FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Woicik, JC Ravel, B Fischer, DA Newburgh, WJ AF Woicik, J. C. Ravel, B. Fischer, D. A. Newburgh, W. J. TI Performance of a four-element Si drift detector for X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy: resolution, maximum count rate, and dead-time correction with incorporation into the ATHENA data analysis software SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE Si drift detector; X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy; dead-time correction; ATHENA data analysis software ID SYNCHROTRON RAD. 11; NONLINEAR CONDITIONS; FLUORESCENCE MODE; EXAFS DATA AB The performance of a four-element Si drift detector for energy-dispersive fluorescence-yield X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements is reported, operating at the National Institute of Standards and Technology beamline X23A2 at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The detector can acquire X-ray absorption fine-structure spectra with a throughput exceeding 4 x 10(5) counts per second per detector element (> 1.6 x 10(6) total counts per second summed over all four channels). At this count rate the resolution at 6 keV is approximately 220 eV, which adequately resolves the Mn K alpha and K beta fluorescence lines. Accurate dead-time correction is demonstrated, and it has been incorporated into the ATHENA data analysis program. To maintain counting efficiency and high signal to background, it is suggested that the incoming count rate should not exceed similar to 70% of the maximum throughput. (C) 2010 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Singapore - all rights reserved C1 [Woicik, J. C.; Ravel, B.; Fischer, D. A.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Newburgh, W. J.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Woicik, JC (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM woicik@bnl.gov FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; National Institute of Standards and Technology FX The authors thank Pavel Rehak for useful discussions and Igor Levin for the SrMnO3 sample. Data were collected at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. Additional support was provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 17 BP 409 EP 413 DI 10.1107/S0909049510009064 PN 3 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 584WW UT WOS:000276785600016 PM 20400841 ER PT J AU Solman, SA Orlanski, I AF Solman, Silvina A. Orlanski, Isidoro TI Subpolar High Anomaly Preconditioning Precipitation over South America SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC CONVERGENCE ZONE; LOW-LEVEL JET; BLOCKING EPISODES; HEMISPHERE; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERE; CONVECTION; RAINFALL; SYSTEMS AB The mechanisms associated with the intraseasonal variability of precipitation over South America during the spring season are investigated with emphasis on the influence of a quasi-stationary anomalous circulation over the southeastern South Pacific Ocean (SEP). A spectral analysis performed to the bandpass-filtered time series of daily precipitation anomalies for the La Plata Basin (LPB) and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) regions revealed several statistically relevant peaks corresponding to periods of roughly 23 days and 14-16 days-with the lower (higher) frequency peaks more prevalent for the SACZ (LPB). The large-scale circulation patterns preconditioning precipitation variability over both regions were explored by means of a regression analysis performed on the daily 500-hPa geopotential anomaly field provided by the NCEP-NCARreanalysis dataset. The most prominent feature of the regression fields is the presence of a quasi-stationary anomalous anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation over the southeastern South Pacific Ocean associated with positive rainfall anomalies over the LPB (SACZ) and, emanating from that high (low), an external Rossby wave propagating northeastward toward the South American continent. The synoptic-scale activity, quantified in terms of a frontal activity index, showed a strong influence on precipitation over the LPB and to a lesser extent over the SACZ. Moreover, the frontal activity is actually modulated by the anomalous high circulation over the SEP region. The behavior of this anomalous circulation may be supported by a positive feedback mechanism that can enhance the response of the high anomaly itself, which in turns reinforces the Rossby wave train propagating toward the South American continent. C1 [Solman, Silvina A.] CONICET UBA, CIMA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Orlanski, Isidoro] Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Solman, SA (reprint author), CONICET UBA, CIMA, Ciudad Univ,Pabellon 2-2Do Piso,C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. EM solman@cima.fcen.uba.ar FU ANPCyT [PICT2005 32194]; UBACyT [X160]; University of Buenos Aires; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce [NA17RJ2612, NA08OAR4320752] FX We thank Thomas Knutson for reviewing the manuscript and suggesting insightful comments. We wish to thank B. Liebmann and two anonymous reviewers for useful discussions and comments that have certainly led to improvements in the manuscript. This work has been supported by ANPCyT Grant PICT2005 32194 and UBACyT Grant X160 and by the Argentinean Raices Programme of the University of Buenos Aires. Particular thanks are due to Dr. C. Vera for making possible Dr. Isidoro Orlanski's visit to CIMA. One of the authors, Isidoro Orlanski, was supported by Grants NA17RJ2612 and NA08OAR4320752 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or the U.S. Department of Commerce. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1526 EP 1542 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3309.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 605CF UT WOS:000278324200013 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P Vallis, GK AF Zurita-Gotor, Pablo Vallis, Geoffrey K. TI Circulation Sensitivity to Heating in a Simple Model of Baroclinic Turbulence SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AQUAPLANET MOIST GCM; THERMAL STRATIFICATION; ADJUSTMENT AB This paper examines the sensitivity of the circulation of an idealized primitive equation two-level model on the form and strength of the heating, aiming to understand the qualitatively different sensitivity of the isentropic slope on differential heating reported by previous idealized studies when different model formulations are used. It is argued that this contrasting behavior might arise from differences in the internal determination of the heating. To test this contention, the two-level model is forced using two different heating formulations: a standard Newtonian cooling formulation and a highly simplified formulation in which the net lower-to-upper troposphere heat transport is prescribed by construction. The results are interpreted using quasigeostrophic turbulent closures, which have previously been shown to have predictive power for the model. It is found that the strength of the circulation, as measured by eddy length and velocity scales and by the strength of the energy cycle, scales with the vertical heating (the lower-to-upper troposphere heat transport), with a weak dependence. By contrast, the isentropic slope is only sensitive to the structure of the heating, as measured by the ratio between meridional versus vertical heating, and not to the actual strength of the heating. In general the heating is internally determined, and this ratio may either increase or decrease as the circulation strengthens. It is shown that the sign of the sensitivity depends on the steepness of the relation between vertical heating and stratification for the particular heating formulation used. The quasigeostrophic limit (fixed stratification) and the prescribed heating model constrain the possible range of behaviors and provide bounds of sensitivity for the model. These results may help explain the different sensitivity of the isentropic slope on differential heating for dry and moist models and for quasigeostrophic and primitive equation models. C1 [Zurita-Gotor, Pablo] Univ Complutense, Fac Ciencias Fis, Dept Geofis & Meteorol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Zurita-Gotor, Pablo] Inst Geociencia, Madrid, Spain. [Vallis, Geoffrey K.] Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), Univ Complutense, Fac Ciencias Fis, Dept Geofis & Meteorol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 FU Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain; Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino of Spain [200800050084028]; NSF [ATM0612551] FX We thank Paul O'Gorman and the anonymous reviewers for their comments, which led to an improved manuscript. P. Z-G is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain under a Ramon y Cajal position. This work was also supported by the MOVAC project (Grant 200800050084028 from the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino of Spain) and by NSF Grant ATM0612551. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1543 EP 1558 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3314.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 605CF UT WOS:000278324200014 ER PT J AU Bergner, BC Germer, TA Suleski, TJ AF Bergner, Brent C. Germer, Thomas A. Suleski, Thomas J. TI Effective medium approximations for modeling optical reflectance from gratings with rough edges SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-RELIEF GRATINGS; COUPLED-WAVE ANALYSIS; SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; LINE; SCATTEROMETRY; LER; QUANTIFICATION; IMPLEMENTATION; PHOTORESISTS; FORMULATION AB Line edge roughness (LER) has been identified as a potential source of uncertainty in optical scatterometry measurements. Characterizing the effect of LER on optical scatterometry signals is required to assess the uncertainty of the measurement. However, rigorous approaches to modeling the structures that are needed to simulate LER can be computationally expensive. In this work, we compare the effect of LER on scatterometry signals computed using an effective medium approximation (EMA) to those computed with realizations of rough interfaces. We find that for correlation lengths much less than the wavelength but greater than the rms roughness, an anisotropic EMA provides a satisfactory approximation in the cases studied. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Bergner, Brent C.; Germer, Thomas A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bergner, Brent C.; Suleski, Thomas J.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Opt Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.germer@nist.gov NR 29 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1083 EP 1090 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 590QD UT WOS:000277241200018 PM 20448775 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, H Kimura, S Hagiwara, M Nambu, Y Nakatsuji, S Maeno, Y Matsuo, A Kindo, K AF Yamaguchi, Hironori Kimura, Shojiro Hagiwara, Masayuki Nambu, Yusuke Nakatsuji, Satoru Maeno, Yoshiteru Matsuo, Akira Kindo, Koichi TI High-Field ESR and Magnetization of the Triangular Lattice Antiferromagnet NiGa2S4 SO JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article DE high-field ESR; high field magnetization; triangular lattice; frustrate magnetism; NiGa2S4 ID FRUSTRATED QUANTUM ANTIFERROMAGNETS; ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; PHASE-TRANSITION; XY MODEL; HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; CRITICAL EXPONENTS AB We report the experimental and analytical results of electron spin resonance (ESR) and magnetization at high magnetic fields of up to about 68 T of the quasi two-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet NiGa2S4. From the temperature evolution of the ESR absorption linewidth, we find a distinct disturbance of the development of the spin correlation by Z(2)-vortices between 23 and 8.5 K. Below T-v = 8.5 K, spin-wave calculations based on a 57 degrees spiral spin order well explain the frequency dependence of the ESR resonance fields and high-field magnetization processes for H parallel to c and H perpendicular to c, although the magnetization for H perpendicular to c at high fields is different from the calculated one. Furthermore, we explain the field-independent specific heat with a T-2 dependence by the same spin-wave calculation, but the magnitude of specific heat is much less than the observed one. The single ion anisotropy constant D/k(B) = 0.8 K is the same order of T-V(xi/a)(-2) = 0.3-0.4 K where xi and a are the correlation length and the lattice constant of the triangular plane in NiGa2S4, respectively. The relation D/k(B) <= T-V(xi/ a)(-2) recently derived by Kawamura et al. [H. Kawamura et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79 (2010) 023701] is a necessary condition for the realization of a Z(2)-vortex-induced topological transition, which would be destroyed by an extremely small D not equal 0 in a classical nearest-neighbor spin model owing to the large xi. Accordingly, these results suggest the occurrence of a Z(2)-vortex-induced topological transition at T-v and indicate quantum effects beyond the descriptions based on the above classical spin models, for example, those due to quadrupolar correlations. C1 [Yamaguchi, Hironori; Kimura, Shojiro; Hagiwara, Masayuki] Osaka Univ, KYOKUGEN, Osaka 5608531, Japan. [Nambu, Yusuke] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Nambu, Yusuke] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nakatsuji, Satoru; Matsuo, Akira; Kindo, Koichi] Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Chiba 2778581, Japan. [Maeno, Yoshiteru] Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Yamaguchi, H (reprint author), Osaka Univ, KYOKUGEN, Osaka 5608531, Japan. EM yamaguchi@mag.cqst.osaka-u.ac.jp RI Kimura, Shojiro/A-8874-2011; Nambu, Yusuke/C-3863-2012 OI Nambu, Yusuke/0000-0003-1167-7124 FU Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan [G17, G10]; [17072005]; [19052003]; [20340089]; [21684019] FX We thank H. Kawamura and T. Okubo for valuable discussion and critical reading of the manuscript and S. Todo for advice about numerical calculations. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid (Nos. 17072005, 19052003, 20340089, and 21684019), and by the 21st Century COE (Project No. G17) and Global COE (Project No. G10) Programs from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 15 PU PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA YUSHIMA URBAN BUILDING 5F, 2-31-22 YUSHIMA, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0034, JAPAN SN 0031-9015 J9 J PHYS SOC JPN JI J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 79 IS 5 AR 054710 DI 10.1143/JPSJ.79.054710 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 589OC UT WOS:000277158800020 ER PT J AU Feist, BE Steel, EA Jensen, DW Sather, DND AF Feist, Blake E. Steel, E. Ashley Jensen, David W. Sather, Damon N. D. TI Does the scale of our observational window affect our conclusions about correlations between endangered salmon populations and their habitat? SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Multiple spatial scales; Spatial extent; Habitat; Pacific salmon; Land use; Spatial analysis; Restoration; Conservation ID SPATIAL SCALE; LAND-USE; COMMUNITY CONCORDANCE; ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES; AQUATIC COMMUNITIES; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; STREAM; LANDSCAPE; USA; BASIN AB Differences in the strength of species-habitat relationships across scales provide insights into the mechanisms that drive these relationships and guidance for designing in situ monitoring programs, conservation efforts and mechanistic studies. The scale of our observation can also impact the strength of perceived relationships between animals and habitat conditions. We examined the relationship between geographic information system (GIS)-based landscape data and Endangered Species Act-listed anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations in three subbasins of the Columbia River basin, USA. We characterized the landscape data and ran our models at three spatial scales: local (stream reach), intermediate (6th field hydrologic units directly in contact with a given reach) and catchment (entire drainage basin). We addressed three questions about the effect of scale on relationships between salmon and GIS representations of landscape conditions: (1) at which scale does each predictor best correlate with salmon redd density, (2) at which scale is overall model fit maximized, and (3) how does a mixed-scale model compare with single scale models (mixed-scale meaning models that contain variables characterized at different spatial scales)? We developed mixed models to identify relationships between redd density and candidate explanatory variables at each of these spatial scales. Predictor variables had the strongest relationships with redd density when they were summarized over the catchment scale. Meanwhile strong models could be developed using landscape variables summarized at only the local scale. Model performance did not improve when we used suites of potential predictors summarized over multiple scales. Relationships between species abundance and land use or intrinsic habitat suitability detected at one scale cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other scales. Therefore, habitat restoration efforts should take place in the context of conditions found in the associated watershed or landscape. C1 [Feist, Blake E.] NOAA, Fish Ecol Div, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Steel, E. Ashley] US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Feist, BE (reprint author), NOAA, Fish Ecol Div, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM blake.feist@noaa.gov OI Feist, Blake/0000-0001-5215-4878 FU Bonneville Power Administration FX We thank George Pess and Chris Jordan for reviewing and significantly improving previous drafts of this manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and constructive critiques of this manuscript. This research was funded, in part, by the Bonneville Power Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or its agencies. NR 70 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 EI 1572-9761 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 25 IS 5 BP 727 EP 743 DI 10.1007/s10980-010-9458-1 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 582PK UT WOS:000276609800006 ER PT J AU Ma, L Slattery, O Tang, X AF Ma, L. Slattery, O. Tang, X. TI Detection and Spectral Measurement of Single Photons in Communication Bands Using Up-Conversion Technology SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-KEY-DISTRIBUTION; INFRARED SPECTROMETER; WAVELENGTH; EFFICIENCY AB Quantum information systems are commonly operated in conventional communication bands (1310 and 1550 nm) over an optical fiber to take advantage of low transmission loss. However, the detection and spectral measurement of single photons in these communication bands are limited due to high noise and low sensitivity of single photon detectors in the wavelength ranges. To demonstrate high efficiency detection and high sensitivity spectral measurement, we have implemented a single photon detector and a spectrometer based on frequency up-conversion technology. This detector and spectrometer uses a 5-cm periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide and a tunable pump laser around 1550 nm, to convert signal photons around 1310 to 710 nm. The converted photons are then detected by a silicon-based avalanche photodiode (APD). The overall detection efficiency of the single photon detector is as high as 32%, which is three times higher than commercial InGaAs APDs. The sensitivity of the spectrometer is measured to be -126 dBm, which is at least three orders-of-magnitude better than any commercial optical spectrum analyzer in this wavelength range. C1 [Ma, L.; Slattery, O.; Tang, X.] NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, L (reprint author), NIST, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lijun.ma@nist.gov; xiao.tang@nist.gov FU NIST quantum information initiative FX The authors thank for the support from the NIST quantum information initiative. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1244 EP 1250 DI 10.1134/S1054660X1009032X PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 635LD UT WOS:000280655900047 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, D. P. TI Blending different fineness cements to engineer the properties of cement-based materials SO MAGAZINE OF CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EARLY-AGE PROPERTIES; PORTLAND-CEMENT; WATER; PASTE AB Concretes are designed to fulfil specific engineering requirements, commonly exemplified by slump, unit weight and compressive strength. One source of untapped potential for varying engineering properties of hardened concrete is the variation of the cement particle size distribution. In this study, the performance of cements prepared by blending a coarse ASTM C150 type I/II and a fine type III cement obtained from the same clinker in three different proportions is examined. Evaluated properties for pastes and mortars include compressive strength and a variety of early-age properties that can influence cracking, specifically isothermal and semi-adiabatic calorimetry, chemical shrinkage, setting times (Vicat needle) and autogenous deformation. Addition of a high-range water reducer to the type III cement and the two finest blends is investigated as a secondary variable. The properties of the blends are compared with those of the two pure starting materials using a law of mixtures. Some properties such as heat release (as assessed using isothermal calorimetry) and chemical shrinkage are predicted nearly perfectly by applying this simple law. Others such as peak temperature (as assessed using semi-adiabatic calorimetry) and compressive strength are adequately predicted for engineering purposes by application of the law. Finally, setting times and autogenous deformation, being dependent on both hydration rates and particle spacing, cannot be predicted by the simple law of mixtures. It is concluded that a wide range of performance properties can be achieved by the blending of a fine and a coarse cement in controlled proportions. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 6 PU ICE PUBL PI LONDON PA 40 MARSH WALL, 2 FL, LONDON E14 9TP, ENGLAND SN 0024-9831 J9 MAG CONCRETE RES JI Mag. Concr. Res. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 62 IS 5 BP 327 EP 338 DI 10.1680/macr.2008.62.5.327 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 588OF UT WOS:000277080800002 ER PT J AU Howell, EA Dutton, PH Polovina, JJ Bailey, H Parker, DM Balazs, GH AF Howell, Evan A. Dutton, Peter H. Polovina, Jeffrey J. Bailey, Helen Parker, Denise M. Balazs, George H. TI Oceanographic influences on the dive behavior of juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the North Pacific Ocean SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONGLINE FISHING GROUNDS; OLIVACEA SEA-TURTLES; DIVING BEHAVIOR; LEPIDOCHELYS-OLIVACEA; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; CHELONIA-MYDAS; INTERNESTING INTERVALS; SUBMERGENCE PATTERNS; GREEN TURTLES; FRONTAL ZONE AB Satellite telemetry data from 17 juvenile loggerhead turtles (43.5-66.5 cm straight carapace length) were used in conjunction with oceanographic data to analyze the influence of regional and seasonal oceanography on dive behavior in the North Pacific Ocean. Combined dive behavior for all individuals showed that turtles spent more than 80% of their time at depths < 5 m, and more than 90% of their time at depths < 15 m. Multivariate classifications of dive data revealed four major dive types, three representing deeper, longer dives, and one representing shallower dives shorter in duration. Turtles exhibited variability in these dive types across oceanographic regions, with deeper, longer dives in the Hawaii longline swordfish fishing grounds during the first quarter of the year, as well as in the Kuroshio Extension Bifurcation Region and the region near the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Turtles in the Kuroshio Extension Bifurcation Region also exhibited dive variability associated with mesoscale eddy features, with turtles making deeper, longer dives while associated with the strongest total kinetic energy. Turtles in the central North Pacific exhibited seasonality in dive behavior that appeared to reflect synchronous latitudinal movements with the North Pacific Subtropical Front and the associated seasonal, large-scale oceanography. Turtles made deeper, longer dives during the first quarter of the year within this region, the reported time and area where the highest loggerhead bycatch occurs by the longline fishery. These results represent the first comprehensive study of dive data for this species in this region. The increased understanding of juvenile loggerhead dive behavior and the influences of oceanography on dive variability should provide further insight into why interactions with longline fisheries occur and suggest methods for reducing the bycatch of this threatened species. C1 [Howell, Evan A.; Polovina, Jeffrey J.; Balazs, George H.] NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Dutton, Peter H.] NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Bailey, Helen] NOAA Fisheries, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Parker, Denise M.] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Howell, EA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Evan.Howell@noaa.gov RI Bailey, Helen/E-6813-2012; OI Bailey, Helen/0000-0001-7445-4687; Howell, Evan/0000-0001-9904-4633 FU Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales of France (CNES); National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors wish to thank Michael Seki, Reka Domokos, Donald Kobayashi, Kyle Van Houtan, Steven Bograd, Daniel Palacios, T. Todd Jones, and Pierre Kleiber for fruitful discussions and comments regarding this manuscript. We also wish to thank Don Petersen, Lyle Enriquez, and the fisheries observers with the NOAA Fisheries Service Southwest Regional Office in Long Beach, CA for deployment of the transmitters and providing associated information on the bycaught turtles, the captain and crew of both the NOAA research vessel Oscar Elton Sette and the Hokkaido University Training Ship Oshoro Maru including professors Kenshi Kuma, John Bower, Hiroji Onishi, and Atsushi Yamaguchi, and students from Hokkaido University and Hidetada Kiyofuji who aided in the collection of the in situ data temperature data. The first author also wishes to thank Sei-Ichi Saitoh for assistance with this project. Altimetry data used in this study were produced by the Ssalto program and obtained from Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS) center under the auspices of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales of France (CNES). SST data were processed and distributed by the NESDIS OceanWatch Central Pacific Node. This research was conducted as part of the NOAA Fisheries and the Environment (FATE) program and was partially supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through a grant provided by the Applied Sciences Program in the Earth Science Division. NR 56 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 157 IS 5 BP 1011 EP 1026 DI 10.1007/s00227-009-1381-0 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 582PM UT WOS:000276610000009 ER PT J AU deReynier, YL Levin, PS Shoji, NL AF deReynier, Yvonne L. Levin, Phillip S. Shoji, Noriko L. TI Bringing stakeholders, scientists, and managers together through an integrated ecosystem assessment process SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE Ecosystem-based management; Integrated ecosystem assessment; Public policy process; Ocean resource management ID QUALITATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT; POLITICAL BUSINESS-CYCLE; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; FISH COMMUNITY; INDICATORS; CONSERVATION; POLICY; BIODIVERSITY; CHALLENGES AB For decades, the scientific community has conducted essential background research and developed appropriate modeling tools in support of an ecosystem-based approach to natural resource management. Resource managers and the public, however, lack a clear roadmap for working with scientists to move beyond the traditional single-species approach. With current management processes so strongly focused on working in a species-by-species framework, there are entrenched cultural and institutional challenges to shifting those processes toward ecosystem-based management. We propose using the integrated ecosystem assessment process to both develop new management ideas for a particular ecosystem, and to help shift public policy processes and perceptions to embrace ecosystem approaches to management. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [deReynier, Yvonne L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Levin, Phillip S.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Shoji, Noriko L.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96848 USA. RP deReynier, YL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM yvonne.dereynier@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 34 IS 3 BP 534 EP 540 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.10.010 PG 7 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 572OQ UT WOS:000275842800024 ER PT J AU Keller, AA Fruh, EL Johnson, MM Simon, V McGourty, C AF Keller, Aimee A. Fruh, Erica L. Johnson, Melanie M. Simon, Victor McGourty, Catherine TI Distribution and abundance of anthropogenic marine debris along the shelf and slope of the US West Coast SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Eastern North Pacific; Benthic marine debris; Plastic; Trawl survey; US West Coast ID DEEP-SEA-FLOOR; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; LITTER; CALIFORNIA; IMPACTS; GREECE; ISLAND; BIGHT AB As marine debris levels continue to grow worldwide, defining sources, composition, and distribution of debris, as well as potential effects, becomes increasingly important. We investigated composition and abundance of man-made, benthic marine debris at 1347 randomly selected stations along the US West Coast during Groundfish Bottom Trawl Surveys in 2007 and 2008. Anthropogenic debris was observed in 469 tows at depths of 55-1280 m. Plastic and metallic debris occurred in the greatest number of hauls followed by fabric and glass. Mean density was 67.1 items km(-2) throughout the study area but was significantly higher south of 36 degrees 00'N latitude. Mean density significantly increased with depth, ranging from 30 items km(-2) in shallow (55-183 m) water to 128 items km(-2) in the deepest depth stratum (550-1280 m). Debris densities observed along the US West Coast were comparable to those seen elsewhere and provide a valuable backdrop for future comparisons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Keller, Aimee A.; Simon, Victor] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Fruh, Erica L.; Johnson, Melanie M.; McGourty, Catherine] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Keller, AA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM aimee.keller@noaa.gov; erica.fruh@noaa.gov; melanie.johnson@noaa.gov; victor.simon@noaa.gov; catherine.mcgourty@noaa.gov FU NOAA FX The authors are indebted to the captains and crew of the chartered fishing vessels Ms. Julie, Noah's Ark, Excalibur and Raven for providing at-sea support. Keith Bosley, Dan Kamikawa, John Harms and John Buchanan greatly assisted in data collection. We especially thank Curt Whitmire for preparing GIS charts as needed throughout the study and Beth Hotness for data management. The project was funded in part by a 2008 Grant from the NOAA Marine Debris Program. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 60 IS 5 BP 692 EP 700 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.12.006 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 616MX UT WOS:000279214600018 PM 20092858 ER PT J AU Apeti, DA Lauenstein, GG Christensen, JD Kimbrough, K Johnson, WE Kennedy, M Grant, KG AF Apeti, D. A. Lauenstein, G. G. Christensen, J. D. Kimbrough, K. Johnson, W. E. Kennedy, M. Grant, K. G. TI A historical assessment of coastal contamination in Birch Harbor, Maine based on the analysis of mussels collected in the 1940s and the Mussel Watch Program SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Mussel Watch; 1940s; Coastal contamination; Organochlorine pesticides; PCB; PAHs; Maine; Blue mussels ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FOOD-WEB; BIOACCUMULATION; RESIDUES; TRENDS AB Coastal contamination in the 1940s was assessed based on analysis of canned blue mussels presumably collected from Birch Harbor, Maine, USA. Analytical results on legacy organic contaminants were compared to long-term National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Mussel Watch (MW) monitoring data to estimate the degree of coastal contamination before World War II (WWII) when many synthetic organic compounds were first introduced into the environment. While dieldrin and chlordane were not detected in the canned mussels, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were present at lower concentrations relative to the more recent MW data. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected, and the later were significantly higher in canned mussels relative to the MW data (p < 0.05). Furthermore, moving average analysis applied to the MW data depicted three-phased temporal trend patterns (increase-decrease-steady state) for virtually all contaminants indicating an overall increased coastal contamination in post WWII era. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Apeti, D. A.; Lauenstein, G. G.; Christensen, J. D.; Kimbrough, K.; Johnson, W. E.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Kennedy, M.] President Kennetek Counseling Co, Waterford, CT 06385 USA. [Grant, K. G.] Florida A&M Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Apeti, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dennis.apeti@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 60 IS 5 BP 732 EP 742 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.021 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 616MX UT WOS:000279214600023 PM 20097385 ER PT J AU Wright, JD AF Wright, John D. TI Performance of critical flow venturis under transient conditions SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blow-down test; critical flow venturi; critical nozzle; fuel dispenser; transient flow AB Critical flow venturis (CFVs) can be used to measure flow under transient pressure and flow conditions with uncertainties of 0.13% or less (95% confidence level). Blow-down tests transferred 630 g of nitrogen during a 100 s interval from an unregulated gas cylinder (initially at 10 MPa) through a heat exchanger and a CFV into a known collection volume. Fast pressure and temperature sensors were used to calculate the CFV flow. The integrated CFV mass flows, integral (m) over dot dt, averaged 0.04% smaller than the mass Delta rho V of the collected gas. The heat exchanger was essential to the excellent agreement; without it, the percentage difference between integral (m) over dot dt and Delta rho V was -0.38%. We conclude that even under transient conditions, a properly instrumented CFV can be used as a reference flowmeter to evaluate other flowmeter types or to test gaseous fuel dispensers in the field. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wright, JD (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM John.Wright@nist.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 21 IS 5 AR 055404 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/21/5/055404 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 582WS UT WOS:000276631600039 ER PT J AU Rivard, MJ Butler, WM DeWerd, LA Ibbott, GS Meigooni, AS Melhus, CS Mitch, MG Nath, R AF Rivard, Mark J. Butler, Wayne M. DeWerd, Larry A. Ibbott, Geoffrey S. Meigooni, Ali S. Melhus, Christopher S. Mitch, Michael G. Nath, Ravinder TI Supplement to the 2004 update of the AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report (vol34, pg 2187, 2007) SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction DE brachytherapy; cancer; dosimetry; radioactive sources; radioisotopes; tumours C1 [Rivard, Mark J.; Melhus, Christopher S.] Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. [Butler, Wayne M.] Wheeling Hosp, Schiffler Canc Ctr, Wheeling, WV 26003 USA. [DeWerd, Larry A.] Univ Wisconsin, Accredited Dosimetry & Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Ibbott, Geoffrey S.] Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Radiol Phys Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Mitch, Michael G.] NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nath, Ravinder] Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Therapeut Radiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Rivard, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM mrivard@tuftsmedicalcenter.org NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 37 IS 5 BP 2396 EP 2396 DI 10.1118/1.3388848 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 590QT UT WOS:000277242800048 ER PT J AU Zhang, F Ilavsky, J Long, GG Quintana, JPG Allen, AJ Jemian, PR AF Zhang, Fan Ilavsky, Jan Long, Gabrielle G. Quintana, John P. G. Allen, Andrew J. Jemian, Pete R. TI Glassy Carbon as an Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle Scattering SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; DETECTOR; CAMERA; MATTER AB Absolute calibration of small-angle scattering (SAS) intensity data (measured in terms of the differential scattering cross section per unit sample volume per unit solid angle) is essential for many important aspects of quantitative SAS analysis, such as obtaining the number density, volume fraction, and specific surface area of the scatterers. It also enables scattering data from different instruments (light, X-ray, or neutron scattering) to be combined, and it can even be useful to detect the existence of artifacts in the experimental data. Different primary or secondary calibration methods are available. In the latter case, absolute intensity calibration requires a stable artifact with the necessary scattering profile. Glassy carbon has sometimes been selected as this intensity calibration standard. Here we review the spatial homogeneity and temporal stability of one type of commercially available glassy carbon that is being used as an intensity calibration standard at a number of SAS facilities. We demonstrate that glassy carbon is sufficiently homogeneous and stable during routine use to be relied upon as a suitable standard for absolute intensity calibration of SAS data. C1 [Zhang, Fan] No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. [Ilavsky, Jan; Long, Gabrielle G.; Quintana, John P. G.; Jemian, Pete R.] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Allen, Andrew J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, F (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. EM ilavsky@aps.anl.gov RI Zhang, Fan/A-6133-2010; Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013; USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900; FU United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX We thank Steven Weigand, DND-CAT, for providing the SAXS data collected at DND-CAT. Portions of this work were performed at the DuPont-Northwestern-Dow Collaborative Access Team (DND-CAT) located at Sector 5 of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). DND-CAT is supported by E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., The Dow Chemical Company, and the State of Illinois. This work and the use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory were supported by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We thank David Black, NIST, for providing the HT glassy carbon sample for the SANS measurement. We acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States Department of Commerce, in providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. NR 29 TC 97 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 41A IS 5 BP 1151 EP 1158 DI 10.1007/s11661-009-9950-x PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 574FO UT WOS:000275974800012 ER PT J AU Vizcaino, MI Johnson, WR Kimes, NE Williams, K Torralba, M Nelson, KE Smith, GW Weil, E Moeller, PDR Morris, PJ AF Vizcaino, Maria I. Johnson, Wesley R. Kimes, Nikole E. Williams, Katherine Torralba, Manolito Nelson, Karen E. Smith, Garriet W. Weil, Ernesto Moeller, Peter D. R. Morris, Pamela J. TI Antimicrobial Resistance of the Coral Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus and Caribbean Sister Phylotypes Isolated from a Diseased Octocoral SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MUCUS-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA; SEA FAN CORALS; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; POCILLOPORA-DAMICORNIS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES AB Vibrio coralliilyticus is a global marine pathogen that has been found to cause disease in several marine organisms, including corals. This study is the first report of the isolation of V. coralliilyticus from a diseased Caribbean octocoral, Pseudopterogorgia americana. Five sister phylotypes were positively identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, recA probes specific for V. coralliilyticus, and rep-PCR fingerprinting. The antimicrobial resistance was compared between pathogenic strains of V. coralliilyticus and the Caribbean strains. First, the antimicrobial resistance of V. coralliilyticus-type strain ATCC BAA-450 was determined using an agar-overlay antimicrobial bioassay at 24A degrees C and 27A degrees C, temperatures which are relevant to its known temperature-dependent virulence. From 108 distinct bacteria isolated from P. americana, 12 inhibited the V. coralliilyticus-type strain at 24A degrees C and five at 27A degrees C. Next, the phenotypic comparison of two Caribbean phylotypes and three V. coralliilyticus reference strains against a subset of 30 bacteria demonstrated a similar resistance trend. At both temperatures, the reference strains were inhibited by three bacteria isolates, while the Caribbean strains were inhibited by four to nine bacteria. Additionally, V. coralliilyticus-type strain ATCC BAA-450 and one of the Caribbean strains were inhibited by a higher number of bacteria at 24A degrees C compared with 27A degrees C. Together, these results highlight that V. coralliilyticus strains have antimicrobial resistance to the majority of coral-associated bacteria tested, which may be temperature-dependent in some strains. Furthermore, all V. coralliilyticus strains tested showed multi-drug resistance to a range of 11-16 (out of 26) commercial antibiotics. This study establishes V. coralliilyticus in association with a Caribbean octocoral and demonstrates its resistance to the antimicrobial activity of coral-associated bacteria and to commercial antibiotics. C1 [Vizcaino, Maria I.; Johnson, Wesley R.; Kimes, Nikole E.; Williams, Katherine; Moeller, Peter D. R.; Morris, Pamela J.] Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Vizcaino, Maria I.; Kimes, Nikole E.; Moeller, Peter D. R.; Morris, Pamela J.] Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Morris, Pamela J.] Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Torralba, Manolito; Nelson, Karen E.] J Craig Venter Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Smith, Garriet W.] Univ S Carolina, Aiken, SC 29801 USA. [Weil, Ernesto] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00709 USA. [Moeller, Peter D. R.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Toxin Nat Prod Chem Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Morris, PJ (reprint author), Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM morrisp@cofc.edu RI Rinaldi2, Carlos/D-4479-2011; Johnson, Selena/K-3541-2013 FU National Science Foundation [DEB0516347]; SC Sea Grant Consortium (NOAA) [NA170P2919]; National Ocean Service (NOS); NIH; GEF-World Bank; NOAA-CRES [NA170P2919] FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Biodiversity Surveys and Inventories Grant (DEB0516347) awarded to P. J. M., K. E. N., and G. W. S. M. I. V. was supported by the SC Sea Grant Consortium (NOAA), the National Ocean Service (NOS), and the NIH's Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity, and N. E. K. was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. E. W. was partially supported by the GEF-World Bank Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building program and the NOAA-CRES program (NA170P2919). Logistical support was provided by the Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico -Mayaguez. We wish to thank Dr. Jan Gooch and Brian Thompson (CCEHBR-NOAA, Charleston, SC) for help with the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility assay. NR 60 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 59 IS 4 BP 646 EP 657 DI 10.1007/s00248-010-9644-3 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 605LP UT WOS:000278349400003 PM 20309538 ER PT J AU Yang, SJ Lach-hab, M Blaisten-Barojas, E Li, X Karen, VL AF Yang, Shujiang Lach-hab, Mohammed Blaisten-Barojas, Estela Li, Xiang Karen, Vicky L. TI Machine learning study of the heulandite family of zeolites SO MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Zeolite; Heulandite; Clinoptilolite; Data mining clustering; Machine learning ID THERMAL-STABILITY; CLINOPTILOLITE; FRAMEWORK AB Heulandite and clinoptilolite form the most abundant family of natural zeolite crystals. The topology of both of them is characterized by the framework type HEU. Despite many studies on these crystals the, mineral assignment to a zeolite as heulandite or clinoptilolite is still controversial and unresolved today. Based on a machine learning clustering analysis of crystallographic data of zeolite crystals, we show that zeolites belonging to the HEU framework type are divided into three groups of minerals instead of two. Two of the groups, HEU-h and HEU-c, contain crystals with names heulandite and clinoptilolite, respectively. The third newly proposed group HEU-m is composed of mixed zeolites named under both traditional names. The grouping is based on the EM algorithm and a set of descriptors built from data collected in the NIST/FIZ Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. Verification of the division of the HEU family into three groups is provided based on a battery of machine learning tests. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Yang, Shujiang; Lach-hab, Mohammed; Blaisten-Barojas, Estela; Li, Xiang] George Mason Univ, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Blaisten-Barojas, Estela] George Mason Univ, Dept Computat & Data Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Li, Xiang; Karen, Vicky L.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blaisten-Barojas, E (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, MSN 6A2, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM blaisten@gmu.edu RI Blaisten-Barojas, Estela/B-9520-2009; Yang, Shujiang/E-3787-2012 FU National Science Foundation [CHE-0626111]; National Institute of Standards and Technology Cooperative Agreement [70NANB5H1110]; TERAGRID [PHY050026] FX This work was supported under the National Science Foundation grant CHE-0626111 and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cooperative Agreement 70NANB5H1110. Additionally, TERAGRID computing time grant PHY050026 is acknowledged. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-1811 J9 MICROPOR MESOPOR MAT JI Microporous Mesoporous Mat. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 130 IS 1-3 BP 309 EP 313 DI 10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.11.027 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 570UC UT WOS:000275702600042 ER PT J AU Pena, M Toth, Z Wei, MZ AF Pena, Malaquas Toth, Zoltan Wei, Mozheng TI Controlling Noise in Ensemble Data Assimilation Schemes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM KALMAN FILTER; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; SCALE DATA ASSIMILATION; ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; FORECAST SYSTEM; PART I; NCEP; IMPLEMENTATION; PERTURBATIONS; INTERPOLATION AB A variety of ad hoc procedures have been developed to prevent filter divergence in ensemble-based data assimilation schemes. These procedures are necessary to reduce the impacts of sampling errors in the background error covariance matrix derived from a limited-size ensemble. The procedures amount to the introduction of additional noise into the assimilation process, possibly reducing the accuracy of the resulting analyses. The effects of this noise on analysis and forecast performance are investigated in a perfect model scenario. Alternative schemes aimed at controlling the unintended injection of noise are proposed and compared. Improved analysis and forecast accuracy is observed in schemes with minimal alteration to the evolving ensemble-based covariance structure. C1 [Pena, Malaquas; Wei, Mozheng] NOAA NCEP EMC, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Toth, Zoltan] NOAA ESRL GSD, Boulder, CO USA. RP Pena, M (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Room 807,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM malaquias.pena.mendez@noaa.gov RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1502 EP 1512 DI 10.1175/2009MWR2854.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900002 ER PT J AU Posselt, DJ Vukicevic, T AF Posselt, Derek J. Vukicevic, Tomislava TI Robust Characterization of Model Physics Uncertainty for Simulations of Deep Moist Convection SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CLOUD MICROPHYSICS PARAMETERIZATION; KALMAN FILTER; PART II; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; SURFACE PROCESSES; PRECIPITATION; SYSTEMS; MESOSCALE; SCHEME AB This study explores the functional relationship between model physics parameters and model output variables for the purpose of 1) characterizing the sensitivity of the simulation output to the model formulation and 2) understanding model uncertainty so that it can be properly accounted for in a data assimilation framework. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is employed to examine how changes in cloud microphysical parameters map to changes in output precipitation, liquid and ice water path, and radiative fluxes for an idealized deep convective squall line. Exploration of the joint probability density function (PDF) of parameters and model output state variables reveals a complex relationship between parameters and model output that changes dramatically as the system transitions from convective to stratiform. Persistent non-uniqueness in the parameter state relationships is shown to be inherent in the construction of the cloud microphysical and radiation schemes and cannot be mitigated by reducing observation uncertainty. The results reinforce the importance of including uncertainty in model configuration in ensemble prediction and data assimilation, and they indicate that data assimilation efforts that include parameter estimation would benefit from including additional constraints based on known physical relationships between model physics parameters to render a unique solution. C1 [Posselt, Derek J.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Vukicevic, Tomislava] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Posselt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, 2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM dposselt@umich.edu RI Posselt, Derek/I-4912-2012; Vukicevic, Tomislava/B-1386-2014 OI Posselt, Derek/0000-0002-5670-5822; FU NASA [NNX08AF77G, NNX09AJ46G, NNX09AJ43G] FX Wei-Kuo Tao and Steve Lang assisted with interpretation of the GCE code, and Tristan L'Ecuyer provided estimates of observation uncertainty. Ben Shipway's 1D CRM comparison studies (available online at http://www.convection.info/microphysics/); provided the basis for the functional forms of the vertical distribution of vertical motion and vapor mixing ratio tendency. The comments of two anonymous reviewers served to improve the clarity and readability of the text. This work was supported by the NASA MAP program under Grants NNX08AF77G, NNX09AJ46G, and NNX09AJ43G. NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1513 EP 1535 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3094.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900003 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD AF Aberson, Sim D. TI 10 Years of Hurricane Synoptic Surveillance (1997-2006) SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ADAPTIVE OBSERVING GUIDANCE; ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES; PREDICTION SYSTEM; DROPWINDSONDE OBSERVATIONS; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; TRACK; IMPACT; MODEL; PERFORMANCE; FORECASTS AB In 1997, the National Hurricane Center and the Hurricane Research Division began operational synoptic surveillance missions with the Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft to improve the numerical guidance for hurricanes that threaten the continental United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Hawaii. During the first 10 yr, 176 such missions were conducted. Global Positioning System dropwindsondes were released from the aircraft at 150-200-km intervals along the flight track in the environment of each tropical cyclone to obtain wind, temperature, and humidity profiles from flight level (about 150 hPa) to the surface. The observations were processed and formatted aboard the aircraft and sent to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Global Telecommunications System to be ingested into the Global Forecast System, which serves as initial and boundary conditions for regional numerical models that also forecast tropical cyclone track and intensity. The results of an observing system experiment using these data are presented. C1 NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sim.aberson@noaa.gov RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1536 EP 1549 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3090.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900004 ER PT J AU Wheatley, DM Stensrud, DJ AF Wheatley, Dustan M. Stensrud, David J. TI The Impact of Assimilating Surface Pressure Observations on Severe Weather Events in a WRF Mesoscale Ensemble System SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID KALMAN FILTER; VERTICAL DIFFUSION; INITIAL CONDITION; PART I; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; CONVECTION; PRECIPITATION; COORDINATE; PACKAGE AB Surface pressure observations are assimilated into a Weather Research and Forecast ensemble using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach and the results are compared with observations for two severe weather events. Several EnKF experiments are performed to evaluate the relative impacts of two very different pressure observations: altimeter setting (a total pressure field) and 1-h surface pressure tendency. The primary objective of this study is to determine the surface pressure observation that is most successful in producing realistic mesoscale features, such as convectively driven cold pools, which often play an important role in future convective development. Results show that ensemble-mean pressure analyses produced from the assimilation of surface temperature, moisture, and winds possess significant errors in regard to mesohigh strength and location. The addition of surface pressure tendency observations within the assimilation yields limited ability to constrain such errors, while the assimilation of altimeter setting yields accurate depictions of the mesoscale pressure patterns associated with mesoscale convective systems. The mesoscale temperature patterns produced by all the ensembles are quite similar and tend to reproduce the observed features. Results suggest that even though surface pressure observations can have large cross covariances with temperature and the wind components, the resulting analyses fail to improve upon the EnKF temperature and wind analyses that exclude the surface pressure observations. Ensemble forecasts following the assimilation period show the potential to improve short-range forecasting of surface pressure. C1 [Wheatley, Dustan M.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Wheatley, Dustan M.; Stensrud, David J.] NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Wheatley, DM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM dustan.wheatley@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1673 EP 1694 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3042.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900011 ER PT J AU Ziegler, CL Mansell, ER Straka, JM MacGorman, DR Burgess, DW AF Ziegler, Conrad L. Mansell, Edward R. Straka, Jerry M. MacGorman, Donald R. Burgess, Donald W. TI The Impact of Spatial Variations of Low-Level Stability on the Life Cycle of a Simulated Supercell Storm SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LONG-LIVED SUPERCELLS; REAR-FLANK DOWNDRAFTS; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; CONVECTION INITIATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; PART II; OBSERVATIONAL EXAMINATION; TORNADIC THUNDERSTORMS; MOIST CONVECTION; DRYLINE AB This study reports on the dynamical evolution of simulated, long-lived right-moving supercell storms in a high-CAPE, strongly sheared mesoscale environment, which initiate in a weakly capped region and subsequently move into a cold boundary layer (BL) and inversion region before dissipating. The storm simulations realistically approximate the main morphological features and evolution of the 22 May 1981 Binger, Oklahoma, supercell storm by employing time-varying inflow lateral boundary conditions for the storm-relative moving grid, which in turn are prescribed from a parent, fixed steady-state mesoscale analysis to approximate the observed inversion region to the east of the dryline on that day. A series of full life cycle storm simulations have been performed in which the magnitude of boundary layer coldness and the convective inhibition are varied to examine the ability of the storm to regenerate and sustain its main updraft as it moves into environments with increasing convective stability. The analysis of the simulations employs an empirical expression for the theoretical speed of the right-forward-flank outflow boundary relative to the ambient, low-level storm inflow that is consistent with simulated cold-pool boundary movement. The theoretical outflow boundary speed in the direction opposite to the ambient flow increases with an increasing cold-pool temperature deficit relative to the ambient BL temperature, and it decreases as ambient wind speed increases. The right-moving, classic (CL) phase of the simulated supercells is supported by increasing precipitation content and a stronger cold pool, which increases the right-moving cold-pool boundary speed against the constant ambient BL winds. The subsequent decrease of the ambient BL temperature with eastward storm movement decreases the cold-pool temperature deficit and reduces the outflow boundary speed against the ambient winds, progressing through a state of stagnation to an ultimate retrogression of the outflow boundary in the direction of the ambient flow. Onset of a transient, left-moving low-precipitation (LP) phase is initiated as the storm redevelops on the retrograding outflow boundary. The left-moving LP storm induces compensating downward motions in the inversion layer that desiccates the inflow, elevates the cloudy updraft parcel level of free convection (LFC), and leads to the final storm decay. The results demonstrate that inversion-region simulations support isolated, long-lived supercells. Both the degree of stratification and the coldness of the ambient BL regulate the cold-pool intensity and the strength and capacity of the outflow boundary to lift BL air through the LFC and thus regenerate convection, resulting in variation of supercell duration in the inversion region of approximately 1-2 h. In contrast, horizontally homogeneous conditions lacking an inversion region result in the development of secondary convection from the initial isolated supercell, followed by rapid upscale growth after 3 h to form a long-lived mesoscale convective system. C1 [Ziegler, Conrad L.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Straka, Jerry M.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Burgess, Donald W.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Ziegler, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM conrad.ziegler@noaa.gov OI MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 FU NSF [ATM-0733539, ATM-0451639] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with Dr. Harold Brooks regarding possible impacts of time-varying environmental parameters on the evolution and prediction of severe convection. Dr. Qin Xu clarified the dynamics of density current flows, which helped improve the discussion of the impact of the cold pool on the regeneration of the main storm updraft. Dr. Louis Wicker reviewed an earlier version of the manuscript and suggested many useful editorial changes. The comments provided by three anonymous reviewers also helped to improve the manuscript. Support for this project was provided under NSF Grants ATM-0733539 and ATM-0451639. NR 72 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1738 EP 1766 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3010.1 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900014 ER PT J AU Juang, HMH Hong, SY AF Juang, Hann-Ming Henry Hong, Song-You TI Forward Semi-Lagrangian Advection with Mass Conservation and Positive Definiteness for Falling Hydrometeors SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID BULK PARAMETERIZATION; TRANSPORT SCHEME; APPROXIMATIONS; MODELS; CLOUDS; FIELD AB A semi-Lagrangian advection scheme is developed for falling hydrometeors in hopes of replacing the conventional Eulerian scheme that has been widely used in the cloud microphysics scheme of numerical atmospheric models. This semi-Lagrangian scheme uses a forward advection method to determine the advection path with or without iteration, and advected mass in a two-time-level algorithm with mass conservation. Monotonicity is considered in mass-conserving interpolation between Lagrangian grids and model Eulerian grids, thus making it a positive definite advection scheme. For mass-conserving interpolation between the two grid systems, the piecewise constant method (PCM), piecewise linear method (PLM), and piecewise parabolic method (PPM) are proposed. The falling velocity at the bottom cell edge is modified to avoid unphysical deformation by scanning from the top layer to the bottom of the model, which enables the use of a large time step with reasonable accuracy. The scheme is implemented and tested in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Single-Moment 3-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM3). In a theoretical test bed with constant terminal velocity, the proposed semi-Lagrangian algorithm shows that the higher-order interpolation scheme produces less diffusive features at maximal precipitation. Results from another idealized test bed with mass-weighted terminal velocity demonstrate that the accuracy of the proposed scheme is still satisfactory even with a time step of 120 s when the mean terminal velocity averaged at the departure and arrival points is employed. A two-dimensional (2D) squall-line test using the WSM3 scheme shows that the control run with the Eulerian advection scheme and the semi-Lagrangian run with the PCM method reveal similar results, whereas behaviors using the PLM and PPM are similar with higher-resolution features, such as mammatus-like clouds. C1 [Hong, Song-You] Yonsei Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Hong, Song-You] Yonsei Univ, Global Environm Lab, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Juang, Hann-Ming Henry] NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Hong, SY (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM shong@yonsei.ac.kr RI Hong, Song-You/I-3824-2012 FU Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [2009-0080658]; Korean Foundation for International Cooperation of Science and Technology (KICOS) through Korean Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) FX This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009-0080658), and the Korean Foundation for International Cooperation of Science and Technology (KICOS) through a grant provided by the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). Two journal reviewers are thanked for their constructive and invaluable suggestions. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1778 EP 1791 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3109.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900016 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS Hou, YT Lord, SJ Belochitski, AA AF Krasnopolsky, V. M. Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S. Hou, Y. T. Lord, S. J. Belochitski, A. A. TI Accurate and Fast Neural Network Emulations of Model Radiation for the NCEP Coupled Climate Forecast System: Climate Simulations and Seasonal Predictions SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MACHINE LEARNING COMPONENTS; MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; LONGWAVE RADIATION; INHOMOGENEOUS ATMOSPHERES; REANALYSIS; SCHEMES; PHYSICS; BUDGET; RRTM AB The approach to accurate and fast-calculating model physics using neural network emulations was previously developed by the authors for both longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations or the full model radiation, which is the most time-consuming component of model physics. It was successfully tested for a moderate-resolution uncoupled NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) that is driven by climatological SST for a decadal climate simulation mode. In this study, the approach has been further developed and implemented into the NCEP coupled Climate Forecast System (CFS) with significantly higher resolution and time-dependent CO(2). The higher complexity of NCEP CFS required further adjustments to the neural network emulation methodology. Validation of the approach for the NCEP CFS has been performed through a decadal climate simulation and seasonal predictions. The developed highly-accurate neural network emulations of longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations are, on average, 16 and 60 times faster than the original/control longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations, respectively. The authors present a detailed comparison of parallel decadal climate simulations and seasonal predictions performed with the original NCEP model radiation parameterizations and with their neural network emulations. The differences between the parallel runs are overall within or less than the observation errors and uncertainties of reanalysis. Moreover, the differences (both in terms of bias and RMSE) are of a similar magnitude as the model's internal variability. These results justify the practical use of efficient neural network emulations of full model radiation for climate simulations and seasonal predictions. C1 [Krasnopolsky, V. M.] NOAA, NCEP, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Krasnopolsky, V. M.; Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S.; Belochitski, A. A.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov FU NOAA/CDEP/CTB [NA06OAR4310047] FX The authors thank Drs. H.-L. Pan, S. Saha, S. Moorthi, and M. Iredell for a valuable help with practical use of NCEP CFS and for useful discussions and consultations. We also thank Drs. S. Moorthi and G. White for reading and commenting on the manuscript. This study is based upon the work supported by the NOAA/CDEP/CTB Grant NA06OAR4310047. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1822 EP 1842 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3149.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900019 ER PT J AU Brown, DP Beven, JL Franklin, JL Blake, ES AF Brown, Daniel P. Beven, John L. Franklin, James L. Blake, Eric S. TI Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID FORECASTS; BASIN; WINDS AB The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized and the year's tropical cyclones are described. Sixteen named storms formed in 2008. Of these, eight became hurricanes with five of them strengthening into major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale). There was also one tropical depression that did not attain tropical storm strength. These totals are above the long-term means of 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. The 2008 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones produced significant impacts from the Greater Antilles to the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as along portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Hurricanes Gustav, Ike, and Paloma hit Cuba, as did Tropical Storm Fay. Haiti was hit by Gustav and adversely affected by heavy rains from Fay, Ike, and Hanna. Paloma struck the Cayman Islands as a major hurricane, while Omar was a major hurricane when it passed near the northern Leeward Islands. Six consecutive cyclones hit the United States, including Hurricanes Dolly, Gustav, and Ike. The death toll from the Atlantic tropical cyclones is approximately 750. A verification of National Hurricane Center official forecasts during 2008 is also presented. Official track forecasts set records for accuracy at all lead times from 12 to 120 h, and forecast skill was also at record levels for all lead times. Official intensity forecast errors in 2008 were below the previous 5-yr mean errors and set records at 72-120 h. C1 [Brown, Daniel P.; Beven, John L.; Franklin, James L.; Blake, Eric S.] NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Brown, DP (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM daniel.p.brown@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 138 IS 5 BP 1975 EP 2001 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3174.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620LH UT WOS:000279500900027 ER PT J AU Hamadani, BH Jung, SY Haney, PM Richter, LJ Zhitenev, NB AF Hamadani, Behrang H. Jung, Suyong Haney, Paul M. Richter, Lee J. Zhitenev, Nikolai B. TI Origin of Nanoscale Variations in Photoresponse of an Organic Solar Cell SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Organic photovoltaics; scanning probe microscopy; nanoscale photocurrent; nanodots; nanomorphology; phase segregation ID CONJUGATED-POLYMER BLENDS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; PROBE MICROSCOPY; PHOTOCURRENT; MORPHOLOGY; ORGANIZATION; TRANSPORT AB Photogenerated charge transport in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is strongly dependent on the active layer nanomorphology resulting from phase segregation. Here, we systematically study the nanoscale photocurrent response from BHJs based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT-PCBM) with a photoconductive atomic force microscope (PCAFM). The photocurrent is either collected directly by the tip or through nanopatterned metal contacts. The photoresponse measured at the top surface shows significant inhomogeneity on the length scale of 100-500 nm with large low-efficiency regions, consistent with existence of a P3HT-rich skin layer of approximate to 10 em thick. The measurements with the nanocontacts validate the PCAFM results and demonstrate that the inhomogeneity averages to the conventional device result. Additionally, we use an ultralow angle microtomy (ULAM) technique to slice the active layer and create wedges along these cuts for probing of nanomorphology in the bulk. AFM images show a striking contrast between the top surface and the ULAM exposed material, revealing much finer features related to phase segregation below the skin layer and sub-100 nm length scales for charge transport. C1 [Hamadani, Behrang H.; Jung, Suyong; Haney, Paul M.; Zhitenev, Nikolai B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jung, Suyong; Richter, Lee J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jung, Suyong] Univ Maryland, Maryland NanoCtr, College Pk, MD USA. RP Hamadani, BH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM behrang.hamadani@nist.gov RI Zhitenev, Nikolai/N-1780-2014; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 FU Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology FX The authors would like to thank Amit Agrawal, Henry Lezec, J. Alexander Liddle, and David Gundlach for useful discussions, and Dean DeLongchamp for use of film preparation equipment. This work has been made possible with the tools and staff support of the nanofabrication research facility at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1611 EP 1617 DI 10.1021/nl9040516 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 593HX UT WOS:000277444900015 PM 20411971 ER PT J AU Coddington, I Swann, WC Newbury, NR AF Coddington, Ian Swann, William C. Newbury, Nathan R. TI Time-domain spectroscopy of molecular free-induction decay in the infrared SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY-COMB; SPECTROMETER; RESOLUTION AB Time-domain spectroscopy using dual, coherent frequency combs is used to measure free-induction decay from a molecular gas sample in the near-IR with a time-domain signal-to-noise ratio of similar to 10(6) over a similar to 6 ns window at 55 fs time resolution (corresponding to the 9 THz source bandwidth) and a frequency/timing accuracy set by the frequency combs. The free-induction decay exhibits the expected periodic pulses from the rephasing of the multiply excited rovibrational levels. This demonstration represents the first high-resolution, high-accuracy, broadband measurement of optical free-induction decay, to our knowledge. C1 [Coddington, Ian; Swann, William C.; Newbury, Nathan R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Coddington, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ian@boulder.nist.gov; nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov NR 20 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 24 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2010 VL 35 IS 9 BP 1395 EP 1397 DI 10.1364/OL.35.001395 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 590IU UT WOS:000277219800032 PM 20436581 ER PT J AU Foss-Feig, M Hermele, M Rey, AM AF Foss-Feig, Michael Hermele, Michael Rey, Ana Maria TI Probing the Kondo lattice model with alkaline-earth-metal atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ULTRACOLD ATOMS; PHASE-DIAGRAM AB We study transport properties of alkaline-earth-metal atoms governed by the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian plus a harmonic confining potential, and suggest simple dynamical probes of several different regimes of the phase diagram that can be implemented with current experimental techniques. In particular, we show how Kondo physics at strong coupling, at low density, and in the heavy fermion phase is manifest in the dipole oscillations of the conduction band upon displacement of the trap center. C1 [Foss-Feig, Michael; Hermele, Michael; Rey, Ana Maria] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Foss-Feig, Michael; Rey, Ana Maria] JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Rey, Ana Maria] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Foss-Feig, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Hermele, Michael/B-9424-2009; OI Hermele, Michael/0000-0003-2594-1176 FU NSF [PIF-0904017]; DOE [DE-SC0003910]; DARPA-OLE FX We thank Thomas Gasenzer, Matthias Kronenwett, Alexey Gorshkov, Maria Luisa Chiofalo, Brandon Peden, Victor Gurarie, and Jun Ye for helpful discussions. This work was supported by grants from the NSF (PFC and PIF-0904017), the DOE (DE-SC0003910), and a grant from the ARO with funding from the DARPA-OLE. NR 26 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2010 VL 81 IS 5 AR 051603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.051603 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 602LF UT WOS:000278140000010 ER PT J AU Segal, SR Diot, Q Cornell, EA Zozulya, AA Anderson, DZ AF Segal, Stephen R. Diot, Quentin Cornell, Eric A. Zozulya, Alex A. Anderson, Dana Z. TI Revealing buried information: Statistical processing techniques for ultracold-gas image analysis SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PRINCIPAL-COMPONENT ANALYSIS AB The techniques of principal and independent component analysis are applied to images of ultracold atoms. As an illustrative example, we present the use of these model-independent methods to rapidly determine the differential phase of a Bose-Einstein condensate interferometer from large sets of images of interference patterns. These techniques have been useful in the calibration of the experiment and in the investigation of phase randomization. The details of the algorithms are provided. C1 [Segal, Stephen R.; Diot, Quentin; Cornell, Eric A.; Anderson, Dana Z.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Segal, Stephen R.; Diot, Quentin; Cornell, Eric A.; Anderson, Dana Z.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Zozulya, Alex A.] Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. RP Segal, SR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM segals@colorado.edu; dana@jila.colorado.edu FU Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Army Research Office [W911NF-04-1-0043]; National Science Foundation [PHY0551010] FX The authors thank Robert Mihailovich and Ying-Ju Wang for assistance in the construction and maintenance of the apparatus used in this work. This work was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Army Research Office (W911NF-04-1-0043), and the National Science Foundation through a Physics Frontier Center (PHY0551010). NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2010 VL 81 IS 5 AR 053601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.053601 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 602LF UT WOS:000278140000131 ER PT J AU Coffey, D DeMarco, M Ho, PC Maple, MB Sayles, T Lynn, JW Huang, Q Toorongian, S Haka, M AF Coffey, D. DeMarco, M. Ho, P. C. Maple, M. B. Sayles, T. Lynn, J. W. Huang, Q. Toorongian, S. Haka, M. TI Absence of the hyperfine magnetic field at the Ru site in ferromagnetic rare-earth intermetallics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-BANDS; TEMPERATURE; IRON; NICKEL; CERU2; SUPERCONDUCTORS; TRANSITION; METALS; SRRUO3; FE AB The Mossbauer effect (ME) is frequently used to investigate magnetically ordered systems. One usually assumes that the magnetic order induces a hyperfine magnetic field, B(hyperfine), at the ME active site. This is the case in the ruthenates, where the temperature dependence of B(hyperfine) at (99)Ru sites tracks the temperature dependence of the ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order. However this does not happen in the rare-earth intermetallics, GdRu(2) and HoRu(2). Specific heat, magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, Mssbauer effect, and neutron diffraction have been used to study the nature of the magnetic order in these materials. Both materials are found to order ferromagnetically at 83.1 and 15.3 K, respectively. Despite the ferromagnetic order of the rare-earth moments in both systems, there is no evidence of a correspondingly large B(hyperfine) in the Mssbauer spectrum at the Ru site. Instead the measured spectra consist of a narrow peak at all temperatures which points to the absence of magnetic order. To understand the surprising absence of a transferred hyperfine magnetic field, we carried out ab initio calculations which show that spin polarization is present only on the rare-earth site. The electron spin at the Ru sites is effectively unpolarized and, as a result, B(hyperfine) is very small at those sites. This occurs because the 4d Ru electrons form broad conduction bands rather than localized moments. These 4d conduction bands are polarized in the region of the Fermi energy and mediate the interaction between the localized rare-earth moments. C1 [Coffey, D.; DeMarco, M.] SUNY Coll Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. [DeMarco, M.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Ho, P. C.] Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Phys, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. [Maple, M. B.; Sayles, T.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, San Diego, CA 92093 USA. [Lynn, J. W.; Huang, Q.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Toorongian, S.; Haka, M.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Nucl Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Coffey, D (reprint author), SUNY Coll Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. FU U.S. DOE [DE-FG02-03ER46064, DE-GF02-04ER46105]; NSF [DMR0802478]; CCSA [7669] FX Work was supported by the U.S. DOE (Grant No. DE-FG02-03ER46064) by CCSA#7669 at CSU-Fresno, and by U.S. DOE (Grant No. DE-GF02-04ER46105), and NSF (Grant No. DMR0802478) at UCSD. D. C. wishes to thank M. D. Jones of the Center for Computational Research at the University of Buffalo for his help in using the WIEN2K package. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 18 AR 184404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.184404 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 602LX UT WOS:000278141800049 ER PT J AU Gilmore, K Stiles, MD Seib, J Steiauf, D Fahnle, M AF Gilmore, Keith Stiles, M. D. Seib, Jonas Steiauf, Daniel Faehnle, Manfred TI Anisotropic damping of the magnetization dynamics in Ni, Co, and Fe SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID METALS; NICKEL AB The Gilbert parameter alpha describing the damping of magnetization dynamics is commonly taken to be an isotropic scalar. We argue that it is a tensor (alpha) double under bar that is anisotropic, leading to a dependence of the damping on both the instantaneous direction of the magnetization M(t) (orientational anisotropy) and on the direction of rotation of the magnetization (rotational anisotropy). For small-angle precession of M around a prescribed axis in the crystal, the rotational anisotropy of Ni, Co, and Fe is calculated as a function of the electronic scattering rate. For circular precession, the rotational anisotropy of M is averaged out and the damping is determined by an effective damping scalar alpha(eff) which depends on the axis of rotation. The quantity alpha(eff) of Ni, Co, and Fe is calculated for various crystallographic orientations. All calculations are performed by the ab initio density-functional electron theory within the framework of the torque-correlation model. The intraband contribution of this model (breathing Fermi-surface contribution) maintains both orientational and rotational anisotropy for all scattering rates. In contrast, the interband contribution (bubbling Fermi-surface contribution) exhibits these anisotropies only at small scattering rates (tau(-1)) and becomes increasingly isotropic (both orientationally and rotationally) as tau(-1) increases. Because the interband contribution dominates at high tau(-1), each material should exhibit isotropic damping at sufficiently high tau(-1) (i.e., sufficiently high temperatures). C1 [Gilmore, Keith; Stiles, M. D.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Seib, Jonas; Steiauf, Daniel; Faehnle, Manfred] Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Gilmore, K (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM faehnle@mf.mpg.de RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; Gilmore, Keith/D-5426-2013 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 17 AR 174414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.174414 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 602LV UT WOS:000278141600072 ER PT J AU Shlyk, L Ueland, BG Lynn, JW Huang, Q De Long, LE Parkin, S AF Shlyk, L. Ueland, B. G. Lynn, J. W. Huang, Q. De Long, L. E. Parkin, S. TI Magnetic structure, magnetization, and magnetotransport properties of (Ba, Sr)M2 +/- xT4 -/+ xO11 (M = Fe, Co; T = Ru, Ti) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID WEAK FERROMAGNETISM; SPIN CHIRALITY; BERRY PHASE; SPINTRONICS; FERRITES; LATTICE; CU AB Hexagonal R-type ferrites (Ba, Sr)M2 +/- xT4 -/+ xO11 (M = Fe, Co; T = Ru, Ti) were studied via neutron and x-ray diffraction, magnetization, and electrical transport measurements. Magnetization data for single-crystal BaFe3.26Ti2.74O11 reveal two magnetic transitions at T-1=250 K and T-2=84 K, which indicates complex magnetic order driven by competing interactions on a frustrated lattice with a noncentrosymmetric structure. Magnetization data for single-crystal BaCo1.85Ru4.15O11 reveal soft ferromagnetic order at T-C=105 K with an easy direction perpendicular to the c axis. Neutron diffraction data for polycrystalline BaCo1.68Ru4.32O11 indicate a nearly compensated arrangement of spins lying within the a-b plane with a possible canting out of the plane that yields nonzero scalar spin chirality. The transverse magnetoresistivity rho(xy) of single-crystal BaCo1.85Ru4.15O11 for current J parallel to H perpendicular to c axis is typical of an anomalous Hall effect observed in ferromagnets, whereas for J perpendicular to H parallel to c axis, rho(xy) is a nonmonotonic function of the magnetic field, consistent with a topological Hall effect that depends upon scalar spin chirality. Neutron diffraction reveals transitions to ferrimagnetic order at T-C=262(1) K for single-crystal SrFe2.6Ru3.4O11, and at T-C=403 K for polycrystalline SrFe2.96Ru3.04O11 (refined as a collinear structure at T=5 K). C1 [Shlyk, L.; De Long, L. E.] Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. [Ueland, B. G.; Lynn, J. W.; Huang, Q.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Parkin, S.] Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Shlyk, L (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM lshlyk@gmail.com RI Parkin, Sean/E-7044-2011; Ueland, Benjamin/B-2312-2008 OI Ueland, Benjamin/0000-0001-9784-6595 FU U.S. DOE [DOE-FGnull2-97ER45653]; NIST/NRC FX Research at the University of Kentucky was supported by U.S. DOE under Grant No. DOE-FG circle divide 2-97ER45653. B.G.U. acknowledges support from the NIST/NRC Postdoctoral Research Associateship Program. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 18 AR 184415 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.184415 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 602LX UT WOS:000278141800060 ER PT J AU Wang, MY Luo, HQ Zhao, J Zhang, CL Wang, M Marty, K Chi, SX Lynn, JW Schneidewind, A Li, SL Dai, PC AF Wang, Miaoyin Luo, Huiqian Zhao, Jun Zhang, Chenglin Wang, Meng Marty, Karol Chi, Songxue Lynn, Jeffrey W. Schneidewind, Astrid Li, Shiliang Dai, Pengcheng TI Electron-doping evolution of the low-energy spin excitations in the iron arsenide superconductor BaFe2-xNixAs2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PAIRING SYMMETRY AB We use elastic and inelastic neutron scattering to systematically investigate the evolution of the low-energy spin excitations of the iron arsenide superconductor BaFe2-xNixAs2 as a function of nickel doping x. In the undoped state, BaFe2As2 exhibits a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural phase transition and simultaneously develops a collinear antiferromagnetic (AF) order below T-N=143 K. Upon electron doping of x=0.075 to induce bulk superconductivity with T-c=12.2 K, the AF ordering temperature reduces to T-N approximate to 58 K. We show that the appearance of bulk superconductivity in BaFe1.925Ni0.075As2 coincides with a dispersive neutron spin resonance in the spin excitation spectra and a reduction in the static ordered moment. For optimally doped BaFe1.9Ni0.1As2 (T-c=20 K) and overdoped BaFe(1.85)Ni(0.15)As2 (T-c=14 K) superconductors, the static AF long-range order is completely suppressed and the spin excitation spectra are dominated by a resonance and spin gap at lower energies. We determine the electron-doping dependence of the neutron spin resonance and spin gap energies and demonstrate that the three-dimensional nature of the resonance survives into the overdoped regime. If spin excitations are important for superconductivity, these results would suggest that the three-dimensional characters of the electronic superconducting gaps are prevalent throughout the phase diagram and may be critical for superconductivity in these materials. C1 [Wang, Miaoyin; Zhao, Jun; Zhang, Chenglin; Wang, Meng; Dai, Pengcheng] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Luo, Huiqian; Wang, Meng; Li, Shiliang; Dai, Pengcheng] Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Marty, Karol; Dai, Pengcheng] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chi, Songxue; Lynn, Jeffrey W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Schneidewind, Astrid] Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Mat & Energie, Gemeinsame Forsch Grp HZB, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. [Schneidewind, Astrid] Tech Univ Munich, Forsch Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier Leibnitz FRM 2, D-85747 Garching, Germany. RP Wang, MY (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM slli@aphy.iphy.ac.cn; daip@ornl.gov RI Zhao, Jun/A-2492-2010; Li, Shiliang/B-9379-2009; Chi, Songxue/A-6713-2013; Wang, Miaoyin/C-9224-2012; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; WANG, MENG/E-6595-2012 OI Zhao, Jun/0000-0002-0421-8934; Chi, Songxue/0000-0002-3851-9153; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; WANG, MENG/0000-0002-8232-2331 FU U.S. NSF [DMR-0756568]; U.S. DOE, Division of Scientific User Facilities; U.S. DOE BES [DE-FG02-05ER46202]; Chinese Academy of Sciences and 973 Program [2010CB833102] FX We thank Jiangping Hu and Tao Xiang for helpful discussions. The neutron scattering part of this work at UT/ORNL is supported by the U.S. NSF under Grant No. DMR-0756568 and by the U.S. DOE, Division of Scientific User Facilities. The single-crystal growth effort at UT is supported by U.S. DOE BES under Grant No. DE-FG02-05ER46202. The single-crystal growth and neutron-scattering work at IOP is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and 973 Program (Grant No. 2010CB833102) NR 46 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 17 AR 174524 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.174524 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 602LV UT WOS:000278141600114 ER PT J AU Longland, R Iliadis, C Cesaratto, JM Champagne, AE Daigle, S Newton, JR Fitzgerald, R AF Longland, R. Iliadis, C. Cesaratto, J. M. Champagne, A. E. Daigle, S. Newton, J. R. Fitzgerald, R. TI Resonance strength in Ne-22(p,gamma)Na-23 from depth profiling in aluminum SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID LOW-ENERGY RESONANCES; NUCLEI; NA-23; AL-27(P,GAMMA)SI-28; CAPTURE AB A novel method for extracting absolute resonance strengths has been investigated. By implanting Ne-22 ions into a thick aluminum backing and simultaneously measuring the Ne-22 + p and Al-27 + p reactions, the strength of the E-r(lab) = 479 keV resonance in Ne-22(p,gamma)Na-23 was determined to be omega gamma = 0.524(51) eV. This result has significantly reduced uncertainties compared to earlier work. Our results are important for the absolute normalizations of resonance strengths in the Ne-22(p,gamma)Na-23 hydrogen-burning reaction and in the Ne-22 + alpha s-process neutron-source reactions. C1 [Longland, R.; Iliadis, C.; Cesaratto, J. M.; Champagne, A. E.; Daigle, S.; Newton, J. R.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Longland, R.; Iliadis, C.; Cesaratto, J. M.; Champagne, A. E.; Daigle, S.; Newton, J. R.] Triangle Univ Nucl Lab, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Fitzgerald, R.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Longland, R (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Fitzgerald, Ryan/H-6132-2016 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-97ER41041] FX This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-FG02-97ER41041. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2813 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD MAY PY 2010 VL 81 IS 5 AR 055804 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.81.055804 PG 8 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 602NA UT WOS:000278144800077 ER PT J AU Cooperman, MS Hinch, SG Crossin, GT Cooke, SJ Patterson, DA Olsson, I Lotto, AG Welch, DW Shrimpton, JM Van der Kraak, G Farrell, AP AF Cooperman, M. S. Hinch, S. G. Crossin, G. T. Cooke, S. J. Patterson, D. A. Olsson, I. Lotto, A. G. Welch, D. W. Shrimpton, J. M. Van der Kraak, G. Farrell, A. P. TI Effects of Experimental Manipulations of Salinity and Maturation Status on the Physiological Condition and Mortality of Homing Adult Sockeye Salmon Held in a Laboratory SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HORMONE ANALOG IMPLANTATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; FRASER-RIVER; PACIFIC SALMON; FRESH-WATER; CHUM SALMON; COHO SALMON; SPAWNING MIGRATION; LAKE SHIKOTSU; KISUTCH HELD AB Relatively little is known about the physiological response and mortality consequences of the return of anadromous fish to freshwater (FW). We explored the consequences of the return to FW by collecting maturing sockeye salmon from the marine waters off the mouth of the Fraser River and holding similar to 50 sockeye in each of five treatments: saltwater (SW; salinity = ppt), iso-osmotic water (ISO; 13 ppt), FW (0 ppt), SW + 28 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (SW + GnRH), and FW + GnRH. Exogenous GnRH treatments were intended to accelerate maturation. Results demonstrate that gill Na(+), K(+) ATPase activity, sex steroid concentrations, and cortisol levels were highly responsive to experimental manipulations and followed predicted trajectories (i.e., FW + GnRH sockeye were the most mature and FW adapted). There were few among-treatment differences in hematocrit and plasma concentrations of lactate, glucose, Na(+), Cl(-), and plasma osmolality among sockeye that survived to the end of treatments, indicating that sockeye rigorously maintain internal homeostatic conditions while alive. There were large among-treatment differences in mortality (SW + GnRH > SW > FW + GnRH > FW = ISO), each treatment experienced a notable increase in mortality rate around the fifth day of treatment. Our results indicate that salinity represented a modestly larger challenge to the experimental sockeye than did the artificially accelerated sexual maturation. Our results also suggest that maturing sockeye either successfully acclimate to FW within 5 d of exposure or perish. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the theory of anadromy, in suggesting that the return of adults to FW can be physiologically challenging and can represent a period of significant natural mortality. C1 [Cooperman, M. S.; Hinch, S. G.; Crossin, G. T.; Olsson, I.; Lotto, A. G.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Ctr Appl Conservat Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Hinch, S. G.] Univ British Columbia, Inst Resources Environm & Sustainabil, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Cooke, S. J.] Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Fish Ecol & Conservat Physiol Lab, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Cooke, S. J.] Carleton Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. [Patterson, D. A.] Simon Fraser Univ, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Cooperat Resource Management Inst, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. [Welch, D. W.] Kintama Res Corp, Nanaimo, BC V9S 3B3, Canada. [Shrimpton, J. M.] Univ No British Columbia, Dept Biol, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. [Van der Kraak, G.] Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Farrell, A. P.] Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Farrell, A. P.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Cooperman, MS (reprint author), CNR, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Maine Field Stn, Orono, ME 04473 USA. EM michael.cooperman@noaa.gov RI Cooke, Steven/F-4193-2010 OI Cooke, Steven/0000-0002-5407-0659 FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Pacific Salmon Commission FX We appreciate the field and lab assistance provided by Lucas Pons, Pat Nadeau, Kim Hruska, and Jayme Hill, and we apologize to any contributors inadvertently left off this list. We thank James Powell and the Syndel Corporation for technical assistance and generously discounted costs for Ovaplant. We also thank Karl English and David Robichaud for their helpful reviews of prior drafts of this manuscript. We thank the skipper and crew of the Pacific Skye for fish capture. We thank the Pacific Salmon Commission, particularly Mike Lapointe, Steve Latham, and Jim Cave, and the Environmental Watch program at Fisheries and Oceans Canada for organization assistance. We appreciate the research space and logistic support provided by the Centre for Aquaculture and Environment Research. This work was funded by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Strategic Grant to S. G. H., A. P. F., and G. V. D. K. and by a grant from the Southern Endowment Fund of the Pacific Salmon Commission. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 16 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD MAY-JUN PY 2010 VL 83 IS 3 BP 459 EP 472 DI 10.1086/650473 PG 14 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 583HL UT WOS:000276664400007 PM 20345242 ER PT J AU Carneiro, APB Polito, MJ Sander, M Trivelpiece, WZ AF Bertoldi Carneiro, Ana Paula Polito, Michael J. Sander, Martin Trivelpiece, Wayne Z. TI Abundance and spatial distribution of sympatrically breeding Catharacta spp. (skuas) in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Catharacta spp.; Admiralty Bay; Distribution; Abundance; Access to resources; Nesting site safety and quality ID SOUTH POLAR SKUAS; BROWN SKUAS; FEEDING TERRITORIES; PYGOSCELIS-ANTARCTICA; LONNBERGI; MACCORMICKI; POPULATION; SUCCESS; DIET; PREDATION AB We examined the abundance and spatial distribution of sympatrically breeding skuas (Catharacta spp.) within Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, during the austral summer of 2004/2005 in relation to spatial variables, which correspond to access to resources and nesting site safety and quality. We also compared the distribution and abundance of skua pairs observed in 2004/2005 to published skua census data from 1978/1979. Similar to previous studies, we found that brown skua (C. antarctica lonnbergi) pairs often nested in close proximity to penguin colonies and actively excluded other pair types from having direct access to penguin resources. In areas directly around penguin colonies, brown skua displace south polar skua (C. maccormicki) and other pair types, indirectly forcing them to nest in possibly lower quality territories, which are farther away from the coastline and in areas with lower incident solar radiation. When examining skua population trends, we discovered that the total number of breeding skuas in Admiralty Bay had increased by 293%, from 128 to 468 pairs, since 1978/1979. This dramatic increase was driven primarily by a tenfold increase in south polar skua pairs, as well as smaller increases in mixed and hybrid pairs. In contrast, there has been an overall decline (by 40%) in brown skua pairs during this same time, driven primarily by a large decrease in the breeding density of brown skua pairs in areas without penguin colonies. C1 [Bertoldi Carneiro, Ana Paula; Sander, Martin] Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Lab Ornithol & Marine Anim, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. [Polito, Michael J.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol & Marine Biol, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. [Trivelpiece, Wayne Z.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Carneiro, APB (reprint author), Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Lab Ornithol & Marine Anim, Av Unisinos 950, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. EM anap_bertoldi@yahoo.com.br RI Polito, Michael/G-9118-2012 OI Polito, Michael/0000-0001-8639-4431 FU US National Science Foundation [OPP 0344275]; Pew Foundation FX Our thanks to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Secretary of the Inter-Ministerial Commission for the Resources of the Sea (Se-CIRM), and Raytheon Polar Services, S. Agius, C. Lin, S. Woods, A. Frohlich, members of the Laboratory of Ornithology and Marine Animals at the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and A. Duarte. This research was funded in part by a grant to W. Trivelpiece from the US National Science Foundation (OPP 0344275). N. Ratcliff, M. Ritz and E. Woehler provided helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Additional support from the Pew Foundation, Lenfest Marine Program is gratefully acknowledged. This work complies with, and was completed in accordance to, an Antarctic Conservation Act permit, provided by the US National Science Foundation. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 EI 1432-2056 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 33 IS 5 BP 673 EP 682 DI 10.1007/s00300-009-0743-x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582RF UT WOS:000276615400011 ER PT J AU Holmes, GA Kim, JH Ho, DL McDonough, WG AF Holmes, Gale A. Kim, Jae-Hyun Ho, Derek L. McDonough, Walter G. TI The Role of Folding in the Degradation of Ballistic Fibers SO POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID POLY(P-PHENYLENE BENZOBISOXAZOLE) FIBERS; P-PHENYLENEBENZOBISOXAZOLE FIBERS; DEFORMATION; PERFORMANCE; MODULUS; IMPACT AB Research has indicated that the folding of ballistic fibers comprising soft body armor may be a factor in the performance deterioration that has been observed. To quantify the impact of this failure mechanism on body armor performance, an apparatus was designed and built to simulate the folding that may occur in the ballistic fibers while the vest is in use. This device systematically folds woven fabric and yarns of ballistic fibers to enable an assessment of the impact of folding on ballistic fiber properties. After cycling a piece of woven poly(benzoxazole) (PBO) fabric for 80,000 cycles, a 41% reduction in both the ultimate tensile strength and strain to failure of the PBO fibers was observed. These effects were also observable in data obtained from small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) where the long range order of the fiber structure is changed by the folding process. Preliminary failure analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on tested fibers also revealed changes in failure morphology. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:879-886, 2010. Published 2010 by the Society of Plastics Engineers(dagger) C1 [Holmes, Gale A.; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Ho, Derek L.; McDonough, Walter G.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McDonough, WG (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM walter.mcdonough@nist.gov FU National Institute of Standards and Technology Office of Law Enforcement and Standards (NIST-OLES), National Institute of Justice (NIJ) FX The authors thank the National Institute of Standards and Technology Office of Law Enforcement and Standards (NIST-OLES) under the auspices of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) for funding this work. They also thank Dr. W. L. Wu at NIST for valuable discussions contributing to this manuscript. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0272-8397 J9 POLYM COMPOSITE JI Polym. Compos. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 31 IS 5 BP 879 EP 886 DI 10.1002/pc.20870 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 588GL UT WOS:000277056200014 ER PT J AU Rahatekar, SS Zammarano, M Matko, S Koziol, KK Windle, AH Nyden, M Kashiwagi, T Gilman, JW AF Rahatekar, Sameer S. Zammarano, Mauro Matko, Szabolcs Koziol, Krzysztof K. Windle, Alan H. Nyden, Marc Kashiwagi, Takashi Gilman, Jeffrey W. TI Effect of carbon nanotubes and montmorillonite on the flammability of epoxy nanocomposites SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE Carbon nanotubes; Montmorillonite; Nanocomposites; Flammability; Epoxy; Rheology ID POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; FIRE BEHAVIOR; NETWORKS; HEAT AB Addition of just 0.0025 mass fraction of highly aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) showed a 45% reduction in the peak mass loss rate (PMLR) during gasification of epoxy/MWCNT composites; this 45% decrease in PMLR at such a low loading (0.0025mass fraction) of MWCNTs, is much better than that reported previously with either MWCNTs (0.02 mass fraction) or SWCNTs (0.005 mass fraction). We attribute this effect to the use of highly aligned MWCNTs which easily exfoliate, or debundle, using high shear mixing. In addition, 0.005 mass fraction MWCNTs showed significant reduction in the initial mass loss rate as compared to other epoxy/MWCNT, epoxy montmorillonite (MMT) and pure epoxy samples. Reduced PMLR was also observed for epoxy/MMT nanocomposites, but required much higher MMT content. The epoxy/MWCNTs composites residue/char integrity (no visible cracks on the char surface of MWCNTs/epoxy samples) appeared to be superior to that for epoxy/MMT samples. The rheological characterization of the epoxy composites was carried out in order to study the effect of nanoparticle network formation on the rheological properties and flammability. Significant increase in thermal conductivity (k) was observed for epoxy/MWCNTs composite with high loadings of MWCNTs. This gasification mass loss behavior of the nanocomposites was investigated using a model that combines a continuum description of the transport of thermal energy with Ahrrenius kinetics for the decomposition of the polymer. The enhanced thermal conductivity for the epoxy/MWCNT composites appears to be responsible for the initial mass loss reduction. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Rahatekar, Sameer S.; Zammarano, Mauro; Matko, Szabolcs; Nyden, Marc; Kashiwagi, Takashi; Gilman, Jeffrey W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Koziol, Krzysztof K.; Windle, Alan H.] Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England. RP Gilman, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jwgilman@nist.gov RI Koziol, Krzysztof/E-3626-2010; Rahatekar, Sameer/A-6008-2012; OI Koziol, Krzysztof/0000-0002-8360-1121; Zammarano, Mauro/0000-0002-5145-7110 NR 26 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 95 IS 5 BP 870 EP 879 DI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.003 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 597OQ UT WOS:000277768000023 ER PT J AU Rott, H Yueh, SH Cline, DW Duguay, C Essery, R Haas, C Heliere, F Kern, M Macelloni, G Malnes, E Nagler, T Pulliainen, J Rebhan, H Thompson, A AF Rott, Helmut Yueh, Simon H. Cline, Donald W. Duguay, Claude Essery, Richard Haas, Christian Heliere, Florence Kern, Michael Macelloni, Giovanni Malnes, Eirik Nagler, Thomas Pulliainen, Jouni Rebhan, Helge Thompson, Alan TI Cold Regions Hydrology High-Resolution Observatory for Snow and Cold Land Processes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE Climate research; earth observation satellite; glaciers; snow cover; synthetic aperture radar; water resources ID BACKSCATTERING COEFFICIENT; MASS-BALANCE; SCATTERING; SAR; SIMULATIONS; VARIABILITY; TERRAIN; PROJECT; MODELS; FOREST AB Snow is a critical component of the global water cycle and climate system, and a major source of water supply in many parts of the world. There is a lack of spatially distributed information on the accumulation of snow on land surfaces, glaciers, lake ice, and sea ice. Satellite missions for systematic and global snow observations will be essential to improve the representation of the cryosphere in climate models and to advance the knowledge and prediction of the water cycle variability and changes that depend on snow and ice resources. This paper describes the scientific drivers and technical approach of the proposed Cold Regions Hydrology High-Resolution Observatory (CoReH(2)O) satellite mission for snow and cold land processes. The sensor is a synthetic aperture radar operating at 17.2 and 9.6 GHz, VV and VH polarizations. The dual-frequency and dual-polarization design enables the decomposition of the scattering signal for retrieving snow mass and other physical properties of snow and ice. C1 [Rott, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Rott, Helmut; Nagler, Thomas] ENVEO IT, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Yueh, Simon H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Cline, Donald W.] NOAA NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. [Duguay, Claude] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Essery, Richard] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland. [Haas, Christian] Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. [Haas, Christian] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Heliere, Florence; Kern, Michael; Rebhan, Helge; Thompson, Alan] ESA ESTEC, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Macelloni, Giovanni] IFAC CNR, I-50127 Florence, Italy. [Malnes, Eirik] NORUT IT, N-9291 Tromso, Norway. [Pulliainen, Jouni] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki 00560, Finland. RP Rott, H (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM Helmut.Rott@uibk.ac.at; simon.yueh@jpl.nasa.gov; Donald.Cline@noaa.gov; crduguay@envmail.uwaterloo.ca; Richard.Essery@ed.ac.uk; Christian.Haas@ualberta.ca; Florence.Heliere@esa.int; Michael.Kern@esa.int; G.Macelloni@ifac.cnr.it; eirik.malnes@itek.norut.no; Thomas.Nagler@enveo.at; jouni.pulliainen@fmi.fi; Helge.Rebhan@esa.int; Alan.Thompson@esa.int RI Duguay, Claude/G-5682-2011; Macelloni, Giovanni /B-7518-2015; Haas, Christian/L-5279-2016; OI Duguay, Claude/0000-0002-1044-5850; Haas, Christian/0000-0002-7674-3500; Essery, Richard/0000-0003-1756-9095 FU European Space Agency under ESTEC [20756/07/NL/CB]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was supported in part by the European Space Agency under ESTEC Contract 20756/07/NL/CB and in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 50 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 15 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD MAY PY 2010 VL 98 IS 5 BP 752 EP 765 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2038947 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 593WQ UT WOS:000277493400009 ER PT J AU Seo, D Lakhankar, T Khanbilvardi, R AF Seo, Dugwon Lakhankar, Tarendra Khanbilvardi, Reza TI Sensitivity Analysis of b-factor in Microwave Emission Model for Soil Moisture Retrieval: A Case Study for SMAP Mission SO REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE soil moisture; passive microwave; L-band; b-factor AB Sensitivity analysis is critically needed to better understand the microwave emission model for soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave remote sensing data. The vegetation b-factor along with vegetation water content and surface characteristics has significant impact in model prediction. This study evaluates the sensitivity of the b-factor, which is function of vegetation type. The analysis is carried out using Passive and Active L and S-band airborne sensor (PALS) and measured field soil moisture from Southern Great Plains experiment (SGP99). The results show that the relative sensitivity of the b-factor is 86% in wet soil condition and 88% in high vegetated condition compared to the sensitivity of the soil moisture. Apparently, the b-factor is found to be more sensitive than the vegetation water content, surface roughness and surface temperature; therefore, the effect of the b-factor is fairly large to the microwave emission in certain conditions. Understanding the dependence of the b-factor on the soil and vegetation is important in studying the soil moisture retrieval algorithm, which can lead to potential improvements in model development for the Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission. C1 [Seo, Dugwon; Lakhankar, Tarendra; Khanbilvardi, Reza] CUNY, NOAA, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr NOAA CR, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Seo, D (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr NOAA CR, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM dseo01@ccny.cuny.edu; tlakhankar@ccny.cuny.edu; rk@ce.ccny.cuny.edu RI Lakhankar, Tarendra/F-9490-2011 OI Lakhankar, Tarendra/0000-0002-4759-2141 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [NA06OAR4810162] FX This study was supported and monitored by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under Grant NA06OAR4810162. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or US Government position, policy, or decision. Authors would like to thank Andrew S. Jones from Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University for useful discussion and suggestions. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2072-4292 J9 REMOTE SENS-BASEL JI Remote Sens. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 2 IS 5 BP 1273 EP 1286 DI 10.3390/rs2051273 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA V24HM UT WOS:000208401500004 ER PT J AU Lombardi, MA Dahlen, AP AF Lombardi, Michael A. Dahlen, Aaron P. TI A common-view disciplined oscillator SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article DE calibration; Global Positioning System; oscillators; three-term control ID TIME TRANSFER; GPS AB This paper describes a common-view disciplined oscillator (CVDO) that locks to a reference time scale through the use of common-view global positioning system (GPS) satellite measurements. The CVDO employs a proportional-integral-derivative controller that obtains near real-time common-view GPS measurements from the internet and provides steering corrections to a local oscillator. A CVDO can be locked to any time scale that makes real-time common-view data available and can serve as a high-accuracy, self-calibrating frequency and time standard. Measurement results are presented where a CVDO is locked to UTC(NIST), the coordinated universal time scale maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado. [doi: 10.1063/1.3430071] C1 [Lombardi, Michael A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Dahlen, Aaron P.] USCG, Loran Support Unit, Wildwood, NJ 08260 USA. RP Lombardi, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lombardi@nist.gov; aaron.p.dahlen@uscg.mil NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 81 IS 5 AR 055110 DI 10.1063/1.3430071 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 603BQ UT WOS:000278183300059 PM 20515175 ER PT J AU Harder, JW Thuillier, G Richard, EC Brown, SW Lykke, KR Snow, M McClintock, WE Fontenla, JM Woods, TN Pilewskie, P AF Harder, J. W. Thuillier, G. Richard, E. C. Brown, S. W. Lykke, K. R. Snow, M. McClintock, W. E. Fontenla, J. M. Woods, T. N. Pilewskie, P. TI The SORCE SIM Solar Spectrum: Comparison with Recent Observations SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IRRADIANCE COMPARISON EXPERIMENT-1; ATLAS I MISSION; SOLSPEC SPECTROMETER; NM; CALIBRATIONS; ATMOSPHERE; MONITOR; SUSIM; UARS AB The Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) on board the NASA SORCE satellite (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment) was launched on 25 January 2003 and has been making twice-daily measurements of solar variability in the 220 to 1630 nm range and daily measurements in the 1600 to 2400 nm range. This study presents preflight and postlaunch calibration activities of the SIM instrument and its flight spare components as well as inflight comparisons with the ATLAS 3 composite spectrum (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near infrared (NIR) as well as comparisons with the SOLSTICE (Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment) in the UV. In the 258 to 1350 nm range, the SIM agrees with ATLAS 3 with a fractional difference of -0.021 +/- 0.021 (k = 1, estimated standard deviation) and with the additional corrections discussed herein the agreement improves to -0.008 +/- 0.021 (k = 1). In the ultraviolet (220-307 nm) the agreement between all the instruments in this study is better than 5%, but fractional differences reveal other instrument-and calibration-related differences. In the 1350 to 2400 nm range the agreement between SIM and ATLAS 3 is about 8%, so these SIM data are corrected to agree with ATLAS 3 in this range. C1 [Harder, J. W.; Richard, E. C.; Snow, M.; McClintock, W. E.; Fontenla, J. M.; Woods, T. N.; Pilewskie, P.] Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Thuillier, G.] CNRS, LATMOS, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. [Brown, S. W.; Lykke, K. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harder, JW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jerald.harder@lasp.colorado.edu OI SNOW, MARTIN/0000-0001-9106-1332 FU NASA [NAS5-97045]; LASP; NIST FX This research was supported by the NASA Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment, contract NAS5-97045. The authors would like to acknowledge Nathaniel Miller (formerly at LASP) and Alan Smith (NIST) for their support at the NIST SIRCUS facility, and Vanessa George for manuscript preparation.; SOLSPEC investigation is supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (France), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), the Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs (Belgium), and the Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie (Germany). The developing institutes are LATMOS (formerly Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS, the Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique and the Landessternwarte (Germany). The SOLSPEC absolute calibration has been carried out with the blackbody of the Landessternwarte (Germany). NR 33 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 263 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 24 DI 10.1007/s11207-010-9555-y PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 589LD UT WOS:000277148200002 ER PT J AU Cheggour, N Goodrich, LF Stauffer, TC Splett, JD Lu, XF Ghosh, AK Ambrosio, G AF Cheggour, N. Goodrich, L. F. Stauffer, T. C. Splett, J. D. Lu, X. F. Ghosh, A. K. Ambrosio, G. TI Influence of Ti and Ta doping on the irreversible strain limit of ternary Nb3Sn superconducting wires made by the restacked-rod process SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; TEMPERATURE AB Nb3Sn superconducting wires made by the restacked-rod process (RRP (R)) were found to have a dramatically improved resilience to axial tensile strain when alloyed with Ti as compared to Ta. Whereas Ta-alloyed Nb3Sn in RRP wires showed permanent damage to its current-carrying capacity (I-c) when tensioned beyond an intrinsic strain as small as 0.04%, Ti-doped Nb3Sn in RRP strands exhibits a remarkable reversibility up to a tensile strain of about 0.25%, conceivably making Ti-doped RRP wires more suitable for the high field magnets used in particle accelerators and nuclear magnetic resonance applications where mechanical forces are intense. A strain cycling experiment at room temperature caused a significant drop of I-c in Ta-alloyed wires, but induced an increase of I-c in the case of Ti-doped strands. Whereas either Ti or Ta doping yield a similar enhancement of the upper critical field of Nb3Sn, the much improved mechanical behavior of Ti-alloyed wires possibly makes Ti a better choice over Ta, at least for the RRP wire processing technique. C1 [Cheggour, N.; Goodrich, L. F.; Stauffer, T. C.; Splett, J. D.; Lu, X. F.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Cheggour, N.; Lu, X. F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ghosh, A. K.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Ambrosio, G.] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Lu, Xifeng/D-9582-2011; Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 FU US Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics; US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) FX This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, and the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). NR 17 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 23 IS 5 AR 052002 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/23/5/052002 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 587XN UT WOS:000277029800003 ER PT J AU Das, P O'Brien, T Laver, M Dewhurst, CD Ni, N Bud'ko, SL Canfield, PC Eskildsen, MR AF Das, P. O'Brien, T. Laver, M. Dewhurst, C. D. Ni, N. Bud'ko, S. L. Canfield, P. C. Eskildsen, M. R. TI Small-angle neutron scattering study of vortices in superconducting Ba(Fe0.93Co0.07)(2)As-2 SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUX-LINE-LATTICE; VORTEX CORE; 43 K; FIELD; TRANSITION AB We present small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies of the superconducting vortices in Ba(Fe0.93Co0.07)(2)As-2. A highly disordered vortex configuration is observed up to the highest measured field of 3 T. The field dependence of the magnitude of the SANS scattering vector indicates small vortex lattice domains of rhombic symmetry or a vortex glass with short-range hexagonal order. The disordering is attributed to strong single-vortex pinning. This is supported by an analysis of the radial width of the intensity distribution, which indicates a correlation length of a few vortex spacings. Measurements of the scattered intensity are found to decrease with increasing magnetic field, consistent with theoretical models and in reasonable agreement with estimates of the upper critical field. The temperature dependence is found to follow the BCS s-wave prediction. C1 [Das, P.; O'Brien, T.; Eskildsen, M. R.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Laver, M.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Dewhurst, C. D.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. [Ni, N.; Bud'ko, S. L.; Canfield, P. C.] Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Ni, N.; Bud'ko, S. L.; Canfield, P. C.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Das, P (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM eskildsen@nd.edu RI Eskildsen, Morten/E-7779-2011; Das, Pinaki/C-2877-2012; Canfield, Paul/H-2698-2014 FU US National Science Foundation [DMR-0804887, PHY-0552843]; National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce; National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672]; US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-07CH11358] FX This work is supported by the US National Science Foundation through grants DMR-0804887 (PD, MRE) and PHY-0552843 (TO'B). We acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce, in providing neutron research facilities used in this work. This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. Work at the Ames Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 23 IS 5 AR 054007 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/23/5/054007 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 587XN UT WOS:000277029800012 ER PT J AU Wipfli, MS Hudson, JP Caouette, JP Mitchell, NL Lessard, JL Heintz, RA Chaloner, DT AF Wipfli, Mark S. Hudson, John P. Caouette, John P. Mitchell, Nicole L. Lessard, Joanna L. Heintz, Ron A. Chaloner, Dominic T. TI Salmon Carcasses Increase Stream Productivity More than Inorganic Fertilizer Pellets: A Test on Multiple Trophic Levels in Streamside Experimental Channels SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; SOUTHEAST ALASKAN STREAMS; MARINE-DERIVED NUTRIENTS; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; PACIFIC SALMON; RESIDENT SALMONIDS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SPAWNING SALMON; FOOD WEBS; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AB Inorganic nutrient amendments to streams are viewed as possible restoration strategies for reestablishing nutrients and stream productivity throughout the western coast of North America, where salmon runs and associated marine-derived nutrient subsidies have declined. In a mesocosm experiment, we examined the short-term (6 weeks) comparative effects of artificial nutrient pellets and salmon carcasses, alone (low and high amounts) and in combination, on stream food webs. Response variables included dissolved nutrient concentrations, biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll-a levels, macroinvertebrate density, growth and body condition of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and whole-body lipid content of invertebrates and juvenile coho salmon. Most of the response variables were significantly influenced by carcass treatment; the only response variable significantly influenced by fertilizer pellet treatment was soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration. Ammonium-nitrogen concentration was the only response variable affected by both (low and high) levels of carcass treatment; all others showed no significant response to the two carcass treatment levels. Significant treatment x time interactions were observed for all responses except nitrate; for most responses, significant treatment effects were detected at certain time periods and not others. For example, significantly higher SRP concentrations were recorded earlier in the experiment, whereas significant fish responses were observed later. These results provide evidence that inorganic nutrient additions do not have the same ecological effects in streams as do salmon carcasses, potentially because inorganic nutrient additions lack carbon-based biochemicals and macromolecules that are sequestered directly or indirectly by consumers. Salmon carcasses, preferably deposited naturally during spawning migrations, appear to be far superior to inorganic nutrient amendments for sustaining and restoring stream productivity, including fish production, and should be chosen over artificial nutrient additions when feasible and practical. C1 [Wipfli, Mark S.] Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Hudson, John P.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Caouette, John P.] Nature Conservancy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Mitchell, Nicole L.; Chaloner, Dominic T.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Lessard, Joanna L.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Wipfli, MS (reprint author), Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM mwipfli@alaska.edu NR 77 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 28 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 139 IS 3 BP 824 EP 839 DI 10.1577/T09-114.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 595UQ UT WOS:000277639200017 ER PT J AU Heintz, RA Wipfli, MS Hudson, JP AF Heintz, Ron A. Wipfli, Mark S. Hudson, John P. TI Identification of Marine-Derived Lipids in Juvenile Coho Salmon and Aquatic Insects through Fatty Acid Analysis SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STREAM-RESIDENT SALMONIDS; COPPER RIVER DELTA; FRESH-WATER; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; PACIFIC SALMON; FOOD WEBS; TROPHIC ECOLOGY; SPAWNING SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON AB The energetic benefits enjoyed by consumers in streams with salmon runs depend on how those benefits are accrued. Adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. deliver significant amounts of nutrients (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) and carbon to streams when they spawn and die; these nutrient additions can have demonstrable effects on primary production in streams. Consumption of carcass tissues or eggs provides for direct energy subsidies to consumers and may have significant effects on their condition. In this study, comparisons of juvenile coho salmon O. kisutch and aquatic insects exposed to terrestrial and marine energy sources demonstrated that direct consumption of marine-derived lipids had a significant effect on the lipid reserves of consumers. Direct consumption of marine-derived tissues was verified through fatty acid analysis. Selected aquatic insects and juvenile coho salmon were reared for 6 weeks in experimental streams supplied with terrestrial or marine energy sources. Chironomid midges, nemourid stoneflies, and juvenile coho salmon exposed to the marine energy source altered their fatty acid compositions by incorporating the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are characteristic of marine fish. The fatty acid composition of baetid mayflies was unaffected. The direct movement of specific fatty markers indicated that direct consumption of marine-derived tissues led to increased energy reserves (triacylglycerols) in consumers. Similar results were obtained for juvenile coho salmon sampled from natural streams before and after the arrival of adult salmon runs. These data indicate that marine-derived lipids from anadromous fish runs are an important source of reserve lipids for consumers that overwinter in streams. C1 [Heintz, Ron A.; Hudson, John P.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Wipfli, Mark S.] Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Heintz, RA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ron.heintz@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 7 U2 29 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 139 IS 3 BP 840 EP 854 DI 10.1577/T09-115.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 595UQ UT WOS:000277639200018 ER PT J AU Zhang, CI Megrey, BA AF Zhang, Chang Ik Megrey, Bernard A. TI A Simple Biomass-Based Length-Cohort Analysis for Estimating Biomass and Fishing Mortality SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; PARAMETERS; MANAGEMENT AB A biomass-based length-cohort analysis (LCA) was examined for its performance in estimating total stock biomass and fishing mortality (F) for a population in equilibrium. We compared two LCA methods-(1) a numbers-based LCA that relies on catch numbers at length as input data and (2) a new biomass-based LCA that relies on catch biomass at length-by applying both to simulated data that generally followed characteristics of Pacific chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in Korean waters. We investigated the effects of using two length aggregation methods, two data simulation methods, and three expressions of weight growth (i.e., exponential growth over the length increment of the analysis, arithmetic mean growth, and geometric mean growth). Biomass and F were estimated from the new model and compared with those estimated from the numbers-based LCA model. A sensitivity analysis was performed to understand which aspect of the model parameters controlled the results. Sensitivity to estimates of terminal F was also examined. Results of the analysis showed that the allometric power coefficient beta was the most important model parameter and that sensitivity of biomass-based LCA to terminal F was similar to that of numbers-based LCA. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the equilibrium assumption and to calculate confidence intervals for biomass estimates. We applied the biomass-based LCA model to data for northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra in the eastern Bering Sea. A comparison of biomass-based LCA population biomass estimates with northern rock sole research survey biomass estimates showed good agreement between the two types of estimates. The biomass-based LCA described in this study is unique in that it incorporates growth explicitly into the estimation procedure, which can be useful under data-deficient situations when simple length composition data and estimates of total catch biomass from just one sampling year are the only available data. C1 [Megrey, Bernard A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Zhang, Chang Ik] Pukyong Natl Univ, Pusan 608737, South Korea. RP Megrey, BA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bern.megrey@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 139 IS 3 BP 911 EP 924 DI 10.1577/T09-041.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 595UQ UT WOS:000277639200024 ER PT J AU Cha, Y Stow, CA Reckhow, KH DeMarchi, C Johengen, TH AF Cha, YoonKyung Stow, Craig A. Reckhow, Kenneth H. DeMarchi, Carlo Johengen, Thomas H. TI Phosphorus load estimation in the Saginaw River, MI using a Bayesian hierarchical/multilevel model SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Total phosphorus; Annual riverine load; Ratio estimation; Bayesian hierarchical modeling; Predictive uncertainty ID NUTRIENT LOADS; SAMPLING STRATEGIES; FINITE POPULATIONS; CONSTITUENT LOADS; OBSERVATION ERROR; ESTIMATE SEDIMENT; NORTH-CAROLINA; LAKE MENDOTA; TRANSPORT; FRAMEWORK AB We propose the use of Bayesian hierarchical/multilevel ratio approach to estimate the annual riverine phosphorus loads in the Saginaw River, Michigan, from 1968 to 2008. The ratio estimator is known to be an unbiased, precise approach for differing flow-concentration relationships and sampling schemes. A Bayesian model can explicitly address the uncertainty in prediction by using a posterior predictive distribution, while in comparison, a Bayesian hierarchical technique can overcome the limitation of interpreting the estimated annual loads inferred from small sample sizes by borrowing strength from the underlying population shared by the years of interest. Thus, by combining the ratio estimator with the Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework, long-term loads estimation can be addressed with explicit quantification of uncertainty. Our study results indicate a slight decrease in total phosphorus load early in the series. The estimated ratio parameter, which can be interpreted as flow-weighted concentration, shows a clearer decrease, damping the noise that yearly flow variation adds to the load. Despite the reductions, it is not likely that Saginaw Bay meets with its target phosphorus load, 440 tonnes/yr. Throughout the decades, the probabilities of the Saginaw Bay not complying with the target load are estimated as 1.00, 0.50, 0.57 and 0.36 in 1977, 1987, 1997, and 2007, respectively. We show that the Bayesian hierarchical model results in reasonable goodness-of-fits to the observations whether or not individual loads are aggregated. Also, this modeling approach can substantially reduce uncertainties associated with small sample sizes both in the estimated parameters and loads. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Cha, YoonKyung; Reckhow, Kenneth H.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Stow, Craig A.] NOAA GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [DeMarchi, Carlo] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Johengen, Thomas H.] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Cha, Y (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM yc49@duke.edu OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855 FU NOAA Center FX This study was supported with funds from NOAA Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research. We thank the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and USGS for providing data. This paper is GLERL contribution number 1551. NR 49 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 2010 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3270 EP 3282 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.008 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 607CW UT WOS:000278477100024 PM 20382406 ER PT J AU Lu, YH Meyers, PA Johengen, TH Eadie, BJ Robbins, JA Han, HJ AF Lu, Yuehan Meyers, Philip A. Johengen, Thomas H. Eadie, Brian J. Robbins, John A. Han, Haejin TI delta N-15 values in Lake Erie sediments as indicators of nitrogen biogeochemical dynamics during cultural eutrophication SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lake Erie; Sediment; Biological silica; Total phosphorus; Stable nitrogen isotopes; Denitrification ID ORGANIC-MATTER; CENTRAL BASIN; TOTAL PHOSPHORUS; GREAT-LAKES; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; NITRATE UTILIZATION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; BIOGENIC SILICA; TRENDS AB We have measured the stable nitrogen isotope values (delta N-15) in two sediment cores sampled 15 years apart (1988 and 2003) from the Eastern Basin of Lake Erie and compared them to the total phosphorus (TP) and biogenic silica (BSi) concentrations in the 2003 core. Changes in the TP. BSi and total nitrogen (TN) accumulations in the 2003 core correspond to three stages in the trophic history of the lake that include the onset (similar to 1910 to similar to 1950), peak (similar to 1950 to similar to 1970), and amelioration (similar to 1970 to 2003) of eutrophication owing to accelerated nutrient loading. Decreasing BSi:TP atomic ratios (BSi:TPat) from similar to 1910 to similar to 1970 suggest a gradual Si drawdown in the lake during its progressive eutrophication, which led to Si limitation and reduced diatom settling rates. delta N-15 values show pronounced variability in similar to 1950 to similar to 1970, which corresponds with rapid increases in N from runoffs from the lake catchment. A trend of gradually increasing delta N-15 values from similar to 1910 to similar to 1970 is likely the result of denitrification associated with the development of anoxic bottom waters in the Central Basin of the lake. This study illustrates the complexity of extracting environmental information from delta N-15 values in sediments and confirms the need for further studies of the multiple processes and their interactions that contribute to lacustrine delta N-15 records. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lu, Yuehan; Meyers, Philip A.] Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Johengen, Thomas H.] Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Eadie, Brian J.; Robbins, John A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Han, Haejin] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lu, YH (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Keck Environm Lab, 1 Wake Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM ylu@wm.edu OI Meyers, Philip/0000-0002-9709-7528 FU National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecological Research; Department of Geological Sciences at The University of Michigan FX Parts of this study were funded with grants from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecological Research and the Scott Turner Fund of the Department of Geological Sciences at The University of Michigan. We thank Dr. Nathaniel E. Ostrom and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments. NR 48 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 EI 1878-5999 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD APR 30 PY 2010 VL 273 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.02.002 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 597IP UT WOS:000277750600001 ER PT J AU Juranek, LW Quay, PD AF Juranek, L. W. Quay, P. D. TI Basin-wide photosynthetic production rates in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean determined from dissolved oxygen isotope ratio measurements SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NET COMMUNITY PRODUCTION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; METABOLIC BALANCE; SURFACE WATERS; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; STATION ALOHA; O-2/AR RATIO; GAS-EXCHANGE; EL-NINO; FRACTIONATION AB We used the oxygen isotope anomaly ((17)Delta) to determine gross photosynthetic O-2 production (GOP) on Pacific Ocean transits of a cargo ship between United States and Australia and New Zealand in August 2004 and February, August, and November 2005. The (17)Delta approach yielded robust regional GOP averages of 98 +/- 8, 200 +/- 11, 115 +/- 7, and 182 +/- 32 mmol O-2 m(-2) d(-1) for the northern subtropics, tropics, southern subtropics, and South Coral and Tasman Sea, respectively. When converted to C-14 primary production (PP) rate equivalents, the (17)Delta-based rates compare favorably with prior field data and indicate that satellite algorithms (i.e., vertically generalized productivity model (VGPM) and carbon-based model (CBM)) underestimate in situ rates by a factor of 1.3-3, with greatest underestimation in the tropics. We determined empirical relationships between chlorophyll, nitrate, and GOP that explain 81% of variance in observed GOP rates. Integrating over the Pacific basin from 30 degrees N to 30 degrees S (excluding coastal areas) yields a gross production of 37.3 Gt C yr(-1) and a C-14 PP equivalent of 20.3 Gt C yr(-1), 1.3-1.8 x higher than the 11.4 and 15.9 Gt C yr(-1) estimated by the VGPM and CBM, respectively. C1 [Juranek, L. W.; Quay, P. D.] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Juranek, LW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM laurie.juranek@noaa.gov FU NSF [OCE-0327006]; NOAA (OGP) [NA17RJ1232]; NASA ESS FX We would like to thank R. Feely (NOAA PMEL) for making it possible for us to sample on the M/V Columbus Waikato. C. Wolfe (SCMI) provided invaluable logistical support for cruises. J. Stutsman and D. Wilbur provided helpful laboratory assistance. B. Tilbrook (CSIRO) analyzed nutrients for two cruises. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments, which substantially improved the manuscript. This work was funded by a NSF OCE-0327006 and NOAA (OGP) NA17RJ1232 awarded to P. Q. and a NASA ESS Fellowship awarded to L. J. NR 60 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD APR 30 PY 2010 VL 24 AR GB2006 DI 10.1029/2009GB003492 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590UG UT WOS:000277253100001 ER PT J AU Wu, H Skripov, AV Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Derakhshan, S Kleinke, H AF Wu, H. Skripov, A. V. Udovic, T. J. Rush, J. J. Derakhshan, S. Kleinke, H. TI Hydrogen in Ti3Sb and Ti2Sb: Neutron vibrational spectroscopy and neutron diffraction studies SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen absorbing materials; Crystal structure; Inelastic neutron scattering; Neutron diffraction ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; HYDRIDES; MOTION; ATOMS AB The structures of the Ti3SbHx(D-x) and Ti2SbH0.5(D-0.5) hydrides and the vibrational spectra of H(D) atoms in these compounds have been studied by neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The analysis of the neutron diffraction data for Ti3SbD2.6 shows that D atoms occupy the tetrahedral interstitial 6d (Ti-4) and 24k (Ti3Sb) sites of the A15-type host-metal lattice (space group Pm (3) over barn). H(D) atoms in Ti2SbH0.5 and Ti2SbD0.5 are found to occupy the octahedral interstitial 2b (Ti-6) sites of the tetragonal host lattice (space group 14/mmm). The INS spectra for Ti3SbHx (x = 0.78 and 2.5) in the energy transfer range 50-200 meV are dominated by two peaks centered at 138 meV and 171 meV; these peaks can be attributed to vibrations of H atoms at 6d sites. The INS spectra for Ti2SbH0.5 and Ti2SbD0.5 are consistent with strongly anisotropic vibrations of H(D) atoms in the octahedral 2b sites. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Skripov, A. V.] Russian Acad Sci, Ural Div, Inst Met Phys, Ekaterinburg 620041, Russia. [Wu, H.; Udovic, T. J.; Rush, J. J.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, H.; Rush, J. J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Derakhshan, S.; Kleinke, H.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Derakhshan, S.] Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Chem & Biochem, Long Beach, CA 90940 USA. RP Skripov, AV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Ural Div, Inst Met Phys, Ekaterinburg 620041, Russia. EM skripov@imp.uran.ru RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Skripov, Alexander/K-4525-2013 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Skripov, Alexander/0000-0002-0610-5538 FU Russian Academy of Sciences; National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672]; NIST Center for Neutron Research FX The authors are grateful to A. Soloninin for useful discussions. This work was supported by the Priority Program "Basics of development of energy systems and technologies" of the Russian Academy of Sciences and utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. AVS also acknowledges financial support from the NIST Center for Neutron Research. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD APR 30 PY 2010 VL 496 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.12.187 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 610PB UT WOS:000278744500012 ER PT J AU Mo, T AF Mo, Tsan TI Postlaunch calibration of the NOAA-19 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AMSU-A; RADIOMETERS; LAND AB The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on the NOAA-19 was successfully launched on 6 February 2009. The AMSU-A Instruments are a generation of total-power microwave radiometers which have been flown on the NOAA-15 to NOAA-18 satellites since May 1998. A systematic postlaunch calibration and validation of the instrument performance was conducted with on-orbit data. A brief report of the postlaunch assessment of the instrument performance is presented in this study. Scan-by-scan examination of the radiometric calibration counts is employed to confirm nominal functioning of the instrument and to detect any anomalous events, such as lunar contamination in the space radiometric counts. The long-term trends of the space and warm calibration counts, channel gains, and housekeeping temperature sensors are monitored. The noise equivalent delta temperature (NE Delta T) values of individual channels are also examined. The monthly mean angular distributions of brightness temperatures from the NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 AMSU-A over the tropical ocean region of 20 degrees S to 20 degrees N are obtained and compared to demonstrate the close similarity between the two measurements. Similarly, the monthly mean angular distributions of brightness temperatures over the Amazon Rain Forest are also compared and theoretically modeled. The results in this study will provide a useful guide for future calibration and validation of microwave instruments. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM tsan.mo@noaa.gov RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 30 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D08111 DI 10.1029/2009JD013177 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590VD UT WOS:000277255500004 ER PT J AU Allman, MS Altomare, F Whittaker, JD Cicak, K Li, D Sirois, A Strong, J Teufel, JD Simmonds, RW AF Allman, M. S. Altomare, F. Whittaker, J. D. Cicak, K. Li, D. Sirois, A. Strong, J. Teufel, J. D. Simmonds, R. W. TI rf-SQUID-Mediated Coherent Tunable Coupling between a Superconducting Phase Qubit and a Lumped-Element Resonator SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE QUBITS; CAVITY AB We demonstrate coherent tunable coupling between a superconducting phase qubit and a lumped-element resonator. The coupling strength is mediated by a flux-biased rf SQUID operated in the nonhysteretic regime. By tuning the applied flux bias to the rf SQUID we change the effective mutual inductance, and thus the coupling energy, between the phase qubit and resonator. We verify the modulation of coupling strength from 0 to 100 MHz by observing modulation in the size of the splitting in the phase qubit's spectroscopy, as well as coherently by observing modulation in the vacuum Rabi oscillation frequency when on resonance. The measured spectroscopic splittings and vacuum Rabi oscillations agree well with theoretical predictions. C1 [Allman, M. S.; Altomare, F.; Whittaker, J. D.; Cicak, K.; Li, D.; Sirois, A.; Strong, J.; Teufel, J. D.; Simmonds, R. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Allman, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM simmonds@boulder.nist.gov RI Allman, Michael/E-5922-2011; Teufel, John/A-8898-2010 OI Teufel, John/0000-0002-1873-9941 FU NIST; NSA; ARO [W911NF-06-1-0384] FX This work was supported by NIST, the NSA, and by ARO Grant No. W911NF-06-1-0384. NR 28 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 30 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 17 AR 177004 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.177004 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 590FR UT WOS:000277210600038 PM 20482130 ER PT J AU Becker, NC Fryer, P Moore, GF AF Becker, Nathan C. Fryer, Patricia Moore, Gregory F. TI Malaguana-Gadao Ridge: Identification and implications of a magma chamber reflector in the southern Mariana Trough SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Mariana; magma chamber; spreading center; seismic reflection ID EAST SCOTIA RIDGE; ARC SPREADING CENTER; IZU-BONIN-MARIANA; VALU-FA-RIDGE; PACIFIC RISE; LAU BASIN; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; MANTLE FLOW; PETROGENESIS; BENEATH AB Six-channel seismic reflection data reveal a magma chamber reflector beneath the Malaguana-Gadao Ridge, the southernmost segment of the spreading center in the Mariana Trough. For most of its length the spreading center in this active back-arc basin is morphologically similar to slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, having a deep central graben flanked by a zone of abyssal hill fabric. This southernmost segment, however, has a broad, smooth cross section, lacks a deep central graben, and is thus similar in morphology to fast spreading ridges (e.g., the East Pacific Rise). We identify a magma chamber at 1.5 s two-way travel time below the crest of the ridge. Observations from remotely operated vehicles along the ridge reveal not only fresh pillows, lobate, and sheet lava flows but also an abundance of volcaniclastic debris and intense hydrothermal activity. These observations, together with the "fast spreading" morphology of the ridge, suggest that this segment has a considerably higher magma supply than is typical in the Mariana Trough. We suggest that the volcanic arc or enhanced melting of a hydrated mantle is supplying volatile-rich magma as evidenced by a highly negative coefficient of reflection, -0.42, for this MCR and the presence of evolved, highly vesicular lava and volcaniclastic materials. The southeastern Mariana back-arc basin spreading ridge does not compare readily with mechanical models for global mid-ocean ridge data sets because of marked asymmetry in both volcanism and deformation that may be the consequence of slab-related geometry in this part of the convergent margin system. C1 [Becker, Nathan C.] Pacific Tsunami Warning Ctr, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. [Fryer, Patricia; Moore, Gregory F.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Becker, NC (reprint author), Pacific Tsunami Warning Ctr, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. EM pfryer@hawaii.edu RI Moore, Gregory/A-2860-2009 OI Moore, Gregory/0000-0002-9649-3174 FU National Science Foundation [OCE-9633501, OCE-9907063, OCE 0002584] FX We wish to thank S. Poulis, S. Stahl, and D. Gravat for their assistance with the operation of seismic reflection gear and Z. Zhao for his help with processing the seismic reflection data. We would also like to thank B. Appelgate and the Hawai'i Mapping Research Group for their outstanding operation of the HAWAII MR-1 side scan sonar system, and we would also like to thank the members of WHOI's Deep Submergence Laboratory for their smooth and efficient deployment of the Jason-2 ROV. Additionally, we would like to thank the officers and crew of the R/V Thomas G. Thompson, the R/V Moana Wave, and the R/V Melville for their very capable and professional operations. We gratefully acknowledge A. Deschamps, J. Collier, C. Beier, R. D. Larter, and R. J. Stern for their thorough and constructive reviews and T. Becker for editorial suggestions. We are especially grateful for discussions with and the contribution of information on unpublished geochemical data from H. Masuda for sample compositions from the Kaiko dive 164 area. This study was funded through grants OCE-9633501, OCE-9907063, and OCE 0002584 from the National Science Foundation. This is SOEST contribution 7854 and HIGP contribution 1838. NR 60 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD APR 29 PY 2010 VL 11 AR Q04X13 DI 10.1029/2009GC002719 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 590TV UT WOS:000277252000001 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Dong, SF AF Wang, Chunzai Dong, Shenfu TI Is the basin-wide warming in the North Atlantic Ocean related to atmospheric carbon dioxide and global warming? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; OSCILLATION; TRENDS AB A basin-wide warming in the North Atlantic Ocean has occurred since the mid-1990s; however, the cause of this basin-wide warming is controversial. Some studies argued that the warming is due to global warming in association with the secular increase of the atmospheric greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide (CO2), while others suggested that it is caused by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) - an oscillatory mode occurring in North Atlantic sea surface temperature. Here we show that both global warming and AMO variability make a contribution to the recent basin wide warming in the North Atlantic and their relative contribution is approximately equal. It is further shown that after removing a linear trend and the seasonal cycle, atmospheric CO2 measured from 1958-2008 varies approximately with the AMO. On the assumption that a linear trend can be removed from the CO2 time series, then there are suggestive similarities between CO2 and AMO temperature anomalies. That is, atmospheric CO2 increases (decreases) when the AMO is in the warm (cold) phase. This would suggest that the recent basin-wide warming of the North Atlantic might contribute to global ocean warming via its associated increase of atmospheric CO2. Citation: Wang, C., and S. Dong (2010), Is the basin-wide warming in the North Atlantic Ocean related to atmospheric carbon dioxide and global warming?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08707, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042743. C1 [Wang, Chunzai] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Dong, Shenfu] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chunzai.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Dong, Shenfu/I-4435-2013 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Dong, Shenfu/0000-0001-8247-8072 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) FX This work was supported by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office and the base funding of NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML). The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 29 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L08707 DI 10.1029/2010GL042743 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 590UD UT WOS:000277252800003 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Pavolonis, MJ Holz, RE Baum, BA Berthier, S AF Heidinger, A. K. Pavolonis, M. J. Holz, R. E. Baum, Bryan A. Berthier, S. TI Using CALIPSO to explore the sensitivity to cirrus height in the infrared observations from NPOESS/VIIRS and GOES-R/ABI SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUDS; SCATTERING; RETRIEVAL; PARTICLES; DATABASE; SOUNDER; MODELS; IMAGER AB This paper demonstrates how the availability of specific infrared channels impacts the ability of two future meteorological satellite imagers to estimate cloud-top pressure. Both of the imagers are planned for launch by the United States, one for a geostationary platform and the other for a polar-orbiting platform. The geostationary imager, the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), will be flown first on the GOES-R platform. In addition to the split window channels at 11 and 12 mu m, it has one spectral channel located at 13.3 mu m where there is relatively strong absorption of H2O and CO2. The polar-orbiting imager, called the Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and flown on the National Polar-Orbiting Environmental satellite Suite (NPOESS), has spectral channels in window regions only. The lack of an absorbing channel on VIIRS is shown to have negative consequences for the inference of cloud-top pressure. This paper investigates the impact on the ability of a satellite imager such as VIIRS to confidently estimate cloud-top pressure due to the absence of infrared absorption channels. The solution space is defined as the depth of the atmospheric layer in which a cloud can be placed where the calculated top-of atmosphere radiances match the measurements used in the cloud-top pressure retrieval. For optically thin cirrus, the channels used by the operational VIIRS algorithm provide a solution space of over 200 hPa. However, the inclusion of the single CO2 channel at 13.3 mu m on the ABI narrows the solution space to under 30 hPa. Our imager-based analysis is performed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, which provides the relevant channel information with sufficient spatial resolution and radiometric accuracy. Additional results are provided using data from the current GOES and POES imagers. Active lidar data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIPSO/CALIOP) observations are used to provide cloud boundaries for verification. C1 [Heidinger, A. K.; Pavolonis, M. J.] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Baum, Bryan A.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Holz, R. E.; Berthier, S.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM andrew.heidinger@noaa.gov RI Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X FU NOAA Integrated Program Office; NASA [NNX08AH04G] FX The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or U.S. Government position, policy, or decision. This work was funded primarily by the NOAA Integrated Program Office and by NASA through the Research in Opportunities in Space And Earth Sciences (ROSES) Research Announcement. B.A. Baum is funded through NASA grant NNX08AH04G. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 29 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D00H20 DI 10.1029/2009JD012152 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590VB UT WOS:000277255300001 ER PT J AU Ni, KK Ospelkaus, S Wang, D Quemener, G Neyenhuis, B de Miranda, MHG Bohn, JL Ye, J Jin, DS AF Ni, K. -K. Ospelkaus, S. Wang, D. Quemener, G. Neyenhuis, B. de Miranda, M. H. G. Bohn, J. L. Ye, J. Jin, D. S. TI Dipolar collisions of polar molecules in the quantum regime SO NATURE LA English DT Article AB Ultracold polar molecules offer the possibility of exploring quantum gases with interparticle interactions that are strong, long-range and spatially anisotropic. This is in stark contrast to the much studied dilute gases of ultracold atoms, which have isotropic and extremely short-range (or 'contact') interactions. Furthermore, the large electric dipole moment of polar molecules can be tuned using an external electric field; this has a range of applications such as the control of ultracold chemical reactions(1), the design of a platform for quantum information processing(2-4) and the realization of novel quantum many-body systems(5-8). Despite intense experimental efforts aimed at observing the influence of dipoles on ultracold molecules(9), only recently have sufficiently high densities been achieved(10). Here we report the experimental observation of dipolar collisions in an ultracold molecular gas prepared close to quantum degeneracy. For modest values of an applied electric field, we observe a pronounced increase in the loss rate of fermionic potassium-rubidium molecules due to ultracold chemical reactions. We find that the loss rate has a steep power-law dependence on the induced electric dipole moment, and we show that this dependence can be understood in a relatively simple model based on quantum threshold laws for the scattering of fermionic polar molecules. In addition, we directly observe the spatial anisotropy of the dipolar interaction through measurements of the thermodynamics of the dipolar gas. These results demonstrate how the long-range dipolar interaction can be used for electric-field control of chemical reaction rates in an ultracold gas of polar molecules. Furthermore, the large loss rates in an applied electric field suggest that creating a long-lived ensemble of ultracold polar molecules may require confinement in a two-dimensional trap geometry to suppress the influence of the attractive, 'head-to-tail', dipolar interactions(11-14). C1 [Ni, K. -K.; Ospelkaus, S.; Wang, D.; Quemener, G.; Neyenhuis, B.; de Miranda, M. H. G.; Bohn, J. L.; Ye, J.; Jin, D. S.] Univ Colorado, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ni, K. -K.; Ospelkaus, S.; Wang, D.; Quemener, G.; Neyenhuis, B.; de Miranda, M. H. G.; Bohn, J. L.; Ye, J.; Jin, D. S.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ye@jila.colorado.edu; jin@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Wang, Dajun/F-7026-2012 FU US National Institute of Standards and Technology; US National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics Frontier Center at JILA; US Department of Energy, Air Force Office of Scientific Research Multidisciplinary Research Initiative on Ultracold Molecules FX This work was supported by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology programme Innovations in Measurement Science-Ultracold Stable Molecules, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics Frontier Center at JILA, the US Department of Energy, Air Force Office of Scientific Research Multidisciplinary Research Initiative on Ultracold Molecules, and a NSF graduate fellowship (B.N.). NR 30 TC 295 Z9 297 U1 5 U2 51 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 29 PY 2010 VL 464 IS 7293 BP 1324 EP 1328 DI 10.1038/nature08953 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 589LI UT WOS:000277149000041 PM 20428166 ER PT J AU Chin, C Grimm, R Julienne, P Tiesinga, E AF Chin, Cheng Grimm, Rudolf Julienne, Paul Tiesinga, Eite TI Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; COLD-ATOM SCATTERING; INTERACTING FERMI GAS; WEAKLY-BOUND STATES; ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; BCS-BEC CROSSOVER; OPTICAL LATTICE; TRAPPED ATOMS; QUANTUM GAS; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS AB Feshbach resonances are the essential tool to control the interaction between atoms in ultracold quantum gases. They have found numerous experimental applications, opening up the way to important breakthroughs. This review broadly covers the phenomenon of Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases and their main applications. This includes the theoretical background and models for the description of Feshbach resonances, the experimental methods to find and characterize the resonances, a discussion of the main properties of resonances in various atomic species and mixed atomic species systems, and an overview of key experiments with atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, degenerate Fermi gases, and ultracold molecules. C1 [Chin, Cheng] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Chin, Cheng] Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Grimm, Rudolf] Univ Innsbruck, Ctr Quantum Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Grimm, Rudolf] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Grimm, Rudolf] Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Julienne, Paul; Tiesinga, Eite] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Julienne, Paul; Tiesinga, Eite] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chin, C (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RI Grimm, Rudolf/D-2864-2009; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Grimm, Rudolf/0000-0003-1085-5558; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 FU NSF [PHY-0747907]; NSF-MRSEC [DMR-0213745]; USARO [W911NF0710576]; DARPA OLE Program; Austrian Science Fund FWF; Austrian Science ministry BMWF; Office of Naval Research (ONR) FX Over the past decade, many people have contributed to advancing our knowledge on Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases. For valuable discussions and insights related to this exciting field, we particularly acknowledge B. Esry, F. Ferlaino, C. Greene, J. Hecker Denschlag, J. Hutson, S. Knoop, H.-C. Nagerl, W. Phillips, F. Schreck, and G. Shlyapnikov. We thank E. Braaten, S. Durr, T. Esslinger, M. Gustavsson, W. Ketterle, L. Khaykovich, S. Kokkelmans, H. Moritz, T. Pfau, H. Stoof, B. Verhaar, J. Walraven, M. Zaccanti, C. Zimmermann, and in particular, S. Jochim and I. Spielman for helpful comments on the paper. C.C. acknowledges support from NSF No. PHY-0747907 and NSF-MRSEC DMR-0213745 and USARO No. W911NF0710576 with funds from the DARPA OLE Program. R.G. thanks the Austrian Science Fund FWF and the Austrian Science ministry BMWF for support. P.J. and E. T. acknowledge support by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). NR 370 TC 1174 Z9 1180 U1 23 U2 167 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 EI 1539-0756 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD APR 29 PY 2010 VL 82 IS 2 BP 1225 EP 1286 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1225 PG 62 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 603SI UT WOS:000278228000001 ER PT J AU Gao, ST Li, XF AF Gao, Shouting Li, Xiaofan TI Precipitation equations and their applications to the analysis of diurnal variation of tropical oceanic rainfall SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-RADIATION INTERACTION; DEEP CONVECTIVE REGIME; SOUTH CHINA SEA; EQUILIBRIUM STATES; TOGA COARE; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; CUMULUS CONVECTION; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; ICE CLOUDS; PHASE-III AB The cloud, water, and heat budgets lay down a foundation for studying relations between precipitation, clouds, and environmental water vapor and thermal conditions. The water vapor constrained precipitation equation is derived by combining cloud budget with water vapor budget, whereas the thermally constrained precipitation equation is derived by combining cloud budget with heat budget. The precipitation equations are applied to analyze the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic rainfall using the 21 day two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation during Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment and two additional sensitivity experiments. One sensitivity experiment excludes the diurnal variation of large-scale forcing, and the other experiment excludes the diurnal variation of solar zenith angle. The analysis shows that the diurnal variations of water vapor convergence and heat divergence associated with diurnally varying imposed large-scale upward motions play a primary role in the development of rainfall peaks in both afternoon and nighttime, whereas the diurnal variation of radiation is secondary in the formation of nocturnal rainfall peak. The diurnal variation of radiation associated with diurnally varying solar zenith angle determines the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic rainfall when the diurnal variation of large-scale circulation is absent. The diurnal variations of rainfall can be concisely described by simplified diurnally perturbed surface rainfall equations. C1 [Gao, Shouting] Chinese Acad Sci, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Gao, ST (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms, Inst Atmospher Phys, Huayanbeili 40 Bldg, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM gst@lasg.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 FU National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China [2004CB418301]; National Natural Sciences Foundation of China [40775031]; Chinese Academy of Sciences [KCL14014]; Outstanding Oversea Scholars [2005-2-17] FX We thank W.-K. Tao at NASA/GSFC for his cloud-resolving model, M. Zhang (The State University of New York at Stony Brook) for his TOGA COARE forcing data, and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. This work was supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China 2004CB418301, National Natural Sciences Foundation of China grant 40775031, Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences grant KCL14014, and "Outstanding Oversea Scholars" project 2005-2-17. NR 45 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 28 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D08204 DI 10.1029/2009JD012452 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590UZ UT WOS:000277255100002 ER PT J AU Ezer, T Oey, LY AF Ezer, Tal Oey, Lie -Yauw TI The role of the Alaskan Stream in modulating the Bering Sea climate SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; CURRENT SYSTEM; STRAIT; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; MODEL; EXCHANGE; CURRENTS; FLOW AB A numerical ocean circulation model with realistic topography, but with an idealized forcing that includes only lateral transports is used to study the role of the Alaskan Stream (AS) in modulating the Bering Sea (BS) variability. Sensitivity experiments, each one with a different strength of the AS transport reveal a nonlinear BS response. An increase of AS transport from 10 to 25 Sv causes warming (similar to 0.25 degrees C mean, similar to 0.5 degrees C maximum) and sea level rise in the BS shelf due to increased transports of warmer Pacific waters through the eastern passages of the Aleutian Islands, but an increase of AS transport from 25 to 40 Sv had an opposite impact on the BS shelf with a slight cooling (similar to-0.1 degrees C mean, similar to-0.5 degrees C maximum). As the AS transport increases, flows through passages farther downstream in the western Aleutian Islands are affected and the variability in the entire BS is reduced. Transport variations of similar to 0.1Sv in the Bering Strait are found to be correlated with mesoscale variations of the AS and associated transport variations in the Aleutian Islands passages. These results have important implications for understanding the observed variations in the Bering Strait and potential future climate variations in the Arctic Ocean. C1 [Ezer, Tal] Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA. [Oey, Lie -Yauw] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, 4111 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA. EM tezer@odu.edu; lyo@princeton.edu OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 FU NOAA [NA08OAR4310613, NA17RJ2612]; NSF; NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service FX The research is supported by NOAA's Office of Climate Programs, through grants to ODU (award NA08OAR4310613) and PU (award NA17RJ2612), as part of the project "Collaborative Research: Modeling Sea Ice-Ocean-Ecosystem Responses to Climate Changes in the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas with Data Assimilation of RUSALCA Measurements." Jia Wang and John Calder of NOAA are thanked for leading this project. T. E. was also partly supported by NSF's Climate Process Team project and NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service. L.-Y.O. is grateful to GFDL/NOAA, Princeton, where model computations were conducted. Two anonymous reviewers provided very useful suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 28 PY 2010 VL 115 AR C04025 DI 10.1029/2009JC005830 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 590XE UT WOS:000277260900003 ER PT J AU Duan, LM Monroe, C AF Duan, L. -M. Monroe, C. TI Colloquium: Quantum networks with trapped ions SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTON PAIRS; ATOMIC ENSEMBLES; ENTANGLED STATES; NOISY CHANNELS; SINGLE-PHOTON; INTERFERENCE; COMMUNICATION; QUBITS; TELEPORTATION; PARTICLES AB Quantum computation and communication exploit the quantum properties of superposition and entanglement in order to perform tasks that may be impossible using classical means. In this Colloquium recent experimental and theoretical progress in the generation of entangled quantum networks based on the use of optical photons as carriers of information between fixed trapped atomic ion quantum memories are reviewed. Taken together, these quantum platforms offer a promising vision for the realization of a large-scale quantum network that could impact the future of communication and computation. C1 [Duan, L. -M.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Monroe, C.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Monroe, C.] Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Duan, LM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011 FU USAFOSR through a MURI program; DARPA OLE program; IARPA/USARO quantum computation program; NSF PIF program; Physics Frontier Center FX It is a great pleasure to acknowledge our collaborators for the works described in this Colloquium. We thank, in particular, Sean Barrett, Boris Blinov, Ignacio Cirac, David Hayes, Jungsang Kim, Jeff Kimble, Rudy Kohn, Peter Kok, Alex Kuzmich, Mikhail Lukin, Le Luo, Martin Madsen, Dzmitry Matsukevich, Peter Maunz, David Moehring, Steven Olmschenk, Robert Raussendorf, Christoph Simon, John Sterk, Jake Taylor, Kelly Younge, and Peter Zoller for fruitful collaboration, enlightening discussions, and insightful comments. This work was supported by the USAFOSR through a MURI program, the DARPA OLE program, the IARPA/USARO quantum computation program, the NSF PIF program, and the Physics Frontier Center at JQI. NR 71 TC 169 Z9 170 U1 5 U2 39 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD APR 28 PY 2010 VL 82 IS 2 BP 1209 EP 1224 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1209 PG 16 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 603SA UT WOS:000278227100001 ER PT J AU Germack, DS Chan, CK Kline, RJ Fischer, DA Gundlach, DJ Toney, MF Richter, LJ DeLongchamp, DM AF Germack, David S. Chan, Calvin K. Kline, R. Joseph Fischer, Daniel A. Gundlach, David J. Toney, Michael F. Richter, Lee J. DeLongchamp, Dean M. TI Interfacial Segregation in Polymer/Fullerene Blend Films for Photovoltaic Devices SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC SOLAR-CELLS; VERTICAL PHASE-SEPARATION; THIN-FILMS; SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; OPTICAL ANISOTROPY; SELF-ORGANIZATION; POLYMER; POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); ABSORPTION; COPOLYMERS AB It has recently been shown that surface energy effects can cause selective segregation at the active layer interfaces of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic device. The active layer interface composition has been suggested to impact device performance. In this study changes in the BHJ vertical composition profile of BHJ active layers cast on two hole transport layers (HTL) with significantly different surface energies (gamma) are characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Changes in the HTL gamma are shown to significantly affect the BHJ interfacial segregation at the buried interface near the HTL while the composition near the free surface (air) of the BHJ is unaffected. Despite the significant differences in vertical segregation at the HTL interface, the performances of the resulting organic photovoltaic devices were relatively similar. C1 [Germack, David S.; Chan, Calvin K.; Kline, R. Joseph; Fischer, Daniel A.; Gundlach, David J.; Richter, Lee J.; DeLongchamp, Dean M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Toney, Michael F.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lightsource, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Richter, LJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richter@nist.gov; deand@nist.gov RI Chan, Calvin/A-5772-2008; Kline, Regis/B-8557-2008; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 FU NIST FX Research performed in part at the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. The authors thank Air Products Inc. for the donation of PTT:Nafion. The authors also thank Drs. Christopher L. Soles and Eric K. Lin for scientific discussions during the preparation of this manuscript. D.S.G. and C.K.C. thank the National Research Council Research Associateship Program at NIST for financial support. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. NR 40 TC 130 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 58 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 27 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 8 BP 3828 EP 3836 DI 10.1021/ma100027b PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 585GD UT WOS:000276811700031 ER PT J AU Kramer, TR AF Kramer, Thomas R. TI Automatic detection and replacement of syntactic constructs causing shift/reduce conflicts SO SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE LA English DT Article DE bison; conflict; DMIS; EBNF; parse; shift/reduce; YACC AB A method is described for repairing some shift/reduce conflicts caused by limited lookahead in LALR(1) parsers such as those built by bison. Also, six types of Extended BNF (EBNF) construct are identified that cause a shift/reduce conflict when a Yet Another Compiler Compiler (YACC) file translated directly from EBNF is processed by bison. For each type, a replacement EBNF construct is described representing the same grammar and causing no shift/reduce conflict when its YACC equivalent is processed by bison. Algorithms are given for identifying instances of each type and transforming them into their replacements. The algorithms are implemented in an automatic parser builder that builds parsers for subsets of the DMIS language. The parser builder reads an EBNF file and writes C++ classes, a YACC file, and a Lex file, which are then processed to build a parser. The parsers build a parse tree using the C++ classes. The EBNF for DMIS is written in natural terms so that natural C++ classes are generated. However, if translated directly into YACC, the natural EBNF leads to 22 shift/reduce conflicts that fall into the six types. The parser builder recognizes the six constructs and replaces them automatically before generating YACC. The YACC that is generated parses in terms of unnatural constructs while building a parse tree using natural C++ classes. The six types of construct may occur in any statement-based language that uses a minor separator, such as a comma; hence knowing how to recognize and replace them may be broadly useful. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramer, TR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kramer@cme.nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0038-0644 J9 SOFTWARE PRACT EXPER JI Softw.-Pract. Exp. PD APR 25 PY 2010 VL 40 IS 5 BP 387 EP 404 DI 10.1002/spe.962 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 583DB UT WOS:000276652000001 ER PT J AU Yan, WJ Mayorga, E Li, XY Seitzinger, SP Bouwman, AF AF Yan, Weijin Mayorga, Emilio Li, Xinyan Seitzinger, Sybil P. Bouwman, A. F. TI Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine DIN exports from the Changjiang River basin under changing human pressures SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NITRATE; FLUXES; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; TRIBUTARIES; ECOSYSTEMS; SATURATION; CATCHMENT; BUDGETS; IMPACT AB In this paper, we estimate the inputs of nitrogen (N) and exports of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from the Changjiang River to the estuary for the period 1970-2003, by using the global NEWS-DIN model. Modeled DIN yields range from 260 kg N km(-2) yr(-1) in 1970 to 895 kg N km(-2) yr(-1) in 2003, with an increasing trend. The study demonstrated a varied contribution of different N inputs to river DIN yields during the period 1970-2003. Chemical fertilizer and manure together contributed about half of the river DIN yields, while atmospheric N deposition contributed an average of 21% of DIN yields in the period 1970-2003. Biological N fixation contributed 40% of DIN yields in 1970, but substantially decreased to 13% in 2003. Point sewage N input also showed a decreasing trend in contribution to DIN yields, with an average of 8% over the whole period. We also discuss possible future trajectories of DIN export based on the Global NEWS implementation of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios. Our result indicates that anthropogenically enhanced N inputs dominate and will continue to dominate river DIN yields under changing human pressures in the basin. Therefore, nitrogen pollution is and will continue to be a great challenge to China. C1 [Yan, Weijin; Li, Xinyan] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Mayorga, Emilio; Seitzinger, Sybil P.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Rutgers & NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Bouwman, A. F.] Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Yan, WJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, 11-A Datun Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. EM yanweijin@yahoo.com RI Bouwman, Lex/B-7053-2012; Bouwman, Lex/F-1444-2015; OI Bouwman, Lex/0000-0002-2045-1859; Mayorga, Emilio/0000-0003-2574-4623 FU National Science Foundation of China [20777073]; UNESCO-IOC; NASA FX This research was supported by National Science Foundation of China (20777073). The Global NEWS working group was supported by UNESCO-IOC. The work of E.M. and S.P.S. was supported by NASA. The work of A.F.B. was part of the project Integrated Terrestrial Modeling of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). We thank two reviewers for helpful comments. We thank Mirjam Hartman for English correction of the manuscript. NR 59 TC 42 Z9 51 U1 7 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD APR 24 PY 2010 VL 24 AR GB0A06 DI 10.1029/2009GB003575 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 587YX UT WOS:000277033900001 ER PT J AU Benetti, DD O'Hanlon, B Rivera, JA Welch, AW Maxey, C Orhun, MR AF Benetti, Daniel D. O'Hanlon, Brian Rivera, Jose A. Welch, Aaron W. Maxey, Christopher Orhun, M. Refik TI Growth rates of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) cultured in open ocean submerged cages in the Caribbean SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Cobia; Growth; Condition factor; Open ocean aquaculture ID BASS DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; JUVENILE COBIA; LARVAL HUSBANDRY; NORTHERN GULF; AQUACULTURE; FISH; CONVERSION; SURVIVAL; HATCHERY; MEXICO AB Growth rates of hatchery-reared cobia Rachycentron canadum cultured in submersible cages off Puerto Rico and the Bahamas were comprehensively studied and are presented, discussed and compared to those of other teleosts. Cobia grew to averages of 6.035 kg (specific growth rate (SGR)=2.10%/day) in 363 days at the Puerto Rico site (PR) and 3.545 kg (SCR=2.04%/day) in 346 days at the Bahamas site (BA). Growth in length is best expressed by the equations: y = 12 + 0.18x: r(2) = 0.59 at PR and y = 12 + 0.16x; r(2) = 0.86 at BA. The Laird-Gompertz model was used to represent growth in weight to best express the rate of decline in growth rate with age (alpha = 0.006194 PR and alpha = 0.006323 BA), which occurred at the onset of precocious maturation for this species at 2.0-4.5 kg in 300 days post hatch (dph). The exponents (b) of length-weight relationships calculated (3.31 at PR and 3.20 at BA) demonstrate that cultured cobia exhibit greater condition factors than their wild counterparts (b = 2.8) and explain the morphological differences observed between wild and culture cobia. Final stocking densities of 5 and 15 kg/m(3) were estimated at PR and BA, respectively. Average water temperatures for the duration of the growout cycle were 27.8 degrees C at PR and 25.5 degrees C at BA. Results show that growth rates of cobia vary widely and suggest a negative effect of lower temperature and increasing stocking density. These trials also demonstrate, for the first time, that growout of cobia is technically feasible in submerged open ocean cages. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Benetti, Daniel D.; Welch, Aaron W.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Aquaculture Program, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [O'Hanlon, Brian] Snapperfarm Inc, Culebra, PR 00775 USA. [Rivera, Jose A.] NOAA Fisheries, Boqueron, PR 00622 USA. [Maxey, Christopher] Isl Sch, Cape Eleuthera Inst, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA. [Orhun, M. Refik] SEFSC NOAA Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Benetti, DD (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Aquaculture Program, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM dbenetti@rsmas.miami.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA060AR4170238]; NOAA National Marine Aquaculture Initiative [NA080AR4170826]; Florida Sea [RLRA42] FX This research was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under grants No. NA060AR4170238 from the NOAA National Marine Aquaculture Initiative and No. NA080AR4170826 of the NOM Marine Aquaculture Program. The research was also supported by a previous grant from the Florida Sea Grant College Program No. RLRA42. The authors are indebted to the technical staffs and divers of Snapperfarm, Inc. of Culebra, Puerto Rico and the Island School/Cape Eleuthera Institute in South Eleuthera, the Bahamas, for their diligent assistance in feeding, data collection and daily diving at the respective cage sites. The authors acknowledge and are grateful to Mr. Johann Scheidt of Aquasense LLC for his support and involvement in the demonstration project in South Eleuthera, the Bahamas. We also thank Jorge Alarcon and Owen Stevens of Marine Farms Belize, Marcell Carvalho of TWB Brazil, and Thiago Soligo of the Cape Eleuthera Institute for sharing information about cobia growout. Finally, the authors would like to thank Dr. Gavin Partridge from the Challenger TAFE Aquaculture Development Unit in Fremantle, Western Australia, for his review and contributions to the manuscript while on post-doctoral training with the first author. NR 64 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 23 PY 2010 VL 302 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.021 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 598PW UT WOS:000277851300008 ER PT J AU Kelly, WR Dutton, Z Schlafer, J Mookerji, B Ohki, TA Kline, JS Pappas, DP AF Kelly, William R. Dutton, Zachary Schlafer, John Mookerji, Bhaskar Ohki, Thomas A. Kline, Jeffrey S. Pappas, David P. TI Direct Observation of Coherent Population Trapping in a Superconducting Artificial Atom SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; GROUP-VELOCITY; LIGHT; GAS AB The phenomenon of coherent population trapping (CPT) of an atom (or solid state "artificial atom''), and the associated effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), are clear demonstrations of quantum interference due to coherence in multilevel quantum systems. We report observation of CPT in a superconducting phase qubit by simultaneously driving two coherent transitions in a Lambda-type configuration, utilizing the three lowest lying levels of a local minimum of a phase qubit. We observe 60(+/- 7)% suppression of the excited state population under conditions of CPT resonance. We present data and matching theoretical simulations showing the development of CPT in time. Finally, we used the observed time dependence of the excited state population to characterize quantum dephasing times of the system. C1 [Kelly, William R.; Dutton, Zachary; Schlafer, John; Mookerji, Bhaskar; Ohki, Thomas A.] Raytheon BBN Technol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kline, Jeffrey S.; Pappas, David P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kelly, WR (reprint author), Raytheon BBN Technol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM wkelly@bbn.com; zdutton@bbn.com; tohki@bbn.com FU US government; IARPA FX We acknowledge generous internal support from BBN Technologies to carry out this work. We thank Jon Habif for the suggestion to try this experiment. The fabrication of the device was funded by the US government and IARPA. NR 25 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 23 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 16 AR 163601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.163601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 587QO UT WOS:000277007700019 PM 20482047 ER PT J AU Wahl, ER Morrill, C AF Wahl, Eugene R. Morrill, Carrie TI CLIMATE CHANGE Toward Understanding and Predicting Monsoon Patterns SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Wahl, Eugene R.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Branch, World Data Ctr Paleoclimatol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Morrill, Carrie] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wahl, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Branch, World Data Ctr Paleoclimatol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eugene.r.wahl@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 23 PY 2010 VL 328 IS 5977 BP 437 EP 438 DI 10.1126/science.1188926 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 586YR UT WOS:000276952400021 PM 20413481 ER PT J AU Hao, JK Cheng, H Butler, P Zhang, L Han, CC AF Hao, Jinkun Cheng, He Butler, Paul Zhang, Li Han, Charles C. TI Origin of cononsolvency, based on the structure of tetrahydrofuran-water mixture SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SCALE SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE; REENTRANT PHASE-TRANSITION; N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE GELS; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; COIL-GLOBULE TRANSITION; SPIN-LABELED POLYMERS; MOLAR-MASS COMPOUNDS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; FTIR SPECTROSCOPY AB The origin of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM (cononsolvency in tetrahydrofuran-water (THF-water) mixture was studied from the point of view of mixed solvent structure. The dynamic equilibrium of THF-water composition fluctuation in the mixed solvent system was found to be the main variable for this cononsolvency effect. Temperature and THF content dependences of composition fluctuation were studied by a combination of small angle neutron scattering (SANS), dynamic laser light scattering, and viscometry. A lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type phase diagram for THF-water mixture was established by SANS. The composition fluctuation in THF-water system reaches the maximum at about 20 mol % THF content at constant temperature and increases with temperature as getting closer to the phase boundary. This kind of composition fluctuation induces PNIPAM cononsolvency. When the THF content is lower than 4.5 mol %, the composition fluctuation influence of the THF-water structure is quite weak and most of water structure is not disturbed. Then, at low THF content, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-ethylene glycol) (PNIPAM-co-PEG) microgel can still form hydrogen bonds with water and exist in the swollen state. The basic phase transition behavior of the microgel in THF-water is relatively similar to that in pure water, except for the shift of LCST to lower temperature. With THF content increasing to 20 mol %, the influence of composition fluctuation in the THF-water mixture becomes dominant. Solvent-solvent interaction is stronger than mixed solvent-polymer interaction. So PNIPAM does not dissolve in the mixed solvent, and the microgel is in the collapsed state. Further increase in THF content abates the contribution of composition fluctuation, and the structures of mixed solvents tend to be that in pure THF. PNIPAM becomes soluble again via Van der Waals interaction between THF and polymer. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3381177] C1 [Hao, Jinkun; Cheng, He; Han, Charles C.] CAS, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat, Beijing Natl Lab Mol Sci, State Key Lab Polymer Phys & Chem,Inst Chem, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Butler, Paul] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Zhang, Li] China Inst Atom Energy, Neutron Scattering Lab, Beijing 102413, Peoples R China. RP Han, CC (reprint author), CAS, Joint Lab Polymer Sci & Mat, Beijing Natl Lab Mol Sci, State Key Lab Polymer Phys & Chem,Inst Chem, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. EM chenghe@iccas.ac.cn; c.c.han@iccas.ac.cn RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 FU National Natural Scientific Foundation [50930003]; NSF Young Scientists Fund [20804052] FX The financial support from the National Natural Scientific Foundation (Grant No. 50930003) and NSF Young Scientists Fund, Grant No. 20804052, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank NCNR in the U.S.A. for access to the SANS instrument, and we also thank Boualem Hammouda for the help in SANS experiment and revising the manuscript. NR 46 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 7 U2 45 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 21 PY 2010 VL 132 IS 15 AR 154902 DI 10.1063/1.3381177 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 587EE UT WOS:000276971500035 PM 20423196 ER PT J AU Kosztyan, ZT Eppeldauer, GP Schanda, JD AF Kosztyan, Zsolt T. Eppeldauer, George P. Schanda, Janos D. TI Matrix-based color measurement corrections of tristimulus colorimeters SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB For colorimetric imaging the tristimulus technique is still the best practical method to keep the measurement time within reasonable limits. However, the achievable color measurement uncertainties for special sources can be large. It is described how the systematic errors can be significantly reduced by using matrix-based color corrections and how the matrix elements can be optimized to obtain the smallest spectral mismatch errors for different light-source distributions. An approach for decreasing the systematic errors is to increase the number of the colorimeter channels (or filters) used for a measurement. Using five channels in a colorimeter is an optimum choice. Determination of the optimum matrices for the five channels is discussed. The correction matrices are designed such that the spectral mismatch errors of the realized functions are minimized relative to the CIE standard color matching functions for several selected test-source distributions. The optimum matrix depends on the (test) light source to be measured. Adaptive matrix values are determined by using the channel outputs and the spectral power distribution of color LEDs approximated with a simple approximation function. The systematic errors are evaluated for a number of colored and white LEDs. The noise propagation with the applied matrix corrections is investigated. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Kosztyan, Zsolt T.] Univ Pannonia, Dept Management, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary. [Eppeldauer, George P.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Schanda, Janos D.] Univ Pannonia, Dept Elect Engn & Informat Syst, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary. RP Kosztyan, ZT (reprint author), Univ Pannonia, Dept Management, Egyet St 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary. EM kzst@vision.vein.hu NR 20 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD APR 20 PY 2010 VL 49 IS 12 BP 2288 EP 2301 DI 10.1364/AO.49.002288 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 586OD UT WOS:000276919000008 PM 20411008 ER PT J AU Lam, MM Horne, RB Meredith, NP Glauert, SA Moffat-Griffin, T Green, JC AF Lam, Mai Mai Horne, Richard B. Meredith, Nigel P. Glauert, Sarah A. Moffat-Griffin, Tracy Green, Janet C. TI Origin of energetic electron precipitation > 30 keV into the atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PITCH-ANGLE DIFFUSION; WHISTLER-MODE CHORUS; ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; RADIATION BELT; RELATIVISTIC ENERGIES; ZONE ELECTRONS; ACCELERATION; STORMS; THERMOSPHERE; SIMULATIONS AB Energetic electrons are deposited into the atmosphere from Earth's inner magnetosphere, resulting in the production of odd nitrogen (NOx). During polar night, NOx can be transported to low altitudes, where it can destroy ozone, affecting the atmospheric radiation balance. Since the flux of energetic electrons trapped in the magnetosphere is related to solar activity, the precipitation of these electrons into Earth's atmosphere provides a link between solar variability and changes in atmospheric chemistry which may affect Earth's climate. To determine the global distribution of the precipitating flux, we have built a statistical model binned by auroral electrojet (AE) index, magnetic local time (MLT), and L shell of E > 30 keV precipitating electrons from the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) on board the NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) low-altitude satellites NOAA-15, NOAA-16, NOAA-17, and NOAA-18. We show that the precipitating flux increases with geomagnetic activity, suggesting that the flux is related to substorm activity. The precipitating fluxes maximize during active conditions where they are primarily seen outside of the plasmapause on the dawnside. The global distribution of the precipitating flux of E > 30 keV electrons is well-correlated with the global distribution of lower-band chorus waves as observed by the plasma wave experiment onboard the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) satellite. In addition, the electron precipitation occurs where the pitch angle diffusion coefficient due to resonant interaction between electrons and whistler mode chorus waves is high, as calculated using the pitch angle and energy diffusion of ions and electrons (PADIE) code. Our results suggest that lower-band chorus is very important for scattering > 30 keV electrons from Earth's inner magnetosphere into the atmosphere. C1 [Lam, Mai Mai] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Horne, Richard B.; Meredith, Nigel P.; Glauert, Sarah A.; Moffat-Griffin, Tracy] British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Green, Janet C.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lam, MM (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM mml9@ion.le.ac.uk; rh@bas.ac.uk; nmer@bas.ac.uk; sagl@bas.ac.uk; tmof@bas.ac.uk; janet.green@noaa.gov OI Meredith, Nigel/0000-0001-5032-3463; Horne, Richard/0000-0002-0412-6407 FU Natural Environment Research Council FX We would like to thank Roger R. Anderson for the provision of the wave data, Hannah Vickers and Bob Weigel for assistance with processing the NOAA POES data, Craig Roger for discussions about NOAA POES data set, Nicola Longden and Mark Clilverd for discussions about riometer data, and the NSSDC Omniweb for providing the geomagnetic indices. This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council. NR 78 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 20 PY 2010 VL 115 AR A00F08 DI 10.1029/2009JA014619 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 587ZS UT WOS:000277036100001 ER PT J AU Niemack, MD Beyer, J Cho, HM Doriese, WB Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Schmidt, DR Ullom, JN Vale, LR AF Niemack, M. D. Beyer, J. Cho, H. M. Doriese, W. B. Hilton, G. C. Irwin, K. D. Reintsema, C. D. Schmidt, D. R. Ullom, J. N. Vale, L. R. TI Code-division SQUID multiplexing SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ARRAYS; SENSORS AB Multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) readout systems are critical for measuring large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES). We demonstrate a code-division SQUID multiplexing (CDM) architecture that is modulated by Walsh codes. Measurements and simulations of a prototype multiplexer show that this modulation scheme is not degraded by SQUID-noise aliasing, suppresses parasitic pickup, and has low levels of crosstalk. These properties enable this architecture to scale to large TES arrays. Furthermore, CDM modulation suppresses the 1/f knee in the noise to below 20 mHz, suggesting the use of this circuit for low-frequency-noise mitigation in more general SQUID applications. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3378772] C1 [Niemack, M. D.; Cho, H. M.; Doriese, W. B.; Hilton, G. C.; Irwin, K. D.; Reintsema, C. D.; Schmidt, D. R.; Ullom, J. N.; Vale, L. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Beyer, J.] Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. RP Niemack, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MC 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM niemack@nist.gov FU NASA [NNG09WF27I]; National Research Council FX This work was supported in part by NASA under Contract No. NNG09WF27I. and a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship (Niemack). NR 11 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 19 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 16 AR 163509 DI 10.1063/1.3378772 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 587UY UT WOS:000277020600067 ER PT J AU Rakher, MT Bose, R Wong, CW Srinivasan, K AF Rakher, M. T. Bose, R. Wong, C. W. Srinivasan, K. TI Spectroscopy of 1.55 mu m PbS quantum dots on Si photonic crystal cavities with a fiber taper waveguide SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-EMISSION; NANOCRYSTALS; NANOCAVITY; LASER AB We use an optical fiber taper waveguide to probe PbS quantum dots (QDs) dried on Si photonic crystal cavities near 1.55 mu m. We demonstrate that a low density (<= 100 mu m(-2)) of QDs does not significantly degrade cavity quality factors as high as approximate to 3 x 10(4). We also show that the tapered fiber can be used to excite the QDs and collect the subsequent cavity-filtered photoluminescence, and present measurements of reversible photodarkening and QD saturation. This method represents an important step toward spectroscopy of single colloidal QDs in the telecommunications band. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3396988] C1 [Rakher, M. T.; Srinivasan, K.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bose, R.; Wong, C. W.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Integrated Sci & Engn Solid State Sci & Engn, Opt Nanostruct Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Rakher, MT (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mrakher@nist.gov RI Srinivasan, Kartik/D-6369-2010; Rakher, Matthew/C-2287-2011; OI Rakher, Matthew/0000-0002-4490-4197; Bose, Ranojoy/0000-0002-2908-4426 FU NSF [ECCS 0747787]; Nanoscale Science and Engineering [CHE-0641523]; New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Innovation FX The authors acknowledge fabrication support from D. L. Kwong and M. Yu at the Institute of Microelectronics in Singapore, useful discussions with Marcelo Davanco at NIST, funding support from NSF under Grant No. ECCS 0747787, the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Initiative under NSF Award No. CHE-0641523, and the New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Innovation. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 19 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 16 AR 161108 DI 10.1063/1.3396988 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 587UY UT WOS:000277020600008 ER PT J AU Ringeval, B de Noblet-Ducoudre, N Ciais, P Bousquet, P Prigent, C Papa, F Rossow, WB AF Ringeval, Bruno de Noblet-Ducoudre, Nathalie Ciais, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Prigent, Catherine Papa, Fabrice Rossow, William B. TI An attempt to quantify the impact of changes in wetland extent on methane emissions on the seasonal and interannual time scales SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NATURAL WETLANDS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CARBON; MODEL; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY; CLIMATE; FIRES; CYCLE; LAKES AB Climate variability impacts CH4 wetland sources as changes in flux density per unit area and via expansion or contraction of wetland areas in response to surface hydrological processes. This paper is a first attempt to isolate the role of varying wetland area on the seasonal and interannual variability of CH4 wetland emissions over the past decade. Wetland area extent at monthly intervals was provided over the period 1993-2000 by a suite of satellite observations from multiple sensors. The regionally variable fraction of wetland area was optimized using satellite observations of flooded area as a first estimate and further adjusted to match the seasonal cycle of CH4 fluxes retrieved from a global atmospheric inversion. Wetland flux densities of CH4 were calculated by coupling the ORCHIDEE global vegetation model with a process-based wetland CH4 emission model, calibrated by optimizing its parameters at the site level against representative CH4 flux time series. For boreal bogs north of 50 degrees N, we found that variations in area contributed about 30% to the annual flux. For temperate and tropical wetlands, the variations in area has almost no influence on the annual CH4 emissions but contributes significantly to the seasonal behavior, accounting for 40% and 66% of the seasonal amplitude of fluxes, respectively. In contrast, the interannual variability of wetland area appears to be the dominant cause of interannual variations in regional CH4 emissions from wetlands at all latitudes (largest in the tropics), with up to 90% of annual flux anomalies explained by wetland area anomalies in some years. For example, in 1998, boreal wetlands north of 50 degrees N contributed to approximately 80% of the positive anomaly according to our calculations. We also found that climate anomalies can lead to both increased emitting areas and decreased flux densities at the same time, with opposite effects on the total CH4 flux entering the atmosphere. With a view to forecasting the future trajectory of atmospheric methane content, our results point to the absolute necessity to be able to predict the variations in wetland extent, a hydrological problem, in order to affirm the reliability of simulations of changing methane emissions perturbed by climate. C1 [Ringeval, Bruno; de Noblet-Ducoudre, Nathalie; Ciais, Philippe; Bousquet, Philippe] CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, CNRS, Unite Mixte,UVSQ, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Prigent, Catherine] Observ Paris, CNRS, Lab Etud Rayonnement & Matiere Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. [Papa, Fabrice; Rossow, William B.] CUNY City Coll, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr, NOAA, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Papa, Fabrice; Rossow, William B.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Ringeval, B (reprint author), CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, CNRS, Unite Mixte,UVSQ, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM bruno.ringeval@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Papa, Fabrice/D-3695-2009; Rossow, William/F-3138-2015; de NOBLET, Nathalie/O-8613-2015; OI Papa, Fabrice/0000-0001-6305-6253; Ringeval, Bruno/0000-0001-8405-1304 FU Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR); Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) FX This research was supported by the project Impact-Boreal, funded by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR). We also thank M. Jackowicz-Korczynski and T. Christensen for the Abisko data. Computing support was provided by Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA). NR 49 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 52 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD APR 17 PY 2010 VL 24 AR GB2003 DI 10.1029/2008GB003354 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LJ UT WOS:000276826700001 ER PT J AU Schiffman, P Zierenberg, R Chadwick, WW Clague, DA Lowenstern, J AF Schiffman, Peter Zierenberg, Robert Chadwick, William W., Jr. Clague, David A. Lowenstern, Jacob TI Contamination of basaltic lava by seawater: Evidence found in a lava pillar from Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE lava pillar; seawater contamination; Axial Seamount ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; CHLORINE; ASSIMILATION; WATER; CRYSTALLIZATION; ERUPTION; GLASSES; HAWAII; FLOOR AB A lava pillar formed during the 1998 eruption at Axial Seamount exhibits compositional and textural evidence for contamination by seawater under magmatic conditions. Glass immediately adjacent to anastomosing microfractures within 1 cm of the inner pillar wall is oxidized and significantly enriched in Na and Cl and depleted in Fe and K with respect to that in glassy selvages from the unaffected outer pillar wall. The affected glass contains up to 1 wt % Cl and is enriched by similar to 2 wt % Na(2)O relative to unaffected glass, consistent with a nearly 1:1 (molar) incorporation of NaCl. Glass bordering the Cl-enriched glass in the inner pillar wall is depleted in Na but enriched in K. The presence of tiny (< 10 mu m) grains of Cu-Fe sulfides and Fe sulfides as well as elemental Ni, Ag, and Au in the Na-depleted, K-enriched glass of the inner pillar wall implies significant reduction of this glass, presumably by hydrogen generated during seawater contamination and oxidation of lava adjacent to microfractures. We interpret the compositional anomalies we see in the glass of the interior pillar wall as caused by rapid incorporation of seawater into the still-molten lava during pillar growth, probably on the time scale of seconds to minutes. Only one of seven examined lava pillars shows this effect, and we interpret that seawater has to be trapped in contact with molten lava (inside the lava pillar, in this case) to produce the effects we see. Thus, under the right conditions, seawater contamination of lavas during submarine eruptions is one means by which the oceanic crust can sequester Cl during its global flux cycle. However, since very few recent lava flows have been examined in similar detail, the global significance of this process in effecting Earth's Cl budget remains uncertain. C1 [Schiffman, Peter; Zierenberg, Robert] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Chadwick, William W., Jr.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Clague, David A.] Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Lowenstern, Jacob] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Schiffman, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM pschiffman@ucdavis.edu RI Zierenberg, Robert/F-9329-2012; OI Zierenberg, Robert/0000-0001-9384-7355; Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 FU NOAA FX The NOAA Vents Program has supported the NeMO seafloor observatory at Axial Seamount, including the 2003 expedition that collected the lava pillar sample described in this paper. Thanks to the captain and crew of the R/V Thompson and the ROPOS ROV team for their support at sea. This is NOAA/PMEL contribution 3326. Special thanks to Mike Perfit and the anonymous reviewers who critically read and made excellent suggestions for improving this manuscript. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD APR 16 PY 2010 VL 11 AR Q04004 DI 10.1029/2009GC003009 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 585KW UT WOS:000276825400003 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ Ott, LS Lovestead, TM Huber, ML AF Bruno, Thomas J. Ott, Lisa S. Lovestead, Tara M. Huber, Marcia L. TI The composition-explicit distillation curve technique: Relating chemical analysis and physical properties of complex fluids SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Review DE Chemical analysis; Distillation curve; Enthalpy of combustion; Petroleomics; Trace analysis ID DECREASED PARTICULATE-EMISSIONS; CARBONYL SULFIDE HYDROLYSIS; SURROGATE MIXTURE MODEL; ROCKET PROPELLANTS RP-1; DIESEL FUEL; AVIATION FUEL; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; BIODIESEL FUEL; CRUDE OILS; IMPROVEMENTS AB The analysis of complex fluids such as crude oils, fuels, vegetable oils and mixed waste streams poses significant challenges arising primarily from the multiplicity of components, the different properties of the components (polarity, polarizability, etc.) and matrix properties. We have recently introduced an analytical strategy that simplifies many of these analyses, and provides the added potential of linking compositional information with physical property information. This aspect can be used to facilitate equation of state development for the complex fluids. In addition to chemical characterization, the approach provides the ability to calculate thermodynamic properties for such complex heterogeneous streams. The technique is based on the advanced distillation curve (ADC) metrology, which separates a complex fluid by distillation into fractions that are sampled, and for which thermodynamically consistent temperatures are measured at atmospheric pressure. The collected sample fractions can be analyzed by any method that is appropriate. The analytical methods we have applied include gas chromatography (with flame ionization, mass spectrometric and sulfur chemiluminescence detection), thin layer chromatography, FTIR, corrosivity analysis, neutron activation analysis and cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis. By far, the most widely used analytical technique we have used with the ADC is gas chromatography. This has enabled us to study finished fuels (gasoline, diesel fuels, aviation fuels, rocket propellants), crude oils (including a crude oil made from swine manure) and waste oils streams (used automotive and transformer oils). In this special issue of the Journal of Chromatography, specifically dedicated to extraction technologies, we describe the essential features of the advanced distillation curve metrology as an analytical strategy for complex fluids. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Bruno, Thomas J.; Ott, Lisa S.; Lovestead, Tara M.; Huber, Marcia L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 61 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD APR 16 PY 2010 VL 1217 IS 16 BP 2703 EP 2715 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.030 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 582AJ UT WOS:000276567100039 PM 20004402 ER PT J AU Smith, DT Pratt, JR Tavazza, F Levine, LE Chaka, AM AF Smith, D. T. Pratt, J. R. Tavazza, F. Levine, L. E. Chaka, A. M. TI An ultrastable platform for the study of single-atom chains SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BREAK JUNCTIONS; GOLD NANOWIRES; QUANTIZED CONDUCTANCE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; FORCE MICROSCOPY; CONTACTS; ELECTRODES; MOLECULES; TRANSPORT AB We describe a surface probe instrument capable of sustaining single atomic bond junctions in the electronic quantum conduction regime for tens of minutes, and present results for Au junctions that can be "locked" stably in n=1 and n=2 quantum conduction states with electrical conductivity nG(0) (G(0) = 2e(2)/h) and switched in a controlled way. The instrument measures and controls the gap formed between a probe and a flat surface with better than 5 pm long-term stability in a high-vacuum chamber at 4 K using a high-sensitivity fiber-optic interferometer that forms a Fabry-Perot cavity immediately adjacent and parallel to the probe. We also report the experimental observation of stable noninteger conduction states, along with preliminary density functional theory-based calculations of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional Au "bridges" that produce comparable noninteger conduction states. Finally, we report the observation of novel stochastic processes related to nonballistic electron transport through strained single atomic bond junctions. The instrument permits detailed study of electron transport in 1D systems, and the long-term picometer stability of the junction holds great promise for application to single-molecule spectroscopy. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3369584] C1 [Smith, D. T.; Pratt, J. R.; Tavazza, F.; Levine, L. E.; Chaka, A. M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Smith, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM douglas.smith@nist.gov RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 NR 55 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 8 AR 084307 DI 10.1063/1.3369584 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 591LX UT WOS:000277303200094 ER PT J AU Compo, GP Sardeshmukh, PD AF Compo, Gilbert P. Sardeshmukh, Prashant D. TI Removing ENSO-Related Variations from the Climate Record SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; WAVELET ANALYSIS; AIR-TEMPERATURE; NORTH PACIFIC; OCEAN AB An important question in assessing twentieth-century climate change is to what extent have ENSO-related variations contributed to the observed trends. Isolating such contributions is challenging for several reasons, including ambiguities arising from how ENSO itself is defined. In particular, defining ENSO in terms of a single index and ENSO-related variations in terms of regressions on that index, as done in many previous studies, can lead to wrong conclusions. This paper argues that ENSO is best viewed not as a number but as an evolving dynamical process for this purpose. Specifically, ENSO is identified with the four dynamical eigenvectors of tropical SST evolution that are most important in the observed evolution of ENSO events. This definition is used to isolate the ENSO-related component of global SST variations on a month-by-month basis in the 136-yr (1871-2006) Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST). The analysis shows that previously identified multidecadal variations in the Pacific. Indian, and Atlantic Oceans all have substantial ENSO components. The long-term warming trends over these oceans are also found to have appreciable ENSO components, in sonic instances up to 40% of the total trend. The ENSO-unrelated component of 5-yr average SST variations, obtained by removing the ENSO-related component, is interpreted as a combination of anthropogenic, naturally forced, and internally generated coherent multidecadal variations. The following two surprising aspects of these ENSO-unrelated variations are emphasized: 1) a strong cooling trend in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and 2) a nearly zonally symmetric multidecadal tropical-extratropical seesaw that has amplified in recent decades. The latter has played a major role in modulating SSTs over the Indian Ocean. C1 [Compo, Gilbert P.] Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Compo, GP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway R PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM compo@colorado.edu OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 FU NOAA FX We thank colleagues in the Climate Diagnostics Center of CIRES/CU and in NOAA/ESRL/PSD, especially C. Penland, A. Solomon, M. Newman, and M. Alexander for useful discussions and C. Smith for help with the SST data. We thank C. Folland of UKMO for discussions regarding the AMO and M. Wallace of the University of Washington for discussions regarding alternative ENSO-removal procedures. For providing their SST data, we thank the Hadley Centre, N. Rayner, and BADC for HadISST, NOAA/NCDC and T. Smith for ERSST, the IRI and A. Kaplan for LDEO, and the JMA and M. Ishii for COBE. We appreciate stimulating comments made by three anonymous reviewers on an earlier version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office. NR 77 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1957 EP 1978 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI2735.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 594LE UT WOS:000277538400001 ER PT J AU Chiodi, AM Harrison, DE AF Chiodi, A. M. Harrison, D. E. TI The Annual Range of Southern Hemisphere SST: Comparison with Surface Heating and Possible Reasons for the High-Latitude Falloff SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC MODE WATER; MIXED-LAYER; UPPER OCEAN; TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY; INDIAN-OCEAN; WORLD OCEAN; SEA; CIRCULATION; TRANSPORT; ADVECTION AB Globally, the seasonal cycle is the largest single component of observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability, yet it is still not fully understood. Herein, the degree to which the structure of the seasonal cycle of Southern Hemisphere SST can be explained by the present understanding of surface fluxes and upper-ocean physics is examined. It has long been known that the annual range of Southern Hemisphere SST is largest in the midlatitudes, despite the fact that the annual range of net surface heat flux peaks well poleward of the SST peak. The reasons for this discrepancy ("falloff of the annual range of SST") are determined here through analysis of net surface heat flux estimates, observed SST, and mixed layer depth data, and results from experiments using two different one-dimensional ocean models. Results show that (i) the classical explanations for the structure of the annual range of SST in the Southern Hemisphere are incomplete, (ii) current estimates of surface heat flux and mixed layer depth can be used to accurately reproduce the observed annual range of SST, and (iii) the prognostic mixed layer models used here often fail to adequately reproduce the seasonal cycle at higher latitudes, despite performing remarkably well in other regions. This suggests that more work is necessary to understand the changes of upper-ocean dynamics that occur with latitude. C1 [Chiodi, A. M.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Chiodi, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM andy.chiodi@noaa.gov RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013; Chiodi, Andrew/Q-7818-2016 FU Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA [NA17RJ1232] FX This manuscript benefited from the constructive comments from M. Alexander and two anonymous reviewers. This publication is (partially) funded by the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1232. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1994 EP 2009 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3154.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 594LE UT WOS:000277538400003 ER PT J AU Hoerling, M Eischeid, J Perlwitz, J AF Hoerling, Martin Eischeid, Jon Perlwitz, Judith TI Regional Precipitation Trends: Distinguishing Natural Variability from Anthropogenic Forcing SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SAHEL RAINFALL; CLIMATE MODEL; EL-NINO; ATTRIBUTION; PREDICTION; ATLANTIC; GPCP AB In this study, the nature and causes for observed regional precipitation trends during 1977-2006 are diagnosed. It is found that major features of regional trends in annual precipitation during 1977-2006 are consistent with an atmospheric response to observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability. This includes drying over the eastern Pacific Ocean that extends into western portions of the Americas related to a cooling of eastern Pacific SSTs, and broad increases in rainfall over the tropical Eastern Hemisphere, including a Sahelian rainfall recovery and increased wetness over the Indo West Pacific related to North Atlantic and Indo West Pacific ocean warming. It is further determined that these relationships between SST and rainfall change are generally not symptomatic of human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols. The intensity of regional trends simulated in climate models using observed time variability in green house gases, tropospheric sulfate aerosol, and solar and volcanic aerosol forcing are appreciably weaker than those observed and also weaker than those simulated in atmospheric models using only observed SST forcing. The pattern of rainfall trends occurring in response to such external radiative forcing also departs significantly from observations, especially a simulated increase in rainfall over the tropical Pacific and southeastern Australia that are opposite in sign to the actual drying in these areas. Additional experiments illustrate that the discrepancy between observed and GHG-forced rainfall changes during 1977-2006 results mostly from the differences between observed and externally forced SST trends. Only weak rainfall sensitivity is found to occur in response to the uniform distribution of SST warming that is induced by GHG and aerosol forcing, whereas the particular pattern of the observed SST change that includes an increased SST contrast between the east Pacific and the Indian Ocean, and strong regional warming of the North Atlantic Ocean, was a key driver of regional rainfall trends. The results of this attribution study on the causes for 1977-2006 regional rainfall changes are used to discuss prediction challenges including the likelihood that recent rainfall trends might persist. C1 [Hoerling, Martin] NOAA, ESRL, PSD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Eischeid, Jon; Perlwitz, Judith] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hoerling, M (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, PSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM martin.hoerling@noaa.gov RI Perlwitz, Judith/B-7201-2008 OI Perlwitz, Judith/0000-0003-4061-2442 FU Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy; NOAA FX We are grateful to X. Quan, T. Xu, and T. Zhang for carrying out some of the experiments. We acknowledge the modeling groups, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and the WCRP's Working Group on Coupled Modeling (WGCM), for their roles in making available the WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset. Support of this dataset is provided by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy. This study was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office. NR 39 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 23 IS 8 BP 2131 EP 2145 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3420.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 594LE UT WOS:000277538400011 ER PT J AU Jury, MR Enfield, DB AF Jury, Mark R. Enfield, David B. TI Environmental Patterns Associated with Active and Inactive Caribbean Hurricane Seasons SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; HEMISPHERE WARM POOL; AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS; WESTERN-HEMISPHERE; EL-NINO; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC; SUMMER AB This study of hurricanes passing through the Caribbean in the 1950-2005 period reveals that seasons with more intense hurricanes occur with the onset of Pacific La Nina events and when Atlantic SSTs west of Africa are above normal. Composites of NCEP reanalysis fields with regard to Caribbean hurricanes reveal development of an anomalous equatorial Atlantic zonal overturning circulation (upper easterly/lower westerly) that shifts toward the Caribbean coincident with a westward spread of the cold tongue in the east Pacific. Ocean atmosphere coupling is promoted through interaction of the southern Hadley cell and the Atlantic ITCZ. A heat budget analysis suggests that evaporation governs SSTs in the major development region (MDR) and near Venezuela, but the signal is weak prior to May. Using the knowledge gained, statistical algorithms are developed to predict Caribbean hurricanes at seasonal lead times. These make use of equatorial Pacific SST, subtropical Atlantic SST, and the zonal Walker cell over the Atlantic. C1 [Jury, Mark R.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. [Enfield, David B.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Jury, MR (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. EM mark.jury@upr.edu RI Rinaldi2, Carlos/D-4479-2011; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 FU NSF FX The first author acknowledges NSF Epscor support for research on Caribbean hurricanes at the Physics Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 23 IS 8 BP 2146 EP 2160 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3201.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 594LE UT WOS:000277538400012 ER PT J AU Deeter, MN Edwards, DP Gille, JC Emmons, LK Francis, G Ho, SP Mao, D Masters, D Worden, H Drummond, JR Novelli, PC AF Deeter, M. N. Edwards, D. P. Gille, J. C. Emmons, L. K. Francis, G. Ho, S. -P. Mao, D. Masters, D. Worden, H. Drummond, James R. Novelli, Paul C. TI The MOPITT version 4 CO product: Algorithm enhancements, validation, and long-term stability SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC CO; CARBON-MONOXIDE; WATER-VAPOR; INSTRUMENT; VARIABILITY; POLLUTION; TRENDS; OZONE; MODEL AB Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and corresponding total column values derived from measurements made by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument are now being processed operationally with the "version 4" (V4) retrieval algorithm. This algorithm exploits the results of analyses of in situ data, chemical transport modeling, and radiative transfer modeling in the MOPITT postlaunch era. Improvements in the V4 product are evident in both clean and polluted conditions. The new products are validated using CO in situ measurements acquired from aircraft from 2000 to 2007. As determined by both retrieval simulations and observations, retrieval bias drift is typically about 1 ppbv/yr for levels in the middle troposphere and about 2 ppbv/yr in the upper troposphere. Retrieval simulations indicate that observed bias drift may be the result of gradual on-orbit changes in the instrument's modulation cell parameters. C1 [Deeter, M. N.; Edwards, D. P.; Gille, J. C.; Emmons, L. K.; Francis, G.; Ho, S. -P.; Mao, D.; Masters, D.; Worden, H.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Drummond, James R.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. [Novelli, Paul C.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Deeter, MN (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM mnd@ucar.edu RI Drummond, James/O-7467-2014; Deeter, Merritt/O-6078-2016; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Deeter, Merritt/0000-0002-3555-0518; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 FU Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); Environment Canada (formerly the Meteorological Service of Canada); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation FX The authors acknowledge the NOAA Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change Program for supporting the surface-station in situ measurements, NASA for supporting the aircraft-based in situ measurements and the NASA/GSFC MODIS Rapid Response team for producing the fire maps. The MOPITT team would also like to acknowledge the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) for the instrument finance, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and Environment Canada (formerly the Meteorological Service of Canada) for help with the data processing, COMDEV (the prime contractor), and ABB BOMEM. The NCAR MOPITT project is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Program. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 26 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D07306 DI 10.1029/2009JD013005 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LO UT WOS:000276827200003 ER PT J AU Wong, HC Sanz, A Douglas, JF Cabral, JT AF Wong, Him C. Sanz, Alejandro Douglas, Jack F. Cabral, Joao T. TI Glass formation and stability of polystyrene-fullerene nanocomposites SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the European-Molecular-Liquid-Group (EMLG) CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 2008 CL Fund Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP Portuguese Phys Soc Atom & Mole Phys Div, European Mole Liquid Grp HO Fund Calouste Gulbenkian DE Nanocomposites; Polystyrene; Fullerenes; Calorimetry; Dielectric spectroscopy; Inelastic incoherent neutron scattering; Small-angle neutron scattering ID THIN POLYMER-FILMS; TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; DIELECTRIC-SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; LIQUIDS; FRAGILITY; BEHAVIOR; CONFINEMENT; VISCOSITY; MIXTURES AB The addition of nanoparticles (NP) to polymers is particularly interesting from a scientific and practical standpoint as their dimensions are comparable to the dynamic heterogeneity of glass-forming polymer matrices. Such additives can, therefore, potentially change the qualitative character of glass formation rather than just a change in the glass transition temperature. To gain insight into this phenomenon, we investigate a well characterized and common NP (fullerene nanoparticles whose diameter is approximately 1 nm) dispersed in a common amorphous polymer (polystyrene) by inelastic incoherent neutron scattering, small angle neutron scattering, calorimetric and dielectric spectroscopy methods. We find that the fullerene NP increase the glass transition temperature, slowing down the alpha relaxation dynamics associated with glass formation, while at the same time cause a softening of the material at high frequencies (as determined by the Debye-Waller factor). These effects are interpreted in terms of the particle modifying the polymer packing, causing an increase of the fragility of glass formation. Recent molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies confirm that NP with attractive interactions for the polymer matrix should indeed increase the fragility of glass formation. Our measurements, in combination with previous work, demonstrate that that the fragility of glass formation can be tuned through the judicious choice of NP, an effect which has numerous implications for the mechanical properties, permeability and other basic properties of polymer nanocomposites. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wong, Him C.; Sanz, Alejandro; Cabral, Joao T.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Douglas, Jack F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cabral, JT (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England. EM j.cabral@imperial.ac.uk RI Wong, Him Cheng/B-5172-2015; Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Wong, Him Cheng/0000-0002-1321-7853; Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 44 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7322 J9 J MOL LIQ JI J. Mol. Liq. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 153 IS 1 SI SI BP 79 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.molliq.2009.10.003 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 595YO UT WOS:000277650400014 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, Marilyn E. Thompson, Warren E. TI (A)over-tilde E-2 ''-(X)over-tilde(2)A(2)' Transition of NO3 Trapped in Solid Neon SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Symposium on Free Radicals CY JUL 25-30, 2009 CL Savonlinna, FINLAND ID SPECTRUM; SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTODETACHMENT; ULTRAVIOLET; DYNAMICS; STATE AB NO3 has been stabilized in a neon matrix at 4.3 K in sufficient yield for detection of the absorptions between 7000 and 10 000 cm(-1), which arise from vibronically allowed transitions from the ground state to levels of the (A) over tilde E-2 '' state. The results confirm and somewhat extend previous gas-phase observations for (NO3)-N-14-O-16. Additional spectra are presented for six other isotopologues of NO3, four of which possess C-2v symmetry. The splitting patterns for these species support the previous assignments. Alternations in the spacings of the v(4) progression are consistent with the occurrence of weak to moderate Jahn-Teller interaction in the A 2E state of NO3. C1 [Jacox, Marilyn E.; Thompson, Warren E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marilyn.jacox@nist.gov NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 14 BP 4712 EP 4718 DI 10.1021/jp908028c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 579BL UT WOS:000276341300004 PM 19957977 ER PT J AU Lee, V Park, C Jaye, C Fischer, DA Yu, QK Wu, W Liu, ZH Pei, SS Smith, C Lysaght, P Banerjee, S AF Lee, Vincent Park, Chanro Jaye, Cherno Fischer, Daniel A. Yu, Qingkai Wu, Wei Liu, Zhihong Pei, Shin-Shem Smith, Casey Lysaght, Patrick Banerjee, Sarbajit TI Substrate Hybridization and Rippling of Graphene Evidenced by Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; GRAPHITE; FILMS AB Interfacial interactions at graphene/metal and graphene/dielectric interfaces are likely to profoundly influence the electronic structure of graphene. We present here the first angle-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy study of single- and bilayered graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition on Cu and Ni substrates. The spectra indicate the presence of new electronic states in the conduction band derived from hybridization of the C-pi network with Cu and Ni d-orbitals. In conjunction with Raman data demonstrating charge transfer, the NEXAFS data illustrate that the uniquely accessible interfaces of two-dimensional graphene are significantly perturbed by surface Coatings and the underlying substrate. NEXAFS data have also been acquired after transfer of graphene onto SiO(2)/Si substrates and indicate that substantial surface corrugation and misalignment of graphene is induced during the transfer process. The rippling and corrugation of graphene, studied here by NEXAFS spectroscopy, is thought to deleteriously impact electrical transport in graphene. C1 [Jaye, Cherno; Fischer, Daniel A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Park, Chanro; Smith, Casey; Lysaght, Patrick] SEMATECH, Front End Proc Div, Austin, TX 78741 USA. [Lee, Vincent; Banerjee, Sarbajit] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Yu, Qingkai; Wu, Wei; Pei, Shin-Shem] Univ Houston, Ctr Adv Mat, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Yu, Qingkai; Wu, Wei; Liu, Zhihong; Pei, Shin-Shem; Smith, Casey] Univ Houston, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Fischer, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dfischer@nist.gov; Pat.Lysaght@sernatech.org; sb244@buffalo.edu RI Wu, Wei/F-5519-2011; Liu, Zhihong/E-6238-2012 FU NSF [DMR0847169]; FSRSP Program FX This work was primarily supported by the NSF under DMR0847169. S.B. acknowledges the NSLS for travel funding through the FSRSP Program. Certain commercial names are presented in this manuscript for purposes of illustration and do not constitute an endorsement by NIST. NR 36 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1948-7185 J9 J PHYS CHEM LETT JI J. Phys. Chem. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 1 IS 8 BP 1247 EP 1253 DI 10.1021/jz100209h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 588BP UT WOS:000277041500014 ER PT J AU Pironio, S Acin, A Massar, S de la Giroday, AB Matsukevich, DN Maunz, P Olmschenk, S Hayes, D Luo, L Manning, TA Monroe, C AF Pironio, S. Acin, A. Massar, S. de la Giroday, A. Boyer Matsukevich, D. N. Maunz, P. Olmschenk, S. Hayes, D. Luo, L. Manning, T. A. Monroe, C. TI Random numbers certified by Bell's theorem SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM; GENERATOR AB Randomness is a fundamental feature of nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize mathematically(1), and their generation must rely on an unpredictable physical process(2-6). Inaccuracies in the theoretical modelling of such processes or failures of the devices, possibly due to adversarial attacks, limit the reliability of random number generators in ways that are difficult to control and detect. Here, inspired by earlier work on non-locality-based(7-9) and device-independent(10-14) quantum information processing, we show that the non-local correlations of entangled quantum particles can be used to certify the presence of genuine randomness. It is thereby possible to design a cryptographically secure random number generator that does not require any assumption about the internal working of the device. Such a strong form of randomness generation is impossible classically and possible in quantum systems only if certified by a Bell inequality violation(15). We carry out a proof-of-concept demonstration of this proposal in a system of two entangled atoms separated by approximately one metre. The observed Bell inequality violation, featuring near perfect detection efficiency, guarantees that 42 new random numbers are generated with 99 per cent confidence. Our results lay the groundwork for future device-independent quantum information experiments and for addressing fundamental issues raised by the intrinsic randomness of quantum theory. C1 [Acin, A.] ICREA, Barcelona 08010, Spain. [Acin, A.] ICFO, Barcelona 08860, Spain. [Pironio, S.; Massar, S.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Lab Informat Quant, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. [Pironio, S.] Univ Geneva, Appl Phys Grp, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. [de la Giroday, A. Boyer] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. [Matsukevich, D. N.; Maunz, P.; Olmschenk, S.; Hayes, D.; Luo, L.; Manning, T. A.; Monroe, C.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Matsukevich, D. N.; Maunz, P.; Olmschenk, S.; Hayes, D.; Luo, L.; Manning, T. A.; Monroe, C.] NIST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Acin, A (reprint author), ICFO, Mediterranean Technol Pk, Barcelona 08860, Spain. EM antonio.acin@icfo.es RI Luo, Le/E-3225-2010; Matsukevich, Dzmitry/C-9134-2009; Olmschenk, Steven/D-4960-2011; Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011; Luo, Le/I-6459-2013 OI Olmschenk, Steven/0000-0003-0105-7714; Luo, Le/0000-0002-8375-6326 FU Swiss NCCR Quantum Photonics; European ERC-AG QORE; European projects QAP and COM-PAS; Spanish MEC [FIS2007-60182]; Consolider-Ingenio QOIT projects; Generalitat de Catalunya; Caixa Manresa; Fundacio Cellex Barcelona; Interuniversity Attraction Poles Photonics@ be Programme (Belgian Science Policy); Brussels-Capital Region; BB2B Grant; US Army Research Office; IARPA; National Science Foundation (NSF), Physics Frontier Center FX We thank R. Colbeck for sharing his PhD thesis with us. This work was supported by the Swiss NCCR Quantum Photonics, the European ERC-AG QORE, the European projects QAP and COM-PAS, the ERC starting grant PERCENT, the Spanish MEC FIS2007-60182 and Consolider-Ingenio QOIT projects, Generalitat de Catalunya, Caixa Manresa, Fundacio Cellex Barcelona, the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Photonics@ be Programme (Belgian Science Policy), the Brussels-Capital Region through the project CRYPTASC and a BB2B Grant, the US Army Research Office with funds from IARPA, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics at the Information Frontier Program, and the NSF Physics Frontier Center at JQI. NR 29 TC 358 Z9 359 U1 9 U2 49 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 464 IS 7291 BP 1021 EP 1024 DI 10.1038/nature09008 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 582XW UT WOS:000276635000034 PM 20393558 ER PT J AU Lopez-Mariscal, C Helmerson, K AF Lopez-Mariscal, Carlos Helmerson, Kristian TI Shaped nondiffracting beams SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We demonstrate that nondiffracting beams can be generated with an arbitrary transverse shape. In particular, we show that the azimuthal complex modulation of the angular spectra of Helmholtz-Gauss wave fields constitutes a degree of freedom sufficient to tailor nondiffracting beams with an intensity pattern of choice. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Lopez-Mariscal, Carlos; Helmerson, Kristian] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lopez-Mariscal, Carlos] Tecnol Monterrey, Photon & Math Opt Grp, Monterrey 64849, Mexico. RP Lopez-Mariscal, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM clopez@nist.gov RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 35 IS 8 BP 1215 EP 1217 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 585WN UT WOS:000276861100034 PM 20410971 ER PT J AU Jho, YD Wang, X Reitze, DH Kono, J Belyanin, AA Kocharovsky, VV Kocharovsky, VV Solomon, GS AF Jho, Y. D. Wang, X. Reitze, D. H. Kono, J. Belyanin, A. A. Kocharovsky, V. V. Kocharovsky, Vl. V. Solomon, G. S. TI Cooperative recombination of electron-hole pairs in semiconductor quantum wells under quantizing magnetic fields SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; SUPER-RADIANCE; SUPERRADIANCE; GAS; SUPERFLUORESCENCE; LASER; GAAS; MAGNETOLUMINESCENCE; HETEROSTRUCTURES; TRANSITION AB We present results of detailed investigations of light emission from semiconductor multiple quantum wells at low temperatures and high magnetic fields excited by intense femtosecond laser pulses. The intensity and linewidth as well as the directional and statistical properties of photoemission strongly depended on the magnetic field strength and pump laser fluence. We also investigated the effects of spot size, temperature, excitation geometry, and excitation pulse width on the emission properties. The results suggest that the initially incoherent photoexcited electron-hole pairs spontaneously form a macroscopic coherent state upon relaxation into the low-lying magnetoexcitonic states, followed by the emission of a superfluorescent burst of radiation. We have developed a theoretical model for superfluorescent emission from semiconductor quantum wells, which successfully explained the observed characteristics. C1 [Jho, Y. D.] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Informat & Commun, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. [Wang, X.; Reitze, D. H.] Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Reitze, D. H.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. [Kono, J.] Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Belyanin, A. A.; Kocharovsky, V. V.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Kocharovsky, V. V.; Kocharovsky, Vl. V.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603950, Russia. [Solomon, G. S.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Solomon, G. S.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jho, YD (reprint author), Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Informat & Commun, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. EM jho@gist.ac.kr OI Kocharovsky, Vitaly/0000-0001-6802-3258 FU Korean Research Foundation (MOEHRD) [KRF-2007-313-C00218]; NSF [DMR-032547, DMR-0084173, 0547019, OISE-0530220]; Bio-imaging Research Center at GIST; State of Florida FX This work was supported by the Korean Research Foundation under Grant No. (MOEHRD, KRF-2007-313-C00218), the NSF ITR program (Grant No. DMR-032547) and the Bio-imaging Research Center at GIST. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, supported by NSF Cooperative under Agreement No. DMR-0084173 and by the State of Florida. A. B. acknowledges the support from the NSF CAREER program (Grant No. 0547019) and NSF PIRE (Grant No. OISE-0530220) and ERC programs. NR 40 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 15 AR 155314 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.155314 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FQ UT WOS:000277210500085 ER PT J AU Mathias, S Ruffing, A Deicke, F Wiesenmayer, M Aeschlimann, M Bauer, M AF Mathias, S. Ruffing, A. Deicke, F. Wiesenmayer, M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, M. TI Band structure dependence of hot-electron lifetimes in a Pb/Cu(111) quantum-well system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CU(111); SURFACE; STATES; PB; SCATTERING; LEED; GAS AB The band structure dependence of the inelastic lifetime of electrons is investigated in a Pb quantum-well system on a Cu(111) substrate with femtosecond time-and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission. For a single monolayer of Pb on Cu(111), we find an unoccupied quantum-well state with a free-electron-like parabolic dispersion around the (Gamma) over bar point and with negative dispersion for finite momentum. Our investigation of this state is a momentum-dependent study of hot-electron lifetimes in a quantum-well system. We demonstrate the importance of intrasubband-scattering processes for the decay of hot electrons at finite momentum. Furthermore, we find that the competition between intersubband- and intrasubband-scattering processes directly induces a momentum anisotropy in the hot-electron lifetimes. This momentum anisotropy is strongly dependent on the specific electronic band dispersion. We compare our findings with previous investigations of ultrafast electron dynamics in model-like surface-state systems and with ultrafast electron dynamics in Pb full-bulk material. Our findings suggest that the peculiar electronic structure of quantum-well systems can be used to tune ultrafast dynamical properties in metals. C1 [Mathias, S.; Ruffing, A.; Deicke, F.; Aeschlimann, M.] Univ Kaiserslautern, Dept Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. [Mathias, S.; Ruffing, A.; Deicke, F.; Aeschlimann, M.] Univ Kaiserslautern, Res Ctr OPTIMAS, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. [Mathias, S.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mathias, S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wiesenmayer, M.; Bauer, M.] Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. RP Mathias, S (reprint author), Univ Kaiserslautern, Dept Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. EM smathias@physik.uni-kl.de RI Aeschlimann, Martin/D-7141-2011; Mathias, Stefan/I-4679-2012; Bauer, Michael/G-5111-2016 OI Aeschlimann, Martin/0000-0003-3413-5029; Bauer, Michael/0000-0002-4391-9899 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG GRK 792, DFG SFB/TRR49] FX S. M. thanks Luis Miaja-Avila for his support during the initial data-taking process. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Grant No. DFG GRK 792 "Nichtlineare Optik und Ultrakurzzeitphysik" and Grant No. DFG SFB/TRR49 "Condensed Matter Systems with Variable Many-Body Interactions." NR 42 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 15 AR 155429 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.155429 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FQ UT WOS:000277210500128 ER PT J AU Roman, MO Schaaf, CB Lewis, P Gao, F Anderson, GP Privette, JL Strahler, AH Woodcock, CE Barnsley, M AF Roman, Miguel O. Schaaf, Crystal B. Lewis, Philip Gao, Feng Anderson, Gail P. Privette, Jeffrey L. Strahler, Alan H. Woodcock, Curtis E. Barnsley, Michael TI Assessing the coupling between surface albedo derived from MODIS and the fraction of diffuse skylight over spatially-characterized landscapes SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE MODIS; BRDF; Surface albedo; Validation; Spatial analysis; Remote sensing; SAFARI 2000 Project; EOS land validation core sites; NSA-Barrow; ARM-SGP Central Facility; MODTRAN ID REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; LAND; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; MODELS; BRDF; VALIDATION; ATMOSPHERE; RADIATION AB In this effort, the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Collection V005) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)/Albedo algorithm is used to retrieve instantaneous surface albedo at a point in time and under specific atmospheric conditions. These retrievals are then used to study the role that the fraction of diffuse skylight plays under realistic scenarios of anisotropic diffuse illumination and multiple scattering between the surface and atmosphere. Simulations of the sky radiance using the MODTRAN (R) 5.1 radiative transfer model were performed under different aerosol optical properties, illumination conditions, and surface characteristics to describe these effects on surface albedo retrievals from MODIS. This technique was examined using a validation scheme over four measurement sites with varied aerosol levels and landscapes, ranging from croplands to tundra ecosystems, and over extended time periods. Furthermore, a series of geostatistical analyses were performed to examine the types of spatial patterns observed at each measurement site. In particular, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) retrievals of surface albedo were acquired to analyze the change in variogram model parameters as a function of increased window-size. Results were then used to assess the degree to which a given point measurement is able to capture the intrinsic variability at the scale of MODIS observations. Assessments of MODIS instantaneous albedos that account for anisotropic multiple scattering, over snow-free and snow-covered lands and at all diurnal solar zenith angles, show a slight improvement over the albedo formulations that treat the downwelling diffuse radiation as isotropic. Comparisons with field measurements show biases improving by 0.004-0.013 absolute units (root-mean-squared error) or 0.1%-2.0% relative error. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 [Roman, Miguel O.; Schaaf, Crystal B.; Strahler, Alan H.; Woodcock, Curtis E.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Roman, Miguel O.; Gao, Feng] NASA, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Lewis, Philip] UCL, Dept Geog, London, England. [Anderson, Gail P.] Earth Resources Technol Inc, Annapolis Jct, MD USA. [Anderson, Gail P.] NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Anderson, Gail P.] USAF, Space Vehicles Directorate, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. [Privette, Jeffrey L.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. [Barnsley, Michael] Univ Wales Swansea, Dept Geog, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. RP Roman, MO (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM Miguel.O.Roman@nasa.gov RI Gao, Feng/F-3944-2010; Lewis, Philip/C-1588-2008; Privette, Jeffrey/G-7807-2011; Roman, Miguel/D-4764-2012 OI Lewis, Philip/0000-0002-8562-0633; Privette, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8267-9894; Roman, Miguel/0000-0003-3953-319X FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [NASA-NNX07AT35H, NASA-NNX08AE94A]; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-FG02-06ER64178] FX The authors would like to thank Dr. Alexander Berk (Spectral Sciences, Inc.), for his support in evaluating the MODTRAN 5.1DISORT interface; and to Dr. Shunlin Liang (Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park) for revising the formulation of the sky radiance. Support for this research was provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under grants NASA-NNX07AT35H and NASA-NNX08AE94A; and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program under grant DOE-DE-FG02-06ER64178. This paper is dedicated in honor of the contributions of Prof. Michael Barnsley to the field of Remote Sensing of Environment through his research, publications, leadership, teaching, and mentoring of students. NR 59 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 5 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD APR 15 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 4 BP 738 EP 760 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2009.11.014 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 561MW UT WOS:000274982700005 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, JV Onsager, TG Mazur, JE AF Rodriguez, J. V. Onsager, T. G. Mazur, J. E. TI The east-west effect in solar proton flux measurements in geostationary orbit: A new GOES capability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SYNCHRONOUS ALTITUDE; ELECTRON AB Since 1998, the GOES system has made eastward and westward observations of multi-MeV solar proton fluxes. The gyrocenters of the fluxes observed looking westward (eastward) lie outside (inside) geostationary orbit. Due to this "east-west effect," eastward observations of 4.2-82 MeV protons vary with respect to their westward equivalents. At times of high solar wind dynamic pressure (P-dyn > 10 nPa), the "inside" and "outside" fluxes are approximately equal. As P-dyn decreases to similar to 1 nPa and the ring current decreases, the "inside" fluxes decrease as much as an order of magnitude with respect to the "outside" fluxes. Under low P-dyn, the "inside" fluxes exhibit short-lived (1-3 hr) increases, sometimes to the levels of the " outside" fluxes, during periods of enhanced AE index activity. This association suggests that magnetotail topologies associated with substorms enhance the access of solar protons to lower L shells under low P-dyn. Citation: Rodriguez, J. V., T. G. Onsager, and J. E. Mazur (2010), The east-west effect in solar proton flux measurements in geostationary orbit: A new GOES capability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07109, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042531. C1 [Rodriguez, J. V.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mazur, J. E.] Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. [Rodriguez, J. V.; Onsager, T. G.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rodriguez, JV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM juan.rodriguez@noaa.gov; Terry.Onsager@noaa.gov; Joseph.E.Mazur@aero.org FU GOES-R Risk Reduction program FX We thank NOAA SWPC for the operational processing of the GOES EPS/EPEAD data, the ACE EPAM instrument team and the ACE Science Center for providing the ACE level 2 data, J. H. King and N. Papitashvili at AdnetSystems, NASA GSFC, for providing the OMNI solar wind data in CDAWeb, and the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, for providing the AE and SYM-H indices. We appreciate discussions with H. Singer and B. Kress. J. V. Rodriguez was supported by the GOES-R Risk Reduction program. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L07109 DI 10.1029/2010GL042531 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 585KZ UT WOS:000276825700003 ER PT J AU Fischer, CF AF Fischer, Charlotte Froese TI Towards accurate transition data for 3p(2), 3p(3), 3p(4) levels of Fe, Co and Ni ions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SILICON-LIKE IONS; FORBIDDEN LINES; PROBABILITIES; CONFIGURATION; LIFETIMES; ENERGIES; GRASP92; PROGRAM; PACKAGE; XII AB Variational results of high accuracy are presented for electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole transitions between levels of the configurations 3p(m), m = 2, 3, 4 for the ionized elements of Fe, Co and Ni. In each case, the accuracy of the wavefunction is evaluated by the agreement of the computed energy with observation and the agreement in the length and velocity form of the line strength for E2 transitions. It is shown that the line strength increases as more correlation effects are included and that semi-empirical methods may over-correct this increase. Transition rates computed from line strengths and observed transition energies result in lifetimes that decrease as more correlation is included in the wavefunction. Results are compared with other theory and experiment. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fischer, CF (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Charlotte.Fischer@nist.gov NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074020 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074020 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100021 ER PT J AU Gillaspy, JD Chantler, CT Paterson, D Hudson, LT Serpa, FG Takacs, E AF Gillaspy, J. D. Chantler, C. T. Paterson, D. Hudson, L. T. Serpa, F. G. Takacs, E. TI First measurement of Lyman alpha x-ray lines in hydrogen-like vanadium: results and implications for precision wavelength metrology and tests of QED SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BEAM ION-TRAP; HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; STATE LAMB SHIFT; QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; 1S-2S TRANSITION; SELF-ENERGY; SPECTROSCOPY; ARGON; NIST AB The first measurement of hydrogen-like vanadium x-ray Lyman alpha transitions has been made. The measurement was made on an absolute scale, fully independent of atomic structure calculations. Sufficient signal was obtained to reduce the statistical uncertainty to a small fraction of the total uncertainty budget. Potential sources of systematic error due to Doppler shifts were eliminated by performing the measurement on trapped ions. The energies for Ly alpha(1) (1s-2p(3/2)) and Ly alpha(2) (1s-2p(1/2)) are found to be 5443.95(25) eV and 5431.10(25) eV, respectively. These results are within approximately 1.5 sigma (experimental) of the theoretical values 5443.63 eV and 5430.70 eV. The results are discussed in terms of their relation to the Lamb shift and the development of an x-ray wavelength standard based on a compact source of trapped highly charged ions. C1 [Gillaspy, J. D.; Hudson, L. T.; Serpa, F. G.; Takacs, E.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chantler, C. T.; Paterson, D.] Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RP Gillaspy, JD (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Chantler, Christopher/D-4744-2013 OI Chantler, Christopher/0000-0001-6608-0048 FU Australian Research Council FX We thank Peter Mohr, Paul Indelicato, Albert Henins and Kevin Coakley for useful discussions, Vladimir Yerokhin for sharing his work in advance of publication and Mark Kinnane for the schematic diagram on the right side of figure 1 ( from his doctoral dissertation at the University of Melbourne). The present work was supported by the Australian Research Council. NR 71 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074021 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074021 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100022 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Tan, JN AF Jentschura, Ulrich D. Mohr, Peter J. Tan, Joseph N. TI Fundamental constants and tests of theory in Rydberg states of one-electron ions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PRECISION; SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY AB The nature of the theory of circular Rydberg states of hydrogen-like ions allows highly accurate predictions to be made for energy levels. In particular, uncertainties arising from the problematic nuclear size correction which beset low angular-momentum states are negligibly small for the high angular-momentum states. The largest remaining source of uncertainty can be addressed with the help of quantum electrodynamics calculations, including a new nonperturbative result reported here. More stringent tests of theory and an improved determination of the Rydberg constant may be possible if predictions can be compared with precision frequency measurements in this regime. The diversity of information can be increased by utilizing a variety of combinations of ions and Ryberg states to determine fundamental constants and test theory. C1 [Jentschura, Ulrich D.] Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Mohr, Peter J.; Tan, Joseph N.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM jentschurau@mst.edu; mohr@nist.gov; jtan@nist.gov FU National Science Foundation [PHY-8555454]; National Institute of Standards and Technology FX UDJ has been supported by the National Science Foundation ( grant PHY-8555454) as well as by a Precision Measurement grant from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074002 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074002 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100003 ER PT J AU Reader, J AF Reader, Joseph TI Spectrum and energy levels of five-times ionized molybdenum, Mo VI SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; TRANSITIONS; REGION; VALUES; IX AB The Mo VI spectrum was photographed with a sliding spark discharge on the 10.7 m normal-incidence and grazing-incidence vacuum spectrographs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The observations covered the region 196-5300 angstrom. The existing analysis of this spectrum due to Edlen et al ( 1985 Phys. Scr. 32 215) and Kancerevicius et al (1991 Lith. Phys. J. 31 143) was revised and extended. The ionization energy of Edlen et al, which had been called into question by Kancerevicius et al, was confirmed. There are now a total of 234 lines and 112 energy levels. From the optimized energy levels, Ritz-type wavelengths with uncertainties varying from 0.0003 to 0.0018 angstrom were determined. The energy levels were theoretically interpreted by means of Hartee-Fock calculations and least-squares fits of the energy parameters to the observed levels. The fitted energy parameters were used to calculate oscillator strengths for all observed lines. By applying a polarization formula to the 6h-8h, 7i-8i, 8k levels, a revised value of the ionization energy of 555 127.5 +/- 1.7 cm(-1) (68.827 03 +/- 0.000 21 eV) was determined. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reader, J (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.reader@nist.gov FU Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy FX This research was supported in part by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy. It was originally undertaken at the suggestion of Ulf Litzen of the University of Lund. I thank Craig Sansonetti for many helpful discussions, especially concerning derivation of the ionization energy. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074024 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074024 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100025 ER PT J AU Sheng, D Orozco, LA Gomez, E AF Sheng, D. Orozco, L. A. Gomez, E. TI Preliminary studies for anapole moment measurements in rubidium and francium SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENTS; MANY-BODY CORRECTIONS; PARITY NONCONSERVATION; ATOMIC PHYSICS; COLD ATOMS; CESIUM; VIOLATION; ISOTOPES; TRAP AB Preparations for the anapole measurement in Fr indicate the possibility of performing a similar measurement in a chain of Rb. The sensitivity analysis based on a single-nucleon model shows the potential for placing strong limits on the nucleon weak interaction parameters. There are values of the magnetic fields at much lower values than previously found that are insensitive to first-order changes in the field. The anapole moment effect in Rb corresponds to an equivalent electric field that is 80 times smaller than in Fr, but the stability of the isotopes and the current performance of the dipole trap in the apparatus presented here are encouraging for pursuing the measurement. C1 [Sheng, D.; Orozco, L. A.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sheng, D.; Orozco, L. A.] NIST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Gomez, E.] Univ Autonoma San Luis Potosi, Inst Fis, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico. RP Sheng, D (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lorozco@umd.edu RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011; Sheng, Dong/J-6640-2014 FU NSF; CONACYT FX Work supported by NSF. EG acknowledges support from CONACYT (cooperacion bilateral). We would like to thank S Aubin, J A Behr, B A Brown, N Davidson, S Schnelle, G D Sprouse, for helpful discussions and A Perez Galvan for his work on the apparatus, and interest in this project. NR 45 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074004 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074004 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100005 ER PT J AU Verdebout, S Jonsson, P Gaigalas, G Godefroid, M Fischer, CF AF Verdebout, S. Jonsson, P. Gaigalas, G. Godefroid, M. Fischer, C. Froese TI Exploring biorthonormal transformations of pair-correlation functions in atomic structure variational calculations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BODY PERTURBATION-THEORY; COUPLED-CLUSTER THEORY; BERYLLIUM GROUND-STATE; HARTREE-FOCK METHOD; NONORTHOGONAL ORBITALS; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; 4-ELECTRON PROBLEM; MCHF CALCULATIONS; STRUCTURE PACKAGE; DENSITY-MATRICES AB Multiconfiguration expansions frequently target valence correlation and correlation between valence electrons and the outermost core electrons. Correlation within the core is often neglected. A large orbital basis is needed to saturate both the valence and core-valence correlation effects. This in turn leads to huge numbers of configuration state functions (CSFs), many of which are unimportant. To avoid the problems inherent to the use of a single common orthonormal orbital basis for all correlation effects in the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) method, we propose to optimize independent MCHF pair-correlation functions (PCFs), bringing their own orthonormal one-electron basis. Each PCF is generated by allowing single- and double-excitations from a multireference (MR) function. This computational scheme has the advantage of using targeted and optimally localized orbital sets for each PCF. These pair-correlation functions are coupled together and with each component of the MR space through a low dimension generalized eigenvalue problem. Nonorthogonal orbital sets being involved, the interaction and overlap matrices are built using biorthonormal transformation of the coupled basis sets followed by a counter-transformation of the PCF expansions. Applied to the ground state of beryllium, the new method gives total energies that are lower than the ones from traditional complete active space (CAS)-MCHF calculations using large orbital active sets. It is fair to say that we now have the possibility to account for, in a balanced way, correlation deep down in the atomic core in variational calculations. C1 [Verdebout, S.; Godefroid, M.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. [Jonsson, P.] Malmo Univ, S-20506 Malmo, Sweden. [Gaigalas, G.] Vilnius State Univ, Res Inst Theoret Phys & Astron, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Fischer, C. Froese] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Verdebout, S (reprint author), Univ Libre Bruxelles, CP160-09,Av FD Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. EM mrgodef@ulb.ac.be RI Jonsson, Per/L-3602-2013 OI Jonsson, Per/0000-0001-6818-9637 FU F.R.S.-FNRS; Communaute francaise of Belgium (Action de Recherche Concertee); Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRFC/IISN Convention) FX SV has a F. R. I. A. fellowship from the F.R.S.-FNRS Fund for Scientific Research. MG thanks the Communaute francaise of Belgium (Action de Recherche Concertee) and the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRFC/IISN Convention) for financial support. NR 67 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074017 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074017 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100018 ER PT J AU Vutha, AC Campbell, WC Gurevich, YV Hutzler, NR Parsons, M Patterson, D Petrik, E Spaun, B Doyle, JM Gabrielse, G DeMille, D AF Vutha, A. C. Campbell, W. C. Gurevich, Y. V. Hutzler, N. R. Parsons, M. Patterson, D. Petrik, E. Spaun, B. Doyle, J. M. Gabrielse, G. DeMille, D. TI Search for the electric dipole moment of the electron with thorium monoxide SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THO MOLECULE; PHYSICS; FIELDS; STATE AB The electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM) is a signature of CP-violating physics beyond the standard model. We describe an ongoing experiment to measure or set improved limits to the eEDM, using a cold beam of thorium monoxide (ThO) molecules. The metastable H (3)Delta(1) state in ThO has important advantages for such an experiment. We argue that the statistical uncertainty of an eEDM measurement could be improved by as much as three orders of magnitude compared to the current experimental limit, in a first-generation apparatus using a cold ThO beam. We describe our measurements of the H state lifetime and the production of ThO molecules in a beam, which provide crucial data for the eEDM sensitivity estimate. ThO also has ideal properties for the rejection of a number of known systematic errors; these properties and their implications are described. C1 [Vutha, A. C.; DeMille, D.] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Campbell, W. C.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Campbell, W. C.] NIST, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Gurevich, Y. V.; Hutzler, N. R.; Parsons, M.; Patterson, D.; Petrik, E.; Spaun, B.; Doyle, J. M.; Gabrielse, G.] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Vutha, AC (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM amar.vutha@yale.edu RI Campbell, Wesley/F-6813-2010; OI Vutha, Amar/0000-0002-1250-2927 FU US National Science Foundation FX We acknowledge the technical assistance of Jim MacArthur and Stan Cotreau in the construction of apparatus. AV and DD acknowledge stimulating discussions with Paul Hamilton during the early stages of the project. DD thanks Dmitry Budker for discussions about systematic effects in eEDM measurements using J = 1 systems. This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation. NR 35 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 4 U2 18 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 SI SI AR 074007 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/43/7/074007 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 571MO UT WOS:000275756100008 ER PT J AU Cross, JO Newville, M Maranville, BB Bordel, C Hellman, F Harris, VG AF Cross, J. O. Newville, M. Maranville, B. B. Bordel, C. Hellman, F. Harris, V. G. TI Evidence for nanoscale two-dimensional Co clusters in CoPt3 films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; PT ALLOY-FILMS; FINE-STRUCTURE; THIN-FILMS; ORDER; XAFS; SPECTRA AB The length scale of the local chemical anisotropy responsible for the growth-temperature-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of face-centered cubic CoPt3 alloy films was investigated using polarized extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). These x-ray measurements were performed on a series of four (111) CoPt3 films epitaxially grown on (0001) sapphire substrates. The EXAFS data show a preference for Co-Co pairs parallel to the film plane when the film exhibits magnetic anisotropy, and random chemical order otherwise. Furthermore, atomic pair correlation anisotropy was evidenced only in the EXAFS signal from the next neighbors to the absorbing Co atoms and from multiple scattering paths focused through the next neighbors. This suggests that the Co clusters are no more than a few atoms in extent in the plane and one monolayer in extent out of the plane. Our EXAFS results confirm the correlation between perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and two-dimensional Co segregation in CoPt3 alloy films, and establish a length scale on the order of 10 A for the Co clusters. C1 [Cross, J. O.] Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Cross, J. O.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Newville, M.] Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Sources, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Maranville, B. B.; Hellman, F.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Maranville, B. B.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bordel, C.; Hellman, F.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Harris, V. G.] Northeastern Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Cross, JO (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM cbordel@berkeley.edu RI MSD, Nanomag/F-6438-2012 FU Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, of US Department of Energy; Advanced Photon Source [W-31-109-Eng-38, DE-AC0206CH11357]; National Science Foundation; University of Washington; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council in Canada; Simon Fraser University; [DE-FG02-04ER46100]; [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX We would like to thank the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, of US Department of Energy for supporting: (i) the use of PNC-CAT and the Advanced Photon Source under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38 and Contract No. DE-AC0206CH11357; (ii) BBM and FH for the sample preparation and magnetic characterizations under Contract No. DE-FG02-04ER46100; (iii) CB and FH for characterization and analysis under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The PNC-CAT beamlines are also supported by funding from the National Science Foundation, the University of Washington, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council in Canada, and Simon Fraser University. The authors also acknowledge and thank J W Freeland, Y U Idzerda, S Stadler, S Sinha and J Kortright for critical discussions about x-ray diffuse scattering on these samples; E T Yu and D M Schaadt for AFM images and valuable discussion of their interpretation; and B Culbertson for RBS measurements. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 22 IS 14 AR 146002 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/22/14/146002 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 574CZ UT WOS:000275967400016 PM 21389536 ER PT J AU Miranda, LS Collins, AG Marques, AC AF Miranda, Lucilia S. Collins, Allen G. Marques, Antonio C. TI Molecules Clarify a Cnidarian Life Cycle - The "Hydrozoan'' Microhydrula limopsicola Is an Early Life Stage of the Staurozoan Haliclystus antarcticus SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CHILE; ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION; WESTERN ATLANTIC; RDNA DATA; SCYPHOZOA; STAUROMEDUSA; PHYLOGENY; EVOLUTION; AURICULA; AURELIA AB Background: Life cycles of medusozoan cnidarians vary widely, and have been difficult to document, especially in the most recently proposed class Staurozoa. However, molecular data can be a useful tool to elucidate medusozoan life cycles by tying together different life history stages. Methodology/Principal Findings: Genetic data from fast-evolving molecular markers (mitochondrial 16S, nuclear ITS1, and nuclear ITS2) show that animals that were presumed to be a hydrozoan, Microhydrula limopsicola (Limnomedusae, Microhydrulidae), are actually an early stage of the life cycle of the staurozoan Haliclystus antarcticus (Stauromedusae, Lucernariidae). Conclusions/Significance: Similarity between the haplotypes of three markers of Microhydrula limopsicola and Haliclystus antarcticus settles the identity of these taxa, expanding our understanding of the staurozoan life cycle, which was thought to be more straightforward and simple. A synthetic discussion of prior observations makes sense of the morphological, histological and behavioral similarities/congruence between Microhydrula and Haliclystus. The consequences are likely to be replicated in other medusozoan groups. For instance we hypothesize that other species of Microhydrulidae are likely to represent life stages of other species of Staurozoa.45 C1 [Miranda, Lucilia S.; Marques, Antonio C.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Collins, Allen G.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Miranda, LS (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM mirandals@ib.usp.br RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008; Marques, Antonio/E-8049-2011; Miranda, Lucilia/L-4930-2015 OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691; Marques, Antonio/0000-0002-2884-0541; FU Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2004/09961-4]; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) [55.7333/2005-9, 490348/2006-8, 305735/2006-3, 474672/2007-7]; National Science Foundation [0531779] FX This work was supported by Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ( research grant 2004/09961-4), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) (55.7333/2005-9, 490348/2006-8, 305735/2006-3, 474672/2007-7), and the National Science Foundation through Assembling the Tree of Life Grant (0531779). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 51 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 10 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD APR 14 PY 2010 VL 5 IS 4 AR e10182 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0010182 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 583VA UT WOS:000276706800019 PM 20418959 ER PT J AU Michalsky, J Denn, F Flynn, C Hodges, G Kiedron, P Koontz, A Schlemmer, J Schwartz, SE AF Michalsky, Joseph Denn, Frederick Flynn, Connor Hodges, Gary Kiedron, Piotr Koontz, Annette Schlemmer, James Schwartz, Stephen E. TI Climatology of aerosol optical depth in north-central Oklahoma: 1992-2008 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; ARM PROGRAM; INSTRUMENT; AERONET; ALGORITHMS; CLOUD; SITE AB Aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been measured at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program central facility near Lamont, Oklahoma, since the fall of 1992. Most of the data presented are from the multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer, a narrow-band, interference-filter Sun radiometer with five aerosol bands in the visible and near infrared; however, AOD measurements have been made simultaneously and routinely at the site by as many as three different types of instruments, including two pointing Sun radiometers. Scatterplots indicate high correlations and small biases consistent with earlier comparisons. The early part of this 16 year record had a disturbed stratosphere with residual Mt. Pinatubo aerosols, followed by the cleanest stratosphere in decades. As such, the last 13 years of the record reflect changes that have occurred predominantly in the troposphere. The field calibration technique is briefly described and compared to Langley calibrations from Mauna Loa Observatory. A modified cloud screening technique is introduced that increases the number of daily averaged AODs retrieved annually to about 250 days compared with 175 days when a more conservative method was employed in earlier studies. AODs are calculated when the air mass is less than six; that is, when the Sun's elevation is greater than 9.25. The more inclusive cloud screen and the use of most of the daylight hours yield a data set that can be used to more faithfully represent the true aerosol climate for this site. The diurnal aerosol cycle is examined month-by-month to assess the effects of an aerosol climatology on the basis of infrequent sampling such as that from satellites. C1 [Michalsky, Joseph] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Denn, Frederick] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23693 USA. [Flynn, Connor; Koontz, Annette] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Hodges, Gary; Kiedron, Piotr] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Schlemmer, James] SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. [Schwartz, Stephen E.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Michalsky, J (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway R GMD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM joseph.michalsky@noaa.gov RI Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008 OI Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X FU Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy; NASA Earth Observing System FX This research was supported in part by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. The data from the COVE site are funded by the NASA Earth Observing System. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 13 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D07203 DI 10.1029/2009JD012197 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LL UT WOS:000276826900003 ER PT J AU Slusher, DL Neff, WD Kim, S Huey, LG Wang, Y Zeng, T Tanner, DJ Blake, DR Beyersdorf, A Lefer, BL Crawford, JH Eisele, FL Mauldin, RL Kosciuch, E Buhr, MP Wallace, HW Davis, DD AF Slusher, D. L. Neff, W. D. Kim, S. Huey, L. G. Wang, Y. Zeng, T. Tanner, D. J. Blake, D. R. Beyersdorf, A. Lefer, B. L. Crawford, J. H. Eisele, F. L. Mauldin, R. L. Kosciuch, E. Buhr, M. P. Wallace, H. W. Davis, D. D. TI Atmospheric chemistry results from the ANTCI 2005 Antarctic plateau airborne study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PHOTOLYSIS FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; HO2NO2 PEROXYNITRIC ACID; POLAR ICE CORES; SOUTH-POLE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; HIGH-SENSITIVITY; PERNITRIC ACID; SURFACE-LAYER; NITRIC-OXIDE AB One of the major goals of the 2005 Antarctic Tropospheric Chemistry Investigation (ANTCI) was to bridge the information gap between current knowledge of South Pole (SP) chemistry and that of the plateau. The former has been extensively studied, but its geographical position on the edge of the plateau makes extrapolating these findings across the plateau problematic. The airborne observations reported here demonstrate that, as at SP, elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) are a common summertime feature of the plateau. As in earlier studies, planetary boundary layer (PBL) variations were a contributing factor leading to NO fluctuations. Thus, extensive use was made of in situ measurements and models to characterize PBL depths along each flight path and over broader areas of the plateau. Consistent with earlier SP studies that revealed photolysis of nitrate in surface snow as the source of NOx, large vertical gradients in NO were observed over most plateau areas sampled. Similar gradients were also found for the nitrogen species HNO3 and HO2NO2 and for O-3. Thus, a common meteorological-chemical feature found was shallow PBLs associated with nitrogen species concentrations that exceeded free tropospheric levels. Collectively, these new results greatly extend the geographical sampling footprint defined by earlier SP studies. In particular, they suggest that previous assessments of the plateau as simply a chemical depository need updating. Although the evidence supporting this position comes in many forms, the fact that net photochemical production of ozone occurs during summer months over extensive areas of the plateau is pivotal. C1 [Kim, S.; Huey, L. G.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, T.; Tanner, D. J.; Davis, D. D.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Blake, D. R.; Beyersdorf, A.] Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Phys Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Buhr, M. P.; Wallace, H. W.] Air Qual Design, Golden, CO 80403 USA. [Crawford, J. H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Eisele, F. L.; Mauldin, R. L.; Kosciuch, E.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Lefer, B. L.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Neff, W. D.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Slusher, D. L.] Coastal Carolina Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Conway, SC 29526 USA. RP Davis, DD (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM douglas.davis@eas.gatech.edu RI Neff, William/E-2725-2010; Kim, Saewung/E-4089-2012; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Beyersdorf, Andreas/N-1247-2013; Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014 OI Neff, William/0000-0003-4047-7076; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; FU NSF Office of Polar Programs [OPP-0229633, OPP-0230246] FX Financial support for this research was provided by NSF Office of Polar Programs grants OPP-0229633 and OPP-0230246. We would also like to thank NOAA's Global Monitoring Division for their support of the ANTCI research effort at the South Pole ARO facility as well as Kenn Borek Air Ltd.'s ground and airborne staff for their dedication to making the Twin Otter sampling program a success. NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 13 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D07304 DI 10.1029/2009JD012605 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LL UT WOS:000276826900004 ER PT J AU Sohn, KE Kojio, K Berry, BC Karim, A Coffin, RC Bazan, GC Kramer, EJ Sprung, M Wang, J AF Sohn, Karen E. Kojio, Ken Berry, Brian C. Karim, Alamgir Coffin, Robert C. Bazan, Guillermo C. Kramer, Edward J. Sprung, Michael Wang, Jin TI Surface Effects on the Thin Film Morphology of Block Copolymers with Bulk Order-Order Transitions SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SEPARATED DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; ABC TRIBLOCK TERPOLYMERS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; MICELLE FORMATION; CYLINDER; KINETICS; LAMELLAR; SPHERE; MELTS; MICRODOMAINS AB The morphology of poly(styrene-b-ethylene-r-butylene) (SEB) and poly(styrene-b-ethylene-r-butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) thin films annealed both above (165 degrees C) and below (125 degrees C) the bulk order order transition temperatures (OOT) (similar to 140 degrees C) was characterized with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (d-SIMS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SEBS thin film morphology is always spherical, regardless of film thickness or annealing temperature, leading us to conclude that the OOT for films up to five layers of spheres is depressed by at least 10 degrees C relative to the bulk. In contrast, the SEB film morphology at both 125 and 165 degrees C is always cylindrical, except when the film thickness is less than t(cyl), a monolayer of cylinders. For SEB film thicknesses, t, less than t(cyl) at 165 degrees C either a partial or full monolayer of spheres forms (thickness t(sph)) with coexistence of patches of spheres and cylinders when t(sph) < t < t(cyl). Thus, we conclude that the OOT for SEB film thickness between t(cyl) and 5t(cyl) is increased by at least 20 degrees C over that of the bulk. This complex phase behavior can be understood qualitatively by considering two small contributions to the free energy f per block copolymer chain in the films: (1) an increase in f due to packing frustration and (2) a decrease in f due to the entropy of chain ends near the block copolymer film surfaces. The SEBS has no chain ends near the surface, and we propose that the larger packing frustration of SEBS chains in the square Wigner-Seitz cells of the cylinder monolayer, and the surface half-layers in thicker films, leads to the stabilization of the spherical morphology, which has a smaller packing frustration in the monolayer and surface half-layers. The SEB cylinders and sphere monolayers have the same packing frustration as those of the SEBS, but the contribution of the added entropy of chain ends near the surface is larger for the cylinders than for the spheres, more than offsetting the effect of packing frustration and thus stabilizing the cylindrical morphology at temperatures above the OOT. C1 [Sohn, Karen E.; Kramer, Edward J.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kojio, Ken] Nagasaki Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Nagasaki 8528521, Japan. [Berry, Brian C.; Karim, Alamgir] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Coffin, Robert C.; Bazan, Guillermo C.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Sprung, Michael; Wang, Jin] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Kramer, Edward J.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Kramer, EJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM edkramer@mrl.ucsb.edu RI Bazan, Guillermo/B-7625-2014 FU National Science Foundation [DMR-07-04539]; NSF [N00014-02-1-0170, DMR05-20415]; DOE Division of Basic Energy Sciences [W-31-109-ENG-38]; NSF-REU; NSF-NNIN [44771-7475] FX Acknowledgment. Primary funding was provided by the National Science Foundation DMR Polymers Program under Award DMR-07-04539 and by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship with secondary funding provided by the ONR under Grant N00014-02-1-0170. The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is funded by the DOE Division of Basic Energy Sciences by Grant W-31-109-ENG-38. Some of the work presented was conducted at the NIST Combinatorial Methods Center. Terence Choy (now at LIC Berkeley) separated the diblock and triblock from the blend and was funded by the NSF-REU program. This work made use of central facilities at the MRL at UCSB, which is funded by the MRSEC program of the NSF under Grant DMR05-20415, and from use of the nanofabrication facilities, which is supported by the NSF-NNIN under Award 44771-7475. Dale Handlin from Kraton provided the commercial polymer blend. We acknowledge many helpful discussions with Mark Matsen (Reading) as well as with Glenn Fredrickson (UCSB) on differences between diblock copolymers and triblock copolymers. Gila Stein (Houston), Vindhya Mishra, and Kristin Schmidt (UCSB) are thanked for useful discussions on the GISAXS analysis. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 13 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 BP 3406 EP 3414 DI 10.1021/ma1001194 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 577OH UT WOS:000276232800041 ER PT J AU Knauert, ST Douglas, JF Starr, FW AF Knauert, Scott T. Douglas, Jack F. Starr, Francis W. TI Morphology and Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Sheet Polymers SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; AVOIDING TETHERED MEMBRANES; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; HYDRODYNAMIC FRICTION; CARBON NANOTUBES; PARTICLES; CONFORMATIONS AB Whereas there has been extensive theoretical and experimental investigation of the properties of linear polymer chains in solution, there has been far less work on sheet-like polymers having 2D connectivity and 3D crumpled or collapsed shapes caused by thermal fluctuations, attractive self-interactions, or both. Sheet-like polymers arise in a variety of contexts ranging from self-assembled biological membranes (e.g., the spectrin network of red blood cells, microtubules, etc.) to nanocomposite additives to polymers (carbon nanotubes, graphene, and clay sheets) and polymerized monolayers. We investigate the equilibrium properties of this broad class of polymers using a simple model of a sheet polymer with a locally square symmetry of the connecting beads. We quantify the sheet morphology and the dilute-limit hydrodynamic solution properties as a function of molecular mass and sheet stiffness. First, we reproduce the qualitative findings of previous work indicating that variable sheet stiffness results in a wide variety of morphologies, including flat, crumpled or collapsed spherical, cylindrical or tubular, and folded sheets that serve to characterize our particular 2D polymer model. Transport properties are of significant interest in characterizing polymeric materials, and we provide the first numerical computations of these properties for sheet polymers. Specifically, we calculate the intrinsic viscosity and hydrodynamic radius of these sheet morphologies using a novel path-integration technique and find good agreement of our numerical results with previous theoretical scaling predictions. C1 [Douglas, Jack F.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Knauert, Scott T.; Starr, Francis W.] Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RP Douglas, JF (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; fstarr@wesleyan.edu RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 FU National Science Foundation [CNS-0619508, DMR-0427239] FX We thank Wesleyan University for computer time, which was supported by National Science Foundation grant CNS-0619508. This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant DMR-0427239. NR 60 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 45 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 13 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 BP 3438 EP 3445 DI 10.1021/ma902081m PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 577OH UT WOS:000276232800045 ER PT J AU Nedoma, AJ Lai, P Jackson, A Robertson, ML Wanakule, NS Balsara, NP AF Nedoma, Alisyn J. Lai, Peggy Jackson, Andrew Robertson, Megan L. Wanakule, Nisita S. Balsara, Nitash P. TI Phase Behavior of Asymmetric Multicomponent A/B/A-C Blends with Unequal Homopolymer Molecular Weights SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID TERNARY POLYMER BLENDS; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BLOCK-COPOLYMER; REPULSIVE INTERACTIONS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMER; BICONTINUOUS MICROEMULSIONS; COPOLYMER/HOMOPOLYMER BLENDS; THERMODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS AB Small angle neutron scattering is used to study the phase behavior of mixtures of two immiscible homopolymers (A and B) and a diblock copolymer (A-C) wherein B and C chains exhibit attractive interactions (negative Flory-Huggins interaction parameter) and the other pairs of chains exhibit repulsive interactions. This study explores the effect of homopolymer molecular weight asymmetry (N(A)/N(B) not equal I, where N(I) is the number of monomer units per chain in homopolymer I) at fixed segregation strength of the homopolymers. The temperature windows over which lamellae, microemulsions, macrophase separation, and homogeneous phases are found are affected qualitatively by N(A)/N(B). In particular, a homogeneous window that was not present in symmetric A/B/A-C blends is seen when N(A)/N(B) exceeds a critical value. C1 [Nedoma, Alisyn J.; Lai, Peggy; Wanakule, Nisita S.; Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Robertson, Megan L.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Balsara, Nitash P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Balsara, NP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM nbalsara@berkeley.edu RI Jackson, Andrew/B-9793-2008; OI Jackson, Andrew/0000-0002-6296-0336; Nedoma, Alisyn/0000-0002-3537-2846 FU National Institute of Standards and Technology; U.S. Department of Commerce; National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672] FX We acknowledge The Dow Chemical Company for providing the primary support for this work and Dr. T. Kalanthar for guidance and helpful discussions. A.J.N. was also supported by the Tyco Fellowship. We acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, in providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. NR 71 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 13 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 7 BP 3549 EP 3555 DI 10.1021/ma1000354 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 577OH UT WOS:000276232800056 ER PT J AU Russell, LM Hawkins, LN Frossard, AA Quinn, PK Bates, TS AF Russell, Lynn M. Hawkins, Lelia N. Frossard, Amanda A. Quinn, Patricia K. Bates, Tim S. TI Carbohydrate-like composition of submicron atmospheric particles and their production from ocean bubble bursting SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE atmospheric aerosol; marine carbohydrates; organic aerosols; sea salt particles ID MARINE AEROSOLS; PACIFIC; MATTER AB Oceans cover over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, and the particles emitted to the atmosphere by waves breaking on sea surfaces provide an important contribution to the planetary albedo. During the International Chemistry Experiment in the Arctic LOwer Troposphere (ICEALOT) cruise on the R/V Knorr in March and April of 2008, organic mass accounted for 15-47% of the submicron particle mass in the air masses sampled over the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. A majority of this organic component (0.1-0.4 mu m(-3)) consisted of organic hydroxyl (including polyol and other alcohol) groups characteristic of saccharides, similar to biogenic carbohydrates found in seawater. The large fraction of organic hydroxyl groups measured during ICEALOT in submicron atmospheric aerosol exceeded those measured in most previous campaigns but were similar to particles in marine air masses in the open ocean (Southeast Pacific Ocean) and coastal sites at northern Alaska (Barrow) and northeastern North America (Appledore Island and Chebogue Point). The ocean-derived organic hydroxyl mass concentration during ICEALOT correlated strongly to submicron Na concentration and wind speed. The observed submicron particle ratios of marine organic mass to Na were enriched by factors of similar to 10(2)-similar to 10(3) over reported sea surface organic to Na ratios, suggesting that the surface-controlled process of film bursting is influenced by the dissolved organic components present in the sea surface microlayer. Both marine organic components and Na increased with increasing number mean diameter of the accumulation mode, suggesting a possible link between organic components in the ocean surface and aerosol-cloud interactions. C1 [Russell, Lynn M.; Hawkins, Lelia N.; Frossard, Amanda A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Quinn, Patricia K.; Bates, Tim S.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Russell, LM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM lmrussell@ucsd.edu RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0744636] FX We thank Satoshi Takahama and Shang Liu for carrying out the analysis of ICEALOT particles by STXM-NEXAFS with the advice of David Kilcoyne at Beamline 5.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source of the Lawrence Berkelye National Laboratory. Doug Day, Patrick Shaw, and Ashley Corrigan assisted in the measurements of standards and comparisons to literature and satellites. Collection of FTIR and STXM-NEXAFS samples was partially supported by a gift from the Clean Air Task Force. The analyses reported here were supported by National Science Foundation Grant ATM-0744636. NR 18 TC 128 Z9 131 U1 5 U2 71 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 13 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 15 BP 6652 EP 6657 DI 10.1073/pnas.0908905107 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 583AC UT WOS:000276642100019 PM 20080571 ER PT J AU Sridharan, D Waks, E Solomon, G Fourkas, JT AF Sridharan, Deepak Waks, Edo Solomon, Glenn Fourkas, John T. TI Reversible tuning of photonic crystal cavities using photochromic thin films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE integrated optics; nanophotonics; optical films; optical polymers; optical tuning; organic compounds; photochemistry; photochromism; photonic crystals; red shift ID SINGLE QUANTUM-DOT; SPIROPYRAN-DERIVED MEROCYANINES; NANOCAVITY; MICROCAVITY AB We demonstrate reversible tuning of a photonic crystal cavity resonance using a thin photochromic film composed of spiropyran and polymethylmethacrylate that serves as a photosensitive cladding layer. Exposure of spiropyran to ultraviolet light results in smooth redshift of the cavity resonance that can be reversed by exposure to visible wavelength light. We achieve a reversible resonance shift of up to 2.7 nm, which can be performed locally on individual cavities. The resonance shift over multiple successive UV and visible light exposures is studied to determine the repeatability of the photochromic film. C1 [Sridharan, Deepak; Waks, Edo] Univ Maryland, IREAP, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sridharan, Deepak; Waks, Edo] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Solomon, Glenn] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fourkas, John T.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Nanophys & Adv Mat, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Fourkas, John T.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sridharan, D (reprint author), Univ Maryland, IREAP, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sdeepak@umd.edu RI Fourkas, John/B-3500-2009 OI Fourkas, John/0000-0002-4522-9584 FU Army Research Office [W911NF0710427]; NSF; NSF Physics Frontier Center FX This work was supported by an Army Research Office Young Investigator Award (Grant No. W911NF0710427), NSF CAREER award, and the NSF Physics Frontier Center at Joint Quantum Institute (JQI@PFC). The authors would like to thank Rakesh Kumar for his helpful assistance. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 12 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 15 AR 153303 DI 10.1063/1.3377910 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 584ZR UT WOS:000276794100066 ER PT J AU Newbury, NR Coddington, I Swann, W AF Newbury, Nathan R. Coddington, Ian Swann, William TI Sensitivity of coherent dual-comb spectroscopy SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; FREQUENCY-COMB; SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION; NOBEL LECTURE; FIBER; RESOLUTION; SPECTROMETRY AB Coherent dual comb spectroscopy can provide high-resolution, high-accuracy measurements of a sample response in both magnitude and phase. We discuss the achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to both additive white noise and multiplicative noise, and the corresponding sensitivity limit for trace gas detection. We show that sequential acquisition of the overall spectrum through a tunable filter, or parallel acquisition of the overall spectrum through a detector array, can significantly improve the SNR under some circumstances. We identify a useful figure of merit as the quality factor, equal to the product of the SNR, normalized by the square root of the acquisition time, and the number of resolved frequency elements. For a single detector and fiber-laser based system, this quality factor is 10(6) - 10(7) Hz(1/2). Work of the U. S. government, not subject to copyright. C1 [Newbury, Nathan R.; Coddington, Ian; Swann, William] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newbury, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov FU Department of Homeland Security; National Institute of Standards and Technology FX This research was supported by the Department of Homeland Security and by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The authors thank Fabrizio Giorgetta, Alex Zolot and anonymous reviewer for useful comments. NR 25 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 7 U2 55 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD APR 12 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 8 BP 7929 EP 7945 DI 10.1364/OE.18.007929 PG 17 WC Optics SC Optics GA 582PP UT WOS:000276610300041 PM 20588636 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Borchardt, BR Brandenburg, NJ Clark, CW Muralikrishnan, B Shakarji, CM Chen, JJ Siegel, EL AF Levine, Zachary H. Borchardt, Bruce R. Brandenburg, Nolan J. Clark, Charles W. Muralikrishnan, Bala Shakarji, Craig M. Chen, Joseph J. Siegel, Eliot L. TI RECIST versus volume measurement in medical CT using ellipsoids of known size SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY NODULES; LUNG-CANCER AB Two hundred eighty three uniaxial ellipsoids with sizes from 4 mm to 11 mm were measured with a coordinate measuring matching (CMM) and also scanned using a medical computed tomography (CT) machine. Their volumes were determined by counting voxels over a threshold, as well as using equivalent volumes from the length given by the RECIST 1.1 criterion (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). The volumetric measurements yield an order of magnitude reduction in residuals compared to the CMM measurements than the residuals of the RECIST measurements also compared to the CMM measurements. (c) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Levine, Zachary H.; Borchardt, Bruce R.; Brandenburg, Nolan J.; Clark, Charles W.; Muralikrishnan, Bala; Shakarji, Craig M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chen, Joseph J.; Siegel, Eliot L.] Univ Maryland, Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zlevine@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD APR 12 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 8 BP 8151 EP 8159 DI 10.1364/OE.18.008151 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 582PP UT WOS:000276610300065 PM 20588660 ER PT J AU Churnside, JH AF Churnside, James H. TI Lidar signature from bubbles in the sea SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID BREAKING WAVES; OCEAN; SCATTERING; OSCILLATIONS; BACKSCATTERING; ATMOSPHERE; SEAWATER; PLUMES; CLOUDS; GLORY AB The lidar signature from a collection of bubbles is proportional to the volume backscatter coefficient at a scattering angle of 180 degrees. This quantity, calculated using a combination of geometric optics and diffraction, is proportional to the void fraction of the bubbles in the water for any bubble size distribution. The constant of proportionality is 233 m(-1) sr(-1) for clean bubbles, slightly less for bubbles coated with a thin layer of organic material, and as large as 1445 m(-1) sr(-1) for a thick coating of protein. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM james.h.churnside@noaa.gov RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 FU U.S. Navy FX The work was partially supported by the U.S. Navy. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD APR 12 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 8 BP 8294 EP 8299 DI 10.1364/OE.18.008294 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 582PP UT WOS:000276610300080 PM 20588675 ER PT J AU Rahmani, A Chaumet, PC Bryant, GW AF Rahmani, Adel Chaumet, Patrick C. Bryant, Garnett W. TI Discrete dipole approximation for the study of radiation dynamics in a magnetodielectric environment SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLES; SCATTERING; GRAINS; WAVELENGTH; CRYSTAL; FORCES; PROBE; LIGHT AB We develop a general computational approach, based on the discrete dipole approximation, for the study of radiation dynamics near or inside an object with arbitrary linear dielectric permittivity, and magnetic permeability tensors. Our method can account for dispersion and losses and provides insight on the role of local-field corrections in discrete magnetodielectric structures. We illustrate our method in the case of a source inside a magneto-dielectric, isotropic sphere for which the spontaneous emission rate of a source can be computed analytically. We show that our approach is in excellent agreement with the exact result, providing an approach capable of handling both the electric and magnetic response of advanced metamaterials. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Rahmani, Adel] Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Math Sci, Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia. [Chaumet, Patrick C.] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Inst Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France. [Bryant, Garnett W.] NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rahmani, A (reprint author), Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Math Sci, Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia. EM Adel.Rahmani@uts.edu.au RI Rahmani, Adel/G-6406-2011; patrick, Chaumet/B-6918-2013 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD APR 12 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 8 BP 8499 EP 8504 DI 10.1364/OE.18.008499 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 582PP UT WOS:000276610300101 PM 20588696 ER PT J AU Jing, J Tan, CY Yuan, Y Wang, B Wiegelmann, T Xu, Y Wang, HM AF Jing, Ju Tan, Changyi Yuan, Yuan Wang, Benjamin Wiegelmann, Thomas Xu, Yan Wang, Haimin TI FREE MAGNETIC ENERGY AND FLARE PRODUCTIVITY OF ACTIVE REGIONS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE magnetic fields; Sun: activity; Sun: corona; Sun: flares ID FREE FIELD EXTRAPOLATIONS; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; MAJOR SOLAR-FLARES; FORCE-FREE FIELDS; X-CLASS FLARES; VECTOR MAGNETOGRAMS; HELICITY INJECTION; RECONSTRUCTION; EVOLUTION; CONFIGURATION AB In this study, the photospheric vector magnetograms, obtained with the Spectro-Polarimeter of the Solar Optical Telescope on board Hinode, are used as the boundary conditions to extrapolate the three-dimensional nonlinear force-free (NLFF) coronal magnetic fields. The observed non-force-free photospheric magnetic fields are preprocessed toward the nearly force-free chromospheric magnetic fields. The performance of the preprocessing procedure is evaluated by comparing with chromospheric magnetic fields obtained by the Vector SpectroMagnetograph instrument located on the Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigations of the Sun Tower. Then, the weighted optimization method is applied to the preprocessed boundary data to extrapolate the NLFF fields with which we are able to estimate the free magnetic energy stored in the active regions. The magnitude scaling correlation between the free magnetic energy and the soft X-ray flare index (FI) of active regions is then studied. The latter quantifies the impending flare production of active regions over the subsequent 1, 2, and 3 day time windows. Based on 75 samples, we find a positive correlation between the free energy and the FI. We also study the temporal variation of free magnetic energy for three active regions, of which two are flare-active and one is flare-quiet during the observation over a period of several days. While the magnitude of free magnetic energy unambiguously differentiates between the flare-active and the flare-quiet regions, the temporal variation of free magnetic energy does not exhibit a clear and consistent pre-flare pattern. This may indicate that the trigger mechanism of flares is as important as the energy storage in active regions. C1 [Jing, Ju; Yuan, Yuan; Xu, Yan; Wang, Haimin] New Jersey Inst Technol, Space Weather Res Lab, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Tan, Changyi] IMSG Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Tan, Changyi] NOAA NESDIS STAR, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Wang, Benjamin] Livingston High Sch, Livingston, NJ 07039 USA. [Wiegelmann, Thomas] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Jing, J (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Space Weather Res Lab, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM jj4@njit.edu; Changyi.Tan@noaa.gov; yy46@njit.edu; wiegelmann@linmpi.mpg.de; yx2@njit.edu; haimin@flare.njit.edu RI Tan, Changyi/F-4786-2010 FU JAXA; NAOJ (Japan); STFC (UK); NASA [NNX0-7AH78G, 8AQ90G]; ESA; NSC (Norway); NSF [ATM09-36665, ATM07-16950, ATM08-39216]; Office of Sponsored Program, NJIT; DLR [50 OC 0501] FX The authors thank the anonymous referee for invaluable comments. The authors thank Dr. Aimee Norton and Dr. John Britanik for providing SOLIS magnetogram data. SOLIS data is produced cooperatively by NSF/NSO and NASA/LWS. The authors thank Hinode and team for their excellent data set. Hinode is a Japanesemission developed and launched by ISAS/JAXA, collaborating with NAOJ as a domestic partner, and NASA and STFC (UK) as international partners. Scientific operation of the Hinode mission is conducted by the Hinode science team organized at ISAS/JAXA. This team mainly consists of scientists from institutes in the partner countries. Support for the post-launch operation is provided by JAXA and NAOJ (Japan), STFC (UK), NASA, ESA, and NSC (Norway). J. J., Y. Y., and H. W. were supported by NSF under grant ATM09-36665, ATM07-16950, and NASA under grant NNX0-7AH78G and 8AQ90G. Y. X. was supported by NSF under grant ATM08-39216. C. T. was supported by the Office of Sponsored Program, NJIT. T. W. was supported by DLR-grant 50 OC 0501. NR 52 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD APR 10 PY 2010 VL 713 IS 1 BP 440 EP 449 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/713/1/440 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 573MR UT WOS:000275918500038 ER PT J AU Ma, HG Townsend, H Zhang, XS Sigrist, M Christensen, V AF Ma, Hongguang Townsend, Howard Zhang, Xinsheng Sigrist, Maddy Christensen, Villy TI Using a fisheries ecosystem model with a water quality model to explore trophic and habitat impacts on a fisheries stock: A case study of the blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Fisheries ecosystem model; Ecopath with Ecosim; Blue crab; Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV); Habitat; Water quality ID CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; JUVENILE INSTARS; ABUNDANCE; MANAGEMENT; RECRUITMENT; STRATEGIES; DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL; ECOSIM; SIZE AB Recent calls for the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management compel the development of resource management tools and linkages between existing fisheries management tools and other resource tools to enable assessment and management of multiple impacts on fisheries resources. In this paper, we describe the use of the Chesapeake Bay Fisheries Ecosystem Model (CBFEM), developed using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) software, and the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Model (WQM) to demonstrate how linkages between available modeling tools can be used to inform ecosystem-based natural resource management. The CBFEM was developed to provide strategic ecosystem information in support of fisheries management. The WQM was developed to assess impacts on water quality. The CBFEM was indirectly coupled with the WQM to assess the effects of water quality and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) on blue crabs. The output from two WQM scenarios (1985-1994), a baseline scenario representing actual nutrient inputs and another with reduced inputs based on a tributary management strategy, was incorporated into the CBFEM. The results suggested that blue crab biomass could be enhanced under management strategies (reduced nutrient input) when the effective search rate of blue crab young-of-the-year's (YOY's) predators or the vulnerability of blue crab YOY to its predators was adjusted by SAV. Such model linkages are important for incorporating physical and biological components of ecosystems in order to explore ecosystem-based fisheries management options. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Ma, Hongguang; Townsend, Howard; Sigrist, Maddy] NOAA, Chesapeake Bay Off, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD USA. [Christensen, Villy] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Ma, Hongguang] Versar Inc, Columbia, MD USA. RP Ma, HG (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Hongguang.Ma@noaa.gov RI Christensen, Villy/C-3945-2009 OI Christensen, Villy/0000-0003-0688-2633 FU NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office [NA17FU1654] FX We would like to thank numerous scientists in the Chesapeake region for their help with the data for Ecopath and Ecosirn modules in CBFEM. We are grateful to Ping Wang from University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES)/Chesapeake Bay Program for providing the output from the water quality model. We want to thank Carl Walters (University of British Columbia) for his discussion on Ecosim. Judy Grassle (Rutgers University) and Kim Couranz (NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office) provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. Comments from anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. Development of the Chesapeake Bay Fisheries Ecosystem Model (CBFEM) was largely supported by a grant to V. Christensen from NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office (Award Number NA17FU1654). NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD APR 10 PY 2010 VL 221 IS 7 BP 997 EP 1004 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.026 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 572DT UT WOS:000275808200005 ER PT J AU Hartinger, M Moldwin, MB Angelopoulos, V Takahashi, K Singer, HJ Anderson, RR Nishimura, Y Wygant, JR AF Hartinger, Michael Moldwin, Mark B. Angelopoulos, Vassilis Takahashi, Kazue Singer, Howard J. Anderson, Roger R. Nishimura, Yukitoshi Wygant, John R. TI Pc5 wave power in the quiet-time plasmasphere and trough: CRRES observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; FIELD; INSTRUMENT; PARTICLES; MODEL AB The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) mission provides an opportunity to study the distribution of MHD wave power in the inner magneto sphere both inside the high-density plasmasphere and in the low-density trough. We present a statistical survey of Pc5 power using CRRES magnetic field, electric field, and plasma wave data separated into plasmasphere and trough intervals. Using a database of plasmapause crossings, we examined differences in power spectral density between the plasmasphere and trough regions. These differences were typically a factor of 3 or 4 but could be as much as an order of magnitude and could be seen in both electric and magnetic field data. Our study shows that determining the plasmapause location is important for understanding and modeling the MHD wave environment in the Pc5 frequency band. Citation: Hartinger, M., M. B. Moldwin, V. Angelopoulos, K. Takahashi, H. J. Singer, R. R. Anderson, Y. Nishimura, and J. R. Wygant (2010), Pc5 wave power in the quiet-time plasmasphere and trough: CRRES observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07107, doi:10.1029/2010GL042475. C1 [Hartinger, Michael; Moldwin, Mark B.; Angelopoulos, Vassilis] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Anderson, Roger R.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Nishimura, Yukitoshi] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Dept, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Singer, Howard J.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Takahashi, Kazue] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Wygant, John R.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Moldwin, Mark B.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Nishimura, Yukitoshi] Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Hartinger, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI Moldwin, Mark/F-8785-2011; Hartinger, Michael/H-9088-2012 OI Moldwin, Mark/0000-0003-0954-1770; Hartinger, Michael/0000-0002-2643-2202 FU NASA Geospace science [NNX09A162G]; NSF [ATM-0348398, ATM- 0750689] FX We thank Robert Lauchlan Scott for help with CRRES data analysis. We thank D. Boscher, S. Bourdarie, P. O'Brien, and T. Guild for providing the ONERA-DESP library V4.2. The OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov. This work was partially supported by a NASA Geospace science grant (NNX09A162G) and the NSF Measure II grant (NSF ATM-0348398). Work at JHU/APL was supported by NSF grant ATM- 0750689. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L07107 DI 10.1029/2010GL042475 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 581SP UT WOS:000276545100001 ER PT J AU Hayes, D Matsukevich, DN Maunz, P Hucul, D Quraishi, Q Olmschenk, S Campbell, W Mizrahi, J Senko, C Monroe, C AF Hayes, D. Matsukevich, D. N. Maunz, P. Hucul, D. Quraishi, Q. Olmschenk, S. Campbell, W. Mizrahi, J. Senko, C. Monroe, C. TI Entanglement of Atomic Qubits Using an Optical Frequency Comb SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NOBEL LECTURE; TRAPPED IONS; COHERENCE; PULSES AB We demonstrate the use of an optical frequency comb to coherently control and entangle atomic qubits. A train of off-resonant ultrafast laser pulses is used to efficiently and coherently transfer population between electronic and vibrational states of trapped atomic ions and implement an entangling quantum logic gate with high fidelity. This technique can be extended to the high field regime where operations can be performed faster than the trap frequency. This general approach can be applied to more complex quantum systems, such as large collections of interacting atoms or molecules. C1 [Hayes, D.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hayes, D (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM dhayes12@umd.edu RI Campbell, Wesley/F-6813-2010; Matsukevich, Dzmitry/C-9134-2009; Olmschenk, Steven/D-4960-2011; Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011 OI Olmschenk, Steven/0000-0003-0105-7714; FU Army Research Office (ARO); DARPA Optical Lattice Emulator (OLE); IARPA under ARO; NSF Physics; NSF Physics Frontier Center at JQI FX We acknowledge useful discussions with Jun Ye and Susan Clark. This work is supported by the Army Research Office (ARO) with funds from the DARPA Optical Lattice Emulator (OLE) Program, IARPA under ARO contract, the NSF Physics at the Information Frontier Program, and the NSF Physics Frontier Center at JQI. NR 27 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 14 AR 140501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.140501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 581RL UT WOS:000276541900005 PM 20481925 ER PT J AU Helton, JS Matan, K Shores, MP Nytko, EA Bartlett, BM Qiu, Y Nocera, DG Lee, YS AF Helton, J. S. Matan, K. Shores, M. P. Nytko, E. A. Bartlett, B. M. Qiu, Y. Nocera, D. G. Lee, Y. S. TI Dynamic Scaling in the Susceptibility of the Spin-1/2 Kagome Lattice Antiferromagnet Herbertsmithite SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FERMI-LIQUID BEHAVIOR; HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; TRIANGULAR-LATTICE; CRITICAL-POINT; FLUCTUATIONS; ORDER; ELECTRON; DISORDER; PHASE AB The spin-1/2 kagome lattice antiferromagnet herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OH)(6)Cl-2, is a candidate material for a quantum spin liquid ground state. We show that the magnetic response of this material displays an unusual scaling relation in both the bulk ac susceptibility and the low energy dynamic susceptibility as measured by inelastic neutron scattering. The quantity chi T-alpha with alpha similar or equal to 0.66 can be expressed as a universal function of H/T or omega/T. This scaling is discussed in relation to similar behavior seen in systems influenced by disorder or by the proximity to a quantum critical point. C1 [Helton, J. S.; Matan, K.; Lee, Y. S.] MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Shores, M. P.; Nytko, E. A.; Bartlett, B. M.; Nocera, D. G.] MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Helton, J. S.; Qiu, Y.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Qiu, Y.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Helton, JS (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Helton, Joel/B-1798-2010; Bartlett, Bart/F-1233-2013 OI Bartlett, Bart/0000-0001-8298-5963 FU NRC/NIST; Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-FG02-07ER46134]; NSF [DMR-0454672] FX We thank J. W. Lynn, C. Payen, and T. Senthil for helpful discussions. J. S. H. acknowledges support from the NRC/NIST Postdoctoral Associateship Program. The work at MIT was supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) under Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER46134. This work used facilities supported in part by the NSF under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. NR 41 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 14 AR 147201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.147201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 581RL UT WOS:000276541900035 PM 20481955 ER PT J AU Ueland, BG Lynn, JW Laver, M Choi, YJ Cheong, SW AF Ueland, B. G. Lynn, J. W. Laver, M. Choi, Y. J. Cheong, S. -W. TI Origin of Electric-Field-Induced Magnetization in Multiferroic HoMnO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEXAGONAL RMNO3; DOMAIN-WALLS; PHASE; DIFFRACTION; LU; YB; ER AB We have performed polarized and unpolarized small angle neutron scattering experiments on single crystals of HoMnO3 and have found that an increase in magnetic scattering at low momentum transfers begins upon cooling through temperatures close to the spin reorientation transition at T-SR approximate to 40 K. We attribute the increase to an uncompensated magnetization arising within antiferromagnetic domain walls. Polarized neutron scattering experiments performed while applying an electric field show that the field suppresses magnetic scattering below T approximate to 50 K, indicating that the electric field affects the magnetization via the antiferromagnetic domain walls rather than through a change to the bulk magnetic order. C1 [Ueland, B. G.; Lynn, J. W.; Laver, M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Laver, M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Choi, Y. J.; Cheong, S. -W.] Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers Ctr Emergent Mat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Choi, Y. J.; Cheong, S. -W.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Ueland, BG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bgueland@gmail.com RI Ueland, Benjamin/B-2312-2008 OI Ueland, Benjamin/0000-0001-9784-6595 FU NRC/NIST; NSF [DMR-0454672, DMR-0520471] FX We gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with O. P. Vajk, P. Butler, P. M. Gehring, D. Phelan, Y. Chen, and W. Ratcliff-II. B. G. U. acknowledges support from the NRC/NIST Postdoctoral Program. Work at the NCNR is supported in part by the NSF DMR-0454672, and work at Rutgers is supported by the NSF DMR-0520471. NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 14 AR 147204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.147204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 581RL UT WOS:000276541900038 PM 20481958 ER PT J AU Cook, RF AF Cook, Robert F. TI Probing the Nanoscale SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIELECTRIC CONSTANT FILMS; INDENTATION FRACTURE; NANOINDENTATION; BEHAVIOR C1 NIST, Nanomech Properties Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, RF (reprint author), NIST, Nanomech Properties Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.cook@nist.gov NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 9 PY 2010 VL 328 IS 5975 BP 183 EP 184 DI 10.1126/science.1186023 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 580OU UT WOS:000276459600031 PM 20378807 ER PT J AU Baasandorj, M Knight, G Papadimitriou, VC Talukdar, RK Ravishankara, AR Burkholder, JB AF Baasandorj, Munkhbayar Knight, Gary Papadimitriou, Vassileios C. Talukdar, Ranajit K. Ravishankara, A. R. Burkholder, James B. TI Rate Coefficients for the Gas-Phase Reaction of the Hydroxyl Radical with CH2 = CHF and CH2 = CF2 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID THERMAL UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; OH RADICALS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; MASTER EQUATION; VINYL-CHLORIDE; LOW-PRESSURES; TEMPERATURE; KINETICS; SPECTRA AB Rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with CH2 = CHF (k(1)) and CH2 = CF2 (k(2)) were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH using pulsed laser photolysis to produce OH and laser-induced fluorescence (PLP-LIF) to detect it. Rate coefficients were measured over a range of temperature (220-373 K) and bath gas pressure (20-600 Tom He, N-2). The rate coefficients were found to be independent of pressure. The measured rate coefficient for reaction 1 at room temperature was k(1)(296 K) = (5.18 +/- 0.50) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), independent of pressure, and the temperature dependence is given by the Arrhenius expression k(1)(T) = (1.75 +/- 0.20) x 10(-12) exp[(316 +/- 25)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); the rate coefficients for reaction 2 were k(2)(296 K) = (2.79 +/- 0.25) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and k(2)(T) = (1.75 +/- 0.20) x 10(-12) exp[(140 +/- 20)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The quoted uncertainties are 2 sigma (95% confidence level) and include estimated systematic errors. The fall-off parameters for reaction 2 of k(infinity) = 3 x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and k(0)(296 K) = 1.8 x 10(-28) cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1) with F-c = 0.6 reproduce the room temperature data obtained in this study combined with the low pressure rate coefficient data from Howard (J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 65, 4771). OH radical formation was observed for reactions 1 and 2 in the presence of O-2, and the mechanism was investigated using (OH)-O-18 and OD rate coefficient measurements with CH2 = CHF and CH2 = CF2 over a range of temperature (260-373 K) and pressure (20-100 Torr, He). Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were used to determine the geometries and energies of the reactants and adducts formed in reactions 1 and 2 and the peroxy radicals formed following the addition of O-2. The atmospheric lifetimes of CH2 = CHF and CH2 = CF2 due to loss by reaction with OH are approximately 2 and 4 days, respectively. Infrared absorption spectra of CH2 = CHF and CH2 = CF2 were measured, and global warming potentials (GWP) values of 0.7 for CH2 = CHF and 0.9 for CH2 = CF2 were obtained for the 100 year time horizon. C1 [Baasandorj, Munkhbayar; Knight, Gary; Papadimitriou, Vassileios C.; Talukdar, Ranajit K.; Ravishankara, A. R.; Burkholder, James B.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Baasandorj, Munkhbayar; Knight, Gary; Papadimitriou, Vassileios C.; Talukdar, Ranajit K.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM James.B.Burkholder@noaa.gov RI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/G-4530-2013; Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/0000-0001-6017-8431; FU NOAA; NASA FX This work was supported in part by NOAA's Climate Goal and NASA's Atmospheric Composition Program. V.C.P. thanks Dr. Yannis G. Lazarou for useful discussions regarding the theoretical calculations. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 8 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 13 BP 4619 EP 4633 DI 10.1021/jp100527z PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 575VH UT WOS:000276096800019 PM 20225809 ER PT J AU Funkhouser, S AF Funkhouser, Scott TI Particle absorption by black holes and the generalized second law of thermodynamics SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE black holes; thermodynamics; generalized second law ID GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE; FLUCTUATION FORMULA; ENTROPY; ORIGIN; RADIATION AB The change in entropy, Delta S, associated with the quasi- static absorption of a particle of energy epsilon by a Schwarzschild black hole (ScBH) is approximately (epsilon/T) - s, where T is the Hawking temperature of the black hole and s is the entropy of the particle. Motivated by the statistical interpretation of entropy, it is proposed here that the absorption should be suppressed, but not forbidden, when Delta S < 0, which requires the absorption cross section to be sensitive to Delta S. A purely thermodynamic formulation of the probability for the absorption is obtained from the standard relationship between microstates and entropy. If Delta S >> 1 and s << epsilon/T, then the probability for the particle not to be absorbed is approximately exp[-epsilon/T], which is identical to the probability for quantum mechanical reflection by the horizon of an ScBH. The manifestation of quantum behaviours in the new probability function may intimate a fundamental physical unity between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Funkhouser, S (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 2234 S Hobson Ave, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. EM scott.funkhouser@gmail.com NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 J9 P R SOC A JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD APR 8 PY 2010 VL 466 IS 2116 BP 1155 EP 1166 DI 10.1098/rspa.2009.0331 PG 12 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 560VN UT WOS:000274932000011 ER PT J AU Khodadadi, S Roh, JH Kisliuk, A Mamontov, E Tyagi, M Woodson, SA Briber, RM Sokolov, AP AF Khodadadi, S. Roh, J. H. Kisliuk, A. Mamontov, E. Tyagi, M. Woodson, S. A. Briber, R. M. Sokolov, A. P. TI Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules: Not a Simple Slaving by Hydration Water SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN GLASS-TRANSITION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; TRANSFER-RNA; SOLVENT; LYSOZYME; SPECTROSCOPY; FLUCTUATIONS; MYOGLOBIN AB We studied the dynamics of hydrated tRNA using neutron and dielectric spectroscopy techniques. A comparison of our results with earlier data reveals that the dynamics of hydrated tRNA is slower and varies more strongly with temperature than the dynamics of hydrated proteins. At the same time, tRNA appears to have faster dynamics than DNA. We demonstrate that a similar difference appears in the dynamics of hydration water for these biomolecules. The results and analysis contradict the traditional view of slaved dynamics, which assumes that the dynamics of biological macromolecules just follows the dynamics of hydration water. Our results demonstrate that the dynamics of biological macromolecules and their hydration water depends strongly on the chemical and three-dimensional structures of the biomolecules. We conclude that the whole concept of slaving dynamics should be reconsidered, and that the mutual influence of biomolecules and their hydration water must be taken into account. C1 [Kisliuk, A.; Sokolov, A. P.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Mamontov, E.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Khodadadi, S.] Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Roh, J. H.; Tyagi, M.; Briber, R. M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Roh, J. H.; Woodson, S. A.] Johns Hopkins Univ, TC Jenkins Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD USA. [Roh, J. H.; Tyagi, M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Sokolov, A. P.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Sokolov, AP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM sokolov@utk.edu RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012; Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/M-4693-2014; Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015; OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942; Tyagi, Madhu Sudan/0000-0002-4364-7176; Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675; Woodson, Sarah/0000-0003-0170-1987 NR 35 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 28 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 EI 1542-0086 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD APR 7 PY 2010 VL 98 IS 7 BP 1321 EP 1326 DI 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4284 PG 6 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 582FU UT WOS:000276582700025 PM 20371332 ER PT J AU Henrickson, SE DiMarzio, EA Wang, Q Stanford, VM Kasianowicz, JJ AF Henrickson, Sarah E. DiMarzio, Edmund A. Wang, Qian Stanford, Vincent M. Kasianowicz, John J. TI Probing single nanometer-scale pores with polymeric molecular rulers SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE lattice gas; Monte Carlo methods; phase transformations; thermodynamics ID SOLID-STATE NANOPORE; STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN; HEPTAMERIC TRANSMEMBRANE PORE; ION-CHANNEL; DNA TRANSLOCATION; DIAMETER PORE; BETA-BARREL; CONDUCTANCE; PROTEIN; TOXIN AB We investigate the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of a three dimensional associating lattice gas (ALG) model through Monte Carlo simulations. The ALG model combines a soft core potential and orientational degrees of freedom. The competition of directional attractive forces and the soft core potential results in two coexisting liquid phases which are also connected through order-disorder critical transitions. The model presents structural order, density, and diffusion anomalies. Our study suggests that the dynamic fragile-to-strong transitions are associated to changes in structural order. C1 [Henrickson, Sarah E.; Wang, Qian; Kasianowicz, John J.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [DiMarzio, Edmund A.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Stanford, Vincent M.] NIST, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kasianowicz, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Bldg 225,Room B326, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kasianowicz@nist.gov FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007753] NR 86 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 7 PY 2010 VL 132 IS 13 AR 135101 DI 10.1063/1.3328875 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 587EO UT WOS:000276972600046 PM 20387958 ER PT J AU Koga, T Wong, J Endoh, MK Mahajan, D Gutt, C Satija, SK AF Koga, Tadanori Wong, Johnny Endoh, Maya K. Mahajan, Devinder Gutt, Christian Satija, Sushil K. TI Hydrate Formation at the Methane/Water Interface on the Molecular Scale SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID LIQUID WATER; FILM GROWTH AB We report the nucleation process of methane hydrate on the molecular scale. A stationary planar interface separating methane gas and liquid water was studied by using in situ neutron reflectivity. We found that the angstrom-scale surface roughening is triggered as soon as the water phase contacts methane gas under the hydrate forming conditions. In addition, it was found that the microscopic surface structure remains unchanged until a macroscopic hydrate film is developed at the interface. We therefore postulate that the angstrom-scale surface roughening is attributed to the formation of microscopic hydrate "embryos" in a "dynamic equilibrium" manner. C1 [Koga, Tadanori; Wong, Johnny; Mahajan, Devinder] SUNY Stony Brook, Chem & Mol Engn Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Koga, Tadanori; Endoh, Maya K.; Mahajan, Devinder] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Mahajan, Devinder] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Energy Sci & Technol Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Gutt, Christian] DESY, HASYLAB, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany. [Satija, Sushil K.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Koga, T (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Chem & Mol Engn Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM tkoga@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Koga, Tadanori/A-4007-2010; Gutt, Christian/H-9846-2012; Gutt, Christian/F-6337-2013 FU Donors of the American Chemical Society [47110-G10] FX Acknowledgment is made to the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund (47110-G10) for support of this research. The authors thank D. Forman, M. Eaton, J. Jerome, and Nil. Rafailovich for helping with the setup for the LR experiments. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD APR 6 PY 2010 VL 26 IS 7 BP 4627 EP 4630 DI 10.1021/la1004853 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 574MY UT WOS:000275995100018 PM 20229992 ER PT J AU Park, JJ Weiger, MC Lacerda, SHDP Pristinski, D Becker, ML Douglas, JF Raghavan, D Karim, A AF Park, Jung Jin Weiger, Michael C. Lacerda, Silvia H. De Paoli Pristinski, Denis Becker, Matthew L. Douglas, Jack F. Raghavan, Dharmaraj Karim, Alamgir TI Characterization of Non-Equilibrium Nanoparticle Adsorption on a Model Biological Substrate SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; QUANTUM DOTS; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; PROTEIN ADSORPTION; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; CDS NANOCRYSTALS; IN-VIVO; COLLAGEN; PH; SPECTROSCOPY AB The kinetics of nanoparticle (NP) adsorption on a model biological interface (collagen) is measured in microfluidic channels using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging over a range of CdSe/ZnS quantum dot concentrations to investigate the underlying binding process. Spherical CdSe/ZnS core-shell NP, derivatized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA). were considered to be model NPs because of their widespread use in biological applications and their relatively monodisperse size. The kinetic adsorption data suggests that the binding between the NP and the collagen substrate is irreversible at room temperature (pH similar to 7.4), and this type of adsorption process was further characterized in the context Of a surface absorption model. Specifically, diffusion-limited adsorption was found to predominate the adsorption process at lower concentrations (<0.4 mu mol/L). and NP adsorption was reaction-limited at higher concentration (> 0.4 mu mol/L). A limited pH study of our system indicates that NPs desorb froth collagen tinder acidic conditions (pH 5.5); no significant desorption was observed under neutral and basic pH conditions. These observations are consistent with electrostatic interactions being the dominant force governing NP desorption from collagen substrates. Our present methodology for characterizing the seemingly irreversible NP adsorption complements our earlier study where NP adsorption onto weakly adsorbing surfaces (self-assembled monolayers) was characterized by Langmuir NP adsorption measurements. C1 [Park, Jung Jin; Weiger, Michael C.; Lacerda, Silvia H. De Paoli; Pristinski, Denis; Becker, Matthew L.; Douglas, Jack F.; Karim, Alamgir] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Park, Jung Jin; Raghavan, Dharmaraj] Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Douglas, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; draghavan@howard.edu; alamgir@uakron.edu RI Park, Jung Jin/C-7627-2011 FU Innovation in Measurement Science Award; NSF [DMR-0213695] FX This work was partially supported by an Innovation in Measurement Science Award "Fate of Nanoparticle in Biosystems" and by NSF (DMR-0213695). The fabrication of the thin metallic layer for SPR measurement was performed in part at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST). NR 47 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD APR 6 PY 2010 VL 26 IS 7 BP 4822 EP 4830 DI 10.1021/la903581w PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 574MY UT WOS:000275995100046 PM 20099807 ER PT J AU Hoink, V Lau, JW Egelhoff, WF AF Hoeink, V. Lau, J. W. Egelhoff, W. F. TI Micromagnetic simulations of a dual-injector spin transfer torque operated spin logic SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE electrodes; magnetic switching; magnetic tunnelling; magnetisation; micromagnetics; spin dynamics; torque ID DEVICES AB The application of spin transfer torque switching for the realization of the logic input in a reconfigurable spin logic based on two magnetic tunnel junctions is discussed. Two electrodes with orthogonal fixed magnetization directions are used to replace the magnetic fields generated by a current though leads close to the magnetic tunnel junctions which have been used so far. Initial results of micromagnetic simulations suggest the feasibility of this approach. C1 [Hoeink, V.