress state in the shocked state remained unknown because the conservation equations provide only the longitudinal stress. Since then, a variety of techniques has been used to determine strength in the shocked state. One of the most successful has been using shock/release and shock/reload to find the stress state and strength in the shocked condition. This technique has been applied to a variety of metals and ceramics at stresses of 100 GPa or higher. These experiments have revealed a rich set of behaviors, many of which are still not fully understood. Recently, there has been significant interest in isentropic loading where the material can be significantly cooler and strength even more important. In this paper, we present a current perspective on strength under high pressures, particularly in the dynamic regime, with emphasis on the techniques used to measure strength and their advantages and disadvantages. Results of strength measurements on several materials will be discussed, and interesting aspects of behavior will be highlighted. In addition, shock results will be contrasted with those under isentropic loading. Finally, some new directions in the study of strength will be outlined. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Vogler, TJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM tjvogle@sandia.gov RI Vogler, Tracy/B-4489-2009 NR 63 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 812 EP 825 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.069 PG 14 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400078 ER PT J AU Walker, JD Mullin, SA Weiss, CE Leslie, PO AF Walker, James D. Mullin, Scott A. Weiss, Carl E. Leslie, Paul O. TI Penetration of boron carbide, aluminum, and beryllium alloys by depleted uranium rods: Modeling and experimentation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS 2005) CY OCT 09-13, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA DE multi-layer penetration models; hypervelocity impact experiments; centerline momentum balance; boron carbide; beryllium ID TUNGSTEN LONG RODS; IMPACT VELOCITIES; TARGETS; KM/S AB As part of the US stockpile stewardship program, it is necessary to perform experiments with various metallic components and explosives. These experiments will be conducted within specially designed blast vessels to ensure that the debris from the experiment is contained. The debris includes fragments that are launched at hypervelocities. The blast vessels are built primarily of steel, but have windows of either aluminum or beryllium alloys for diagnostic equipment requirements. To contain the hypervelocity depleted uranium fragments, ceramic armoring of the windows and steel vessel is used. To develop the necessary design tools, a program of experiments and modeling was begun. Preliminary pre-test predictions were made to design experiments. The experiments were conducted with targets representative of the armored windows in the vessel. To assist in the vessel design, two- and three-layered target analytical models were developed to predict the penetration of depleted uranium rods striking at velocities up to 2 km/s into layered targets of ceramic (boron carbide and silicon carbide) and aluminum, beryllium and steel alloys. The agreement between the pre-test predictions, the developed layered-target analytical model, and the experiments is good. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. EM jwalker@swri.org NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-743X J9 INT J IMPACT ENG JI Int. J. Impact Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1-12 BP 826 EP 836 DI 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.059 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 128PF UT WOS:000243669400079 ER PT J AU Zelenyuk, A Imre, D Cai, Y Mueller, K Han, YP Imrich, P AF Zelenyuk, Alla Imre, Dan Cai, Yong Mueller, Klaus Han, Yiping Imrich, Peter TI SpectraMiner, an interactive data mining and visualization software for single particle mass spectroscopy: A laboratory test case SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE single particle mass spectrometer; data classification; data visualization ID SPECTROMETRY; SUPERSITE; CLASSIFICATION; DENSITY; ATOFMS; ART-2A; SIZE AB Single particle mass spectrometers are sophisticated instruments designed to measure the sizes and compositions of a wide range of individual particles in situ, in real-time. They characterize hundreds of thousands or millions of particles, generating vast amounts of rich and complex data, the proper mining of which requires dedicated state of the art tools. The analysis of individual particle mass spectra is particularly difficult because of their high dimensionality-each data point, representing a single particle, includes the 450 mass spectral peak intensities, particle size, and time of detection. The first step is to organize the data; a process typically accomplished by grouping particles of similar attributes. Since the common assumption is that the data should be reduced to become manageable, they are typically classified into a small number of clusters (similar to 10), each of which is represented by an average/representative spectrum. Our approach is quite different. We have developed a data mining and visualization software package we call SpectraMiner that makes it possible to handle hundreds of clusters, limiting loss of information and thus overcoming the boundaries set by traditional statistical data analysis approaches. Data, which often include over 1 million particle spectra, are organized using K-mean clustering algorithm. The clusters are merged into nodes by sequentially combining similar clusters. The final structure is displayed in a hierarchical dynamical tree or circular dendogram. This interactive dendogram is the visual interface that allows for real-time data exploration and mining. Clicking on any of the clusters/nodes in the dendogram reveals the detailed information about the particles that reside at that position. At each step the scientist is in control of the level of detail and the visualization format, rapidly switching between them while running the program on a PC. Here we present a study that puts the classification aspect of SpectraMiner to the test. Twelve types of laboratory generated particles are carefully chosen to test some of the difficult aspects of single particle mass spectroscopy. We quantify the degree of particle identification and separation at a number of levels and demonstrate how the visualization tools that SpectraMiner provides can be used to refine, steer and control the data mining process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. Imre Consulting, Richland, WA 99352 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Zelenyuk, A (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99354 USA. EM alla.zelenyuk@pnl.gov NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 258 IS 1-3 BP 58 EP 73 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.06.015 PG 16 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 108SD UT WOS:000242258600008 ER PT J AU Gloaguen, E Mysak, ER Leone, SR Ahmed, M Wilson, KR AF Gloaguen, Eric Mysak, Erin R. Leone, Stephen R. Ahmed, Musahid Wilson, Kevin R. TI Investigating the chemical composition of mixed organic-inorganic particles by "soft" vacuum ultraviolet photoionization: The reaction of ozone with anthracene on sodium chloride particles SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE aerosol; heterogeneous reaction; anthracene; ozone; single photon ionization ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; AIR-AQUEOUS INTERFACE; KINETICS; CHEMISTRY; PRODUCTS; SYNCHROTRON; ULTRAFINE; DROPLETS; SIZE AB The ozone reaction with anthracene coated sodium chloride particles is measured by single photon ionization of the resulting volatilized gas phase molecules. To investigate in detail the organic fraction of particles, a vacuum ultraviolet aerosol mass spectrometer (VUV-AMS) has been developed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline at the Advanced Light Source. This instrument combines a thermal vaporization particle source with tunable synchrotron radiation. Since VUV is a "soft" ionization method, the roles of both the vaporization and ionization steps on the fragmentation patterns of C3H62 hydrocarbons are observed. Conditions can be found to obtain mass spectra without significant fragmentation of the molecules. This technique is used to characterize the products of the heterogeneous reaction of gas phase ozone with particle phase anthracene on size-selected sodium chloride particles, conducted in a flow tube experiment. The recorded fragment-free mass spectra show several new products from mono- to penta-oxygenated anthracene. The kinetics of the product formation and particle size measurements are simultaneously recorded, revealing that an increase of the particle size accompanies the formation of the products. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Wilson, KR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM krwilson@lbl.gov RI Ahmed, Musahid/A-8733-2009; Gloaguen, Eric/O-1153-2013 OI Gloaguen, Eric/0000-0002-1023-2791 NR 31 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 258 IS 1-3 BP 74 EP 85 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.07.019 PG 12 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 108SD UT WOS:000242258600009 ER PT J AU Harris, WA Reilly, PTA Whitten, WB AF Harris, William A. Reilly, Peter T. A. Whitten, William B. TI Aerosol MALDI of peptides and proteins in an ion trap mass spectrometer: Trapping, resolution and signal-to-noise SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE aerosol; MALDI; ion trap; real time ID ASSISTED-LASER-DESORPTION/IONIZATION; INDIVIDUAL AIRBORNE MICROPARTICLES; PROBE SAMPLE PRETREATMENT; GENERATING PARTICLE BEAMS; DESORPTION-IONIZATION; VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS; CONTROLLED DIMENSIONS; AERODYNAMIC LENSES; NOZZLE EXPANSIONS; BACTERIA AB The aerosol MALDI technique has been noted for its extreme sensitivity. Unfortunately, resolution and signal quality remain as issues that limit the applicability of the technique. Utilizing the aerosol MALDI technique in an ion trap mass spectrometer has an advantage because the resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are not products of the laser ablation event. In this study, the mass dependence of the aerosol MALDI technique in a constant frequency, 1 MHz, ion trap was explored in terms of trapping, resolution and signal-to-noise. Mass resolution exceeding 5000 was achieved for substance P. Trapping and detection of ions up to myoglobin, m/z 16.9 kDa, was demonstrated. The effect of the pseudo-potential well depth at ejection on resolution and signal-to-noise was revealed. Our results show that the ability to trap large ions with the aerosol MALDI technique can be modeled with the MALDI-induced velocity distribution and the trapping pseudo-potential well depth. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Reilly, PTA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008,MS 6142, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM reillypt@ornl.gov NR 34 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 258 IS 1-3 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.06.014 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 108SD UT WOS:000242258600013 ER PT J AU Kadau, K Germann, TC Lomdahl, PS AF Kadau, Kai Germann, Timothy C. Lomdahl, Peter S. TI Molecular dynamics comes of age: 320 billion atom simulation on BlueGene/L SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C LA English DT Article DE molecular dynamics; Blue Gene Light; high performance computing (HPC); SPaSM; large scale ID SHOCK-WAVES; PARTICLES; SYSTEM; VIEW AB As computational power is increasing, molecular dynamics simulations are becoming more important in materials science, chemistry, physics, and other fields of science. We demonstrate weak and strong scaling of our classical molecular dynamics code SPaSM on Livermore's BlueGene/L architecture containing 131072 IBM PowerPC440 processors. A maximum of 320 billion atoms have been simulated in double precision, corresponding to a cubic piece of solid copper with an edge length of 1.56 mu m. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kadau, K (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, MS G756, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM kkadau@lanl.gov; tcg@lanl.gov; pxl@lanl.gov NR 14 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 10 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0129-1831 J9 INT J MOD PHYS C JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. C PD DEC PY 2006 VL 17 IS 12 BP 1755 EP 1761 DI 10.1142/S0129183106010182 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 134AS UT WOS:000244055600004 ER PT J AU Hwang, W Eaton, JK AF Hwang, W. Eaton, J. K. TI Turbulence attenuation by small particles in the absence of gravity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW LA English DT Article DE turbulence attenuation; homogeneous isotropic turbulence; micro-gravity ID ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; GENERATED TURBULENCE; SOLID PARTICLES; LADEN FLOWS; MODULATION; SIMULATION C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hwang, W (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Engine Combust Dept, POB 969,MS9053, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM wthwang@stanfordalumni.org NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0301-9322 J9 INT J MULTIPHAS FLOW JI Int. J. Multiph. Flow PD DEC PY 2006 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1386 EP 1396 DI 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.06.008 PG 11 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 111LK UT WOS:000242453000006 ER PT J AU Shepard, R Minkoff, M AF Shepard, Ron Minkoff, Michael TI Optimization of nonlinear wave function parameters SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Sanibel Symposium CY FEB 26-MAR 03, 2006 CL St Simons Isl, GA SP Univ Florida, Quantum Theory Project DE nonlinear; wavefunction; optimization; GUGA ID UNITARY-GROUP-APPROACH; ELECTRON CORRELATION-PROBLEM; PERTURBATION-THEORY CALCULATIONS; GROUP THEORETICAL APPROACH; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; CONVERGENCE ACCELERATION; MOLECULAR-SYSTEMS; PROGRAM SYSTEM; COLUMBUS; DENSITY AB An energy-based optimization method is presented for our recently developed nonlinear wave function expansion form for electronic wave functions. This expansion form is based on spin eigenfunctions, using the graphical unitary group approach (GUGA). The wave function is expanded in a basis of product functions, allowing application to closed-shell and open-shell systems and to ground and excited electronic states. Each product basis function is itself a multiconfigurational function that depends on a relatively small number of nonlinear parameters called arc factors. The energy-based optimization is formulated in terms of analytic arc factor gradients and orbital-level Hamiltonian matrices that correspond to a specific kind of uncontraction of each of the product basis functions. These orbital-level Hamiltonian matrices give an intuitive representation of the energy in terms of disjoint subsets of the arc factors, they provide for an efficient computation of gradients of the energy with respect to the arc factors, and they allow optimal arc factors to be determined in closed form for subspaces of the full variation problem. Timings for energy and arc factor gradient computations involving expansion spaces of > 10(24) configuration state functions are reported. Preliminary convergence studies and molecular dissociation curves are presented for some small molecules. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Shepard, R (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM shepard@tcg.anl.gov NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0020-7608 J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 106 IS 15 SI SI BP 3190 EP 3207 DI 10.1002/qua.21140 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA 100BP UT WOS:000241642400021 ER PT J AU Meunier, V Lu, WC Sumpter, BG Bernholc, J AF Meunier, Vincent Lu, Wenchang Sumpter, Bobby G. Bernholc, Jerry TI Density functional theory studies of quantum transport in molecular systems SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Sanibel Symposium CY FEB 26-MAR 03, 2006 CL St Simons Isl, GA SP Univ Florida, Quantum Theory Project DE transport; nanoelectronics; DFT ID NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; CARBON NANOTUBES; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; OXYGEN-ADSORPTION; SILICON SURFACES; ENCAPSULATION; CONDUCTANCE; MONOLAYERS; GRAPHITE AB Conventional semiconducting devices are rapidly approaching their physical limits, encouraging an increasing number of researchers across multiple disciplines to attempt to devise innovative ways to decrease the size and increase the performance of critical features in microelectronic circuits. One possible route is based on the idea of using molecules and molecular structures as functional electronic devices. While impressive experimental progress toward the realization of molecular electronics has been achieved, full insight into the potential for molecular-based electronics requires accurate theoretical investigations of the processes governing their functioning. In the present study, we show that large-scale quantum electronic structure calculations coupled with nonequilibrium Green function theory can be employed to determine quantum conductance on practical length scales. The combination of state-of-the-art quantum mechanical methods, efficient numerical algorithms, and high-performance computing allows for realistic evaluation of properties at length scales that are routinely reached experimentally. Two illustrations of the method are presented. First, we investigate the electron transport properties of a Si/organic-molecule/Si junction, using a numerically optimized basis. Second, quantum chemical calculations using up to 10(4) basis functions are carried out to investigate amphoteric doping of carbon nanotubes by encapsulation of organic molecules. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanphase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr High Performance Simulat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Meunier, V (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM meunierv@ornl.gov RI Meunier, Vincent/F-9391-2010; Sumpter, Bobby/C-9459-2013 OI Meunier, Vincent/0000-0002-7013-179X; Sumpter, Bobby/0000-0001-6341-0355 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0020-7608 J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 106 IS 15 SI SI BP 3334 EP 3342 DI 10.1002/qua.21197 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA 100BP UT WOS:000241642400033 ER PT J AU Berman, GP Brown, GW Hawley, ME Kamenev, DI Tsifrinovich, VI AF Berman, G. P. Brown, G. W. Hawley, M. E. Kamenev, D. I. Tsifrinovich, V. I. TI Implementation of quantum logic operations and creation of entanglement between two nuclear spin qubits with constant interaction SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE perturbation theory; solid-state quantum computation; controlled-NOT gate ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; FULL ADDER; COMPUTER; SILICON; LITHOGRAPHY; SURFACES; DONORS; STM AB We describe how to implement quantum logic operations in a silicon-based quantum computer with phosphorus atoms serving as qubits. The information is stored in the states of nuclear spins and the conditional logic operations are implemented through the electron spins using nuclear-electron hyperfine and electron-electron exchange interactions. The electrons in our computer should stay coherent only during implementation of one Controlled-NOT gate. The exchange interaction is constant, and selective excitations are provided by a magnetic field gradient. The quantum logic operations are implemented by rectangular radio-frequency pulses. This architecture is scalable and does not require manufacturing nanoscale electronic gates. As shown in this paper, parameters of a quantum protocol can be derived analytically even for a computer with a large number of qubits using our perturbation approach. We present the protocol for initialization of the nuclear spins and the protocol for creation of entanglement. All analytical results are tested numerically using a two-qubit system. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Div T13, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div MST8, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Polytech Univ, IDS Dept, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. RP Berman, GP (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Div T13, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0219-7499 J9 INT J QUANTUM INF JI Int. J. Quantum Inf. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 4 IS 6 BP 975 EP 1001 DI 10.1142/S0219749906002353 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 134AO UT WOS:000244055200009 ER PT J AU Masunaga, SI Kasaoka, S Maruyama, K Nigg, D Sakurai, Y Nagata, K Suzuki, M Kinashi, Y Maruhashi, A Ono, K AF Masunaga, Shin-Ichiro Kasaoka, Satoshi Maruyama, Kazuo Nigg, David Sakurai, Yoshinori Nagata, Kenji Suzuki, Minoru Kinashi, Yuko Maruhashi, Akira Ono, Koji TI The potential of transferrin-pendant-type polyethyleneglycol liposomes encapsulating decahydrodecaborate-B-10 (GB-10) as B-10-carriers for boron neutron capture therapy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE boron neutron capture therapy; transferrin-pendant-type polyethyleneglycol liposome; BSH; GB-10; quiescent cell ID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS; SOLID TUMORS; CANCER; QUIESCENT; LIGAND; DRUGS; CELLS; BNCT; MICE AB Purpose: To evaluate GB-10-encapsulating transferrin (TF)-pendant-type polyethyleneglycol (PEG) liposomes as tumor-targeting B-10-carriers for boron neutron capture therapy. Methods and Materials: A free mereaptoundecahydrododecaborate-B-10 (BSH) or decahydrodecaborate-B-10 (GB-10) solution, bare liposomes, PEG liposomes, or TF-PEG liposomes were injected into SCC VII tumor-bearing mice, and B-10 concentrations in the tumors and normal tissues were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Meanwhile, tumor-bearing mice were continuously given 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label all intratumor proliferating cells, then injected with these 10B-carriers containing BSH or GB-10 in the same manner. Right after thermal neutron irradiation, the response of quiescent (Q) cells was assessed in terms of the micronucleus frequency using immunofluorescence staining for BrdU. The frequency in the total tumor cells was determined from the BrdU nontreated tumors. Results: Transferrin-PEG liposomes showed a prolonged retention in blood circulation, low uptake by reticuloendothelial system, and the most enhanced accumulation of B-10 in solid tumors. In general, the enhancing effects were significantly greater in total cells than Q cells. In both cells, the enhancing effects of GB-10-containing B-10-carriers were significantly greater than BSH-containing B-10-carriers, whether loaded in free solution or liposomes. In both cells, whether BSH or GB-10 was employed, the greatest enhancing effect was observed with TF-PEG liposomes followed in decreasing order by PEG liposomes, bare liposomes, and free BSH or GB-10 solution. In Q cells, the decrease was remarkable between PEG and bare liposomes. Conclusions: In terms of biodistribution characteristics and tumor cell-killing effect as a whole, including Q cells, GB-10 TF-PEG liposomes were regarded as promising B-10-carriers. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. C1 Kyoto Univ, Res Reactor Inst, Radiat Oncol Res Lab, Osaka 5900494, Japan. Hiroshima Int Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Pharmaceut, Hiroshima, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Res Reactor Inst, Div Radiat Safety, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Res Reactor Inst, Div Radiat Life Sci, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. Teikyo Univ, Dept Pharmaceut, Kanagawa, Japan. Sapporo Med Univ, Fac Med, Dept Phys, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. RP Masunaga, SI (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Res Reactor Inst, Radiat Oncol Res Lab, 2-1010 Asashiromachi, Osaka 5900494, Japan. EM smasuna@rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0360-3016 J9 INT J RADIAT ONCOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 66 IS 5 BP 1515 EP 1522 DI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.028 PG 8 WC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Oncology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 111KU UT WOS:000242451300031 PM 17126210 ER PT J AU Pecharsky, VK Gschneidner, KA AF Pecharsky, Vitalij K. Gschneidner, Karl A., Jr. TI Advanced magnetocaloric materials: What does the future hold? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Review DE magnetic refrigerator; survey; material; alloy ID TEMPERATURE MAGNETIC REFRIGERATOR; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; GD-5(SI2GE2); TRANSITION; GD5SI2GE2 AB Recent achievements in the design of robust near room temperature magnetic cooling devices signify paradigm shift in refrigeration, liquefaction and freezing technologies, and call for a much broader base of advanced magnetocaloric materials to support quick materialization of this environmentally friendly, energy efficient technology in a variety of markets. The latest material discoveries are reviewed and current trends in engineering of advanced magnetocaloric compounds have been identified. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, US DOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pecharsky, VK (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, US DOE, 242 Spedding, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM vitkp@ameslab.gov NR 50 TC 133 Z9 134 U1 8 U2 52 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD DEC PY 2006 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1239 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.03.020 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 123HH UT WOS:000243286500002 ER PT J AU Pless, DJ Chakrabarti, C Rammohan, R Luger, GF AF Pless, Daniel J. Chakrabarti, Chayan Rammohan, Roshan Luger, George F. TI The design and testing of a first-order logic-based stochastic modeling language SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Florida-Artificial-Intelligence-Research-Society Conference CY MAY 15-17, 2005 CL Clearwater, FL SP Florida Artificial Intelligence Res Soc DE stochastic-modeling; loopy belief propagation; parameter-fitting AB We have created a logic-based, Turing-complete language for stochastic modeling. Since the inference scheme for this language is based on a variant of Pearl's loopy belief propagation algorithm, we call it Loopy Logic. Traditional Bayesian networks have limited expressive power, basically constrained to finite domains as in the propositional calculus. Our language contains variables that can capture general classes of situations, events and relationships. A first-order language is also able to reason about potentially infinite classes and situations using constructs such as hidden Markov models(HMMs). Our language uses an Expectation-Maximization (EM) type learning of parameters. This has a natural fit with the Loopy Belief Propagation used for inference since both can be viewed as iterative message passing algorithms. We present the syntax and theoretical foundations for our Loopy Logic language. We then demonstrate three examples of stochastic modeling and diagnosis that explore the representational power of the language. A mechanical fault detection example displays how Loopy Logic can model time-series processes using an HMM variant. A digital circuit example exhibits the probabilistic modeling capabilities, and finally, a parameter fitting example demonstrates the power for learning unknown stochastic values. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Comp Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Pless, DJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 1138, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM djpless@sandia.gov; cc@cs.unm.edu; roshan@cs.unm.edu; luger@cs.unm.edu NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-2130 EI 1793-6349 J9 INT J ARTIF INTELL T JI Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools PD DEC PY 2006 VL 15 IS 6 BP 979 EP 1005 DI 10.1142/S0218213006003077 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 120WW UT WOS:000243118500008 ER PT J AU Chambers, DH Berryman, JG AF Chambers, D. H. Berryman, J. G. TI Target characterization using decomposition of the time-reversal operator: electromagnetic scattering from small ellipsoids SO INVERSE PROBLEMS LA English DT Article ID WAVE-GUIDE; SMALL INCLUSIONS; FIXED FREQUENCY; AMPLITUDE; MATRIX; MEDIA AB Decomposition of the time-reversal operator for an array, or equivalently the singular value decomposition of the multistatic response matrix, has been used to improve imaging and localization of targets in complicated media. Typically, each singular value is associated with one scatterer even though it has been shown in several cases that a single scatterer can generate several singular values. In earlier papers Chambers and Berryman (2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 0239021-4; 2004 IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop. 52 1729-38) showed that a small spherical scatterer can generate up to six singular values depending on the array geometry and sphere composition. It was shown that the existence and characteristics of multiple singular values for each scatterer can, in principle, be used to determine certain properties of the scatterers, e. g. conducting or non-conducting material. In this paper, we extend this analysis to non-spherical targets and show how orientation information about the target may be obtained from the spectrum of singular values. The general properties of the decomposition for small non-spherical dielectric (and possibly conductive) targets in an electromagnetic field are derived and detailed results are obtained for the specific cases of non-magnetic and perfectly conducting needles and discs. It is shown that scatterer orientation can be estimated by tracking the singular values of a linear array as it is rotated around its midpoint. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Chambers, DH (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 808,L-154, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM chambers2@llnl.gov; JGBerryman@lbl.gov RI Berryman, James/A-9712-2008 NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0266-5611 J9 INVERSE PROBL JI Inverse Probl. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 22 IS 6 BP 2145 EP 2163 DI 10.1088/0266-5611/22/6/014 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 111KF UT WOS:000242449500014 ER PT J AU Asaki, TJ Campbell, PR Chartrand, R Powell, CE Vixie, KR Wohlberg, BE AF Asaki, Thomas J. Campbell, Patrick R. Chartrand, Rick Powell, Collin E. Vixie, Kevin R. Wohlberg, Brendt E. TI Abel inversion using total variation regularization: applications SO INVERSE PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Abel transform; inverse problems; total variation; tomography; regularization AB We apply total-variation (TV) regularization methods to Abel inversion tomography. inversions are performed using the fixed-point iteration method and the regularization parameter is chosen such that the resulting data fidelity approximates the known or estimated statistical character of the noisy data. Five one-dimensional (ID) examples illustrate the favorable characteristics of TV-regularized solutions: noise suppression and density discontinuity preservation. Experimental and simulated examples from X-ray radiography also illustrate limitations due to a linear projection approximation. TV-regularized inversions are shown to be superior to squared gradient (Tikhonov) regularized inversions for objects with density discontinuities. We also introduce an adaptive TV method that utilizes a modified discrete gradient operator acting only apart from data-determined density discontinuities. This method provides improved density level preservation relative to the basic TV method. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Asaki, TJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D413,POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM asaki@lanl.gov RI Wohlberg, Brendt/M-7764-2015; OI Wohlberg, Brendt/0000-0002-4767-1843; Chartrand, Rick/0000-0003-3256-2238 NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1741-5977 J9 INVERSE PROBL SCI EN JI Inverse Probl. Sci. Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 14 IS 8 BP 873 EP 885 DI 10.1080/17415970600882549 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 124MX UT WOS:000243373000006 ER PT J AU Seidman, DN Sudbrack, CK Yoon, KE AF Seidman, David N. Sudbrack, Chantal K. Yoon, Kevin E. TI The use of 3-D atom-probe tomography to study nickel-based superalloys SO JOM LA English DT Article ID FIELD-ION MICROSCOPE; NI-CR-AL; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ALLOY; DESORPTION; SURFACE; PHASE; NANOSTRUCTURE; DECOMPOSITION; RESOLUTION AB Recent technological advances in the design and fabrication of atom-probe tomographs and their commercialization are revolutionizing our ability to determine, on a sub-nanometer scale (atomic scale), the chemical identities of atoms in a nanostructure and to reconstruct this information in three dimensions. Thus, it is now possible to obtain data sets containing several hundred million atoms in a few hours, using either electrical or laser (femtosecond or picosecond) pulsing, and to reconstruct crystalline lattices using sophisticated software programs. Detailed quantitative results of the application of atom-probe tomography to study the kinetic pathways for precipitation in model nickel-based superalloys, Ni-Al-Cr and Ni-Al-Cr-Re, are presented as illustrative examples. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Mat Sci Div, Argonne, IL USA. RP Seidman, DN (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL USA. EM d-seidman@northwestern.edu RI Seidman, David/B-6697-2009 NR 62 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 18 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD DEC PY 2006 VL 58 IS 12 BP 34 EP 39 DI 10.1007/BF02748493 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 115AE UT WOS:000242706000007 ER PT J AU Browne, RA White, EM Burke, JI AF Browne, R. A. White, E. M. Burke, J. I. TI Responses of developmental yield formation processes in oats to variety, nitrogen, seed rate and plant growth regulator and their relationship to quality SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WINTER OATS; AVENA-SATIVA; CHLORMEQUAT; FERTILIZER; CULTIVARS AB Outcomes of developmental yield formation processes in oats, namely number of panicles/m(2)., number of grains/panicle, mean grain weight and incidences of aborted and tertiary grains. were measured in a series of experiments in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 1997/98 and 1998/99. Seed rate (200 and 300 seeds/m(2)), nitrogen (0-200 kg/ha) and plant growth regulator (chlomequat chloride) treatments were applied to the spring oat varieties Aberglen and Barra in one spring- and two autumn-sown experiments, and to the winter varieties Gerald and Image in one autumn-sown experiment. Large variation in number of panicles/m(2) and grains/panicle was observed between the experiments and varieties and in response to seed rate, with number of grains/panicle generally being inversely related to number of panicles/m(2). At the higher rates of nitrogen rate both number of panicles/m(2) and grains per panicle increased. Mean grain weights were relatively constant and were largely determined by variety. Chlorincquat chloride had relatively little effect on the yield components, the most consistent being small reductions in mean grain weight. Tertiary grains occurred rarely in the varieties and agronomic treatments used in the programme but were more frequent at higher rates of nitrogen in most of the experiments. Numbers of aborted grains were usually higher where grain numbers were higher although the effects of variety, seed rate and nitrogen on aborted grains were not consistent. Structure of the grain population, i.e. the relative proportions of primary and secondary grain, was stable despite the large differences in number of panicles/m', spikelet numbers and mean grain weight. The greater yield and growth enhancing effects of nitrogen compared with seed rate and plant growth regulator were apparent in responses by developmental processes active later in the life cycle, namely production of tertiary grains and grain filling. Wide variation in number of panicles/m(2) (c. 200-450) and number of grains/panicle (c. 55-145) produced in the crops grown under a very full expression of agro-ecological conditions in this programme was accompanied by small variation in mean grain weight (c. 38-47 mg/primary grain and c. 22-29 mg/secondary grain) and in numbers of tertiary (< 2/panicle) and aborted grains (< 10/panicle). Plasticity of development throughout the life cycle, manifested both as the established yield components and in numbers of tertiary and aborted grains, was largely effective in ensuring stability of mean grain weight and quality in oats. C1 Agri Food & Biosci Inst, Appl Plant Sci Div, Plant Testing Stn, Belfast BT6 9SH, Antrim, North Ireland. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol & Food Sci, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland. TEAGASC, Crops Res Ctr, Carlow, Ireland. RP White, EM (reprint author), Agri Food & Biosci Inst, Appl Plant Sci Div, Plant Testing Stn, Belfast BT6 9SH, Antrim, North Ireland. EM ethel.white@afbini.gov.uk NR 21 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 9 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0021-8596 J9 J AGR SCI JI J. Agric. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 144 BP 533 EP 545 DI 10.1017/S0021859606006538 PN 6 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 118QL UT WOS:000242956700005 ER PT J AU Jakoncic, J Di Michiel, M Zhong, Z Honkimaki, V Jouanneau, Y Stojanoff, V AF Jakoncic, Jean Di Michiel, Marco Zhong, Zhong Honkimaki, Veijo Jouanneau, Yves Stojanoff, Vivian TI Anomalous diffraction at ultra-high energy for protein crystallography SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID RADIATION-DAMAGE; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; MOLECULAR GRAPHICS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; SHORT WAVELENGTHS; DATA-COLLECTION; X-RAYS; INSTRUMENTATION; SIGNAL AB Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD), multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) and single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (SIRAS) phasing at ultra-high X-ray energy, 55 keV, are used successfully to determine a high-quality and high-resolution experimental electronic density map of hen egg-white lysozyme, a model protein. Several combinations, between single- and three-wavelength, with native data were exploited to demonstrate that standard phasing procedures with standard equipment and software can successfully be applied to three-dimensional crystal structure determination of a macromolecule, even at these very short wavelengths. For the first time, a high-quality three-dimensional molecular structure is reported from SAD phasing with ultra-high-energy X-rays. The quality of the crystallographic data and the experimental electron density maps meet current standards. The 2.7% anomalous signal from three Ho atoms, at the Ho K edge, was sufficient to obtain a remarkable electron density and build the first lanthanide structure for HEWL in its entirety. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France. RP Stojanoff, V (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Bldg 725D, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM vivian.stojanoff@gmail.com RI stojanoff, vivian /I-7290-2012 OI stojanoff, vivian /0000-0002-6650-512X NR 53 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 39 BP 831 EP 841 DI 10.1107/S0021889806036387 PN 6 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 104GK UT WOS:000241945800008 ER PT J AU Gray, EM Cookson, DJ Blach, TP AF Gray, E. MacA. Cookson, D. J. Blach, T. P. TI X-ray diffraction cell for studying solid-gas reactions under gas pressures to 100 bar SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SYNCHROTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION; DESORPTION PLATEAUS; LANI5-H; TEMPERATURE; ABSORPTION; GRADIENTS; STABILITY; HYDROGEN AB A pressure cell designed for high-energy X-ray diffraction in transmission mode is described. The cell is intended for use at temperatures up to 573 K with samples that are large enough to permit the real-time determination of the amount of absorbed gas by measuring the gas pressure. The design is driven by the need to ensure that the sample temperature is constant and uniform, despite the heat flow accompanying the reaction between the gas and the sample. The use of the cell is illustrated by its application to elucidating the hydriding phase transformation in the LaNi5-H-2 system. C1 Griffith Univ, Nanoscale Sci & Technol Ctr, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia. Adv Photon Source, Australian Synchrotron Res Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Gray, EM (reprint author), Griffith Univ, Nanoscale Sci & Technol Ctr, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia. EM e.gray@griffith.edu.au RI Gray, Evan/E-1683-2013 OI Gray, Evan/0000-0002-3521-5007 NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 39 BP 850 EP 855 DI 10.1107/S0021889806039069 PN 6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 104GK UT WOS:000241945800010 ER PT J AU Adams, JJ Agosta, DS Leisure, RG Ledbetter, H AF Adams, J. J. Agosta, D. S. Leisure, R. G. Ledbetter, H. TI Elastic constants of monocrystal iron from 3 to 500 K SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESONANT ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS; ROOM TEMPERATURE; CRYSTALS; ORDER AB Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was used to measure the monocrystal elastic constants of iron over a temperature range of 3-500 K. All the moduli behave normally as a function of temperature and are well described by the semiempirical Einstein-oscillator model. Values at 300 K are bulk modulus=166.2 +/- 0.9 GPa; shear constant C-'=(C-11-C-12)/2=48.15 +/- 0.9 GPa; shear constant C-44=115.87 +/- 0.17 GPa. The Poisson ratio (nu(100)) is 0.3679 +/- 0.0005. Representation surfaces of Young's and torsion moduli are presented. The Debye temperature (theta(D)) is 476.3 K as calculated from 3 K measured elastic constants. A thermodynamic Gruneisen parameter gamma(th)=1.65 is calculated. The temperature dependence of the internal friction associated with C-' is very different from that associated with C-44. Possible reasons for this difference are suggested. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Adams, JJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM leisure@lamar.colostate.edu NR 28 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 113530 DI 10.1063/1.2365714 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400064 ER PT J AU Berryman, JG Grechka, V AF Berryman, James G. Grechka, Vladimir TI Random polycrystals of grains containing cracks: Model of quasistatic elastic behavior for fractured systems SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HASHIN-SHTRIKMAN BOUNDS; TETRAGONAL SYMMETRIES; VARIATIONAL APPROACH; DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME; SEISMIC VELOCITIES; EFFECTIVE MODULI; COMPOSITES; CONSTANTS; SOLIDS; ROCKS AB A model study on fractured systems was performed using a concept that treats isotropic cracked systems as ensembles of cracked grains by analogy to isotropic polycrystalline elastic media. The approach has two advantages: (a) Averaging performed is ensemble averaging, thus avoiding the criticism legitimately leveled at most effective medium theories of quasistatic elastic behavior for cracked media based on volume concentrations of inclusions. Since crack effects are largely independent of the volume they occupy in the composite, such a non-volume-based method offers an appealingly simple modeling alternative. (b) The second advantage is that both polycrystals and fractured media are stiffer than might otherwise be expected, due to natural bridging effects of the strong components. These same effects have also often been interpreted as crack-crack screening in high-crack-density fractured media, but there is no inherent conflict between these two interpretations of this phenomenon. Results of the study are somewhat mixed. The spread in elastic constants observed in a set of numerical experiments is found to be very comparable to the spread in values contained between the Reuss and Voigt bounds for the polycrystal model. Unfortunately, computed Hashin-Shtrikman bounds are much too tight to be in agreement with the numerical data, showing that polycrystals of cracked grains tend to violate some implicit assumptions of the Hashin-Shtrikman bounding approach. However, the self-consistent estimates obtained for the random polycrystal model are nevertheless very good estimators of the observed average behavior. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Shell Int Explorat & Prod Inc, Houston, TX 77001 USA. RP Berryman, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90R1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Berryman, James/A-9712-2008 NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 113527 DI 10.1063/1.2399891 PG 14 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400061 ER PT J AU Cattani, M Salvadori, MC Vaz, AR Teixeira, FS Brown, IG AF Cattani, M. Salvadori, M. C. Vaz, A. R. Teixeira, F. S. Brown, I. G. TI Thermoelectric power in very thin film thermocouples: Quantum size effects SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-RESISTIVITY; METALLIC-FILMS; IRON FILMS; PLATINUM; DEPOSITION; COUPLES AB The thermoelectric power S-F of thin film thermocouples is related to the bulk thermopower S-bulk by Delta S-F(t)=S-bulk-S-F as a linear function of 1/t when t >> l, where l is the electron mean free path and t the film thickness. For these conditions quantum size effects (QSEs) are negligible. However, when t < l QSEs become relevant. In recent work we have shown that for Pt/Au thermocouples with film thickness t < l(Pt)approximate to 10 nm, Delta S-F(t)=0.194+26.7(1/t)-93.6(1/t)(2)+112.0(1/t)(3). Here we show that this nonlinear 1/t behavior is due to QSE. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05315970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cattani, M (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, CP 66318, BR-05315970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM mcattani@if.usp.br RI Teixeira, Fernanda/A-9395-2013; Cattani, Mauro/N-9749-2013; Salvadori, Maria Cecilia/A-9379-2013; Vaz, Alfredo/K-8655-2015 NR 23 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 114905 DI 10.1063/1.2388046 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400187 ER PT J AU Grubbs, RK Venturini, EL Samara, GA Wang, Y Setter, N AF Grubbs, R. K. Venturini, E. L. Samara, G. A. Wang, Y. Setter, N. TI Dielectric properties of Zr-modified Pb(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O-3 ceramic: Influence of pressure, biasing electric field, and B-site cationic order SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RELAXOR FERROELECTRICS AB The effects of hydrostatic pressure and biasing dc electric field on the relaxor dielectric response of samples of Pb[(Mg1/3Ta2/3)0.95Zr0.05]O-3 with 12%, 15%, and 90% B-site cationic order were investigated. Qualitatively similar decreases in the amplitudes of the real part of the dielectric constant (epsilon(')) at both the peak temperatures (T-m) of the epsilon(')(T,omega) response in the high temperature phase, i.e., above T-m, are observed on increasing the three variables: pressure, biasing field, and B-site order - effects that are interpreted in terms of stiffening of the underlying soft ferroelectric mode of the lattice. Strong deviation of the frequency-independent epsilon(')(T) from the Curie-Weiss law above T-m, attributed to correlations among polar nanodomains, gives way to adherence to this law above the Burns temperature T-d. This is the temperature where polar nanodomains first make their presence known. The evolution with decreasing temperature below T-d of short-range order in the nanodomains is estimated from the epsilon(')(T) response and shows essentially no dependence on the degree of B-site order. The correlation length for the interaction among the polar nanodomains was also estimated from the dielectric data and found to exhibit strong increase (decrease) with temperature (pressure) as T approaches T-m from above - characteristics of perovskite relaxors. A high temperature dielectric relaxation with an activation energy of 1.27 eV is observed for the 90% ordered sample, but not for the 12% and 15% ordered samples. This relaxation is attributed to increased oxygen vacancies in the 90% sample that form during the long (64 h) annealing time at 1350 degrees C to achieve this high level of ordering. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, EPFL, Ceram Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Grubbs, RK (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM gasamar@sandia.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 114505 DI 10.1063/1.2375008 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400167 ER PT J AU Lany, S Zunger, A AF Lany, Stephan Zunger, Alex TI Light- and bias-induced metastabilities in Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 based solar cells caused by the (V-Se-V-Cu) vacancy complex SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE; PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES; THIN-FILMS; N-TYPE; PERSISTENT PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY; TOTAL-ENERGY; CUINSE2; DEFECTS AB We investigate theoretically light- and bias-induced metastabilities in Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 (CIGS) based solar cells, suggesting the Se-Cu divacancy complex (V-Se-V-Cu) as the source of this hitherto puzzling phenomena. Due to its amphoteric nature, the (V-Se-V-Cu) complex is able to convert by persistent carrier capture or emission from a shallow donor into a shallow acceptor configuration, and vice versa, thereby changing in a metastable fashion the local net acceptor density inside the CIGS absorber of the solar cell, e.g., a CdS/CIGS heterojunction. In order to establish a comprehensive picture of metastability caused by the (V-Se-V-Cu) complex, we determine defect formation energies from first-principles calculations, employ numerical simulations of equilibrium defect thermodynamics, and develop a model for the transition dynamics after creation of a metastable nonequilibrium state. We find that the (V-Se-V-Cu) complex can account for the light-induced metastabilities, i.e., the "red" and "blue" illumination effects, as well as for the reverse-bias effect. Thus, our (V-Se-V-Cu) model implies that the different metastabilities observed in CIGS share a common origin. A defect state in the band gap caused by (V-Se-V-Cu) in the acceptor configuration creates a potentially detrimental recombination center and may contribute to the saturation of the open circuit voltage in larger-gap Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 alloys with higher Ga content. Therefore, the presence of metastable defects should be regarded as a concern for solar cell performance. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Lany, S (reprint author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM alex_zunger@nrel.gov RI Zunger, Alex/A-6733-2013; OI Lany, Stephan/0000-0002-8127-8885 NR 50 TC 132 Z9 132 U1 4 U2 68 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 113725 DI 10.1063/1.2388256 PG 15 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400095 ER PT J AU Passian, A Protopopescu, V Thundat, T AF Passian, A. Protopopescu, V. Thundat, T. TI Fluctuation and dissipation of a stochastic micro-oscillator under delayed feedback SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MICROCANTILEVER SENSORS; AMPLIFICATION; DYNAMICS; THEOREM; NOISE; FILMS AB We investigate the dynamics of a microcantilever subjected to the combined forcing from Brownian motion and delayed self-feedback. Specifically, the excitation of the fundamental mode of the cantilever by thermomechanical agitation is utilized as delayed external forcing and the resulting dynamical response is studied as a function of the delay and the coupling strength. A fluctuation-dissipation theorem is derived from the delay Langevin-like equation and its validity is discussed. The relaxation time scale associated with the adsorption processes is established and an experiment to determine the oscillator's effective temperature is proposed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Passian, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM passianan@ornl.gov NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 114314 DI 10.1063/1.2365378 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400146 ER PT J AU Sharp, ID Xu, Q Yi, DO Yuan, CW Beeman, JW Yu, KM Ager, JW Chrzan, DC Haller, EE AF Sharp, I. D. Xu, Q. Yi, D. O. Yuan, C. W. Beeman, J. W. Yu, K. M. Ager, J. W., III Chrzan, D. C. Haller, E. E. TI Structural properties of Ge nanocrystals embedded in sapphire SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; GERMANIUM NANOCRYSTALS; SILICON-OXIDE; RAMAN; SIO2; SIZE; FILMS AB Isotopically pure Ge-74 nanocrystals were formed in a sapphire matrix by the ion beam synthesis method. In contrast to those embedded in amorphous silica, sapphire-embedded nanocrystals are clearly faceted and are preferentially oriented with respect to the crystalline matrix. In situ transmission electron microscopy of heated samples reveals that the nanocrystals melt at 955 +/- 15 degrees C, very near to the bulk Ge melting point. The Raman spectra indicate that the sapphire-embedded Ge nanocrystals are under compressive stress in the range of 3-4 GPa. The magnitude of the stress is consistent with that expected for hydrostatic pressure arising from solidification. Stress relaxation was not observed for sapphire-embedded Ge nanocrystals; this is attributed to the slow self-diffusion rate of the alumina matrix atoms at temperatures below the nanocrystal melting point. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Sharp, ID (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM eehaller@lbl.gov RI Yu, Kin Man/J-1399-2012; Sharp, Ian/I-6163-2015; OI Yu, Kin Man/0000-0003-1350-9642; Sharp, Ian/0000-0001-5238-7487; Ager, Joel/0000-0001-9334-9751 NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 114317 DI 10.1063/1.2398727 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400149 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Wang, CM Engelhard, MH Weber, WJ AF Zhang, Y. Wang, C. M. Engelhard, M. H. Weber, W. J. TI Irradiation behavior of SrTiO(3) at temperatures close to the critical temperature for amorphization SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INDUCED EPITAXIAL CRYSTALLIZATION; ION-BEAM IRRADIATION; DISPLACEMENT ENERGIES; DAMAGE ACCUMULATION; NUCLEAR-WASTE; RECRYSTALLIZATION; CERAMICS; SILICON; OXIDES; IMMOBILIZATION AB Damage accumulation on both the Sr and Ti sublattices in strontium titanate (SrTiO(3)) has been investigated under 1.0 MeV Au(+) irradiation at 360 and 400 K, close to the critical temperature for amorphization (similar to 370 K). Under irradiation at 360 K, the relative disorder on both sublattices follows a nonlinear dependence on ion dose. Amorphization starts from the damage peak region (at a depth of 60 nm) and grows toward the surface and into the bulk. At 400 K, the evolution of point defects to extended defects occurs as ion fluence increases. The disorder initially peaks at a depth of 60 nm, saturates at a disorder level of similar to 0.75, and then decreases with further irradiation. At an ion fluence of 6.0x10(15) cm(-2), an amorphous layer of similar to 10 nm thickness is formed at the sample surface. After annealing at 375 K for 1 h, the buried amorphous layer formed during irradiation at 360 K is recrystallized with planar defects and dislocation loops. However, the surface amorphous layer formed at 400 K irradiation remains amorphous, and fewer defects are observed in the irradiated region. Irradiation-enhanced recrystallization due to high flux electron energy deposition is observed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM yanwen.zhang@pnl.gov RI Engelhard, Mark/F-1317-2010; Weber, William/A-4177-2008; OI Weber, William/0000-0002-9017-7365; Engelhard, Mark/0000-0002-5543-0812 NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 100 IS 11 AR 113533 DI 10.1063/1.2399932 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 117QG UT WOS:000242887400067 ER PT J AU Han, Q Robinson, H Gao, YG Vogelaar, N Wilson, SR Rizzi, M Li, JY AF Han, Qian Robinson, Howard Gao, Yi Gui Vogelaar, Nancy Wilson, Scott R. Rizzi, Menico Li, Jianyong TI Crystal structures of Aedes aegypti alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GAMBIAE 3-HYDROXYKYNURENINE TRANSAMINASE; PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA TYPE-1; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; MAJOR BRANCH PATHWAY; KYNURENINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; XANTHURENIC ACID; PROTEIN; EVOLUTION; MALARIA; ENZYME AB Mosquitoes are unique in having evolved two alanine glyoxylate aminotransferases (AGTs). One is 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase (HKT), which is primarily responsible for catalyzing the transamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) to xanthurenic acid (XA). Interestingly, XA is used by malaria parasites as a chemical trigger for their development within the mosquito. This 3-HK to XA conversion is considered the major mechanism mosquitoes use to detoxify the chemically reactive and potentially toxic 3-HK. The other AGT is a typical dipteran insect AGT and is specific for converting glyoxylic acid to glycine. Here we report the 1.75 angstrom high-resolution three-dimensional crystal structure of AGT from the mosquito Aedes aegypti (AeAGT) and structures of its complexes with reactants glyoxylic acid and alanine at 1.75 and 2.1 angstrom resolution, respectively. This is the first time that the three-dimensional crystal structures of an AGT with its amino acceptor, glyoxylic acid, and amino donor, alanine, have been determined. The protein is dimeric and adopts the type I-fold of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferases. The PLP co-factor is covalently bound to the active site in the crystal structure, and its binding site is similar to those of other AGTs. The comparison of the AeAGT-glyoxylic acid structure with other AGT structures revealed that these glyoxylic acid binding residues are conserved in most AGTs. Comparison of the AeAGT-alanine structure with that of the Anopheles HKT-inhibitor complex suggests that a Ser-Asn-Phe motif in the latter may be responsible for the substrate specificity of HKT enzymes for 3-HK. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Chem Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Peimonte Orientale Novara, Struct Biol Unit, I-28100 Novara, Italy. RP Li, JY (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM lij@vt.edu RI Han, Qian/J-8696-2014 OI Han, Qian/0000-0001-6245-5252 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI44399] NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 EI 1083-351X J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 281 IS 48 BP 37175 EP 37182 DI 10.1074/jbc.M607032200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 108DP UT WOS:000242220800078 PM 16990263 ER PT J AU Kruzic, JJ Ritchie, RO AF Kruzic, J. J. Ritchie, R. O. TI Kitagawa-Takahashi diagrams define the limiting conditions for cyclic fatigue failure in human dentin SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE dentin; bone; mineralized tissue; fatigue-crack growth threshold; fatigue life ID IN-VITRO FATIGUE; HUMAN CORTICAL BONE; COMPACT BONE; CRACK-GROWTH; BEHAVIOR; FRACTURE; STRESS; LIFE; MICRODAMAGE; PREDICTION AB As cyclic fatigue is considered to be a major cause of clinical tooth fractures, achieving a comprehensive understanding of the fatigue behavior of dentin is of importance. In this note, the fatigue behavior of human dentin is examined in the context of the Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram to define the limiting conditions for fatigue failure. Specifically, this approach incorporates two limiting threshold criteria for fatigue: (i) a threshold stress for fatigue failure, specifically the smooth-bar (unnotched) fatigue endurance strength, at small crack sizes and (ii) a threshold stress-intensity range for fatigue-crack growth at larger crack sizes. The approach provides a "bridge" between the traditional fatigue life and fracture mechanics based damage-tolerant approaches to fatigue-life estimation, and as such defines a "failure envelope" of applied stresses and flaw sizes where fatigue failure is likely in dentin This approach may also be applied to fatigue failure in human cortical bone (i.e. clinical "stress fractures"), which exhibits similar fatigue behavior characteristics, and in principle may aid clinicians in making quantitative evaluations of the risk of fractures in mineralized tissues. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kruzic, JJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jamie.kruzic@oregonstate.edu RI Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008; Kruzic, Jamie/M-3558-2014 OI Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998; Kruzic, Jamie/0000-0002-9695-1921 NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 79A IS 3 BP 747 EP 751 DI 10.1002//jbm.a.30939 PG 5 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 106XG UT WOS:000242134700035 PM 17013865 ER PT J AU Ager, JW Nalla, RK Balooch, G Kim, G Pugach, M Habelitz, S Marshall, GW Kinney, JH Ritchie, RO AF Ager, Joel W., III Nalla, Ravi K. Balooch, Guive Kim, Grace Pugach, Megan Habelitz, Stefan Marshall, Grayson W. Kinney, John H. Ritchie, Robert O. TI On the increasing fragility of human teeth with age: A deep-UV resonance Raman study SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy; collagen; dentin; transparent dentin; aging ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; COLLAGEN CROSS-LINKS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; TRANSPARENT ROOT DENTIN; HUMAN CORTICAL BONE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; FIBRILLAR STRUCTURE; HYDRATION; TISSUES AB UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRRS) using 244-nm excitation was used to study the impact of aging on human dentin. The intensity of a spectroscopic feature from the peptide bonds in the collagen increases with tissue age, similar to a finding reported previously for human cortical bone. Introduction: The structural changes that lead to compromised mechanical properties with age in dentin and bone are under intense study. However, in situ analyses of the content and distribution of the mineral phase are more highly developed at present than equivalent probes of the organic phase. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five human molars were divided into three groups: young/normal (23.3 +/- 3.8 years); aged/transparent (74.3 +/- 6.0 years), which had become transparent because of filling of the tubule lumens with mineral deposits; and aged/nontransparem (73.3 +/- 5.7 years). Control experiments were performed by demineralizing normal dentin. Results: Spectral features caused by both the amide backbone and resonance-enhanced side-chain vibrations were observed. This finding contrasts with reported Raman spectra of proteins in solution excited with similar UV wavelengths, where side chain vibrations, but not strong amide features, are observed. The strong intensity of the amide features observed from dentin is attributed to broadening of the resonance profile for the amide pi -> pi* transition caused by the environment of the collagen molecules in dentin. With increasing age, the height of one specific amide vibration (amide 1) becomes significantly higher when comparing teeth from donors with an average age of 23 years to those of 73 years (p < 0.001). This trend of increasing amide I peak height with age is similar to that previously reported for human cortical bone. The amide I feature also increased in dentin that had been demineralized and dehydrated. Conclusions: The similar trend of increasing amide I peak height with age in the UVRR spectra of both teeth and bone is surprising, given that only bone undergoes remodeling. However, by considering those observations together with this study of demineralized/dehydrated dentin and our prior work on dentin dehydrated with polar solvents, a consistent relationship between changes in the UVRR spectra and the collagen environment in the tissue can be developed. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Prevent & Restorat Dental Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Mech Engn, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, UCB Joint Grad Grp Bioengn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Ritchie, RO (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 216 Hearst Mem Mining Bldg,MC 1760, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM RORitchie@lbl.gov RI Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008; OI Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998; Ager, Joel/0000-0001-9334-9751 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [5R01 DE015633, P01DE09859] NR 61 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1879 EP 1887 DI 10.1359/JBMR.060816 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 108ZY UT WOS:000242278900009 PM 17002558 ER PT J AU Campisi, J Liang, P Li, C Reddy, GPV AF Campisi, Judith Liang, Peng Li, Chiang Reddy, G. Prem-Veer TI A landscape of pinnacles: The extraordinary career of Arthur Pardee SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. Buck Inst Agr Res, Novato, CA USA. Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Arqule Biomed Inst, Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Ingram Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Vattikuti Urol Inst, Henry Ford Hlth Syst, Detroit, MI USA. RP Campisi, J (reprint author), Mailstop 84-171,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jcampisi@lbl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9541 J9 J CELL PHYSIOL JI J. Cell. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 209 IS 3 BP 587 EP 588 DI 10.1002/jcp.20885 PG 2 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA 101QD UT WOS:000241754600001 ER PT J AU Fournier, MV Martin, KJ AF Fournier, Marcia V. Martin, Katherine J. TI Transcriptome profiling in clinical breast cancer: From 3D culture models to prognostic signatures SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID GENE-EXPRESSION PATTERNS; MESSENGER-RNA; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; TUMORS; IDENTIFICATION; MICROARRAYS; METASTASIS; APOPTOSIS; REVERSION AB Early detection has been one of the most effective strategies to control the growing cancer burden. The power of earlier detection has been demonstrated by the impact of pap-smear, mammography, and PSA tests on cancer patient treatment and survival. These tests benefit patients independent of their genetic background or race. However, in many cases, we are still losing the battle against cancer because patients that initially presented with low-grade disease progress rapidly to aggressive forms of the disease. As of yet, we have limited means to predict a particular patient's fate or to specifically treat subtypes of cancer. A combination of earlier detection and targeted therapy, based on information from transcriptome analysis, could be a powerful ally in this battle. The theme of this review article is to briefly summarize innovative strategies using three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures of human mammary epithelial cells to predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. This strategy has the potential to further enhance our understanding of breast cancer biology and to contribute to the identification of biologically significant bio-markers that are also useful drug targets. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Canc Biol, Berkeley, CA USA. Bio Array, Belmont, MA USA. RP Fournier, MV (reprint author), GlaxoSmithKline Inc, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA. EM Marcia.V.Fournier@gsk.com NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9541 J9 J CELL PHYSIOL JI J. Cell. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 209 IS 3 BP 625 EP 630 DI 10.1002/jcp.20787 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA 101QD UT WOS:000241754600008 PM 17001673 ER PT J AU Gettelman, A Collins, WD Fetzer, EJ Eldering, A Irion, FW Duffy, PB Bala, G AF Gettelman, Andrew Collins, William D. Fetzer, Eric J. Eldering, Annmarie Irion, Fredrick W. Duffy, Phillip B. Bala, Govindasamy TI Climatology of upper-tropospheric relative humidity from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and implications for climate SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL UPPER TROPOSPHERE; WATER-VAPOR; INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; VALIDATION; CLOUD; SATELLITE; SYSTEMS; MODEL; ICE AB Recently available satellite observations from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) are used to calculate relative humidity in the troposphere. The observations illustrate many scales of variability in the atmosphere from the seasonal overturning Hadley-Walker circulation to high-frequency transient variability associated with baroclinic storms with high vertical resolution. The Asian monsoon circulation has a strong impact on upper-tropospheric humidity, with large humidity gradients to the west of the monsoon. The vertical structure of humidity is generally bimodal, with high humidity in the upper and lower troposphere, and a dry middle troposphere. The highest variances in humidity are seen around the midlatitude tropopause. AIRS data are compared to a simulation from a state-of-the-art climate model. The model does a good job of reproducing the mean humidity distribution but is slightly moister than the observations in the middle and upper troposphere. The model has difficultly reproducing many scales of observed variability, particularly in the Tropics. Differences in humidity imply global differences in the top of atmosphere fluxes of similar to 1 W m(-2). C1 CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gettelman, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrew@ucar.edu RI Collins, William/J-3147-2014 OI Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848 NR 32 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 23 BP 6104 EP 6121 DI 10.1175/JCLI3956.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 118IB UT WOS:000242934600011 ER PT J AU Forster, PMD Taylor, KE AF Forster, Piers M. de F. Taylor, Karl E. TI Climate forcings and climate sensitivities diagnosed from coupled climate model integrations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; MIXED GREENHOUSE GASES; FEEDBACK PROCESSES; WELL; ATMOSPHERE; SYSTEM AB A simple technique is proposed for calculating global mean climate forcing from transient integrations of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). This "climate forcing" differs from the conventionally defined radiative forcing as it includes semidirect effects that account for certain short time scale responses in the troposphere. First, a climate feedback term is calculated from reported values of 2 x CO2 radiative forcing and surface temperature time series from 70-yr simulations by 20 AOGCMs. In these simulations carbon dioxide is increased by 1% yr(-1). The derived climate feedback agrees well with values that are diagnosed from equilibrium climate change experiments of slab-ocean versions of the same models. These climate feedback terms are associated with the fast, quasi-linear response of lapse rate, clouds, water vapor, and albedo to global surface temperature changes. The importance of the feedbacks is gauged by their impact on the radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere. Partial compensation is found between longwave and shortwave feedback terms that lessens the intermodel differences in the equilibrium climate sensitivity. There is also some indication that the AOGCMs overestimate the strength of the positive longwave feedback. These feedback terms are then used to infer the shortwave and longwave time series of climate forcing in twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations in the AOGCMs. The technique is validated using conventionally calculated forcing time series from four AOGCMs. In these AOGCMs the shortwave and longwave climate forcings that are diagnosed agree with the conventional forcing time series within similar to 10%. The shortwave forcing time series exhibit order of magnitude variations between the AOGCMs, differences likely related to how both natural forcings and/or anthropogenic aerosol effects are included. There are also factor of 2 differences in the longwave climate forcing time series, which may indicate problems with the modeling of well-mixed greenhouse gas changes. The simple diagnoses presented provides an important and useful first step for understanding differences in AOGCM integrations, indicating that some of the differences in model projections can be attributed to different prescribed climate forcing, even for so-called standard climate change scenarios. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA USA. RP Forster, PMD (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM piers@env.leeds.ac.uk RI Taylor, Karl/F-7290-2011; Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010 OI Taylor, Karl/0000-0002-6491-2135; Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171 NR 23 TC 95 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC 1 PY 2006 VL 19 IS 23 BP 6181 EP 6194 DI 10.1175/JCLI3974.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 118IB UT WOS:000242934600016 ER PT J AU Ogut, S Idrobo, JC Jellinek, J Wang, JL AF Ogut, Serdar Idrobo, Juan C. Jellinek, Julius Wang, Jinlan TI Structural, electronic, and optical properties of noble metal clusters from first principles SO JOURNAL OF CLUSTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE noble metal clusters; Ag clusters; Au clusters; DFT; TDLDA; optical spectra; static polarizability ID SMALL SILVER CLUSTERS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; POTENTIAL-CONFIGURATION INTERACTION; DIFFERENCE-PSEUDOPOTENTIAL METHOD; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; AB-INITIO; GOLD CLUSTERS; EXCITATION-SPECTRA; ARGON MATRICES; GAS MATRICES AB We examine low-energy isomeric forms, static polarizabilities, and optical absorption spectra of Ag-n , n = 2-8, and Au-n , n = 2-3, clusters using first principles computations within the static and time-dependent versions of the density functional theory. The noticeable decrease in the static polarizabilities of Ag-7 and Ag-8 compared to the values characteristic of Ag-n , n = 2-6, is correlated with the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional structures at n = 7. The optical spectra computed within the time-dependent local density approximation for the most stable structures are in good agreement with the available experimental data and the results of earlier theoretical studies. Optical spectra of higher-energy isomers typically present features that are not observed in the experimental spectra. The d electrons affect the spectra of noble metal clusters by quenching the oscillator strengths through screening of the s electrons and by getting directly involved in the excitations. Due to the larger s-d hybridization in Au compared to Ag, these effects are more pronounced in Au-n clusters. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Ogut, S (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 845 W Taylor St MC 273, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM ogut@uic.edu RI Ogut, Serdar/B-1749-2012; Wang, Jinlan/B-3507-2012; Idrobo, Juan/H-4896-2015; Wang, Jinlan/B-3503-2012 OI Idrobo, Juan/0000-0001-7483-9034; Wang, Jinlan/0000-0002-4529-874X NR 69 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 30 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1040-7278 J9 J CLUST SCI JI J. Clust. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 17 IS 4 BP 609 EP 626 DI 10.1007/s10876-006-0075-8 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 114IE UT WOS:000242659100007 ER PT J AU Holloman, CH Lee, HKH Higdon, DM AF Holloman, Christopher H. Lee, Herbert K. H. Higdon, Dave M. TI Multiresolution genetic algorithms and Markov chain Monte Carlo SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian statistics; evolutionary Monte Carlo; parallel computing; simulated tempering ID COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY DATA; MODELS AB This article proposes a multiresolution genetic algorithm that allows efficient estimation of parameters in large-dimensional models. Such models typically rely on complex numerical methods that require large amounts of computing power for estimating parameters. Unfortunately, the numerical maximization and sampling techniques used to fit such complex models often explore the parameter space slowly resulting in unreliable estimates. Our algorithm improves this exploration by incorporating elements of simulated tempering into a genetic algorithm framework for maximization. Our algorithm can also be adapted to perform Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling from a posterior distribution in a Bayesian setting, which can greatly improve mixing and exploration of the posterior compared to ordinary MCMC methods. The proposed algorithm can be used to estimate parameters in any model where the solution can be solved on different scales, even if the data are not inherently multiscale. We address parallel implementation of the algorithms and demonstrate their use on examples from single photon emission computed tomography and groundwater hydrology. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Stat, Stat Consulting Serv, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stat Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Holloman, CH (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Stat, Stat Consulting Serv, 1958 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM holloman@stat.ohio-state.edu; herbie@ams.ucsc.edu; dhigdon@lanl.gov NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 1061-8600 J9 J COMPUT GRAPH STAT JI J. Comput. Graph. Stat. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 15 IS 4 BP 861 EP 879 DI 10.1198/106186006X157423 PG 19 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 114XR UT WOS:000242699400006 ER PT J AU Barrett, CL Hunt, HB Marathe, MV Ravi, SS Rosenkrantz, DJ Stearns, RE AF Barrett, Christopher L. Hunt, Harry B., III Marathe, Madhav V. Ravi, S. S. Rosenkrantz, Daniel J. Stearns, Richard E. TI Complexity of reachability problems for finite discrete dynamical systems SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE computational complexity; finite discrete dynamical systems; complexity classes; discrete Hopfield networks; cellular automata; concurrent transition systems ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; COMPUTATIONAL POWER; STATE MACHINES; SIMULATION; NETWORKS; UNPREDICTABILITY; UNDECIDABILITY; EQUIVALENCE; ELEMENTS; GRAPHS AB Sequential Dynamical Systems (SDSs) are a special type of finite discrete dynamical systems that can be used to model simulation systems. We focus on the computational complexity of testing several phase space properties of SDSs. Our main result is a sharp delineation between classes of SDSs whose behavior is easy to predict and those whose behavior is hard to predict. Specifically, we show the following. 