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hoeink, V.; Lau, J. W.; Egelhoff, W. F.] Austrian Inst Technol, A-1220 Vienna, Austria. RP Hoink, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM volker.hoeink.fl@ait.ac.at RI Lau, June/C-7509-2013 NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 5 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 14 AR 142508 DI 10.1063/1.3373588 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 581VY UT WOS:000276554600052 ER PT J AU Yang, CC Li, WH Wu, CM Li, CHC Sun, JR Lynn, JW AF Yang, Chun-Chuen Li, Wen-Hsien Wu, Chun-Ming Li, Carissa H. C. Sun, Jirong Lynn, Jeffrey W. TI Interplay between the Crystalline and Magnetic Structures in Lightly Cr-Doped Bi0.37Ca0.63Mn0.96Cr0.04O2.99 SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; THERMAL EXPANSION; PHASE-SEPARATION; DOUBLE EXCHANGE; PEROVSKITE; MANGANITES; CHARGE; MN; MAGNETORESISTANCE; FERROMAGNETISM AB The interplay between the crystalline and magnetic structures of a 4% Cr-doped Bi0.37Ca0.63Mn0.96Cr0.04O2.99 has been investigated by alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and neutron diffraction measurements. The compound crystallizes into a monoclinic P2(1)/m symmetry. A Jahn Teller distortion occurs at 280 K. The thermal behavior of charge transport may be described by a three-dimensional variable range hopping conduction. Strong interplay between the localized magnetic electrons and the itinerant electrons are clearly revealed as the localization length increases by 20% when the Mn spins become ordered below 85 K. Short range magnetic correlations persist up to 160 K. The collinear magnetic structure can be viewed as consisting of ferromagnetic spintrimers antiferromagnetically embedded in a ferromagnetic environment. Cr-doping reduces the charge ordering temperature and the magnetic ordering temperature. It nevertheless introduces long-range ferromagnetism. C1 [Li, Wen-Hsien; Wu, Chun-Ming; Li, Carissa H. C.] Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan. [Li, Wen-Hsien; Wu, Chun-Ming; Li, Carissa H. C.] Natl Cent Univ, Ctr Neutron Beam Applicat, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan. [Yang, Chun-Chuen] Chung Yuan Christian Univ, Dept Phys, Jhongli 32023, Taiwan. [Sun, Jirong] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, State Key Lab Magnetism, Beijing 10008, Peoples R China. [Sun, Jirong] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 10008, Peoples R China. [Lynn, Jeffrey W.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan. EM whli@phy.ncu.edu.tw FU National Science Council of Taiwan [NSC 98-2112-M-008-016-MY3]; National Basic Research of China [2007CB925002] FX Identification of commercial equipment in the text is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement of said equipments by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This work is supported by a grant from the National Science Council of Taiwan, under Grant NSC 98-2112-M-008-016-MY3 and the National Basic Research of China, under Grant 2007CB925002. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD APR 5 PY 2010 VL 49 IS 7 BP 3297 EP 3304 DI 10.1021/ic9022823 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 575ND UT WOS:000276073000032 PM 20178339 ER PT J AU Rodger, CJ Clilverd, MA Green, JC Lam, MM AF Rodger, Craig J. Clilverd, Mark A. Green, Janet C. Lam, Mai Mai TI Use of POES SEM-2 observations to examine radiation belt dynamics and energetic electron precipitation into the atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-WIND; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; GEOMAGNETIC-ACTIVITY; ACCELERATION; MAGNETOSPHERE; POPULATION; STREAMS; STORMS AB The coupling of the Van Allen radiation belts to the Earth's atmosphere through precipitating particles is an area of intense scientific interest. Currently, there are significant uncertainties surrounding the precipitating characteristics of medium energy electrons (> 20 keV), and even more uncertainties for relativistic electrons. In this paper we examine roughly 10 years of measurements of trapped and precipitating electrons available from the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES)/Space Environment Monitor (SEM-2), which has provided long-term global data in this energy range. We show that the POES SEM-2 detectors suffer from some contamination issues that complicate the understanding of the measurements, but that the observations provide insight into the precipitation of energetic electrons from the radiation belts, and may be developed into a useful climatology for medium energy electrons. Electron contamination also allows POES/SEM-2 to provide unintended observations of > 700 keV relativistic electrons. Finally, there is an energy-dependent time delay observed in the POES/SEM-2 observations, with the relativistic electron enhancement (electrons > 800 keV) delayed by approximately one week relative to the > 30 keV electron enhancement, probably due to the timescales of the acceleration processes. Observations of trapped relativistic electron fluxes near the geomagnetic equator by GOES show similar delays, indicating a "coherency" to the radiation belts at high and low orbits, and also a strong link between trapped and precipitating particle fluxes. Such large delays should have consequences for the timing of the atmospheric impact of geomagnetic storms. C1 [Rodger, Craig J.] Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Clilverd, Mark A.; Lam, Mai Mai] British Antarctic Survey, Phys Sci Div, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Green, Janet C.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rodger, CJ (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM crodger@physics.otago.ac.nz RI Rodger, Craig/A-1501-2011 OI Rodger, Craig/0000-0002-6770-2707 NR 40 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 3 PY 2010 VL 115 AR A04202 DI 10.1029/2008JA014023 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 578TO UT WOS:000276318800001 ER PT J AU Masutani, M Woollen, JS Lord, SJ Emmitt, GD Kleespies, TJ Wood, SA Greco, S Sun, HB Terry, J Kapoor, V Treadon, R Campana, KA AF Masutani, Michiko Woollen, John S. Lord, Stephen J. Emmitt, G. David Kleespies, Thomas J. Wood, Sidney A. Greco, Steven Sun, Haibing Terry, Joseph Kapoor, Vaishali Treadon, Russ Campana, Kenneth A. TI Observing system simulation experiments at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; DATA ASSIMILATION; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WIND; FUTURE; RADIANCES; MISSION AB Observing system impact assessments using atmospheric simulation experiments are conducted to provide an objective quantitative evaluation of future observing systems and instruments. Such simulation experiments using a proxy true atmosphere, Nature Run, are known as observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). Through OSSEs, future observing systems that effectively use data assimilation systems in order to improve weather forecasts can be designed. Various types of simulation experiments have been performed in the past by many scientists, but the OSSE at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) presented in this paper is the most extensive and complete OSSE. The agreement between data impacts from simulated data and the corresponding real data is satisfactory. The NCEP OSSE is also the first OSSE where radiance data from satellites were simulated and assimilated. Since a Doppler wind lidar (DWL) is a very costly instrument, various simulation experiments have been funded and performed. OSSEs that evaluate the data impact of DWL are demonstrated. The results show a potentially powerful impact from DWL. In spite of the many controversies regarding simulation experiments, this paper demonstrates that carefully constructed OSSEs are able to provide useful information that influences the design of future observing systems. Various factors that affect the assessment of the impact are discussed. C1 [Masutani, Michiko; Woollen, John S.; Lord, Stephen J.; Treadon, Russ; Campana, Kenneth A.] NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Emmitt, G. David; Wood, Sidney A.; Greco, Steven] Simpson Weather Associates, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA. [Kleespies, Thomas J.; Sun, Haibing; Kapoor, Vaishali] NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Masutani, Michiko] Wyle Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. [Woollen, John S.; Terry, Joseph] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. [Sun, Haibing] Perot Syst Govt Serv, Alexandria, VA USA. [Terry, Joseph] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kapoor, Vaishali] Sci & Technol Corp, Suitland, MD USA. RP Masutani, M (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM michiko.masutani@noaa.gov RI Kleespies, Thomas/F-5598-2010 NR 40 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 2 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D07101 DI 10.1029/2009JD012528 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 578SL UT WOS:000276315500003 ER PT J AU Flagg, EB Muller, A Polyakov, SV Ling, A Migdall, A Solomon, GS AF Flagg, Edward B. Muller, Andreas Polyakov, Sergey V. Ling, Alex Migdall, Alan Solomon, Glenn S. TI Interference of Single Photons from Two Separate Semiconductor Quantum Dots SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEVICE; TIME; ATOM AB We demonstrate and characterize interference between discrete photons emitted by two separate semiconductor quantum dot states in different samples excited by a pulsed laser. Their energies are tuned into resonance using strain. The photons have a total coalescence probability of 18.1% and the coincidence rate is below the classical limit. Postselection of coincidences within a narrow time window increases the coalescence probability to 47%. The probabilities are reduced from unity because of dephasing and the postselection value is also reduced by the detector time response. C1 [Flagg, Edward B.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Flagg, EB (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.flagg@nist.gov; glenn.solomon@nist.gov RI Flagg, Edward/G-2897-2013; Ling, Alexander/G-7331-2012 OI Flagg, Edward/0000-0002-8065-4092; Ling, Alexander/0000-0001-5866-1141 FU NSF Physics Frontier Center at the Joint Quantum Institute FX We acknowledge partial support from the NSF Physics Frontier Center at the Joint Quantum Institute. NR 24 TC 126 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 2 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 13 AR 137401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.137401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 577YV UT WOS:000276260800046 PM 20481912 ER PT J AU Jahn, A Stavis, SM Hong, JS Vreeland, WN Devoe, DL Gaitan, M AF Jahn, Andreas Stavis, Samuel M. Hong, Jennifer S. Vreeland, Wyatt N. Devoe, Don L. Gaitan, Michael TI Microfluidic Mixing and the Formation of Nanoscale Lipid Vesicles SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE liposome; lipid vesicle; nanoparticle; microfluidic mixing; hydrodynamic focusing; microfluidic injection; simulation ID MUTUAL DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENT; SINGLE BILAYER LIPOSOMES; INJECTION METHOD; DIRECTED GROWTH; BINARY-MIXTURES; WATER; FLOW; MICROCHANNELS; EXTRUSION; CHIP AB We investigate the formation of unilamellar lipid vesicles (liposomes) with diameters of tens of nanometers by controlled microfluidic mixing and nanoparticle determination (COMMAND). Our study includes liposome synthesis experiments and numerical modeling of our microfluidic implementation of the batch solvent injection method. We consider microfluidic liposome formation from the perspective of fluid interfaces and convective-diffusive mixing, as we find that bulk fluid flow parameters including hydrodynamically focused alcohol stream width, final alcohol concentration, and shear stress do not primarily determine the vesicle formation process. Microfluidic device geometry in conjunction with hydrodynamic flow locusing strongly influences vesicle size distributions, providing a coarse method to control liposome size, while total flow rate allows fine-tuning the vesicle size in certain focusing regimes. Although microfluidic liposome synthesis is relatively simple to implement experimentally, numerical simulations of the mixing process reveal a complex system of fluid flow and mass transfer determining the formation of nonequilibrium vesicles. These results expand our understanding of the microfluidic environment that controls liposome self-assembly and yield several technological advances for the on-chip synthesis of nanoscale lipid vesicles. C1 [Jahn, Andreas; Stavis, Samuel M.; Hong, Jennifer S.; Gaitan, Michael] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Vreeland, Wyatt N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jahn, Andreas; Devoe, Don L.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Jahn, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andreas.jahn@org.chem.ethz.ch RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011 OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993 FU NSF FX This research was performed while S.M. Stavis held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Device fabrication was performed in part at the Cornell Nanoscale Science and Technology Facility (CNF), a member of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network supported by the NSF, and in part at the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST). The authors thank the CNF and CNST staff for assistance with device fabrication and B. Nablo, J. Geist, J. Kralj, D. Ross, J. Zook, L.E. Locascio, and R. Tosh for critical review and helpful discussions. NR 55 TC 108 Z9 108 U1 23 U2 132 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD APR PY 2010 VL 4 IS 4 BP 2077 EP 2087 DI 10.1021/nn901676x PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 586ZX UT WOS:000276956800040 PM 20356060 ER PT J AU Wang, K Hattrick-Simpers, JR Bendersky, LA AF Wang, K. Hattrick-Simpers, J. R. Bendersky, L. A. TI Phase transformation in an yttrium-hydrogen system studied by TEM SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Yttrium hydride; Phase transformation; Thin-films; TEM; Ordering of hydrogen ID METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSITIONS; SWITCHABLE OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; NEUTRON-POWDER-DIFFRACTION; THIN-FILMS; RARE-EARTH; LANTHANUM HYDRIDE; MIRRORS; GROWTH; YHX; SUBLATTICE AB Phase transformations in Pd-capped epitaxial yttrium films grown on (0 0 0 1) sapphire substrates covered with a Ti buffer layer and hydrogenated for different times were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For short hydrogen charging times, the phase transformation from alpha-Y to beta-YH(2) is associated with the nucleation and growth of two orientational variants, which after coalescence form twin-related lamellae of the beta-YH(2) phase with twin interfaces parallel to the substrate plane. Shockley partial dislocations are present at the twin boundaries; their glides during phase transformation are responsible for the formation of the twin lamellae. Super-lattice reflections were observed for beta-YH(2), and the existence of a new long-range ordered superstoichiometric YH(2+x) phase was suggested. A structural model of the ordering based on the occupation of octahedral interstitial sites by H in a doubled cell of Y-face-centered cubic was offered. For samples hydrogenated for longer times, beta-YH(2)-to-gamma-YH(3) phase transformation was accompanied by cracking along the twin boundaries, which eventually developed into a network of pores and caused significant swelling of the films. No gamma-YH(3) phase was observed directly in TEM because of its unstable nature under the high vacuum of a microscope column. The fully transformed YH(3) films have over a 60% increase in its thickness, which is mostly accounted for by the high volume fraction of pores. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 [Wang, K.; Hattrick-Simpers, J. R.; Bendersky, L. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leonid.bendersky@nist.gov RI Wang, Ke/C-8021-2011 NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR PY 2010 VL 58 IS 7 BP 2585 EP 2597 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.045 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 581LA UT WOS:000276523200031 ER PT J AU Mohr, PJ Newell, DB AF Mohr, Peter J. Newell, David B. TI Resource Letter FC-1: The physics of fundamental constants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE constants; physics education; units (measurement) AB This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on the physics of fundamental constants and their values as determined within the International System of Units (SI). Journal articles, books, and websites that provide relevant information are surveyed. Literature on redefining the SI in terms of exact values of fundamental constants is also included. C1 [Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mohr, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mohr@nist.gov; dnewell@nist.gov NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICS TEACHERS AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0002-9505 J9 AM J PHYS JI Am. J. Phys. PD APR PY 2010 VL 78 IS 4 BP 338 EP 358 DI 10.1119/1.3279700 PG 21 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Physics GA 568HJ UT WOS:000275512900003 ER PT J AU Davis, WC Zeisler, R Sieber, JR Yu, LL AF Davis, W. Clay Zeisler, Rolf Sieber, John R. Yu, Lee L. TI Methods for the separation and quantification of arsenic species in SRM 2669: arsenic species in frozen human urine SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ICP mass spectrometry; Arsenic speciation; Reference materials; Urine ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HPLC-ICP-MS; WELL WATER; SPECIATION; METHYLATION; INHIBITION; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; REDUCTASE AB Two independent liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LC/ICP-MS) methods for the separation of arsenic species in urine have been developed with quantification by standard additions. Seven arsenic species have been quantified in a new NIST frozen human urine Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2669 Arsenic Species in Frozen Human Urine, Levels 1 and 2. The species measured were: arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), arsenobetaine (AB), arsenocholine (AC), and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO). The purity of each arsenic standard used for quantification was measured as well as the arsenic species impurities determined in each standard. Analytical method limits of detection (LD) for the various species in both methods ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 mu g L(-1) as arsenic. The results demonstrate that LC/ICP-MS is a sensitive, reproducible, and accurate technique for the determination of low-level arsenic species in urine. Measurements of the arsenic species 3 years after initial production of the SRM demonstrate the stability of the arsenic species in the urine reference material. C1 [Davis, W. Clay] NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Zeisler, Rolf; Sieber, John R.; Yu, Lee L.] NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, WC (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM clay.davis@nist.gov RI Yu, Lee/N-7263-2015 OI Yu, Lee/0000-0002-8043-6853 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 34 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2010 VL 396 IS 8 BP 3041 EP 3050 DI 10.1007/s00216-010-3541-y PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 573WN UT WOS:000275946100032 PM 20186533 ER PT J AU Ashe, E Noren, DP Williams, R AF Ashe, E. Noren, D. P. Williams, R. TI Animal behaviour and marine protected areas: incorporating behavioural data into the selection of marine protected areas for an endangered killer whale population SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE disturbance; marine protected area; habitat conservation; behaviour; spatial model; hotspot ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; ORCINUS-ORCA; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; CONSERVATION; HABITAT; MANAGEMENT; CETACEANS; IMPACTS; NOISE; MODEL AB Like many endangered wildlife populations, the viability and conservation status of 'southern resident' killer whales Orcinus orca in the north-east Pacific may be affected by prey limitation and repeated disturbance by human activities. Marine protected areas (MPAs) present an attractive option to mitigate impacts of anthropogenic activities, but they run the risk of tokenism if placed arbitrarily. Notwithstanding recreational and industrial marine traffic, the number of commercial vessels in the local whalewatching fleet is approaching the number of killer whales to be watched. Resident killer whales have been shown to be more vulnerable to vessel disturbance while feeding than during resting, travelling or socializing activities, therefore protected-areas management strategies that target feeding 'hotspots' should confer greater conservation benefit than those that protect habitat generically. Classification trees and spatially explicit generalized additive models were used to model killer whale habitat use and whale behaviour in inshore waters of Washington State (USA) and British Columbia (BC, Canada). Here we propose a candidate MPA that is small (i.e. a few square miles), but seemingly important. Killer whales were predicted to be 2.7 times as likely to be engaged in feeding activity in this site than they were in adjacent waters. A recurring challenge for cetacean MPAs is the need to identify areas that are large enough to be biologically meaningful while being small enough to allow effective management of human activities within those boundaries. Our approach prioritizes habitat that animals use primarily for the activity in which they are most responsive to anthropogenic disturbance. C1 [Ashe, E.] Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. [Noren, D. P.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Mammal Program,Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Williams, R.] Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. [Williams, R.] Univ British Columbia, Marine Mammal Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Ashe, E (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. EM erineashe@gmail.com OI Williams, Rob/0000-0001-7496-453X NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 15 U2 100 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD APR PY 2010 VL 13 IS 2 BP 196 EP 203 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00321.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573MA UT WOS:000275916800014 ER PT J AU Chu, J Griesmann, U Wang, QD Soons, JA Benck, EC AF Chu, Jiyoung Griesmann, Ulf Wang, Quandou Soons, Johannes A. Benck, Eric C. TI Deformation-free form error measurement of thin, plane-parallel optics floated on a heavy liquid SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY; SURFACES; WATER AB We describe a novel method for measuring the unconstrained flatness error of thin, plane-parallel precision optics. Test parts are floated on high-density aqueous metatungstate solutions while measuring the flatness error with an interferometer. The support of the flat optics by the uniform hydrostatic pressure at the submerged face of the flat optic eliminates flatness errors caused by mounting forces. A small, well characterized flatness error results from the bending of the floating flat by the hydrostatic pressure gradient at the edges. An equation describing the bending of thin, flat plates floating on a liquid is derived, which can be used to correct the flatness measurements of arbitrarily shaped plates. The method can be used to measure flatness errors of both nontransparent and transparent parts, and it is illustrated with flatness measurements of photomask blanks and substrates for extreme ultraviolet lithography. The refractive index of a saturated aqueous lithium metatungstate solution was measured at 632:8 nm and was found to be close to the refractive indices of several low thermal expansion optical materials. C1 [Chu, Jiyoung; Griesmann, Ulf; Wang, Quandou; Soons, Johannes A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chu, Jiyoung] Samsung Elect Co, Suwon, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. [Benck, Eric C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Griesmann, U (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ulf.griesmann@nist.gov NR 21 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1849 EP 1858 DI 10.1364/AO.49.001849 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 576WD UT WOS:000276179500017 PM 20357869 ER PT J AU Gentile, TR Brown, SW Lykke, KR Shaw, PS Woodward, JT AF Gentile, T. R. Brown, S. W. Lykke, K. R. Shaw, P. S. Woodward, J. T. TI Internal quantum efficiency modeling of silicon photodiodes SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY; CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; SCALE; INTERPOLATION; CALIBRATION; RANGE AB Results are presented for modeling of the shape of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) versus wavelength for silicon photodiodes in the 400 nm to 900 nm wavelength range. The IQE data are based on measurements of the external quantum efficiencies of three transmission optical trap detectors using an extensive set of laser wavelengths, along with the transmittance of the traps. We find that a simplified version of a previously reported IQE model fits the data with an accuracy of better than 0.01%. These results provide an important validation of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) spectral radiant power responsivity scale disseminated through the NIST Spectral Comparator Facility, as well as those scales disseminated by other National Metrology Institutes who have employed the same model. C1 [Gentile, T. R.; Brown, S. W.; Lykke, K. R.; Shaw, P. S.; Woodward, J. T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gentile, TR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stop 8461, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.gentile@nist.gov NR 19 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1859 EP 1864 DI 10.1364/AO.49.001859 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 576WD UT WOS:000276179500018 PM 20357870 ER PT J AU Epstein, MS Hendin, DB Yu, LL Bower, NW AF Epstein, Michael S. Hendin, David B. Yu, Lee L. Bower, Nathan W. TI Chemical Attribution of Corroded Coins Using X-ray Fluorescence and Lead Isotope Ratios: A Case Study from First Century Judaea SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; ICP-MS; Polarized X-ray fluorescence; XRF; Lead isotope analysis; Numismatics; Archaeology; Bronze; Corrosion ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; LASER-ABLATION; ICP-MS; PROVENANCE; CYPRUS AB Nondestructive analyses using a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS) and polarizing, multi-target, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF) with three-dimensional optics were conducted on Judean coins from the first century BCE and CE to determine the efficacy and limits of these methods for numismatic analyses of coins with a patina. Comparisons with destructive analyses and literature databases demonstrate their value even when corrosion is present. An outstanding question about the dating of Herod Agrippa I or II "canopy" coins that has significance to Biblical historians is used as a case study. Multiple lines of evidence attribute this coin to Agrippa I, with a date of 41 to 45 CE, produced using Faynan (Feinan), Jordan, and Cyprus ores. C1 [Bower, Nathan W.] Colorado Coll, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. [Epstein, Michael S.] Mt St Marys Univ, Emmitsburg, MD 21727 USA. [Yu, Lee L.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bower, NW (reprint author), Colorado Coll, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. EM nbower@ColoradoCollege.edu RI Yu, Lee/N-7263-2015 OI Yu, Lee/0000-0002-8043-6853 FU Otis and Margaret Barnes and McKee Family trusts FX We thank the Otis and Margaret Barnes and McKee Family trusts for financial support of the XRF and selected samples used in this study. We also thank Mount St. Mary's University for a faculty development grant used to purchase most of the samples destroyed in this study. and Megan Daschbach and Chris Epstein for assistance with sample preparation and data logging of the isotope analyses. Finally, we thank Donald T. Ariel, Murphy Brasuel, and Matt Reiter for their helpful discussion and technical assistance. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 5320 SPECTRUM DRIVE SUITE C, FREDERICK, MD 21703 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 64 IS 4 BP 384 EP 390 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 587OD UT WOS:000277001200005 PM 20412622 ER PT J AU Birk, K Lupo, AR Guinan, P Barbieri, CE AF Birk, K. Lupo, A. R. Guinan, P. Barbieri, C. E. TI The interannual variability of midwestern temperatures and precipitation as related to the ENSO and PDO SO ATMOSFERA LA English DT Article DE El Nino; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; temperature variability; precipitation variability ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; US LANDFALLING HURRICANES; UNITED-STATES; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES; HEMISPHERE BLOCKING; ANOMALY PATTERNS; CYCLONE ACTIVITY; CLIMATE AB Long-term temperature and precipitation records in the Midwest are examined in order to determine if interdecadal variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) acts to modulate the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related interannual variability of Midwestern climates. Power spectrum analysis demonstrates that significant ENSO related variability between 3 and 7 years as well as significant interdecadal variability between 12-15 years and at approximately 21 year time periods exist within these time series. This interdecadal variability is suggested to represent the time periods in which the PDO acts to modulate the ENSO-related variability of Midwestern climates. In addition, it was determined in this study that the ENSO-related variability of Midwestern climates was very high during the +PDO periods (e. g., 1925-1946 and 1977-1999) and was much lower during the -PDO (e.g., 1900-1924, 1947-1976, and 2000 to present) periods. These results suggest that the ENSO-related impacts on Midwestern climates change on interdecadal time scales. Further, the seasonal climates experienced during a particular ENSO event may not necessarily mimic those of another similar ENSO event in the future. Thus, from an operational point of view, in order to obtain more skillful seasonal long-term forecasts, the interdecadal variability should be considered as being superimposed upon the interannual variations. C1 [Lupo, A. R.; Guinan, P.] Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Barbieri, C. E.] Univ Missouri, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism, Columbia, MO USA. [Birk, K.] Natl Weather Serv, Bismarck, ND USA. [Birk, K.] Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO USA. RP Lupo, AR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Soil Environm & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM LupoA@missouri.edu NR 59 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU CENTRO CIENCIAS ATMOSFERA UNAM PI MEXICO CITY PA CIRCUITO EXTERIOR, MEXICO CITY CU 04510, MEXICO SN 0187-6236 J9 ATMOSFERA JI Atmosfera PD APR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 2 BP 95 EP 128 PG 34 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649MT UT WOS:000281776100001 ER PT J AU Molders, N Porter, SE Cahill, CF Grell, GA AF Molders, Nicole Porter, Stacy E. Cahill, Catherine F. Grell, Georg A. TI Influence of ship emissions on air quality and input of contaminants in southern Alaska National Parks and Wilderness Areas during the 2006 tourist season SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE WRF/Chem; Ship emissions; Pollution; Bottom-up ship-emission inventory ID FORECASTING WRF MODEL; WEATHER RESEARCH; INTERIOR ALASKA; ACID DEPOSITION; EUROPE; OZONE; OCEAN; CLIMATE; AEROSOL; CLOUDS AB The impact of ship emissions on air quality in Alaska National Parks and Wilderness Areas was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model inline coupled with chemistry (WRF/Chem). The visibility and deposition of atmospheric contaminants was analyzed for the length of the 2006 tourist season. WRF/Chem reproduced the meteorological situation well. It seems to have captured the temporal behavior of aerosol concentrations when compared with the few data available. Air quality follows certain predetermined patterns associated with local meteorological conditions and ship emissions. Ship emissions have maximum impacts in Prince William Sound where topography and decaying lows trap pollutants. Along sea-lanes and adjacent coastal areas, NOx, SO2, O-3, PAN, HNO3, and PM2.5 increase up to 650 pptv, 325 pptv, 900 pptv, 18 pptv, 10 pptv, and 100 ng m(-3). Some of these increases are significant (95% confidence). Enhanced particulate matter concentrations from ship emissions reduce visibility up to 30% in Prince William Sound and 5-25% along sea-lanes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Molders, Nicole; Porter, Stacy E.; Cahill, Catherine F.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Molders, Nicole; Porter, Stacy E.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Atmospher Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Cahill, Catherine F.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Grell, Georg A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Molders, N (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, 903 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM molders@gi.alaska.edu RI grell, georg/B-6234-2015 OI grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742 FU NOAA [NA17RJ1224]; UAF Graduate School; UAF Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, Department of Defense FX We thank G. Kramm and the anonymous reviewers for fruitful discussion, and A. Reiser for editing. This research was supported by an International Polar Year student fellowship through the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research with funds from NOAA under cooperative agreement NA17RJ1224 with the University of Alaska (UAF), the UAF Graduate School, and a grant of HPC resources from the UAF Arctic Region Supercomputing Center as part of the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program. NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2010 VL 44 IS 11 SI SI BP 1400 EP 1413 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.003 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 584FO UT WOS:000276736600003 ER PT J AU Mieville, A Granier, C Liousse, C Guillaume, B Mouillot, F Lamarque, JF Gregoire, JM Petron, G AF Mieville, A. Granier, C. Liousse, C. Guillaume, B. Mouillot, F. Lamarque, J. -F. Gregoire, J. -M. Petron, G. TI Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Emissions; Climate change; Gases; Particles; Biomass burning; Burnt areas; Historical; Satellite ID SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; AREA; INVENTORY; AEROSOLS; IMAGERY; CARBON; FIRES AB A new dataset of emissions of trace gases and particles resulting from biomass burning has been developed for the historical and the recent period (1900-2005). The purpose of this work is to provide a consistent gridded emissions dataset of atmospheric chemical species from 1900 to 2005 for chemistry-climate simulations. The inventory is built in two steps. First, fire emissions are estimated for the recent period (1997-2005) using satellite products (GBA2000 burnt areas and ATSR fire hotspots); the temporal and spatial distribution of the CO(2) emissions for the 1997-2005 period is estimated through a calibration of ATSR fire hotspots. The historical inventory, covering the 1900-2000 period on a decadal basis, is derived from the historical reconstruction of burned areas from Mouillot and Field (2005). The historical emissions estimates are forced, for each main ecosystem, to agree with the recent inventory estimates, ensuring consistency between past and recent emissions. The methodology used for estimating the fire emissions is discussed, together with the time evolution of biomass burning emissions during the 20th century, first at the global scale and then for specific regions. The results are compared with the distributions provided by other inventories and results of inverse modeling studies. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mieville, A.] Univ Paris 06, LATMOS, UMR8190, Paris, France. [Mieville, A.; Granier, C.] LATMOS CNRS, UMR8190, Paris, France. [Granier, C.; Lamarque, J. -F.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Granier, C.; Lamarque, J. -F.; Petron, G.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Liousse, C.; Guillaume, B.] Lab Aerol, UMR 5560, Toulouse, France. [Mouillot, F.] IRD, CEFE CNRS, Montpellier, France. [Lamarque, J. -F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Gregoire, J. -M.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. [Petron, G.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Mieville, A (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, LATMOS, UMR8190, Paris, France. EM aude.mieville@latmos.ipsl.fr RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; MOUILLOT, florent/C-2204-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; MOUILLOT, florent/0000-0002-6548-4830; FU "Gestion et Impacts du Changement Climatique (GICC)"; LEFE/INSU; CITYZEN European FP7; ACCENT; NCAR FX This work has been partly supported by the French program "Gestion et Impacts du Changement Climatique (GICC)", by the LEFE/INSU program and by the CITYZEN European FP7 project. The distribution of the emissions is supported by the ACCENT European network. The authors would like to thank Martin Schultz, Guido van der Werf and Guy Brasseur for very valuable comments on the manuscript. G. Petron acknowledges the support of the NCAR Advanced Study Program for the inverse modeling emissions estimates. NR 37 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 39 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2010 VL 44 IS 11 SI SI BP 1469 EP 1477 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.011 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 584FO UT WOS:000276736600011 ER PT J AU Schaake, J Pailleux, J Thielen, J Arritt, R Hamill, T Luo, LF Martin, E McCollor, D Pappenberger, F AF Schaake, John Pailleux, Jean Thielen, Jutta Arritt, Ray Hamill, Tom Luo, Lifeng Martin, Eric McCollor, Doug Pappenberger, Florian TI Summary of recommendations of the first workshop on Postprocessing and Downscaling Atmospheric Forecasts for Hydrologic Applications held at Meteo-France, Toulouse, France, 15-18 June 2009 SO ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material DE HEPEX; postprocessing; hydrological applications ID ENSEMBLE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT; ECMWF; CALIBRATION AB Hydrologists are increasingly using numerical weather forecasting products as an input to their hydrological models. These products are often generated on relatively coarse scales compared with hydrologically relevant basin units and suffer systematic biases that may have considerable impact when passed through the nonlinear hydrological filters. Therefore, the data need processing before they can be used in hydrological applications. This manuscript summarises discussions and recommendations of the first workshop on Postprocessing and Downscaling Atmospheric Forecasts for Hydrologic Applications held at Meteo France, Toulouse, France, 15-18 June 2008. The recommendations were developed by work groups that considered the following three areas of ensemble prediction: (1) short range (0-2 days), (2) medium range (3 days to 2 weeks), and (3) sub-seasonal and seasonal (beyond 2 weeks). Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Schaake, John] NOAA, NWS Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Pailleux, Jean; Martin, Eric] Meteo France, CNRM GAME, CNRS, Toulouse, France. [Thielen, Jutta] EU Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy. [Arritt, Ray] Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. [Hamill, Tom] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Luo, Lifeng] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [McCollor, Doug] BC Hydro & Power Author, Vancouver, BC, Canada. [Pappenberger, Florian] ECMWF, Reading, Berks, England. RP Schaake, J (reprint author), NOAA, NWS Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD USA. EM john.schaake@noaa.gov RI Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pappenberger, Florian/A-2839-2009; OI Pappenberger, Florian/0000-0003-1766-2898; Martin, Eric/0000-0002-1491-9590 NR 12 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1530-261X J9 ATMOS SCI LETT JI Atmos. Sci. Lett. PD APR PY 2010 VL 11 IS 2 SI SI BP 59 EP 63 DI 10.1002/asl.267 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620RH UT WOS:000279516500001 ER PT J AU Demargne, J Brown, J Liu, YQ Seo, DJ Wu, LM Toth, Z Zhu, YJ AF Demargne, Julie Brown, James Liu, Yuqiong Seo, Dong-Jun Wu, Limin Toth, Zoltan Zhu, Yuejian TI Diagnostic verification of hydrometeorological and hydrologic ensembles SO ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ensembles; hydrological forecasting; probabilistic verification; uncertainty AB This paper presents a strategy for diagnostic verification of hydrologic ensembles, based on the selection of summary verification metrics (which could be extended to more detailed metrics) and the analysis of the relative contribution of the different sources of error. Such diagnostic verification could be conducted with the Ensemble Verification System (EVS) and is illustrated with a verification case study of experimental precipitation and streamflow ensemble reforecasts over a 24-year period. The EVS is proposed as a flexible and modular tool for the HEPEX verification test-bed to evaluate existing and emerging verification methods that are appropriate for hydrologic applications. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Demargne, Julie; Brown, James; Liu, Yuqiong; Seo, Dong-Jun; Wu, Limin] Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Demargne, Julie; Brown, James; Seo, Dong-Jun] Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. [Liu, Yuqiong] Riverside Technol Inc, Ft Collins, CO USA. [Wu, Limin] Wyle Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. [Toth, Zoltan] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Zhu, Yuejian] Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Demargne, J (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD USA. EM julie.demargne@noaa.gov RI Liu, Yuqiong/B-4318-2012; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 FU National Weather Service (NWS) FX The support of this work by the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) Program of the National Weather Service (NWS) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Robert Hartmann of the NWS California-Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC), Sacramento, California, for providing the hydrometeorological and hydrologic data used in this work. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1530-261X J9 ATMOS SCI LETT JI Atmos. Sci. Lett. PD APR PY 2010 VL 11 IS 2 SI SI BP 114 EP 122 DI 10.1002/asl.261 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620RH UT WOS:000279516500009 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JH Walker, JA Lindberg, MS Johnson, DS Stephens, SE AF Schmidt, Joshua H. Walker, Johann A. Lindberg, Mark S. Johnson, Devin S. Stephens, Scott E. TI A GENERAL BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL MODEL FOR ESTIMATING SURVIVAL OF NESTS AND YOUNG SO AUK LA English DT Article DE duckling survival; goodness-of-fit; heterogeneity; nest survival; overdispersion; random effects ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; AGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; HETEROGENEITY; DEPENDENCE; DUCKLINGS; SUCCESS; ALASKA; RATES; MARK AB Models for estimating survival probability of nests and young have changed dramatically since the development of the Mayfield method. Improvements in software and a steady increase in computing power have allowed more complexity and realism in these models, allowing researchers to provide better estimates of survival and to relate survival rates to relevant covariates. However, many current analysis methods utilize fixed-effects models with the implicit assumption that the covariates explain all of the variation in the data, other than random variation within a specified family of distributions. This is generally a strong assumption, and, in the presence of heterogeneity and lack of independence, these estimates have been shown to be negatively biased. Others have begun to explore random-effects models for these situations, but a readily applicable Bayesian approach has been lacking. We present a general Bayesian modeling framework appropriate for survival of both nests and young that simultaneously allows for the inclusion of individual covariates and random effects and provides a measure of goodness-of-fit. We used previously published data on survival of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) ducklings in interior Alaska and on nest survival in three species of prairie-nesting clucks that nested in the Missouri Coteau region of North Dakota to demonstrate this approach. The inclusion of a brood-level random effect in the Common Goldeneye example increased point estimates and credible interval [CI] coverage from 0.62 (95% Cl: 0.49-0.73) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.58-0.74) for 2002 and 2003, respectively, to 0.69 (95% CI: 0.42-0.88) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.57-0.88) for 2002 and 2003, respectively. Received 4 January 2009, accepted 10 September 2009. C1 [Schmidt, Joshua H.; Lindberg, Mark S.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Schmidt, Joshua H.; Lindberg, Mark S.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Johnson, Devin S.] NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Walker, Johann A.; Stephens, Scott E.] Ducks Unltd, Great Plains Reg Off, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA. RP Schmidt, JH (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Cent Alaska Network, 4175 Geist Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM joshua_schmidt@nps.gov FU Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Ducks Unlimited Inc.; Alaska EPSCoR; University of Alaska Fairbanks Department of Biology and Wildlife; Institute of Arctic Biology FX Thorough reviews by W. Link, J. Schmutz, D. Verbyla, and G. White greatly improved the quality of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Ducks Unlimited Inc., Alaska EPSCoR, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks Department of Biology and Wildlife and the Institute of Arctic Biology. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 7 U2 22 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD APR PY 2010 VL 127 IS 2 BP 379 EP 386 DI 10.1525/auk.2009.09015 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 592RT UT WOS:000277398000015 ER PT J AU Xiao, Y Gao, X AF Xiao, Y. Gao, X. TI Use of IgY antibodies and semiconductor nanocrystal detection in cancer biomarker quantitation SO BIOMARKERS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE biomarker quantitation; cancer biomarker; cancer diagnosis; cancer early detection; IgY antibody; immunohistochemistry; quantum dot; semiconductor nanocrystal ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; EGG-YOLK ANTIBODIES; CHICKEN MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; ANTIGEN CAPTURE-ELISA; QUANTUM DOTS; BREAST-CANCER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AVOID INTERFERENCE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-Y; CELLULAR TARGETS AB Biomarkers play a pivotal role in the early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Accurate quantitation of certain biomarkers is crucial to reach correct treatment decisions. In practice, immunohistochemistry (IHC) remains the most important diagnostic technique to evaluate protein biomarker expression in tissue biopsies. However, IHC has largely been qualitative. Low specificity of the mammalian IgG antibodies used to capture the analytes and instability of fluorescence from the organic dyes used as the detecting agents are among the major factors that have impeded the development of quantitative IHC. Avian IgY antibodies have many attractive biochemical, immunological and production advantages over IgGs and are, therefore, better substitutes in diagnostic applications. Using IgY in immunoassays can potentially eliminate false positives and often results in low background and interference. Quantum dots (QDs) have recently emerged as a novel class of fluorophores, promising for many biomedical imaging applications. Fluorescence from QDs is significantly brighter and more photostable than organic dyes. In addition, QDs offer the capacity of multiplexed detection of several biomarkers simultaneously. Combining the high sensitivity and specificity of IgY antibodies and the high brightness and photostability of QDs in IHC has been demonstrated to improve biomarker detection and quantitation. C1 [Xiao, Y.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Sci Grp, Biochem Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Translabion, Clarksburg, MD 20871 USA. RP Xiao, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Sci Grp, Biochem Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yan.xiao@nist.gov NR 103 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU FUTURE MEDICINE LTD PI LONDON PA UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND SN 1752-0363 J9 BIOMARK MED JI Biomark. Med. PD APR PY 2010 VL 4 IS 2 BP 227 EP 239 DI 10.2217/BMM.10.7 PG 13 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 588PY UT WOS:000277086700012 PM 20406067 ER PT J AU Weiger, MC Park, JJ Roy, MD Stafford, CM Karim, A Becker, ML AF Weiger, Michael C. Park, Jung Jin Roy, Marc D. Stafford, Christopher M. Karim, Alamgir Becker, Matthew L. TI Quantification of the binding affinity of a specific hydroxyapatite binding peptide SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Surface plasmon resonance; Bioimaging; Hydroxyapatite; Phage display; Microfluidics; Peptides ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; IN-VITRO; CALCIUM; ADSORPTION; CRYSTALS; SPECTROSCOPY; POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE); IDENTIFICATION; CONFORMATION AB The genesis of bone and teeth involves highly coordinated processes, which involve multiple cell types and proteins that direct the nucleation and crystallization of inorganic hydroxyapatite (HA). Recent studies have shown that peptides mediate the nucleation process, control HA microstructure or even inhibit HA mineralization. Using phage display technology, a short peptide was identified that binds to crystalline HA and to HA-containing domains of human teeth with chemical and morphological specificity. However, the binding affinity and specific amino acids that significantly contribute to this interaction require further investigation. In this study, we employ a microfluidic chip based surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) technique to quantitatively measure peptide affinity by fabricating a novel 4 layer HA SPR sensor. We find the peptide (SVSVGMKPSPRPGGGK) binds with relatively high affinity (K(D) = 14.1 mu m +/- 3.8 mu m) to HA. The independently measured amino acid fragment SVSV seems to impart a significant contribution to this interaction while the MKPSP fragment may provide a conformational dependent component that enhances the peptides affinity but by itself shows little specificity in the current context. These data show that together, the two moieties promote a stronger synergistic binding interaction to HA than the simple combination of the individual components. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Becker, Matthew L.] Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Goodyear Polymer Ctr, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Weiger, Michael C.; Park, Jung Jin; Roy, Marc D.; Stafford, Christopher M.; Becker, Matthew L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Karim, Alamgir] Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RP Becker, ML (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Goodyear Polymer Ctr, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM becker@uakron.edu RI Park, Jung Jin/C-7627-2011 FU National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Innovation in Measurement Science Award in Cellular Biometrology; National Research Council/NIST FX The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Innovation in Measurement Science Award in Cellular Biometrology and National Research Council/NIST postdoctoral fellowships to MDR and MCW. The authors would also like to thank Khaled Aamer, Alexander Peterson, Nicole Moore and the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology for their valuable contributions to this work.; Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Official contributions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology - Not subject to copyright in the United States. NR 54 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 8 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD APR PY 2010 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2955 EP 2963 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.012 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 573WR UT WOS:000275946500002 PM 20106520 ER PT J AU Fujita, RM Honey, KT Morris, A Wilson, JR Russell, H AF Fujita, R. M. Honey, K. T. Morris, A. Wilson, J. R. Russell, H. TI COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: INTEGRATING ACROSS SCALES SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th William R and Lenore Mote International Symposium in Fisheries Ecology CY NOV 11-13, 2008 CL Sarasota, FL ID CORAL-REEF MANAGEMENT; COMANAGEMENT REGIME; PROPERTY-RIGHTS; ECOSYSTEM; RESOURCES; DECENTRALIZATION; SUSTAINABILITY; CONSERVATION; EXPERIENCE; CHALLENGE AB Fisheries management at its core is concerned with the management of human behavior. Management institutions operating at different spatial scales create different kinds of hierarchies, relationships, and incentives. Hence the scale at which management decisions are made can strongly influence their effectiveness. In the United States, top-down coast-wide control rules can create perverse harvest incentives, impose adverse social impacts, and result in poor conservation and economic performance. Some large-scale institutional changes (e.g., individual fishing quotas) have effectively realigned economic incentives of individual harvesters, but fishermen respond to a diversity of factors in addition to economic incentives, including environmental and social factors that operate primarily in small-scale U.S. fisheries or within subunits oflarger-scale fisheries. Failure to address scale issues has resulted in disputes over "best available science" and opposition to management perceived as threatening. Small-scale cooperative strategies that empower fishing communities to strengthen local monitoring efforts and social networks are practiced throughout the world, with often impressive success, but have yet to become integrated into mainstream U.S. fisheries management. We assessed potential barriers and bridges to using cooperative strategies to improve sustainability of small-scale U.S. fisheries. We selected California's nearshore fishery to demonstrate the methods, but the analytical framework we present can be applied to many others. Of course, successful implementation will require more than good analysis. People and institutions interested in cooperative strategies must continue to assemble resources and political will to overcome the barriers to progress that exist in the United States. C1 [Fujita, R. M.; Russell, H.] Environm Def Fund, Oceans Program, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. [Honey, K. T.] Stanford Univ, Interdisciplinary Grad Program Environm & Resourc, Sch Earth Sci, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Honey, K. T.] Stanford Univ, Interdisciplinary Grad Program Environm & Resourc, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. [Morris, A.] Univ N Carolina Wilmington, Dept Publ & Int Affairs, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Wilson, J. R.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93107 USA. RP Fujita, RM (reprint author), Environm Def Fund, Oceans Program, 123 Mission St,28th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. EM rfujita@edf.org NR 66 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 86 IS 2 BP 251 EP 271 PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 600XJ UT WOS:000278021900008 ER PT J AU Parada, C Armstrong, DA Ernst, B Hinckley, S Orensanz, JM AF Parada, Carolina Armstrong, David A. Ernst, Billy Hinckley, Sarah Orensanz, J. M. (Lobo) TI SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF SNOW CRAB (CHIONOECETES OPILIO) IN THE EASTERN BERING SEA-PUTTING TOGETHER THE PIECES OF THE PUZZLE SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th William R and Lenore Mote International Symposium in Fisheries Ecology CY NOV 11-13, 2008 CL Sarasota, FL ID OF-SAINT-LAWRENCE; BENTHIC STAGES; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; BRACHYURA; MAJIDAE; SHELF; MATURITY; GROWTH; GULF; VARIABILITY AB Landings of the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (J. C. Fabricius, 1788), which supports a lucrative fishery in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), dropped to historical lows by 2000, and the geographic range of reproductive females contracted to the northwest. Resilience of the mature female range through larval advection may be hampered because hatching now occurs downstream. These changes have been punctuated by four pulses of recruitment, with a remarkably regular period of 6-7 yrs. Major pulses of the fishery, during the 1990s, were sustained by recruitment pulses that originated in regions of the northwest section of the EBS shelf beyond the reach of the fishery. Here we present, for the first time, a conceptual model of snow-crab spatial dynamics that integrates empirical information with new results from modeling of circulation and larval transport. The geographic region of interest, defined by means of biophysical modeling and tracking ontogenetic migrations, consists of the middle and outer domains of the EBS shelf, bounded by the 50- and 200-m isobaths. Connectivity analysis highlights the significance of subsystems in the southeast and northwest sections of the EBS's middle domain. Predicted settlement regions match historical regions of abundance of immature crabs and are consistent with observed fields of suitable near-bottom temperature. Our study, together with others, highlights the significance of climate change for the fate of important high-latitude fisheries. C1 [Parada, Carolina] Univ Concepcion, Dept Geofis, Concepcion, Chile. [Parada, Carolina] Inst Invest Pesquera INPESCA, Colon 2780, Talcahuano, Chile. [Armstrong, David A.] 355020 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Ernst, Billy] Univ Concepcion, Dept Oceanog, Concepcion, Chile. [Hinckley, Sarah] NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Orensanz, J. M. (Lobo)] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, CENPAT, RA-9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina. RP Parada, C (reprint author), Univ Concepcion, Dept Geofis, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile. EM carolina.parada@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 86 IS 2 BP 413 EP 437 PG 25 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 600XJ UT WOS:000278021900016 ER PT J AU Jiao, Y Rogers-Bennett, L Taniguchi, I Butler, J Crone, P AF Jiao, Yan Rogers-Bennett, Laura Taniguchi, Ian Butler, John Crone, Paul TI Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) using hierarchical Bayesian growth models SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PER-RECRUIT; ST-LAWRENCE; FISH GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; FISHERIES; UNCERTAINTY; GULF C1 [Jiao, Yan] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Rogers-Bennett, Laura] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. [Taniguchi, Ian] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Los Alamitos, CA 90720 USA. [Butler, John; Crone, Paul] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Jiao, Y (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM yjiao@vt.edu FU USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service [0210510]; Concur for red abalone stock assessment FX This project was supported in part by the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (Hatch Project No. 0210510) and a grant from Concur for red abalone stock assessment to Y. Jiao. This publication is a contribution of the Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis. We thank the California Department of Fish and Game Marine Region for supporting this work, especially T. Barnes. We also thank Paul Breen and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 4 BP 730 EP 742 DI 10.1139/F10-019 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 590LY UT WOS:000277228900010 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP Ferraris, CF AF Bentz, Dale P. Ferraris, Chiara F. TI Rheology and setting of high volume fly ash mixtures SO CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE Building technology; High volume fly ash; Hydration; Rheology; Set time; Sustainability ID EARLY-AGE PROPERTIES; CEMENT; CONCRETE; PASTE AB While high volume fly ash (HVFA) concretes can be designed and produced to meet 28-d strength requirements and often even exceed the durability performance of conventional concretes, a persistent problem is the potentially long delay in setting time that produces concurrently long delays in finishing the concrete in the field. Previous isothermal calorimetry studies on two different powder additions, namely calcium hydroxide and a rapid set cement, have shown that these powders can mitigate excessive retardation of the hydration reactions. In this paper, rheological measurements and conventional Vicat setting time studies are conducted to verify that these powder additions do indeed reduce setting times in paste systems based on both ASTM Class C and ASTM Class F fly ashes. The reductions depend on the class of fly ash and suggest that trial mixtures would be a necessity to apply these technologies to each specific fly ash/cement/admixture combination being employed in the field. Potentially, for such screening studies, the rheological measurement of yield stress may provide a faster indication of setting (and finishability) than conventional Vicat needle penetration measurements on pastes. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Bentz, Dale P.; Ferraris, Chiara F.] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov; clarissa@nist.gov NR 25 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-9465 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP JI Cem. Concr. Compos. PD APR PY 2010 VL 32 IS 4 BP 265 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.01.008 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 582IT UT WOS:000276591200002 ER PT J AU Venn-Watson, SK Townsend, FI Daniels, RL Sweeney, JC McBain, JW Klatsky, LJ Hicks, CL Staggs, LA Rowles, TK Schwacke, LH Wells, RS Smith, CR AF Venn-Watson, Stephanie K. Townsend, Forrest I. Daniels, Risa L. Sweeney, Jay C. McBain, Jim W. Klatsky, Leigh J. Hicks, Christie L. Staggs, Lydia A. Rowles, Teri K. Schwacke, Lori H. Wells, Randall S. Smith, Cynthia R. TI Hypocitraturia in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Assessing a Potential Risk Factor for Urate Nephrolithiasis SO COMPARATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID URIC-ACID NEPHROLITHIASIS; URINARY CITRATE EXCRETION; STONE-FORMERS; POTASSIUM CITRATE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; ANIMAL PROTEIN; KIDNEY-STONES; SARASOTA BAY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; MANAGEMENT AB Numerous cases of urate nephrolithiasis in managed collections of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have been reported, but nephrolithiasis is believed to be uncommon in wild dolphins. Risk factors for urate nephrolithiasis in humans include low urinary pH and hypocitraturia. Urine samples from 94 dolphins were collected during April 2006 through June 2009 from 4 wild populations (n = 62) and 4 managed collections (n = 32). In addition, urine uric acid and pH were tested in a subset of these animals. Our null hypothesis was that wild and managed collection dolphins would have no significant differences in urinary creatinine, citrate, and uric acid concentrations and pH. Among urine samples from all 94 dolphins, the urinary levels (mean +/- SEM) for creatinine, citrate, uric acid, and pH were 139 +/- 7.6 mg/dL, 100 +/- 20 mg citrate/g creatinine, 305 +/- 32 mg uric acid/g creatinine, and 6.2 +/- 0.05, respectively. Of the 4 urinary variables, only citrate concentration varied significantly between the 2 primary study groups; compared with wild dolphins, managed collection dolphins were more likely to have undetectable levels of citrate in the urine (21.0% and 81.3%, respectively). Mean urinary citrate concentrations for managed collection and wild dolphin populations were 2 and 150 mg citrate/g creatinine, respectively. We conclude that some managed collections of dolphins, like humans, may be predisposed to urate nephrolithiasis due to the presence of hypocitraturia. Subsequent investigations can include associations between metabolic syndrome, hypocitraturia, and urate nephrolithiasis in humans and dolphins; and the impact of varying levels of seawater ingestion on citrate excretion. C1 [Venn-Watson, Stephanie K.; Daniels, Risa L.; Smith, Cynthia R.] Natl Marine Mammal Fdn, San Diego, CA USA. [McBain, Jim W.] SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, CA USA. [Townsend, Forrest I.] Bayside Hosp Anim, Ft Walton Beach, FL USA. [Staggs, Lydia A.] Gulf World Marine Pk, Panama City Beach, FL USA. [Wells, Randall S.] Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. [Sweeney, Jay C.; Klatsky, Leigh J.] Dolphin Quest Oahu, Honolulu, HI USA. [Hicks, Christie L.] Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, NV USA. [Rowles, Teri K.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Schwacke, Lori H.] Ctr Human Hlth Risks, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC USA. RP Venn-Watson, SK (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Fdn, San Diego, CA USA. EM stephanie@epitracker.com FU NMFS; NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative FX We thank NMFS Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program and NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative for funding the capture-release sampling of wild dolphins. The authors also thank Dr Greg Bossart the permit holder for the Indian River Lagoon dolphin population study; Larry Hansen for providing animal samples and data; and Dr Bill Van Bonn for his early investigations related to dolphins and urinary citrate. This publication does not constitute an endorsement of any commercial product or intend to be an opinion beyond scientific or other results obtained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). No reference shall be made to NOAA, or this publication furnished by NOAA, in any advertising or sales promotion that would indicate or imply that NOAA recommends or endorses any proprietary product mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an interest to cause the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this publication. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1532-0820 J9 COMPARATIVE MED JI Comparative Med. PD APR PY 2010 VL 60 IS 2 BP 149 EP 153 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 584VD UT WOS:000276780600009 PM 20412691 ER PT J AU Smeaton, AF Over, P Doherty, AR AF Smeaton, Alan F. Over, Paul Doherty, Aiden R. TI Video shot boundary detection: Seven years of TRECVid activity SO COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING LA English DT Article DE Shot boundary detection; TRECVid; Evaluation ID REFINEMENT AB Shot boundary detection (SBD) is the process of automatically detecting the boundaries between shots in video. It is a problem which has attracted much attention since video became available in digital form as it is an essential pre-processing step to almost all video analysis, indexing, summarisation, search, and other content-based operations. Automatic SBD was one of the tracks of activity within the annual TRECVid benchmarking exercise, each year from 2001 to 2007 inclusive. Over those seven years we have seen 57 different research groups from across the world work to determine the best approaches to SBD while using a common dataset and common scoring metrics. In this paper we present an overview of the TRECVid shot boundary detection task, a high-level overview of the most significant of the approaches taken, and a comparison of performances, focussing on one year (2005) as an example. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Smeaton, Alan F.; Doherty, Aiden R.] Dublin City Univ, CLARITY, Ctr Sensor Web Technol, Dublin 9, Ireland. [Over, Paul] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Smeaton, AF (reprint author), Dublin City Univ, CLARITY, Ctr Sensor Web Technol, Dublin 9, Ireland. EM Alan.Smeaton@DCU.ie; over@nist.gov; adoherty@computing.dcu.ie FU Science Foundation Ireland [03/IN.3/1361, 07/CE/I1147] FX The authors thank the sponsors, John Lasko for doing the groundtruth creation, and the participating groups over the last 7 years. AS and AD are sponsored by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant Nos. 03/IN.3/1361 and 07/CE/I1147. NR 22 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1077-3142 J9 COMPUT VIS IMAGE UND JI Comput. Vis. Image Underst. PD APR PY 2010 VL 114 IS 4 BP 411 EP 418 DI 10.1016/j.cviu.2009.03.011 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 574JP UT WOS:000275985600002 ER PT J AU Salomon, AK Gaichas, SK Shears, NT Smith, JE Madin, EMP Gaines, SD AF Salomon, Anne K. Gaichas, Sarah K. Shears, Nick T. Smith, Jennifer E. Madin, Elizabeth M. P. Gaines, Steven D. TI Key Features and Context-Dependence of Fishery-Induced Trophic Cascades SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE alternative states; fishing; food web; harvest; indirect effects; predation; trophic cascade ID MARINE RESERVE PROTECTION; KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES; CARIBBEAN CORAL-REEF; NORTHERN NEW-ZEALAND; FOOD WEBS; REGIME SHIFTS; INTERACTION STRENGTH; CENTRAL CHILE; TOP-DOWN; ECOSYSTEMS AB Trophic cascades triggered by fishing have profound implications for marine ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that depend on them. With the number of reported cases quickly growing, key features and commonalities have emerged. Fishery-induced trophic cascades often display differential response times and nonlinear trajectories among trophic levels and can be accompanied by shifts in alternative states. Furthermore, their magnitude appears to be context dependent, varying as a function of species diversity, regional oceanography, local physical disturbance, habitat complexity, and the nature of the fishery itself. To conserve and manage exploited marine ecosystems, there is a pressing need for an improved understanding of the conditions that promote or inhibit the cascading consequences of fishing. Future research should investigate how the trophic effects of fishing interact with other human disturbances, identify strongly interacting species and ecosystem features that confer resilience to exploitation, determine ranges of predator depletion that elicit trophic cascades, pinpoint antecedents that signal ecosystem state shifts, and quantify variation in trophic rates across oceanographic conditions. This information will advance predictive models designed to forecast the trophic effects of fishing and will allow managers to better anticipate and avoid fishery-induced trophic cascades. C1 [Salomon, Anne K.; Shears, Nick T.; Madin, Elizabeth M. P.; Gaines, Steven D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Salomon, Anne K.] Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. [Gaichas, Sarah K.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Smith, Jennifer E.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Madin, Elizabeth M. P.; Gaines, Steven D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Salomon, AK (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM anne.salomon@sfu.ca RI Smith, Jennifer/E-5207-2013 FU David H. Smith Conservation fellowship; Santa Fe Institute Complex Systems award; New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology fellowship; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis; National Science Foundation Graduate Research FX This review was funded by a David H. Smith Conservation fellowship to A. K. S, a Santa Fe Institute Complex Systems award to S. K. G., a New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology fellowship to N.T.S, a National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis postdoctoral fellowship to J.E.S., and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research fellowship to E. M. P. M. We are indebted to R. Babcock for the inspiration to address this topic and thank K. Lafferty and two anonymous reviewers whose insights improved this manuscript. NR 69 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 8 U2 75 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 24 IS 2 BP 382 EP 394 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01436.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 572ZM UT WOS:000275877600008 PM 20151987 ER PT J AU Cherniawsky, JY Foreman, MGG Kang, SK Scharroo, R Eert, AJ AF Cherniawsky, Josef Y. Foreman, Michael G. G. Kang, Sok Kuh Scharroo, Remko Eert, A. Jane TI 18.6-year lunar nodal tides from altimeter data SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Satellite altimetry; Nodal tides; Harmonic analysis ID SEA-LEVEL DATA; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; TIDAL CONNECTION; OCEAN TIDES; WEST-COAST; CONSTANTS; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; SATELLITE AB Harmonic analyses of 16-year long time series of collocated TOPEX, Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeter data were carried out in the Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans and their marginal seas. These time series are sufficiently long to adequately separate the 18.6-year nodal satellites Q(1n), O(1n), K(1n), M(2n) and K(2n) from their parent constituents Q(1), O(1), K(1), M(2) and K(2). Editing criteria were used to eliminate results in areas where these satellites are weak (i.e., smaller than their formal error estimates), or where they are strongly affected by aliased low-frequency signals (e.g. in the Kuroshio, in the Gulfstream and in their extension regions). As expected from tidal theory, the phases of the altimetry-derived nodal satellites agree reasonably well with the phases of their parents. However, due to their relatively small amplitudes and the remaining influence from low-frequency aliased signals, the altimeter observed amplitude ratios between the nodal satellites and their parent constituents tend to exceed the values predicted by the theory. Examination of diurnal and semidiurnal nodal amplitudes in select coastal areas and marginal seas around the Pacific and the western Atlantic Ocean allowed the assignment of a nodal character to regions, which were each classified as nodal diurnal, nodal semidiurnal, or nodal mixed, based on the nodal amplitudes in each band. While the areas with predominant diurnal tides are all nodal diurnal, the small nodal ratio of 0.037 for M(2n) resulted in some regions with strong M(2) tides being classified as nodal diurnal or nodal mixed. The amplitude ratio between K(2n) and K(2) is 0.30, making the K(2n) amplitudes sometimes comparable to those of M(2n). However, this effect was not sufficient to make all the areas with dominant M(2) to be dominant nodal semidiurnal. The observed amplitudes of the 18.6-year nodal constituent M(n) are relatively small, 1.5-3.5 cm. These values significantly exceed its theoretical amplitudes, which are less than 1 cm almost everywhere. The analysed signals at M(n) frequency are therefore of mostly non-tidal origin, part of the broad-band decadal ocean variability. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Cherniawsky, Josef Y.; Foreman, Michael G. G.; Eert, A. Jane] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. [Kang, Sok Kuh] Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Seoul, South Korea. [Scharroo, Remko] NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Cherniawsky, JY (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, POB 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. EM josef.cherniawsky@dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI Scharroo, Remko/F-5623-2010 FU Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) [PG47100]; Fisheries and Oceans Canada FX We are grateful to Richard Ray for his discussion regarding nodal constituents and thank the two reviewers and the editor for their helpful comments and suggestions. This work was supported in part by the Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI research program PG47100) and by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 30 IS 6 SI SI BP 575 EP 587 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2009.10.002 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 596FD UT WOS:000277669400006 ER PT J AU Chijioke, A Lawall, J AF Chijioke, Akobuije Lawall, John TI Vibration spectrum of a pulse-tube cryostat from 1 Hz to 20 kHz SO CRYOGENICS LA English DT Article DE Cryostats; Pulse tube; Vibration ID NOISE COOLING PERFORMANCE; HT-SQUID; COOLER AB The vibrations of the cold finger of a low-vibration helium pulse-tube cryostat are measured from 1 Hz to 20 kHz using an optical interferometer specially designed to measure small amplitude vibrations at high frequencies in the presence of large vibrations at lower frequencies. While the vibrational amplitude is dominated by the contribution at the fundamental compressor frequency of 1.4 Hz, the pulse tube contributes mechanical noise at frequencies up to 15 kHz, where the spectral density is measured to be 4 x 10(-12) m/Hz(1/2). Root-mean-squared vibration amplitudes of 5.2 mu m and 3 mu m are measured along perpendicular axes in the horizontal plane, and 1.0 mu m in the vertical direction. The effect of a suspended sample holder for the purpose of attenuating high-frequency vibrations is evaluated. Finally, the cryostat is shown to be considerably noisier than typical laboratory floors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Chijioke, Akobuije; Lawall, John] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawall, J (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.lawall@nist.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0011-2275 J9 CRYOGENICS JI Cryogenics PD APR PY 2010 VL 50 IS 4 BP 266 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.01.005 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA 590KC UT WOS:000277223500006 ER PT J AU Stramma, L Schmidtko, S Levin, LA Johnson, GC AF Stramma, Lothar Schmidtko, Sunke Levin, Lisa A. Johnson, Gregory C. TI Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE Deoxygenation; Oxygen minimum zones; Ecosystem changes; Hypoxia; Tropical ocean; Tropical Atlantic; Tropical Pacific ID NORTH PACIFIC; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DEAD ZONES; HYPOXIA; SEA; VARIABILITY; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CONSEQUENCES; TOLERANCE AB Climate models with biogeochemical components predict declines in oceanic dissolved oxygen with global warming. In coastal regimes oxygen deficits represent acute ecosystem perturbations Here, we estimate dissolved oxygen differences across the global tropical and subtropical oceans within the oxygen minimum zone (200-700-dbar depth) between 1960-1974 (an early period with reliable data) and 1990-2008 (a recent period capturing ocean response to planetary warming) In most regions of the tropical Pacific. Atlantic, and Indian Oceans the oxygen content in the 200-700-dbar layer has declined. Furthermore, at 200 dbar, the area with O-2 < 70 mu mol kg(-1) where some large mobile macro-organisms are unable to abide, has increased by 4.5 million km(2) The tropical low oxygen zones have expanded horizontally and vertically Subsurface oxygen has decreased adjacent to most continental shelves However, oxygen has increased in sonic regions in the subtropical gyres at the depths analyzed According to literature discussed below, fishing pressure is strong in the open ocean, which may make it difficult to isolate the impact of declining oxygen on fisheries At shallower depths we predict habitat compression will occur for hypoxia-intolerant taxa, with eventual loss of biodiversity. Should past trends in observed oxygen differences continue into the future, shifts in animal distributions and changes in ecosystem structure could accelerate (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved C1 [Stramma, Lothar; Schmidtko, Sunke] Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, IFM GEOMAR, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. [Schmidtko, Sunke; Johnson, Gregory C.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Levin, Lisa A.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Stramma, L (reprint author), Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, IFM GEOMAR, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. RI Schmidtko, Sunke/F-3355-2011; Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Schmidtko, Sunke/0000-0003-3272-7055; Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 FU Deutsche Forschungsgememschaft (DFG); US National Science Foundation; NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research FX The Deutsche Forschungsgememschaft (DFG) provided support as part of the German project "Sonderforschungsbereich 754" (LS, SS). Additional support was provided through the US National Science Foundation (LL) and the NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (and the UC Mexus Program GCJ, SS). Comments by anonymous reviewers and the editors improved the manuscript. Findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NR 60 TC 162 Z9 163 U1 17 U2 154 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 EI 1879-0119 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD APR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 4 BP 587 EP 595 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.01.005 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 586VO UT WOS:000276942400010 ER PT J AU Kawaguchi, S Peterson, WT AF Kawaguchi, So Peterson, William T. TI Krill biology and ecology SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Kawaguchi, So] Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia. [Peterson, William T.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Kawaguchi, S (reprint author), Australian Antarctic Div, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia. EM So.Kawaguchi@aad.gov.au NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 7-8 BP 494 EP 495 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.001 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588KR UT WOS:000277069300002 ER PT J AU Cox, MJ Warren, JD Demer, DA Cutter, GR Brierley, AS AF Cox, Martin J. Warren, Joseph D. Demer, David A. Cutter, George R. Brierley, Andrew S. TI Three-dimensional observations of swarms of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) made using a multi-beam echosounder SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Antarctic krill; Euphausia superba; Pelagic; Multibeam echosounder; Swarm morphology; Three dimensions; Livingston Island; South Shetland Islands ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; ACOUSTIC OBSERVATIONS; SARDINE SCHOOLS; SONAR; BEHAVIOR; IDENTIFICATION; AGGREGATIONS; ZOOPLANKTON; VARIABILITY; PREDATORS AB Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) aggregate in dense swarms. Previous investigations of krill swarms have used conventional single- or split-beam echosounders that, with post-processing, provide a two-dimensional (2-D) view of the water column, leaving the third dimension to be inferred. We used a multi-beam echosounder system (SM20, 200 kHz, Kongsberg Mesotech Ltd, Canada) from an inflatable boat (length = 5.5 m) to sample water-column backscatter, particularly krill swarms, directly in 2-D and, with post-processing, to provide a three dimensional (3-D) view of entire krill swarms. The study took place over six days (2-8 February 2006) in the vicinity of Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica (62.4 degrees S, 60.7 degrees W). An automatic 3-D aggregation detection algorithm resolved 1006 krill swarms from the survey data. Principal component analyses indicated that swarm morphology metrics such as length, surface area and volume accounted for the largest between swarm variance, followed by echo energy, and finally swarm geographic location. Swarms did not form basic cylindrical or spherical shapes, but had quite consistent surface area to volume ratios of 3.3 m(-1). Swarms were spatially segregated, with larger sizes (mean north-south length = 276 m, at least double that of two other swarm classifications), found to the northwest of the survey area. The apparent clustering of swarm types suggests that krill biomass surveys and ecosystem investigations may require stratified survey design, in response to varying 3-D swarm morphology, variation that may be driven in turn by environmental characteristics such as bathymetry. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Cox, Martin J.; Brierley, Andrew S.] Univ St Andrews, Pelag Ecol Res Grp, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. [Warren, Joseph D.] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Southampton, NY 11968 USA. [Demer, David A.; Cutter, George R.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Adv Survey Technol Program, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Cox, MJ (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Pelag Ecol Res Grp, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. EM mjc16@st-and.ac.uk RI Brierley, Andrew/G-8019-2011 OI Brierley, Andrew/0000-0002-6438-6892 FU Royal Society; UK Natural Environment Research Council; NSF [06-OPP-33939] FX We thank the Royal Society for funds enabling deployment of the MBE, and Jeff Condiotty of Simrad USA for the loan of the SM20. We are grateful to Rennie Holt, Director of the United States Antarctic Marine Living Resources program, for availing numerous resources and providing both financial and logistical support. We thank the Master, officers and crew of the R/V Yuzhmorgeologiya, and the personnel at the Cape Shirreff field station for logistical support. MJC was supported by a UK Natural Environment Research Council CASE PhD studentship. This work was conducted as a complement to JDW's and DAD's NSF-funded investigation of the Livingston Island nearshore environment (Grant #06-OPP-33939). We thank A. Jenkins and M. Van Den Berg for skippering the nearshore boats and S. Sessions for skippering the nearshore boats and providing invaluable field expertise. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 7-8 BP 508 EP 518 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.003 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588KR UT WOS:000277069300004 ER PT J AU Feinberg, LR Peterson, WT Shaw, CT AF Feinberg, Leah R. Peterson, William T. Shaw, C. Tracy TI The timing and location of spawning for the Euphausiid Thysanoessa spinifera off the Oregon coast, USA SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Thysanoessa spinifera; spawning patterns; USA; Oregon ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; POPULATION BIOLOGY; FOOD-HABITS; PACIFICA; VARIABILITY; CALIFORNIA; PATTERNS; GROWTH; SALMON; ZONE AB Thysanoessa spinifera eggs were sampled biweekly from 1997-2005 along a transect extending off the coast of Newport, OR, USA. T. spinifera eggs were typically found in greatest abundance at NH05, our shallower mid-shelf station, and in lowest abundance at NH25, our offshore, deep-water station beyond the shelf break. In most years small peaks in density of T. spinifera eggs were found in late winter (February-March) and/or spring (April-May) along with large, prolonged peaks in summer, from July-September. However, it was more common to find egg densities of <1 m(-3) or to find no eggs at all (58-91% of sampling dates per year had densities <1 m(-3) at NH05). We found that egg densities were significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations during the winter and spring (r(2)=0.52 and 0.55 respectively, p < 0.001), but not during summer. We did not find a significant correlation between egg densities and female densities. When winters were stormy, as in 1998, 1999 and 2000 the first eggs of Thysanoessa spinifera were not observed at any station until after upwelling was initiated later in the spring. However, in other years eggs were likely to be found earlier in the year if there were fewer storms, or winter or spring upwelling events that were not followed by a large storm. In most years, spawning continued until the upwelling season ended in the autumn, however this trend ceased in 2003-2005 and spawning was interrupted earlier in the season. Overall, we found that chlorophyll a peaks and egg peaks increased in magnitude in the later part of our study. We have concluded that T. spinifera is likely an intermittent spawner, whose ovaries are not constantly mature and prepared for spawning, despite the presence of ocean conditions that are suitable for spawning. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Feinberg, Leah R.; Shaw, C. Tracy] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Peterson, William T.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Feinberg, LR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM leah.feinberg@oregonstate.edu; bill.peterson@noaa.gov; tracy.shaw@oregonstate.edu FU US GLOBEC FX We thank H. Bi for his calculations of mean SeaWiFS chlorophyll data, Jay Peterson for assistance with figures, and the crews of the R.V. Sacajawea, R.V. Elakha and R.V. Wecoma for assistance with sample collection. This study was funded by US GLOBEC and is contribution number 605 from the NE Pacific U.S. GLOBEC program. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 7-8 BP 572 EP 583 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.007 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588KR UT WOS:000277069300009 ER PT J AU Shaw, CT Peterson, WT Feinberg, LR AF Shaw, C. Tracy Peterson, William T. Feinberg, Leah R. TI Growth of Euphausia pacifica in the upwelling zone off the Oregon coast SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Zooplankton; Euphausiids; Euphausia pacifica; Growth rate; Seasonal variations; Oregon Coast ID ANTARCTIC KRILL; MEGANYCTIPHANES-NORVEGICA; THYSANOESSA-INERMIS; NORTH PACIFIC; MOLT CYCLE; SUPERBA; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; CALIFORNIA; LENGTH AB Growth rates and intermolt periods for Euphausia pacifica were determined from individual growth rate (IGR) experiments carried out over a 7-year period (2000-2006) on euphausiids collected off the Oregon Coast. Adult growth rates averaged 0.020 mm total length (TL) day(-1) during the summer upwelling season and 0.011 mm TL day(-1) during the winter downwelling season. Average intermolt period (IMP) was 8 d during upwelling and 11 d during downwelling. Growth rates and IMPs were highly variable, and were not related to surface chl-a concentration or length of the euphausiid. Negative growth occurred at all times of year. Negative growth rates during winter downwelling were most likely related to poor feeding conditions, while negative growth rates during the summer upwelling season were likely a result of the euphausiids investing ingested energy towards reproduction rather than somatic growth. Growth rates from this study using the IGR method were generally lower than E. pacifica growth rates from other studies that used the cohort analysis method. Since negative growth rates are difficult to capture using cohort analysis, we calculated a seasonal growth rate using only the positive values from our experiments to compare with cohort analysis growth rates. These seasonal positive growth rates were 0.08 mm TL d(-1) (2.4 mm month(-1)) for the upwelling season and 0.04 mm TL d(-1) (1.2 mm month(-1)) for the downwelling season, equivalent to weight-specific growth rates of 0.0135 d(-1) (upwelling) and 0.0089 d(-1) (downwelling), and are comparable to rates obtained in other studies using cohort analysis. Highest annual growth rates during upwelling were measured in 2004 (warm) and 2006 (cold), suggesting that E. pacifica is less affected by warm and cool periods than other types of zooplankton, such as copepods. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Shaw, C. Tracy; Feinberg, Leah R.] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Peterson, William T.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Shaw, CT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM tracy.shaw@oregonstate.edu; bill.peterson@noaa.gov; leah.feinberg@oregonstate.edu NR 58 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 7-8 BP 584 EP 593 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.008 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588KR UT WOS:000277069300010 ER PT J AU Harvey, HR Ju, SJ Son, SK Feinberg, LR Shaw, CT Peterson, WT AF Harvey, H. R. Ju, Se-J. Son, S-K. Feinberg, L. R. Shaw, C. T. Peterson, W. T. TI The biochemical estimation of age in Euphausiids: Laboratory calibration and field comparisons SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Euphausiids; Euphausia pacifica; Euphausia superba; Ageing; Lipofuscin; Demographic structure ID CRAB CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; ANTARCTIC KRILL; EXTRACTABLE LIPOFUSCIN; SUPERBA; VARIABILITY; CRUSTACEANS; PACIFICA; GROWTH; ACCUMULATION; LONGEVITY AB Euphausiids play a key role in many marine ecosystems as a link between primary producers and top predators. Understanding their demographic (i.e. age) structure is an essential tool to assess growth and recruitment as well as to determine how changes in environmental conditions might alter their condition and distribution. Age determination of crustaceans cannot be accomplished using traditional approaches, and here we evaluate the potential for biochemical products of tissue metabolism (termed lipofuscins) to determine the demographic structure of euphausiids in field collections. Lipofuscin was extracted from krill neural tissues (eye and eye-stalk), quantified using fluorescent intensity and normalized to tissue protein content to allow comparisons across animal sizes. Multiple fluorescent components from krill were observed, with the major product having a maximum fluorescence at excitation of 355 nm and emission of 510 nm. Needed age calibration of lipofuscin accumulation in Euphausia pacifica was accomplished using known-age individuals hatched and reared in the laboratory for over one year. Lipofuscin content extracted from neural tissues of laboratory-reared animals was highly correlated with the chronological age of animals (r=0.87). Calibrated with laboratory lipofuscin accumulation rates, field-collected sub-adult and adult E. pacifica in the Northeast Pacific were estimated to be older than 100 days and younger than 1 year. Comparative data for the Antarctic krill, E. superba showed much higher lipofuscin values suggesting a much longer lifespan than the more temperate species, E. pacifica. These regional comparisons suggest that biochemical indices allow a practical approach to estimate population age structure of diverse populations, and combined with other measurements can provide estimates of vital rates (i.e. longevity, mortality, growth) for krill populations in dynamic environments. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ju, Se-J.; Son, S-K.] Korea Ocean & Res Dev Inst, Deep Sea & Marine Georesources Res Dept, Seoul 425600, South Korea. [Harvey, H. R.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. [Feinberg, L. R.; Shaw, C. T.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Peterson, W. T.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ju, SJ (reprint author), Korea Ocean & Res Dev Inst, Deep Sea & Marine Georesources Res Dept, POB 29, Seoul 425600, South Korea. EM sjju@kordi.re.kr RI Ju, Se-Jong/A-9029-2009 FU NSF [OPP-9910043]; NOAA [OCE-0000732]; KORDI [PE98314, PM54903]; KORP FX We thank Rachael Dyda, Steve McGuire, and Susan Klosterhaus for their assistance in the collection of euphausiids. This work was supported by NSF through the Southern Ocean GLOBEC program (OPP-9910043) and NOAA through the NEP-GLOBEC program (OCE-0000732). S.-J. Ju was also partially supported by KORDI projects (PE98314 & PM54903) and the industrial and academic outstanding researcher invitation program sponsored by KORP. This manuscript is contribution No. 4363 of The University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science and contribution No. 651 of US GLOBEC program. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 7-8 BP 663 EP 671 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.015 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588KR UT WOS:000277069300017 ER PT J AU Ping, F Luo, ZX Li, XF AF Ping, Fan Luo, Zhexian Li, Xiaofan TI Effects of ice microphysics on a tropical coupled system SO DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERES AND OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Ice microphysics; Tropical coupling system ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; DEEP CONVECTIVE REGIME; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; TOGA-COARE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; CLIMATE FEEDBACK; MIXED-LAYER; PRECIPITATION AB The effects of ice microphysics on tropical atmospheric and oceanic variability are investigated with a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind derived from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The experiment without ice microphysics is compared to a control experiment with ice microphysics. Compared to the control experiment, the experiment without ice microphysics generates a more humid and colder atmosphere by suppressing stratiform clouds and rainfall and associated latent heating; the experiment without ice microphysics produces a saltier mixed layer by a larger saline forcing associated with a weaker stratiform rainfall. Ocean mixed-layer temperature is insensitive to the atmospheric variability associated with ice microphysics. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Ping, Fan] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Luo, Zhexian] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Jiangsu Key Lab Meteorol Disaster, Nanjing 210044, Peoples R China. [Li, Xiaofan] Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIS, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Li, Xiaofan] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ping, F (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM pingf@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 FU National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China [2006BAC12B01]; National Natural Sciences Foundation of China [40333028, 40875031]; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, China [KLME060207] FX The authors thank Dr. W.-K. Tao at NASA/GSFC for his cloud resolving model, Dr. D. Adamec at NASA/GSFC for his ocean mixed-layer model, Prof. C.-H. Sui at National Central University for his TOGA COARE forcing data, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improve the manuscript significantly. This work is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China No. 2006BAC12B01, the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 40333028 and 40875031 and the project No. KLME060207 of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, China. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0265 J9 DYNAM ATMOS OCEANS JI Dyn. Atmos. Oceans PD APR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 2-3 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.12.003 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 564RD UT WOS:000275233000001 ER PT J AU North, EW King, DM Xu, J Hood, RR Newell, RIE Paynter, K Kellogg, ML Liddel, MK Boesch, DF AF North, E. W. King, D. M. Xu, J. Hood, R. R. Newell, R. I. E. Paynter, K. Kellogg, M. L. Liddel, M. K. Boesch, D. F. TI Linking optimization and ecological models in a decision support tool for oyster restoration and management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; Crassostrea virginica; eastern oyster; ecosystem approach to management; modeling; optimization; restoration ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA POPULATIONS; PARTIALLY MIXED ESTUARY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; EASTERN OYSTERS; HABITAT; SALINITY; NITROGEN; GROWTH; LARVAE; REEFS AB Restoration of ecologically important marine species and habitats is restricted by funding constraints and hindered by lack of information about trade-offs among restoration goals and the effectiveness of alternative restoration strategies. Because ecosystems provide diverse human and ecological benefits, achieving one restoration benefit may take place at the expense of other benefits. This poses challenges when attempting to allocate limited resources to optimally achieve multiple benefits, and when defining measures of restoration success. We present a restoration decision-support tool that links ecosystem prediction and human use in a flexible "optimization" framework that clarifies important restoration trade-offs, makes location-specific recommendations, predicts benefits, and quantifies the associated costs (in the form of lost opportunities). The tool is illustrated by examining restoration options related to the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, which supported an historically important fishery in Chesapeake Bay and provides a range of ecosystem services such as removing seston, enhancing water clarity, and creating benthic habitat. We use an optimization approach to identify the locations where oyster restoration efforts are most likely to maximize one or more benefits such as reduction in seston, increase in light penetration, spawning stock enhancement, and harvest, subject to funding constraints and other limitations. This proof-of-concept Oyster Restoration Optimization model (ORO) incorporates predictions from three-dimensional water quality (nutrients-phytoplankton-zooplankton detritus [NPZD] with oyster filtration) and larval transport models; calculates size- and salinity-dependent growth, mortality, and fecundity of oysters; and includes economic costs of restoration efforts. Model results indicate that restoration of oysters in different regions of the Chesapeake Bay would maximize different suites of benefits due to interactions between the physical characteristics of a system and nonlinear biological processes. For example, restoration locations that maximize harvest are not the same as those that would maximize spawning stock enhancement. Although preliminary, the ORO model demonstrates that our understanding of circulation patterns, single-species population dynamics and their interactions with the ecosystem can be integrated into one quantitative framework that optimizes spending allocations and provides explicit advice along with testable predictions. The ORO model has strengths and constraints as a tool to support restoration efforts and ecosystem approaches to fisheries management. C1 [North, E. W.; Hood, R. R.; Newell, R. I. E.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. [King, D. M.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. [Xu, J.] NOAA, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Off Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Paynter, K.; Kellogg, M. L.; Liddel, M. K.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Paynter, K.; Kellogg, M. L.; Liddel, M. K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP North, EW (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. EM enorth@hpl.umces.edu RI North, Elizabeth/F-9355-2013; hood, raleigh/F-9364-2013; Paynter, Kennedy/F-9717-2013 FU Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment; National Science Foundation [OCE-0424932, OCE-0829512]; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science FX We thank Thomas Maslin, Thomas Wazniak, Javier Ordonez, Mark Luckenbach, Donald Meritt, Chris Judy, and Victor Kennedy for their assistance and insights. This research was funded by the Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment, the National Science Foundation (OCE-0424932, OCE-0829512), and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. This is UMCES HPL contribution number 4337. NR 52 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 40 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 3 BP 851 EP 866 DI 10.1890/08-1733.1 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 588NG UT WOS:000277077400020 PM 20437969 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ Wolk, A Naydich, A AF Bruno, Thomas J. Wolk, Arron Naydich, Alexander TI Composition-Explicit Distillation Curves for Mixtures of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel with gamma-Valerolactone SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Petroleum Phase Behavior and Fouling CY JUN, 2009 CL Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL ID DECREASED PARTICULATE-EMISSIONS; ROCKET PROPELLANTS RP-1; EXHAUST EMISSIONS; AVIATION FUEL; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; DIMETHYL CARBONATE; BIODIESEL FUEL; IMPROVEMENTS; ENGINE; COMBUSTION AB Interest in the domestic production of bioderived fuels, sparked by the high cost of petroleum crude oil, the potential of supply disruptions, and fears about climate change has led to consideration of fluids to replace or extend conventional petroleum derived fuels. While ethanol as a gasoline oxygenate and extender has received a great deal of attention, this fluid has numerous problems such as aggressive behavior toward engine components and a relatively low energy content. Many other fluids have been considered as oxygenates for gasoline, such as the butanols, ethers, and other alcohols. For diesel fuel, oxygenates have included glycol ethers, glycol esters, carbonates, acetates, and ethers. Some of these oxygenates and extenders can be made from biomass and are thus renewable and in some cases can decrease the overall carbon dioxide budget. One new renewable fluid being considered as both a gasoline and diesel fuel oxygenate is gamma-valerolactone. In this paper, we present a characterization of selected mixtures of gamma-valerolactone in both gasoline (mixtures of 10, 20, and 30%, vol/vol) and diesel fuel (1 and 2.5%, vol/vol), performed with the advanced distillation curve metrology. This method features: (1) a composition explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for both qualitative and quantitative analysis); (2) temperature measurements that are true thermodynamic state points that can be modeled with an equation of state; (3) temperature, volume, and pressure measurements of low uncertainty suitable for equation of state development; (4) consistency with a century of historical data; (5) an assessment of the energy content of each distillate fraction; (6) trace chemical analysis of each distillate fraction; and (7) corrosivity assessment of each distillate fraction. We discuss the effect of gamma-valerolactone on the vapor liquid equilibrium (volatility) of the mixtures. C1 [Bruno, Thomas J.; Wolk, Arron; Naydich, Alexander] NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov RI Wolk, Arron/G-8968-2013 OI Wolk, Arron/0000-0002-5269-7319 NR 84 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD APR PY 2010 VL 24 BP 2758 EP 2767 DI 10.1021/ef100133a PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 581YZ UT WOS:000276563300070 ER PT J AU Thompson, AR Baskin, JN Swift, CC Haglund, TR Nagel, RJ AF Thompson, Andrew Richard Baskin, Jonathan N. Swift, Camm C. Haglund, Thomas R. Nagel, Randall J. TI Influence of habitat dynamics on the distribution and abundance of the federally threatened Santa Ana Sucker, Catostomus santaanae, in the Santa Ana River SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Southern California; Freshwater fish; Endangered fish conservation; Native fish; Stream dynamics ID FISH ASSEMBLAGE; STREAM FISHES; RIPARIAN ZONE; LIFE-HISTORY; SEDIMENT; CALIFORNIA; SILTATION; ECOLOGY; DACE AB Habitat degradation affects native stream fish populations worldwide. We examined the impact of fluctuation in environmental variables on the population dynamics of the federally threatened Santa Ana sucker, Catostomus santaanae, in the Santa Ana River, California through: 1) annual quantitative surveys of C. santaanae abundance and habitat at three 100-m sites between 2001 and 2008 and 2) annual surveys of habitat composition within a 30-km stretch of the Santa Ana River between 2006 and 2008. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate competing models that used environmental variables to explain variation in C. santaanae abundance among sites and years. The most plausible model identified a positive relationship between C. santaanae abundance and both the amount of coarse substrate (i.e., gravel and cobble) and rate of discharge among site-years. Surveys at the 30-km scale indicated that the prevalence of coarse substrate declined in a downstream direction in each year and that the total amount of this habitat type varied annually. Specifically, cobble/gravel habitat was mostly confined to the upstream 4 km, 9.6 km, and 5.1 km of the survey area in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Fine sediment comprised the bulk of downstream habitat every year. This large-scale flux in the distribution of coarse sediment likely has a large effect on the population dynamics of C. santaanae in the Santa Ana River. Our results underscore the need to maintain and enhance suitable C. santaanae habitat to ensure its long-term persistence in the Santa Ana River. C1 [Thompson, Andrew Richard; Nagel, Randall J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. [Baskin, Jonathan N.] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Biol Sci, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. [Swift, Camm C.] Entrix Inc, Ventura, CA 93003 USA. [Baskin, Jonathan N.; Haglund, Thomas R.] San Marino Environm Associates, San Marino, CA 91108 USA. RP Thompson, AR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM andrew.thompson@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 6 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD APR PY 2010 VL 87 IS 4 BP 321 EP 332 DI 10.1007/s10641-010-9604-2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 567CW UT WOS:000275420900010 ER PT J AU Tiedeken, JA Ramsdell, JS AF Tiedeken, Jessica A. Ramsdell, John S. TI Zebrafish Seizure Model Identifies p,p '-DDE as the Dominant Contaminant of Fetal California Sea Lions That Accounts for Synergistic Activity with Domoic Acid SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Danio rerio; DDT; domoic acid; epilepsy; PBDE; PCB; seizures; zebrafish ID ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; IN-UTERO; EXPOSURE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; RATS; PENTYLENETETRAZOLE; TOXICITY; BEHAVIOR AB BACKGROUND: Fetal poisoning of California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus) has been associated with exposure to the algal toxin domoic acid. These same sea lions accumulate a mixture of persistent environmental contaminants including pesticides and industrial products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Developmental exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its stable metabolite 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p'-DDE) has been shown to enhance domoic acid induced seizures in zebrafish; however, the contribution of other co-occurring contaminants is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We formulated a mixture of contaminants to include PCBs, PBDEs, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and chlordane at levels matching those reported for fetal CSL blubber to determine the impact of co-occurring persistent contaminants with p,p'-DDE on chemically induced seizures in zebrafish as a model for the CSLs. METHODS: Embryos were exposed (6-30 hr postfertilization) to p,p'-DDE in the presence or absence of a defined contaminant mixture prior to neurodevelopment via either bath exposure or embryo yolk sac microinjection. After brain maturation (7 days postfertilization), fish were exposed to a chemical convulsant, either pentylenetetrazole or domoic acid; resulting seizure behavior was then monitored and analyzed for changes, using cameras and behavioral tracking software. RESULTS: Induced seizure behavior did not differ significantly between subjects with embryonic exposure to a contaminant mixture and those exposed to p,p'-DDE only. CONCLUSION: These studies demonstrate that p,p'-DDE in the absence of PCBs, HCH, chlordane, and PBDEs that co-occur in fetal sea lions accounts for the synergistic activity that leads to greater sensitivity to domoic acid seizures. C1 [Tiedeken, Jessica A.; Ramsdell, John S.] Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, NOAA, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 16 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2010 VL 118 IS 4 BP 545 EP 551 DI 10.1289/ehp.0901301 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 580NA UT WOS:000276454800029 PM 20368122 ER PT J AU Willett, KM Jones, PD Thorne, PW Gillett, NP AF Willett, Katharine M. Jones, Philip D. Thorne, Peter W. Gillett, Nathan P. TI A comparison of large scale changes in surface humidity over land in observations and CMIP3 general circulation models SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE specific humidity; GCMs; climate change; Clausius-Clapeyron ID WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TEMPERATURE; TRENDS; VARIABILITY; UNCERTAINTIES; DATASET; ROBUST; CYCLE AB Observed changes in the HadCRUH global land surface specific humidity and CRUTEM3 surface temperature from 1973 to 1999 are compared to CMIP3 archive climate model simulations with 20th Century forcings. Observed humidity increases are proportionately largest in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in winter. At the largest spatio-temporal scales moistening is close to the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of the saturated specific humidity (similar to 7% K-1). At smaller scales in water-limited regions, changes in specific humidity are strongly inversely correlated with total changes in temperature. Conversely, in some regions increases are faster than implied by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The range of climate model specific humidity seasonal climatology and variance encompasses the observations. The models also reproduce the magnitude of observed interannual variance over all large regions. Observed and modelled trends and temperature-humidity relationships are comparable except for the extratropical Southern Hemisphere where observations exhibit no trend but models exhibit moistening. This may arise from: long-term biases remaining in the observations; the relative paucity of observational coverage; or common model errors. The overall degree of consistency of anthropogenically forced models with the observations is further evidence for anthropogenic influence on the climate of the late 20th century. C1 [Willett, Katharine M.; Thorne, Peter W.] Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England. [Willett, Katharine M.; Jones, Philip D.; Gillett, Nathan P.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Thorne, Peter W.] NOAAs Natl Climat Data Ctr, Cooperat Inst Climate & Satellites NC, Asheville, NC USA. [Gillett, Nathan P.] Univ Victoria, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC, Canada. RP Willett, KM (reprint author), Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England. EM Kate.Willett@metoffice.gov.uk RI Jones, Philip/C-8718-2009; Thorne, Peter/F-2225-2014 OI Jones, Philip/0000-0001-5032-5493; Thorne, Peter/0000-0003-0485-9798 FU US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-98ER62601]; NOAA's Office of Global Programmes; UK Natural Environment Research Council; Met Office [NER/S/A/2003/11220]; Nathan Gillett's Philip Leverhulme Prize; DECC; Defra Integrated Climate Programme-GA01101 FX We acknowledge the modelling groups, the Programme for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and the WCRP's Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) for their roles in making available the WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset. Support of this dataset is provided by the Office of Science, US Department of Energy. We recognize the input and advice given from everyone in the Climate Monitoring and Attribution group at the Met Office Hadley Centre, in particular David Parker for various statistical advice and visiting scientist Aiguo Dai (NCAR) for insight. We acknowledge Mike Salmon for technical support. Nathan Gillett and Phil Jones acknowledge support of the Climate Change Detection and Attribution Project, jointly funded by NOAA's Office of Global Programmes and the US Department of Energy, grant DE-FG02-98ER62601. Katharine Willett was previously supported by a CASE studentship from the UK Natural Environment Research Council and the Met Office (Ref: NER/S/A/2003/11220) and was also supported while preparing some results for publication by funding from Nathan Gillett's Philip Leverhulme Prize. The final stages of write up, along with Peter Thorne in full, were supported by the Joint DECC and Defra Integrated Climate Programme-GA01101 and through their contributions this paper is British Crown copyright. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD APR-JUN PY 2010 VL 5 IS 2 AR 025210 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025210 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 618PZ UT WOS:000279369500023 ER PT J AU Zhang, XY Goldberg, M Tarpley, D Friedl, MA Morisette, J Kogan, F Yu, YY AF Zhang, Xiaoyang Goldberg, Mitchell Tarpley, Dan Friedl, Mark A. Morisette, Jeffrey Kogan, Felix Yu, Yunyue TI Drought-induced vegetation stress in southwestern North America SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE interannual vegetation greenness; daily precipitation; dry season length; climate change; long time series; AVHRR NDVI; complex trends ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; MONITORING VEGETATION; REGIONAL REANALYSIS; NDVI; PRECIPITATION; SATELLITE; PHENOLOGY AB Trends towards earlier greenup and increased average greenness have been widely reported in both humid and dry ecosystems. By analyzing NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data from 1982 to 2007, we report complex trends in both the growing season amplitude and seasonally integrated vegetation greenness in southwestern North America and further highlight regions consistently experiencing drought stress. In particular, greenness measurements from 1982 to 2007 show an increasing trend in grasslands but a decreasing trend in shrublands. However, vegetation greenness in this period has experienced a strong cycle, increasing from 1982 to 1993 but decreasing from 1993 to 2007. The significant decrease during the last decade has reduced vegetation greenness by 6% in shrublands and 13% in grasslands (16% and 21%, respectively, in the severe drought years). The greenness cycle correlates to both annual precipitation and dry season length derived from NOAA North America Regional Reanalysis data. If drought events continue as predicted by climate models, they will exacerbate ecosystem degradation and reduce carbon uptake. C1 [Zhang, Xiaoyang] NOAA NESDIS STAR, Earth Resources Technol Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Friedl, Mark A.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Morisette, Jeffrey] US Geol Survey, Invas Species Sci Branch, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Zhang, XY (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS STAR, Earth Resources Technol Inc, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xiaoyang.zhang@noaa.gov RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Yu, Yunyue/F-5636-2010; Zhang, Xiaoyang/E-3208-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; FU NOAA [DG133E-06-CQ-0030]; NASA [NNX08AT05A] FX This work was partially supported by NOAA contract DG133E-06-CQ-0030 and NASA MEaSUREs contract NNX08AT05A. The authors wish to express their thanks to Robert Wolfe, Kevin Gallo, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments, and to Dorian L Shuford for editing. The views, opinions, and findings contained in these works are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as an official NOAA and USGS or United States Government position, policy, or decision. NR 59 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 27 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD APR-JUN PY 2010 VL 5 IS 2 AR 024008 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024008 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 618PZ UT WOS:000279369500009 ER PT J AU Bahadur, R Uplinger, T Russell, LM Sive, BC Cliff, SS Millet, DB Goldstein, A Bates, TS AF Bahadur, Ranjit Uplinger, Timothy Russell, Lynn M. Sive, Barkley C. Cliff, Steven S. Millet, Dylan B. Goldstein, Allen Bates, Timothy S. TI Phenol Groups in Northeastern US Submicrometer Aerosol Particles Produced from Seawater Sources SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; ORGANIC-MATTER; OCEAN; QUANTIFICATION; SPECTROSCOPY; ATMOSPHERE; EMISSIONS AB Atmospheric particles collected during the ICARTT 2004 field experiment at ground based sites at Appledore Island (AI), New Hampshire, Chebogue Point (CP), Nova Scotia, and aboard the RN Ronald Brown (RB) were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to quantify organic mass (OM) and organic functional groups. Several of these spectra contain a unique absorbance peak at 3500 cm(-1). Laboratory calibrations identify this peak with phenol functional groups. The phenol groups are associated with seawater-derived emissions based on correlations with tracer volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ions, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis. On the basis of the measured absorptivities, the project average phenol group concentrations are 0.24 +/- 0.18 mu g m(-3) (4% of the total OM) at AI, 0.10 +/- 0.6 mu g m(-3) (5% of the total OM) at CP, and 0.08 +/- 0.09 mu g m(-3) (2% of the total OM) on board the RB, with detection limits typically between 0.06 and 0.11 mu g m(-3). The spectra were partitioned into three primary factors using positive matrix factorization (PMF) sufficient to explain more than 95% of the measured OM. The fossil fuel combustion factor contributed 40% (AI), 34% (CP), and 43% (RB) of the total OM; the terrestrial biogenic factor contributed 20% (AI), 30% (CP), and 27% (RB). The seawater-derived factor contributed 40% (AI), 36% (CP) and 29% (RB) of the OM and showed similar correlations to tracers as the phenol group. C1 [Bahadur, Ranjit; Uplinger, Timothy; Russell, Lynn M.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Sive, Barkley C.] Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Cliff, Steven S.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Millet, Dylan B.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Goldstein, Allen] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Bates, Timothy S.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Russell, LM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM lmrussell@ucsd.edu RI Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016 OI Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; FU BP; NOAA [NA17RJ1231]; NSF [ATM04-01611]; James S. McDonnell Foundation FX The analysis of ICARTT measurements presented here was supported by a grant from BP. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of BP. The ICARTT measurements used in this work were collected as part of projects supported by NOAA (including NA17RJ1231), NSF (including ATM04-01611), and the James S. McDonnell Foundation. Joost deGouw, Bill Kuster, Paul Goldan, Rupert Holzinger, and Patricia Quinn provided measurements used in this work. NR 53 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 44 IS 7 BP 2542 EP 2548 DI 10.1021/es9032277 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574MN UT WOS:000275993700050 PM 20192253 ER PT J AU Elfes, CT VanBlaricom, GR Boyd, D Calambokidis, J Clapham, PJ Pearce, RW Robbins, J Salinas, JC Straley, JM Wade, PR Krahn, MM AF Elfes, Crstiane T. VanBlaricom, Glenn R. Boyd, Daryle Calambokidis, John Clapham, Phillip J. Pearce, Ronald W. Robbins, Jooke Salinas, Juan Carlos Straley, Janice M. Wade, Paul R. Krahn, Margaret M. TI GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT LEVELS IN HUMPBACK WHALE (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE) FEEDING AREAS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC AND NORTH ATLANTIC SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Humpback whale; Persistent organic pollutants; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Contaminant variation; Health effects ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; BALAENOPTERA-PHYSALUS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; BLUBBER BIOPSIES; BOWHEAD WHALES; BALEEN WHALES; KILLER WHALES; ST-LAWRENCE AB Seasonal feeding behavior and high fidelity to feeding areas allow humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to be used as biological indicators of regional contamination. Biopsy blubber samples from male individuals (n=67) were collected through SPLASH, a multinational research project, in eight North Pacific feeding grounds. Additional male samples (n=20) were collected from one North Atlantic feeding ground. Persistent organic pollutants were measured in the samples and used to assess contaminant distribution in the study areas. North Atlantic (Gulf of Maine) whales were more contaminated than North Pacific whales, showing the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and chlordanes. The highest dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) levels were detected in whales feeding off southern California. USA. High-latitude regions were characterized by elevated levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) but generally nondetectable concentrations of PBDEs. Age was shown to have a positive relationship with Sigma PCBs, Sigma DDTs, Sigma chlordanes, and total percent lipid. Contaminant levels in humpback whales were comparable to other mysticetes and lower than those found in odontocete cetaceans and pinnipeds. Although these concentrations likely do not represent a significant conservation threat, levels in the Gulf of Maine and southern California may warrant further study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:824-834. (C) 2009 SETAC C1 [Elfes, Crstiane T.; VanBlaricom, Glenn R.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Boyd, Daryle; Pearce, Ronald W.; Krahn, Margaret M.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Calambokidis, John] Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Clapham, Phillip J.; Wade, Paul R.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Robbins, Jooke] Provincetown Ctr Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA 02657 USA. [Salinas, Juan Carlos] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Straley, Janice M.] Univ Alaska SE, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. RP Elfes, CT (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 1122 NE Boat St,Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM celfes@u.washington.edu OI Robbins, Jooke/0000-0002-6382-722X FU Northwest Fisheries Science Center, U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service; School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the SPLASH Steering Committee and the Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies for access to samples. We thank G. Schorr. T. Chandler, E. Falcone, B. Witteveen. and J. Straley for sample collection and K. Robertson, D. Steele, S. Baker, P. Palsboll, and M. Berube for sex determination of samples. D. Mattila provided fieldwork support for C. Elfes. We are grateful to G. Ylitalo for statistical support. K. Tilbury for lipid analysis, and J. Bolton and E. Falcone for database support. Chemical analyses were funded through the Environmental Assessment Program of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. C. Elfes received support from the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and the Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 67 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 28 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2010 VL 29 IS 4 BP 824 EP 834 DI 10.1002/etc.110 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 582NI UT WOS:000276604100009 PM 20821511 ER PT J AU Avedisian, CT Presser, C Stiehl, J Cavicchi, RE AF Avedisian, C. T. Presser, C. Stiehl, J. Cavicchi, R. E. TI A simple method to assess the quenching effectiveness of fire suppressants SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Fire suppressant; Pulse heating; Extinction; Transient heating; Thermal conductivity; Quenching effectiveness; Suppression effectiveness ID SURFACE; FLAMES AB A screening concept is suggested for evaluating the effectiveness of fluids to thermally suppress fires. It is based on measuring a fluid's ability to inhibit (or quench) the temperature rise of a material that is rapidly heated. The experimental design is similar to the transient hot wire technique, in which the evolution of the average material temperature is recorded for a given input power, and internal temperature gradients in the material are minimized. A gold wire (100 mu m long and 5 mu m diameter) is used as the surface which heats the fluid. The wire temperature response due to a power pulse provides a measure of the effectiveness of the fluid to suppress thermally the temperature increase. The results indicate that the "quenching effectiveness", QE=(T(max)-T(infinity))/(T(max,ref)-T(infinity)), correlates with the ratio of the fluid thermal conductivity to that of the wire, k(fluid)/k(solid), using different Nusselt numbers (representing both conduction and natural convection) for the liquids or gases. The concept developed here could be included in a more comprehensive screening protocol, which would assess the thermal potential of candidate fire suppressants. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Presser, C.; Cavicchi, R. E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Avedisian, C. T.; Stiehl, J.] Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Presser, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8360, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cpresser@nist.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD APR PY 2010 VL 45 IS 3 BP 206 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.02.002 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 609IP UT WOS:000278650100006 ER PT J AU Tribuzio, CA Kruse, GH Fujioka, JT AF Tribuzio, Cindy A. Kruse, Gordon H. Fujioka, Jeffrey T. TI Age and growth of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in the Gulf of Alaska: analysis of alternative growth models SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA WATERS; WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; BACK-CALCULATION; 2-PHASE GROWTH; UNITED-STATES; LIFE-HISTORY; VALIDATION; LENGTH; REPRODUCTION; CONSISTENCY AB Ten growth models were fitted to age and growth data for spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in the Gulf of Alaska. Previous studies of spiny dogfish growth have all fitted the t(0) formulation of the von Bertalanffy model without examination of alternative models. Among the alternatives, we present a new two-phase von Bertalanffy growth model formulation with a logistically scaled k parameter and which estimates L-0. A total of 1602 dogfish were aged from opportunistic collections with longline, rod and reel, set net, and trawling gear in the eastern and central Gulf of Alaska between 2004 and 2007. Ages were estimated from the median band count of three independent readings of the second dorsal spine plus the estimated number of worn bands for worn spines. Owing to a lack of small dogfish in the samples, lengths at age of small individuals were back-calculated from a subsample of 153 dogfish with unworn spines. The von Bertalanffy, two-parameter von Bertalanffy, two-phase von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, two-parameter Gompertz, and logistic models were fitted to length-at-age data for each sex separately, both with and without back-calculated lengths at age. The two-phase von Bertalanffy growth model produced the statistically best fit for both sexes of Gulf of Alaska spiny dogfish, resulting in L infinity = 87.2 and 102.5 cm and k=0.106 and 0.058 for males and females, respectively. C1 [Tribuzio, Cindy A.; Fujioka, Jeffrey T.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Tribuzio, Cindy A.; Kruse, Gordon H.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Tribuzio, CA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, 17109 Pt Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM cindy.tribuzio@noaa.gov FU North Pacific Research Board; Rasmuson Fisheries Research Center; Alaska Fisheries Science Center FX We are grateful for funding of this research by the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB publication no. 227), the Rasmuson Fisheries Research Center, and the Alaska Fisheries Science Center's Population Dynamics Fellowship through the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research (CIFAR). We thank V. Gallucci, J. Rice, A. Andrews, and W. Strasberger for field and laboratory assistance, and G. Bargmann, S. Rosen, and J. Topping at the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife for reading spines and training. We acknowledge the National Marine Fisheries Service; Alaska Department of Fish and Game; chartered vessels and crew of the FVs Kingfisher, Winter King, and Sea View, commercial fishermen in Yakutat, Cordova, and Kasilof; Gauvin and Associates, LLC., and Alaska Pacific and Trident Seafoods for kindly providing sampling opportunities. Finally, we are grateful to T. Quinn II and K. Goldman for considerable helpful analytical advice. NR 55 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 12 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 119 EP 135 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600001 ER PT J AU Rose, CS Gauvin, JR Hammond, CF AF Rose, Craig S. Gauvin, John R. Hammond, Carwyn F. TI Effective herding of flatfish by cables with minimal seafloor contact SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TRAWL FISHING EFFORT; EASTERN BERING SEA; BEHAVIOR; CONSERVATION; DISTURBANCE; FISHERIES; MORTALITY; ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT AB Otter trawls are very effective at capturing flatfish, but they can affect the seafloor ecosystems where they are used. Alaska flatfish trawlers have very long cables (called sweeps) between doors and net to herd fish into the path of the trawl. These sweeps, which ride on and can disturb the seafloor, account for most of the area affected by these trawls and hence a large proportion of the potential for damage to seafloor organisms. We examined modifications to otter trawls, such that disk clusters were installed at 9-m intervals to raise trawl sweeps small distances above the seafloor, greatly reducing the area of direct seafloor contact. A critical consideration was whether flatfish would still be herded effectively by these sweeps. We compared conventional and modified sweeps using a twin trawl system and analyzed the volume and composition of the resulting catches. We tested sweeps raised 5, 7.5, and 10 cm and observed no significant losses of flatfish catch until sweeps were raised 10 cm, and those losses were relatively small (5-10%). No size composition changes were detected in the flatfish catches. Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were captured at higher rates with two versions of the modified sweeps. Sonar observations of the sweeps in operation and the seafloor after passage confirmed that the area of direct seafloor contact was greatly reduced by the modified sweeps. C1 [Rose, Craig S.; Hammond, Carwyn F.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Engn Program, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Gauvin, John R.] Best Use Cooperat, Seattle, WA 98199 USA. RP Rose, CS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Engn Program, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM craig.rose@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 136 EP 144 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600002 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH Rose, CS Iseri, PJ AF Ryer, Clifford H. Rose, Craig S. Iseri, Paul J. TI Flatfish herding behavior in response to trawl sweeps: a comparison of diel responses to conventional sweeps and elevated sweeps SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; VERTICAL MIGRATION; VISUAL-STIMULUS; FISHING GEAR; BERING-SEA; LIGHT; CAPTURE; TRANSPORT; SIZE; NET AB Commercial bottom trawls often have sweeps to herd fish into the net. Elevation of the sweeps off the seafloor may reduce seafloor disturbance, but also reduce herding effectiveness. In both field and laboratory experiments, we examined the behavior of flatfish in response to sweeps. We tested the hypotheses that 1) sweeps are more effective at herding flatfish during the day than at night, when fish are unable to see approaching gear, and that 2) elevation of sweeps off the seafloor reduces herding during the day, but not at night. In sea trials, day catches were greater than night catches for four out of six flatfish species examined. The elevation of sweeps 10 cm significantly decreased catches during the day, but not at night. Laboratory experiments revealed northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) were more likely to be herded by the sweep in the light, whereas in the dark they tended to pass under or over the sweep. In the light, elevation of the sweep reduced herding, and more fish passed under the sweep. In contrast, in the dark, sweep elevation had little effect upon the number of fish that exhibited herding behavior. The results of both field and laboratory experiments were consistent with the premise that vision is the principle sensory input that controls fish behavior and orientation to trawl gear, and gear performance will differ between conditions where flatfish can see, in contrast to where they cannot see, the approaching gear. C1 [Ryer, Clifford H.; Iseri, Paul J.] NOAA Fisheries, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Rose, Craig S.] NOAA Fisheries, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600003 ER PT J AU Lo, NCH Macewicz, BJ Griffith, DA AF Lo, Nancy C. H. Macewicz, Beverly J. Griffith, David A. TI Biomass and reproduction of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the Pacific northwestern United States, 2003-2005 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SHARK ALOPIAS-VULPINUS; EGG-PRODUCTION METHOD; SPAWNING BIOMASS; CALIFORNIA; FISH; OREGON AB The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) is distributed along the west coast of North America from Baja California to British Columbia. This article presents estimates of biomass, spawning biomass, and related biological parameters based on four trawl-ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during July 2003 March 2005 off Oregon and Washington. The trawl-based biomass estimates, serving as relative abundance, were 198,600 t (coefficient of variation [CV]=0.51) in July 2003, 20,100 t (0.8) in March 2004, 77,900 t (0.34) in July 2004, and 30,100 t (0.72) in March 2005 over an area close to 200,000 km(2). The biomass estimates, high in July and low in March, are a strong indication of migration in and out of this area. Sardine spawn in July off the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coast and none of the sampled fish had spawned in March. The estimated spawning biomass for July 2003 and July 2004 was 39,184 t (0.57) and 84,120 t (0.93), respectively. The average active female sardine in the PNW spawned every 20-40 days compared to every 6-8 days off California. The spawning habitat was located in the southeastern area off the PNW coast, a shift from the northwest area off the PNW coast in the 1990s. Egg production in off the PNW for 2003-04 was lower than that off California and that in the 1990s. Because the biomass of Pacific sardine off the PNW appears to be supported heavily by migratory fish from California, the sustainability of the local PNW population relies on the stability of the population off California, and on local oceanographic conditions for local residence. C1 [Lo, Nancy C. H.; Macewicz, Beverly J.; Griffith, David A.] SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Lo, NCH (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Nancy.Lo@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 174 EP 192 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600006 ER PT J AU Stevenson, DE Lewis, KA AF Stevenson, Duane E. Lewis, Kristy A. TI Observer-reported skate bycatch in the commercial groundfish fisheries of Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; FALKLAND ISLANDS; NORTH PACIFIC; BATHYRAJA; RAJIDAE; RAYS; SEA; SHIFTS; GULF AB We analyzed skate catch data collected by observers in the North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program (NPGOP) from 1998 through 2008 to document recent changes in the identification of skates by observers and to examine the species composition of observed skate catch in Alaska's groundfish fisheries as well as recent trends in skate retention by commercial fishermen. Historically, almost all skate bycatch has been reported by NPGOP observers as "skate unidentified." However, since 2004 observers have been trained to identify skates to the genus and species level. In 2008 over 95% of all skates were identified at least to the genus level, and over 50% were identified to species. The most common species of skates identified by observers in groundfish fisheries are Bathyraja parmifera (Alaska skate), Raja binoculata (big skate), and Bathyraja aleutica (Aleutian skate). Species composition of reported skate catch generally reflects recent survey-derived biomass estimates, with B. parmifera dominating the catches in the Bering Sea and, to a lesser extent, in the Aleutian Islands region, and species of the genus Raja dominating catches in the Gulf of Alaska. A relatively high percentage of the skate catch on longline vessels is still reported at the family or genus level because of difficulties in the identification of skates not brought onboard the vessel. For the larger skate species, the proportion retained for processing has increased in recent years as the market price for skate product has increased. Although observed skate catch does not give a complete account of skate bycatch in the fisheries of the region, observer data provide critical information for the appropriate management of skate populations in Alaska. C1 [Stevenson, Duane E.; Lewis, Kristy A.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Monitoring & Anal Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stevenson, DE (reprint author), NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Monitoring & Anal Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM duane.stevenson@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 208 EP 217 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600008 ER PT J AU Fergusson, EA Sturdevant, MV Orsi, JA AF Fergusson, Emily A. Sturdevant, Molly V. Orsi, Joseph A. TI Effects of starvation on energy density of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) captured in marine waters of Southeastern Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; BODY CONDITION INDEXES; COHO SALMON; PINK SALMON; ESTIMATING FITNESS; SOCKEYE SALMON; RATION SIZE; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL AB We conducted laboratory starvation experiments on juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) captured in the neritic marine waters of northern Southeast Alaska in June and July 2003. Temporal changes in fish energy density (whole body energy content [WBEC], cal/g dry weight), percent moisture content, wet weight (g), length (mm), and size-related condition residuals were measured in the laboratory and were then compared to long-term field data. Laboratory water temperatures and salinities averaged 9 C and 32 psu in both months. Trends in response variables were similar for both experimental groups, although sampling intervals were limited in July because fewer fish were available (n=54) than in June (n=101). Overall, for June (45-d experimental period, 9 intervals), WBEC, wet weight, and condition residuals decreased and percent moisture content increased, whereas fork length did not change. For July (20-d experimental period, 5 intervals), WBEC and condition residuals decreased, percent moisture content and fork length increased, and wet weight did not change. WBEC, percent moisture content, and condition residuals fell outside the norm of long-term data ranges within 10-15 days of starvation, and may be more useful than fork length and wet weight for detecting fish condition responses to suboptimal environments. C1 [Fergusson, Emily A.; Sturdevant, Molly V.; Orsi, Joseph A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Fergusson, EA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Labs, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 17109 Point Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM emily.fergusson@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 218 EP 225 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600009 ER PT J AU Fruh, EL Keller, A Trantham, J Simon, V AF Fruh, Erica L. Keller, Aimee Trantham, Jessica Simon, Victor TI Accuracy of sex determination for northeastern Pacific Ocean thornyheads (Sebastolobus altivelis and S. alascanus) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ROCKFISH; SCORPAENIDAE AB Determining the sex of thornyheads (Sebastolobus alascanus and S. altivelis) can be difficult under field conditions. We assessed our ability to correctly assign sex in the field by comparing results from field observations to results obtained in the laboratory through both macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonads. Sex of longspine thornyheads was more difficult to determine than that of shortspine thornyheads and correct determination of sex was significantly related to size. By restricting the minimum size of thornyheads to 18 cm for macroscopic determination of sex we reduced the number of fish with misidentified sex by approximately 65%. C1 [Fruh, Erica L.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Keller, Aimee; Simon, Victor] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Trantham, Jessica] Underwater World, Husb Dept, Tumon, GU 96913 USA. RP Fruh, EL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, 2032 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Erica.Fruh@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 226 EP 232 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600010 ER PT J AU Jacobson, LD Stokesbury, KDE Allard, MA Chute, A Harris, BP Hart, D Jaffarian, T Marino, MC Nogueira, JI Rago, P AF Jacobson, Larry D. Stokesbury, Kevin D. E. Allard, Melissa A. Chute, Antonie Harris, Bradley P. Hart, Deborah Jaffarian, Tom Marino, Michael C., II Nogueira, Jacob I. Rago, Paul TI Measurement errors in body size of sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) and their effect on stock assessment models SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LENGTH; ABUNDANCE; GROWTH; CATCH; FISH; USA AB Body-size measurement errors are usually ignored in stock assessments, but may be important when body-size data (e.g., from visual surveys) are imprecise. We used experiments and models to quantify measurement errors and their effects on assessment models for sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Errors in size data obscured modes from strong year classes and increased frequency and size of the largest and smallest sizes, potentially biasing growth, mortality, and biomass estimates. Modeling techniques for errors in age data proved useful for errors in size data. In terms of a goodness of model fit to the assessment data, it was more important to accommodate variance than bias. Models that accommodated size errors fitted size data substantially better. We recommend experimental quantification of errors along with a modeling approach that accommodates measurement errors because a direct algebraic approach was not robust and because error parameters were difficult to estimate in our assessment model. The importance of measurement errors depends on many factors and should be evaluated on a case by case basis. C1 [Jacobson, Larry D.; Chute, Antonie; Hart, Deborah; Rago, Paul] NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Stokesbury, Kevin D. E.; Allard, Melissa A.; Harris, Bradley P.; Jaffarian, Tom; Marino, Michael C., II; Nogueira, Jacob I.] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Oceanog, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. RP Jacobson, LD (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Larry.Jacobson@noaa.gov FU School of Marine Science and Technology; Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries; NOAA [NA04NMF4720332, NA05NMF4721131, NA06NMF4720097] FX We thank F. Serchuk (Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA), S. Correia (Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, MA), C. O'Keefe and C. Adams (SMAST, New Bedford, MA), and five anonymous reviewers for useful technical and editorial suggestions. We are grateful for support from the School of Marine Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, and NOAA awards: NA04NMF4720332, NA05NMF4721131, and NA06NMF4720097. We are grateful to the crews and scientific staff who collected and measured sea scallops in NEFSC and SMAST surveys. Live sea scallops used in the experiments were provided by commercial sea scallop vessels from New Bedford and Fairhaven, MA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 2 BP 233 EP 247 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 587UA UT WOS:000277017600011 ER PT J AU Carracedo, A Butler, JM Gusmao, L Parson, W Roewer, L Schneider, PM AF Carracedo, Angel Butler, John M. Gusmao, Leonor Parson, Walther Roewer, Lutz Schneider, Peter M. TI Publication of population data for forensic purposes SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL-GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID POLYMORPHISMS; GUIDELINES; GENETICS C1 [Carracedo, Angel] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Legal Med, Santiago De Compostela, Spain. [Butler, John M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Gusmao, Leonor] Univ Porto, Inst Pathol & Mol Immunol, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. [Parson, Walther] Innsbruck Med Univ, Inst Legal Med, Innsbruck, Austria. [Roewer, Lutz] Charite, Inst Legal Med, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. [Schneider, Peter M.] Univ Cologne, Inst Legal Med, Cologne, Germany. RP Carracedo, A (reprint author), Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Legal Med, Santiago De Compostela, Spain. EM angel.carracedo@usc.es RI Schneider, Peter/A-6661-2011; Gusmao, Leonor/B-3122-2013; OI Gusmao, Leonor/0000-0003-0432-6481; Carracedo, Angel/0000-0003-1085-8986 NR 6 TC 164 Z9 164 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 1872-4973 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT-GEN JI Forensic Sci. Int.-Genet. PD APR PY 2010 VL 4 IS 3 BP 145 EP 147 DI 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.02.001 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA 580NN UT WOS:000276456200001 PM 20215025 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP Butry, DT Abt, KL Sutphen, R AF Prestemon, Jeffrey P. Butry, David T. Abt, Karen L. Sutphen, Ronda TI Net Benefits of Wildfire Prevention Education Efforts SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE debris; escape; campfire; damage; control function; benefit/cost ratio ID FIRE; MODEL AB Wildfire prevention education efforts involve a variety of methods, including airing public service announcements, distributing brochures, and making presentations, which are intended to reduce the occurrence of certain kinds of wildfires. A Poisson model of preventable Florida wildfires from 2002 to 2007 by fire management region was developed. Controlling for potential simultaneity biases, this model indicated that wildfire prevention education efforts have statistically significant and negative effects on the numbers of wildfires ignited by debris burning, campfire escapes, smoking, and children. Evaluating the expected reductions in wildfire damages given a change in wildfire prevention education efforts from current levels showed that marginal benefits exceed marginal costs statewide by an average of 35-fold. The benefits exceeded costs in the fire management regions by 10- to 99-fold, depending on assumptions about how wildfire prevention education spending is allocated to these regions. FOR. SCI. 56(2):181-192. C1 [Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Abt, Karen L.] US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Butry, David T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM jprestemon@fs.fed.us; david.butry@nist.gov; kabt@fs.fed.us; sutpher@doacs.state.fl.us FU US Forest Service's National Fire Plan FX We thank Douglas Thomas, Gerry LaCavera, and William R. Sweet for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. This research was partially funded by the US Forest Service's National Fire Plan. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 56 IS 2 BP 181 EP 192 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 582IP UT WOS:000276590800005 ER PT J AU Haus, BK Jeong, D Donelan, MA Zhang, JA Savelyev, I AF Haus, Brian K. Jeong, Dahai Donelan, Mark A. Zhang, Jun A. Savelyev, Ivan TI Relative rates of sea-air heat transfer and frictional drag in very high winds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE BOUNDARY-LAYER; TROPICAL CYCLONES; MAXIMUM INTENSITY; TURBULENT FLUXES; MOMENTUM FLUX; WATER-VAPOR; PART I; EXCHANGE; ALGORITHM; DYNAMICS AB Hurricanes are fueled by evaporation and convection from the ocean and they lose energy through the frictional drag of the atmosphere on the ocean surface. The relative rates of these processes have been thought to provide a limit on the maximum potential hurricane intensity. Here we report laboratory observations of these transfers for scaled winds equivalent to a strong Category 1 hurricane (38 ms(-1)). We show that the transfer coefficient ratio holds closely to a level of similar to 0.5 even in the highest observed winds, where previous studies have suggested there is a distinct regime change at the air-sea interface. This value is well below the expected threshold value for intense hurricanes of 0.75. Recent three-dimensional model studies also find that the coefficient ratio can be much lower than 0.75, which suggests that other factors such as eyewall and/or vortex dynamics are responsible for the formation of very strong hurricanes. Citation: Haus, B. K., D. Jeong, M. A. Donelan, J. A. Zhang, and I. Savelyev (2010), Relative rates of sea-air heat transfer and frictional drag in very high winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07802, doi: 10.1029/2009GL042206. C1 [Haus, Brian K.; Jeong, Dahai; Donelan, Mark A.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Zhang, Jun A.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Savelyev, Ivan] US Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. RP Haus, BK (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM bhaus@rsmas.miami.edu RI Zhang, Jun/F-9580-2012 FU US Office of Naval Research Physical Oceanography [N000140610258] FX This research was supported by the US Office of Naval Research Physical Oceanography Program (grant N000140610258). NR 36 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L07802 DI 10.1029/2009GL042206 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 578SC UT WOS:000276314500004 ER PT J AU Peters, W Krol, MC van der Werf, GR Houweling, S Jones, CD Hughes, J Schaefer, K Masarie, KA Jacobson, AR Miller, JB Cho, CH Ramonet, M Schmidt, M Ciattaglia, L Apadula, F Helta, D Meinhardt, F di Sarra, AG Piacentino, S Sferlazzo, D Aalto, T Hatakka, J Strom, J Haszpra, L Meijer, HAJ van der Laan, S Neubert, REM Jordan, A Rodo, X Morgui, JA Vermeulen, AT Popa, E Rozanski, K Zimnoch, M Manning, AC Leuenberger, M Uglietti, C Dolman, AJ Ciais, P Heimann, M Tans, PP AF Peters, W. Krol, M. C. van der Werf, G. R. Houweling, S. Jones, C. D. Hughes, J. Schaefer, K. Masarie, K. A. Jacobson, A. R. Miller, J. B. Cho, C. H. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, M. Ciattaglia, L. Apadula, F. Helta, D. Meinhardt, F. di Sarra, A. G. Piacentino, S. Sferlazzo, D. Aalto, T. Hatakka, J. Strom, J. Haszpra, L. Meijer, H. A. J. van der Laan, S. Neubert, R. E. M. Jordan, A. Rodo, X. Morgui, J. -A. Vermeulen, A. T. Popa, E. Rozanski, K. Zimnoch, M. Manning, A. C. Leuenberger, M. Uglietti, C. Dolman, A. J. Ciais, P. Heimann, M. Tans, P. P. TI Seven years of recent European net terrestrial carbon dioxide exchange constrained by atmospheric observations SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric CO(2); carbon exchange; data assimilation ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; TRANSPORT MODELS; TRACER TRANSPORT; COMPLEX TERRAIN; REGIONAL-SCALE; CO2 INVERSIONS; PART 1; CLIMATE; FLUXES; LAND AB We present an estimate of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO(2) in Europe for the years 2001-2007. It is derived with a data assimilation that uses a large set of atmospheric CO(2) mole fraction observations (similar to 70 000) to guide relatively simple descriptions of terrestrial and oceanic net exchange, while fossil fuel and fire emissions are prescribed. Weekly terrestrial sources and sinks are optimized (i.e., a flux inversion) for a set of 18 large ecosystems across Europe in which prescribed climate, weather, and surface characteristics introduce finer scale gradients. We find that the terrestrial biosphere in Europe absorbed a net average of -165 Tg C yr-1 over the period considered. This uptake is predominantly in non-EU countries, and is found in the northern coniferous (-94 Tg C yr-1) and mixed forests (-30 Tg C yr-1) as well as the forest/field complexes of eastern Europe (-85 Tg C yr-1). An optimistic uncertainty estimate derived using three biosphere models suggests the uptake to be in a range of -122 to -258 Tg C yr-1, while a more conservative estimate derived from the a-posteriori covariance estimates is -165 +/- 437 Tg C yr-1. Note, however, that uncertainties are hard to estimate given the nature of the system and are likely to be significantly larger than this. Interannual variability in NEE includes a reduction in uptake due to the 2003 drought followed by 3 years of more than average uptake. The largest anomaly of NEE occurred in 2005 concurrent with increased seasonal cycles of observed CO(2). We speculate these changes to result from the strong negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation in 2005 that lead to favorable summer growth conditions, and altered horizontal and vertical mixing in the atmosphere. All our results are available through http://www.carbontracker.eu. C1 [Peters, W.; Krol, M. C.] Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Meteorol & Air Qual, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. [Peters, W.; Jacobson, A. R.; Miller, J. B.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [van der Werf, G. R.; Dolman, A. J.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Houweling, S.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Jones, C. D.; Hughes, J.] Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. [Schaefer, K.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Masarie, K. A.; Jacobson, A. R.; Miller, J. B.; Tans, P. P.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Cho, C. H.] Natl Inst Meteorol Res, Seoul 156720, South Korea. [Ramonet, M.; Schmidt, M.; Ciais, P.] UVSQ, CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Ciattaglia, L.] Inst Sci Atmosfera & Clima, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Apadula, F.; Helta, D.] CESI RICERCA, Environm & Sustainable Dev Dept, I-20134 Milan, Italy. [Meinhardt, F.] Umweltbundesamt, Messstelle Schauinsland, D-79254 Oberried Hofsgrund, Germany. [di Sarra, A. G.; Piacentino, S.; Sferlazzo, D.] Ente Nuove Tecnol Energia & Ambiente, I-00123 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Italy. [Aalto, T.; Hatakka, J.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Strom, J.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Appl Environm Sci, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Strom, J.] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. [Haszpra, L.] Hungarian Meteorol Serv, H-1675 Budapest, Hungary. [Meijer, H. A. J.; van der Laan, S.; Neubert, R. E. M.] Univ Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands. [Jordan, A.; Heimann, M.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Rodo, X.; Morgui, J. -A.] Catalan Inst Climate Sci IC3, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain. [Vermeulen, A. T.; Popa, E.] Energy Res Ctr Netherlands, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands. [Rozanski, K.; Zimnoch, M.] AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Env Phys, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. [Manning, A. C.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Leuenberger, M.; Uglietti, C.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Leuenberger, M.; Uglietti, C.] Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Peters, W (reprint author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Meteorol & Air Qual, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. EM Wouter.Peters@wur.nl RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Meijer, Harro/A-5787-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Aalto, Tuula/P-6183-2014; van der laan, Sander/B-5759-2012; Vermeulen, Alex/A-2867-2015; Popa, Maria Elena/B-8834-2014; Zimnoch, Miroslaw/H-8347-2016; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016; van der Laan, Sander/H-5426-2013; Leuenberger, Markus/K-9655-2016; Manning, Andrew/D-4416-2011; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016; Jones, Chris/I-2983-2014; OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; Aalto, Tuula/0000-0002-3264-7947; van der laan, Sander/0000-0003-3901-113X; Vermeulen, Alex/0000-0002-8158-8787; Popa, Maria Elena/0000-0001-7957-0329; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898; van der Laan, Sander/0000-0003-3901-113X; Leuenberger, Markus/0000-0003-4299-6793; Manning, Andrew/0000-0001-6952-7773; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630; Dolman, A.J./0000-0003-0099-0457 FU NOAA [NA07OAR4310115, 86408012]; DECC; Defra; MoD Integrated Climate Program - DECC/Defra [GA01101]; MoD [CBC/2B/0417_Annex C5]; AGH University of Science and Technology [11.11.220.01]; UK NERC/QUEST [NE/C002504/1]; Klimaat voor Ruimte research program; European Union [GOCE-CT-2003-505572]; DMAH (Generalitat de Catalunya); [Z-MEiN-3/2/2006] FX We wish to thank the many scientists, technicians, and support staff involved in producing the high precision CO2 observations that are vital to this study, which includes Lucio Fialdini and Andrea Lanza from CESI RICERCA, Italy. We acknowledge Douglas Worthy of Environment Canada, Thomas Conway and Arlyn Andrews of NOAA ESRL, and Britt Stephens of NCAR for making available the North American CO2 time series used in this study. We are grateful to Dr Leo Rivier for CarboEurope data management. W. P., J. B. M., and K. S. received support from NOAA Commerce Award NA07OAR4310115. W. P. was partially supported by NWO VIDI Grant 86408012. C. D. J. and J. K. H. were supported by the Joint DECC, Defra and MoD Integrated Climate Program - DECC/Defra(GA01101), MoD (CBC/2B/0417_Annex C5). K. R. and M. Z. received partial financial support through PBZ-MEiN-3/2/2006 project and through statutory funds of AGH University of Science and Technology (project No. 11.11.220.01). A. C. M. is supported by a UK NERC/QUEST Advanced Fellowship (Ref. No. NE/C002504/1). S. H. and SvdL received funding from the Klimaat voor Ruimte research program. Funding for the atmospheric stations in Europe was provided in part from the European Union 6th Framework Program through CarboEurope-IP (Project No. GOCE-CT-2003-505572). BGU sampling is funded by DMAH (Generalitat de Catalunya). We thank three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. NR 87 TC 85 Z9 91 U1 6 U2 45 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1317 EP 1337 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02078.x PG 21 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 559HG UT WOS:000274813800014 ER PT J AU Pibida, L Minniti, R O'Brien, M AF Pibida, L. Minniti, R. O'Brien, M. TI VALIDATION TESTING OF ANSI/IEEE N42.49 STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONAL EMERGENCY RADIATION DETECTORS SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE detector, radiation; emergencies, radiological; standards; x rays ID AIR AB Various radiation detectors including electronic personal emergency radiation detectors (PERDs), radiochromic film cards and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used to validate a subset of the radiological test requirements listed in the American National Standards Institute/The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (ANSI/IEEE) N42.49 standard. The subset of tests included the following: comparing the readout of the detectors with the value given at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); testing of the alarm settings (when applicable) in air-kerma (or exposure) and air-kerma rate (or exposure rate) mode; and investigating the effect of testing the detectors mounted on a phantom and free in air. The purpose of this work was not to test the performance of the sample of detectors used. Instead, the detectors were used to validate the requirements of the written standard being developed. For this purpose, the performance and response of these instruments were recorded when placed in Cs-137, and x-ray beams at different air-kerma rates and test conditions. The measurements described in this report were performed at the NIST x-ray and gamma-ray radiation calibration facilities. The data in this report provide a benchmark in support of the development of the ANSI/IEEE N42.49 standard. Health Phys. 98(4):597-602; 2010 C1 [Pibida, L.; Minniti, R.; O'Brien, M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pibida, L (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leticia.pibida@nist.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD APR PY 2010 VL 98 IS 4 BP 597 EP 602 DI 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181c182937 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 567NT UT WOS:000275454600005 PM 20220367 ER PT J AU Cadrin, SX AF Cadrin, Steven X. TI DG Webster: Adaptive Governance: The Dynamics of Atlantic Fisheries Management SO HUMAN ECOLOGY LA English DT Book Review C1 [Cadrin, Steven X.] NOAA UMass Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Amherst, MA USA. RP Cadrin, SX (reprint author), NOAA UMass Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Amherst, MA USA. EM steven.cadrin@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0300-7839 J9 HUM ECOL JI Hum. Ecol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 38 IS 2 BP 317 EP 318 DI 10.1007/s10745-010-9302-x PG 2 WC Anthropology; Environmental Studies; Sociology SC Anthropology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Sociology GA 577KM UT WOS:000276221900012 ER PT J AU Govoni, JJ Hare, JA Davenport, ED Chen, MH Marancik, KE AF Govoni, J. J. Hare, J. A. Davenport, E. D. Chen, M. H. Marancik, K. E. TI Mesoscale, cyclonic eddies as larval fish habitat along the southeast United States shelf: a Lagrangian description of the zooplankton community SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE larval fish food; mesoscale cyclonic eddies; zooplankton ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; NORTHERN GULF; MICROPOGONIAS-UNDULATUS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ATLANTIC; COASTAL; WATERS; STREAM; PRODUCTIVITY AB The Charleston Gyre region is characterized by continuous series of cyclonic eddies that propagate northeastwards before decaying or coalescing with the Gulf Stream south of Cape Hatteras, NC, USA. Over 5 d, chlorophyll-a concentration, zooplankton displacement volume, and zooplankton composition and abundance changed as the eddy moved to the northeast. Surface chlorophyll-a concentration decreased, and zooplankton displacement remained unchanged as the eddy propagated. Zooplankton taxa known to be important dietary constituents of larval fish increased in concentration as the eddy propagated. The concurrent decrease in chlorophyll- a concentration and static zooplankton displacement volume can be explained by initial stimulation of chlorophyll-a concentration by upwelling and nutrient enrichment near the eddy core and to possible grazing as zooplankton with short generation times and large clutch sizes increased in concentration. The zooplankton community did not change significantly within the 5 d that the eddy was tracked, and there was no indication of succession. Mesoscale eddies of the region are dynamic habitats as eddies propagate northeastwards at varying speeds within monthly periods. The abundance of zooplankton important to the diets of larval fish indicates that the region can provide important pelagic nursery habitat for larval fish off the southeast coast of the United States. A month of feeding and growth is more than half the larval duration of most fish spawned over the continental shelf of the southeastern United States in winter. C1 [Govoni, J. J.; Hare, J. A.; Davenport, E. D.; Chen, M. H.; Marancik, K. E.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Govoni, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM jeff.govoni@noaa.gov FU Office of Ocean Exploration, NOAA FX The work was supported by an award from the Office of Ocean Exploration, NOAA. We thank M. Greene, B. Degan, F. Hernandez, R. Cheshire, and E. Jugovich for invaluable assistance in operations in the field, F. Hernandez for processing CTD data, A. Robertson for verifying copepod identifications in a voucher collection, and D. Vaughan and R. Waggett for valued reviews of the draft manuscript. The US government has the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 3 BP 403 EP 411 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp269 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 572HI UT WOS:000275818300001 ER PT J AU Sheehan, TF Legault, CM King, TL Spidle, AP AF Sheehan, Timothy F. Legault, Christopher M. King, Timothy L. Spidle, Adrian P. TI Probabilistic-based genetic assignment model: assignments to subcontinent of origin of the West Greenland Atlantic salmon harvest SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Atlantic salmon; genetic stock identification; West Greenland ID MIXED-STOCK FISHERIES; SALAR L.; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; BALTIC SEA; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; MICROSATELLITE DNA; IDENTIFICATION; CATCHES; ENVIRONMENT; GROWTH AB A multistock Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery operates off the coast of West Greenland and harvests fish of North American and European origin. Annual landings peaked in 1971 at 2700 t, but declined to 22 t in 2003. Biological data are collected to characterize the catch and its stock composition. Multilocus genotypes, generated via microsatellite DNA analysis, are used to derive statistics on continent of origin and less accurate finer-scale assignments. We developed a probabilistic-based genetic assignment (PGA) model to estimate the contribution of salmon from individual North American rivers in the 2000-2003 West Greenland catch. Uncertainty associated with finer-scale assignments is addressed by incorporating estimated misclassification rates and by reporting results as distributions generated via Monte Carlo resampling. US-origin fish represented similar to 1% (by number) of the salmon harvested at West Greenland during the years 2000-2003. The resulting loss of spawners to this stock complex was approximately half the estimated adult returns in 2001, but was below 4% in the other 3 years. This is the first attempt to partition the US component of the West Greenland mixed-stock fishery to its finer parts. The approach can be used to identify the effects of fishing on individual stocks within any multistock complex where genetic samples of known origin are available. C1 [Sheehan, Timothy F.; Legault, Christopher M.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [King, Timothy L.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Spidle, Adrian P.] NW Indian Fisheries Commiss, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Sheehan, TF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM tim.sheehan@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 3 BP 537 EP 550 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp247 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 572HI UT WOS:000275818300015 ER PT J AU Wiebe, PH Chu, DZ Kaartvedt, S Hundt, A Melle, W Ona, E Batta-Lona, P AF Wiebe, Peter H. Chu, Dezhang Kaartvedt, Stein Hundt, Anna Melle, Webjorn Ona, Egil Batta-Lona, Paola TI The acoustic properties of Salpa thompsoni SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acoustic detection; DWBA salp backscattering model; salp in situ images; salp material properties; salp target strength; Salpa thompsoni; zooplankton ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; SOUND-SCATTERING; ATLANTIC SECTOR; AUSTRAL SUMMER; KRILL; ZOOPLANKTON; BIOMASS; SPEED; AGGREGATIONS AB Aggregations of the salp Salpa thompsoni were encountered during the Antarctic krill and ecosystem-studies cruise on the RV "G.O. Sars" from 19 February to 27 March 2008. The salp's in situ target strength (TS), size, number of individuals in aggregate chains, and chain angle of orientation were determined. Shipboard measurements were made of Salpa thompsoni's material properties. Individual aggregates were mostly 45.5-60.6 mm in mean length; relatively rare solitaries were similar to 100 mm. Chains ranged from 3 to at least 121 individuals, and in surface waters (<20 m), they showed no preferred angle of orientation. Sound-speed contrast (h) ranged from 1.0060 to 1.0201 and density contrast (g) estimates between 1.0000 and 1.0039. The in situ TS distributions peaked between 275 and 276 dB at 38 kHz, with a secondary peak at approximately 265 dB. TS ranged between 285 and 265 dB at 120 and 200 kHz and peaked around 274 dB. The measured in situ TS of salps reasonably matched the theoretical scattering-model predictions based on multi-individual chains. The backscattering from aggregate salps gives rise to TS values that can be similar to krill and other zooplankton with higher density and sound-speed contrasts. C1 [Wiebe, Peter H.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Chu, Dezhang] NOAA NMFS NWFSC FRAM, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Kaartvedt, Stein] Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Hundt, Anna] Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. [Melle, Webjorn; Ona, Egil] Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. [Batta-Lona, Paola] Univ Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RP Wiebe, PH (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Mail Stop 33, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM pwiebe@whoi.edu RI Batta-Lona, PAOLA/B-7848-2016; OI Batta-Lona, PAOLA/0000-0002-6477-6110; Wiebe, Peter/0000-0002-6059-4651 FU Institute of Marine Research; University of Bergen; Norwegian Antarctic Research Expeditions (NARE); Research Council of Norway; Norsk Hydro (StatoilHydro); Norwegian Petroleum Directorate FX In addition, the survey and the project were made possible by contributions from the Institute of Marine Research, the University of Bergen, the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expeditions (NARE), and the Research Council of Norway, and was also sponsored by Norsk Hydro (StatoilHydro) and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 3 BP 583 EP 593 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp263 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 572HI UT WOS:000275818300021 ER PT J AU Kim, DK Griffith, D Golmie, N AF Kim, Duk Kyung Griffith, David Golmie, Nada TI A Novel Ring-Based Performance Analysis for Call Admission Control in Wireless Networks SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Call admission control; ring-based queueing model; effective resource AB In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) wireless networks such as 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.16 WiMAX, the scheduler should allocate more resources to users with lower channel quality, such as users near the edge of the Base Station (BS) coverage area who are attempting handovers. In conventional queue-based models, this feature has not been considered in Call Admission Control (CAC) so far. In this letter, we propose a new ring-based model of the BS coverage area to allow a more detailed and accurate analysis. We determine mobility-related parameters such as call dropping probability due to mobility, and validate our results using simulations. C1 [Kim, Duk Kyung] Inha Univ, Inchon, South Korea. [Griffith, David; Golmie, Nada] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, DK (reprint author), Inha Univ, Inchon, South Korea. EM kdk@inha.ac.kr; david.griffith@nist.gov; nada.golmie@nist.gov FU Korea government [R01-2008-000-20333-0] FX This work was in part supported by the KOSEF grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) (No. R01-2008-000-20333-0). NR 5 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1089-7798 J9 IEEE COMMUN LETT JI IEEE Commun. Lett. PD APR PY 2010 VL 14 IS 4 BP 324 EP 326 DI 10.1109/LCOMM.2010.04.092468 PG 3 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA 575WO UT WOS:000276100900018 ER PT J AU Baker-Jarvis, J Janezic, MD DeGroot, DC AF Baker-Jarvis, James Janezic, Michael D. DeGroot, Donald C. TI High-Frequency Dielectric Measurements Part 24 in a Series of Tutorials on Instrumentation and Measurement SO IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT MAGAZINE LA English DT Article C1 [Baker-Jarvis, James] N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND USA. [Baker-Jarvis, James] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Janezic, Michael D.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [DeGroot, Donald C.] Andrews Univ, Berrien Springs, MI 49104 USA. EM james.baker-jarvis@nist.gov; Janezic@nist.gov FU U.S. government FX This work was partially supported by the U.S. government and is not subject to U. S. copyright protection. NR 7 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1094-6969 J9 IEEE INSTRU MEAS MAG JI IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. PD APR PY 2010 VL 13 IS 2 BP 24 EP 31 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 580AY UT WOS:000276420100006 ER PT J AU Chu, DZ Stanton, TK AF Chu, Dezhang Stanton, Timothy K. TI Statistics of Echoes From a Directional Sonar Beam Insonifying Finite Numbers of Single Scatterers and Patches of Scatterers SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Beampattern; echo statistics; scattering; sonar ID ACOUSTIC BACKSCATTERING; ENVELOPE STATISTICS; K-DISTRIBUTION; SHALLOW-WATER; FISH; CLUTTER; REVERBERATION; BOTTOM; ZOOPLANKTON; DENSITY AB When a sonar beam sweeps across a field of scatterers and insonifies a different set of scatterers in each ping, the echoes can fluctuate significantly from ping to ping. For a homogeneous spatial distribution of scatterers in which there are a large number of scatterers in each sonar resolution cell, the echoes tend to be Rayleigh distributed. However, the echoes can be strongly non-Rayleigh when there is a small number of scatterers in the sonar resolution cell-a condition that can occur with a narrow beam sonar. For scatterers randomly distributed in the sonar beam, the corresponding random weighting associated with the beampattern also significantly contributes toward a non-Rayleigh distribution when the number of scatterers is small. In this paper, a general formulation for echo statistics is developed by combining equations derived by Ehrenberg et al. [Proc. Conf. Eng. Ocean Environ., vol. 1, pp. 61-64, 1972 and J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 69, pp. 955-962, 1981] and Barakat [Optica Acta, vol. 21, pp. 903-921, 1974] to account for a directional sonar beam involving an arbitrary finite number of scatterers, each with an arbitrary echo probability density function (pdf), each randomly located in the beam, and each correspondingly randomly weighted by the beampattern. Theoretical predictions are made, along with numerical simulations for validation, for a range of cases including: 1) a range of number of scatterers each randomly located in the beam and 2) several different echo pdfs of the scatterers. Here, a "single scatterer" could be a patch of scatterers whose overall dimensions are much smaller than the resolution cell of the sonar beam and multiple scatterers could be multiple small patches. Although the application is intended for volumetric patches, the formulation could be applied to areal patches under appropriate conditions. The formulation applies directly to the geometry of the short-range direct-path sonar in which there are no reflections due to boundaries such as the seafloor and sea surface. C1 [Stanton, Timothy K.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Chu, DZ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM tstanton@whoi.edu FU U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) [N00014-06-1-0197, N00014-07-1-0232] FX Manuscript received January 29, 2009; revised October 07, 2009; accepted November 03, 2009. Date of publication March 29, 2010; date of current version May 26, 2010. This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Grants N00014-06-1-0197 and N00014-07-1-0232. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD APR PY 2010 VL 35 IS 2 BP 267 EP 277 DI 10.1109/JOE.2009.2037988 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 670OT UT WOS:000283437400014 ER PT J AU Young, WF Holloway, CL Koepke, G Camell, D Becquet, Y Remley, KA AF Young, William F. Holloway, Christopher L. Koepke, Galen Camell, Dennis Becquet, Yann Remley, Kate A. TI Radio-Wave Propagation Into Large Building Structures-Part 1: CW Signal Attenuation and Variability SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE Emergency responder communications; large building radio frequency propagation; radio-frequency propagation measurements ID MHZ AB We report on our investigation into radio communications problems faced by emergency responders in disaster situations. A fundamental challenge to communications into and out of large buildings is the strong attenuation of radio signals caused by losses and scattering in the building materials and structure. Another challenge is the large signal variability that occurs throughout these large structures. We designed experiments in various large building structures in an effort to quantify continuous wave (CW) radio-signal attenuation and variability throughout twelve large structures. We carried radio frequency transmitters throughout these structures and placed receiving systems outside the structures. The transmitters were tuned to frequencies near public safety, cell phone bands, as well as ISM and wireless LAN bands. This report summarizes the experiments, performed in twelve large building structures. We describe the experiments, detail the measurement system, show primary results of the data we collected, and discuss some of the interesting propagation effects we observed. C1 [Young, William F.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Holloway, Christopher L.; Koepke, Galen; Camell, Dennis; Becquet, Yann; Remley, Kate A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Young, WF (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM wfyoung@sandia.gov; holloway@boulder.nist.gov FU U. S. Department of Justice, Community-Oriented Police Services through the NIST Public-Safety Communications Research Laboratory FX This work was supported in part by the U. S. Department of Justice, Community-Oriented Police Services through the NIST Public-Safety Communications Research Laboratory. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD APR PY 2010 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1279 EP 1289 DI 10.1109/TAP.2010.2041142 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 579YX UT WOS:000276414500029 ER PT J AU Remley, KA Koepke, G Holloway, CL Grosvenor, CA Camell, D Ladbury, J Johnk, RT Young, WF AF Remley, Kate A. Koepke, Galen Holloway, Christopher L. Grosvenor, Chriss A. Camell, Dennis Ladbury, John Johnk, Robert T. Young, William F. TI Radio-Wave Propagation Into Large Building Structures-Part 2: Characterization of Multipath SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE Attenuation; broadband radio communications; building penetration; digital modulation; emergency responders; error vector magnitude; excess path loss; received power; time-delay spread; vector network analyzer; vector signal analyzer; wireless signals; wireless system measurements; wireless telecommunications ID DELAY SPREAD MEASUREMENTS; BAND; COMMUNICATION; CHANNEL AB We report on measurements that characterize multipath conditions that affect broadband wireless communications in building penetration scenarios. Measurements carried out in various large structures quantify both radio-signal attenuation and distortion (multipath) in the radio propagation channel. Our study includes measurements of the complex, wideband channel transfer function and bandpass measurements of a 20 MHz-wide, digitally modulated signal. From these, we derive the more compact metrics of time delay spread, total received power and error vector magnitude that summarize channel characteristics with a single number. We describe the experimental set-up and the measurement results for data collected in representative structures. Finally, we discuss how the combination of propagation metrics may be used to classify different propagation channel types appropriate for public-safety applications. C1 [Remley, Kate A.; Koepke, Galen; Holloway, Christopher L.; Grosvenor, Chriss A.; Camell, Dennis; Ladbury, John; Johnk, Robert T.; Young, William F.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Remley, KA (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM remley@boulder.nist.gov; koepke@boulder.nist.gov; holloway@boulder.nist.gov; chriss@boulder.nist.gov; camell@boulder.nist.gov; ladbury@boulder.nist.gov; bjohnk@its.bldrdoc.gov; wfyoung@sandia.gov FU U. S. Department of Justice, Community-Oriented Police Services through the NIST Public-Safety Communications Research Laboratory FX This work was supported in part by the U. S. Department of Justice, Community-Oriented Police Services through the NIST Public-Safety Communications Research Laboratory. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-926X EI 1558-2221 J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD APR PY 2010 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1290 EP 1301 DI 10.1109/TAP.2010.2041143 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 579YX UT WOS:000276414500030 ER PT J AU Jargon, JA Hale, PD Wang, CM AF Jargon, Jeffrey A. Hale, Paul D. Wang, C. M. TI Correcting Sampling Oscilloscope Timebase Errors With a Passively Mode-Locked Laser Phase Locked to a Microwave Oscillator SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE Mode-locked laser; phase-locked loop (PLL); sampling oscilloscope; timebase correction ID JITTER; NOISE AB In this paper, we describe an apparatus for correcting the timebase errors when calibrating the response of an equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope using a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser that is phase locked to a microwave signal generator. This enables us to simultaneously correct both the random jitter and the systematic timebase distortion in the oscilloscope. As a demonstration of the technique, we measure the electrical pulse generated by a fast photodiode that is excited by our laser. We show that the pulse that is reconstructed using our technique has significantly lower uncertainty than the pulse that is reconstructed using a separate correction for timebase distortion followed by jitter deconvolution. C1 [Jargon, Jeffrey A.; Hale, Paul D.; Wang, C. M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jargon, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jargon@boulder.nist.gov RI Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2010 VL 59 IS 4 BP 916 EP 922 DI 10.1109/TIM.2009.2030929 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 566KG UT WOS:000275368500019 ER PT J AU Olaya, D Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP AF Olaya, David Dresselhaus, Paul D. Benz, Samuel P. TI Niobium-Silicide Junction Technology for Superconducting Digital Electronics SO IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE amorphous alloy; Josephson device fabrication; Josephson junctions; superconducting devices ID JOSEPHSON TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; BARRIERS AB We present a technology based on Nb/NbxSi1-x/Nb Junctions. with barriers near the metal-insulator transition, or applications in superconducting electronics (SCE) as an alternative to Nb/AlOx/Nb tunnel junctions Josephson Junctions with co-sputtered amorphous Nb-Si barriers can be made with a wide variety of electrical properties critical current density (J(c)) capacitance (C). and normal resistance (I?) can be reliably selected within wide ranges by choosing both the barrier thickness and NI) concentration Nonhysteretic Nb/NbxSi(1-x)/Nb Junctions with I-c R-n products greater than 1 mV. where I-c is the critical cui rent, and J(c) values near 100 kA/cm(2) have been fabricated and are promising for superconductive digital electronics These barriers have thicknesses of several nanometers. this improves fabrication reproducibility and Junction uniformity. both of which are necessary for complex digital circuits Recent improvements to our deposition system have allowed us to obtain better uniformity across the wafer C1 [Olaya, David; Dresselhaus, Paul D.; Benz, Samuel P.] NIST, Quantum Voltage Project, Boulder, CO USA. RP Olaya, D (reprint author), NIST, Quantum Voltage Project, Boulder, CO USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG PI TOKYO PA KIKAI-SHINKO-KAIKAN BLDG, 3-5-8, SHIBA-KOEN, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, 105-0011, JAPAN SN 0916-8524 EI 1745-1353 J9 IEICE T ELECTRON JI IEICE Trans. Electron. PD APR PY 2010 VL E93C IS 4 BP 463 EP 467 DI 10.1587/transele.E93.C.463 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 585SE UT WOS:000276848500008 ER PT J AU Gauravaram, P Kelsey, J Knudsen, LR Thomsen, SS AF Gauravaram, Praveen Kelsey, John Knudsen, Lars R. Thomsen, Soren S. TI On hash functions using checksums SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY LA English DT Article DE Iterated hash functions; Checksums; Generic attacks ID ATTACKS; MULTICOLLISIONS; MD2 AB We analyse the security of iterated hash functions that compute an input dependent checksum which is processed as part of the hash computation. We show that a large class of such schemes, including those using non-linear or even one-way checksum functions, is not secure against the second preimage attack of Kelsey and Schneier, the herding attack of Kelsey and Kohno and the multicollision attack of Joux. Our attacks also apply to a large class of cascaded hash functions. Our second preimage attacks on the cascaded hash functions improve the results of Joux presented at Crypto'04. We also apply our attacks to the MD2 and GOST hash functions. Our second preimage attacks on the MD2 and GOST hash functions improve the previous best known short-cut second preimage attacks on these hash functions by factors of at least 2(26) and 2(54), respectively. Our herding and multicollision attacks on the hash functions based on generic checksum functions (e.g., one-way) are a special case of the attacks on the cascaded iterated hash functions previously analysed by Dunkelman and Preneel and are not better than their attacks. On hash functions with easily invertible checksums, our multicollision and herding attacks (if the hash value is short as in MD2) are more efficient than those of Dunkelman and Preneel. C1 [Gauravaram, Praveen; Knudsen, Lars R.; Thomsen, Soren S.] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Math, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. [Kelsey, John] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gauravaram, P (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Math, Bldg S303, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. EM p.gauravaram@mat.dtu.dk; john.kelsey@nist.gov; lars.r.knudsen@mat.dtu.dk; crypto@znoren.dk FU Danish Council for Independent Research: Technology and Production Sciences (FTP) [274-09-0096]; Natural Sciences (FNU); Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation FX The authors would like to thank Barbara Guttman and Morris Dworkin for useful comments and suggestions on this paper. Praveen Gauravaram is supported by a grant numbered 274-09-0096 from the Danish Council for Independent Research: Technology and Production Sciences (FTP) and Natural Sciences (FNU). Soren S. Thomsen is supported by a grant from the Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation. Portion of the results presented in this paper were published in [7]. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1615-5262 EI 1615-5270 J9 INT J INF SECUR JI Int. J. Inf. Secur. PD APR PY 2010 VL 9 IS 2 BP 137 EP 151 DI 10.1007/s10207-009-0100-7 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 571YA UT WOS:000275791200004 ER PT J AU Burns, TJ Mates, SP Rhorer, RL Whitenton, EP Basak, D McFadden, RH AF Burns, T. J. Mates, S. P. Rhorer, R. L. Whitenton, E. P. Basak, D. McFadden, R. H. TI MODELING OF THE TEMPERATURE FIELD IN THE CHIP AND IN THE TOOL IN HIGH-SPEED MACHINING OF A CARBON STEEL: EFFECT OF PEARLITE TO AUSTENITE PHASE TRANSITION IN AISI 1075 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIAL FORMING LA English DT Article DE high-speed machining; modeling; Johnson-Cook; AISI 1075 steel AB A one-dimensional transient finite-difference model for the temperature distribution in orthogonal metal cutting, which was originally developed by Boothroyd, and then improved upon by Tlusty, is used to calculate the temperature field in the chip and in the tool in orthogonal cutting of AISI 1075 steel. In a series of compression tests using the NIST pulse-heated Kolsky bar, a phase transformation from pearlite to austenite was observed to take place within a few seconds near the eutectoid temperature (723 degrees C) of the material. At temperatures above the transformation temperature in this material, which had been heat treated so that it had uniform pearlitic microstructure prior to testing, a large decrease in flow stress of approximately 50 % was observed. It is shown how the predicted peak temperature along the chip-tool interface on the rake face decreases when this decrease in material strength is incorporated into a Johnson-Cook constitutive response model for the material. C1 [Burns, T. J.; Mates, S. P.; Rhorer, R. L.; Whitenton, E. P.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Basak, D.] Orbital Sci Corp, Dulles, VA USA. [McFadden, R. H.] St Olaf Coll, Northfield, MN 55057 USA. RP Burns, TJ (reprint author), Mail Stop 8910,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM burns@nist.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER FRANCE PI PARIS PA 22 RUE DE PALESTRO, PARIS, 75002, FRANCE SN 1960-6206 J9 INT J MATER FORM JI Int. J. Mater. Form. PD APR PY 2010 VL 3 SU 1 BP 491 EP 494 DI 10.1007/s12289-010-0814-0 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA V27LC UT WOS:000208613700123 ER PT J AU Zrnic, DS Zhang, G Melnikov, V Andric, J AF Zrnic, D. S. Zhang, G. Melnikov, V. Andric, J. TI Three-Body Scattering and Hail Size SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTICELL STORM; PRECIPITATION; SIGNATURE AB The three-body scattering signature is an appendage seen on weather radar displays of reflectivity behind strong storm cells. It is caused by multiple scattering between hydrometeors and the ground. The radar equation for this phenomenon is reexamined and corrected to include the coherent wave component producing 3 dB more power than previously reported. Furthermore, the possibility to gauge hail size causing this phenomenon is explored. A model of forward scattering by spherical hail and accepted values of ground backscattering cross sections are used in an attempt to reconcile the reflectivity in this signature with observations. This work demonstrates that the signature can be caused by small- (<10 mm) to moderate- (20 mm) sized hail. An effort to gauge hail size by comparing the direct return from hail with the three-body scattered return is made. The theory indicates fundamental ambiguities in size retrieval resulting from resonant effects. Although theory eliminates the number of hailstones per unit volume, the shape of hail size distribution and the cross section of ground contribute additional uncertainty to the retrieval. C1 [Zrnic, D. S.; Melnikov, V.; Andric, J.] NOAA, OAR, NSSL, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Melnikov, V.; Andric, J.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM dusan.zrnic@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014 OI Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 4 BP 687 EP 700 DI 10.1175/2009JAMC2300.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 594KU UT WOS:000277537400010 ER PT J AU Momida, H Cockayne, E Umezawa, N Ohno, T AF Momida, Hiroyoshi Cockayne, Eric Umezawa, Naoto Ohno, Takahisa TI Computational study of the dielectric properties of [La, Sc](2)O-3 solid solutions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; TRANSISTORS; CONSTANT; SYSTEM AB First-principles calculations were used to compute the dielectric permittivities of hypothetical [La, Sc](2)O-3 solid solutions in the cubic (bixbyite) and hexagonal La2O3 phases. Dielectric enhancement is predicted at small Sc concentrations due to the rattling ion effect. Similar calculations for a model amorphous La2O3 structure show little change in permittivity when a small amount of Sc is substituted for La. In this case, the local environment around the Sc changes in a way that compensates for the rattling ion effect. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3360935] C1 [Momida, Hiroyoshi; Ohno, Takahisa] Natl Inst Mat Sci, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. [Cockayne, Eric] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Umezawa, Naoto] Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Elect Mat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. RP Momida, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Computat Mat Sci Ctr, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. EM MOMIDA.Hiroyoshi@nims.go.jp NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 7 AR 074104 DI 10.1063/1.3360935 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 585AA UT WOS:000276795400063 ER PT J AU Wang, N Lu, CG AF Wang, Nino Lu, Chungu TI Two-Dimensional Continuous Wavelet Analysis and Its Application to Meteorological Data SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIRECTIONAL WAVELETS; GRAVITY-WAVES; TRANSFORM; FIELDS; VERIFICATION; FRONT AB The two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform (2D CWT) has become an important tool to examine and diagnose nonstationary datasets on the plane. Compared with traditional spectral analysis methods, the 2D CWT provides localized spectral information of the analyzed dataset. It also has the advantage over the 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in that it covers the domain of the analyzed data with a continuous analysis from which detailed, shift-invariant spectral information of different positions and orientations can be obtained. In this paper, a brief introduction of the 2D CWT and some of the most common wavelet mother functions are given, and some practical issues arising from the implementation and applications of the 2D CWT are discussed. The 2D CWT is applied to several test functions to illustrate the effects of the transforms. To demonstrate its practical application, the 2D CWT is used to analyze a set of meteorological data obtained from a numerical model stimulation. C1 [Wang, Nino] NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wang, N (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, R GSD6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ning.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Ning/C-6841-2015 FU Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) FX The authors would like to thank Dr. Steven Koch for his support during this research. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers; their comments and suggestions helped to produce this improved manuscript. Ann Reiser kindly provided technical editing for the manuscript. This research is partially funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the FAA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 27 IS 4 BP 652 EP 666 DI 10.1175/2009JTECHA1338.1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 582WT UT WOS:000276631700003 ER PT J AU Kruk, MC Knapp, KR Levinson, DH AF Kruk, Michael C. Knapp, Kenneth R. Levinson, David H. TI A Technique for Combining Global Tropical Cyclone Best Track Data SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Best track data generally consist of the positions and intensities during the life cycle of a tropical cyclone. Despite the widespread interest in the distribution, frequency, and intensity of tropical cyclones worldwide, no publicly available central repository of global best track data from international agencies has been in existence. While there are numerous international centers that forecast tropical cyclones and archive best track data for their defined regions, most researchers traditionally use best track data from a very small subset of centers to construct global datasets and climatologies. This practice results in tropical cyclones that are either missed and/or misrepresented. While the process of combining positions and intensities from disparate data sources can be arduous, it is worthwhile and necessary in light of their importance. The nature of historical best track data is that they are prone to issues with intensity (maximum surface wind and minimum central pressure), especially in the presatellite era. This study is not a reanalysis effort and makes no attempt to correct any longstanding debates about the accuracy of the historical data. Rather, it simply and objectively combines all of the best track data from each of the regional forecast centers that provided best tracks into one single point for distribution, and the methods used to construct the dataset are the focus of this work. Processes are therefore described herein that detail the combining of tropical cyclone best track data with the techniques used to assess the quality of the minimum central pressure and maximum sustained wind speed of each reported tropical cyclone. The result is a comprehensive global best track compilation dataset that contains information on all documented tropical cyclones: the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS). C1 [Kruk, Michael C.] STC Inc, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Knapp, Kenneth R.; Levinson, David H.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Kruk, MC (reprint author), STC Inc, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM michael.kruk@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 27 IS 4 BP 680 EP 692 DI 10.1175/2009JTECHA1267.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 582WT UT WOS:000276631700005 ER PT J AU Pollack, IB Lerner, BM Ryerson, TB AF Pollack, Ilana B. Lerner, Brian M. Ryerson, Thomas B. TI Evaluation of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes for detection of atmospheric NO2 by photolysis - chemiluminescence SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Nitrogen dioxide; Photolysis; UV-LEDs; Chemiluminescence; Troposphere ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; NITROGEN-OXIDES; NITRIC-OXIDE; OZONE; FLUCTUATIONS; ATTENUATION; TROPOSPHERE; SYSTEM; LAYER AB Commercially available ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are evaluated in the laboratory as a light source for photolysis of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) followed by chemiluminescence detection (P-CL) of the resulting nitric oxide (NO). Sensitivity, selectivity, and engineering simplicity of three UV-LED sources are compared. The most powerful source uses two 9-W Nichia LED modules and provides an NO2 photolysis frequency (j) of 8.4 s(-1) corresponding to a nine-fold improvement over a 100-W Hg arc lamp; this source provides the most sensitivity, but requires water cooling. A pair of Hamamatsu 0.25-W LED modules provides intermediate sensitivity with photolysis efficiency comparable to a 100-W Hg arc lamp. The Hamamatsu LEDs require no additional cooling and are a simple and inexpensive package, providing sensitivity and stability appropriate for long-term, unattended measurements at remote surface sites. A Droplet Measurement Technologies Blue-Light Converter (BLC) represents the most complete off-the-shelf system available for atmospheric measurements of NO2. The BLC provides the least sensitivity of the LED-based converters, but is less subject to interference from HONO. Implementing the Nichia LEDs into the NOAA WP-3D aircraft P-CL instrument, in conjunction with improved sample gas handling, improves instrument time response by a factor of eight and permits 1-Hz retrieval of ambient NO and NO2 using a single detector simply by modulating the LEDs on and off. The performance and stability of the Nichia LEDs are further assessed during the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) field study in May and June of 2010. C1 [Pollack, Ilana B.; Lerner, Brian M.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ryerson, Thomas B.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Pollack, IB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ilana.pollack@noaa.gov RI Pollack, Ilana/F-9875-2012; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; FU NCAR Community Airborne Research Instrumentation group FX We thank S. Ciciora for design and construction of a power supply for reliable and fast-response operation of the Nichia LEDs, H. Stark for assistance with UV spectroradiometer measurements, and R. McLaughlin for helpful suggestions regarding the structural design of the new reaction vessel. We also thank the NCAR Community Airborne Research Instrumentation group for the loan of their blue-light converter. NR 25 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 50 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7764 J9 J ATMOS CHEM JI J. Atmos. Chem. PD APR PY 2010 VL 65 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1007/s10874-011-9184-3 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 777ZK UT WOS:000291663700002 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Frenkel, M Diky, V Goldberg, RN Heerklotz, H Ladbury, JE Remeta, DP Dymond, JH Goodwin, ARH Marsh, KN Wakeham, WA AF Chirico, Robert D. Frenkel, Michael Diky, Vladimir Goldberg, Robert N. Heerklotz, Heiko Ladbury, John E. Remeta, David P. Dymond, John H. Goodwin, Anthony R. H. Marsh, Kenneth N. Wakeham, William A. TI ThermoML-An XML-Based Approach for Storage and Exchange of Experimental and Critically Evaluated Thermophysical and Thermochemical Property Data. 4. Biomaterials SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID BIOCHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS; BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES; RECOMMENDATIONS; NOMENCLATURE; TABLES AB ThermoML is an extensible markup language (XML)-based approach for storage and exchange of experimental mid critically evaluated thermophysical mid thermochemical property data. Extensions to the ThermoML schema for the representation of properties of biomaterials ate described The texts of several data files illustrating the new extensions are provided as Supporting In together with the complete text of the updated ThermoML schema C1 [Chirico, Robert D.; Frenkel, Michael; Diky, Vladimir] NIST, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Goldberg, Robert N.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Heerklotz, Heiko] Univ Toronto, Dept Pharm, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada. [Ladbury, John E.] Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Remeta, David P.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Dymond, John H.] Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. [Goodwin, Anthony R. H.] Schlumberger Technol Corp, Sugar Land, TX 77478 USA. [Marsh, Kenneth N.] Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. [Wakeham, William A.] Univ Southampton, Sch Engn Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Frenkel, M (reprint author), NIST, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Thermophys Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD APR PY 2010 VL 55 IS 4 BP 1564 EP 1572 DI 10.1021/je900685d PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 578QC UT WOS:000276307800019 ER PT J AU Tromeur, E Rossow, WB AF Tromeur, Eric Rossow, William B. TI Interaction of Tropical Deep Convection with the Large-Scale Circulation in the MJO SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; KELVIN-ROSSBY WAVE; PACIFIC WARM POOL; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; WESTERN PACIFIC; CLOUD REGIMES; LIFE-CYCLE; TOGA COARE AB To better understand the interaction between tropical deep convection and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), tropical cloud regimes are defined by cluster analysis of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud-top pressure optical thickness joint distributions from the D1 dataset covering 21.5 yr. An MJO index based solely on upper-level wind anomalies is used to study variations of the tropical cloud regimes. The MJO index shows that MJO events are present almost all the time; instead of the MJO event being associated with "on or off" deep convection, it is associated with weaker or stronger mesoscale organization of deep convection. Atmospheric winds and humidity from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis 1 are used to characterize the large-scale dynamics of the MJO: the results show that the large-scale motions initiate an MJO event by moistening the lower troposphere by horizontal advection. Increasingly strong convection transports moisture into the upper troposphere, suggesting a reinforcement of the convection itself. The change of convection organization shown by the cloud regimes indicates a strong interaction between the large-scale circulation and deep convection. The analysis is extended to the complete atmospheric diabatic heating by precipitation, radiation, and surface fluxes. The wave organizes stronger convective heating of the tropical atmosphere, which results in stronger winds, while there is only a passive response of the surface, directly linked to cloud radiative effects. Overall, the results suggest that an NI,10 event is an amplification of large-scale wave motions by stronger convective heating. which results from a dynamic reorganization of scattered deep convection into more intense mesoscale systems. C1 [Tromeur, Eric; Rossow, William B.] CUNY City Coll, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Tromeur, E (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, NOAA, CREST Ctr, Remote Sensing Climate Grp, Steinman Hall T-107, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM etromeur@ccny.cuny.edu RI Rossow, William/F-3138-2015 FU NSF; NASA [NNXD7AN04G] FX Authors thank Anthony Del Genio at NASA GISS for giving us the idea to initiate this study. E. Tromeur acknowledges NSF Funding of the Center for Multi-scale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes at Colorado State University and W. B. Rossow acknowledges NASA Grant NNXD7AN04G. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, from their Web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. NR 51 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1837 EP 1853 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3240.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 581EY UT WOS:000276505500012 ER PT J AU Liu, YH Ackerman, SA Maddux, BC Key, JR Frey, RA AF Liu, Yinghui Ackerman, Steven A. Maddux, Brent C. Key, Jeffrey R. Frey, Richard A. TI Errors in Cloud Detection over the Arctic Using a Satellite Imager and Implications for Observing Feedback Mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID POLAR PATHFINDER DATASET; REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS; RADIATION PROPERTIES; SEA-ICE; RECENT TRENDS; ANNUAL CYCLE; PART II; SURFACE; MODIS; OCEAN AB Arctic sea ice extent has decreased dramatically over the last 30 years, and this trend is expected to continue through the twenty-first century. Changes in sea ice extent impact cloud cover, which in turn influences the surface energy budget. Understanding cloud feedback mechanisms requires an accurate determination of cloud cover over the polar regions, which must be obtained from satellite-based measurements. The accuracy of cloud detection using observations from space varies with surface type, complicating any assessment of climate trends as well as the understanding of ice albedo and cloud-radiative feedback mechanisms. To explore the implications of this dependence on measurement capability, cloud amounts from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are compared with those from the CloudSat and Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder (CALIPSO) satellites in both daytime and nighttime during the time period from July 2006 to December 2008. MODIS is an imager that makes observations in the solar and infrared spectrum. The active sensors of CloudSat and CALIPSO. a radar and tidal:, respectively, provide vertical cloud structures along a narrow curtain. Results clearly indicate that MODIS cloud mask products perform better over open water than over ice. Regional changes in cloud amount from CloudSat/CALIPSO and MODIS are categorized as a function of independent measurements of sea ice concentration (SIC) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). As SIC increases from 10% to 90%, the mean cloud amounts from MODIS and CloudSat-CALIPSO both decrease: water that is more open is associated with increased cloud amount. However, this dependency on SIC is much stronger for MODIS than for CloudSat CALIPSO, and is likely clue to a low bias in MODIS cloud amount. The implications of this on the surface radiative energy budget using historical satellite measurements are discussed. The quantified ice water difference in MODIS cloud detection can be used to adjust estimated trends in cloud amount in the presence of changing sea ice cover from an independent dataset. It was found that cloud amount trends in the Arctic might be in error by up to 2.7% per decade. The impact of these errors on the surface net cloud radiative effect ("forcing") of the Arctic can be significant, as high as 8.5%. C1 [Liu, Yinghui; Ackerman, Steven A.; Maddux, Brent C.; Frey, Richard A.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Ackerman, Steven A.; Maddux, Brent C.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Key, Jeffrey R.] NOAA NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Madison, WI USA. RP Liu, YH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM yinghuil@ssec.wisc.edu RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269 NR 49 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1894 EP 1907 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3386.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 581EY UT WOS:000276505500015 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Zhang, Y. Chai, H. Lawn, B. R. TI Graded Structures for All-ceramic Restorations SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dental crowns and bridges; fracture; glass-zirconia layers; modulus gradient; load-bearing capacity ID DENTAL RESTORATIONS; CLINICAL-EVALUATION; GENERAL-PRACTICE; CROWNS; SURVIVAL; FAILURE; DICOR; DESIGN; MODES; TOOTH AB One failure mode of all-ceramic restorations is radial cracking at the cementation surface, from occlusally induced flexure of the stiffer ceramic layer(s) on the softer dentin underlayer. We hypothesize that such failure may be substantially mitigated by an appropriate grading of elastic modulus through the ceramic thickness. In this study, we fabricated graded structures by infiltrating glass into zirconia plates, with resulting diminished modulus in the outer surfaces. The plates were then bonded to a polymeric base and subjected to flexure by contact loading until fracture. Comparison of infiltrated specimens with non-infiltrated controls showed a significant increase in the fracture loads, by a factor of nearly 2. Finite element analysis revealed the cause of increase in the load-bearing capacity to be diminished tensile stresses within the lower-modulus graded zone, corresponding to an increase in material strength. The results confirmed that suitably graded structures can be highly beneficial in the design of next-generation all-ceramic restorations. C1 [Zhang, Y.] NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. [Chai, H.] Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Sch Mech Engn, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Lawn, B. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, 345 E 24th St, New York, NY 10010 USA. EM yz21@nyu.edu FU United States National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [1R01 DE017925]; National Science Foundation [CMMI-0758530]; Israeli Science Foundation FX This investigation was sponsored by funding from the United States National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (1R01 DE017925) and by a National Science Foundation Grant (CMMI-0758530). One of the authors (H.C.) acknowledges funding from the Israeli Science Foundation. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 14 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD APR PY 2010 VL 89 IS 4 BP 417 EP 421 DI 10.1177/0022034510363245 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 568ZZ UT WOS:000275566800017 PM 20200413 ER PT J AU Sen Roy, S Lakshmanan, V Bhowmik, SKR Thampi, SB AF Sen Roy, Soma Lakshmanan, V. Bhowmik, S. K. Roy Thampi, S. B. TI Doppler weather radar based nowcasting of cyclone Ogni SO JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Doppler weather radar observations; nowcasting; tropical cyclone ID IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHM; WSR-88D AB In this paper, we describe offline analysis of Indian Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) data from cyclone Ogni using a suite of radar algorithms as implemented on NEXRAD and the advanced algorithms developed jointly by the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and the University of Oklahoma. We demonstrate the applicability of the various algorithms to Indian radar data, the improvement in the quality control and evaluate the benefit of nowcasting capabilities in Indian conditions. New information about the tropical cyclone structure, as derived from application of the algorithms is also discussed in this study. Finally, we suggest improvements that could be made to the Indian data collection strategies, networking and real-time analysis. Since this is the first study of its kind to process and utilize DWR data in a tropical climate, the suggestions on real-time analysis and data collection strategies made in this paper, would in many cases, be beneficial to other countries embarking on DWR network modernization programs. C1 [Sen Roy, Soma; Bhowmik, S. K. Roy] Indian Meteorol Dept, New Delhi 110003, India. [Lakshmanan, V.] Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Lakshmanan, V.] Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Thampi, S. B.] Indian Meteorol Dept, Doppler Weather Radar Stn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Sen Roy, S (reprint author), Indian Meteorol Dept, Lodi Rd, New Delhi 110003, India. EM somasenroy@yahoo.com FU USAID/NOAA; USAID-IRG FX The study was initiated as a part of the collaboration work under the sub-project Local Severe Storm and Flash Floods of Climate Forecasting component of USAID Disaster Management Support Project. The first author is grateful to the Government of India for the kind approval of her deputation and to USAID/NOAA for funding the visit. The authors would like to thank Ms Nina Minka of USAID, Dr Robert Jubach and Ms Carolyn Corvington of NOAA and Mr Greg Austreng, Mr N M Prusty and Mr Balaji of USAID-IRG for constant support and co-operation at various stages to make the visit successful. Authors would like to thank AVM Dr Ajit Tyagi, DGM, IMD and Mr R C Bhatia, ADGM (retd.) for their encouragement, keen interest, valuable suggestions and providing all facilities to complete the work. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0253-4126 J9 J EARTH SYST SCI JI J. Earth Syst. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 119 IS 2 BP 183 EP 199 DI 10.1007/s12040-010-0016-7 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Geology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 589UA UT WOS:000277178500005 ER PT J AU Zhou, HQ Teng, MH AF Zhou, Hongqiang Teng, Michelle H. TI Extended Fourth-Order Depth-Integrated Model for Water Waves and Currents Generated by Submarine Landslides SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article ID ORDER BOUSSINESQ MODEL; LINEAR DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS; FULLY NONLINEAR-WAVES; UNDERWATER LANDSLIDES; TSUNAMI GENERATION; SURFACE-WAVES; RUN-UP; VARYING BATHYMETRY; EQUATIONS; PROPAGATION AB In this paper, a preexisting higher-order depth-integrated wave propagation model is extended to include a moving seabed. As a result, the extended model can be applied to both wave propagation and the dynamic process of wave generation by a seabed disturbance such as a submarine landslide. The model has the linear dispersion relation in a form of (4,4) Padegrave approximant, and approximates the water velocity profiles along the water depth with a fourth-order polynomial of the vertical coordinates. The fourth-order model is aimed at extending the validity of the lower-order depth-integrated models from long waves to both long and shorter waves, as well as improving the approximation of the velocity field from the second order to the fourth order. Laboratory experiments are carried out in a wave flume to study wave generation by a submerged landslide model. Both water waves and water velocities are measured by using resistance-type wave gauges and a particle image velocimetry. The experimental data are then compared with the predicted wave height and water current based on the new model and two existing lower-order Boussinesq-type models. The results clearly show that the new model predicts the fluid velocity more accurately and is also able to predict the shorter trailing waves very well where the traditional Boussinesq model may be inadequate, thus validating the improvement provided by the fourth-order model. C1 [Zhou, Hongqiang] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Teng, Michelle H.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Zhou, HQ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM hongqiang.zhou@noaa.gov; teng@eng.hawaii.edu FU National Science Foundation; U.S. National Research Council of National Academies; College of Engineering and the Graduate Student Organization of the University of Hawaii FX The present study was partially funded by the National Science Foundation in the form of a graduate research assistantship, and the U.S. National Research Council of National Academies through a research associateship for postdoctoral researchers. The laboratory experiments have also received support from the College of Engineering and the Graduate Student Organization of the University of Hawaii. The writers thank Dr. In Mei Sou, Mr. Richard Carter, and Mr. Ravi Mohandie for their assistance in the laboratory experiments. Helpful discussions with Professor Philip Liu of Cornell University, Professor James Kirby of the University of Delaware, and Professor Patrick Lynett of the Texas A&M University on the general concepts of higher-order wave modeling are also gratefully acknowledged. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD APR PY 2010 VL 136 IS 4 BP 506 EP 516 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000087 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 570FR UT WOS:000275658200012 ER PT J AU Hussey, DS Jacobson, DL Arif, M Coakley, KJ Vecchia, DF AF Hussey, D. S. Jacobson, D. L. Arif, M. Coakley, K. J. Vecchia, D. F. TI In Situ Fuel Cell Water Metrology at the NIST Neutron Imaging Facility SO JOURNAL OF FUEL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID WATER; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; DYNAMICS; MODEL AB Neutron imaging has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool to measure the in situ water content of commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in two and three dimensions. The National Institute of Standards and Technology neutron imaging facility was designed to produce a high intensity, highly collimated neutron imaging beam to measure the water content of operating fuel cells. The details of the neutron optics and neutron detection are discussed in terms of the random uncertainty in measuring the liquid water thickness that is typical of operating PEMFCs. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3007898] C1 [Hussey, D. S.; Jacobson, D. L.; Arif, M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. [Coakley, K. J.; Vecchia, D. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hussey, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8461, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. FU U. S. Department of Commerce; NIST Ionizing Radiation Division; Director's Office of NIST; NIST Center for Neutron Research; Department of Energy [DE-AI01-01EE50660] FX This work was supported by the U. S. Department of Commerce, the NIST Ionizing Radiation Division, the Director's Office of NIST, the NIST Center for Neutron Research, and the Department of Energy through Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI01-01EE50660. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1550-624X J9 J FUEL CELL SCI TECH JI J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 7 IS 2 AR 021024 DI 10.1115/1.3007898 PG 6 GA 549AN UT WOS:000274013200024 ER PT J AU Ubrig, N Shaver, J Parra-Vasquez, ANG Pasquali, M Kono, J Fagan, JA Portugall, O AF Ubrig, Nicolas Shaver, Jonah Parra-Vasquez, A. Nicholas G. Pasquali, Matteo Kono, Junichiro Fagan, J. A. Portugall, Oliver TI Dynamic Alignment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Pulsed Magnetic Fields SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Research in High Magnetic Fields (RHMF 2009) CY JUL 22-25, 2009 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP Hist Ctr Dresden DE Carbon nanotubes; Dichroism; Pulsed magnetic fields AB We have used linear dichroism spectroscopy to measure the dynamic alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in pulsed magnetic fields up to 55 T. We make use of the fact that SWNTs absorb light only when the electric-field vector is oriented parallel to the tube axis. SWNTs thus produce a polarization dependent change of the optical transmission, that permits precise measurements of their orientation. In order to distinguish the influence of different mechanisms governing the alignment such as the external magnetic field, Brownian motion or the tube length, we have systematically varied parameters such as the viscosity of the aqueous solution and the sample temperature. C1 [Ubrig, Nicolas; Portugall, Oliver] Lab Natl Champs Magnet Intenses, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Shaver, Jonah; Kono, Junichiro] Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Parra-Vasquez, A. Nicholas G.; Pasquali, Matteo] Rice Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Fagan, J. A.