1. Several state reachability problems for SDSs are PSPACE-complete, even when restricted to SDSs whose underlying graphs are of bounded bandwidth (and hence of bounded pathwidth and treewidth), and the function associated with each node is symmetric. Moreover, this result holds even when the underlying graph is d-regular for some constant d and all the nodes compute the same symmetric Boolean function. An immediate corollary of this result is a PSPACE-hard lower bound on the complexity of reachability problems for regular generalized ID-Cellular Automata and undirected systolic networks with Boolean totalistic local transition functions. 2. In contrast, the above reachability problems are solvable in polynomial time for SDSs when the Boolean function associated with each node is symmetric and monotone. The PSPACE-completeness results follow as corollaries of simulation results which show for several classes of SDSs, how one class of SDSs can be efficiently simulated by another (more restricted) class of SDSs. We also prove several structural properties concerning the phase space of an SDS. SDSs are closely related to Cellular Automata (CA), concurrent transition systems, discrete Hopfield networks and systolic networks. This observation in conjunction with our lower bounds for SDSs, yields new PSPACE-hard lower bounds on the complexity of state reachability problems for these models, extending some of the earlier results in [K. Culik II, J. Karhumaki, On totalistic systolic networks, Inform. Process. Lett. 26 (5) (1988) 231-236; P. Floreen, E. Goles, G. Weisbuch, Transient length in sequential iterations of threshold functions, Discrete Appl. Math. 6 (1983) 95-98; P. Floreen, P. Orponen, Complexity issues in discrete Hopfield networks, Research Report No. A-1994-4, Department. of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 1994. Also appears in: I. Parberry (Ed.), Comp. and Learning Complexity of Neural Networks: Advanced Topics, 1999; D. Harel, O. Kupferman, M.Y. Vardi, On the complexity of verifying concurrent transition systems, Inform. and Comput. 173 (2002) 143-161; S.K. Shukla, H.B. Hunt III, D.J. Rosenkrantz, R.E. Steams, On the complexity of relational problems for finite state processes, in: International Colloquium on Automata Programming and Languages, ICALP, 1996, pp. 466-477; A. Rabinovich, Complexity of equivalence problems for concurrent systems of finite agents, Inform. and Comput. 127 (2) (1997) 164-185]. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Bioinformat Inst, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Comp Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Basic & Appl Simulat Sci Grp CCS5, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Ravi, SS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM cbarrett@vbi.vt.edu; hunt@cs.albany.edu; marathe@vbi.vt.edu; ravi@cs.albany.edu; djr@cs.albany.edu; res@cs.albany.edu NR 61 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-0000 EI 1090-2724 J9 J COMPUT SYST SCI JI J. Comput. Syst. Sci. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 72 IS 8 BP 1317 EP 1345 DI 10.1016/j.jcss.2006.03.006 PG 29 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 114DO UT WOS:000242647100005 ER PT J AU Kokko, EJ Martz, HE Chinn, DJ Childs, HR Jackson, JA Chambers, DH Schneberk, DJ Clark, GA AF Kokko, Edwin J. Martz, Harry E., Jr. Chinn, Diane J. Childs, Henry R. Jackson, Jessie A. Chambers, David H. Schneberk, Daniel J. Clark, Grace A. TI As-built modeling of objects for performance assessment SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE as-built modeling; model-based engineering; reverse engineering; finite element analysis; nondestructive characterization; x-ray digital radiography; x-ray computed tomography; ultrasonics; data fusion; visualization ID FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL; TENSILE BARS; GENERATION; BONE; RECONSTRUCTION; TOMOGRAPHY AB The goal of "as-built" computational modeling is to incorporate the most representative geometry and material information for an (fabricated or legacy) object into simulations. While most engineering finite element simulations are based on an object's idealized "as-designed" configuration with information obtained front technical drawings or computer-aided design models, as-built modeling uses nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques to provide the feature information. By incorporating more representative geometry and material features as initial conditions, the uncertainty, in the simulation results can. be reduced, providing a more realistic understanding of the event and object being modeled. In this paper, key steps and technology areas in the as-built modeling framework are: (1) inspection using nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques; (2) data reduction (signal and image processing including artifact removal, data sensor fusion, and geometric feature extraction); and (3) engineering and physics analysis rising finite element codes. We illustrate the process with a Cylindrical phantom and include a discussion of the key concepts and areas that need improvement. Our results show that reasonable as-built initial conditions based on a volume overlap criteria can be achieved and that notable differences between simulations of the as-built and as-designed configurations can be observed for a given load case. Specifically, a volume averaged difference of accumulated plastic strain of 3% and local spatially varying differences up to 10%. The example presented provides motivation and justification to engineering teams for the additional effort required in the as-built modeling of high value parts. Further validation of the approach has been proposed as future work. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Kokko, EJ (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 6 IS 4 BP 405 EP 417 DI 10.1115/1.2353856 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 115VV UT WOS:000242762800012 ER PT J AU Noh, JH Hong, KS Jung, HS Lee, JK AF Noh, Jun Hong Hong, Kug Sun Jung, Hyun Suk Lee, Jung-Kun TI Dielectric properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 prepared using spark plasma sintering SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCERAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Electroceramics (ICE-2005) CY JUN 12-16, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA DE TiO2; spark plasma sintering; dielectric property; reduction; nanocrystalline ID TITANIUM-OXIDE; RUTILE; TRANSFORMATION; CONSOLIDATION; DENSIFICATION; CERAMICS; ALUMINA AB Ultra fine rutile powders (below 50 nm) were prepared via the sol-gel process and bulk type TiO2 specimens were fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The TiO2 specimen sintered at a low temperature (720 degrees C) exhibited a highly relative density (97%) and a nano-sized grain structure (200 nm). Dielectric properties of spark plasma sintered TiO2 specimens including dielectric constants (k) and losses (tan delta) were measured. The TiO2 specimen, obtained by SPS, showed a high dielectric constant (similar to 780) and a low tan delta (similar to 0.005), and a relaxation behavior at 1 MHz. After the subsequent annealing process of the TiO2 specimen in O-2 flow, the dielectric constants remarkably decreased (k = 100s). These dielectric properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 specimens prepared by SPS were discussed in terms of space charges produced by the reduction of Ti4+ ions and crystallographic orientations of grains. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 151744, South Korea. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Hong, KS (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 151744, South Korea. EM kshongss@plaza.snu.ac.kr RI Jung, Hyun Suk/D-4745-2011; Jung, Hyun Suk/H-3659-2015; OI Jung, Hyun Suk/0000-0002-7803-6930 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-3449 J9 J ELECTROCERAM JI J. Electroceram. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 17 IS 2-4 BP 913 EP 917 DI 10.1007/s10832-006-8574-4 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 127UA UT WOS:000243610600142 ER PT J AU Muller, AM Plenge, J Leone, SR Canton, SE Rude, BS Bozek, JD AF Muller, Astrid M. Plenge, Jurgen Leone, Stephen R. Canton, Sophie E. Rude, Bruce S. Bozek, John D. TI Core electron binding energy shifts of AlBr3 and Al2Br6 vapor SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE inner-shell photoelectron spectroscopy; synchrotron radiation; chemical shift; aluminum bromide; dimer binding ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ALUMINUM; HALIDES; PHOTOABSORPTION; SPECTRA; IMPACT AB The Al 2p and Br 3d inner-shell photoelectron spectra of aluminum tribromide monomer and dimer vapor were measured at 90 and 95 eV photon energy, respectively, to determine the core electron binding energies of the atoms in the two molecular species. While AlBr3 has three identical Br atoms, Al2Br6 exhibits four terminal and two bridging Br atoms. The species are identified by their distinct valence photoelectron spectra. Comparison of the observed Al 2p(1/2) and Al 2P(3/2) electron binding energies of AlBr3 with those of Al2Br6 shows that there is a chemical shift of (0.15 +/- 0.03) eV to lower energy in the dimer. In Al2Br6, an assignment is proposed in which the Br 3d(3/2) and Br 3d(5/2), binding energies of terminal Br atoms are (1.18 +/- 0.03) eV lower than those of bridging Br atoms. This assignment assumes that both types of Br atoms have similar cross-sections for ionization. With this result, the Br 3d(3/2) and Br 3d(5/2) binding energies of Br atoms in AlBr3 are (0.81 +/- 0.03) eV lower than those of bridging Br atoms of the dimer but (0.37 +/- 0.03) eV higher than those of terminal Br atoms of the dimer. The obtained chemical shifts are considered in terms of the binding relations and electron density distributions in both molecules. Chemical shifts that are larger than a few hundred millielectron volts, as observed in the Al2Br6/AlBr3 system, offer potential to study the dissociation dynamics of the dimer in a femtosecond visible or ultraviolet-pump/XUV-probe experiment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Leone, SR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM srl@berkeley.edu RI Bozek, John/E-4689-2010; Bozek, John/E-9260-2010; Canton, Sophie/A-8432-2016 OI Bozek, John/0000-0001-7486-7238; NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 154 IS 1-2 BP 32 EP 37 DI 10.1016/j.elspec.2006.09.002 PG 6 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 115VG UT WOS:000242761300006 ER PT J AU Thornton, EC Zhong, L Oostrom, M AF Thornton, E. C. Zhong, L. Oostrom, M. TI Development of a field design for in situ gaseous treatment of sediment based on laboratory column test data SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE laboratory tests; remedial action; subsurface environment; vadose zone; gas; sediment; columns ID HYDROGEN-SULFIDE; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; H2S AB A testing methodology is presented that supports the development of a field design for in situ gaseous treatment of sediments with diluted hydrogen sulfide. This approach involves the collection of column breakthrough test results at various flow rates, allowing a relationship to be developed between pore velocity of the carrier gas and velocity of the hydrogen sulfide reaction front that permits sizing to the field scale. A regression fit of a set of laboratory column breakthrough test data collected in this study is utilized to illustrate the development of a field design based on a two-dimensional radial flow analytical model. Information regarding treatment time and hydrogen sulfide consumption characteristics associated with in situ gaseous treatment can then be obtained from this model and used as a basis for estimation of treatment schedule and costs. The regression relationship can also be utilized in numerical models in more complex geometries to support the field design of in situ gaseous treatment operations. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Nat Resources Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Thornton, EC (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Nat Resources Div, Box 999,MS K6-96, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM edward.thornton@pnl.