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ubrig, N (reprint author), Lab Natl Champs Magnet Intenses, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM ubrig@lncmp.org RI Pasquali, Matteo/A-2489-2008; Parra-Vasquez, Nicholas/E-9001-2013; Nicolas, Ubrig/N-9997-2014; OI Pasquali, Matteo/0000-0001-5951-395X; Nicolas, Ubrig/0000-0002-1966-4435; Shaver, Jonah/0000-0002-9602-7798 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD APR PY 2010 VL 159 IS 1-2 BP 262 EP 266 DI 10.1007/s10909-009-0112-8 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 567AT UT WOS:000275415400062 ER PT J AU Mahmoud, E Gates, L Masad, E Erdogan, S Garboczi, E AF Mahmoud, Enad Gates, Leslie Masad, Eyad Erdogan, Sinan Garboczi, Edward TI Comprehensive Evaluation of AIMS Texture, Angularity, and Dimension Measurements SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Aggregate; Texture; Angularity; Imaging; X-ray computed tomography; Material technology ID WIDE-RANGE; PARTICLES; SHAPES AB Aggregates are the most widely used construction materials in the world in structures built from both asphaltic and portland cement concrete composites. The performance of these composites is affected by aggregate shape characteristics (e.g., angularity, texture, and dimensions). The aggregate imaging system (AIMS) is a computer automated system that was developed to measure aggregate shape characteristics using digital camera images of aggregates. This paper addresses four issues concerning AIMS measurements: (1) enhanced ways of handling and classifying the large data sets typically generated; (2) enhanced automation in processing fine aggregate images that appear to contain touching particles; (3) an improved consideration of measurement variability or repeatability between different operators, different AIMS units, and for aggregate placement and orientation; and (4) comparison of AIMS dimensional measurements with true three-dimensional measurements using X-ray computed tomography on a large coarse aggregate data set. The various aggregate sets used in this study covered a broad range of angularity and texture. The AIMS measurements of the ratios of dimensions were found to have excellent agreement with the more accurate X-ray computed tomography values, but the measurements of the individual dimensions were systematically low by about 10%. C1 [Mahmoud, Enad; Gates, Leslie; Masad, Eyad] Texas A&M Univ, Zachry Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. [Erdogan, Sinan] Middle E Tech Univ, Dept Civil Engn, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey. [Garboczi, Edward] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Inorgan Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Masad, E (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Zachry Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM enad81@neo.tamu.edu; lgates08@neo.tamu.edu; emasad@civil.tamu.edu NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0899-1561 J9 J MATER CIVIL ENG JI J. Mater. Civ. Eng. PD APR PY 2010 VL 22 IS 4 BP 369 EP 379 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000033 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 572WP UT WOS:000275865400010 ER PT J AU Lahr, DL Hertz, JL Semancik, S AF Lahr, David L. Hertz, Joshua L. Semancik, Steve TI A Combinatorial Study of Thin-Film Process Variables Using Microhotplates SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Chemical vapor deposition (CVD); combinatorial methods; microhotplate ID DEPOSITION; SENSORS; SILICON; ALLOYS; ARRAYS AB A major goal of materials research over the past two decades has been the development of high-throughput methods for rapid discovery and optimization of processing routes. These methods rely on highly parallel materials synthesis to efficiently create libraries wherein at least one processing parameter has been systematically varied. Here, we demonstrate a method of using an array of microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)-based microhotplates in the high-throughput optimization of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Electrical and thermal processing variables are independently controlled at each element of the array, both during and after deposition. In the experiment described, SnO(2) films were deposited on the microhotplates at 375 degrees C or 500 degrees C, with pulsed or continuous heating, and with voltage applied or not applied to the films. A 16-element microhotplate array was used, thus allowing a repeated two-level full factorial exploration of the experimental space. After deposition, sputter depth profile via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the deposition rate of the films. Statistical modeling then determined the main effects and interaction effects of the growth conditions. Although applied here to the growth rate during CVD, the technology described is generally applicable for high-throughput study of the effects of thermal and electrical processing steps in thin-film manufacture. [2009-0137] C1 [Lahr, David L.; Hertz, Joshua L.; Semancik, Steve] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lahr, DL (reprint author), Tessella Inc, Newton, MA 02464 USA. EM steves@nist.gov RI Hertz, Joshua/B-7239-2012; OI Hertz, Joshua/0000-0003-0650-5141; Lahr, David/0000-0001-6283-0286 FU National Research Council Postdoctoral Program FX The authors would like to thank the support from the National Research Council Postdoctoral Program, as well as technical assistance from C. Montgomery. Disclaimer: Certain commercial materials and equipment are identified in order to specify adequately experimental procedures. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the items identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD APR PY 2010 VL 19 IS 2 BP 239 EP 245 DI 10.1109/JMEMS.2010.2040242 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 577XQ UT WOS:000276257700002 ER PT J AU Xu, LH Hougen, JT Fisher, JM Lees, RM AF Xu, Li-Hong Hougen, J. T. Fisher, J. M. Lees, R. M. TI Symmetry and Fourier analysis of the ab initio-determined torsional variation of structural and Hessian-related quantities for application to vibration-torsion-rotation interactions in CH3OH SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Internal rotation; Vibration-torsion interactions; Large-amplitude motion; Methanol; Torsional variation in structure; Forces; Vibrational displacements; Hessian ID FORCE-FIELD VARIATIONS; INTERNAL-ROTATION; COORDINATE; METHANOL; CH3CHO; ACETALDEHYDE; FREQUENCIES; DYNAMICS; MOLECULE; ROTOR AB The aim of the present paper is to investigate the use of quantum chemistry calculations to obtain the torsional dependence of various structural and vibrational-force-field-related quantities that could help in estimating the vibration-torsion-rotation interaction terms needed to treat perturbations observed in the spectra of methanol-like molecules. We begin by using the Gaussian suite of programs to determine the steepest-descent path from a stationary point at the top of the internal rotation potential barrier in methanol to the equilibrium structure at the bottom of the barrier. This procedure requires determining the gradient del V of the potential (as calculated in mass-weighted Cartesian coordinates) along the internal rotation path. In addition, we use the Gaussian suite to calculate the Hessian del del V along this path and to generate from these second derivatives the 3N - 7 small-amplitude vibrational frequencies and the 3N Cartesian vibrational displacements for each of these vibrations. We then symmetrize the internal coordinates used in presenting the structures, gradients. Hessians and vibrational displacements along the path to take into account the periodic variation of the behavior of the three methyl hydrogen atoms H-i as they pass in turn through the C-s-plane of the HOC frame. The symmetrized linear combinations of the CHi stretches, of the OCHi bends, and of the HOCHi dihedral angles of the methyl group depend on the internal rotation angle gamma and they are determined by considering coordinate transformations from the G(6) permutation-inversion group appropriate for internally rotating methanol. This symmetrization procedure permits us to explore the feasibility of expressing the structures, gradients. Hessians, and vibrational displacement vectors along the internal rotation path as short Fourier series in gamma, which is one of the main goals of this paper. In summary, we find that the symmetrized structures, gradients, and Hessians, as well as nine of the 11 projected vibrational frequencies and the vibrational displacement vectors for the three vibrations occurring primarily in the HOC frame can be expressed by short Fourier series expansions to their precision in the Gaussian output, and that these series involve only sin 3n gamma or only cos 3n gamma terms, as required by G(6) symmetry considerations. A preliminary discussion is given of why short Fourier expansions fail for the projected frequencies of the two methyl asymmetric stretches, and for the vibrational displacement vectors of the methyl group vibrational modes. Looking more closely at the symmetrized and projected 3N x 3N Hessian, we find algebraically that only elements in the (3N - 7) x (3N - 7) small-amplitude-vibrational block of the Hessian are useful for spectroscopic problems. Non-zero elements in the rest of the 3N x 3N symmetrized and projected Hessian cannot be converted into quantities needed for perturbation studies. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Xu, Li-Hong; Fisher, J. M.; Lees, R. M.] Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys, CLAMS, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. [Hougen, J. T.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, LH (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys, CLAMS, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. EM lxu@unb.ca RI Xu, Li-Hong/J-5095-2015 FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NSERC-USRA FX L.H.X. and R.M.L. thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for financial support of this research program. J. Fisher is grateful for NSERC-USRA (Undergraduate Summer Research Award) support. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 260 IS 2 BP 88 EP 104 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2010.01.001 PG 17 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 587IH UT WOS:000276983600002 ER PT J AU Obrzut, J Anopchenko, A Douglas, JF Rust, BW AF Obrzut, J. Anopchenko, A. Douglas, J. F. Rust, B. W. TI Relaxation and antiplasticization measurements in trehalose-glycerol mixtures - A model formulation for protein preservation SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Dielectric Spectroscopy and Its Applications CY AUG 26-29, 2008 CL Lyon, FRANCE DE Bioglass; Dielectric properties, relaxation, electric modulus ID MALTOSE-GLYCEROL; WATER SYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; POLYSACCHARIDES; POLYCARBONATES; SPECTRA; GLASS AB We utilize dielectric relaxation spectroscopy for the quantitative characterization of antiplasticization of glassy-trehalose by glycerol. The high frequency Johari-Goldstein relaxation time (iota) was obtained by analyzing the complex permittivity data in terms of the distribution function of relaxation times and a regularization technique. We analyzed the dielectric spectrum without prior assumptions about a spectral function and the number of the relaxation processes. The ratio of iota values for the mixture and pure trehalose, an antiplasticization factor (Theta), is found to provide a useful measure of the extent of antiplasticization. We observe that increasing the glycerol mass fraction (x(w)) at fixed temperature increases iota, extending antiplasticization until a temperature dependent critical plasticization concentration is reached. At a fixed concentration, we find an antiplasticization temperature at which antiplasticization first occurs upon cooling. At a temperature of 293 K the antiplasticization factor peak value is about 1.6 when x(w) of glycerol is about 0.24. At 323 K a mild antiplasticization maximum occurs when x(w) decrease to about 0.05. Above 323 K, Theta < 1, glycerol plasticizes trehalose, thus the antiplasticizing effect apparently no longer exists. The antiplasticization factor that we describe in terms of Arrhenius functions is a convenient predictive model to characterize antiplasticization in glassy sugar formulations and other glass-formers. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Obrzut, J.; Anopchenko, A.; Douglas, J. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Rust, B. W.] Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Obrzut, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jan.obrzut@nist.gov RI Anopchenko, Oleksiy/D-9478-2011; OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 356 IS 11-17 BP 777 EP 781 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.07.045 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 583HU UT WOS:000276665500052 ER PT J AU Zhu, HN Martys, NS Ferraris, C De Kee, D AF Zhu, Huaning Martys, Nicos S. Ferraris, Chiara De Kee, Daniel TI A numerical study of the flow of Bingham-like fluids in two-dimensional vane and cylinder rheometers using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) based method SO JOURNAL OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE Vane rheometer; Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH); Bingham fluid; Non-Newtonian fluid; Papanastasiou model ID HERSCHEL-BULKLEY FLUIDS; LOW-REYNOLDS-NUMBER; FREE-SURFACE FLOWS; VISCOELASTIC FLOWS; SIMULATION; COUETTE; YIELD; INSTABILITY; DYNAMICS AB In this paper, a Lagrangian formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations, based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approach, was applied to determine how well theological parameters such as plastic viscosity can be determined from vane rheometer measurements. First, to validate this approach, a Bingham/Papanastasiou constitutive model was implemented into the SPH model and tests comparing simulation results to well established theoretical predictions were conducted. Numerical simulations for the flow of fluids in vane and coaxial cylinder rheometers were then performed. A comparison to experimental data was also made to verify the application of the SPH method in realistic flow geometries. Finally, results are presented from a parametric study of the flow of Bingham fluids with different yield stresses under various applied angular velocities of the outer cylindrical wall in the vane and coaxial cylinder rheometers. The stress, strain rate and velocity profiles, especially in the vicinity of the vane blades, were computed. By comparing the calculated stress and flow fields between the two rheometers, the validity of the assumption that the vane could be approximated as a cylinder for measuring the rheological properties of Bingham fluids at different shear rates was tested. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhu, Huaning; Martys, Nicos S.; Ferraris, Chiara] NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Zhu, Huaning; De Kee, Daniel] Tulane Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Zhu, HN (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Fiber Sci & Apparel Design, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM hz222@cornell.edu FU NASA [NNC06AA18A]; Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) consortium FX The authors wish to acknowledge financial support via NASA grant NNC06AA18A and John Winpigler for performing the experimental tests. We would also like to acknowledge support from the Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) consortium. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0257 J9 J NON-NEWTON FLUID JI J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. PD APR PY 2010 VL 165 IS 7-8 BP 362 EP 375 DI 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2010.01.012 PG 14 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 578HT UT WOS:000276285000005 ER PT J AU Adams, CL Schneider, H Weber, JM AF Adams, C. L. Schneider, H. Weber, J. M. TI Vibrational Autodetachment-Intramolecular Vibrational Relaxation Translated into Electronic Motion SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID UV PUMP-PROBE; HYDROGEN-BONDED CLUSTERS; DOUBLE-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; POWER INFRARED-LASER; JET-COOLED PHENOL; C-H STRETCH; ENERGY-FLOW; HIGH-RESOLUTION; GAS-PHASE; MOLECULAR ANIONS AB If a negative ion has vibrational energy in excess of the binding energy of its most weakly bound electron, the anion call undergo vibrational autodetachment, similar to thermionic emission. When this effect Occurs after targeted infrared excitation of a specific vibrational mode in the anion, it encodes information oil the intramolecular vibrational relaxation processes that take place between excitation and electron emission. We present examples oil how vibrational autodetachment call be used to obtain infrared spectra of molecular anions, and we discuss how a vibrational autodetachment photoelectron spectrum call be modeled, using vibrational autodetachment after excitation of CH stretching modes of nitromethane anions as a case study. C1 [Weber, J. M.] Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Weber, J. M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Weber, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM weberjm@jila.colorado.edu RI Weber, J. Mathias/B-1618-2009 OI Weber, J. Mathias/0000-0002-5493-5886 FU Molecular. and Optical Physics Frontier Center of the National Science Foundation [PHY-0551010] FX We gratefully acknowledge helpful discussion With Professors Carl Lineberger and Jack Simons. This project has been supported by JILA Atomic. Molecular. and Optical Physics Frontier Center of the National Science Foundation (Grant No. PHY-0551010). NR 144 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 12 BP 4017 EP 4030 DI 10.1021/jp910675n PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 572TH UT WOS:000275855500001 PM 20205435 ER PT J AU Szakal, C Hues, SM Bennett, J Gillen, G AF Szakal, Christopher Hues, Steven M. Bennett, Joe Gillen, Greg TI Effect of Cluster Ion Analysis Fluence on Interface Quality in SIMS Molecular Depth Profiling SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID IMPACT ENERGY-DEPENDENCE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY SIMS; TOF-SIMS; THIN-FILMS; C-60; BEAM; POLYMER; MODEL; DAMAGE; PROBE AB Cluster ion beams are being routinely utilized in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for molecular depth profiling analyses, including the generation of three-dimensional data sets. Certain sample targets, such as soft organic matrices, often require large analysis ion fluences in order to generate sufficient count rates for pixel-to-pixel contrast. However, in the generation of this data during a SIMS dual-beam experiment. little attention has been given to the effects imparted into a depth-profiled sample merely by acquiring data between sputter erosion cycles. We find that the amount of Bi(n)(+) analysis fluence within a (foal-beam sputter depth profiling experiment is not negligible and can degrade the interface widths of a high-quality PMMA film on silicon, despite the use oh sputter beams Such as SF(5)(+) and C(60)(+) to remove accumulated analysis beam-induced damage. These Bi(n)(+) fluence levels, which are often needed for generating enough counts in 3D molecular imaging experiments, can degrade the interface to the point where depth profiling information may not truly reflect the concentration of targeted molecules vs depth. This degradation is expected to worsen for multiple organic layer systems, where the accumulation of ion beam-induced damage can increase to levels where depth-resolved chemistry may not be achievable. C1 [Szakal, Christopher; Gillen, Greg] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Hues, Steven M.] Micron Technol Inc, Boise, ID 83707 USA. [Bennett, Joe] SVTC Technol, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Szakal, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cszakal@nist.gov FU NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the NIST Office of Microelectronics Programs for funding of this work. Christopher Szakal recognizes the exemplary career of Dr. Barbara J. Garrison and the profoundly positive impact she has had on both his scientific endeavors and his personal development. NR 49 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 12 BP 5338 EP 5343 DI 10.1021/jp905019x PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 572TI UT WOS:000275855600009 ER PT J AU Battaglia, A Tanelli, S Kobayashi, S Zrnic, D Hogan, RJ Simmer, C AF Battaglia, Alessandro Tanelli, Simone Kobayashi, Satoru Zrnic, Dusan Hogan, Robin J. Simmer, Clemens TI Multiple-scattering in radar systems: A review SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Review DE Radar equation; Multiple scattering; Radiative transfer ID MIRROR-IMAGE RETURNS; PART I; BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SPHERICAL-PARTICLES; PRECIPITATION RADAR; DENSE DISTRIBUTION; 3-BODY SCATTERING; WEAK-LOCALIZATION; MILLIMETER-WAVE AB Although extensively studied within the lidar community, the multiple scattering phenomenon has always been considered a rare curiosity by radar meteorologists. Up to few years ago its appearance has only been associated with two- or three-body-scattering features (e.g. hail flares and mirror images) involving highly reflective surfaces. Recent atmospheric research aimed at better understanding of the water cycle and the role played by clouds and precipitation in affecting the Earth's climate has driven the deployment of high frequency radars in space. Examples are the TRMM 13.5 GHz, the CloudSat 94 GHz, the upcoming EarthCARE 94 GHz, and the GPM dual 13-35 GHz radars. These systems are able to detect the vertical distribution of hydrometeors and thus provide crucial feedbacks for radiation and climate studies. The shift towards higher frequencies increases the sensitivity to hydrometeors, improves the spatial resolution and reduces the size and weight of the radar systems. On the other hand, higher frequency radars are affected by stronger extinction, especially in the presence of large precipitating particles (e.g. raindrops or hail particles), which may eventually drive the signal below the minimum detection threshold. In such circumstances the interpretation of the radar equation via the single scattering approximation may be problematic. Errors will be large when the radiation emitted from the radar after interacting more than once with the medium still contributes substantially to the received power. This is the case if the transport mean-free-path becomes comparable with the instrument footprint (determined by the antenna beam-width and the platform altitude). This situation resembles to what has already been experienced in lidar observations, but with a predominance of wide- versus small-angle scattering events. At millimeter wavelengths, hydrometeors diffuse radiation rather isotropically compared to the visible or near infrared region where scattering is predominantly in the forward direction. A complete understanding of radiation transport modeling and data analysis methods under wide-angle multiple scattering conditions is mandatory for a correct interpretation of echoes observed by space-borne millimeter radars. This paper reviews the status of research in this field. Different numerical techniques currently implemented to account for higher order scattering are reviewed and their weaknesses and strengths highlighted. Examples of simulated radar backscattering profiles are provided with particular emphasis given to situations in which the multiple scattering contributions become comparable or overwhelm the single scattering signal. We show evidences of multiple scattering effects from air-borne and from CloudSat observations, i.e. unique signatures which cannot be explained by single scattering theory. Ideas how to identify and tackle the multiple scattering effects are discussed. Finally perspectives and suggestions for future work are outlined. This work represents a reference-guide for studies focused at modeling the radiation transport and at interpreting data from high frequency space-borne radar systems that probe highly opaque scattering media such as thick ice clouds or precipitating clouds. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Battaglia, Alessandro] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Battaglia, Alessandro; Simmer, Clemens] Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. [Tanelli, Simone] Calif Technol, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. [Kobayashi, Satoru] Appl Mat Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. [Zrnic, Dusan] Natl Severe Storms Lab NOAA, Norman, OK USA. [Hogan, Robin J.] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. RP Battaglia, A (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM a.battaglia@le.ac.uk RI Simmer, Clemens/M-4949-2013; Hogan, Robin/M-6549-2016; OI Simmer, Clemens/0000-0003-3001-8642; Hogan, Robin/0000-0002-3180-5157; Battaglia, Alessandro/0000-0001-9243-3484 FU German Science Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The work performed by Dr. Battaglia has been partially funded by the German Science Foundation under the TOSCA project. The contribution by Dr. Simone Tanelli was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Dr. Valery Melnikov maintained calibration of the NOAA/NSSL polarimetric radar and collected data, whereas Jelena Andric produced Figures 8-10. NR 100 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 5 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD APR PY 2010 VL 111 IS 6 BP 917 EP 947 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.11.024 PG 31 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 575GD UT WOS:000276054000009 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, R AF Fitzgerald, Ryan TI Look at data to evaluate uncertainty: a comment on "Uranium assay determination aEuro broken vertical bar aEuroe by Mathew et al. SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Uncertainty analysis; GUM; Metrology AB In a recent paper, Mathew et al. detailed, for a specific titration-based assay of uranium, a "step-by-step approach to calculate the GUM uncertainty of the measurand", in which their uncertainty assessment was based solely on prior knowledge, ignoring the manifest variability in their replication data. A simple analysis of the variance from their data reveals that the uncertainty in the average of the replicated quantity (TEF) was at least 3.5 times their estimate. Since the observables that contribute most to the final uncertainty in their method were not replicated, it is unknown whether the estimates for the uncertainties of those quantities, and thus of the output quantity, were also underestimated. This comment demonstrates how a better uncertainty evaluation is possible by extracting as much knowledge as possible from the extant data. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fitzgerald, R (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ryan.fitzgerald@nist.gov RI Fitzgerald, Ryan/H-6132-2016 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD APR PY 2010 VL 284 IS 1 BP 173 EP 174 DI 10.1007/s10967-010-0471-2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 571JV UT WOS:000275749000025 ER PT J AU Pereira, AJ Carbone, RE Janowiak, JE Arkin, P Joyce, R Hallak, R Ramos, CGM AF Pereira Filho, Augusto J. Carbone, Richard E. Janowiak, John E. Arkin, Phillip Joyce, Robert Hallak, Ricardo Ramos, Camila G. M. TI Satellite Rainfall Estimates Over South America - Possible Applicability to the Water Management of Large Watersheds1 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE satellite-derived rainfall; water resources management; Amazon hydropower ID WARM-SEASON; TROPICAL RAINFALL; PASSIVE MICROWAVE; CLIMATOLOGY; PROPAGATION; CONVECTION AB This work analyzes high-resolution precipitation data from satellite-derived rainfall estimates over South America, especially over the Amazon Basin. The goal is to examine whether satellite-derived precipitation estimates can be used in hydrology and in the management of larger watersheds of South America. High spatial-temporal resolution precipitation estimates obtained with the CMORPH method serve this purpose while providing an additional hydrometeorological perspective on the convective regime over South America and its predictability. CMORPH rainfall estimates at 8-km spatial resolution for 2003 and 2004 were compared with available rain gauge measurements at daily, monthly, and yearly accumulation time scales. The results show the correlation between satellite-derived and gauge-measured precipitation increases with accumulation period from daily to monthly, especially during the rainy season. Time-longitude diagrams of CMORPH hourly rainfall show the genesis, strength, longevity, and phase speed of convective systems. Hourly rainfall analyses indicate that convection over the Amazon region is often more organized than previously thought, thus inferring that basin scale predictions of rainfall for hydrological and water management purposes have the potential to become more skillful. Flow estimates based on CMORPH and the rain gauge network are compared to long-term observed average flow. The results suggest this satellite-based rainfall estimation technique has considerable utility. Other statistics for monthly accumulations also suggest CMORPH can be an important source of rainfall information at smaller spatial scales where in situ observations are lacking. C1 [Pereira Filho, Augusto J.; Hallak, Ricardo; Ramos, Camila G. M.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Carbone, Richard E.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Janowiak, John E.; Arkin, Phillip] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Joyce, Robert] Wyle Inc, NOAA, NCEP, CPC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Pereira, AJ (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, Rua Matao 1226, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM apereira@model.iag.usp.br RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010 FU National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [301724/2008-3] FX This research was sponsored by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), under Grant 301724/2008-3. The authors express their gratitude to their respective organizations for providing opportunities and means for this research. The authors also thank CPC/NCEP for providing CMORPH datasets and to Mrs. Viviane B. S. Silva for providing the rain gauge datasets. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their contributions to improving the content of this manuscript. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 46 IS 2 BP 344 EP 360 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00406.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 577KY UT WOS:000276223200012 ER PT J AU Tulich, SN Mapes, BE AF Tulich, Stefan N. Mapes, Brian E. TI Transient Environmental Sensitivities of Explicitly Simulated Tropical Convection SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-RESOLVING MODEL; STRATIFORM INSTABILITY; CUMULUS-ENSEMBLE; COUPLED WAVES; MOISTURE BUDGETS; WESTERN PACIFIC; DEEP CONVECTION; VERTICAL-MODE; PART I; PARAMETERIZATION AB A three-dimensional cloud-resolving model, maintained in a statistically steady convecting state by tropics-like forcing, is subjected to sudden (10 min) stimuli consisting of horizontally homogeneous temperature and/or moisture sources with various profiles. Ensembles of simulations are used to increase the statistical robustness of the results and to assess the deterministic nature of the model response for domain sizes near contemporary global model resolution. The response to middle- and upper-tropospheric perturbations is predominantly local in the vertical: convection damps the imposed stimulus over a few hours. Low-level perturbations are similarly damped, but also produce a vertically nonlocal response: enhancement or suppression of new deep convective clouds extending above the perturbed level. Experiments show that the "effective inhibition layer" for deep convection is about 4 km deep, far deeper than traditional convective inhibition defined for undilute lifted parcels. Both the local and nonlocal responses are remarkably linear but can be highly stochastic, especially if deep convection is only intermittently present (small domains, weak forcing). Quantitatively, temperature-versus-moisture perturbations in a ratio corresponding to adiabatic vertical displacements produce responses of roughly equal magnitude. However, moisture perturbations seem to provoke the nonlocal (upward spreading) type of response more effectively. This nonlocal part of the response is also more effective when background forcing intensity is weak. Only at very high intensity does the response approach the limits of purely local damping and pure determinism that would be most convenient for theory and parameterization. C1 [Tulich, Stefan N.] Univ Colorado, NOAA ESRL R PSD1, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mapes, Brian E.] Univ Miami, RSMAS, Miami, FL USA. RP Tulich, SN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA ESRL R PSD1, CIRES, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM stefan.tulich@noaa.gov FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0555570] FX Comments by Profs. David Raymond and Adam Sobel, and by one anonymous reviewer, led to considerable improvement in this manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-0555570. The simulations were performed using computing resources made available by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is supported by the National Science Foundation. The SAM was developed and made available by Prof. Marat Khairoutdinov. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 4 BP 923 EP 940 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3277.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MK UT WOS:000276829400003 ER PT J AU Braun, SA Montgomery, MT Mallen, KJ Reasor, PD AF Braun, Scott A. Montgomery, Michael T. Mallen, Kevin J. Reasor, Paul D. TI Simulation and Interpretation of the Genesis of Tropical Storm Gert (2005) as Part of the NASA Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Experiment SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; CYCLONE INTENSIFICATION; NWP SYSTEM; MODEL; CYCLOGENESIS; SENSITIVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTABILITY; PREDICTION AB Several hypotheses have been put forward for the mechanisms of generation of surface circulation associated with tropical cyclones. This paper examines high-resolution simulations of Tropical Storm Gert (2005), which formed in the Gulf of Mexico during NASA's Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Experiment, to investigate the development of low-level circulation and its relationship to the precipitation evolution. Two simulations are examined: one that better matches available observations but underpredicts the storm's minimum sea level pressure and a second one that somewhat overintensifies the storm but provides a set of simulations that encapsulates the overall genesis and development characteristics of the observed storm. The roles of convective and stratiform precipitation processes within the mesoscale precipitation systems that formed Gert are discussed. During 21-25 July, two episodes of convective system development occurred. In each, precipitation system evolution was characterized by intense and deep convective upward motions followed by increasing stratiform-type vertical motions (upper-level ascent, low-level descent). Potential vorticity (PV) in convective regions was strongest at low levels while stratiform-region PV was strongest at midlevels, suggesting that convective processes acted to spin up lower levels prior to the spinup of middle levels by stratiform processes. Intense vortical hot towers (VHTs) were prominent features of the low-level cyclonic vorticity field. The most prominent PV anomalies persisted more than 6 h and were often associated with localized minima in the sea level pressure field. A gradual aggregation of the cyclonic PV occurred as existing VHTs near the center continually merged with new VHTs, gradually increasing the mean vorticity near the center. Nearly concurrently with this VHT-induced development, stratiform precipitation processes strongly enhanced the mean inflow and convergence at middle levels, rapidly increasing the midlevel vorticity. However, the stratiform vertical motion profile is such that while it increases midlevel vorticity, it decreases vorticity near the surface as a result of low-level divergence. Consequently, the results suggest that while stratiform precipitation regions may significantly increase cyclonic circulation at midlevels, convective vortex enhancement at low to midlevels is likely necessary for genesis. C1 [Braun, Scott A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Montgomery, Michael T.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. [Montgomery, Michael T.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Mallen, Kevin J.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Reasor, Paul D.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Braun, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM scott.a.braun@nasa.gov RI Reasor, Paul/B-2932-2014 OI Reasor, Paul/0000-0001-6407-017X FU NASA; Center for Earth Atmosphere Studies; [NNG07HU171] FX The authors thank Drs. David Raymond and Roger Smith and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by Dr. Ramesh Kakar at NASA Headquarters with funds from the NASA TCSP program. M. T. Montgomery was supported through Multi-Interagency Procurement Request NNG07HU171. K. Mallen was supported through a fellowship from the Center for Earth Atmosphere Studies, a cooperative agreement between NASA and CSU. The simulations were conducted on NASA Center for Computational Sciences facilities. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1025 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3140.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MK UT WOS:000276829400007 ER PT J AU Ismail, S Ferrare, RA Browell, EV Kooi, SA Dunion, JP Heymsfield, G Notari, A Butler, CF Burton, S Fenn, M Krishnamurti, TN Biswas, MK Chen, G Anderson, B AF Ismail, Syed Ferrare, Richard A. Browell, Edward V. Kooi, Susan A. Dunion, Jason P. Heymsfield, Gerry Notari, Anthony Butler, Carolyn F. Burton, Sharon Fenn, Marta Krishnamurti, T. N. Biswas, Mrinal K. Chen, Gao Anderson, Bruce TI LASE Measurements of Water Vapor, Aerosol, and Cloud Distributions in Saharan Air Layers and Tropical Disturbances SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INTERTROPICAL DISCONTINUITY REGION; AFRICAN EASTERLY WAVES; ATLANTIC HURRICANES; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; GLOBAL-MODEL; IMPACT; LIDAR; IHOP-2002; AIRBORNE; MONSOON AB The Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) on board the NASA DC-8 measured high-resolution profiles of water vapor and aerosols, and cloud distributions in 14 flights over the eastern North Atlantic during the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) field experiment. These measurements were used to study African easterly waves (AEWs), tropical cyclones (TCs), and the Saharan air layer (SAL). These LASE measurements represent the first simultaneous water vapor and aerosol lidar measurements to study the SAL and its interactions with AEWs and TCs. Three case studies were selected for detailed analysis: (i) a stratified SAL, with fine structure and layering (unlike a well-mixed SAL), (ii) a SAL with high relative humidity (RH), and (iii) an AEW surrounded by SAL dry air intrusions. Profile measurements of aerosol scattering ratios, aerosol extinction coefficients, aerosol optical thickness, water vapor mixing ratios, RH, and temperature are presented to illustrate their characteristics in the SAL, convection, and clear air regions. LASE extinction-to-backscatter ratios for the dust layers varied from 35 +/- 5 to 45 +/- 5 sr, well within the range of values determined by other lidar systems. LASE aerosol extinction and water vapor profiles are validated by comparison with onboard in situ aerosol measurements and GPS dropsonde water vapor soundings. respectively. An analysis of LASE data suggests that the SAL suppresses low-altitude convection. Midlevel convection associated with the AEW and transport are likely responsible for high water vapor content observed in the southern regions of the SAL on 20 August 2008. This interaction is responsible for the transfer of about 7 x 10(15) J (or 8 x 10(3) J m(-2)) latent heat energy within a day to the SAL. Initial modeling studies that used LASE water vapor profiles show sensitivity to and improvements in model forecasts of an AEW. C1 [Ismail, Syed; Ferrare, Richard A.; Browell, Edward V.; Chen, Gao; Anderson, Bruce] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Kooi, Susan A.; Notari, Anthony; Butler, Carolyn F.; Burton, Sharon; Fenn, Marta] SSAI, Hampton, VA USA. [Dunion, Jason P.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Heymsfield, Gerry] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. [Krishnamurti, T. N.; Biswas, Mrinal K.] Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Ismail, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM syed.ismail-1@nasa.gov RI Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 FU Paul McClung FX We thank Paul McClung for supporting LASE integration onto the DC-8; Dr. Ramesh Kakar, NASA Headquarters, for providing financial support for LASE deployment and data analysis; Dr. Edward Zipser for coordinating and directing the NAMMA field experiment; Dr. Robert Ross and Dr. George Smith for discussions; and Dr. Earle Williams for an extensive review and many suggestions for change. NR 52 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1026 EP 1047 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3136.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MK UT WOS:000276829400008 ER PT J AU Wroblewski, DE Cote, OR Hacker, JM Dobosy, RJ AF Wroblewski, Donald E. Cote, Owen R. Hacker, Jorg M. Dobosy, Ronald J. TI Velocity and Temperature Structure Functions in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere from High-Resolution Aircraft Measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ BILLOWS; KINETIC-ENERGY SPECTRUM; TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS; MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; SHEAR FLOWS; TROPOPAUSE; EVOLUTION; AIRBORNE; STRATIFICATION AB High-resolution measurements obtained from NOAA "best" atmospheric turbulence (BAT) probes mounted on an EGRETT high-altitude research aircraft were used to characterize turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at scales from 2 m to 20 km, focusing on three-dimensional behavior in the sub-kilometer-scale range. Data were analyzed for 129 separate level flight segments representing 41 h of flight time and 12 600 km of wind-relative flight distances. The majority of flights occurred near the tropopause layer of the winter subtropical jet stream in the Southern Hemisphere. Second-order structure functions for velocity and temperature were analyzed for the separate level-flight segments, individually and in various ensembles. A 3D scaling range was observed at scales less than about 100 m, with power-law exponents for the structure functions of the velocity component in the flight direction varying mostly between 0.4 and 0.75 for the separate flight segments, but close to (2)/(3) for the ensemble-averaged curves for all levels and for various sub-ensembles. Structure functions in the 3D scaling range were decoupled from those at scales greater than 10 km, with the large-scale structure functions showing less variation than those at smaller scales. Weakly anisotropic behavior was observed in the 3D range, with structure parameters for the lateral and vertical velocities on the same order as those in the flight direction but deviating from the expected isotropic value. Anisotropy was correlated with turbulence intensity, with greater anisotropy associated with weaker turbulence. C1 [Wroblewski, Donald E.] Boston Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Boston, MA 02482 USA. [Cote, Owen R.] USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, Bedford, MA USA. [Hacker, Jorg M.] Flinders Univ S Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. [Dobosy, Ronald J.] NOAA, ARL, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Wroblewski, DE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 110 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02482 USA. EM dew11@bu.edu RI Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016 OI Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774 FU National Research Council FX The authors acknowledge the continued support of Dr. Arje Nachman of AFOSR. DEW was supported by the National Research Council, through the Air Force Summer Faculty Fellowship and Senior Research Associateship programs. Special acknowledgement goes to the late Timothy Crawford of NOAA who designed and built the turbulence probes and who championed the use of small aircraft for studying big turbulence issues. Thanks to Joe Werne, Colorado Research Associates, Northwest Research Associates, for kindly providing his unpublished DNS results and for his input and discussions regarding Kelvin-Helmholtz layer development. The authors are also grateful to the reviewers for their insightful and very useful comments and suggestions. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 4 BP 1157 EP 1170 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3108.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MK UT WOS:000276829400015 ER PT J AU Mastin, LG Guffanti, M Servranckx, R Webley, P Barsotti, S Dean, K Durant, A Ewert, JW Neri, A Rose, WI Schneider, D Siebert, L Stunder, B Swanson, G Tupper, A Volentik, A Waythomas, CF AF Mastin, L. G. Guffanti, M. Servranckx, R. Webley, P. Barsotti, S. Dean, K. Durant, A. Ewert, J. W. Neri, A. Rose, W. I. Schneider, D. Siebert, L. Stunder, B. Swanson, G. Tupper, A. Volentik, A. Waythomas, C. F. TI A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions (vol 188, pg 1, 2009) SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 [Mastin, L. G.; Ewert, J. W.] US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Guffanti, M.] US Geol Survey Reston, Reston, VA USA. [Servranckx, R.] Canadian Meteorol Ctr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. [Webley, P.; Dean, K.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Barsotti, S.; Neri, A.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Sez Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [Durant, A.] Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1TH, Avon, England. [Rose, W. I.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol & Engn Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Schneider, D.; Waythomas, C. F.] USGS Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK USA. [Siebert, L.] Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [Stunder, B.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Swanson, G.] NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Volentik, A.] Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Tupper, A.] Bur Meteorol, Casuarina, NT, Australia. RP Mastin, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Court,Bldg 10,Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM lgmastin@usgs.gov RI Neri, Augusto/A-1623-2009; Durant, Adam/C-7883-2014; Webley, Peter/F-8238-2015; Stunder, Barbara/C-3106-2016 OI Neri, Augusto/0000-0002-3536-3624; Durant, Adam/0000-0002-0198-7332; Webley, Peter/0000-0001-5327-8151; NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 191 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 245 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.013 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 583CS UT WOS:000276651100008 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH AF Work, Thierry M. Balazs, George H. TI PATHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEA TURTLES LANDED AS BYCATCH IN THE HAWAII-BASED NORTH PACIFIC PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHERY SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Drowning; fisheries; green turtle; longline; olive ridley turtle; pathology; pelagic ID CHELONIA MYDAS AGASSIZII; CARETTA-CARETTA; LEPIDOCHELYS-OLIVACEA; PHYSIOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENTS; LOGGERHEAD TURTLES; MORTALITY; LUNG; ARCHIPELAGO; SURVIVAL; OCEAN AB We examined the gross and microscopic pathology and distribution of sea turtles that were landed as bycatch from the Hawaii, USA based pelagic longline fishery and known to be forced submerged. Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys otivacea) composed the majority of animals examined, and hook-induced perforation of the esophagus was the most common gross lesion followed by perforation of oral structures (tongue, canthus) and of flippers. Gross pathology in the lungs suggestive of drowning was seen in 23 of 71 turtles. Considering only the external gross findings, the pathologist and the observer on board the longline vessel agreed on hook-induced lesions only 60% of the time thereby illustrating the limitations of depending on external examination alone to implicate hooking interactions or drowning as potential cause of sea turtle mortality. When comparing histology of drowned turtles to a control group of nondrowned turtles, the former had significantly more pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and sloughed columnar epithelium. These microscopic changes may prove useful to diagnose suspected drowning in sea turtles where history of hooking or netting interactions is unknown. C1 [Work, Thierry M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. [Balazs, George H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM thierry_work@usgs.gov FU National Marine Fisheries Service; US Geological Survey FX We thank Bob Braun, Bob Morris, Yonat Swimmer, Stacy Hargrove, and George Antonelis for providing constructive comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by the National Marine Fisheries Service and the US Geological Survey. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2010 VL 46 IS 2 BP 422 EP 432 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593DA UT WOS:000277431200009 PM 20688635 ER PT J AU Spraker, TR Lander, ME AF Spraker, Terry R. Lander, Michelle E. TI CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN NORTHERN FUR SEALS (CALLORHINUS URSINUS), ST. PAUL ISLAND, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA, 1986-2006 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Callorhinus ursinus; diseases; mortality; northern fur seals; Pribilof Islands; St. Paul Island ID LION ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; PHOCA-VITULINA; PUP PRODUCTION; DECLINE; POPULATIONS; PREVALENCE; PATHOLOGY; COAST; BORN AB To determine whether infectious diseases might have contributed to the present-day decline of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), preweaned pups (n=2,735), subadult males (n=98), and adults (n=179) were examined postmortem from 1986 to 2006 on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Gross necropsy findings and histologic lesions were used to determine causes of death. Five general categories of mortality were identified for pups: emaciation (1,454 pups, 53%), trauma (497 pups, 18%), perinatal mortality (516 pups, 19%), infectious diseases (82 pups, 3%), and miscellaneous causes (186 pups, 7%). A condition of unknown etiology characterized by multifocal necrotizing myopathy and cardiomyopathy was found in 92 pups. Thirty-three congenital anomalies were identified in 49 pups, including a rare multicentric ganglioneuroblastoma. General linear models were used to examine change in pup mortality and condition (i.e., pup mass) over time. The prevalence of perinatal mortality appeared to increase during the study and relative to past reports. Trauma and infectious conditions appeared to decrease slightly from 1986 to 2006. Although relatively stable during this investigation, emaciation was greater than that reported for past studies. Emaciated pups weighed less than expected during 1988, 1996, and 2004 and more than expected during 1987, 1989, 1990, and 1994 (P <= 0.003). Average annual weights for all other categories of mortality did not change significantly from 1986 to 2006. Fatal conditions for subadult males included hyperthermia, blunt trauma, entanglement, and bite wounds; nonfatal conditions included seizures, orange discoloration of the blubber, neoplasia, and parasitism. Causes of mortality for most adults included bite wounds with cellulitis and secondary infections, pulmonary edema, dystocia, blunt trauma, and neoplasia. We found no evidence to implicate infectious diseases as a cause in the recent decline of northern fur seals. C1 [Spraker, Terry R.] Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Lander, Michelle E.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Spraker, TR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM Terry.Spraker@colostate.edu FU National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML), Seattle, Washington, USA; National Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, Alaska, USA; NOAA Fisheries [561, 837, 782-1455, 782-1721, 782-1708] FX We thank T. Loughlin, R. DeLong, G. Antonelis, and T. Gelatt, National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML), Seattle, Washington, USA and S. Zimmerman, B. Hansen, D. Cormany, and M. Williams from the National Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, Alaska, USA for support of this project. We thank the numerous people who helped gather and necropsy pups, record necropsy findings, and collect tissue samples, including D. De Ghetto, R. Caruso, B. Hansen, D. Spraker, F. Gulland, C. Baham, C. Adaska, J. Artz, M. Merculief, K. Holser, B. Robson, R. Ream, S. Sharkey, P. Silvangi, W. Schofield, W. Sentman, J. Stepetin, G. Schoonveld, P. Zavadil, K. Beckmann, G. Shabolin, J. Melovidov, D. Wynn, and D. Dykstra. Lastly, we thank G. Antonelis, F. Gulland, R. DeLong, G. Duker, D. Johnson, C. Hibler, T. Gelatt, M. Lee, T. Loughlin, E. Lyons, R. Ream, and S. Tolliver for editorial comments, J. Sterling for sonic data preparation, and D. Johnson for statistical assistance. This project was funded by the NMML, NOAA Fisheries and conducted under Federal Marine Mammal Permit Nos. 561, 837, 782-1455, 782-1721, and 782-1708. The use of trade, product, or firm names in tins publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 65 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 23 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2010 VL 46 IS 2 BP 450 EP 473 PG 24 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593DA UT WOS:000277431200012 PM 20688638 ER PT J AU Alberts, S Altmann, J Bejder, L Connor, R Daher, MA Engleby, L Flaherty, C Premack, D Read, A Ridgway, S Silk, J Spradlin, T Tyack, P AF Alberts, Susan Altmann, Jeanne Bejder, Lars Connor, Richard Daher, Mary Ann Engleby, Laura Flaherty, Cindy Premack, David Read, Andrew Ridgway, Sam Silk, Joan Spradlin, Trevor Tyack, Peter TI AMY SAMUELS (1950-2008) Memories SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 [Alberts, Susan] Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Altmann, Jeanne] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Bejder, Lars] Murdoch Univ, Perth, WA 6150, Australia. [Connor, Richard] Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA. [Daher, Mary Ann; Tyack, Peter] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Engleby, Laura] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Flaherty, Cindy] Chicago Zool Soc, Chicago, IL 60513 USA. [Premack, David] Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Read, Andrew] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Ridgway, Sam] USN, Marine Mammal Program, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. [Silk, Joan] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Spradlin, Trevor] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Alberts, S (reprint author), Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Tyack, Peter/D-6209-2013 OI Tyack, Peter/0000-0002-8409-4790 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2010 VL 26 IS 2 BP 501 EP 507 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00390.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 584ZT UT WOS:000276794500020 ER PT J AU Germak, A Herrmann, K Low, S AF Germak, Alessandro Herrmann, Konrad Low, Samuel TI Traceability in hardness measurements: from the definition to industry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The measurement of hardness has been and continues to be of significant importance to many of the world's manufacturing industries. Conventional hardness testing is the most commonly used method for acceptance testing and production quality control of metals and metallic products. Instrumented indentation is one of the few techniques available for obtaining various property values for coatings and electronic products in the micrometre and nanometre dimensional scales. For these industries to be successful, it is critical that measurements made by suppliers and customers agree within some practical limits. To help assure this measurement agreement, a traceability chain for hardness measurement traceability from the hardness definition to industry has developed and evolved over the past 100 years, but its development has been complicated. A hardness measurement value not only requires traceability of force, length and time measurements but also requires traceability of the hardness values measured by the hardness machine. These multiple traceability paths are needed because a hardness measurement is affected by other influence parameters that are often difficult to identify, quantify and correct. This paper describes the current situation of hardness measurement traceability that exists for the conventional hardness methods (i.e. Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Knoop hardness) and for special-application hardness and indentation methods (i.e. elastomer, dynamic, portables and instrumented indentation). C1 [Germak, Alessandro] INRIM, I-10135 Turin, Italy. [Herrmann, Konrad] Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. [Low, Samuel] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germak, A (reprint author), INRIM, Str Cacce 73, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RI Germak, Alessandro/E-9685-2011 OI Germak, Alessandro/0000-0003-4985-9118 NR 57 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD APR PY 2010 VL 47 IS 2 BP S59 EP S66 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/47/2/S07 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 565OH UT WOS:000275302900008 ER PT J AU Dawson, DT Xue, M Milbrandt, JA Yau, MK AF Dawson, Daniel T., II Xue, Ming Milbrandt, Jason A. Yau, M. K. TI Comparison of Evaporation and Cold Pool Development between Single-Moment and Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Schemes in Idealized Simulations of Tornadic Thunderstorms SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; RAINDROP SPECTRA; PART I; NUMBER CONCENTRATION; CONVECTIVE STORMS; 2-MOMENT SCHEMES; RAINSHAFT MODEL; ICE SCHEME; PARAMETERIZATION AB Idealized simulations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma tornadic supercell storms are conducted at various horizontal grid spacings ranging from 1 km to 250 m, using a sounding extracted from a prior 3-km grid spacing real-data simulation. A sophisticated multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization scheme capable of predicting up to three moments of the particle or drop size distribution (DSD) for several liquid and ice hydrometeor species is evaluated and compared with traditional single-moment schemes. The emphasis is placed on the impact of microphysics, specifically rain evaporation and size sorting, on cold pool strength and structure, and on the overall reflectivity structure of the simulated storms. It is shown through microphysics budget analyses and examination of specific processes within the low-level downdraft regions that the multimoment scheme has important advantages, which lead to a weaker and smaller cold pool and better reflectivity structure, particularly in the forward-flank region of the simulated supercells. Specifically, the improved treatment of evaporation and size sorting, and their effects on the predicted rain DSDs by the multimoment scheme helps to control the cold bias often found in the simulations using typical single-moment schemes. The multimoment results are more consistent with observed (from both fixed and mobile mesonet platforms) thermodynamic conditions within the cold pools of the discrete supercells of the 3 May 1999 outbreak. C1 [Dawson, Daniel T., II; Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Dawson, Daniel T., II; Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Milbrandt, Jason A.] Environm Canada, Meteorol Res Div, Dorval, PQ, Canada. [Yau, M. K.] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Dawson, DT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Dan.Dawson@noaa.gov RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011; Dawson II, Daniel/I-4552-2012 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238; Dawson II, Daniel/0000-0002-2079-1247 FU NSF [ATM-0530814, ATM-0802888]; National Defense Science and Engineering; National Science Foundation FX This work was primarily supported by NSF Grants ATM-0530814 and ATM-0802888, the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Research Fellowship, and the National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship, both awarded to the first author. Most of the computing for this study was performed at the OH Supercomputing Center for Education and Research (OSCER) at the University of Oklahoma (OU). Additional computing was performed on the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) machine bigben, and the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) machine ranger, both TeraGrid resources. The authors thank Dr. Yunheng Wang for his initial implementation of the MY scheme into the ARPS model, Drs. Lou Wicker, Ted Mansell, Chuck Doswell, and Hugh Morrison for helpful discussions and suggestions, and two anonymous reviewers who contributed to the substantial improvement of the manuscript. NR 50 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 4 BP 1152 EP 1171 DI 10.1175/2009MWR2956.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602CP UT WOS:000278116200009 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Sukovich, EM Ralph, FM Hughes, M AF Neiman, Paul J. Sukovich, Ellen M. Ralph, F. Martin Hughes, Mimi TI A Seven-Year Wind Profiler-Based Climatology of the Windward Barrier Jet along California's Northern Sierra Nevada SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN REGIONAL REANALYSIS; AIRBORNE DOPPLER OBSERVATIONS; COOPERATIVE-PILOT-PROJECT; OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS; WINTER STORM; COLD-FRONT; AIR-FLOW; MOUNTAINS AB This wind profiler-based study highlights key characteristics of the barrier jet along the windward slope of California's Sierra Nevada. Between 2000 and 2007 roughly 10% of 100 000 hourly wind profiles, recorded at two sites, satisfied the sierra barrier jet (SBJ) threshold criteria described in the text. The mean magnitude of the terrain-parallel flow in the SBJ core (i.e., V(max)) was similar at both sites (similar to 17.5 m s(-1)) and at a comparable altitude, 500-1000 m above the surface. The cross-mountain wind speed was weak at the altitude of V(max), consistent with blocked conditions. The seasonal cycle of SBJ occurrences showed a maximum during the cooler months and a minimum in summer. Additionally, the SBJ was stronger in winter than in summer. Because the warm-season (May-September) SBJs were different than their cool-season (October-April) counterparts and occurred during California's dry season, they were not discussed in detail. An inventory of similar to 250 cool-season SBJ cases from the two sites was generated (a case contains >= 8 consecutive SBJ profiles). Up to 60% of the nearby cool-season precipitation fell during SBJ cases, and these cases shifted the precipitation down the sierra's windward slope and enhanced precipitation at the north end of the Central Valley (relative to non-SBJ conditions). The large number of cool-season SBJ cases was stratified by the mean strength and altitude of V(max) and by the case duration. Composite profiles of the along-barrier component for the top- and bottom-20 ranked cases in each of these three SBJ classes reveal stark differences in the magnitude and vertical positioning of the barrier jet. The three SBJ classes yielded uniquely different local precipitation characteristics in proximity to the wind profilers, with the strongest and longest-lived SBJs yielding the greatest precipitation. North American Regional Reanalysis plan-view composites were generated to explore the synoptic conditions responsible for, and to showcase the precipitation distributions associated with, the top- and bottom-20 ranked cases in each of the three classes of SBJs. The composite analyses yielded large contrasts between the SBJ classes that could prove useful in forecasting SBJs and their precipitation impacts. All SBJ classes occurred, on average, in the pre-cold-frontal environment of landfalling winter storms. C1 [Neiman, Paul J.; Ralph, F. Martin] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Sukovich, Ellen M.; Hughes, Mimi] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Mail Code R-PSD2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paul.j.neiman@noaa.gov RI Hughes, Mimi/C-3710-2009 OI Hughes, Mimi/0000-0002-4554-9289 FU NOAA; Weather Climate Connection Project FX This study has been made possible by the dedicated engineering and technical team in NOAA/ESRL's Physical Sciences Division (PSD); led by James Jordan and Clark King, this team built, deployed, and maintained the radars used in this study. Jessica Lundquist from the University of Washington provided insight into the connection between precipitation distributions and SBJs. Cathy Smith of PSD developed NCEP-NCAR reanalysis composite tools. Jim Adams electronically drafted a number of the figures. This research was supported by NOAA's Hydrometeorological Test bed program and the Weather Climate Connection Project. We appreciate the comments and suggestions by Dan Gottas and Allen White of PSD and from three anonymous reviewers. Their efforts improved the scope and quality of the manuscript. NR 48 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 4 BP 1206 EP 1233 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3170.1 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602CP UT WOS:000278116200012 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ Gao, JD AF Stensrud, David J. Gao, Jidong TI Importance of Horizontally Inhomogeneous Environmental Initial Conditions to Ensemble Storm-Scale Radar Data Assimilation and Very Short-Range Forecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; TORNADIC THUNDERSTORM SYSTEM; LEVEL-II DATA; PART I; KALMAN FILTER; CLOUD MODEL; RECURSIVE FILTERS; NUMERICAL ASPECTS; CONVECTIVE STORM; DOPPLER RADARS AB The assimilation of operational Doppler radar observations into convection-resolving numerical weather prediction models for very short-range forecasting represents a significant scientific and technological challenge. Numerical experiments over the past few years indicate that convective-scale forecasts are sensitive to the details of the data assimilation methodology, the quality of the radar data, the parameterized microphysics, and the storm environment. In this study, the importance of horizontal environmental variability to very short-range (0-1 h) convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized using Doppler radar observations is investigated for the 4-5 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, tornadic thunderstorm event. Radar observations of reflectivity and radial velocity from the operational Doppler radar network at 0230 UTC 5 May 2007, during the time of the first large tornado, are assimilated into each ensemble member using a three-dimensional variational data assimilation system (3D VAR) developed at the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS). Very short-range forecasts are made using the nonhydrostatic Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model from each ensemble member and the results are compared with the observations. Explicit three-dimensional environmental variability information is provided to the convective-scale ensemble using analyses from a 30-km mesoscale ensemble data assimilation system. Comparisons between convective-scale ensembles with initial conditions produced by 3DVAR using 1) background fields that are horizontally homogeneous but vertically inhomogeneous (i.e., have different vertical environmental profiles) and 2) background fields that are horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous are undertaken. Results show that the ensemble with horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous background fields provides improved predictions of thunderstorm structure, mesocyclone track, and low-level circulation track than the ensemble with horizontally homogeneous background fields. This suggests that knowledge of horizontal environmental variability is important to successful convective-scale ensemble predictions and needs to be included in real-data experiments. C1 [Stensrud, David J.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Gao, Jidong] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.stensrud@noaa.gov FU National Severe Storm Laboratory [NSSL/NOAA-085010]; NSF [ATM-0738370, ATM-0802888, EEC-031347] FX This research was primarily funded by the National Severe Storm Laboratory under Grant NSSL/NOAA-085010. The second author was also supported by NSF Grants ATM-0738370, ATM-0802888, and EEC-031347. Dr. Fanyou Kong is acknowledged for providing us some statistical verification code. All of the numerical simulations were performed at the University of Oklahoma Supercomputer Center for Education and Research (OSCER). We appreciate Altug Aksoy and another anonymous reviewer for their very helpful suggestions. NR 65 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 4 BP 1250 EP 1272 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3027.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602CP UT WOS:000278116200014 ER PT J AU Benjamin, SG Jamison, BD Moninger, WR Sahm, SR Schwartz, BE Schlatter, TW AF Benjamin, Stanley G. Jamison, Brian D. Moninger, William R. Sahm, Susan R. Schwartz, Barry E. Schlatter, Thomas W. TI Relative Short-Range Forecast Impact from Aircraft, Profiler, Radiosonde, VAD, GPS-PW, METAR, and Mesonet Observations via the RUC Hourly Assimilation Cycle SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU DATA; SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY; COORDINATE; ADJOINT AB An assessment is presented on the relative forecast impact on the performance of a numerical weather prediction model from eight different observation data types: aircraft, profiler, radiosonde, velocity azimuth display (VAD), GPS-derived precipitable water, aviation routine weather report (METAR; surface), surface mesonet, and satellite-based atmospheric motion vectors. A series of observation sensitivity experiments was conducted using the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model/assimilation system in which various data sources were denied to assess the relative importance of the different data types for short-range (3-12 h) wind, temperature, and relative humidity forecasts at different vertical levels and near the surface. These experiments were conducted for two 10-day periods, one in November December 2006 and one in August 2007. These experiments show positive short-range forecast impacts from most of the contributors to the heterogeneous observing system over the RUC domain. In particular, aircraft observations had the largest overall impact for forecasts initialized 3-6 h before 0000 or 1200 UTC, considered over the full depth (1000 100 hPa), followed by radiosonde observations, even though the latter are available only every 12 h. Profiler data (including at a hypothetical 8-km depth), GPS-precipitable water estimates, and surface observations also led to significant improvements in short-range forecast skill. C1 [Benjamin, Stanley G.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, GSD, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. [Jamison, Brian D.] Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Schwartz, Barry E.] Syst Res Grp, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP Benjamin, SG (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, GSD, 325 Broadway,R-GSD1, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. EM stan.benjamin@noaa.gov RI Schlatter, Thomas /E-7480-2015; Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015; moninger, william/G-4910-2015; Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 OI Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236; moninger, william/0000-0003-0716-4721; NR 27 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 4 BP 1319 EP 1343 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3097.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602CP UT WOS:000278116200018 ER PT J AU Knapp, KR Kruk, MC AF Knapp, Kenneth R. Kruk, Michael C. TI Quantifying Interagency Differences in Tropical Cyclone Best-Track Wind Speed Estimates SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID INTENSITY; DATASETS AB Numerous agencies around the world perform postseason analysis of tropical cyclone position and intensity, a process described as "best tracking." However, this process is temporally and spatially inhomogeneous because data availability, operational techniques, and knowledge have changed over time and differ among agencies. The net result is that positions and intensities often vary for any given storm for different agencies. In light of these differences, it is imperative to analyze and document the interagency differences in tropical cyclone intensities. To that end, maximum sustained winds from different agencies were compared using data from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) global tropical cyclone dataset. Comparisons were made for a recent 5-yr period to investigate the current differences, where linear systematic differences were evident. Time series of the comparisons also showed temporal changes in the systematic differences, which suggest changes in operational procedures. Initial attempts were made to normalize maximum sustained winds by correcting for known changes in operational procedures. The result was mixed, in that the adjustments removed some but not all of the systematic differences. This suggests that more details on operational procedures are needed and that a complete reanalysis of tropical cyclone intensities should be performed. C1 [Knapp, Kenneth R.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Kruk, Michael C.] STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. RP Knapp, KR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM ken.knapp@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 NR 21 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 4 BP 1459 EP 1473 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3123.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602CP UT WOS:000278116200025 ER PT J AU Kumar, A AF Kumar, Arun TI Comments on "Finite Samples and Uncertainty Estimates for Skill Measures for Seasonal Prediction" Reply SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Kumar, Arun] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Kumar, A (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 800, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM arun.kumar@noaa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 4 BP 1494 EP 1495 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3251.1 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602CP UT WOS:000278116200028 ER PT J AU Dominey-Howes, D Dunbar, P Varner, J Papathoma-Kohle, M AF Dominey-Howes, Dale Dunbar, Paula Varner, Jesse Papathoma-Koehle, Maria TI Estimating probable maximum loss from a Cascadia tsunami SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE Tsunami; Cascadia; Building vulnerability assessment; Loss; PTVA model ID GREAT EARTHQUAKES; SUBDUCTION ZONE; NORTH-AMERICA; VULNERABILITY AB The Cascadia margin is capable of generating large magnitude seismic-tsunami. We use a 1:500 year tsunami hazard flood layer produced during a probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment as the input to a pilot study of the vulnerability of residential and commercial buildings in Seaside, OR, USA. We map building exposure, apply the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model to calculate building vulnerability and estimate probable maximum loss (PML) associated with a 1:500 year tsunami flood. Almost US$0.5 billion worth of buildings would be inundated, 95% of single story residential and 23% of commercial buildings would be destroyed with PML's exceeding US$116 million. These figures only represent a tiny fraction of the total values of exposed assets and loss that would be associated with a Cascadia tsunami impacting the NW Pacific coast. Not withstanding the various issues associated with our approach, this study represents the first time that PML's have ever been calculated for a Cascadia type tsunami, and these results have serious implications for tsunami disaster risk management in the region. This method has the potential to be rolled out across the United States and elsewhere for estimating building vulnerability and loss to tsunami. C1 [Dominey-Howes, Dale] Univ New S Wales, Australian Tsunami Res Ctr, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. [Dunbar, Paula] NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Varner, Jesse] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Papathoma-Koehle, Maria] Univ Vienna, Dept Geog & Reg Res, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. RP Dominey-Howes, D (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Australian Tsunami Res Ctr, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM dale.dh@unsw.edu.au RI Papathoma-Kohle, Maria/B-7942-2016 OI Papathoma-Kohle, Maria/0000-0002-7878-1340 NR 17 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD APR PY 2010 VL 53 IS 1 BP 43 EP 61 DI 10.1007/s11069-009-9409-9 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 563IX UT WOS:000275123200003 ER PT J AU Ji, M Aikman, F Lozano, C AF Ji, Ming Aikman, Frank, III Lozano, Carlos TI Toward improved operational surge and inundation forecasts and coastal warnings SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE Coastal flooding; Warnings and forecasts; Coastal modeling ID SYSTEM AB Coastal regions are vulnerable to storm surge and flooding due to tropical and extratropical storms. It is necessary to build robust resiliency of the coastal communities to these hazards. The main objectives of operational surge and inundation forecast and coastal warning systems are to protect life and to sustain economic prosperity. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States has initiated an integrated effort through pilot demonstration projects, and model-based ocean and coastal forecasting systems, to build improved operational warnings and forecasts capability for storm surge and inundation. This note describes the overall strategy and progress to date, with an emphasis on forecasting extratropical storm surge. C1 [Ji, Ming] NOAA, Ocean Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Aikman, Frank, III] NOAA, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Lozano, Carlos] NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ji, M (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM Ming.Ji@noaa.gov; Frank.Aikman@noaa.gov; Carlos.Lozano@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD APR PY 2010 VL 53 IS 1 BP 195 EP 203 DI 10.1007/s11069-009-9414-z PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 563IX UT WOS:000275123200012 ER PT J AU Gorshkov, AV Hermele, M Gurarie, V Xu, C Julienne, PS Ye, J Zoller, P Demler, E Lukin, MD Rey, AM AF Gorshkov, A. V. Hermele, M. Gurarie, V. Xu, C. Julienne, P. S. Ye, J. Zoller, P. Demler, E. Lukin, M. D. Rey, A. M. TI Two-orbital SU(N) magnetism with ultracold alkaline-earth atoms SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID KONDO-LATTICE MODEL; QUANTUM ANTIFERROMAGNETS; EXCHANGE INTERACTION; OPTICAL LATTICES; GROUND-STATES; SPIN; SUPEREXCHANGE; FERMIONS; SYSTEMS; PHYSICS AB Fermionic alkaline-earth atoms have unique properties that make them attractive candidates for the realization of atomic clocks and degenerate quantum gases. At the same time, they are attracting considerable theoretical attention in the context of quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate that when such atoms are loaded in optical lattices, they can be used as quantum simulators of unique many-body phenomena. In particular, we show that the decoupling of the nuclear spin from the electronic angular momentum can be used to implement many-body systems with an unprecedented degree of symmetry, characterized by the SU(N) group with N as large as 10. Moreover, the interplay of the nuclear spin with the electronic degree of freedom provided by a stable optically excited state should enable the study of physics governed by the spin-orbital interaction. Such systems may provide valuable insights into the physics of strongly correlated transition-metal oxides, heavy-fermion materials and spin-liquid phases. C1 [Gorshkov, A. V.; Xu, C.; Demler, E.; Lukin, M. D.] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Hermele, M.; Gurarie, V.; Ye, J.; Rey, A. M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Julienne, P. S.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Julienne, P. S.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ye, J.; Rey, A. M.] NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Zoller, P.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Zoller, P.] Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Demler, E.; Lukin, M. D.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Gorshkov, AV (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM gorshkov@post.harvard.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Gorshkov, Alexey/A-9848-2008; Zoller, Peter/O-1639-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012; Hermele, Michael/B-9424-2009 OI Gorshkov, Alexey/0000-0003-0509-3421; Zoller, Peter/0000-0003-4014-1505; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442; Hermele, Michael/0000-0003-2594-1176; FU NSF; CUA; DARPA; Packard Foundation; AFOSR MURI; NIST FX We gratefully acknowledge conversations with M. M. Boyd, A. J. Daley, S. Folling, W. S. Bakr, J. I. Gillen, L. Jiang, G. K. Campbell, Y. Qi and N. Blumer. This work was supported by NSF, CUA, DARPA, the Packard Foundation, AFOSR MURI and NIST. NR 50 TC 271 Z9 272 U1 6 U2 38 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD APR PY 2010 VL 6 IS 4 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1038/NPHYS1535 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 591EI UT WOS:000277281600023 ER PT J AU Keefer, ML Daigle, WR Peery, CA Pennington, HT Lee, SR Moser, ML AF Keefer, Matthew L. Daigle, William R. Peery, Christopher A. Pennington, Howard T. Lee, Steven R. Moser, Mary L. TI Testing Adult Pacific Lamprey Performance at Structural Challenges in Fishways SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; LAMPETRA-TRIDENTATA; UPSTREAM MIGRATION; VELOCITY BARRIERS; SEA LAMPREY; BEHAVIOR; PASSAGE; PATTERNS; BODY AB Adult Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata migrate through areas of difficult passage and high water velocity by attaching their oral discs to substrate and then releasing and bursting upstream. In fishways at dams, this burst-and-attach behavior can be ineffective, particularly where suitable attachment surfaces are unavailable. We used an experimental fishway to test performance of adult Pacific lampreys when confronted with a series of structural challenges. These included vertical steps near fishway weir orifices, squared versus rounded orifice entrances, and floor-mounted metal grates. All experimental challenges simulated common existing structures in weir-and-orifice fishways at Columbia and Snake River dams. Most experiments were paired with field evaluations of radio-tagged Pacific lampreys or video observations of untagged individuals in situ. Field and experimental results consistently indicated that the structural challenges reduced passage efficiency and lengthened passage times. Improving Pacific lamprey passage may be facilitated by removing or modifying vertical steps and other sharp-edged corners and by providing adequate attachment surfaces. Such accommodations should be especially beneficial in areas with high water velocity. The findings demonstrate how fish morphology and behavior should be explicitly considered in the design or retrofitting of fish passage structures. C1 [Keefer, Matthew L.; Daigle, William R.; Peery, Christopher A.; Lee, Steven R.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Coll Nat Resources, Fish Ecol Res Lab, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Pennington, Howard T.] Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Gladstone, OR 97027 USA. [Moser, Mary L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Keefer, ML (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Coll Nat Resources, Fish Ecol Res Lab, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM mkeefer@uidaho.edu FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District FX D. Ogden, W. Cavender, D. Cummings, J. Book, R. Piaskowski, E. O'Brien, P. Ocker, R. Ringe, B. Burke, T. Bohn, S. McCarthy, J. Roos, and M. Heinrich helped with fish observations, radiotelemetry, and video processing. P. Johnson provided the infrared light arrays and power supplies. J. Simonson, B. Wassard, and R. Marr designed and fabricated the experimental fishway. E. Prentice and R. Stansell installed video cameras for field testing of steps at orifices. This work was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2010 VL 30 IS 2 BP 376 EP 385 DI 10.1577/M09-099.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 599XP UT WOS:000277947800006 ER PT J AU Powell, MS Hardy, RW Flagg, TA Kline, PA AF Powell, M. S. Hardy, R. W. Flagg, T. A. Kline, P. A. TI Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Differences in Hatchery-Reared and Wild Snake River Sockeye Salmon Overwintering in Nursery Lakes SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ARACHIDONIC-ACID; ATLANTIC SALMON; GROWTH; ENRICHMENT; MANAGEMENT; FISH AB In the artificial propagation program for endangered Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, a portion of the F 1 progeny (produced from spawning captive parents) are retained in the hatchery through maturation and spawning; the remaining progeny are reintroduced to nursery lakes in central Idaho at several life history stages (egg, presmolt, and smolt). In this study, the proximate and fatty acid compositions of sockeye salmon from presmolt releases were analyzed both at planting and at out-migration to assess their feeding success after overwintering in nursery lakes relative to that of overwintering wild fish. Hatchery-origin presmolts did not grow significantly over the winter. However, size and length were similar between hatchery-origin fish and wild out-migrants. Average percent whole-body lipid declined significantly in hatchery-origin sockeye salmon overwinter. Hatchery-origin out-migrants also had significantly lower whole-body lipid than wild counterparts migrating from Redfish Lake, Idaho, over the 6 years examined. The lack of growth and significantly lower body fat content of hatchery-origin sockeye salmon suggest that the food resources available to both wild and hatchery-origin presmolts were not utilized equally. There were also significant differences in fatty acid composition between wild and hatchery-origin out-migrants. Wild out-migrants had fatty acid profiles indicative of the zooplankton diet typical of resident sockeye salmon in the lake. In contrast, hatchery-reared juveniles introduced as presmolts in the fall had fatty acid profiles resembling those associated with hatchery diets and showed no evidence of the fatty acids characteristically observed in zooplankton. After overwintering, hatchery-origin out-migrants had fatty acid profiles that were intermediate between those of fish at planting and those of wild fish, reflecting some zooplankton intake during this period. The compromise in lipid quantity and quality for hatchery-produced presmolts may, in part, explain the large observed reductions in smolt-to-adult survival relative to that of naturally produced sockeye salmon. C1 [Powell, M. S.; Hardy, R. W.] Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. [Flagg, T. A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Manchester Res Stn, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. [Kline, P. A.] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Powell, MS (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, 3059F Natl Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. EM mpowell@uidaho.edu RI Powell, Madison/H-7050-2014 OI Powell, Madison/0000-0002-1851-3168 FU Bonneville Power Administration; U.S. Department of Energy FX This study was supported by the Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. We thank IDFG personnel for collecting samples used for analysis. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2010 VL 30 IS 2 BP 530 EP 537 DI 10.1577/M09-002.1 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 599XP UT WOS:000277947800018 ER PT J AU Lew, DK Seung, CK AF Lew, Daniel K. Seung, Chang K. TI The Economic Impact of Saltwater Sportfishing Harvest Restrictions in Alaska: An Empirical Analysis of Nonresident Anglers SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CHOICE EXPERIMENTS; VALUATION; MODELS AB Saltwater sportfishing is a popular activity for visitors to Alaska. In this paper, a stated-preference model of saltwater sportfishing participation is used to generate estimates of the changes in participation resulting from changes in harvest limits for three primary recreational target species in Alaska saltwater fisheries: Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon O. kisutch. These estimates are then used in a state-level computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to generate estimates of the economic impacts of harvest policies. We find that the impacts of changes in nonresident anglers' expenditures are smaller than those from a social accounting matrix model and that many of the impacts from an increase in expenditures leak out of state owing to Alaska's heavy dependence on imports of goods and services from the rest of the United States. Moreover, changes to harvest limits appear to have a small effect on the Alaska economy, at least in comparison with the overall size of that economy. C1 [Lew, Daniel K.; Seung, Chang K.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Lew, Daniel K.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lew, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dan.lew@noaa.gov OI Lew, Daniel/0000-0002-3394-138X NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2010 VL 30 IS 2 BP 538 EP 551 DI 10.1577/M09-191.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 599XP UT WOS:000277947800019 ER PT J AU Roper, BB Buffington, JM Bennett, S Lanigan, SH Archer, E Downie, ST Faustini, J Hillman, TW Hubler, S Jones, K Jordan, C Kaufmann, PR Merritt, G Moyer, C Pleus, A AF Roper, Brett B. Buffington, John M. Bennett, Stephen Lanigan, Steven H. Archer, Eric Downie, Scott T. Faustini, John Hillman, Tracy W. Hubler, Shannon Jones, Kim Jordan, Chris Kaufmann, Philip R. Merritt, Glenn Moyer, Chris Pleus, Allen TI A Comparison of the Performance and Compatibility of Protocols Used by Seven Monitoring Groups to Measure Stream Habitat in the Pacific Northwest SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISH HABITAT; HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS; CHINOOK SALMON; PEBBLE COUNTS; GRAVEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; RESTORATION; PROGRAMS; CONSERVATION; VARIABILITY AB To comply with legal mandates, meet local management objectives, or both, many federal, state, and tribal organizations have monitoring groups that assess stream habitat at different scales. This myriad of groups has difficulty sharing data and scaling up stream habitat assessments to regional or national levels because of differences in their goals and data collection methods. To assess the performance of and potential for data sharing among monitoring groups, we compared measurements made by seven monitoring groups in 12 stream reaches in northeastern Oregon. We evaluated (1) the consistency (repeatability) of the measurements within each group, (2) the ability of the measurements to reveal environmental heterogeneity, (3) the compatibility of the measurements among monitoring groups, and (4) the relationships of the measurements to values determined from more intensive sampling (detailed measurements used as a standard for accuracy and precision in this study). Overall, we found that some stream attributes were consistently measured both within and among groups. Furthermore, for all but one group there was a moderate correlation (0.50) between the group measurements and the intensive values for at least 50% of the channel attributes. However, none of the monitoring groups were able to achieve high consistency for all measured stream attributes, and few of the measured attributes had the potential for being shared among all groups. Given the high cost of stream habitat monitoring, we suggest directing more effort to developing approaches that will increase the consistency and compatibility of measured stream attributes so that they will have broader utility. Ultimately, local monitoring programs should consider incorporating regional and national objectives so that data can be scaled up and the returns to limited monitoring dollars can be maximized across spatial scales. C1 [Bennett, Stephen] Utah State Univ, Watershed Sci Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Pleus, Allen] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Roper, Brett B.; Archer, Eric] US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. [Buffington, John M.] US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. [Lanigan, Steven H.] Aquat & Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Downie, Scott T.] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Fortuna, CA 95540 USA. [Faustini, John] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Hillman, Tracy W.] BioAnalysts, Boise, ID 83713 USA. [Hubler, Shannon] Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Portland, OR 97201 USA. [Jones, Kim] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Jordan, Chris] US EPA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. [Merritt, Glenn] Washington Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. [Moyer, Chris] Aquat & Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Bennett, S (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Watershed Sci Dept, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM bennett.ecological@gmail.com RI Roper, Brett/F-2891-2010; Faustini, John/A-8378-2009 FU US Forest Service; Environmental Protection Agency; Bureau of Land Management; NOAA Fisheries; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Bonneville Power Administration; states of Washington, Oregon, and California; Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission FX We thank the Independent Scientific Advisory Board (Northwest Power and Conservation Council) for study plan comments, and we thank two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for constructive comments that improved the manuscript. The University of Idaho provided field equipment that was ably used by Patrick Kormos, Darek Elverud, Russ Nelson, Brian Ragan, and Kathy Seyedbagheri. This project was a collaborative effort of the Pacific Northwest Aquatic Monitoring Partnership and was funded by US Forest Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Land Management, NOAA Fisheries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bonneville Power Administration, the states of Washington, Oregon, and California, and the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. NR 76 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2010 VL 30 IS 2 BP 565 EP 587 DI 10.1577/M09-061.1 PG 23 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 599XP UT WOS:000277947800021 ER PT J AU Etnier, MA Fowler, CW AF Etnier, Michael A. Fowler, Charles W. TI Size Selectivity in Marine Mammal Diets as a Guide to Evolutionarily Enlightened Fisheries Management SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; LIONS EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; EASTERN BERING SEA; WESTERN STOCK; FISH STOCKS; FUR SEALS; POPULATION; ECOLOGY; SUSTAINABILITY; OTOLITHS AB Commercial fisheries have a long history of nonsustainable harvests-not through deliberate mismanagement but through an inability to simultaneously account for the complexity of relevant factors, including the ecological and coevolutionary interactions within ecosystems. We argue that these factors (e.g., natural selection and coevolution) are among the structuring processes behind the patterns of predation exhibited by species such as marine mammals. As such, these patterns provide an indication of harvest practices that are sustainable in the long term-that is, normal for the systems and circumstances involved. Thus, patterns in selectivity exhibited by predators in their consumption of prey species meet the needs for evolutionarily enlightened guidance in management, long seen as missing in current practice. Our analysis of data characterizing the diets of 63 species of marine mammals indicates that the majority of prey consumed are 30 cm or less in length. This pattern is common to all marine mammal taxa and is apparently independent of the body size of predator species and largely independent of the body size range of prey species, many of which exceed 100 cm in maximum length. The size selectivity of commercial fisheries differs from that of marine mammals for all but the smallest prey species and is positively correlated with size. When possible, commercial fisheries tend to target individuals greater than 30 cm. The selective pressure this exerts on large-bodied prey species is abnormal in comparison with that of the natural predator-prey systems that have evolved to sustain consumption of individual prey items of 30 cm or less. To minimize the abnormal effects of selective pressure imposed by fishing, we argue that the targeted size composition of catches should be modified to more closely match the patterns exhibited by marine mammals as another example of the application of systemic management, a holistic alternative to conventional management. C1 [Etnier, Michael A.] Appl Osteol, Bellingham, WA 98227 USA. [Fowler, Charles W.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Etnier, MA (reprint author), Appl Osteol, POB 92, Bellingham, WA 98227 USA. EM michael.etnier@appliedosteology.com NR 65 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD APR PY 2010 VL 30 IS 2 BP 588 EP 603 DI 10.1577/M09-086.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 599XP UT WOS:000277947800022 ER PT J AU Mitchell, WF AF Mitchell, William F. TI The hp-multigrid method applied to hp-adaptive refinement of triangular grids SO NUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE elliptic partial differential equations; finite elements; hp adaptive refinement; multigrid; p-multigrid ID DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD; FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS; P-VERSION; ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS; 3 DIMENSIONS; CONVERGENCE; PRECONDITIONERS; ALGORITHMS; EQUATIONS AB Recently the hp version of the finite element method, in which adaptivity occurs in both the size, h, of the elements and in the order, p, of the approximating piecewise polynomials, has received increasing attention. It is desirable to combine this optimal order discretization method with an optimal order algebraic solution method like multigrid. An intriguing notion is to use the values of p as the levels of a multilevel method. In this paper we present such a method, known as hp-multigrid, for high-order finite elements and hp-adaptive grids. We present a survey of the development of p-multigrid and hp-multigrid, define an hp-multigrid algorithm based on the p-hierarchical basis for the p levels and h-hierarchical basis for an h-multigrid solution of the p = 1 'coarse grid' equations, and present numerical convergence results using hp-adaptive grids. The numerical results suggest that the method has a convergence rate of for Poisson's equation. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mitchell, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.mitchell@nist.gov NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1070-5325 EI 1099-1506 J9 NUMER LINEAR ALGEBR JI Numer. Linear Algebr. Appl. PD APR PY 2010 VL 17 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 211 EP 228 DI 10.1002/nla.700 PG 18 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 581VK UT WOS:000276552800004 ER PT J AU Berntsen, J Oey, LY AF Berntsen, Jarle Oey, Lie-Yauw TI Estimation of the internal pressure gradient in sigma-coordinate ocean models: comparison of second-, fourth-, and sixth-order schemes SO OCEAN DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean CY FEB 23-26, 2009 CL Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Taipei, TAIWAN HO Natl Taiwan Normal Univ DE Ocean modeling; Sigma-coordinates; Internal pressure ID HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS; PART I; ERRORS; FORMULATION; SENSITIVITY; BATHYMETRY; SEAMOUNT; FORCE; FLOW AB Sigma-coordinate ocean models are attractive because of their abilities to resolve bottom and surface boundary layers. However, these models can have large internal pressure gradient (IPG) errors. In this paper, two classes of methods for the estimation of the IPGs are assessed. The first is based on the integral approach used in the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The second is suggested by Shchepetkin and McWilliams (2003) based on Green's theorem; thus, area integrals of the pressure forces are transformed into line integrals. Numerical tests on the seamount problem, as well as on a northwestern Atlantic grid using both classes of methods, are presented. For each class, second-, fourth-, and sixth-order approximations are tested. Results produced with a fourth-order compact method and with cubic spline methods are also given. The results show that the methods based on the POM approach in general give smaller errors than the corresponding methods given in Shchepetkin and McWilliams (2003). The POM approach also is more robust when noise is added to the topography. In particular, the IPG errors may be substantially reduced by using the computationally simple fourth-order method from McCalpin (1994). C1 [Berntsen, Jarle] Univ Bergen, Dept Math, N-5008 Bergen, Norway. [Oey, Lie-Yauw] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Berntsen, J (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Dept Math, Johannes Brunsgate 12, N-5008 Bergen, Norway. EM jarle.berntsen@math.uib.no NR 30 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1616-7341 J9 OCEAN DYNAM JI Ocean Dyn. PD APR PY 2010 VL 60 IS 2 SI SI BP 317 EP 330 DI 10.1007/s10236-009-0245-y PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 574LE UT WOS:000275989900012 ER PT J AU Oey, LY Hsin, YC Wu, CR AF Oey, Lie-Yauw Hsin, Yi-Chia Wu, Chau-Ron TI Why does the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan shift shelfward in winter? SO OCEAN DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean CY FEB 23-26, 2009 CL Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Taipei, TAIWAN HO Natl Taiwan Normal Univ DE Kuroshio migration; Model simulation; Cooling; JEBAR ID EAST-CHINA-SEA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; INTRUSION; CURRENTS; SLOPE; WATER AB Observations indicate that off the northeastern coast of Taiwan a branch of the Kuroshio intrudes farther northward in winter onto the shelf of the East China Sea. We demonstrate that this seasonal shift can be explained solely by winter cooling. Cooling produces downslope flux of dense shelf water that is compensated by shelfward intrusion. Parabathic isopycnals steepen eastward in winter and couple with the cross-shelf topographic slope (the "JEBAR" effect) to balance the enhanced intrusion. The downslope flow also increases vortex stretching and decreases the thickness of the inertial boundary layer, resulting in a Kuroshio that shifts closer to the shelf break. C1 [Hsin, Yi-Chia; Wu, Chau-Ron] Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Taipei 11677, Taiwan. [Oey, Lie-Yauw] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Wu, CR (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 88,Sect 4 Ting Chou Rd, Taipei 11677, Taiwan. EM cwu@ntnu.edu.tw NR 29 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1616-7341 J9 OCEAN DYNAM JI Ocean Dyn. PD APR PY 2010 VL 60 IS 2 SI SI BP 413 EP 426 DI 10.1007/s10236-009-0259-5 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 574LE UT WOS:000275989900019 ER PT J AU Chen, ZG Carter, SG Bratschitsch, R Cundiff, ST AF Chen, Zhigang Carter, Samuel G. Bratschitsch, Rudolf Cundiff, Steven T. TI Optical excitation and control of electron spins in semiconductor quantum wells SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Review DE Spin coherence; Spin transport; Transient spin grating; Quantum well ID NEGATIVELY CHARGED EXCITONS; GAAS; RELAXATION; DYNAMICS; COHERENCE; RESONANCE; TRANSPORT; MANIPULATION; PRECESSION; DIFFUSION AB We present our recent work on optical excitation of electron spins and the resulting dynamics in semiconductor quantum wells. We primarily use the transient Faraday/Kerr rotation technique in several different experiments to give a more complete picture of spin polarization, manipulation, transport, decoherence, and the influence of disorder. Using two color time-resolved techniques is particularly valuable for resolving spin dynamics of different species by spectral selection. Experiments in lightly n-doped quantum wells show that spin polarization of the electron gas is generated through trion formation, with spin coherence partially lost through exciton spin relaxation. We also demonstrate that existing electron spin polarization can be rotated without excitation of excitons or trions through a below-resonance adiabatic Raman process. Diffusion of electron spins is also measured using transient spin gratings for different optical excitation conditions. Spin diffusion is shown to accelerate with increasing density or energy of the optically excited carriers. Finally, we examine the spin coherence of the electron gas with different densities, in CdTe quantum wells with different doping densities, and through a mixed type GaAs quantum well, where the electron density can be varied through optical excitation. We characterize the disorder potential by measuring the electron g-factor dependence on density, and show that spin coherence is lost from the interplay between localization by disorder and dynamical scattering. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiff@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Wu, M. W./H-4632-2011; Carter, Sam/G-4589-2012; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/C-9027-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Bratschitsch, Rudolf/0000-0002-2368-2548 FU U.S. National Science Foundation FX The authors would like to acknowledge D.R. Yakovlev for enlightening discussions and P. Dawson, L.A. Coldren, A.S. Huntington, G. Karczewski, T. Wojtowicz and J. Kossut for providing samples. This work was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. S.T.C. is a staff member in the NIST Quantum Physics Division. NR 80 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 9 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD APR PY 2010 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1803 EP 1819 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2010.01.043 PG 17 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 583ZV UT WOS:000276720700001 ER PT J AU Carette, T Drag, C Scharf, O Blondel, C Delsart, C Fischer, CF Godefroid, M AF Carette, Thomas Drag, Cyril Scharf, Oliver Blondel, Christophe Delsart, Christian Fischer, Charlotte Froese Godefroid, Michel TI Isotope shift in the sulfur electron affinity: Observation and theory SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PHOTODETACHMENT MICROSCOPE; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; CHARGE RADII; AB-INITIO; ATOMS; SI; CL AB The sulfur electron affinities (e)A(S) are measured by photodetachment microscopy for the two isotopes (32)S and (34)S (16 752.975 3(41) and 16 752.977 6(85) cm(-1), respectively). The isotope shift in the electron affinity is found to be more probably positive, (e)A((34)S) - (e)A((32)S) = +0.0023(70) cm(-1), but the uncertainty allows for the possibility that it may be either "normal" [(e)A((34)S) > (e)A((32)S)] or "anomalous" [(e)A((34)S) < (e)A((32)S)]. The isotope shift is estimated theoretically using elaborate correlation models, monitoring the electron affinity and the mass polarization term expectation value. The theoretical analysis predicts a very large specific mass shift (SMS) that counterbalances the normal mass shift (NMS) and produces an anomalous isotope shift (e)A((34)S) - (e)A((32)S) = -0.0053(24) cm(-1), field shift corrections included. The total isotope shift can always be written as the sum of the NMS (here +0.0169 cm(-1)) and a residual isotope shift (RIS). Since the NMS has nearly no uncertainty, the comparison between experimental and theoretical RIS is more fair. With respective values of -0.0146(70) cm(-1) and -0.0222(24) cm(-1), these residual isotope shifts are found to agree within the estimated uncertainties. C1 [Carette, Thomas; Scharf, Oliver; Godefroid, Michel] Univ Libre Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. [Drag, Cyril; Blondel, Christophe; Delsart, Christian] Univ Paris 11, Aime Cotton Lab, CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Fischer, Charlotte Froese] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carette, T (reprint author), Univ Libre Bruxelles, CP 160-09, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. EM mrgodef@ulb.ac.be FU Fonds pour la formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture of Belgium; Communaute francaise of Belgium (Action deRecherche Concertee); Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRFC/IISN Convention) FX T. C. acknowledges support from the "Fonds pour la formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture" of Belgium. T. C. and M. G. thank the Communaute francaise of Belgium (Action deRecherche Concertee) and the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRFC/IISN Convention) for financial support. They are grateful to Georges Destree of the ULB-VUB Computing Centre for his help in adapting ATSP2K on the HYDRA cluster. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 4 AR 042522 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042522 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 590LJ UT WOS:000277227300089 ER PT J AU Lisak, D Maslowski, P Cygan, A Bielska, K Wojtewicz, S Piwinski, M Hodges, JT Trawinski, RS Ciurylo, R AF Lisak, D. Maslowski, P. Cygan, A. Bielska, K. Wojtewicz, S. Piwinski, M. Hodges, J. T. Trawinski, R. S. Ciurylo, R. TI Line shapes and intensities of self-broadened O-2 b (1)Sigma(+)(g)(nu=1) <- X 3 Sigma(-)(g)(nu=0) band transitions measured by cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN A-BAND; DEPENDENT COLLISIONAL WIDTH; HERMAN-WALLIS FACTORS; SPECTRAL-LINES; MULTISPECTRUM FITS; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN; HIGH-PRECISION; Q-BRANCH; PRESSURE; DOPPLER AB We present high-resolution line-shape and line-intensity measurements of self-broadened O-2 b (1)Sigma(+)(g)(nu = 1) <- X 3 Sigma(-)(g)(nu = 0) band (B-band) transitions measured using the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique under relatively low pressure conditions. We give line-shape parameters describing collisional broadening and shifting, and we treat line narrowing in terms of Dicke narrowing or the speed dependence of collisional broadening. We indicate the importance of the line-narrowing effect which, if neglected, changes the experimentally determined collisional broadening coefficients by up to 48%. We report measured line intensities with relative uncertainties below 0.7% and compare these measurements to published data. C1 [Lisak, D.; Maslowski, P.; Cygan, A.; Bielska, K.; Wojtewicz, S.; Piwinski, M.; Trawinski, R. S.; Ciurylo, R.] Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. [Hodges, J. T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lisak, D (reprint author), Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizyki, Ul Grudziadzka 5-7, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Piwinski, Mariusz/D-6648-2014; Cygan, Agata/E-1393-2014; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014; Trawinski, Ryszard /G-3523-2014; Bielska, Katarzyna/G-4532-2014; Ciurylo, Roman/G-8680-2014; Maslowski, Piotr/H-4476-2014; Wojtewicz, Szymon/A-5425-2015 OI Piwinski, Mariusz/0000-0001-5847-2578; Maslowski, Piotr/0000-0001-8882-7106; FU National Laboratory FAMO in Torun, Poland; Polish MNISW [N N202 1255 35, N N202 1489 33]; JMR UMK [503-F] FX The authors would like to thank Alan S. Pine for carefully reading the manuscript and offering helpful suggestions. The research is part of the program of the National Laboratory FAMO in Torun, Poland, and is supported by the Polish MNISW Project Nos. N N202 1255 35 and N N202 1489 33 and by Grant No. JMR UMK 503-F. NR 73 TC 37 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 4 AR 042504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042504 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 590LJ UT WOS:000277227300071 ER PT J AU Stalnaker, JE Mbele, V Gerginov, V Fortier, TM Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Tanner, CE AF Stalnaker, Jason E. Mbele, Vela Gerginov, Vladislav Fortier, Tara M. Diddams, Scott A. Hollberg, Leo Tanner, Carol E. TI Femtosecond frequency comb measurement of absolute frequencies and hyperfine coupling constants in cesium vapor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID 2-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT-PULSES; TRANSITION; RUBIDIUM; MOMENT; STATES; LASER AB We report measurements of absolute transition frequencies and hyperfine coupling constants for the 8S(1/2), 9S(1/2), 7D(3/2), and 7D(5/2) states in (133)Cs vapor. The stepwise excitation through either the 6P(1/2) or 6P(3/2) intermediate state is performed directly with broadband laser light from a stabilized femtosecond laser optical-frequency comb. The laser beam is split, counterpropagated, and focused into a room-temperature Cs vapor cell. The repetition rate of the frequency comb is scanned and we detect the fluorescence on the 7P(1/2,3/2) -> 6S(1/2) branches of the decay of the excited states. The excitations to the different states are isolated by the introduction of narrow-bandwidth interference filters in the laser beam paths. Using a nonlinear least-squares method we find measurements of transition frequencies and hyperfine coupling constants that are in agreement with other recent measurements for the 8S state and provide improvement by 2 orders of magnitude over previously published results for the 9S and 7D states. C1 [Stalnaker, Jason E.] Oberlin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. [Stalnaker, Jason E.; Mbele, Vela; Gerginov, Vladislav; Fortier, Tara M.; Diddams, Scott A.; Hollberg, Leo] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Mbele, Vela] Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Phys, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa. [Tanner, Carol E.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Stalnaker, JE (reprint author), Oberlin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, 110 N Prof St, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. EM jason.stalnaker@oberlin.edu RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 FU DST(RSA) PDP through the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA); National Science Foundation [PHY99-87984] FX We thank Hugh Robinson for insightful advice and preparation of the Cs vapor cell. We are grateful to Jose Almaguer, Nate Newbury, and Todd Johnson for carefully reading the manuscript and providing valuable suggestions and discussions. One of us (V. M.) was supported in part by the DST(RSA) PDP through the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA). C. E. T. acknowledges partial support from the National Science Foundation through Grant No. PHY99-87984. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 4 AR 043840 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.043840 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 590LJ UT WOS:000277227300226 ER PT J AU Ganesh, P Cockayne, E Ahart, M Cohen, RE Burton, B Hemley, RJ Ren, Y Yang, WG Ye, ZG AF Ganesh, P. Cockayne, E. Ahart, M. Cohen, R. E. Burton, B. Hemley, Russell J. Ren, Yang Yang, Wenge Ye, Z. -G. TI Origin of diffuse scattering in relaxor ferroelectrics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PEROVSKITES; BEHAVIOR; ORDER AB High-pressure and variable temperature single-crystal synchrotron x-ray measurements combined with first principles based molecular-dynamics simulations were used to study diffuse scattering in the relaxor ferroelectric system PbSc1/2Nb1/2O3. Constant temperature experiments show a pressure-induced transition to the relaxor phase, in which butterfly- and rod-shaped diffuse scattering occurs around the {h00} and {hh0} Bragg spots. Simulations qualitatively reproduce the observed diffuse scattering features as well as their pressure-temperature behavior and show that they arise from polarization correlations between chemically ordered regions, which in previous simulations were shown to behave as polar nanoregions. Simulations also exhibit radial diffuse scattering [elongated toward and away from Q=(000)] that persists even in the paraelectric phase; consistent with previous neutron experiments on PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3. C1 [Ganesh, P.; Ahart, M.; Cohen, R. E.; Hemley, Russell J.] Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. [Cockayne, E.; Burton, B.] NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ren, Yang; Yang, Wenge] Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Ye, Z. -G.] Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. [Ye, Z. -G.] Simon Fraser Univ, LABS 4D, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Ganesh, P (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RI Ganesh, Panchapakesan/E-3435-2012; Yang, Wenge/H-2740-2012; Ganesh, Panchapakesan/L-5571-2013; Cohen, Ronald/B-3784-2010 OI Ganesh, Panchapakesan/0000-0002-7170-2902; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-5871-2359 FU Office of Naval Research [N00014-07-1-0451, N00014-02-1-0506]; Carnegie/Department of Energy Alliance Center (CDAC) [DE-FC0303NA00144]; (U.S.) Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357] FX The authors thank S. Gramsch and E. Venturini for their useful discussions. This work was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under Grants No. N00014-07-1-0451 and No. N00014-02-1-0506 and the Carnegie/Department of Energy Alliance Center (CDAC, Grant No. DE-FC0303NA00144). Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the (U.S.) Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 31 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 14 AR 144102 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.144102 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FN UT WOS:000277210200032 ER PT J AU Harris, AB Yildirim, T AF Harris, A. B. Yildirim, T. TI Charge and spin ordering in the mixed-valence compound LuFe2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM LUFE2O4; SOLID OXYGEN; ANTIFERROMAGNET; FERROELECTRICITY; TRANSITION; DISORDER AB Landau theory and symmetry considerations lead us to propose an explanation for several seemingly paradoxical behaviors of charge ordering (CO) and spin ordering (SO) in the mixed valence compound LuFe2O4. Both SO and CO are highly frustrated. We analyze a lattice gas model of CO within mean-field theory and determine the magnitude of several of the phenomenological interactions. We show that the assumption of a continuous phase transitions at which CO or SO develops implies that both CO and SO are incommensurate. To explain how ferroelectric fluctuations in the charge-disordered phase can be consistent with an antiferroelectric-ordered phase, we invoke an electron-phonon interaction in which a low-energy (20 meV) zone-center transverse phonon plays a key role. The energies of all the zone center phonons are calculated from first principles. We give a Landau analysis which explains SO and we discuss a model of interactions which stabilizes the SO state, if it is assumed commensurate. However, we suggest a high-resolution experimental determination to see whether this phase is really commensurate, as believed up to now. The applicability of representation analysis is discussed. A tentative explanation for the sensitivity of the CO state to an applied magnetic field in field-cooled experiments is given. C1 [Harris, A. B.] Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Yildirim, T.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Yildirim, T.] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Harris, AB (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 36 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 13 AR 134417 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.134417 PG 15 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590ES UT WOS:000277207900052 ER PT J AU Palomaki, TA Dutta, SK Lewis, RM Przybysz, AJ Paik, H Cooper, BK Kwon, H Anderson, JR Lobb, CJ Wellstood, FC Tiesinga, E AF Palomaki, T. A. Dutta, S. K. Lewis, R. M. Przybysz, A. J. Paik, Hanhee Cooper, B. K. Kwon, H. Anderson, J. R. Lobb, C. J. Wellstood, F. C. Tiesinga, E. TI Multilevel spectroscopy of two-level systems coupled to a dc SQUID phase qubit SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY NOISE; ZERO-VOLTAGE STATE; RABI OSCILLATIONS; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; QUANTUM AB We report spectroscopic measurements of discrete two-level systems (TLSs) coupled to a dc superconducting quantum interference device phase qubit with a 16 mu m(2) area Al/AlO(x)/Al junction. Applying microwaves in the 10-11 GHz range, we found eight avoided level crossings with splitting sizes from 10 to 200 MHz and spectroscopic lifetimes from 4 to 160 ns. Assuming the transitions are from the ground state of the composite system to an excited state of the qubit or an excited state of one of the TLS states, we fit the location and spectral width to get the energy levels, splitting sizes, and spectroscopic coherence times of the phase qubit and TLSs. The distribution of splittings is consistent with noninteracting individual charged ions tunneling between random locations in the tunnel barrier and the distribution of lifetimes is consistent with the AlO(x) in the junction barrier having a frequency-independent loss tangent. To check that the charge of each TLS couples independently to the voltage across the junction, we also measured the spectrum in the 20-22 GHz range and found tilted avoided level crossings due to the second excited state of the junction and states in which both the junction and a TLS were excited. C1 [Palomaki, T. A.; Dutta, S. K.; Lewis, R. M.; Przybysz, A. J.; Paik, Hanhee; Cooper, B. K.; Kwon, H.; Anderson, J. R.; Lobb, C. J.; Wellstood, F. C.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Palomaki, T. A.; Dutta, S. K.; Lewis, R. M.; Przybysz, A. J.; Paik, Hanhee; Cooper, B. K.; Kwon, H.; Anderson, J. R.; Lobb, C. J.; Wellstood, F. C.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Nanophys & Adv Mat, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tiesinga, E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Palomaki, TA (reprint author), Chalmers, Dept Microelect & Nanosci, MC2, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM tauno@chalmers.se RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011 FU Laboratory for Physical Sciences; Joint Quantum Institute; state of Maryland through the Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials FX We would like to acknowledge informative discussions of decoherence, dielectric loss, and two-level systems with K. Osborn, B. Palmer, Z. Kim, R. Simmonds and F. Nori and J. M. Martinis and thank M. Kushner, D. Benson, and C. Vlahacos with providing assistance for parts of the experiment. This work was supported by Laboratory for Physical Sciences, the Joint Quantum Institute, and the state of Maryland through the Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 14 AR 144503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.144503 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FN UT WOS:000277210200099 ER PT J AU Posen, ID McQueen, TM Williams, AJ West, DV Huang, Q Cava, RJ AF Posen, I. D. McQueen, T. M. Williams, A. J. West, D. V. Huang, Q. Cava, R. J. TI Geometric magnetic frustration in the R-type ferrite SrSn2Ga1.3Cr2.7O11 and the spinel-based chromates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LATTICE; ANTIFERROMAGNETS; ZNCR2XGA2-2XO4; GLASS; ICE AB SrSn2Ga1.3Cr2.7O11 is shown to be a strongly geometrically frustrated magnet through measurement of its temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility and specific heat. This material, determined by powder neutron diffraction to have an R-type ferrite crystal structure, has S=3/2 Cr3+ ions in isolated Kagome planes with no magnetic ions in the intermediary structural layers. The Kagome planes contain 10% nonmagnetic Ga3+. This structure type makes the chromate family of frustrated magnets unusual because it displays four spinel-based structural variants with the same basic magnetic lattice and different effective dimensionalities and degrees of frustration. A comparison of the structures and magnetic characteristics is presented. C1 [Posen, I. D.; McQueen, T. M.; Williams, A. J.; West, D. V.; Cava, R. J.] Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Huang, Q.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Posen, ID (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. OI Posen, I. Daniel/0000-0001-5093-140X FU NSF [NSF DMR-0703095] FX This research was supported in part by the NSF program in solid-state chemistry, Grant No. NSF DMR-0703095. T. M. M. gratefully acknowledges the support by the National Science Foundation. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 13 AR 134413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.134413 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590ES UT WOS:000277207900048 ER PT J AU Ratcliff, W Kienzle, PA Lynn, JW Li, SL Dai, PC Chen, GF Wang, NL AF Ratcliff, W. Kienzle, P. A. Lynn, Jeffrey W. Li, Shiliang Dai, Pengcheng Chen, G. F. Wang, N. L. TI Magnetic form factor of SrFe2As2: Neutron diffraction measurements SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN-METHODS; SUPERCONDUCTORS AB Neutron diffraction measurements have been carried out to investigate the magnetic form factor of the parent SrFe2As2 system of the iron-based superconductors. The general feature is that the form factor is approximately isotropic in wave vector, indicating that multiple d orbitals of the iron atoms are occupied as expected based on band theory. Inversion of the diffraction data suggests that there is some elongation of the spin density toward the As atoms. We have also extended the diffraction measurements to investigate a possible jump in the c-axis lattice parameter at the structural phase transition but find no detectable change within the experimental uncertainties. C1 [Ratcliff, W.; Kienzle, P. A.; Lynn, Jeffrey W.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Li, Shiliang; Dai, Pengcheng] Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Dai, Pengcheng] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Li, Shiliang; Dai, Pengcheng; Chen, G. F.; Wang, N. L.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing Natl Lab Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. RP Ratcliff, W (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Li, Shiliang/B-9379-2009; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170 FU U.S. DOE, BES, through DOE [DE-FG02-05ER46202]; U.S. DOE, Division of Scientific User Facilities; CAS; 973 Program [2010CB833102] FX The work at UT/ORNL is supported by the U.S. DOE, BES, through DOE Grant No. DE-FG02-05ER46202, and in part by the U.S. DOE, Division of Scientific User Facilities. The work at IOP, CAS is supported by CAS and 973 Program ( Program No. 2010CB833102). NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 14 AR 140502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.140502 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FN UT WOS:000277210200021 ER PT J AU Stock, C Van Eijck, L Fouquet, P Maccarini, M Gehring, PM Xu, GY Luo, H Zhao, X Li, JF Viehland, D AF Stock, C. Van Eijck, L. Fouquet, P. Maccarini, M. Gehring, P. M. Xu, Guangyong Luo, H. Zhao, X. Li, J. -F. Viehland, D. TI Interplay between static and dynamic polar correlations in relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTALS; FERROELECTRIC PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CENTRAL-PEAK; BEHAVIOR; SOFT; MODE AB We have characterized the dynamics of the polar nanoregions in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 through high-resolution neutron-backscattering and spin-echo measurements of the diffuse-scattering cross section. We find that the diffuse-scattering intensity consists of both static and dynamic components. The static component first appears at the Curie temperature Theta similar to 400 K while the dynamic component freezes completely at the temperature T-f similar to 200 K; together, these components account for all of the observed spectral weight contributing to the diffuse-scattering cross section. The integrated intensity of the dynamic component peaks near the temperature at which the frequency-dependent dielectric constant reaches a maximum (T-max) when measured at 1 GHz, i.e., on a time scale of similar to 1 ns. Our neutron-scattering results can thus be directly related to dielectric and infrared measurements of the polar nanoregions. Finally, the global temperature dependence of the diffuse scattering can be understood in terms of just two temperature scales, which is consistent with random-field models. C1 [Stock, C.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Van Eijck, L.; Fouquet, P.; Maccarini, M.] Inst Laue Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Gehring, P. M.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Xu, Guangyong] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Luo, H.; Zhao, X.] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Ceram, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China. [Li, J. -F.; Viehland, D.] Virginia Tech, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Stock, C (reprint author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RI Fouquet, Peter/B-5212-2008; Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; Zhao, Xiangyong/A-1743-2013; Maccarini, Marco/A-1894-2015; OI Fouquet, Peter/0000-0002-5542-0059; Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Maccarini, Marco/0000-0002-4555-3288; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 52 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 14 AR 144127 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.144127 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FN UT WOS:000277210200057 ER PT J AU Zhu, M Dennis, CL McMichael, RD AF Zhu, M. Dennis, C. L. McMichael, R. D. TI Temperature dependence of magnetization drift velocity and current polarization in Ni80Fe20 by spin-wave Doppler measurements SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETORESISTANCE; FERROMAGNETS; NANOWIRES; ELECTRONS; DRIVEN; ALLOYS; MEMORY AB A spin-wave Doppler technique is used to measure the temperature dependence of both the magnetization drift velocity, which represents the magnitude of adiabatic spin-transfer torque, and the current polarization in current-carrying Ni80Fe20 wires. For current densities of 10(11) A/m(2), we obtain magnetization drift velocities decreasing from 4.8 +/- 0.3 to 4.1 +/- 0.1 m/s over a temperature range from 80 to 340 K. Interpretation of velocity values yields current polarization dropping from 0.75 +/- 0.05 to 0.58 +/- 0.02 over the same temperature range. Analysis indicates different temperature dependences for spin-up and spin-down conductivities, suggesting a strong impurity scattering of spin-down electrons. C1 [Zhu, M.; McMichael, R. D.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Zhu, M.] Univ Maryland, Maryland Nanoctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Dennis, C. L.] NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhu, M (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X FU NIST-CNST/UMD FX We are grateful to Richard Kasica for help on E- beam lithography and Mark Stiles and Jacques Miltat for helpful discussions. This work was supported in part by the NIST-CNST/UMD-Nanocenter Cooperative Agreement. NR 29 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 14 AR 140407 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.140407 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 590FN UT WOS:000277210200017 ER PT J AU Berardi, CR Barros, K Douglas, JF Losert, W AF Berardi, Christian R. Barros, Kipton Douglas, Jack F. Losert, Wolfgang TI Direct observation of stringlike collective motion in a two-dimensional driven granular fluid SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION; LIQUID; DYNAMICS; RELAXATION; SPHERES; SCALE AB Dense ensembles of monodisperse hard spheres spontaneously assemble into regions of local crystalline order (grains) that are separated by relatively disordered grain-boundary (GB) regions. It is well known that grains and grain boundaries (GB) profoundly affect the material properties of polycrystalline materials and plastic deformation and transport in this ubiquitous class of materials can be particularly influenced by GB structure and dynamics. We experimentally investigate the nature of particle motion in the GB regions of a quasi-two-dimensional driven system of hard spheres and find, in accord with recent molecular-dynamics simulations of metallic polycrystalline materials, that particle motion in the GB regions involves a highly cooperative stringlike motion as in glass-forming liquids. Moreover, we show that the addition of small particles to a granular fluid allows the scale of this collective motion to be modulated, a phenomenon that is also observed in simulations and measurements on glass-forming fluids. C1 [Douglas, Jack F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Barros, Kipton] Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Berardi, Christian R.; Losert, Wolfgang] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, IPST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Berardi, Christian R.; Losert, Wolfgang] Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Douglas, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; wlosert@umd.edu FU NSF [DGE-0221680, DMR-0907146] FX This research was carried out with the support of NSF through Grants No. DGE-0221680 and DMR-0907146. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD APR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 4 AR 041301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.041301 PN 1 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 590YY UT WOS:000277265700049 PM 20481711 ER PT J AU Litz, MS Merkel, G Pereira, NR Boyer, CN Holland, GE Schumer, JW Seely, JF Hudson, LT Carroll, JJ AF Litz, M. S. Merkel, G. Pereira, N. R. Boyer, C. N. Holland, G. E. Schumer, J. W. Seely, J. F. Hudson, L. T. Carroll, J. J. TI Anomalous fluorescence line intensity in megavoltage bremsstrahlung SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article DE bremsstrahlung; fluorescence; plasma diagnostics; tungsten ID KEV ENERGY-RANGE; RAY; ELEMENTS AB An anomalous ratio between K alpha and K beta fluorescence interpreted with plasma radiation modeling can be a useful diagnostic in laser-produced plasmas. In cold tungsten there exists a similar but as yet undocumented anomaly: for 2 MeV end point bremsstrahlung in the forward direction K beta/K alpha(1)similar or equal to 1, while this ratio is closer to 0.5 for bremsstrahlung in reflection and for an isolated atom. As in the laser-produced plasma, the anomalous ratio reflects a localized source of fluorescence inside the material combined with differential attenuation of the fluorescence photons on their way out. To measure the similar or equal to 60 keV fluorescence lines, a Cauchois transmission crystal spectrograph that works well for laser-produced plasmas must suppress the intense bremsstrahlung that accompanies the fluorescence, by beefing up marginal shielding and avoiding extraneous scatter sources. C1 [Litz, M. S.; Merkel, G.] USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20873 USA. [Pereira, N. R.] Ecopulse Inc, Springfield, VA 22150 USA. [Boyer, C. N.] L3 Commun, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Holland, G. E.; Hudson, L. T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Schumer, J. W.; Seely, J. F.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Carroll, J. J.] Youngstown State Univ, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. RP Litz, MS (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20873 USA. EM pereira@speakeasy.net RI Schumer, Joseph/D-7591-2013 FU Army Research Laboratory [W911QX07C0002]; DTRA's Basic Research Sciences [MIPR 08-2468, MIPR 09-2156]; Naval Research Laboratory FX This work was supported by the Army Research Laboratory, Ecopulse's Contract No. W911QX07C0002, and by DTRA's Basic Research Sciences Contract Nos. MIPR 08-2468 and MIPR 09-2156 with the Naval Research Laboratory. N.R.P. thanks R. Kensek (SNL) for discussions about ITS. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD APR PY 2010 VL 17 IS 4 AR 043302 DI 10.1063/1.3389226 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 590QV UT WOS:000277243000058 ER PT J AU Reperant, LA Fuckar, NS Osterhaus, ADME Dobson, AP Kuiken, T AF Reperant, Leslie A. Fuckar, Neven S. Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E. Dobson, Andrew P. Kuiken, Thijs TI Spatial and Temporal Association of Outbreaks of H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Wild Birds with the 0 degrees C Isotherm SO PLOS PATHOGENS LA English DT Article ID AVIAN INFLUENZA; A VIRUS; ASIAN LINEAGE; SPREAD; SWANS; WATER; SURVEILLANCE; TRANSMISSION; TEMPERATURE; MIGRATION AB Wild bird movements and aggregations following spells of cold weather may have resulted in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 in Europe during the winter of 2005-2006. Waterbirds are constrained in winter to areas where bodies of water remain unfrozen in order to feed. On the one hand, waterbirds may choose to winter as close as possible to their breeding grounds in order to conserve energy for subsequent reproduction, and may be displaced by cold fronts. On the other hand, waterbirds may choose to winter in regions where adverse weather conditions are rare, and may be slowed by cold fronts upon their journey back to the breeding grounds, which typically starts before the end of winter. Waterbirds will thus tend to aggregate along cold fronts close to the 0 degrees C isotherm during winter, creating conditions that favour HPAIV H5N1 transmission and spread. We determined that the occurrence of outbreaks of HPAIV H5N1 infection in waterbirds in Europe during the winter of 2005-2006 was associated with temperatures close to 0 degrees C. The analysis suggests a significant spatial and temporal association of outbreaks caused by HPAIV H5N1 in wild birds with maximum surface air temperatures of 0 degrees C-2 degrees C on the day of the outbreaks and the two preceding days. At locations where waterbird census data have been collected since 1990, maximum mallard counts occurred when average and maximum surface air temperatures were 0 degrees C and 3 degrees C, respectively. Overall, the abundance of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and common pochards (Aythya ferina) was highest when surface air temperatures were lower than the mean temperatures of the region investigated. The analysis implies that waterbird movements associated with cold weather, and congregation of waterbirds along the 0 degrees C isotherm likely contributed to the spread and geographical distribution of outbreaks of HPAIV H5N1 infection in wild birds in Europe during the winter of 2005-2006. C1 [Reperant, Leslie A.; Dobson, Andrew P.] Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Fuckar, Neven S.] Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Kuiken, Thijs] Erasmus MC, Dept Virol, Rotterdam, Netherlands. RP Reperant, LA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM reperant@princeton.edu OI Fuckar, Neven S./0000-0002-0097-3764 FU European Commission [044490] FX Funding: The present study was supported in part by European Commission grant no. 044490 "New-FluBird". The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 35 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 15 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1553-7366 J9 PLOS PATHOG JI PLoS Pathog. PD APR PY 2010 VL 6 IS 4 AR e1000854 DI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000854 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Parasitology; Virology SC Microbiology; Parasitology; Virology GA 596YS UT WOS:000277722400026 PM 20386716 ER PT J AU Cardinale, M Hagberg, J Svedang, H Bartolino, V Gedamke, T Hjelm, J Borjesson, P Noren, F AF Cardinale, Massimiliano Hagberg, Jacob Svedang, Henrik Bartolino, Valerio Gedamke, Todd Hjelm, Joakim Borjesson, Patrik Noren, Fredrik TI Fishing through time: population dynamics of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the Kattegat-Skagerrak over a century SO POPULATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Historical; Pre-massive exploitation period; Population dynamic; Research survey ID GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; NORTH-SEA PLAICE; EASTERN SKAGERRAK; GADUS-MORHUA; RECRUITMENT; COD; ABUNDANCE; CATCHABILITY; MORTALITY; COMMUNITY AB Over the past century, advances in technology and historical events such as climate change have resulted in significant changes in the exploitation pattern, population sizes and the potential yield of fish stocks. These variations provide contrast in the data that improves our knowledge on population dynamics and our ability to develop management strategies for long-term sustainable exploitation. In this study, we use a standardized scientific trawl survey to obtain a historical time series (1901-2007) of relative abundance, recruitment and size structure for plaice in the Kattegat-Skagerrak. Our work extends the available time series by more than 80 years so that the evaluation of trends is more informative than is possible from the current assessment. We show that the current adult biomass is approximately 40% of the maximum observed at the beginning of the century and during the 1960s. The average maximum individual length has been reduced by 10 cm over the studied time period. An analysis of trends in mean length indicates that fishing mortality was variable during the first half of the century and has increased steadily over the past 20 years. Recruitment has been the highest on record during recent years, suggesting that the alleged link between coastal environmental degradation and juvenile survival is of low importance. The overall findings of our work will provide managers with a historical perspective on the population dynamics of the stock, which will support the long-term management of plaice in the Kattegat-Skagerrak. C1 [Cardinale, Massimiliano; Svedang, Henrik; Hjelm, Joakim] Swedish Board Fisheries, Inst Marine Res, Lysekil, Sweden. [Hagberg, Jacob] Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden. [Borjesson, Patrik] PB MiljoData, S-45330 Lysekil, Sweden. [Noren, Fredrik] N Res, S-45330 Lysekil, Sweden. [Bartolino, Valerio] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Anim & Human Biol, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Gedamke, Todd] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Cardinale, M (reprint author), Swedish Board Fisheries, Inst Marine Res, POB 4, Lysekil, Sweden. EM massimiliano.cardinale@fiskeriverket.se RI Svedang, Henrik/D-3649-2013; OI Bartolino, Valerio/0000-0002-4506-4329; Hjelm, Joakim/0000-0001-8423-8873 NR 55 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER JAPAN KK PI TOKYO PA CHIYODA FIRST BLDG EAST, 3-8-1 NISHI-KANDA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101-0065, JAPAN SN 1438-3896 EI 1438-390X J9 POPUL ECOL JI Popul. Ecol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 52 IS 2 BP 251 EP 262 DI 10.1007/s10144-009-0177-x PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 552ZO UT WOS:000274334000001 ER PT J AU Trainer, VL Pitcher, GC Reguera, B Smayda, TJ AF Trainer, V. L. Pitcher, G. C. Reguera, B. Smayda, T. J. TI The distribution and impacts of harmful algal bloom species in eastern boundary upwelling systems SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION; DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM-CATENATUM; PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA-MULTISERIES; SOUTH-AFRICAN COAST; DINOPHYSIS-ACUMINATA; WEST-COAST; RED TIDE; GALICIAN RIAS; ALEXANDRIUM-CATENELLA; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AB Comparison of harmful algal bloom (HAB) species in eastern boundary upwelling systems, specifically species composition, bloom densities, toxin concentrations and impacts are likely to contribute to understanding these phenomena. We identify and describe HABs in the California, Canary, Benguela and Humboldt Current systems, including those that can cause the poisoning syndromes in humans called paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), as well as yessotoxins, ichthyotoxins, and high-biomass blooms resulting in hypoxia and anoxia. Such comparisons will allow identification of parameters, some unique to upwelling systems and others not, that contribute to the development of these harmful blooms. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Trainer, V. L.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Pitcher, G. C.] Marine & Coastal Management, Dept Environm Affairs, ZA-8012 Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. [Pitcher, G. C.] Univ Cape Town, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa. [Reguera, B.] Ctr Oceanog Vigo, Inst Espanol Oceanog, Vigo 36200, Spain. [Smayda, T. J.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Trainer, VL (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Vera.L.Trainer@noaa.gov FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health FX We thank T. Moita, K. Lefebvre and B. Bill for their helpful reviews of this manuscript and N. Adams and S. Day for assistance with the figures. This is a contribution from the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Comparative Research Programme on Harmful Algal Blooms in Upwelling Systems. GEOHAB is an initiative of SCOR (Scientific Committee on Ocean Research) and IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO). The contribution by V.L.T. was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health. NR 181 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PD APR-MAY PY 2010 VL 85 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 33 EP 52 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.02.003 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 608UZ UT WOS:000278612800003 ER PT J AU Smayda, TJ Trainer, VL AF Smayda, T. J. Trainer, V. L. TI Dinoflagellate blooms in upwelling systems: Seeding, variability, and contrasts with diatom bloom behaviour SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID SHORT-TERM VARIABILITY; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; GYMNODINIUM-CATENATUM DINOPHYCEAE; MARINE PLANKTONIC DIATOM; BAJA CALIFORNIA; RED TIDE; RESTING SPORES; ANCHOR STATION; CHAETOCEROS-PSEUDOCURVISETUS; SCRIPPSIELLA-TROCHOIDEA AB The influence of diatom bloom behaviour, dinoflagellate life cycles, propagule type and upwelling bloom cycles on the seeding of dinoflagellate blooms in eastern boundary current upwelling systems is evaluated. Winter-spring diatom bloom behaviour is contrasted with upwelling bloom behaviour because their phenology impacts dinoflagellate blooms. The winter-spring diatom bloom is usually sustained, whereas the classical upwelling diatom bloom occurs as a series of separate, recurrent mini-blooms intercalated by upwelling-relaxation periods, during which dinoflagellates often bloom. Four sequential wind-regulated phases characterize upwelling cycles, with each phase having different effects on diatom and dinoflagellate bloom behaviour: bloom "spin up", bloom maximum, bloom "spin down", and upwelling relaxation. The spin up - bloom maximum is the period of heightened diatom growth; the spin down - upwelling-relaxation phases are the periods when dinoflagellates often bloom. The duration, intensity and ratio of the upwelling and relaxation periods making up upwelling cycles determine the potential for dinoflagellate blooms to develop within a given upwelling cycle and prior to the subsequent "spin up" of upwelling that favours diatom blooms. Upwelling diatoms and meroplanktonic dinoflagellates have three types of propagules available to seed blooms: vegetative cells, resting cells and resting cysts. However, most upwelling dinoflagellates are holoplanktonic, which indicates that the capacity to form resting cysts is not an absolute requirement for growth and survival in upwelling systems. The long-term (decadal) gaps in bloom behaviour of Gymnodinium catenatum and Lingulodinium polyedrum, and the unpredictable bloom behaviour of dinoflagellates generally, are examined from the perspective of seeding strategies. Mismatches between observed and expected in situ bloom behaviour and resting cyst dynamics are common among upwelling dinoflagellates. This disassociation suggests unrecognized upwelling system factors that fall within the physical-chemical-biological domain are more important than life cycle in selecting dinoflagellates species having the survival-seeding strategies and ecophysiological adaptations required for growth in physically robust upwelling systems. It is conjectured that diatom life cycles, as a group, are geared towards exploiting seeding opportunities, whereas dinoflagellates have evolved life-cycle behaviour more attuned to survival. The role of ecological dormancy and ecological release from bloom inhibition underlying dinoflagellate bloom irregularity is considered. The expectation that the dinoflagellate species selected to bloom from among the common upwelling flora would be the same in all eastern boundary upwelling systems is not realized. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Smayda, T. J.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. [Trainer, V. L.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Smayda, TJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. EM tsmayda@gso.uri.edu FU EPA [R83-2443]; STAR research FX This analysis was aided by the EPA's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Program, supported by EPA Grant No. R83-2443 awarded to Dr. Smayda. STAR is managed by the EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Center for Environmental Research and Quality Assurance (NCERQA). STAR research supports the Agency's mission to safeguard human health and the environment. The comments of two anonymous reviewers were very helpful in revising the original draft. NR 104 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PD APR-MAY PY 2010 VL 85 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 92 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.02.006 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 608UZ UT WOS:000278612800006 ER PT J AU Gao, XG Ray, R Xiao, Y Ishida, K Ray, P AF Gao, Xiugong Ray, Radharaman Xiao, Yan Ishida, Keiko Ray, Prabhati TI Macrolide antibiotics improve chemotactic and phagocytic capacity as well as reduce inflammation in sulfur mustard-exposed monocytes SO PULMONARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article DE Macrolide antibiotic; Chemotaxis; Phagocytosis; Inflammation; Sulfur mustard; Monocyte ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; NORMAL HUMAN KERATINOCYTES; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; NF-KAPPA-B; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; CYTOKINE RELEASE; MOUSE SKIN; AZITHROMYCIN; EXPRESSION AB Background: Sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes apoptosis and death of airway epithelial cells as well as inflammation in the airway. Efficient clearance of the cell debris by alveolar macrophages is necessitated to reduce the inflammation. Macrolide antibiotics have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties by modulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, and by improving macrophage functions. The present study investigated the effects of four commonly used macrolide antibiotics, namely azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, and roxithromycin, on chemotactic and phagocytotic function and on inflammatory cytokines/mediators production in vitro in SM-exposed monocyte THP-1 cells. Results: Chemotaxis and phagocytosis of the monocytes reduced upon exposure to 10 mu M SM (8.1% and 17.5%, respectively) were restored by treatment with 10 mu M of any of the four macrolides. Overexpression of inflammatory cytokines following SM exposure was decreased by 50-70% with macrolide treatment. Similarly, exaggerated iNOS expression and nitric oxide (NO) production induced by SM exposure was largely inhibited by treatment with macrolides. Conclusion: The data demonstrate that macrolide antibiotics were effective in improving the degenerated chemotactic and phagocytotic functions of monocytes following SM exposure, and in reducing SM-induced overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators. Thus, treatment with macrolide antibiotics may lead to improved clearance of apoptotic material in the airway and ultimately result in reduced airway inflammation and injury caused by SM inhalation, suggesting that macrolide antibiotics may serve as potential vesicant respiratory therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Gao, Xiugong; Ishida, Keiko; Ray, Prabhati] Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Expt Therapeut, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Ray, Radharaman] USA, Med Res Inst Chem Def, Div Res, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. [Xiao, Yan] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ray, P (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Expt Therapeut, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM xiugong.gao@amedd.army.mil; radharaman.ray@amedd.army.mil; yan.xiao@nist.gov; keikoishida71@yahoo.com; prabhati.ray@amedd.army.mil FU Defense Threat Reduction Agency [3.F0003_05_WR_C] FX This work was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Project No. 3.F0003_05_WR_C. We thank Dr. Hiroshi Ishida (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research) for helpful discussions and Dr. Peter E. Barker (National Institute of Standards and Technology) for advice on immunocytochemical study. We also thank Ms. Betty Benton (US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense) for technical assistance with sulfur mustard exposure. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting true views of the US Army or the Department of Defense. Certain commercial equipment or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify adequately the experimental procedures. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 51 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1094-5539 J9 PULM PHARMACOL THER JI Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. PD APR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 2 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.10.010 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Respiratory System SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Respiratory System GA 566FY UT WOS:000275356700005 PM 19895898 ER PT J AU Xue, M Jung, YS Zhang, GF AF Xue, Ming Jung, Youngsun Zhang, Guifu TI State estimation of convective storms with a two-moment microphysics scheme and an ensemble Kalman filter: Experiments with simulated radar data SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE two-moment microphysics scheme; ensemble Kalman filter; EnKF; data assimilation; model error; convective storm ID PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; ADJOINT VORTICITY EQUATION; RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; BULK ICE SCHEME; POLARIMETRIC RADAR; DATA ASSIMILATION; PART II; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION AB The ability of the ensemble Kalman filter method to estimate an increased number of state variables associated with a double-moment (DM) microphysics scheme is examined for the first time through observing system simulation experiments, assuming either a perfect or imperfect prediction model and/or observation operators. With the DM scheme, mixing ratios and total number concentrations of hydrometeor species are predicted. It is found that the increased number of state variables can be reasonably well estimated when both radial velocity (V(r)) and reflectivity (Z(H)) observations are used and when the prediction model is assumed to be perfect. However, the errors increase significantly when ZH is used alone. In this case, the filter has difficulty in estimating independently-varying mixing ratios and number concentrations, which are both directly involved in the calculation of ZH. The addition of V, data helps alleviate a problem associated with the solution not being sufficiently constrained by observations. With the DM scheme, the correlations between ZH and model state variables exhibit complex spatial structures that depend on the location of the ZH observation. Collocated ZH and vertical velocity show negative correlation when the observation is taken where ice phase hydrometeors are dominant, but positive correlation when it is taken where large quantities of liquid hydrometeors exist. Further study is needed to fully understand the complex correlation structures. Imperfect model experiments were performed, with two types of model errors: (1) microphysical parametrization error due to incorrectly assumed shape parameter of the gamma particle size distribution (PSD), and (2) different ways of calculating hydrometeor scattering. The results show that the model error degrades the state estimation in general. Nevertheless, the estimated states are still reasonably good when both V, and ZH are assimilated. Perturbing the shape parameter of gamma PSDs within the forecast ensemble improves the overall state estimation. Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Xue, Ming; Jung, Youngsun] Univ Oklahoma, Natl Weather Ctr, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Xue, Ming; Jung, Youngsun; Zhang, Guifu] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Xue, M (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Natl Weather Ctr, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Suite 2500,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM mxue@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011; Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014; Jung, Youngsun/O-6227-2016 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238; Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815; Jung, Youngsun/0000-0003-2265-9837 FU NSF [EEC-0313747, ATM-0608168, ATM-0530814, ATM-0750790, ATM-0802888, ATM-0941491, OCI-0905040]; Chinese Natural Science Foundation [40620120437] FX The authors thank Daniel Dawson for valuable discussions on the two-moment microphysics scheme. This work was primarily supported by NSF grants EEC-0313747 and ATM-0608168. Ming Xue was also supported by NSF grants ATM-0530814, ATM-0750790, ATM-0802888, ATM-0941491 and OCI-0905040, and by grant No. 40620120437 from the Chinese Natural Science Foundation. Computations were performed at the Oklahoma Supercomputing Center for Education and Research. NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 136 IS 648 BP 685 EP 700 DI 10.1002/qj.593 PN A PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 600VF UT WOS:000278016300009 ER PT J AU Zhang, JA AF Zhang, Jun A. TI Spectral characteristics of turbulence in the hurricane boundary layer over the ocean between the outer rain bands SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE spectra; universal spectral curves; turbulent fluxes ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS; TROPICAL CYCLONE CORE; IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; SURFACE-LAYER; PART II; POTENTIAL INTENSITY; VELOCITY SPECTRA; WIND STRUCTURE; MOMENTUM FLUX; SENSIBLE HEAT AB Spectra and cospectra of wind velocity, potential temperature and humidity have been analysed using data collected in the atmospheric boundary layer in Hurricanes Fabian (2003) and Isabel (2003) during the Coupled Boundary Layer Air Sea Transfer (CBLAST) - Hurricane experiment. The spectra and cospectra are normalized following the surface layer scaling methods according to similarity theory. It is found that the CBLAST data gathered in the mixed layer between the outer rain bands below 400 m can be grouped into well-defined curves for spectra of wind velocity, potential temperature and humidity, and for cospectra of momentum and humidity flux. However, the cospectra of sensible heat flux do not exhibit well-defined universal shape. The CBLAST universal shape spectra and cospectra generally resemble the shapes of those from previous studies, but shift to higher frequencies that correspond to smaller wavelengths of turbulent eddies that contain most of the energy. This work highlights the structural difference between the hurricane boundary layer and the standard atmospheric boundary layer over land and ocean. Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Zhang, Jun A.] NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, JA (reprint author), NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jun.zhang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Jun/F-9580-2012 FU National Research Council FX I acknowledge the support from the National Research Council for the Postdoctoral Research Associate Fellowship Award. I am very grateful to my PhD adviser, William Drennan, for his advice and encouragement. I am also grateful to Frank Marks, Mark Powell, Sim Aberson, and Sylvie Lorsolo for helpful discussions and comments. I want to acknowledge all the scientists, engineers, and the flight crew at the NOAA/AOC and NOAA/HRD who helped obtain the data during CBLAST, especially Jeffrey French, Peter Black and Eric Uhlhorn. Without their help, this work would not have been possible. I also thank four anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier version of this paper which led to substantial improvements. NR 51 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 136 IS 649 BP 918 EP 926 DI 10.1002/qj.610 PN B PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619CR UT WOS:000279407000008 ER PT J AU Andreas, EL Horst, TW Grachev, AA Persson, POG Fairall, CW Guest, PS Jordan, RE AF Andreas, Edgar L. Horst, Thomas W. Grachev, Andrey A. Persson, P. Ola G. Fairall, Christopher W. Guest, Peter S. Jordan, Rachel E. TI Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Arctic Ocean; bulk turbulent flux algorithm; drag coefficient; fictitious correlation; Monin-Obukhov similarity; roughness lengths; SHEBA; turbulence measurements ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; CLIMATE SYSTEM MODEL; SURFACE HEAT-BUDGET; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; SCALAR TRANSFER; ROUGH SURFACES; DRAG PARTITION; WATER-VAPOR; AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS; SONIC ANEMOMETER AB The surface of the Arctic Ocean in summer is a mix of sea ice and water in both leads and melt ponds. Here we use data collected at multiple sites during the year-long experiment to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) to develop a bulk turbulent flux algorithm for predicting the surface fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat over the Arctic Ocean during summer from readily measured or modelled quantities. The distinctive aerodynamic feature of summer sea ice is that the leads and melt ponds create vertical ice faces that the wind can push against; momentum transfer to the surface is thus enhanced through form drag. In effect, summer sea ice behaves aerodynamically like the marginal ice zone, which is another surface that consists of sea ice and water. In our bulk flux algorithm, we therefore combine our SHEBA measurements of the neutral-stability drag coefficient at a reference height of 10 m, C(DN10), with similar measurements from marginal ice zones that have been reported in the literature to create a unified parametrization for C(DN10) for summer sea ice and for any marginal ice zone. This parametrization predicts C(DN10) from a second-order polynomial in ice concentration. Our bulk flux algorithm also includes expressions for the roughness lengths for temperature and humidity, introduces new profile stratification corrections for stable stratification, and effectively eliminates the singularities that often occur in iterative flux algorithms for very light winds. In summary, this new algorithm seems capable of estimating the friction velocity u(*) (a surrogate for the momentum flux) over summer sea ice with an absolute accuracy of 0.02-0.03 m s(-1); the sensible heat flux, with an accuracy of about 6 W m(-2); and the latent heat flux, with an accuracy of 3.5 W m(-2). Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Andreas, Edgar L.] NW Res Associates Inc, Seattle Div, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA. [Horst, Thomas W.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. [Grachev, Andrey A.; Persson, P. Ola G.; Fairall, Christopher W.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Grachev, Andrey A.; Persson, P. Ola G.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Guest, Peter S.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. [Jordan, Rachel E.] PC, Jordan Environm Modeling, Hanover, NH USA. RP Andreas, EL (reprint author), NW Res Associates Inc, Seattle Div, 25 Eagle Ridge, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA. EM eandreas@nwra.com FU US National Science Foundation (NSF) [06-11942, 06-12428]; NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory; Naval Postgraduate School; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNX07AL77G] FX The US National Science Foundation (NSF) supported our initial participation in SHEBA with awards to the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory (now the Earth System Research Laboratory), the Naval Postgraduate School, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. NSF also supported our use of the Flux-PAM stations from the facilities pool at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Both NSF (award 06-11942) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (award NNX07AL77G) supported ELA at NorthWest Research Associates during the preparation of this manuscript, and NSF also supported POGP with award 06-12428. We thank Donald K. Perovich for providing his data on lead and melt pond coverage during SHEBA and Thomas C. Grenfell for his related measurements of surface water temperature in these features. Finally, we thank Timo Vihma and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. NR 88 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 136 IS 649 BP 927 EP 943 DI 10.1002/qj.618 PN B PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619CR UT WOS:000279407000009 ER PT J AU Gohm, A Mayr, GJ Darby, LS Banta, RM AF Gohm, Alexander Mayr, Georg J. Darby, Lisa S. Banta, Robert M. TI Evolution and structure of a cold front in an Alpine valley as revealed by a Doppler lidar SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE density current; Mesoscale Alpine Programme; south foehn ID SPECIAL OBSERVING PERIOD; LOW-LEVEL STRUCTURE; WIPP VALLEY; GAP FLOW; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; OCTOBER 1999; THUNDERSTORM OUTFLOWS; MOUNTAIN VALLEY; COMPLEX TERRAIN AB The propagation of a cold front and its interaction with foehn winds is investigated in an Alpine valley, based on observations collected during the field campaign of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) on 6 November 1999. The key instrument of this study is a Doppler lidar that had been operated in the Wipp Valley (Austria). The cold front approached the European Alps from the northwest, became distorted at the mountain barrier and entered the east west aligned Inn Valley near the town of Innsbruck primarily via two passes. It continued to propagate towards Innsbruck from both valley directions as two separate fronts that eventually collided east of Innsbruck after part of the cold air had entered the adjacent north south aligned Wipp Valley. A synthesis of Doppler lidar measurements with conventional meteorological data, including automatic weather stations and radiosondes, leads to the conclusion that the cold front in the Wipp Valley was an atmospheric density current characterized by an elevated head, a front-relative feeder flow and a typical propagation speed of 7 m s(-1). The foehn flow on top of the density current caused strong wind shear and triggered shear-flow instability that led to the formation of a turbulent wake behind the head. As the density current propagated towards the Brenner Pass, it slowed down. The shape of the frontal surface varied in time. Its inclination of about 10 degrees-20 degrees is steeper than previously reported for the Inn Valley but is consistent with other observations of atmospheric density currents. Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Gohm, Alexander] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Darby, Lisa S.; Banta, Robert M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. RP Gohm, A (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM alexander.gohm@uibk.ac.at RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Gohm, Alexander/B-5086-2016 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; Gohm, Alexander/0000-0003-4505-585X FU Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P13489, P15077] FX We thank the lidar crew from NOAA/ESRL, with Jim Howell, Mike Hardesty, Richard Marchbanks, Scott Sandberg, Ann Weickmann and Janet Intrieri, for operating the Doppler lidar at Gedeir during the MAP SOP. The installation of a dense network of AWS in the Inn Valley and Wipp Valley has been enabled especially by the efforts of Stephen Mobbs. Dave Whiteman is acknowledged for providing HOBO data from the slope profile and Peter Jackson for providing AWS data south of Sterzing. Reinhold Steinacker contributed with his VERA analyses. We are indebted to the Austrian Weather Service ZAMG for access to the database of routine observations. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grants P13489 and P15077. NR 77 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2010 VL 136 IS 649 BP 962 EP 977 DI 10.1002/qj.609 PN B PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619CR UT WOS:000279407000011 ER PT J AU Whitall, D Hively, WD Leight, AK Hapeman, CJ McConnell, LL Fisher, T Rice, CP Codling, E McCarty, GW Sadeghi, AM Gustafson, A Bialek, K AF Whitall, David Hively, W. Dean Leight, Andrew K. Hapeman, Cathleen J. McConnell, Laura L. Fisher, Thomas Rice, Clifford P. Codling, Eton McCarty, Gregory W. Sadeghi, Ali M. Gustafson, Anne Bialek, Krystyna TI Pollutant fate and spatio-temporal variability in the choptank river estuary: Factors influencing water quality SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Choptank River; Chesapeake Bay; Nitrate; Phosphate; Copper; Arsenic; Herbicide ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; COPPER TOXICITY; PESTICIDES; HERBICIDE; BASIN; USA; EUTROPHICATION; METOLACHLOR; PHYTOPLANKTON; DEPOSITION AB Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States, is a national priority. Documentation of progress of this restoration effort is needed. A study was conducted to examine water quality in the Choptank River estuary, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay that since 1998 has been classified as impaired waters under the Federal Clean Water Act. Multiple water quality parameters (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a) and analyte concentrations (nutrients, herbicide and herbicide degradation products, arsenic, and copper) were measured at seven sampling stations in the Choptank River estuary. Samples were collected under base flow conditions in the basin on thirteen dates between March 2005 and April 2008. As commonly observed, results indicate that agriculture is a primary source of nitrate in the estuary and that both agriculture and wastewater treatment plants are important sources of phosphorus. Concentrations of copper in the lower estuary consistently exceeded both chronic and acute water quality criteria, possibly due to use of copper in antifouling boat paint. Concentrations of copper in the upstream watersheds were low, indicating that agriculture is not a significant source of copper loading to the estuary. Concentrations of herbicides (atrazine, simazine, and metolachlor) peaked during early-summer, indicating a rapid surface-transport delivery pathway from agricultural areas, while their degradation products (CAT, CEAT, MESA, and MOA) appeared to be delivered via groundwater transport. Some in-river processing of CEAT occurred, whereas MESA was conservative. Observed concentrations of herbicide residues did not approach established levels of concern for aquatic organisms. Results of this study highlight the importance of continued implementation of best management practices to improve water quality in the estuary. This work provides a baseline against which to compare future changes in water quality and may be used to design future monitoring programs needed to assess restoration strategy efficacy. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Whitall, David] NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Hively, W. Dean; Hapeman, Cathleen J.; McConnell, Laura L.; Rice, Clifford P.; Codling, Eton; McCarty, Gregory W.; Sadeghi, Ali M.; Bialek, Krystyna] USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Hively, W. Dean] USGS, Eastern Geog Sci Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Leight, Andrew K.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. [Fisher, Thomas; Gustafson, Anne] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. RP Whitall, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, N SCI 1,SSMC4,9110,1305 E W Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dave.whitall@noaa.gov FU NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; USDA-NRCS; USDA-ARS FX Funding for this project was provided by NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, USDA-NRCS Special Emphasis Watershed CEAP (Assessment of Natural Resource Conservation Practice Effectiveness within the Choptank River Watershed), and USDA-ARS intramural research. NR 66 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 408 IS 9 BP 2096 EP 2108 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.006 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 580FZ UT WOS:000276434500010 PM 20171715 ER PT J AU Yordy, JE Wells, RS Balmer, BC Schwacke, LH Rowles, TK Kucklick, JR AF Yordy, Jennifer E. Wells, Randall S. Balmer, Brian C. Schwacke, Lori H. Rowles, Teri K. Kucklick, John R. TI Life history as a source of variation for persistent organic pollutant (POP) patterns in a community of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) resident to Sarasota Bay, FL SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Persistent organic pollutants; POPs; Contaminant mixtures; Life history; Bottlenose dolphin; Tursiops truncatus ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; IN-VITRO EXPOSURE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; UNITED-STATES; ST-LAWRENCE; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; LAGENORHYNCHUS-ACUTUS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD AB As apex predators within coastal ecosystems, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are prone to accumulate complex mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). While substantial variations in POP patterns have been previously observed in dolphin populations separated across regional- and fine-scale geographic ranges, less is known regarding the factors influencing contaminant patterns within localized populations. To assess the variation of POP mixtures that occurs among individuals of a population, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured in blubber and milk of bottlenose dolphins resident to Sarasota Bay, FL, and principal components analysis (PCA) was used to explain mixture variations in relation to age, sex and reproductive maturity. PCA demonstrated significant variations in contaminant mixtures within the resident dolphin community. POP patterns in juvenile dolphins resembled patterns in milk, the primary diet source, and were dominated by lower-halogenated PCBs and PBDEs. A significant correlation between principal component 2 (PC2) and age in male dolphins indicated that juvenile contaminant patterns gradually shifted away from the milk-like pattern over time. Metabolically-refractory PCBs significantly increased with age in male dolphins, whereas PCBs subject to cytochrome p450 1A1 metabolism did not, suggesting that changes in male POP patterns likely resulted from the selective accumulation of persistent POP congeners. Changes to POP patterns were gradual for juvenile females, but changed dramatically at reproductive maturity and gradually shifted back towards pre-parturient profiles thereafter. Congener-specific blubber/milk partition coefficients indicated that lower-halogenated POPs were selectively offloaded into milk and changes in adult female contaminant profiles likely resulted from the offloading of these compounds during the first reproductive event and their gradual re-accumulation thereafter. Overall, these results indicate that significant variations in contaminant mixtures can exist within localized populations of bottlenose dolphins, with life history factors such as age and sex driving individual differences. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Yordy, Jennifer E.; Kucklick, John R.] NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Yordy, Jennifer E.] Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Wells, Randall S.; Balmer, Brian C.] Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. [Schwacke, Lori H.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Human Hlth Risks, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Rowles, Teri K.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Yordy, JE (reprint author), NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jennifer.yordy@noaa.gov FU National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund; Dolphin Quest FX The authors thank the Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program staff members and volunteers, whose participation made sample collection possible. Rebecca Pugh, Michael Ellisor, and Jennifer Keller from NIST are also acknowledged for their help with the development of sample collection protocols and sample collection and storage. The efforts of Aleta Hohn for determining ages from teeth for some of the dolphins are much appreciated. We are also grateful to Gina Ylitalo for her review of this manuscript.; Funding was provided by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund, and Dolphin Quest. Sampling and health assessment research were conducted under NMFS Scientific Research Permits no. 522-1569 and no. 522-1785, issued to RSW. NR 65 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 EI 1879-1026 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 1 PY 2010 VL 408 IS 9 BP 2163 EP 2172 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.032 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 580FZ UT WOS:000276434500017 PM 20163825 ER PT J AU Elvidge, CD Keith, DM Tuttle, BT Baugh, KE AF Elvidge, Christopher D. Keith, David M. Tuttle, Benjamin T. Baugh, Kimberly E. TI Spectral Identification of Lighting Type and Character SO SENSORS LA English DT Article DE lighting types; lighting efficiency; photopic band; nighttime lights; Nightsat; LED ID THEMATIC MAPPER; NIGHT; CANCER; BREAST AB We investigated the optimal spectral bands for the identification of lighting types and the estimation of four major indices used to measure the efficiency or character of lighting. To accomplish these objectives we collected high-resolution emission spectra (350 to 2,500 nm) for forty-three different lamps, encompassing nine of the major types of lamps used worldwide. The narrow band emission spectra were used to simulate radiances in eight spectral bands including the human eye photoreceptor bands (photopic, scotopic, and "meltopic") plus five spectral bands in the visible and near-infrared modeled on bands flown on the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The high-resolution continuous spectra are superior to the broad band combinations for the identification of lighting type and are the standard for calculation of Luminous Efficacy of Radiation (LER), Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and Color Rendering Index (CRI). Given the high cost that would be associated with building and flying a hyperspectral sensor with detection limits low enough to observe nighttime lights we conclude that it would be more feasible to fly an instrument with a limited number of broad spectral bands in the visible to near infrared. The best set of broad spectral bands among those tested is blue, green, red and NIR bands modeled on the band set flown on the Landsat Thematic Mapper. This set provides low errors on the identification of lighting types and reasonable estimates of LER and CCT when compared to the other broad band set tested. None of the broad band sets tested could make reasonable estimates of Luminous Efficacy (LE) or CRI. The photopic band proved useful for the estimation of LER. However, the three photoreceptor bands performed poorly in the identification of lighting types when compared to the bands modeled on the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Our conclusion is that it is feasible to identify lighting type and make reasonable estimates of LER and CCT using four or more spectral bands with minimal spectral overlap spanning the 0.4 to 1.0 um region. C1 [Elvidge, Christopher D.] NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Earth Observat Grp, Solar & Terr Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Keith, David M.] Marshall Design Inc, Boulder, CO USA. [Tuttle, Benjamin T.; Baugh, Kimberly E.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Tuttle, Benjamin T.] Univ Denver, Dept Geog, Denver, CO USA. RP Elvidge, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Earth Observat Grp, Solar & Terr Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chris.elvidge@noaa.gov; david.keith@mindspring.com; ben.tuttle@noaa.gov; kim.baugh@noaa.gov RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 35 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 24 PU MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL-MDPI PI BASEL PA KANDERERSTRASSE 25, CH-4057 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1424-8220 J9 SENSORS-BASEL JI Sensors PD APR PY 2010 VL 10 IS 4 BP 3961 EP 3988 DI 10.3390/s100403961 PG 28 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 589OI UT WOS:000277159700080 PM 22319336 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI CONFIDENCE REGIONS FOR PARAMETERS OF LINEAR MODELS SO STATISTICA SINICA LA English DT Article DE Dirichlet averages; general linear model; jackknife variance estimators; meta-analysis; quadratic forms in normal vectors; weighted bootstrap ID STATISTICS AB A method is suggested for constructing a conservative confidence region for the parameters of a linear model on the basis of a linear estimator. In meta-analytical applications, when the results of independent but heterogeneous studies are to be combined, this region can be employed with little to no knowledge of error variances. The formulas for the smallest volume and the corresponding critical constant are derived. The method is compared to several resampling schemes by Monte Carlo simulation, and particular cases of one or two parameters are examined. C1 [Rukhin, Andrew L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Rukhin, Andrew L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andrew.rukhin@nist.gov FU NSA [H98230-06-1-0068] FX This research was supported by NSA grant #H98230-06-1-0068. The author is grateful to two referees for helpful comments. The help of F. Potra with the calculations in Section 4 is also acknowledged. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU STATISTICA SINICA PI TAIPEI PA C/O DR H C HO, INST STATISTICAL SCIENCE, ACADEMIA SINICA, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1017-0405 J9 STAT SINICA JI Stat. Sin. PD APR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 2 BP 787 EP 805 PG 19 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 593HC UT WOS:000277442600017 ER PT J AU Chaparro, C Bavier, R Kim, YS Kim, E Kline, JS Pappas, DP Oh, S AF Chaparro, Carlos Bavier, Richard Kim, Yong-Seung Kim, Eunyoung Kline, Jeffrey S. Pappas, David P. Oh, Seongshik TI Normal-state conductance used to probe superconducting tunnel junctions for quantum computing SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE; MAGNETORESISTANCE; BARRIERS; SYSTEMS AB Here we report normal-state conductance measurements of three different types of superconducting tunnel junctions that are being used or proposed for quantum computing applications: p-Al/a-AlO/p-Al, e-Re/e-AlO/p-Al, and e-V/e-MgO/p-V, where p stands for polycrystalline, e for epitaxial, and a for amorphous. All three junctions exhibited significant deviations from the parabolic behavior predicted by the WKB approximation models. In the p-Al/a-AlO/p-Al junction, we observed enhancement of tunneling conductances at voltages matching harmonics of Al-O stretching modes. On the other hand, such Al-O vibration modes were missing in the epitaxial e-Re/e-AlO/p-Al junction. This suggests that absence or existence of the Al-O stretching mode might be related to the crystallinity of the AlO tunnel barrier and the interface between the electrode and the barrier. In the e-V/e-MgO/p-V junction, which is one of the candidate systems for future superconducting qubits, we observed suppression of the density of states at zero bias. This implies that the interface is electronically disordered, presumably due to oxidation of the vanadium surface underneath the MgO barrier, even if the interface was structurally well ordered, suggesting that the e-V/e-MgO/p-V junction will not be suitable for qubit applications in its present form. This also demonstrates that the normal-state conductance measurement can be effectively used to screen out low quality samples in the search for better superconducting tunnel junctions. C1 [Chaparro, Carlos; Bavier, Richard; Kim, Yong-Seung; Kim, Eunyoung; Oh, Seongshik] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Kline, Jeffrey S.; Pappas, David P.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chaparro, C (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM carlosch@physics.rutgers.edu; ohsean@physics.rutgers.edu FU Institute for Advanced Materials and Devices (IAMDN); Department of Physics and Astronomy of Rutgers University; Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA); BBN FX This work was supported by the Institute for Advanced Materials and Devices (IAMDN), Department of Physics and Astronomy of Rutgers University, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) and BBN, and is a contribution of the US Government, not subject to copyright. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 4 AR 045002 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/23/4/045002 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 571MN UT WOS:000275756000004 ER PT J AU Coniglio, MC Elmore, KL Kain, JS Weiss, SJ Xue, M Weisman, ML AF Coniglio, Michael C. Elmore, Kimberly L. Kain, John S. Weiss, Steven J. Xue, Ming Weisman, Morris L. TI Evaluation of WRF Model Output for Severe Weather Forecasting from the 2008 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Experiment SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PART I; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; ENSEMBLE FORECASTS; COORDINATE MODEL; ETA-MODEL; CONVECTION; MESOSCALE; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; PRECIPITATION AB This study assesses forecasts of the preconvective and near-storm environments from the convection-allowing models run for the 2008 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) spring experiment Evaluating the performance of convection-allowing model, (CAMs) is important for encouraging their appropriate use and development for both research and operations Systematic errors in the CAM forecasts included a cold bias in mean 2-m and 850-hPa temperatures over most of the United States and smaller than observed vertical wind shear and 850-hPa moisture over the high plains The placement of airmass boundaries was similar in forecasts from the CAMs and the operational North American Mesoscale (NAM) model that provided the initial and boundary conditions This correspondence contributed to similar characteristics for spatial and temporal mean error patterns However, substantial errors were found in the CAM forecasts away from airmass boundaries The result is that the deterministic CAMs do not predict the environment as well as the NAM It is suggested that parameterized processes used at convection-allowing grid lengths. particularly in the boundary layer. may he contributing to these errors It is also shown that mean forecasts from an ensemble of CAMs were substantially more accurate than forecasts from deterministic CAMs If the improvement seen in the CAM forecasts when going from a deterministic framework to an ensemble framework is comparable to Improvements in mesoscale model forecasts when going from a deterministic to an ensemble framework. then an ensemble of mesoscale model forecasts could predict the environment even better than an ensemble of CAMs Therefore. it is suggested that the combination of mesoscale (convection parameterizing) and CAM configurations is an appropriate avenue to explore for optimizing the use of limited computer resources for severe weather forecasting applications C1 [Coniglio, Michael C.; Elmore, Kimberly L.; Kain, John S.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Weiss, Steven J.] NOAA, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. [Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Weisman, Morris L.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 47 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 408 EP 427 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222258.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400003 ER PT J AU Graham, RA Grumm, RH AF Graham, Randall A. Grumm, Richard H. TI Utilizing Normalized Anomalies to Assess Synoptic-Scale Weather Events in the Western United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; MOUNTAINS; RAINFALL; TORNADO; COAST AB Synoptic-scale weather events over the western United States are objectively ranked based on their associated tropospheric anomalies Data from the NCEP 6-h reanalysis fields from 1948 to 2006 are compared to a 30-yr (1971-2000) reanalysis climatology The relative rants' of an event is measured by the number of standard deviations that the 1000-200-hPa height. temperature. wind, and moisture fields depart from climatology The top 20 synoptic-scale events were identified over the western United States, adjacent eastern Pacific Ocean. Mexico, and Canada Events that composed the top 20 tended to he very anomalous in several. if not all four, of the atmospheric variables The events included the northern Intermountain West region heavy rainfall and Yellowstone tornado of mid-July 1987 (ranked 5th), the Montana floods of September 1986 (ranked 4th) and the historic 1962 "Columbus Day" windstorm in the Pacific Northwest (ranked 10th) In addition, the top 10 most anomalous events were identified for each month and for each of the variables investigated revealing additional significant weather events Finally, anomaly return periods were computed for each variable at a variety of levels To place a given anomaly in perspective for a specific level or element, forecasters need Information on the frequency with which that anomaly is observed These return periods can he utilized by forecasters to compare forecast anomalies to the actual occurrence of similar anomalies for the element and level of interest to gauge the potential significance of the event It is believed that this approach may allow forecasters to better understand the historical significance of an event and provide additional in to the user community C1 [Graham, Randall A.] Natl Weather Serv, Salt Lake City, UT USA. [Grumm, Richard H.] Natl Weather Serv, State Coll, PA USA. RP Graham, RA (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 2242 WN Temple, Salt Lake City, UT USA. FU National Weather Service, Salt Lake City FX The authors acknowledge Robert Hart for his insights and contributions related to examining synoptic scale anomalies The authors also thank Larry Dunn (Meteorologist-in-Charge, National Weather Service, Salt Lake City) for his support and encouragement of this research. We also recognize Monica Traphagan (National Weather Service, Salt Lake City) for her assistance in the generation of the anomaly return periods and Lisa Verzella and Michael Olson (University of Utah) for their assistance in examining past events. Finally, we greatly appreciate the constructive feedback provided by two anonymous reviewers NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 428 EP 445 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222273.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400004 ER PT J AU Corfidi, SF Weiss, SJ Kain, JS Corfidi, SJ Rabin, RM Levit, JJ AF Corfidi, Stephen F. Weiss, Steven J. Kain, John S. Corfidi, Sarah J. Rabin, Robert M. Levit, Jason J. TI Revisiting the 3-4 April 1974 Super Outbreak of Tornadoes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; COLD FRONTS; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; ORGANIZATION; CONVECTION; EVOLUTION; MOTION; EAST AB The Super Outbreak of tornadoes over the central and eastern United States on 3-4 April 1974 remains the most outstanding severe convective weather episode on record in the continental United States The outbreak far surpassed previous and succeeding events in severity, longevity, and extent In this paper, sui face, upper-air, radar, and satellite data are used to provide an updated synoptic and subsynoptic overview of the event Emphasis is placed on identifying the major factors that contributed to the development of the three main convective bands associated with the outbreak, and on identifying the conditions that may have contributed to the outstanding number of intense and long-lasting tornadoes Selected output from a 29-km, 50-layer version of the Eta forecast model, a version similar to that available operationally in the mid-1990s, also is presented to help depict the evolution of thermodynamic stability during the event C1 [Corfidi, Stephen F.; Weiss, Steven J.; Levit, Jason J.] NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Kain, John S.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Corfidi, Sarah J.; Rabin, Robert M.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Corfidi, SF (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Ste 2300, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 5 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 465 EP 510 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222297.1 PG 46 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400006 ER PT J AU Cohen, AE Cangialosi, JP AF Cohen, Ariel E. Cangialosi, John P. TI An Observational and High-Resolution Model Analysis of Gale Wind Events in the Gulf of California SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WEATHER PREDICTION; OPERATIONAL IMPACT; QUIKSCAT WINDS; GAP FLOW; PACIFIC AB The Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Hurricane Center in Miami. Florida. provides hid-seas forecasts to portions of the eastern Pacific Ocean, including the Gulf of California These forecasts include wind velocity and significant wave height forecasts and are in by forecast winds of at least 20 kt (10 3 m s(-1)) or significant wave heights of at least 8 ft (2 4 m) The Gulf of California is a commonly traveled area, where winds are highly modulated by neat by terrain variations This provides a unique forecast challenge, especially in the absence of regular surface observations In October and November 2008. the NOAA R/V David Stan Jordan was stationed in the Gulf of California and occasionally reported gale force winds [34-47 kt (17 5-24 2 m s(-1))]. which operational models regularly missed A ship log of these events provided the basis for determining mean and anomaly fields for a handful of meteorological variables, from which a conceptual model On the synoptic-scale environment supporting these events is presented An index based on the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) difference between Ely. Nevada and Yuma. Arizona. was developed to measure the potential for gales. which was found to be statistically significant in discriminating between "gale" and "marginal wind" events The fifth-generation NCAR-Pennsylvania State University Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to conduct doubly nested high-resolution simulations centered on the Gulf of California These simulations appeared to resolve the gales better than traditional global model guidance, lending credence toward the need for high-resolution modeling in areas of highly variable terrain Relatively small errors were found in MM5 output using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Quick Scatterometer (Quik-SCAT) data as verification C1 [Cohen, Ariel E.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Weather Forecast Off, Jackson, MS USA. [Cangialosi, John P.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Cohen, AE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Weather Forecast Off, 234 Weather Serv Dr, Flowood, MS 39232 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 613 EP 626 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222319.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400013 ER PT J AU Moninger, WR Benjamin, SG Jamison, BA Schlatter, TW Smith, TL Szoke, EJ AF Moninger, William R. Benjamin, Stanley G. Jamison, Brian A. Schlatter, Thomas W. Smith, Tracy Lorraine Szoke, Edward J. TI Evaluation of Regional Aircraft Observations Using TAMDAR SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID RANGE FORECAST IMPACT; ASSIMILATION; CYCLE; RUC; PROFILER AB A multiyear evaluation of a regional aircraft observation system [Tropospheric Aircraft Meteorological Data Reports (TAMDAR)] is presented TAMDAR observation errors are compared with errors in traditional reports from commercial aircraft [aircraft meteorological data reports (AMDAR)], and the in pacts of TAMDAR observations on forecasts from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) over a 3-yr period are evaluated Because of the high vertical resolution of TAMDAR observations near the surface, a novel verification system has been developed and employed that compares RUC forecasts against taobs every 10 hPa, this revealed TAMDAR-related positive impacts on RUC forecasts-particularly for relative humidity forecasts-that were not evident when only raob mandatory levels were considered In addition, multiple retrospective experiments were performed over two 10-day periods. One in winter and one in summer, these allowed for the assessment of the IMPACTS of various data assimilation strategies and varying data resolutions TAMDAR's impacts on 3-h RUC forecasts of temperature. relative humidity, and wind are found to be positive and, for temperature and relative humidity, substantial in the region. altitude. and time range over which TAMDAR-equipped aircraft operated during the studied period of analysis C1 [Moninger, William R.; Benjamin, Stanley G.; Jamison, Brian A.; Schlatter, Thomas W.; Smith, Tracy Lorraine; Szoke, Edward J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Moninger, WR (reprint author), ERSL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. RI Smith, Tracy/C-7619-2015; Schlatter, Thomas /E-7480-2015; Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015; Szoke, Edward/K-1477-2015; moninger, william/G-4910-2015; Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 OI Smith, Tracy/0000-0002-7189-4027; Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236; Szoke, Edward/0000-0001-9524-7193; moninger, william/0000-0003-0716-4721; FU Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) [DTFAWA-03-X-02000] FX This research is in response to requirements and funding by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) under Interagency Agreement DTFAWA-03-X-02000. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the FAA or NASA We thank Bradley Ballish (NWS/NCEP), John M Brown (ESRL/GSD), and an anonymous reviewer for their very helpful comments and suggestions. We also thank Annie Reiser (ESRL/GSD) for her careful editing. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 627 EP 645 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222321.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400014 ER PT J AU Brennan, MJ Cobb, HD Knabb, RD AF Brennan, Michael J. Cobb, Hugh D., III Knabb, Richard D. TI Observations of Gulf of Tehuantepec Gap Wind Events from QuikSCAT: An Updated Event Climatology and Operational Model Evaluation SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; WEATHER PREDICTION; CENTRAL-AMERICA; PACIFIC COAST; SURFACE WINDS; IMPACT; JETS AB A climatology of gale- and storm-force gap wind events in the Gulf of Tehuantepec is constructed for the first time using 10 yr of ocean surface vector wind data from the SeaWinds scatterometer on board NASA's Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite These wind events are among the most severe that occur within the National Hurricane Center's (NHC) area of marine forecasting responsibility outside of tropical cyclones The 10-yr climatology indicates that on average 11 9 gale-force events and 64 storm-force events occur in the Gulf of Tehuantepec each cold season About 84% of these events occur between November and March, with the largest number of gale-force events occurring in December Storm-force events are most frequent in January Operational numerical weather prediction model forecasts of these events from the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) and North American Mesoscale (NAM) models were evaluated during the 2006/07 cold season Results show that neither model is able to consistently forecast storm-force Tehuantepec wind events, however, the models do have sonic ability to forecast gale-force events The NAM model showed a significant increase in probability of detection over the GFS. possibly due to increased horizontal and vertical resolutions as well as differences in boundary layer mixing and surface flux schemes Finally, the prospects of observing these gap wind events in the post-QuikSCAT era will be discussed C1 [Brennan, Michael J.; Cobb, Hugh D., III; Knabb, Richard D.] NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Brennan, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. FU NOAA FX The first author was employed as a UCAR visiting scientist at NHC under the direction of the third author when this study was conducted. Support for this work was provided by the NOAA Research to Operations Program. Thanks to Mr Greg McFadden of the Ocean Prediction Center for providing the original code to create gridded QuikSCAT files for GEMPAK. Thanks to Dr. Chris Landsea and Scott Stripling of NHC, and Bill Ward of NWS Pacific Region Headquarters for providing comments on this manuscript. Finally, appreciation is extended to two reviewers for providing numerous comments that improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 646 EP 658 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222324.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400015 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V Smith, T AF Lakshmanan, Valliappa Smith, Travis TI An Objective Method of Evaluating and Devising Storm-Tracking Algorithms SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; TITAN AB Although storm-tracking algorithms are a key ingredient of nowcasting systems, evaluation of storm-tracking algorithms has been indirect, labor intensive, or nonspecific. A set of easily computable hulk statistics that can be used to directly evaluate the performance of tracking algorithms on specific characteristics is introduced These statistics are used to evaluate five widely used storm-tracking algorithms on a diverse set of radar reflectivity data cases Based on this objective evaluation, a storm-tracking algorithm is devised that performs consistently and better than any of the previously suggested techniques C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. FU NOAA-OU [NA17RJ1227] FX Funding for the authors was provided under NOAA-OU Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227 We gratefully acknowledge useful discussions with Benjamin Root and Madison Burnett Brett Roberts carried out some of the initial studies on which this paper is based. NR 13 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 701 EP 709 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222330.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400018 ER PT J AU Cucurull, L AF Cucurull, L. TI Improvement in the Use of an Operational Constellation of GPS Radio Occultation Receivers in Weather Forecasting SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERE; NCEP AB As of May 2007. the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) implemented a new Global Data Assimilation System This system incorporated the assimilation of global positioning system (C I'S) radio occultation (RO) profiles from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology. Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) mission, which was launched in April 2006 Since then, this new type of observation has been shown to provide additional information on the the state of the atmosphere. resulting in a significant Increase in the model skill Recent updates of the analysis and modeling codes have required a revision of the algorithm that assimilates G PS RO data In addition. some modifications in the processing of the observations have further enhanced the need for a revisiting of the assimilation code Better characterizations of the quality control procedures, observation error structure, and forward modeling for the GPS RO observations are described The updated system significantly improves the data usage. in particular in the tropics Different sets of the atmospheric refractive indices are also evaluated in this study The model performance is proven to be quite sensitive to the chosen coefficients and a reevaluation of these constants is recommended within the GPS community The new assimilation configuration results in an improvement in the anomaly cot relation scores for the Southern Hemisphere extratropics (similar to 45 h for the 500-mb geopotential heights at day 7) and a reduction of the high- and low-level tropical wind errors. Overall. the benefits of using COSMIC on top of all the other observations used in the operational system are still very significant The loss in model skill when COSMIC is removed from the observing system is remarkable at day 4 (similar to 8 h) and steadily increases beyond 12 h with the extended forecast lane C1 [Cucurull, L.] NOAA, NESD, STAR, Washington, DC USA. [Cucurull, L.] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assumlat, Washington, DC USA. RP Cucurull, L (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Cucurull, Lidia/E-8900-2015 NR 17 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 749 EP 767 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222302.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400021 ER PT J AU Ellrod, GP Knox, JA AF Ellrod, Gary P. Knox, John A. TI Improvements to an Operational Clear-Air Turbulence Diagnostic Index by Addition of a Divergence Trend Term SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID COMMERCIAL AVIATION ACCIDENTS; ENVIRONMENTS; LEVEL; FLOW AB All operational clear-an turbulence (CAT) diagnostic index has been modified to improve its performance The Elltod-Knapp turbulence index (TI) was developed in the early 1990s and is in use at many aviation forecasting facilities worldwide It has been recognized. however. that TI often does not sufficiently account for situations where anticyclonic shear or curvature is present The proposed modification to TI is based on the addition of a proxy term for divergence tendency, appropriate for both anticyclonic flow and gravity wave generation in cyclonic regions Examples show how the modified index [referred to as the divergence-modified turbulence index (DTI)] leads to better anticipation of significant CAT for two scenarios where rapid divergence changes were occurring Preliminary objective evaluation of the 6-h forecast DTI derived it out the Rapid Update Cycle-2 (RUC-2) was completed for 2 months in 2007 (using mole than 1 100 pilot reports) Results showed significant improvements over TI, based on verification metrics such as the probability of detection of turbulence (POD(y)) and the true skill statistic (TSS) Further evaluation is planned using a larger database of pilot reports. as well as forecast data from additional state-of-the-art prediction models. altitude ranges and forecast times C1 [Ellrod, Gary P.] NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Knox, John A.] Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Ellrod, GP (reprint author), POB 240, Granby, CT 06035 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 789 EP 798 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222290.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400023 ER PT J AU Bunkers, MJ Weetenkamp, JR Schild, JJ AF Bunkers, Matthew J. Weetenkamp, John R., Jr. Schild, Jeffrey J. TI Observations of the Relationship between 700-mb Temperatures and Severe Weather Reports across the Contiguous United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN REGIONAL REANALYSIS; CONVECTION INITIATION; TORNADO; PROBABILITY; SUPERCELL; PLAINS AB The relationship between 700-mb temperatures and convective severe storm reports is examined using (laid from 1993 to 2006 for the contiguous United States Severe storm reports are used as a rough "proxy" for the occurrence of deep moist convection, and spatial and temporal distributions of 700-mb temperatures associated with these repot is are analyzed Secondarily the distributions ate assessed by individual severe storm report type, and convective inhibition also is evaluated The motivation for this study is derived from the occasionally used 10 degrees-12 degrees C at 700 mb rule of thumb for estimating the extent and strength of the capping inversion Whereas there is a semblance of merit for using this rule at times, its utility is shown to be strongly dependent on 1) geographic location. particularly with respect to surface elevation and the frequency of elevated mixed layers. and 2) the time of year Calculation of convective inhibition, careful examination of the sounding. and assessment of lifting mechanisms likely are more valuable than 700-mb temperatures when forecasting the potential for deep moist convection and severe storms C1 [Bunkers, Matthew J.; Weetenkamp, John R., Jr.; Schild, Jeffrey J.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Bunkers, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 300 E Signal Dr, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. FU WFO Rapid City, South Dakota FX We are indebted to the following individuals for their help with this research protect (i) Steve Byrd, Stephen Corfidi, Dan Lindsey. Bob Maddox, and Steve Weiss for providing background information and references. (ii) Phil Schumacher for his support with GEMPAK and NARR data, as well as for his early discussions on this project: (iii) Al Pietrycha for providing the data for Fig. 1. (iv) Geoff Manikin for providing information on the NARR MUCIN calculations: (v) Jon Davies. Chuck Doswell, Roger Edwards, Jonathan Garner, Patrick Kerrm, Jeff Passner, Harald Richter, Glen Romme, Jeff Snyder, Greg Stumpf, and Rich Thompson for correspondence on the usage of 700-mb temperatures for capping: and (vi) Kyle Carstens, Eric Helgeson. Jeff Johnson. Jeff Manion, Paul Smith, Jon Zeitler, and two anonymous reviewers for providing a review of this manuscript. We also would like to thank Dave Carpenter (meteorologist in charge, WFO Rapid City, South Dakota) for supporting this work NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 2 BP 799 EP 814 DI 10.1175/2009WAF2222333.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610AQ UT WOS:000278701400024 ER PT J AU Merino, JH Huval, D Nyman, AJ AF Merino, Joy H. Huval, Dayna Nyman, Andy J. TI Implication of nutrient and salinity interaction on the productivity of Spartina patens SO WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Salt stress; Nutrient limitation; Marsh accretion; River reintroduction ID FRESH-WATER REINTRODUCTION; SALT-MARSH; AIT MUHL; LOUISIANA; SEDIMENT; ACCRETION; ACCUMULATION; RESPONSES; NITROGEN; ESTUARY AB Reintroduction of fresh water to coastal systems with altered hydrologic regimes is a management option for restoring degraded wetland habitats. Plant production in these systems is believed to be enhanced by increased nutrient availability and reduced salinity. Although studies have documented nutrient limitation and salinity stress in coastal marshes, interpreting the effects of freshwater reintroduction on plant production is difficult because high nutrient availability often is confounded with low salinity. We tested the hypothesis that plant growth response to nutrients does not vary with salinity in a greenhouse study. Treatments consisted of four nutrient concentrations and four non-lethal salinity levels; plant response was measured as biomass accumulation after 144 days of exposure. The significant interaction between salinity and nutrient concentrations indicates that response of Spartina patens marshes to freshwater inflows would vary by site-specific soil conditions. Biomass decreased with increased salinity at all four nutrient concentrations with variation among the nutrient concentrations decreasing as salinity increased. We demonstrate the importance of considering ambient salinity and nutrient soil conditions in restoration planning involving freshwater inflow. We propose salinity should remain a primary concern in restoration plans targeted at improving degraded S. patens-dominated marsh habitat. C1 [Merino, Joy H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Huval, Dayna] Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. [Nyman, Andy J.] Louisiana State Univ, Sch Renewable Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Merino, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 646 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM joy.merino@noaa.gov OI Nyman, John/0000-0002-9792-9072 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-4861 J9 WETL ECOL MANAG JI Wetl. Ecol. Manag. PD APR PY 2010 VL 18 IS 2 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1007/s11273-008-9124-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 571MM UT WOS:000275755900001 ER PT J AU Langford, AO Senff, CJ Alvarez, RJ Banta, RM Hardesty, RM AF Langford, A. O. Senff, C. J. Alvarez, R. J., II Banta, R. M. Hardesty, R. M. TI Long-range transport of ozone from the Los Angeles Basin: A case study SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AIR POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; COASTAL ENVIRONMENT; SEA-BREEZE; SMOG; LAYERS AB Airborne lidar measurements of ozone above the Los Angeles Basin on 17 July 2009 show orographic lifting of ozone from the surface to the free troposphere by the San Gabriel Mountains. Mixing ratios in excess of 100 parts per-billion-by-volume (ppbv) were measured similar to 4 km above mean sea level (ASL). These observations are in excellent agreement with published model studies, confirming that topographic venting by the so called "mountain chimney effect" is a potentially important pathway for removal of pollutants from the Los Angeles Basin. The lofting of ozone and other pollutants into the free troposphere also greatly increases the potential for long-range transport from the Basin, and trajectory calculations suggest that some of this ozone may have been transported similar to 1000 km to eastern Utah and western Colorado. Citation: Langford, A.O.,C. J. Senff, R. J. Alvarez II, R. M. Banta, and R. M. Hardesty (2010), Long-range transport of ozone from the Los Angeles Basin: A case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06807, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042507. C1 [Langford, A. O.; Senff, C. J.; Alvarez, R. J., II; Banta, R. M.; Hardesty, R. M.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Langford, AO (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway,R CSD3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrew.o.langford@noaa.gov RI Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; FU NOAA Health of the Atmosphere program FX We thank Ann Weickmann, Scott Sandberg, Richard Marchbanks, and Alan Brewer for help with the ozone measurements. We would also like to acknowledge support from the NOAA Health of the Atmosphere program and the flight crew of the NOAA Twin Otter research aircraft. Finally, we thank Richard Turco for permission to reproduce the model results shown in Figure 3a, and the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory for providing the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and READY Web site (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.php) used in this publication. NR 16 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L06807 DI 10.1029/2010GL042507 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 578SB UT WOS:000276314400003 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ AF Curry, J. J. TI Monte Carlo simulation of photon scattering in x-ray absorption imaging of high-intensity discharge lamps SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Coherent and incoherent scattering of x-rays during x-ray absorption imaging of high-intensity discharge lamps have been studied with Monte Carlo simulations developed specifically for this purpose. The Monte Carlo code is described and some initial results are discussed. Coherent scattering, because of its angular concentration in the forward direction, is found to be the most significant scattering mechanism. Incoherent scattering, although comparably strong, is not as significant because it results primarily in photons being scattered in the rearward direction and therefore out of the detector. Coherent scattering interferes with the detected absorption signal because the path of a scattered photon through the object to be imaged is unknown. Although scattering is usually a small effect, it can be significant in regions of high contrast. At the discharge/wall interface, as many as 50% of the detected photons are scattered photons. The effect of scattering on analysis of IIg distributions has not yet been quantified. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjcurry@nist.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD MAR 31 PY 2010 VL 43 IS 23 AR 234001 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/43/23/234001 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 601OS UT WOS:000278072300002 ER PT J AU Montes-Hugo, M Sweeney, C Doney, SC Ducklow, H Frouin, R Martinson, DG Stammerjohn, S Schofield, O AF Montes-Hugo, Martin Sweeney, Colm Doney, Scott C. Ducklow, Hugh Frouin, Robert Martinson, Douglas G. Stammerjohn, Sharon Schofield, Oscar TI Seasonal forcing of summer dissolved inorganic carbon and chlorophyll a on the western shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NET COMMUNITY PRODUCTION; SEA-ICE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIABILITY; SURFACE WATERS; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; ANNUAL CYCLE; MIXED-LAYER; ZONE WEST; OXYGEN AB The Southern Ocean is a climatically sensitive region that plays an important role in the regional and global modulation of atmospheric CO(2). Based on satellite-derived sea ice data, wind and cloudiness estimates from numerical models (National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis), and in situ measurements of surface (0-20 m depth) chlorophyll a (Chl(Surf)) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC(Surf)) concentration, we show sea ice concentration from June to November and spring wind patterns between 1979 and 2006 had a significant influence on midsummer (January) primary productivity and carbonate chemistry for the Western Shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP, 64 degrees-68 degrees S, 63.4 degrees-73.3 degrees W). In general, strong (>3.5 m s(-1)) and persistent (> 2 months) northerly winds during the previous spring were associated with relatively high (monthly mean > 2 mg m(-3)) Chl(Surf) and low (monthly mean <2 mmol kg(-1)) salinity-corrected DIC (DIC(Surf)*) during midsummer. The greater Chl(Surf) accumulation and DIC(Surf)* depletion was attributed to an earlier growing season characterized by decreased spring sea ice cover or nearshore accumulation of phytoplankton in association with sea ice. The impact of these wind-driven mechanisms on Chl(Surf) and DIC(Surf)* depended on the extent of sea ice area (SIA) during winter. Winter SIA affected phytoplankton blooms by changing the upper mixed layer depth (UMLD) during the subsequent spring and summer (December-January-February). Midsummer DIC(Surf)* was not related to DIC(Surf)* concentration during the previous summer, suggesting an annual replenishment of surface DIC during fall/winter and a relatively stable pool of deep (> 200 m depth) "winter-like" DIC on the WAP. C1 [Montes-Hugo, Martin; Schofield, Oscar] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, Sch Environm & Biol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Sweeney, Colm] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Doney, Scott C.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Ducklow, Hugh] Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Frouin, Robert] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Martinson, Douglas G.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Stammerjohn, Sharon] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Montes-Hugo, M (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, Sch Environm & Biol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM montes@marine.rutgers.edu RI Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; OI Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; schofield, oscar/0000-0003-2359-4131; STAMMERJOHN, SHARON/0000-0002-1697-8244 FU NSF OPP [0217282, 0823101] FX We thank Richard Iannuzzi at LDEO for processing CTD data, the Ocean Color Group at NASA for free distribution of satellite imagery, and Wesley Ebisuzaki at NOAA for his advice in interpreting NCEP-NCAR products. This research is part of the Palmer Antarctica Long-term Ecological Research Project (http://pal.lternet.edu/). It was supported by NSF OPP grants 0217282 to HWD at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science and 0823101 to HWD at the MBL. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 30 PY 2010 VL 115 AR C03024 DI 10.1029/2009JC005267 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 578SS UT WOS:000276316300002 ER PT J AU Trick, CG Bill, BD Cochlan, WP Wells, ML Trainer, VL Pickell, LD AF Trick, Charles G. Bill, Brian D. Cochlan, William P. Wells, Mark L. Trainer, Vera L. Pickell, Lisa D. TI Iron enrichment stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE carbon sequestering; domoic acid; ocean iron fertilization; Pseudonitzschia; toxicity ID SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION; CONTINUOUS-CULTURE SYSTEM; PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENT; SEA LIONS; ECOSYSTEM; WATERS AB Oceanic high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll environments have been highlighted for potential large-scale iron fertilizations to help mitigate global climate change. Controversy surrounds these initiatives, both in the degree of carbon removal and magnitude of ecosystem impacts. Previous open ocean enrichment experiments have shown that iron additions stimulate growth of the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudonitzschia. Most Pseudonitzschia species in coastal waters produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), with their blooms causing detrimental marine ecosystem impacts, but oceanic Pseudonitzschia species are considered nontoxic. Here we demonstrate that the sparse oceanic Pseudonitzschia community at the high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll Ocean Station PAPA( 50 degrees N, 145 degrees W) produces approximately 200 pg DA L(-1) in response to iron addition, that DA alters phytoplankton community structure to benefit Pseudonitzschia, and that oceanic cell isolates are toxic. Given the negative effects of DA in coastal food webs, these findings raise serious concern over the net benefit and sustainability of large-scale iron fertilizations. C1 [Trick, Charles G.] Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Trick, Charles G.] Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Bill, Brian D.; Cochlan, William P.] San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. [Bill, Brian D.; Trainer, Vera L.] NOAA, Marine Biotoxin Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Cochlan, William P.; Wells, Mark L.; Pickell, Lisa D.] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Trick, CG (reprint author), Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. EM trick@uwo.ca FU US Department of Energy-Ocean Carbon Sequestration; United States National Science Foundation-Chemical Oceanography; NSERC; West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health as part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceans and Human Health Initiative; National Marine Fisheries Service FX We thank N. Lundholm and R. Horner for confirmation of Pseudonitzschia species and B. T. Eberhart for assistance with the cELISA. We acknowledge the at-sea assistance of M. E. Auro, J. N. Betts, J. Herndon, and R. L. Radan (Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University), in addition to the officers and crew of the R/V Thomas G. Thompson. This research was funded through grants from the US Department of Energy-Ocean Carbon Sequestration and United States National Science Foundation-Chemical Oceanography (to W. P. C., C. G. T., and M. L. W.), an NSERC Discovery grant (C. G. T.), a grant from the West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health as part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceans and Human Health Initiative (B. D. B. and V. L. T.), and a grant from the National Marine Fisheries Service Advanced Studies program (B.D.B) NR 48 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 7 U2 60 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 30 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 13 BP 5887 EP 5892 DI 10.1073/pnas.0910579107 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 576QA UT WOS:000276159500036 PM 20231473 ER PT J AU Chan, CK Richter, LJ Dinardo, B Jaye, C Conrad, BR Ro, HW Germack, DS Fischer, DA DeLongchamp, DM Gundlach, DJ AF Chan, Calvin K. Richter, Lee J. Dinardo, Brad Jaye, Cherno Conrad, Brad R. Ro, Hyun Wook Germack, David S. Fischer, Daniel A. DeLongchamp, Dean M. Gundlach, David J. TI High performance airbrushed organic thin film transistors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; carrier mobility; optical microscopy; organic semiconductors; semiconductor thin films; thin film transistors; XANES ID SOLAR-CELLS; SEMICONDUCTOR AB Spray-deposited poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) transistors were characterized using electrical and structural methods. Thin-film transistors with octyltrichlorosilane treated gate dielectrics and spray-deposited P3HT active layers exhibited a saturation regime mobility as high as 0.1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is comparable to the best mobilities observed in high molecular mass P3HT transistors prepared using other methods. Optical and atomic force microscopy showed the presence of individual droplets with an average diameter of 20 mu m and appreciable large-scale film inhomogeneities. Despite these inhomogeneities, near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of the device-relevant channel interface indicated excellent orientation of the P3HT. C1 [Chan, Calvin K.; Richter, Lee J.; Dinardo, Brad; Jaye, Cherno; Conrad, Brad R.; Ro, Hyun Wook; Germack, David S.; Fischer, Daniel A.; DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Gundlach, David J.