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2006 VL 132 IS 12 BP 1626 EP 1632 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:12(1626) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 111DB UT WOS:000242430500013 ER PT J AU Garten, CT AF Garten, Charles T., Jr. TI Predicted effects of prescribed burning and harvesting on forest recovery and sustainability in southwest Georgia, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE soil carbon; soil nitrogen; forest recovery; forest sustainability; ecosystem modeling; fire; thinning; clear-cutting; degraded soils; military land management ID ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; LONGLEAF PINE; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; STANDS; FIRE; TRANSLOCATION; DISTURBANCES AB A model-based analysis of the effect of prescribed burning and forest thinning or clear-cutting on stand recovery and sustainability was conducted at Fort Benning, GA, in the southeastern USA. Two experiments were performed with the model. In the first experiment, forest recovery from degraded soils was predicted for 100 years with or without prescribed burning. In the second experiment simulations began with 100 years of predicted stand growth, then forest sustainability was predicted for an additional 100 years under different combinations of prescribed burning and forest harvesting. Three levels of fire intensity (low, medium, and high), that corresponded to 17%, 33%, and 50% consumption of the forest floor C stock by fire, were evaluated at 1-, 2-, and 3-year fire return intervals. Relative to the control (no fire), prescribed burning with a 2- or 3-year return interval caused only a small reduction in predicted steady state soil C stocks (<= 25%) and had no effect on steady state tree wood biomass, regardless of fire intensity. Annual high intensity burns did adversely impact forest recovery and sustainability (after harvesting) on less sandy soils, but not on more sandy soils that had greater N availability. Higher intensity and frequency of ground fires increased the chance that tree biomass would not return to pre-harvest levels. Soil N limitation was indicated as the cause of unsustainable forests when prescribed burns were too frequent or too intense to permit stand recovery. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Garten, CT (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008,Mail Stop 6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM gartenctjr@ornl.gov NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 81 IS 4 BP 323 EP 332 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.11.005 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103YR UT WOS:000241923600002 PM 16546314 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Gorski, L Reynolds, J Orozco, E Fielding, S Park, YH Borucki, MK AF Kim, So Hyun Gorski, Lisa Reynolds, James Orozco, Edith Fielding, Sarah Park, Yong Ho Borucki, Monica K. TI Role of uvrA in the growth and survival of Listeria monocytogenes under UV radiation and acid and bile stress SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-MUTANS; LOW PH; TOLERANCE RESPONSE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EXCISION-REPAIR; ADAPTATION; VIRULENCE; GENE; INDUCTION; BACTERIA AB Listeria monocytogenes encounters numerous stresses both in the food environment and during infection of the host. The ability to survive and tolerate bile and low pH conditions, which are two major stresses, is of particular importance for survival within the host. The uvrA gene in other bacteria is involved in the repair of acid-induced DNA damage and in adaptation to low pH. Thus, a uvrA in-frame deletion mutant was constructed to identify the role of uvrA in the growth and survival of L. monocytogenes under various environmental conditions. The uvrA mutant was highly sensitive to UV radiation. Growth under normal laboratory conditions was impaired during the exponential phase, and the time to reach the exponential phase of growth, TVmax, was significantly delayed (P < 0.05). Growth of the uvrA mutant in acidic medium (pH 5) was slightly impaired, and the TVmax was significantly delayed (P < 0.05). Growth and the TVmax of the mutant in the presence of 0.3% bile salts also were significantly impaired (P < 0.05). These results suggest that uvrA is needed for optimal growth and survival of L. monocytogenes under various stressful environmental conditions. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, KRF Zoonot Dis Prior Res Inst, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Microbiol, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Produce Safety & Microbiol Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Borucki, MK (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biosci Directorate L452, Def Biol Div, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM borucki2@llnl.gov NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 69 IS 12 BP 3031 EP 3036 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 113RW UT WOS:000242616000032 PM 17186676 ER PT J AU Barenboim, G Lykken, JD AF Barenboim, Gabriela Lykken, Joseph D. TI Colliders as a simultaneous probe of supersymmetric dark matter and Terascale cosmology SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cosmology of theories beyond the SM; supersymmetry phenomenology ID NEUTRALINO; SUPERGRAVITY; BREAKING; WMAP AB Terascale supersymmetry has the potential to provide a natural explanation of the dominant dark matter component of the standard Lambda CDM cosmology. However once we impose the constraints on minimal supersymmetry parameters from current particle physics data, a satisfactory dark matter abundance is no longer prima facie natural. This Neutralino Tuning Problem could be a hint of nonstandard cosmology during and/or after the Terascale era. To quantify this possibility, we introduce an alternative cosmological benchmark based upon a simple model of quintessential inflation. This benchmark has no free parameters, so for a given supersymmetry model it allows an unambiguous prediction of the dark matter relic density. As a example, we scan over the parameter space of the CMSSM, comparing the neutralino relic density predictions with the bounds from WMAP. We find that the WMAP-allowed regions of the CMSSM are an order of magnitude larger if we use the alternative cosmological benchmark, as opposed to Lambda CDM. Initial results from the CERN Large Hadron Collider will distinguish between the two allowed regions. C1 Univ Valencia, Dept Fis Teor, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Barenboim, G (reprint author), Univ Valencia, Dept Fis Teor, Carrer Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. EM gabriela.barenboim@uv.es; lykken@fnal.gov NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 IS 12 AR 005 PG 16 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 134KE UT WOS:000244081100006 ER PT J AU Medina, AD Wagner, CEM AF Medina, Anibal D. Wagner, Carlos E. M. TI Soft leptogenesis in warped extra dimensions SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE field theories in higher dimensions; baryogenesis; cosmology of theories beyond the SM; supersymmetric effective theories ID SUPERSYMMETRIC STANDARD MODEL; BULK FIELDS; BREAKING; GEOMETRY AB We implement soft leptogenesis in a warped five dimensional scenario with two branes on the orbifold boundaries coming from an S-1/Z(2) symmetry, and supersymmetry broken on the IR brane. The SM hypermultiplet fields (fermions and Higgs) live in the UV brane and we allow the vector supermultiplets corresponding to the gauge bosons and a hypermultiplet corresponding to the right handed neutrino to live in the bulk. We assume that there are Majorana mass terms for the right handed neutrino superfield fixed on each brane and that there is a Yukawa term involving the right handed neutrino, the left handed neutrino and the Higgs fixed on the UV brane. Supersymmetry is broken by a constant "superpotential" on the IR brane, which induces an F-term for the radion hypermultiplet. This F-term leads to a B-term for the right handed sneutrinos as well as a soft SUSY breaking gaugino mass in the 4D theory for the zero modes. The gaugino mass naturally induces an A-term for the right handed sneutrino, left handed sneutrino and the Higgs to be formed through gaugino mediation with a non-trivial CP violating phase. Moreover, we show that within the context of extra dimensions, the condition of out-of-equilibrium decay and the phenomenological constraints on the neutrino mass are both satisfied in a natural way, for UV Majorana masses of the order of the fundamental scale of the theory. Thus all necessary elements for soft leptogenesis are at hand and we are able to predict a correct value for the baryon asymmetry. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, HEP Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Medina, AD (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM amedina@uchicago.edu; cwagner@hep.anl.gov NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 IS 12 AR 037 PG 21 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 134KE UT WOS:000244081100038 ER PT J AU Nomura, Y Poland, D Tweedie, B AF Nomura, Yasunori Poland, David Tweedie, Brock TI Holographic grand unification SO JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE GUT; beyond standard model ID PSEUDO-GOLDSTONE PARTICLES; TRIPLET SPLITTING PROBLEM; LIGHT HIGGS DOUBLETS; UNIFIED THEORIES; GAUGE-THEORY; SYMMETRY-BREAKING; HIGHER DIMENSIONS; EXTRA DIMENSION; ORBIFOLD GUTS; PROTON DECAY AB We present a framework for grand unification in which the grand unified symmetry is broken spontaneously by strong gauge dynamics, and yet the physics at the unification scale is described by (weakly coupled) effective field theory. These theories are formulated, through the gauge/gravity correspondence, in truncated 5D warped spacetime with the UV and IR branes setting the Planck and unification scales, respectively. In most of these theories, the Higgs doublets arise as composite states of strong gauge dynamics, corresponding to degrees of freedom localized to the IR brane, and the observed hierarchies of quark and lepton masses and mixings are explained by the wavefunction profiles of these fields in the extra dimension. We present several realistic models in this framework. We focus on one in which the doublet-triplet splitting of the Higgs fields is realized within the dynamical sector by the pseudo-Goldstone mechanism, with the associated global symmetry corresponding to a bulk gauge symmetry in the 5D theory. Alternatively, the light Higgs doublets can arise as a result of dynamics on the IR brane, without being accompanied by their triplet partners. Gauge coupling unification and proton decay can be studied in these models using higher dimensional effective field theory. The framework also sets a stage for further studies of, e.g., proton decay, fermion masses, and supersymmetry breaking. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Theoret Phys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Nomura, Y (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM YNomura@lbl.gov; dpoland@berkeley.edu; brock@berkeley.edu RI Poland, David/A-8689-2015 OI Poland, David/0000-0003-3854-2430 NR 84 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1029-8479 J9 J HIGH ENERGY PHYS JI J. High Energy Phys. PD DEC PY 2006 IS 12 AR 002 PG 29 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 134KE UT WOS:000244081100003 ER PT J AU Baumgartner, A Weier, JF Weier, HUG AF Baumgartner, Adolf Weier, Jingly Fung Weier, Heinz-Ulrich G. TI Chromosome-specific DNA repeat probes SO JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chromosome enumeration; DNA repeats; DNA probes; fluorescence in situ hybridization; chromosomes 17 and 18 ID ALPHA-SATELLITE DNA; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; HUMAN GENOME; REPETITIVE DNA; X-CHROMOSOME; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCES; COMPLEX; ORGANIZATION; CENTROMERES AB In research as well as in clinical applications, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has gained increasing popularity as a highly sensitive technique to study cytogenetic changes. Today, hundreds of commercially available DNA probes serve the basic needs of the biomedical research community. Widespread applications, however, are often limited by the lack of appropriately labeled, specific nucleic acid probes. We describe two approaches for an expeditious preparation of chromosome-specific DNAs and the subsequent probe labeling with reporter molecules of choice. The described techniques allow the preparation of highly specific DNA repeat probes suitable for enumeration of chromosomes in interphase cell nuclei or tissue sections. In addition, there is no need for chromosome enrichment by flow cytometry and sorting or molecular cloning. Our PCR-based method uses either bacterial artificial chromosomes or human genomic DNA as templates with alpha-satellite-specific primers. Here we demonstrate the production of fluorochrome-labeled DNA repeat probes specific for human chromosomes 17 and 18 in just a few days without the need for highly specialized equipment and without the limitation to only a few fluorochrome labels. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Dept Gen Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Weier, HUG (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Dept Gen Biol, MS 74-157,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ulliweier@hotmail.com FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-80792, CA-88258]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-045736, K25 HD041425, R01 HD045736, HD-041425] NR 38 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU HISTOCHEMICAL SOC INC PI SEATTLE PA UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT BIOSTRUCTURE, BOX 357420, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA SN 0022-1554 J9 J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM JI J. Histochem. Cytochem. PD DEC PY 2006 VL 54 IS 12 BP 1363 EP 1370 DI 10.1369/jhc.6A6974.2006 PG 8 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 105TX UT WOS:000242056300005 PM 16924124 ER EF