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chan, CK (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM calvin.chan@nist.gov RI Chan, Calvin/A-5772-2008; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016; OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724; Conrad, Brad/0000-0001-5192-2441 FU NIST/NRC FX Financial support from the NIST/NRC Postdoctoral Associateship for C. K. C. and B. R. C. is gratefully acknowledged. NR 20 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 29 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 13 AR 133304 DI 10.1063/1.3360230 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 578EC UT WOS:000276275300061 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Porcar, L Hong, KL Shew, CY Li, X Liu, E Butler, PD Herwig, KW Smith, GS Chen, WR AF Liu, Yun Porcar, Lionel Hong, Kunlun Shew, Chwen-Yang Li, Xin Liu, Emily Butler, Paul D. Herwig, Kenneth W. Smith, Gregory S. Chen, Wei-Ren TI Effect of counterion valence on the pH responsiveness of polyamidoamine dendrimer structure SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE association; neutron diffraction; pH; polymer structure; statistical mechanics; thermodynamics ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POLY(AMIDOAMINE) PAMAM DENDRIMERS; INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; POLYELECTROLYTE DENDRIMERS; CHARGED DENDRIMER; GENERATION; PARTICLES; SOLVENT AB An accurate determination of the structure characteristics of protonated generation 5 polyamidoamine dendrimers in aqueous solution has been conducted by analyzing the small angle neutron scattering databased on a statistical mechanics model. In our investigation, the primary focus is to elucidate the effect of counterion valence on the counterion association and its impact on the intramolecular density profile within a dendrimer. In the range of our study for molecular protonation, a strong dependence of the structural properties of charged dendrimers on counterion valence is revealed. Our findings indicate that the association of a large amount of divalent counterions significantly reduces the effective charge of a dendrimer molecule. Surprisingly, no discernible transition of the density distribution profile is observed for the dendrimer charged by D(2)SO(4), as opposed to our previous observation of a pronounced transition in intramolecular density profile for the dendrimer charged by DCl. These findings may be understood from the thermodynamic processes of counterions. C1 [Liu, Yun; Butler, Paul D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Liu, Yun] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Porcar, Lionel] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. [Hong, Kunlun] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Shew, Chwen-Yang] CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Chem, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. [Li, Xin; Liu, Emily] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Herwig, Kenneth W.; Smith, Gregory S.; Chen, Wei-Ren] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chen, Wei-Ren] Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Liu, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chenw@ornl.gov RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011; Herwig, Kenneth/F-4787-2011; Liu, Yun/F-6516-2012; Smith, Gregory/D-1659-2016; Hong, Kunlun/E-9787-2015 OI Liu, Yun/0000-0002-0944-3153; Smith, Gregory/0000-0001-5659-1805; Hong, Kunlun/0000-0002-2852-5111 FU ORNL [05125, 05272]; NSF [DMR-0454672]; SUFD BES, U.S. DOE; City University of New York FX We gratefully acknowledge the support from the LDRD Program (Project ID No. 05125 and 05272) of ORNL. The support of the NCNR NIST, U.S. DOC in providing the neutron research facilities supported under NSF Agreement No. DMR-0454672 is also acknowledged. Part of this research was carried out at CNMS ORNL sponsored by the SUFD BES, U.S. DOE. We also thank the support from the City University of New York PSC grants. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 28 PY 2010 VL 132 IS 12 AR 124901 DI 10.1063/1.3358349 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 577GF UT WOS:000276209700042 PM 20370144 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Simien, DO Fagan, JA Huh, JY Chung, JY Hudson, SD Obrzut, J Douglas, JF Stafford, CM AF Hobbie, E. K. Simien, D. O. Fagan, J. A. Huh, J. Y. Chung, J. Y. Hudson, S. D. Obrzut, J. Douglas, J. F. Stafford, C. M. TI Wrinkling and Strain Softening in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Membranes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INDUCED ALIGNMENT; THIN-FILMS; LENGTH; MECHANICS AB The nonlinear elasticity of thin supported membranes assembled from length purified single-wall carbon nanotubes is analyzed through the wrinkling instability that develops under uniaxial compression. In contrast with thin polymer films, pristine nanotube membranes exhibit strong softening under finite strain associated with bond slip and network fracture. We model the response as a shift in percolation threshold generated by strain-induced nanotube alignment in accordance with theoretical predictions. C1 [Hobbie, E. K.] N Dakota State Univ, Dept Phys, Dept Coatings & Polymer Mat, Fargo, ND 58108 USA. [Simien, D. O.] W Virginia Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Fagan, J. A.; Huh, J. Y.; Chung, J. Y.; Hudson, S. D.; Obrzut, J.; Douglas, J. F.; Stafford, C. M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Phys, Dept Coatings & Polymer Mat, Fargo, ND 58108 USA. EM erik.hobbie@ndsu.edu RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; OI Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554 NR 29 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 39 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 26 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 12 AR 125505 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.125505 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 575MY UT WOS:000276072400031 PM 20366547 ER PT J AU McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Lott, PA AF McFadden, G. B. Coriell, S. R. Lott, P. A. TI Onset of convection in two layers of a binary liquid SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID MONOTECTIC COMPOSITE GROWTH; THERMOCAPILLARY INSTABILITIES; FLUID; DIFFUSION; PHASE; FLOW AB We perform linear stability calculations for horizontal bilayers of a two-component fluid that can undergo a phase transformation, taking into account both buoyancy effects and thermocapillary effects in the presence of a vertical temperature gradient. Critical values for the applied temperature difference across the system that is necessary to produce instability are obtained by a linear stability analysis, using both numerical computations and small wavenumber approximations. Thermophysical properties are taken from the aluminum indium monotectic system, which includes a liquid liquid miscibility gap. In addition to buoyant and thermocapillary modes of instability, we find an oscillatory phase-change instability due to the combined effects of solute diffusion and fluid flow that persists at small wavenumbers. This mode is sensitive to the ratio of the layer depths, and for certain layer depths can occur for heating from either above or below. C1 [McFadden, G. B.; Coriell, S. R.; Lott, P. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McFadden, GB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mcfadden@nist.gov RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD MAR 25 PY 2010 VL 647 BP 105 EP 124 DI 10.1017/S002211200999396X PG 20 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 584YE UT WOS:000276789600008 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Murray, BT AF Anderson, Daniel M. McFadden, Geoffrey B. Coriell, Sam R. Murray, Bruce T. TI Convective instabilities during the solidification of an ideal ternary alloy in a mushy layer SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION; DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION; BINARY-ALLOYS; THERMOSOLUTAL CONVECTION; NONLINEAR-ANALYSIS; FRECKLE FORMATION; COOLED BOUNDARY; ONSET; MACROSEGREGATION; COMPONENT AB We consider a model for the solidification of an ideal ternary alloy in a mushy layer that incorporates the effects of thermal and solutal diffusion, convection and solidification. Our results reveal that although the temperature and solute fields are constrained to the liquidus surface of the phase diagram, the system still admits double-diffusive modes of instability. Additionally, modes of instability exist even in situations in which the thermal and solute fields are each individually stable from a static point of view. We identify these instabilities for a general model in which the base-state solution and its linear stability are computed numerically. We then highlight these instabilities in a much simpler model that admits an analytical solution. C1 [Anderson, Daniel M.] George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Anderson, Daniel M.; McFadden, Geoffrey B.; Murray, Bruce T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Coriell, Sam R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Murray, Bruce T.] SUNY Binghamton, Dept Mech Engn, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM danders1@gmu.edu RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 FU US National Science Foundation [DMS-0709095] FX We would like to acknowledge many beneficial discussions with Stephen Davis on fluid dynamics and materials science phenomena. The authors thank Peter Guba for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. DMA would like to acknowledge support from the US National Science Foundation (DMS-0709095). NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD MAR 25 PY 2010 VL 647 BP 309 EP 333 DI 10.1017/S0022112009993740 PG 25 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 584YE UT WOS:000276789600018 ER PT J AU Beers, KL AF Beers, Kathryn L. TI Challenges in sustainability for polymer chemistry SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Beers, Kathryn L.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 4-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304604 ER PT J AU Bhangale, AS Kundu, S Xie, WC Wallace, WE Flynn, KM Beers, KL Gross, RA AF Bhangale, Atul S. Kundu, Santanu Xie, Wenchun Wallace, William E. Flynn, Kathleen M. Beers, Kathryn L. Gross, Richard A. TI Impact of immobilization supports for polyester synthesis activity of Candida antartica lipase B SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NYU, Polytech Inst, Brooklyn, NY USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 529-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304834 ER PT J AU Chan, EP Page, KA Stafford, CM AF Chan, Edwin P. Page, Kirt A. Stafford, Christopher M. TI Measuring the viscoelastic properties of confined polymer films by thermal wrinkling SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chan, Edwin P.; Page, Kirt A.; Stafford, Christopher M.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 93-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304863 ER PT J AU de Gouw, JA AF de Gouw, Joost A. TI Secondary organic aerosol in the Earth's atmosphere SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [de Gouw, Joost A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [de Gouw, Joost A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 138-ENVR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189302229 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, D AF DeLongchamp, Dean TI Microstructure foundations of high performance in organic semiconductors SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [DeLongchamp, Dean] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 183-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304509 ER PT J AU Ding, YF Ro, HW Ahn, DU Wang, Z Alvine, KJ Douglas, JF Soles, CL AF Ding, Yifu Ro, Hyun Wook Ahn, Dae Up Wang, Zhen Alvine, Kyle J. Douglas, Jack F. Soles, Christopher L. TI Stability and instability of nanopatterned polymeric structures SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl, Environm Directorate, Richland, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 230-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304532 ER PT J AU Ensminger, M Kelley, K Spurlock, F Goh, K He, LM AF Ensminger, Michael Kelley, Kevin Spurlock, Frank Goh, Kean He, Li-Ming (Lee) TI Urban pesticide monitoring in northern and southern California: A regional look at urban pesticides in surface waters SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Dept Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 206-AGRO PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189300155 ER PT J AU Hackley, VA MacCuspie, RI Kennedy, AJ AF Hackley, Vincent A. MacCuspie, Robert I. Kennedy, Alan J. TI Barriers to the environmental, health and safety assessment of silver nanoparticles SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Environm Lab, Engn Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 10-IEC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189302721 ER PT J AU Heller, SR McNaught, A AF Heller, Stephen R. McNaught, Alan TI IUPAC InChI project: A status report SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Heller, Stephen R.; McNaught, Alan] NIST, CBRD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 112-CINF PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189301743 ER PT J AU Iceman, CR Mason, SE Chaka, AM Trainor, TP AF Iceman, Christopher R. Mason, Sara E. Chaka, Anne M. Trainor, Thomas P. TI Theoretical studies of iron oxide a-Fe2O3 surface modification via adsorbed iron SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NIST, Dept Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 119-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189302637 ER PT J AU Kundu, S Bhangale, AS Wallace, WE Flynn, KM Gross, RA Beers, KL AF Kundu, Santanu Bhangale, Atul S. Wallace, William E. Flynn, Kathleen M. Gross, Richard A. Beers, Kathryn L. TI Immobilized enzyme catalyzed polymerization reactions in microreactors SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NYU, Polytech Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Sci, Brooklyn, NY USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 527-POLY PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304832 ER PT J AU Mason, SE Iceman, CR Trainor, TP Chaka, AM AF Mason, Sara E. Iceman, Christopher R. Trainor, Thomas P. Chaka, Anne M. TI Reactivity of corundum-type hydrated oxide surfaces from first principles SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 111-GEOC PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189302635 ER PT J AU Nolte, AJ Chung, JY Stafford, CM AF Nolte, Adam J. Chung, Jun Young Stafford, Christopher M. TI Harnessing wrinkle delamination mechanics to measure and pattern polymer coatings SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Rose Hulman Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Terre Haute, IN 47803 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 259-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304480 ER PT J AU Schuckman, AE Webb, KM Perez, LM Jurow, M Yu, LH Drain, CM Kushmerick, JG Batteas, JD AF Schuckman, Amanda E. Webb, Kathryn M. Perez, Lisa M. Jurow, Matthew Yu, Lam H. Drain, Charles M. Kushmerick, James G. Batteas, James D. TI Characterization and electronic properties of zinc metalloporphyrin islands on Au(111) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Lab Mol Simulat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. CUNY, Dept Chem & Biochem, Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Yu, Lam/F-9025-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 1088-INOR PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189302809 ER PT J AU Sung, LP Pang, YY Watson, SS Forster, AM AF Sung, Li-Piin Pang, Yongyan Watson, Stephanie S. Forster, Aaron M. TI Mapping heterogeneity in nanoTiO(2)/polymer coatings using confocal microscopy and depth sensing indentation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Sung, Li-Piin; Pang, Yongyan; Watson, Stephanie S.; Forster, Aaron M.] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 257-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304544 ER PT J AU Watson, S Marray, T Pang, YY Sung, LP AF Watson, Stephanie Marray, Tarek Pang, Yongyan Sung, Li-Piin TI Effects of temperature and humidity on the photodegradation of TiO2-filled acrylic urethane films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Watson, Stephanie; Marray, Tarek; Pang, Yongyan; Sung, Li-Piin] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 96-PMSE PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304679 ER PT J AU Watters, RL AF Watters, Robert L., Jr. TI An introduction to the international system of units SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Watters, Robert L., Jr.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 21 PY 2010 VL 239 MA 6-PRES PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V21DW UT WOS:000208189304869 ER PT J AU Nobre, AM Ferreira, JG Nunes, JP Yan, XJ Bricker, S Corner, R Groom, S Gu, HF Hawkins, AJS Hutson, R Lan, DZ Lencart e Silva, JD Pascoe, P Telfer, T Zhang, XL Zhu, MY AF Nobre, Ana M. Ferreira, Joao G. Nunes, Joao P. Yan, Xiaojun Bricker, Suzanne Corner, Richard Groom, Steve Gu, Haifeng Hawkins, Anthony J. S. Hutson, Rory Lan, Dongzhao Lencart e Silva, Joao D. Pascoe, Philip Telfer, Trevor Zhang, Xuelei Zhu, Mingyuan TI Assessment of coastal management options by means of multilayered ecosystem models SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE integrated coastal zone management; multilayered ecosystem model; catchment-coastal model; sustainable aquaculture; carrying capacity; SE Asia; China; Zhejiang; Xiangshan Gang ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE; CARRYING-CAPACITY; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; BIVALVE SHELLFISH; RIVER-BASIN; CULTURE; WATER; ESTUARIES AB This paper presents a multilayered ecosystem modelling approach that combines the simulation of the biogeochemistry of a coastal ecosystem with the simulation of the main forcing functions, such as catchment loading and aquaculture activities. This approach was developed as a tool for Sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. A key feature is to simulate management scenarios that account for changes in multiple uses and enable assessment of cumulative impacts of coastal activities. The model was applied to a coastal zone in China with large aquaculture production and multiple catchment uses, and where management efforts to improve water quality are under way. Development scenarios designed in conjunction with local managers and aquaculture producers include the reduction of fish cages and treatment of wastewater. Despite the reduction in nutrient loading simulated in three different scenarios, inorganic nutrient concentrations in the bay were predicted to exceed the thresholds for poor quality defined by Chinese seawater quality legislation. For all scenarios there is still a Moderate High to High nutrient loading from the catchment, so further reductions might be enacted, together with additional decreases in fish cage culture. The model predicts that overall, shellfish production decreases by 10%-28% using any of these development scenarios, principally because shellfish growth is being sustained by the substances to be reduced for improvement of water quality. The model outcomes indicate that this may be counteracted by zoning of shellfish aquaculture at the ecosystem level in order to optimize trade-offs between productivity and environmental effects. The present case study exemplifies the value of multilayered ecosystem modelling as a tool for Integrated Coastal Zone Management and for the adoption of ecosystem approaches for marine resource management. This modelling approach can be applied worldwide, and may be particularly useful for the application of coastal management regulation, for instance in the implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Nobre, Ana M.; Ferreira, Joao G.] Univ Nova Lisboa, IMAR, Ctr Ocean & Environm, DCEA,FCT, P-2829516 Caparica, Portugal. [Nunes, Joao P.; Lencart e Silva, Joao D.] Univ Aveiro, CESAM, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. [Nunes, Joao P.] Univ Aveiro, Dept Environm & Planning, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. [Yan, Xiaojun] Ningbo Univ, Marine Biotechnol Lab, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Bricker, Suzanne] Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Corner, Richard; Telfer, Trevor] Univ Stirling, Inst Aquaculture, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. [Groom, Steve; Hawkins, Anthony J. S.; Hutson, Rory; Pascoe, Philip] Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. [Gu, Haifeng; Lan, Dongzhao] Third Inst Oceanog, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. [Lencart e Silva, Joao D.] Univ Aveiro, Dept Phys, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. [Zhang, Xuelei; Zhu, Mingyuan] First Inst Oceanog, Qingdao 266061, Peoples R China. RP Nobre, AM (reprint author), Univ Nova Lisboa, IMAR, Ctr Ocean & Environm, DCEA,FCT, Campus Caparica, P-2829516 Caparica, Portugal. EM ana@salum.net RI Nunes, Joao Pedro/A-5497-2011; Lencart e Silva, Joao/B-3513-2011; Groom, Steve/A-1355-2012; Universidade Aveiro, Departamento Fisica/E-4128-2013; OI Nunes, Joao Pedro/0000-0002-0164-249X; Lencart e Silva, Joao/0000-0001-8237-6981; Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X; Nobre, Ana/0000-0002-5371-2728 FU EU [INCO-CT-2004-510706]; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [SFRH/BD/25131/2005] FX The authors would like to thank four anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on an earlier draft. We are grateful to the EU project SPEAR - Sustainable options for PEople, catchment and Aquatic Resources (INCO-CT-2004-510706) for funding this research. Part of the work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) Ph.D. scholarship (SFRH/BD/25131/2005) to A.M. Nobre. The authors are grateful to C. Saurel for valuable comments. NR 94 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 40 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR 20 PY 2010 VL 87 IS 1 BP 43 EP 62 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.12.013 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 568QW UT WOS:000275538600006 ER PT J AU Moore, SK Mantua, NJ Newton, JA Kawase, M Warner, MJ Kellogg, JP AF Moore, Stephanie K. Mantua, Nathan J. Newton, Jan A. Kawase, Mitsuhiro Warner, Mark J. Kellogg, Jonathan P. TI A descriptive analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of variability in Puget Sound oceanographic properties (vol 80, pg 545, 2008) SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Correction C1 [Moore, Stephanie K.] NOAA, W Coast Ctr Oceans & Human Hlth, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Mantua, Nathan J.] Univ Washington, Climate Impacts Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Mantua, Nathan J.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Newton, Jan A.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Kawase, Mitsuhiro; Warner, Mark J.; Kellogg, Jonathan P.] Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Moore, SK (reprint author), NOAA, W Coast Ctr Oceans & Human Hlth, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM stephanie.moore@noaa.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR 20 PY 2010 VL 87 IS 1 BP 174 EP 174 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.12.016 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 568QW UT WOS:000275538600018 ER PT J AU Tran, N Vandemark, D Labroue, S Feng, H Chapron, B Tolman, HL Lambin, J Picot, N AF Tran, N. Vandemark, D. Labroue, S. Feng, H. Chapron, B. Tolman, H. L. Lambin, J. Picot, N. TI Sea state bias in altimeter sea level estimates determined by combining wave model and satellite data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL OCEAN; WIND; CLIMATE; SWELL AB This study documents a method for increasing the precision of satellite-derived sea level measurements. Results are achieved using an enhanced three-dimensional (3-D) sea state bias (SSB) correction model derived from both Jason-1 altimeter ocean observations (i.e., sea state and wind) and estimates of mean wave period from a numerical ocean wave model, NOAA's WAVEWATCH III. A multiyear evaluation of Jason-1 data indicates sea surface height variance reduction of 1.26 (+/- 0.2) cm(2) in comparison to the commonly applied two-parameter SSB model. The improvement is similar for two separate variance reduction metrics and for separate annual data sets spanning 2002-2004. Spatial evaluation of improvement shows skill increase at all latitudes. Results indicate the new model can reduce the total Jason-1 and Jason-2 altimeter range error budgets by similar to 7.5%. In addition to the 2-D (two-dimensional) and 3-D model differences in correcting the range for wavefield variability, mean model regional differences also occur across the globe and indicate a possible 1-2 cm gradient across ocean basins linked to the zonal variation in wave period (short fetch and period in the west, swells and long period in the east). Overall success of this model provides first evidence that operational wave modeling can support improved ocean altimetry. Future efforts will attempt to work within the limits of wave modeling capabilities to maximize their benefit to Jason-1 and Jason-2 SSB correction methods. C1 [Tran, N.; Labroue, S.] CLS, DOS, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. [Chapron, B.] IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. [Chapron, B.] IFREMER, Space Oceanog Lab, F-29280 Plouzane, France. [Lambin, J.] CNES, DCT, SI, F-31401 Toulouse, France. [Picot, N.] CNES, DCT, PO, F-31401 Toulouse, France. [Tolman, H. L.] NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Vandemark, D.; Feng, H.] Univ New Hampshire, Ocean Proc Anal Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Tran, N (reprint author), CLS, DOS, 8-10 Rue Hermes, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. EM ntran@cls.fr RI Chapron, Bertrand/O-6527-2015 FU Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX The authors wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers who provided valuable comments that lead us to produce a significantly more comprehensive paper than originally submitted. This work was performed within activities supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NR 26 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 19 PY 2010 VL 115 AR C03020 DI 10.1029/2009JC005534 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 572US UT WOS:000275859600001 ER PT J AU Idziaszek, Z Julienne, PS AF Idziaszek, Zbigniew Julienne, Paul S. TI Universal Rate Constants for Reactive Collisions of Ultracold Molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-DEFECT ANALYSIS; SCATTERING AB A simple quantum-defect model gives analytic expressions for the complex scattering length and threshold collision rates of ultracold molecules. If the probability of reaction in the short-range part of the collision is high, the model gives universal rate constants for s- and p-wave collisions that are independent of short-range dynamics. This model explains the magnitudes of the recently measured rate constants for collisions of two ultracold (40)K(87)Rb molecules, or an ultracold (40)K atom with the (40)K(87)Rb molecule [S. Ospelkaus et al., Science 327, 853 (2010)]. C1 [Idziaszek, Zbigniew] Univ Warsaw, Fac Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. [Julienne, Paul S.] NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Julienne, Paul S.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Idziaszek, Z (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Fac Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 FU AFOSR; Polish Government [2007-2009] FX We acknowledge support from an AFOSR MURI on Ultracold Molecules and a Polish Government Research Grant for 2007-2009. We thank Svetlana Kotochigova, Robert Moszynski, John Bohn, and Goulven ner for discussions on theory, and Jun Ye and Deborah Jin for providing the JILA experimental data. NR 20 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 19 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 11 AR 113202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.113202 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 572BX UT WOS:000275802600016 PM 20366474 ER PT J AU Karaiskaj, D Bristow, AD Yang, LJ Dai, XC Mirin, RP Mukamel, S Cundiff, ST AF Karaiskaj, Denis Bristow, Alan D. Yang, Lijun Dai, Xingcan Mirin, Richard P. Mukamel, Shaul Cundiff, Steven T. TI Two-Quantum Many-Body Coherences in Two-Dimensional Fourier-Transform Spectra of Exciton Resonances in Semiconductor Quantum Wells SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-RESPONSE; EXCITATION; PHASE; GAAS AB We present experimental coherent two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectra of Wannier exciton resonances in semiconductor quantum wells generated by a pulse sequence that isolates two-quantum coherences. By measuring the real part of the signals, we determine that the spectra are dominated by two-quantum coherences due to mean-field many-body interactions, rather than bound biexcitons. Simulations performed using dynamics controlled truncation agree with the experiments. C1 [Karaiskaj, Denis; Bristow, Alan D.; Dai, Xingcan; Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Karaiskaj, Denis; Bristow, Alan D.; Dai, Xingcan; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Yang, Lijun; Mukamel, Shaul] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Mirin, Richard P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Karaiskaj, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Bristow, Alan/F-9703-2013; Dai, Xingcan/B-3556-2014; OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 FU Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division Office of Basic Energy Sciences, (U.S.) Department of Energy; National Science Foundation FX This work was supported by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division Office of Basic Energy Sciences, (U.S.) Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. NR 29 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 19 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 11 AR 117401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.117401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 572BX UT WOS:000275802600041 PM 20366499 ER PT J AU Wang, YJ D'Incao, JP Nagerl, HC Esry, BD AF Wang, Yujun D'Incao, J. P. Naegerl, H.-C. Esry, B. D. TI Colliding Bose-Einstein Condensates to Observe Efimov Physics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CESIUM ATOMS; ULTRACOLD; RECOMBINATION; SCATTERING; COLLISIONS; STATES; HALOS AB We explore the manifestation of Efimov physics through the collision energy dependence of the three-body scattering observables and propose that it can be measured by observing atom loss in collisions of Bose-Einstein condensates. Our study shows that log-periodic Efimov features in the scattering observables extend beyond the usual threshold regime to nonzero collision energies and result from two interfering pathways. Further, these oscillations have a one-to-one connection with the scattering length oscillations at zero energy and thus to Efimov states themselves. C1 [Wang, Yujun; Esry, B. D.] Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [D'Incao, J. P.] Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [D'Incao, J. P.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Naegerl, H.-C.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Naegerl, H.-C.] Univ Innsbruck, Zentrum Quantenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Wang, YJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Naegerl, Hanns-Christoph/E-7329-2010; Wang, Yujun/J-2132-2012; Esry, Brett/H-7511-2013 OI Naegerl, Hanns-Christoph/0000-0002-7789-4431; Wang, Yujun/0000-0002-8353-0423; Esry, Brett/0000-0003-3207-8526 FU U.S. National Science Foundation FX B. D. E., J. P. D., and Y. W. acknowledge the support of the U.S. National Science Foundation. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 19 PY 2010 VL 104 IS 11 AR 113201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.113201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 572BX UT WOS:000275802600015 PM 20366473 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Walker, ARH AF Liu, Yonglin Walker, Angela R. Hight TI Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Metal-Semiconductor Hybrid Nanocrystals via Chemical Transformation: The Case of Cu-CuxS Heterodimers and Hetero-Oligomers SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID FERMI-LEVEL EQUILIBRATION; MONODISPERSE SPHERICAL COLLOIDS; CORE-SHELL; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CATALYTIC-ACTIVITY; PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES; HYDROGEN REDUCTION; SELECTIVE GROWTH; HOLLOW PARTICLES AB Metal-semiconductor hybrid nanocrystals (HNCs) hold great potential in the fields of photocatalysis, biomedical imaging, and anticancer nanomedicine. However, their chemical synthetic procedures remain complex and challenging. Here, we apply chemical transformation to convert metal nanostructures into metal-semiconductor HNCs following a facile one-pot polyol synthetic procedure. As case Studies, two types of Cu-CuxS HNCs, heterodimers and hetero-oligomers, are produced from Cu nanocrystals using an alkanethiol as both surfactants and the sulfur Source. This protocol utilizes Cu nanocrystals' high reactivity toward sulfidization for heterogeneous growth of copper sulfide over the remaining Cu nanocrystals. We find that Under H-2/argon, such a polyol process leads to an exclusive formation of heterodimers, while Under argon, hetero-oligomers are produced predominantly. The morphological evolution upon further chemical trails formation of both heterodimers and hetero-oligomers, including the formation of hollow nanostructures, has also been investigated. A thorough physicochemical characterization of the as-prepared HNCs is achieved through multiple transmission electron microscopy methods, combined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-vis spectroscopy. C1 [Liu, Yonglin; Walker, Angela R. Hight] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, YL (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yonglin.liu@nist.gov RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 FU National Research Council (NRC, NIH(NIBIB)/NIST); NSF FX Y.L. acknowledges the Support of National Research Council (NRC, NIH(NIBIB)/NIST) research associate fellowship. Both authors acknowledge the Maryland NanoCenter and its NispLab (The NispLab is supported in part by the NSF as a MRSEC Shared Experimental Facility), and the University of Maryland X-ray crystallographic center, Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper to foster understanding and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 85 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD MAR 18 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 10 BP 4264 EP 4271 DI 10.1021/jp908981n PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 565XD UT WOS:000275328700003 ER PT J AU Bell, MM Montgomery, MT AF Bell, Michael M. Montgomery, Michael T. TI Sheared deep vortical convection in pre-depression Hagupit during TCS08 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; WESTERN PACIFIC; DISTURBANCES; PATTERNS; GENESIS; WAVES AB Airborne Doppler radar observations from the recent Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 field campaign in the western North Pacific reveal the presence of deep, buoyant and vortical convective features within a vertically-sheared, westward-moving pre-depression disturbance that later developed into Typhoon Hagupit. On two consecutive days, the observations document tilted, vertically coherent precipitation, vorticity, and updraft structures in response to the complex shearing flows impinging on and occurring within the disturbance near 18 north latitude. The observations and analyses herein suggest that the low-level circulation of the pre-depression disturbance was enhanced by the coupling of the low-level vorticity and convergence in these deep convective structures on the meso-gamma scale, consistent with recent idealized studies using cloud-representing numerical weather prediction models. Further examination of these new observations is needed to quantify the relative role of these vortical convection features in the tropical cyclone spin up process. Citation: Bell, M. M., and M. T. Montgomery (2010), Sheared deep vortical convection in pre-depression Hagupit during TCS08, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06802, doi: 10.1029/2009GL042313. C1 [Bell, Michael M.; Montgomery, Michael T.] USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Bell, Michael M.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Montgomery, Michael T.] NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL USA. RP Bell, MM (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, 589 Dyer Rd, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM mmbell@nps.edu RI Bell, Michael/B-1144-2009 OI Bell, Michael/0000-0002-0496-331X FU U.S. Office of Naval Research [N001408WR20129]; NSF [ATM-0733380, ATM-0715426, ATM-0649944]; U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA FX The authors would like to acknowledge all of the TCS08 participants for their efforts in collecting the dataset used in this study, and especially Pat Harr for his leadership in executing the field program successfully. Reviews provided by Peter Black, Russell Elsberry, Wen-Chau Lee, Michael Riemer, Roger Smith, and an anonymous reviewer helped improve the manuscript. Research was supported by grant N001408WR20129 from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, NSF grants ATM-0733380, ATM-0715426, ATM-0649944 and the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 17 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L06802 DI 10.1029/2009GL042313 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 572TT UT WOS:000275856800002 ER PT J AU Tomita, H Kubota, M Cronin, MF Iwasaki, S Konda, M Ichikawa, H AF Tomita, Hiroyuki Kubota, Masahisa Cronin, Meghan F. Iwasaki, Shinsuke Konda, Masanori Ichikawa, Hiroshi TI An assessment of surface heat fluxes from J-OFURO2 at the KEO and JKEO sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; AIR-SEA FLUXES; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; OCEAN; TEMPERATURE; CURRENTS; REANALYSIS; RETRIEVAL; MODEL AB The daily mean air-sea heat fluxes over the global oceans have been developed as the version 2 of Japanese Ocean Flux data sets with use of Remote sensing Observations (J-OFURO2). Net heat flux is available from 1988 to 2006, and the turbulent heat flux is available from 1988 to 2007. To assess the accuracy of the J-OFURO2 product over the Kuroshio Extension region, air-sea heat fluxes and related state variables were compared with independent in situ observations from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) and JAMSTEC KEO (JKEO) surface moorings. Although seasonal biases were found, these tended to cancel out over the total period, resulting in a total bias and RMS in J-OFURO2 net heat fluxes of 8.6 and 56.8 W/m(2), respectively. Comparisons with other global air-sea heat flux products from numerical weather prediction, i.e., the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis (NRA1), the NCEP/Department of Energy reanalysis (NRA2), and satellite observations, i.e., Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite data and merged product, i.e., Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes were also conducted at the KEO and JKEO sites. Comparison results show that the total and seasonal biases are smallest compared with other products, and J-OFURO2 air-sea heat fluxes are best data set for air-sea interaction study over the Kuroshio Extension region. C1 [Tomita, Hiroyuki; Konda, Masanori; Ichikawa, Hiroshi] Japan Agcy Marine & Earth Sci Technol, Res Inst Global Change, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. [Kubota, Masahisa; Iwasaki, Shinsuke] Tokai Univ, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Shizuoka 4240902, Japan. [Cronin, Meghan F.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Tomita, H (reprint author), Japan Agcy Marine & Earth Sci Technol, Res Inst Global Change, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. EM tomitah@jamstec.go.jp RI Ichikawa, Hiroshi/A-9523-2010 OI Ichikawa, Hiroshi/0000-0001-6576-0455 FU JAXA FX This research was funded by JAXA. The MGDSST data used in J-OFURO2 are constructed in JMA. Data from all DMSP/SSMIs, TRMM/TMI, and Aqua/AMSR-E are provided by Remote Sensing Systems. QuikSCAT data are also provided from JPL. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 17 PY 2010 VL 115 AR C03018 DI 10.1029/2009JC005545 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 572UR UT WOS:000275859500002 ER PT J AU Vroom, PS Braun, CL AF Vroom, Peter S. Braun, Cristi L. TI Benthic Composition of a Healthy Subtropical Reef: Baseline Species-Level Cover, with an Emphasis on Algae, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CORAL-REEF; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PHASE-SHIFTS; ASSEMBLAGES; SCALE; DEGRADATION; HERBIVORY; ABUNDANCE AB The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) are considered to be among the most pristine coral reef ecosystems remaining on the planet. These reefs naturally contain a high percent cover of algal functional groups with relatively low coral abundance and exhibit thriving fish communities dominated by top predators. Despite their highly protected status, these reefs are at risk from both direct and indirect anthropogenic sources. This study provides the first comprehensive data on percent coverage of algae, coral, and non-coral invertebrates at the species level, and investigates spatial diversity patterns across the archipelago to document benthic communities before further environmental changes occur in response to global warming and ocean acidification. Monitoring studies show that non-calcified macroalgae cover a greater percentage of substrate than corals on many high latitude reef sites. Forereef habitats in atoll systems often contain high abundances of the green macroalga Microdictyon setchellianum and the brown macroalga Lobophora variegata, yet these organisms were uncommon in forereefs of non-atoll systems. Species of the brown macroalgal genera Padina, Sargassum, and Stypopodium and the red macroalgal genus Laurencia became increasingly common in the two northernmost atolls of the island chain but were uncommon components of more southerly islands. Conversely, the scleractinian coral Porites lobata was common on forereefs at southern islands but less common at northern islands. Currently accepted paradigms of what constitutes a "healthy'' reef may not apply to the subtropical NWHI, and metrics used to gauge reef health (e. g., high coral cover) need to be reevaluated. C1 [Vroom, Peter S.; Braun, Cristi L.] NOAA Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Vroom, PS (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. EM Peter.Vroom@noaa.gov FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC); Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED) FX Funding to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED) for scientific expeditions to the Northwestern Hawai'ian Islands was provided through NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 66 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 35 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD MAR 17 PY 2010 VL 5 IS 3 AR e9733 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009733 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 572EG UT WOS:000275809600006 PM 20305808 ER PT J AU Amini, JM Uys, H Wesenberg, JH Seidelin, S Britton, J Bollinger, JJ Leibfried, D Ospelkaus, C VanDevender, AP Wineland, DJ AF Amini, J. M. Uys, H. Wesenberg, J. H. Seidelin, S. Britton, J. Bollinger, J. J. Leibfried, D. Ospelkaus, C. VanDevender, A. P. Wineland, D. J. TI Toward scalable ion traps for quantum information processing SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ARCHITECTURE; COMPUTER AB In this paper, we report the design, fabrication and preliminary testing of a 150 zone ion trap array built in a 'surface-electrode' geometry micro-fabricated on a single substrate. We demonstrate the transport of atomic ions between the legs of a 'Y'-type junction and measure the in-situ heating rates for the ions. The trap design demonstrates the use of a basic component design library that can be quickly assembled to form structures optimized for a particular experiment. C1 [Amini, J. M.; Uys, H.; Wesenberg, J. H.; Seidelin, S.; Britton, J.; Bollinger, J. J.; Leibfried, D.; Ospelkaus, C.; VanDevender, A. P.; Wineland, D. J.] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Amini, JM (reprint author), GTRI STL, Georgia Tech Quantum Inst, CRB Bldg,400 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA. EM Jason.Amini@gtri.gatech.edu RI Ospelkaus, Christian/C-3612-2009; OI Ospelkaus, Christian/0000-0002-4170-2936; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 FU IARPA; ONR; NIST; South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) FX We thank M G Blain, J J Hudgens, A Pimentel and J Gallegos of Sandia National Laboratories for the focused ion beam milling of the loading slots and wirebonding. We acknowledge the funding by IARPA, ONR and the NIST quantum information program. HU acknowledges support from the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). This paper is a contribution of NIST and is not subject to US copyright. NR 26 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 17 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD MAR 16 PY 2010 VL 12 AR 033031 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/033031 PG 15 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 569YY UT WOS:000275640000005 ER PT J AU Liu, MM Bandaru, V Bond, JP Jaruga, P Zhao, XB Christov, PP Burrows, CJ Rizzo, CJ Dizdaroglu, M Wallace, SS AF Liu, Minmin Bandaru, Viswanath Bond, Jeffrey P. Jaruga, Pawel Zhao, Xiaobei Christov, Plamen P. Burrows, Cynthia J. Rizzo, Carmelo J. Dizdaroglu, Miral Wallace, Susan S. TI The mouse ortholog of NEIL3 is a functional DNA glycosylase in vitro and in vivo SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE base excision repair; endonuclease VIII Like 3; 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG); Spiroiminodihydantoin ID BASE-EXCISION-REPAIR; OXIDATIVELY DAMAGED DNA; COLI ENDONUCLEASE-VIII; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OXIDIZED BASES; LESIONS; RECOGNITION; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; FORMAMIDOPYRIMIDINES AB To protect cells from oxidative DNA damage and mutagenesis, organisms possess multiple glycosylases to recognize the damaged bases and to initiate the Base Excision Repair pathway. Three DNA glycosylases have been identified in mammals that are homologous to the Escherichia coli Fpg and Nei proteins, Neil1, Neil2, and Neil3. Neil1 and Neil2 in human and mouse have been well characterized while the properties of the Neil3 protein remain to be elucidated. In this study, we report the characterization of Mus musculus (house mouse) Neil3 (MmuNeil3) as an active DNA glycosylase both in vitro and in vivo. In duplex DNA, MmuNeil3 recognizes the oxidized purines, spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), guanidinohydantoin (Gh), 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG) and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyA), but not 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG). Interestingly, MmuNeil3 prefers lesions in single-stranded DNA and in bubble structures. In contrast to other members of the family that use the N-terminal proline as the nucleophile, MmuNeil3 forms a Schiff base intermediate via its N-terminal valine. We expressed the glycosylase domain of MmuNeil3 (MmuNeil3 Delta 324) in an Escherichia coli triple mutant lacking Fpg, Nei, and MutY glycosylase activities and showed that MmuNeil3 greatly reduced both the spontaneous mutation frequency and the level of FapyG in the DNA, suggesting that Neil3 plays a role in repairing FapyG in vivo. C1 [Liu, Minmin; Bandaru, Viswanath; Bond, Jeffrey P.; Wallace, Susan S.] Univ Vermont, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Markey Ctr Mol Genet, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Jaruga, Pawel; Dizdaroglu, Miral] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Jaruga, Pawel] Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Coll Med, Dept Clin Biochem, Bydgoszcz, Poland. [Zhao, Xiaobei; Burrows, Cynthia J.] Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Christov, Plamen P.; Rizzo, Carmelo J.] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Christov, Plamen P.; Rizzo, Carmelo J.] Vanderbilt Univ, Ctr Mol Toxicol, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Wallace, SS (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Markey Ctr Mol Genet, Stafford Hall,95 Carrigan Dr, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM susan.wallace@uvm.edu RI Zhao, Xiaobei/E-7485-2012; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015; OI Wallace, Susan S./0000-0002-3906-0321 FU National Cancer Institute [P01 CA098993, R01 CA090689] FX We would like to thank Wendy Cooper, Alicia Holmes, and April Averill for purifying the enzymes used in this study; Jeffrey Blaisdel and Dr. Scott Kathe for determining the active fraction of the enzymes; and Dr. Robert Hondal for helpful discussions. This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant P01 CA098993 and R01 CA090689 (to C.J.B.) awarded by the National Cancer Institute. Certain commercial equipment or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify adequately the experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. NR 45 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 16 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 11 BP 4925 EP 4930 DI 10.1073/pnas.0908307107 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 570YI UT WOS:000275714300025 PM 20185759 ER PT J AU Rumaiz, AK Woicik, JC Wang, WG Jordan-Sweet, J Jaffari, GH Ni, C Xiao, JQ Chien, CL AF Rumaiz, Abdul K. Woicik, J. C. Wang, W. G. Jordan-Sweet, Jean Jaffari, G. H. Ni, C. Xiao, John Q. Chien, C. L. TI Effects of annealing on the local structure of Fe and Co in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB tunnel junctions: An extended x-ray-absorption fine structure study SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE annealing; boron alloys; cobalt alloys; crystallisation; Debye-Waller factors; EXAFS; iron alloys; magnesium compounds; magnetic structure; tunnelling magnetoresistance ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE; MAGNETORESISTANCE AB Extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was used to study the evolution of the local structure of Fe and Co as a function of annealing time in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions. EXAFS indicates B depletion and crystallization of the CoFeB layers within a few seconds of the post growth high temperature anneal. The decrease in first-shell Debye-Waller factor and hence the increase in structural order during annealing explains the increase in tunnel magnetoresistance observed as a result of post deposition annealing. C1 [Rumaiz, Abdul K.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Woicik, J. C.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wang, W. G.; Chien, C. L.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Jordan-Sweet, Jean] IBM Corp, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. [Jaffari, G. H.; Xiao, John Q.] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Ni, C.] Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Rumaiz, AK (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM rumaiz@bnl.gov RI Wang, Weigang /C-1341-2010; Ni, Chaoying/B-7300-2012; Rumaiz, Abdul/J-5084-2012 FU U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX A. K. R. would like to thank Peter Siddons NSLS) for support and Joseph Dvorak (NSLS) for discussions. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 11 AR 112502 DI 10.1063/1.3364137 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 572IW UT WOS:000275825200031 ER PT J AU Lee, K Kim, TW Byrne, RH Millero, FJ Feely, RA Liu, YM AF Lee, Kitack Kim, Tae-Wook Byrne, Robert H. Millero, Frank J. Feely, Richard A. Liu, Yong-Ming TI The universal ratio of boron to chlorinity for the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID TOTAL INORGANIC CARBON; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; SEA-WATER; TOTAL ALKALINITY; BORIC-ACID; SEAWATER; THERMODYNAMICS; CURCUMIN; ISOTOPE; PCO2 AB We report seawater boron concentration (mg kg(-1)) and chlorinity (parts per thousand) values measured in seawater samples (n = 139) collected at various depths in the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans and the East/Japan Sea (located in the western temperate North Pacific). Our results indicate that variations in seawater boron concentration are strongly coupled to variations in chlorinity (and salinity), yielding a mean boron to chlorinity ratio of 0.2414 +/- 0.0009 mg kg(-1) parts per thousand(-1) (boron to salinity ratio = 0.1336 +/- 0.0005 mg kg(-1) parts per thousand(-1)). This ratio was surprisingly universal throughout the water column in the three marine basins and across widely different ocean surface regimes, but differs from the generally accepted ratio of 0.232 +/- 0.005 mg kg(-1) parts per thousand(-1) determined by Uppstrom (1974), which was based on only 20 measurements at four sites in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In converting total alkalinity to carbonate alkalinity (and vice versa) for thermodynamic calculations, the difference between these two ratios leads to a difference of 5 mu mol kg(-1) in estimates for ocean surface waters, where the contribution of borate to total alkalinity is typically greatest. We suggest the use of the new boron to chlorinity ratio for predicting seawater boron concentrations using chlorinity (or salinity) data. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Lee, Kitack; Kim, Tae-Wook; Liu, Yong-Ming] Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. [Byrne, Robert H.] Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Millero, Frank J.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Feely, Richard A.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM ktl@postech.ac.kr RI Kim, Tae-Wook/E-9611-2011; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 OI Kim, Tae-Wook/0000-0002-4236-0720; FU National Research Laboratory (NRL) of the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation; Oceanographic Section of the National Science Foundation; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FX We thank Eric Grabowski (chief scientist) and Fernando Santiago of the University of Hawaii for collecting seawater samples from the Hawaiian Ocean Time Series station. Special thanks are extended to Nick Bates and Melchor Gonzalez Davila for collecting seawater samples from the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Study and the European Station for Time-series in the Ocean off the Canary Islands, respectively. We also thank Rik Wanninkhof of the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory for providing us with valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was financially supported by the National Research Laboratory (NRL) of the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation. Partial support was provided by the Oceanographic Section of the National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NR 37 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 6 U2 35 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1801 EP 1811 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.027 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 558DY UT WOS:000274722200005 ER PT J AU de Oliveira, OP de Bolle, W Alonso, A Richter, S Wellum, R Ponzevera, E Sarkis, JES Kessel, R AF de Oliveira Junior, O. Pereira de Bolle, W. Alonso, A. Richter, S. Wellum, R. Ponzevera, E. Sarkis, J. E. S. Kessel, R. TI Demonstrating the metrological compatibility of uranium isotope amount ratio measurement results obtained by GSMS, TIMS and MC-ICPMS techniques SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE GSMS; TIMS; MC-ICPMS; Uranium isotope amount ratios; Certified isotope reference materials ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEAR-MATERIALS; PLENARY LECTURE; MIXTURES AB The metrological compatibility of n(U-234)/n(U-238), n(U-235)/n(U-238) and n(U-236)/n(U-238) isotope amount ratio measurement results obtained by gas source mass spectrometry (GSMS), thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) techniques in a set of low-enriched uranium samples is demonstrated in this study. The impact of the correlation between certified isotope reference materials on the metrological compatibility of measured isotope amount ratios is also discussed. The metrological concepts defined in the VIM 3rd edition and the measurement uncertainty evaluation according to the BIPM-GUM guide was thoroughly applied in this work. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [de Oliveira Junior, O. Pereira; Sarkis, J. E. S.] IPEN CNEN SP, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [de Bolle, W.; Alonso, A.; Richter, S.; Wellum, R.] Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. [Ponzevera, E.] IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. [Kessel, R.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP de Oliveira, OP (reprint author), IPEN CNEN SP, Av Lineu Prestes 2242, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM oliviojr@ipen.br RI Sarkis, Jorge Eduardo/D-5266-2012 OI Sarkis, Jorge Eduardo/0000-0002-6745-8185 NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 291 IS 1-2 BP 48 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.01.005 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 577LC UT WOS:000276223600007 ER PT J AU Rowe, MA Salley, GM Gansen, EJ Etzel, SM Nam, SW Mirin, RP AF Rowe, M. A. Salley, G. M. Gansen, E. J. Etzel, S. M. Nam, S. W. Mirin, R. P. TI Analysis of photoconductive gain as it applies to single-photon detection SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE high electron mobility transistors; insulated gate field effect transistors; photodetectors; semiconductor device noise; semiconductor quantum dots ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR; QUANTUM DOTS; SEMICONDUCTOR; COMMUNICATION; STORAGE; MEMORY; CHARGE AB We detail a mathematical framework for photoconductive gain applied to the detection of single photons. Because photoconductive gain is derived from the ability to measure current change for an extended period, its magnitude is reduced as detection speed is increased. We theoretically show that high-speed detection is still possible as long as the noise spectrum of the device is 1/f in nature. Using signal analysis techniques, we develop tools to apply to device noise spectra to determine the performance of single-photon detectors that utilize photoconductive gain. We show that there is no speed penalty when one considers the signal-to-noise ratio for the fundamental 1/f noise typical of high electron mobility transistors. We outline a technique for quickly characterizing a detector's sensitivity and speed through purely electrical measurements of the device's noise spectra. Consequently, the performance of the detector can be determined and optimized without conducting optical measurements. Finally, we employ this analysis to a quantum dot, optically gated field-effect transistor and verify our results with optical measurements. C1 [Rowe, M. A.; Etzel, S. M.; Nam, S. W.; Mirin, R. P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Salley, G. M.] Wofford Coll, Dept Phys, Spartanburg, SC 29303 USA. [Gansen, E. J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Rowe, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mrowe@boulder.nist.gov OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 24 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 6 AR 063110 DI 10.1063/1.3359684 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 577GP UT WOS:000276210800018 ER PT J AU Yan, L Ma, LJ Tang, X AF Yan, Li Ma, Lijun Tang, Xiao TI Bragg-grating-enhanced narrowband spontaneous parametric downconversion SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID POLED LITHIUM-NIOBATE; PHOTON PAIRS; WAVE-GUIDE; QUANTUM TELEPORTATION; ENTANGLED PHOTONS; DOWN-CONVERSION; TIME; GENERATION AB We propose a new method to narrow the line width of entangled photons generated from spontaneous parametric downconversion ( SPDC). The single structure device incorporates an internal Bragg grating onto a nonlinear optical waveguide. We study theoretically the spectral characteristics of SPDC under two Bragg grating structures. We show that using the Bragg grating with a midway pi-phase shifter, it is a promising way to generate narrow-line (similar to GHz to sub-GHz) entangled photons. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Yan, Li] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Ma, Lijun; Tang, Xiao] NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yan, L (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM liyan@umbc.edu NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 12 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 6 BP 5957 EP 5963 DI 10.1364/OE.18.005957 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 574PE UT WOS:000276002500065 PM 20389615 ER PT J AU Pearlman, AJ Ling, A Goldschmidt, EA Wildfeuer, CF Fan, J Migdall, A AF Pearlman, A. J. Ling, A. Goldschmidt, E. A. Wildfeuer, C. F. Fan, J. Migdall, A. TI Enhancing image contrast using coherent states and photon number resolving detectors SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY; QUANTUM; NOISE; LIMIT AB We experimentally map the transverse profile of diffraction-limited beams using photon-number-resolving detectors. We observe strong compression of diffracted beam profiles for high detected photon number. This effect leads to higher contrast than a conventional irradiance profile between two Airy disk-beams separated by the Rayleigh criterion. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Pearlman, A. J.; Ling, A.; Goldschmidt, E. A.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.] Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Pearlman, A. J.; Ling, A.; Goldschmidt, E. A.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wildfeuer, C. F.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hearne Inst Theoret Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Pearlman, AJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Pearlman, Aaron/L-8912-2013; Ling, Alexander/G-7331-2012; OI Pearlman, Aaron/0000-0002-4498-2208; Ling, Alexander/0000-0001-5866-1141; Goldschmidt, Elizabeth/0000-0002-6553-9731 FU Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Associateship Program FX A.J.P. acknowledges support from the Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Associateship Program. We would like to thank Sergey Polyakov and Jun Chen for helpful discussions. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 6 BP 6033 EP 6039 DI 10.1364/OE.18.006033 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 574PE UT WOS:000276002500073 PM 20389623 ER PT J AU Xiao, JF Zhuang, QL Law, BE Chen, JQ Baldocchi, DD Cook, DR Oren, R Richardson, AD Wharton, S Ma, SY Martin, TA Verma, SB Suyker, AE Scott, RL Monson, RK Litvak, M Hollinger, DY Sun, G Davis, KJ Bolstad, PV Burns, SP Curtis, PS Drake, BG Falk, M Fischer, ML Foster, DR Gu, LH Hadley, JL Katul, GG Roser, Y McNulty, S Meyers, TP Munger, JW Noormets, A Oechel, WC Paw, KT Schmid, HP Starr, G Torn, MS Wofsy, SC AF Xiao, Jingfeng Zhuang, Qianlai Law, Beverly E. Chen, Jiquan Baldocchi, Dennis D. Cook, David R. Oren, Ram Richardson, Andrew D. Wharton, Sonia Ma, Siyan Martin, Timothy A. Verma, Shashi B. Suyker, Andrew E. Scott, Russell L. Monson, Russell K. Litvak, Marcy Hollinger, David Y. Sun, Ge Davis, Kenneth J. Bolstad, Paul V. Burns, Sean P. Curtis, Peter S. Drake, Bert G. Falk, Matthias Fischer, Marc L. Foster, David R. Gu, Lianhong Hadley, Julian L. Katul, Gabriel G. Matamala, Roser McNulty, Steve Meyers, Tilden P. Munger, J. William Noormets, Asko Oechel, Walter C. Paw U, Kyaw Tha Schmid, Hans Peter Starr, Gregory Torn, Margaret S. Wofsy, Steven C. TI A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Gross primary productivity; MODIS; AmeriFlux; Eddy covariance; Regression tree; US; Carbon fluxes; Interannual variability; Satellite data; Biomes ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; EDDY-COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; LIGHT-USE EFFICIENCY; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; PONDEROSA PINE; DECIDUOUS FOREST AB The quantification of carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is of scientific importance and also relevant to climate-policy making. Eddy covariance flux towers provide continuous measurements of ecosystem-level exchange of carbon dioxide spanning diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. However, these measurements only represent the fluxes at the scale of the tower footprint. Here we used remotely sensed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to upscale gross primary productivity (GPP) data from eddy covariance flux towers to the continental scale. We first combined GPP and MODIS data for 42 AmeriFlux towers encompassing a wide range of ecosystem and climate types to develop a predictive GPP model using a regression tree approach. The predictive model was trained using observed GPP over the period 2000-2004, and was validated using observed GPP over the period 2005-2006 and leave-one-out cross-validation. Our model predicted GPP fairly well at the site level. We then used the model to estimate GPP for each I km x I km cell across the U.S. for each 8-day interval over the period from February 2000 to December 2006 using MODIS data. Our GPP estimates provide a spatially and temporally continuous measure of gross primary production for the U.S. that is a highly constrained by eddy covariance flux data. Our study demonstrated that our empirical approach is effective for upscaling eddy flux GPP data to the continental scale and producing continuous GPP estimates across multiple biomes. With these estimates, we then examined the patterns, magnitude, and interannual variability of GPP. We estimated a gross carbon uptake between 6.91 and 7.33 Pg C yr(-1) for the conterminous U.S. Drought, fires, and hurricanes reduced annual GPP at regional scales and could have a significant impact on the U.S. net ecosystem carbon exchange. The sources of the interannual variability of U.S. GPP were dominated by these extreme climate events and disturbances. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Xiao, Jingfeng] Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Zhuang, Qianlai] Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Law, Beverly E.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Chen, Jiquan] Univ Toledo, Dept Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Ma, Siyan] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cook, David R.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Oren, Ram; Katul, Gabriel G.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Richardson, Andrew D.] Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Wharton, Sonia; Falk, Matthias; Paw U, Kyaw Tha] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Martin, Timothy A.] Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Verma, Shashi B.; Suyker, Andrew E.] Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Scott, Russell L.] USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Monson, Russell K.; Burns, Sean P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Litvak, Marcy] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Hollinger, David Y.] US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Sun, Ge; McNulty, Steve] US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. [Davis, Kenneth J.] Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Bolstad, Paul V.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Curtis, Peter S.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Evolut Ecol & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Drake, Bert G.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Fischer, Marc L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Dept Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Foster, David R.] Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. [Gu, Lianhong] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Matamala, Roser] Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Meyers, Tilden P.] NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Wofsy, Steven C.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Noormets, Asko] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry & Environm Resources, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Noormets, Asko] N Carolina State Univ, So Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Oechel, Walter C.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Schmid, Hans Peter] Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Schmid, Hans Peter] FZK IMK IFU, Res Ctr Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Starr, Gregory] Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. [Torn, Margaret S.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Xiao, JF (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM j.xiao@unh.edu RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009; Noormets, Asko/A-7257-2009; Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Torn, Margaret/D-2305-2015; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Richardson, Andrew/F-5691-2011; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Schmid, Hans Peter/I-1224-2012; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Munger, J/H-4502-2013; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014; OI Noormets, Asko/0000-0003-2221-2111; Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Richardson, Andrew/0000-0002-0148-6714; Schmid, Hans Peter/0000-0001-9076-4466; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Munger, J/0000-0002-1042-8452; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203; Martin, Timothy/0000-0002-7872-4194 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [EAR-0630319] FX This research was partly supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Carbon and Water Program (EAR-0630319). We thank the principal investigators of the MODIS data products including Drs. A.R. Huete, R.B. Myneni, S.W. Running, E.F. Vermote, and Z. Wan. We also thank D.A. Sims, T.A. Boden, S.K.S. Vannan, M. Zhao, Z. Wan, and L Delp for helpful discussion. The MODIS data products were obtained from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) Data Gateway for making these products available. The PRISM climate database was provided by the PRISM Group, Oregon State University (http://www.prismclimate.org). NR 102 TC 112 Z9 119 U1 8 U2 65 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR 15 PY 2010 VL 114 IS 3 BP 576 EP 591 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 559JP UT WOS:000274820700012 ER PT J AU Swart, PK Greer, L Rosenheim, BE Moses, CS Waite, AJ Winter, A Dodge, RE Helmle, K AF Swart, Peter K. Greer, Lisa Rosenheim, Brad E. Moses, Chris S. Waite, Amanda J. Winter, A. Dodge, Richard E. Helmle, Kevin TI The C-13 Suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the surface oceans SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; STABLE OXYGEN; BIOLOGICAL CARBONATES; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; RECORD; REEF; PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; RADIOCARBON AB New delta C-13 data are presented from 10 coral skeletons collected from Florida and elsewhere in the Caribbean (Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Belize). These corals range from 96 to 200 years in age and were collected between 1976 and 2002. The change in the delta C-13 of the skeletons from these corals between 1900 and 1990 has been compared with 27 other published coral records from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The new data presented here make possible, for the first time, a global comparison of rates of change in the delta C-13 value of coral skeletons. Of these records, 64% show a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in delta C-13 towards the modern day (23 out of 37). This decrease is attributable to the addition of anthropogenically derived CO2 (C-13 Suess effect) to the atmosphere. Between 1900 and 1990, the average rate of change of the delta C-13 in all the coral skeletons living under open oceanic conditions is approximately -0.01 parts per thousand yr(-1). In the Atlantic Ocean the magnitude of the decrease since 1960, -0.019 yr(-1) +/- 0.015 parts per thousand, is essentially the same as the decrease in the delta C-13 of atmospheric CO2 and the delta C-13 of the oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (-0.023 to -0.029 parts per thousand yr(-1)), while in the Pacific and Indian Oceans the rate is more variable and significantly reduced (-0.007 parts per thousand yr(-1) +/- 0.013). These data strongly support the notion that (i) the delta C-13 of the atmosphere controls ambient delta C-13 of the dissolved inorganic carbon which in turn is reflected in the coral skeletons, (ii) the rate of decline in the coral skeletons is higher in oceans with a greater anthropogenic CO2 inventory in the surface oceans, (iii) the rate of delta C-13 decline is accelerating. Superimposed on these secular variations are controls on the delta C-13 in the skeleton governed by growth rate, insolation, and local water masses. Citation: Swart, P. K., L. Greer, B. E. Rosenheim, C. S. Moses, A. J. Waite, A. Winter, R. E. Dodge, and K. Helmle (2010), The C-13 Suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the surface oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L05604, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041397. C1 [Swart, Peter K.; Greer, Lisa; Rosenheim, Brad E.; Moses, Chris S.; Waite, Amanda J.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Geol & Geophys, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Greer, Lisa] Washington & Lee Univ, Dept Geol, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. [Rosenheim, Brad E.] Tulane Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. [Moses, Chris S.] Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. [Winter, A.] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00680 USA. [Dodge, Richard E.; Helmle, Kevin] Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Dania, FL 33004 USA. [Helmle, Kevin] NOAA, AOML, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Swart, PK (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Geol & Geophys, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM pswart@rsmas.miami.edu RI Helmle, Kevin/B-5241-2011; Rinaldi2, Carlos/D-4479-2011; Rosenheim, Brad/F-6349-2012; Waite, Amanda/A-1675-2011; Swart, Peter/K-7041-2016 OI Helmle, Kevin/0000-0002-9906-5845; Rosenheim, Brad/0000-0001-6141-4651; Waite, Amanda/0000-0002-1863-666X; FU NOAA; NURC; NCORE; SFWMD; University of Miami FX The authors wish to thank Harold Hudson who cored the corals from Biscayne National Park, the Peterson Keys, and Glovers Reef, John Halas who cored the coral from East Key, Otto Rutten who helped core the corals from Cheeca, Caloosa, and Crocker reefs, Lila Gerald who obtained the core from Wee Wee Cay, and Phil Kramer and Jim Leder who helped core corals from Tobago. Collection of cores and geochemical analyses were supported by grants from NOAA, NURC, NCORE, SFWMD, and the University of Miami. We especially thank Mark Eakin for funding from the NOAA Coral Reef Watch Program. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 12 PY 2010 VL 37 AR L05604 DI 10.1029/2009GL041397 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 568AV UT WOS:000275494700001 ER PT J AU Thornton, JA Kercher, JP Riedel, TP Wagner, NL Cozic, J Holloway, JS Dube, WP Wolfe, GM Quinn, PK Middlebrook, AM Alexander, B Brown, SS AF Thornton, Joel A. Kercher, James P. Riedel, Theran P. Wagner, Nicholas L. Cozic, Julie Holloway, John S. Dube, William P. Wolfe, Glenn M. Quinn, Patricia K. Middlebrook, Ann M. Alexander, Becky Brown, Steven S. TI A large atomic chlorine source inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SALT AEROSOL; GASEOUS N2O5; EMISSIONS; CL; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; NITRATE; MODEL; CLNO2; AIR AB Halogen atoms and oxides are highly reactive and can profoundly affect atmospheric composition. Chlorine atoms can decrease the lifetimes of gaseous elemental mercury(1) and hydrocarbons such as the greenhouse gas methane(2). Chlorine atoms also influence cycles that catalytically destroy or produce tropospheric ozone(3), a greenhouse gas potentially toxic to plant and animal life. Conversion of inorganic chloride into gaseous chlorine atom precursors within the troposphere is generally considered a coastal or marine air phenomenon(4). Here we report mid-continental observations of the chlorine atom precursor nitryl chloride at a distance of 1,400km from the nearest coastline. We observe persistent and significant nitryl chloride production relative to the consumption of its nitrogen oxide precursors. Comparison of these findings to model predictions based on aerosol and precipitation composition data from long-term monitoring networks suggests nitryl chloride production in the contiguous USA alone is at a level similar to previous global estimates for coastal and marine regions(5). We also suggest that a significant fraction of tropospheric chlorine atoms(6) may arise directly from anthropogenic pollutants. C1 [Thornton, Joel A.; Kercher, James P.; Riedel, Theran P.; Wolfe, Glenn M.; Alexander, Becky] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Riedel, Theran P.; Wolfe, Glenn M.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Wagner, Nicholas L.; Cozic, Julie; Holloway, John S.; Dube, William P.; Middlebrook, Ann M.; Brown, Steven S.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Cozic, Julie; Holloway, John S.; Dube, William P.] Cooperat Inst Res Environm Studies, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Quinn, Patricia K.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Thornton, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM thornton@atmos.washington.edu RI Cozic, Julie/A-5464-2011; Wolfe, Glenn/D-5289-2011; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Wagner, Nicholas/E-7437-2010; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Alexander, Becky/N-7048-2013; Thornton, Joel/C-1142-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; Alexander, Becky/0000-0001-9915-4621; Thornton, Joel/0000-0002-5098-4867; FU NSF [ATM-0633897, ATM-0846183]; NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Program; Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation; National Research Council FX Funding for the ClNO2 observations and analysis was provided by NSF grants ATM-0633897 and ATM-0846183 to J. A. T. Boulder field measurements were supported in part by the NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Program. J. P. K. thanks the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship in environmental chemistry. N. L. W. thanks the National Research Council for a postdoctoral fellowship. NR 30 TC 218 Z9 219 U1 16 U2 130 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 11 PY 2010 VL 464 IS 7286 BP 271 EP 274 DI 10.1038/nature08905 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 566JO UT WOS:000275366100045 PM 20220847 ER PT J AU Chiang, HC Ade, PAR Barkats, D Battle, JO Bierman, EM Bock, JJ Dowell, CD Duband, L Hivon, EF Holzapfel, WL Hristov, VV Jones, WC Keating, BG Kovac, JM Kuo, CL Lange, AE Leitch, EM Mason, PV Matsumura, T Nguyen, HT Ponthieu, N Pryke, C Richter, S Rocha, G Sheehy, C Takahashi, YD Tolan, JE Yoon, KW AF Chiang, H. C. Ade, P. A. R. Barkats, D. Battle, J. O. Bierman, E. M. Bock, J. J. Dowell, C. D. Duband, L. Hivon, E. F. Holzapfel, W. L. Hristov, V. V. Jones, W. C. Keating, B. G. Kovac, J. M. Kuo, C. L. Lange, A. E. Leitch, E. M. Mason, P. V. Matsumura, T. Nguyen, H. T. Ponthieu, N. Pryke, C. Richter, S. Rocha, G. Sheehy, C. Takahashi, Y. D. Tolan, J. E. Yoon, K. W. TI MEASUREMENT OF COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION POWER SPECTRA FROM TWO YEARS OF BICEP DATA SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmic background radiation; cosmology: observations; gravitational waves; inflation; polarization ID 2003 FLIGHT; SOURCE CATALOG; GRAVITY-WAVES; ANISOTROPY; PROBE; TEMPERATURE; BOOMERANG; QUAD; EMISSION AB Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (Bicep) is a bolometric polarimeter designed to measure the inflationary B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at degree angular scales. During three seasons of observing at the South Pole (2006 through 2008), Bicep mapped similar to 2% of the sky chosen to be uniquely clean of polarized foreground emission. Here, we present initial results derived from a subset of the data acquired during the first two years. We present maps of temperature, Stokes Q and U, E and B modes, and associated angular power spectra. We demonstrate that the polarization data are self-consistent by performing a series of jackknife tests. We study potential systematic errors in detail and show that they are sub-dominant to the statistical errors. We measure the E-mode angular power spectrum with high precision at 21 <= l <= 335, detecting for the first time the peak expected at l similar to 140. The measured E-mode spectrum is consistent with expectations from a Lambda CDM model, and the B-mode spectrum is consistent with zero. The tensor-to-scalar ratio derived from the B-mode spectrum is r = 0.02(-0.26)(+0.31) or r < 0.72 at 95% confidence, the first meaningful constraint on the inflationary gravitational wave background to come directly from CMB B-mode polarization. C1 [Chiang, H. C.; Barkats, D.; Bock, J. J.; Hristov, V. V.; Jones, W. C.; Kovac, J. M.; Lange, A. E.; Mason, P. V.; Matsumura, T.; Richter, S.; Rocha, G.] CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chiang, H. C.; Jones, W. C.] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Ade, P. A. R.] Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales. [Barkats, D.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Santiago, Chile. [Battle, J. O.; Bock, J. J.; Dowell, C. D.; Lange, A. E.; Nguyen, H. T.; Rocha, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bierman, E. M.; Keating, B. G.] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Kuo, C. L.; Tolan, J. E.] Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA. [Hivon, E. F.] Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. [Holzapfel, W. L.; Takahashi, Y. D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Leitch, E. M.; Pryke, C.; Sheehy, C.] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Yoon, K. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Ponthieu, N.] Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Orsay, France. [Kuo, C. L.; Tolan, J. E.] KIPAC, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Duband, L.] Commissariat Energie Atom, SBT, Grenoble, France. RP Chiang, HC (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Appourchaux, Thierry/F-4692-2010; Holzapfel, William/I-4836-2015; OI Barkats, Denis/0000-0002-8971-1954; Hivon, Eric/0000-0003-1880-2733 FU NSF [OPP-0230438, AST-0548262]; Caltech President's Discovery Fund; Caltech President's Fund [PF-471]; JPL Research and Technology Development Fund; NASA; John B. and Nelly Kilroy Foundation; U.S. DOE [DE-AC02-76SF00515]; KICP FX Bicep is supported by NSF Grant No. OPP-0230438, Caltech President's Discovery Fund, Caltech President's Fund PF-471, JPL Research and Technology Development Fund, and the late J. Robinson. We thank the South Pole Station staff for helping make our observing seasons a success. We also thank Joanna Dunkley, Nathan Miller, and our colleagues in Acbar, Boomerang, QUaD, Bolocam, SPT, and WMAP for advice and helpful discussions, and Kathy Deniston for logistical and administrative support. We gratefully acknowledge support of individual team members by the NASA Graduate Fellowship program (H.C.C.), NSF PECASE Award No. AST-0548262 (B.G.K.), the John B. and Nelly Kilroy Foundation (J.M.K.), the U.S. DOE contract to SLAC No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 (C.L.K. and J.E.T.), KICP (C.P. and C.S.), and the NASA Science Mission Directorate via the US Planck Project (G.R.). NR 35 TC 164 Z9 164 U1 3 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAR 10 PY 2010 VL 711 IS 2 BP 1123 EP 1140 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/1123 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 559SN UT WOS:000274848100011 ER PT J AU Takahashi, YD Ade, PAR Barkats, D Battle, JO Bierman, EM Bock, JJ Chiang, HC Dowell, CD Duband, L Hivon, EF Holzapfel, WL Hristov, VV Jones, WC Keating, BG Kovac, JM Kuo, CL Lange, AE Leitch, EM Mason, PV Matsumura, T Nguyen, HT Ponthieu, N Pryke, C Richter, S Rocha, G Yoon, KW AF Takahashi, Y. D. Ade, P. A. R. Barkats, D. Battle, J. O. Bierman, E. M. Bock, J. J. Chiang, H. C. Dowell, C. D. Duband, L. Hivon, E. F. Holzapfel, W. L. Hristov, V. V. Jones, W. C. Keating, B. G. Kovac, J. M. Kuo, C. L. Lange, A. E. Leitch, E. M. Mason, P. V. Matsumura, T. Nguyen, H. T. Ponthieu, N. Pryke, C. Richter, S. Rocha, G. Yoon, K. W. TI CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BICEP TELESCOPE FOR HIGH-PRECISION COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIMETRY SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmic background radiation; cosmology: observations; gravitational waves; inflation; instrumentation: polarimeters; telescopes ID POLARIZATION POWER SPECTRA; RECEIVER; QUAD AB The Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (Bicep) experiment was designed specifically to search for the signature of inflationary gravitational waves in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Using a novel small-aperture refractor and 49 pairs of polarization-sensitive bolometers, Bicep has completed three years of successful observations at the South Pole beginning in 2006 February. To constrain the amplitude of the inflationary B-mode polarization, which is expected to be at least 7 orders of magnitude fainter than the 3 K CMB intensity, precise control of systematic effects is essential. This paper describes the characterization of potential systematic errors for the Bicep experiment, supplementing a companion paper on the initial cosmological results. Using the analysis pipelines for the experiment, we have simulated the impact of systematic errors on the B-mode polarization measurement. Guided by these simulations, we have established benchmarks for the characterization of critical instrumental properties including bolometer relative gains, beam mismatch, polarization orientation, telescope pointing, sidelobes, thermal stability, and timestream noise model. A comparison of the benchmarks with the measured values shows that we have characterized the instrument adequately to ensure that systematic errors do not limit Bicep's two-year results, and identifies which future refinements are likely necessary to probe inflationary B-mode polarization down to levels below a tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.1. C1 [Takahashi, Y. D.; Holzapfel, W. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Ade, P. A. R.] Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales. [Barkats, D.; Bock, J. J.; Chiang, H. C.; Hristov, V. V.; Jones, W. C.; Kovac, J. M.; Lange, A. E.; Mason, P. V.; Matsumura, T.; Richter, S.; Rocha, G.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Barkats, D.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Santiago, Chile. [Battle, J. O.; Bock, J. J.; Dowell, C. D.; Nguyen, H. T.; Rocha, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bierman, E. M.; Keating, B. G.] Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Chiang, H. C.; Jones, W. C.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Duband, L.] Commissariat Energie Atom, Grenoble, France. [Hivon, E. F.] Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. [Kuo, C. L.] Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA. [Leitch, E. M.; Pryke, C.] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Ponthieu, N.] Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Orsay, France. [Yoon, K. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Takahashi, YD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Holzapfel, William/I-4836-2015; OI Barkats, Denis/0000-0002-8971-1954; Hivon, Eric/0000-0003-1880-2733 FU NSF [OPP-0230438, AST-0548262]; Caltech Discovery Fund; Caltech President's Fund [PF-471]; JPL Research and Technology Fund; NASA FX Bicep is supported by NSF Grant OPP-0230438, Caltech Discovery Fund, Caltech President's Fund PF-471, JPL Research and Technology Fund, and the late J. Robinson. We thank our colleagues in Acbar, Boomerang, QUaD, Bolocam, and SPT for advice and helpful discussions, Kathy Deniston for logistical and administrative support, and the South Pole Station staff for their support. We acknowledge support by the NASA Graduate Fellowship program (H.C.C., E.M.B.), the John B. and Nelly Kilroy Foundation (J.M.K.), and NSF PECASE Award AST-0548262 (B.G.K.). NR 21 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAR 10 PY 2010 VL 711 IS 2 BP 1141 EP 1156 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/1141 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 559SN UT WOS:000274848100012 ER PT J AU Shi, X Yang, J Bai, SQ Yang, JH Wang, H Chi, MF Salvador, JR Zhang, WQ Chen, LD Wong-Ng, W AF Shi, Xun Yang, Jiong Bai, Shengqiang Yang, Jihui Wang, Hsin Chi, Miaofang Salvador, James R. Zhang, Wenqing Chen, Lidong Wong-Ng, Winnie TI On the Design of High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Clathrates through a Systematic Cross-Substitution of Framework Elements SO ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID AUGMENTED-WAVE METHOD; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; SKUTTERUDITE ANTIMONIDES; PHONON-GLASS; BA8GA16GE30; MERIT; SEMICONDUCTOR; BA8GA16SI30; PERFORMANCE; BA8IN16SN30 AB Type I clathrates have recently been identified as prospective thermoelectric materials for power generation purposes due to their very low lattice thermal conductivity values. The maximum thermoelectric figure of merit of almost all type I clathrates is, however, less than 1 and occurs at, or above, 1000 K, making them unfavorable especially for intermediate temperature applications. In this report, the Zintl-Klemm rule is demonstrated to be valid for Ni, Cu, and Zn transition metal substitution in the framework of type I clathrates and offers many degrees of freedom for material modification, design, and optimization. The cross-substitution of framework elements introduces ionized impurities and lattice defects into these materials, which optimize the scattering of charge carriers by the substitution-induced ionized impurities and the scattering of heat-carrying lattice phonons by point defects, respectively, leading to an enhanced power factor, reduced lattice thermal conductivity, and therefore improved thermoelectric figure of merit. Most importantly, the bandgap of these materials can be tuned between 0.1 and 0.5 eV by adjusting the cross-substitution ratio of framework elements, making it possible to design clathrates with excellent thermoelectric properties between 500 and 1000 K. C1 [Shi, Xun; Yang, Jiong; Salvador, James R.] Gen Motors R&D Ctr, Mat & Proc Lab, Warren, MI 48090 USA. [Yang, Jiong; Bai, Shengqiang; Zhang, Wenqing; Chen, Lidong] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Ceram, State Key Lab High Performance Ceram & Superfine, Shanghai 200050, Peoples R China. [Shi, Xun] Optimal Inc, Plymouth, MI 48170 USA. [Wang, Hsin; Chi, Miaofang] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Wong-Ng, Winnie] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shi, X (reprint author), Gen Motors R&D Ctr, Mat & Proc Lab, Warren, MI 48090 USA. EM jihui.yang@gm.com; wqzhang@mail.sic.ac.cn; cld@mail.sic.ac.cn RI Yang, Jihui/A-3109-2009; shi, xun/B-4499-2009; Chen, Lidong/F-2705-2010; Zhang, Wenqing/K-1236-2012; Yang, Jiong/K-6330-2014; Chi, Miaofang/Q-2489-2015; Wang, Hsin/A-1942-2013 OI shi, xun/0000-0002-3806-0303; Yang, Jiong/0000-0002-5862-5981; Chi, Miaofang/0000-0003-0764-1567; Wang, Hsin/0000-0003-2426-9867 FU DOE [DE-FC26-04NT42278]; Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; UT-Battelle LLC; Department of Energy [DEAC05000OR22725]; National Basic Research Program of China [2007CB607503]; NSFC [50825205, 50672118, 50821004, 50820145203, 10634070] FX X. Shi and Jiong Yang contributed equally to this work. XS, JRS, and JY would like to thank Drs. J. F. Herbst and M. W. Verbrugge for continuous support and encouragement, Richard A. Waldo for EPMA measurements, and Richard L. Speer Jr. for X-ray measurements. The work is supported by GM and by DOE under corporate agreement DE-FC26-04NT42278, by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies as part of the High Temperature Materials Laboratory User Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory managed by the UT-Battelle LLC, for the Department of Energy under contract DEAC05000OR22725. WZ and LC acknowledge the financial support from National Basic Research Program of China (973-program) under Project No. 2007CB607503 and NSFC projects (50825205, 50672118, 50821004, 50820145203, and 10634070). NR 56 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 11 U2 83 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1616-301X EI 1616-3028 J9 ADV FUNCT MATER JI Adv. Funct. Mater. PD MAR 9 PY 2010 VL 20 IS 5 BP 755 EP 763 DI 10.1002/adfm.200901817 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 573TE UT WOS:000275937000009 ER PT J AU Jensen, PC Califf, K Lowe, V Hauser, L Morado, JF AF Jensen, Pamela C. Califf, Katy Lowe, Vanessa Hauser, Lorenz Morado, J. Frank TI Molecular detection of Hematodinium sp in Northeast Pacific Chionoecetes spp. and evidence of two species in the Northern Hemisphere SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE ITS1; Secondary structure; 18S rDNA; Parasite; PCR; Crustacean; Parasitic; Dinoflagellate; Disease ID LOBSTER NEPHROPS-NORVEGICUS; RNA SECONDARY STRUCTURE; BLUE-CRAB; RIBOSOMAL DNA; PARASITIC DINOFLAGELLATE; PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE; SPACER SEQUENCES; SYMBIODINIUM; ITS1; CRUSTACEANS AB Hematodinium is a genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infects crustaceans worldwide including Tanner crabs Chionoecetes bairdi and snow crabs C. opilio in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The present study describes the optimization of a PCR-based assay for the detection and monitoring of Hematodinium sp. in snow and Tanner crabs. Two fragments, 1682 and 187 bp, were amplified from the 18S ribosomal DNA region of the parasite. The assay performed well in 6 additional decapod species (1 lobster and 5 crabs) infected with Hematodinium spp., suggesting that it could be used to detect Hematodinium spp. in other decapods. We also report Hematodinium spp. infections in the majid crab, Hyas coarctatus, and the lithodid crab, Lithodes couesi. Sequencing of 18S rDNA and the adjacent internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of Hematodinium spp. isolated from 7 host species in the present study revealed the presence of 2 Hematodinium clades, one in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus and a second in all other host species. The ITS1 sequences of the 2 clades could not be aligned, but showed a conserved secondary structure that may be related to a functional diversification during a host switch. Comparison of our data with 18S and ITS1 sequence data available in GenBank placed the north Pacific Hematodinium sp. in a clade separate from the Hematodinium sp. infecting the portunoids, C. sapidus, Liocarcinus depurator and Scylla serrata, and within a second clade that infected all other decapod hosts located in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. C1 [Jensen, Pamela C.; Califf, Katy; Lowe, Vanessa; Morado, J. Frank] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Hauser, Lorenz] Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Jensen, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM pam.jensen@noaa.gov RI Hauser, Lorenz/E-4365-2010 FU North Pacific Research Board [0306] FX Partial funding was provided by a grant from the North Pacific Research Board (Project No. 0306). We thank E. Munk and E. Acuna (National Marine Fisheries Service [NMFS]) for the infected Hyas coartatus and Lithodes couesi samples, S. Bower (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), G. Messick (National Ocean Service), H. Small and J. Shields (Virginia Institute of Marine Science) for Hematodinium samples. For assistance collecting samples at sea, we thank the Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division (NMFS), Alaska Department of Fish and Game (Southeast Alaska Commercial Division) and Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Newfoundland. We thank C. Shavey, N. Roberson and E. Saito (NMFS) for hemolymph smear scoring. We thank H. Small and 2 anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAR 9 PY 2010 VL 89 IS 2 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.3354/dao02193 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 576FZ UT WOS:000276131000007 PM 20402233 ER PT J AU Ginoux, P Garbuzov, D Hsu, NC AF Ginoux, Paul Garbuzov, Dmitri Hsu, N. Christina TI Identification of anthropogenic and natural dust sources using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue level 2 data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL PROPERTIES; ART.; MODEL; VEGETATION; EMISSIONS; INDEX AB Mineral dust interacts with radiation and impacts both the regional and global climate. The relative contribution of natural and anthropogenic dust sources, however, remains largely uncertain. Although human activities disturb soils and therefore enhance wind erosion, their contribution to global dust emission has never been directly evaluated because of a lack of data. The retrieval of aerosol properties over land, including deserts, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Deep Blue algorithm makes the first direct characterization of the origin of individual sources possible. In order to separate freshly emitted dust from other aerosol types and aged dust particles, the spectral dependence of the single scattering albedo and the Angstrom wavelength exponent are used. Four years of data from the eastern part of West Africa, which includes one of the most active natural dust sources and the highest population density on the continent, are processed. Sources are identified on the basis of the persistence of significant aerosol optical depth from freshly emitted dust, and the origin is characterized as natural or anthropogenic on the basis of a land use data set. Our results indicate that although anthropogenic dust is observed less frequently and with lower optical depth than dust from natural sources in this particular region, it occupies a large area covering most of northern Nigeria and southern Chad, around Lake Chad. In addition, smaller anthropogenic sources are found as far south as 5 degrees of latitude north, well outside the domain of most dust source inventories. C1 [Ginoux, Paul] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Garbuzov, Dmitri] Princeton Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Hsu, N. Christina] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ginoux, P (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; dmitri@princeton.edu; christina.hsu@nasa.gov RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; FU Princeton Environmental Institute FX We are thankful to the reviewers comments who help us improve the manuscript. Dmitri Garbuzov was funded under the summer internship program by the Princeton Environmental Institute. Figures 6, 7, and 8 have been realized using GoogleEarth (TM). NR 32 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 9 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D05204 DI 10.1029/2009JD012398 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 568BA UT WOS:000275495300002 ER PT J AU Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Del Negro, L Brioude, J McKeen, S Stark, H Kuster, WC Goldan, PD Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Wiedinmyer, C Guenther, AB Hansel, A Wisthaler, A Atlas, E Holloway, JS Ryerson, TB Peischl, J Huey, LG Hanks, ATC AF Warneke, C. de Gouw, J. A. Del Negro, L. Brioude, J. McKeen, S. Stark, H. Kuster, W. C. Goldan, P. D. Trainer, M. Fehsenfeld, F. C. Wiedinmyer, C. Guenther, A. B. Hansel, A. Wisthaler, A. Atlas, E. Holloway, J. S. Ryerson, T. B. Peischl, J. Huey, L. G. Hanks, A. T. Case TI Biogenic emission measurement and inventories determination of biogenic emissions in the eastern United States and Texas and comparison with biogenic emission inventories SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; MODEL; CHEMISTRY; SYSTEM; HYDROCARBONS; VALIDATION; CAPACITY; PLUMES AB During the NOAA Southern Oxidant Study 1999 (SOS1999), Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS2000), International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT2004), and Texas Air Quality Study 2006 (TexAQS2006) campaigns, airborne measurements of isoprene and monoterpenes were made in the eastern United States and in Texas, and the results are used to evaluate the biogenic emission inventories BEIS3.12, BEIS3.13, MEGAN2, and WM2001. Two methods are used for the evaluation. First, the emissions are directly estimated from the ambient isoprene and monoterpene measurements assuming a well-mixed boundary layer and are compared with the emissions from the inventories extracted along the flight tracks. Second, BEIS3.12 is incorporated into the detailed transport model FLEXPART, which allows the isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios to be calculated and compared to the measurements. The overall agreement for all inventories is within a factor of 2 and the two methods give consistent results. MEGAN2 is in most cases higher, and BEIS3.12 and BEIS3.13 lower than the emissions determined from the measurements. Regions with clear discrepancies are identified. For example, an isoprene hot spot to the northwest of Houston, Texas, was expected from BEIS3 but not observed in the measurements. Interannual differences in emissions of about a factor of 2 were observed in Texas between 2000 and 2006. C1 [Warneke, C.; de Gouw, J. A.; Brioude, J.; McKeen, S.; Stark, H.; Kuster, W. C.; Goldan, P. D.; Trainer, M.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Holloway, J. S.; Ryerson, T. B.; Peischl, J.] NOAA, Div Chem Sci, ESRL, Boulder, CO USA. [Warneke, C.; de Gouw, J. A.; Brioude, J.; McKeen, S.; Stark, H.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Holloway, J. S.; Peischl, J.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Del Negro, L.] Lake Forest Coll, Dept Chem, Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA. [Wiedinmyer, C.; Guenther, A. B.] NCAR, ACD, Boulder, CO USA. [Hansel, A.; Wisthaler, A.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ionenphys & Angew Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Atlas, E.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Marine & Atmospher Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Huey, L. G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Hanks, A. T. Case] Univ Louisiana Monroe, Dept Geosci, Monroe, LA USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, ESRL, Boulder, CO USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Peischl, Jeff/E-7454-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Brioude, Jerome/E-4629-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Hansel, Armin/F-3915-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Peischl, Jeff/0000-0002-9320-7101; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Hansel, Armin/0000-0002-1062-2394; FU TCEQ [582-8-86246] FX The Air Quality and the Climate Research and Modeling Programs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) supported the WP-3D measurements. Much of the analysis was supported by TCEQ under grant 582-8-86246. NR 52 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 9 PY 2010 VL 115 AR D00F18 DI 10.1029/2009JD012445 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 568BA UT WOS:000275495300003 ER PT J AU Moore, M Walsh, M Bailey, J Brunson, D Gulland, F Landry, S Mattila, D Mayo, C Slay, C Smith, J Rowles, T AF Moore, Michael Walsh, Michael Bailey, James Brunson, David Gulland, Frances Landry, Scott Mattila, David Mayo, Charles Slay, Christopher Smith, Jamison Rowles, Teresa TI Sedation at Sea of Entangled North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) to Enhance Disentanglement SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article AB Background: The objective of this study was to enhance removal of fishing gear from right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) at sea that evade disentanglement boat approaches. Titrated intra muscular injections to achieve sedation were undertaken on two free swimming right whales. Methodology/Principal Findings: Following initial trials with beached whales, a sedation protocol was developed for right whales. Mass was estimated from sighting and necropsy data from comparable right whales. Midazolam (0.01 to 0.025 mg/ kg) was first given alone or with meperidine (0.17 to 0.25 mg/kg) either once or four times over two hours to whale # 1102 by cantilevered pole syringe. In the last attempt on whale # 1102 there appeared to be a mild effect in 20-30 minutes, with duration of less than 2 hours that included exhalation before the blowhole fully cleared the water. Boat avoidance, used as a measure of sedation depth, was not reduced. A second severely entangled animal in 2009, whale # 3311, received midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) followed by butorphanol (0.03 mg/kg) an hour later, delivered ballistically. Two months later it was then given midazolam (0.07 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.07 mg/kg) simultaneously. The next day both drugs at 0.1 mg/kg were given as a mixture in two darts 10 minutes apart. The first attempt on whale # 3311 showed increased swimming speed and boat avoidance was observed after a further 20 minutes. The second attempt on whale # 3311 showed respiration increasing mildly in frequency and decreasing in strength. The third attempt on whale # 3311 gave a statistically significant increase in respiratory frequency an hour after injection, with increased swimming speed and marked reduction of boat evasion that enabled decisive cuts to entangling gear. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that butorphanol and midazolam delivered ballistically in appropriate dosages and combinations may have merit in future refractory free swimming entangled right whale cases until other entanglement solutions are developed. C1 [Moore, Michael] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Walsh, Michael; Bailey, James] Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. [Brunson, David] Pfizer Inc, Vet Specialty Team Sedat Pain Management & Anesth, Madison, WI USA. [Gulland, Frances] Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA USA. [Landry, Scott; Mayo, Charles] Provincetown Ctr Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA USA. [Mattila, David] Natl Oceanog Atmospher Adm, Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale Natl Marine Sanct, Natl Ocean Serv, Kihei, HI USA. [Slay, Christopher] Coastwise Consulting Inc, Athens, GA USA. [Smith, Jamison] Natl Oceanog Atmospher Adm, Protected Resources Div, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester, MA USA. [Rowles, Teresa] Natl Oceanog Atmospher Adm, Marine Mammal Conservat Div, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Moore, M (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mmoore@whoi.edu RI Moore, Michael/E-1707-2015 OI Moore, Michael/0000-0003-3074-6631 FU Cecil H; Ida M. Green Technology Innovation Program (WHOI); North Pond Foundation; Sloan and Wick Simmonds; Northeast Consortium; National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Georgia Department of Natural Resources; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies; Coastwise Consulting; Atlantic Large Whale Disentanglement Network; Aquatic Animal Health Program; University of Florida FX This work was funded by Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Technology Innovation Program (WHOI), North Pond Foundation, Sloan and Wick Simmonds, Northeast Consortium, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, Coastwise Consulting, the Atlantic Large Whale Disentanglement Network, and Aquatic Animal Health Program, University of Florida. NOAA was centrally involved in the permitting and undertaking of the work. The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 demands that this be so. The paper was drafted by all of the authors with no influence from NOAA as an agency in terms of how it was written. Coastwise Consulting provided logistic support for the 2009 field work. Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies provided support for ballistic technology development. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution funded initial concept development. University of Florida funded drug acquisition. Despite some of the authors being employees of the above sources of funds, the administrators of the funds so granted had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Pfizer Inc. had no financial involvement in the project. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD MAR 9 PY 2010 VL 5 IS 3 AR e9597 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009597 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 565XA UT WOS:000275328300014 PM 20231895 ER PT J AU Lin, CC Ziolkowski, RW Nielsen, JA Tanielian, MH Holloway, CL AF Lin, Chia-Ching Ziolkowski, Richard W. Nielsen, Jean A. Tanielian, Minas H. Holloway, Christopher L. TI An efficient, low profile, electrically small, three-dimensional, very high frequency magnetic EZ antenna SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COMPACT AB A very high frequency version of the electrically small, coax-fed, three-dimensional magnetic EZ antenna was designed and tested. The fabricated antenna was formed by integrating a capacitively loaded loop element with a coaxially-fed, electrically small, semicircular loop antenna. This low profile antenna (height similar to lambda/25) had an electrical size that was ka similar to 0.46 at 105.2 MHz (where a is the radius of the minimum enclosing hemisphere). Nearly complete matching to the 50 Omega source and a high overall efficiency (nearly 95%) were achieved. The numerically predicted and the measured results were in good agreement. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3357430] C1 [Lin, Chia-Ching; Ziolkowski, Richard W.] Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Nielsen, Jean A.; Tanielian, Minas H.] Boeing Res & Technol, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. [Holloway, Christopher L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lin, CC (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 1230 E Speedway Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM ziolkowski@ece.arizona.edu FU DARPA [HR0011-05-C-0068] FX This work was supported in part by DARPA Contract No. HR0011-05-C-0068. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 10 AR 104102 DI 10.1063/1.3357430 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 569HU UT WOS:000275588000103 ER PT J AU Mazin, BA Sank, D McHugh, S Lucero, EA Merrill, A Gao, JS Pappas, D Moore, D Zmuidzinas, J AF Mazin, Benjamin A. Sank, Daniel McHugh, Sean Lucero, Erik A. Merrill, Andrew Gao, Jiansong Pappas, David Moore, David Zmuidzinas, Jonas TI Thin film dielectric microstrip kinetic inductance detectors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Microwave kinetic inductance detectors, or MKIDs, are a type of low temperature detector that exhibit intrinsic frequency domain multiplexing at microwave frequencies. We present the first theory and measurements on a MKID based on a microstrip transmission line resonator. A complete characterization of the dielectric loss and noise properties of these resonators is performed, and agrees well with the derived theory. A competitive noise equivalent power of 5 x 10(-17) W Hz(-1/2) at 10 Hz has been demonstrated. The resonators exhibit the highest quality factors known in a microstrip resonator with a deposited thin film dielectric. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3314281] C1 [Mazin, Benjamin A.; Sank, Daniel; McHugh, Sean; Lucero, Erik A.; Merrill, Andrew] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Gao, Jiansong; Pappas, David] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Moore, David; Zmuidzinas, Jonas] CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Mazin, BA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM bmazin@physics.ucsb.edu RI Mazin, Ben/B-8704-2011 OI Mazin, Ben/0000-0003-0526-1114 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNH06ZDA001N-APRA2] FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNH06ZDA001N-APRA2 issued through the Science Mission Directorate. The authors would like to thank John Martinis, Sunil Golwala, and Andrew Cleland for useful insights NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 10 AR 102504 DI 10.1063/1.3314281 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 569HU UT WOS:000275588000047 ER PT J AU Wahlstrand, JK Zhang, H Cundiff, ST AF Wahlstrand, J. K. Zhang, H. Cundiff, S. T. TI Uniform-field transverse electroreflectance using a mode-locked laser and a radio-frequency bias SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAAS; SPECTROSCOPY AB We describe a technique for transverse electroreflectance that uses broadband optical pulses from a mode-locked laser and a rapidly oscillating bias with a frequency near half the laser repetition rate. Since the electrodes are electrically isolated from the sample, highly nonuniform trap-enhanced fields do not occur. Because the time-averaged electric field is zero, space charges do not build up. Experimental results are presented for semi-insulating GaAs. The technique is also useful in ultrafast experiments that require a uniform transverse electric field. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3354078] C1 [Wahlstrand, J. K.; Zhang, H.; Cundiff, S. T.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wahlstrand, JK (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM wahlstrj@umd.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 10 AR 101104 DI 10.1063/1.3354078 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 569HU UT WOS:000275588000004 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, A Rastatter, L Kuznetsova, M Hesse, M Ridley, A Raeder, J Singer, HJ Chulaki, A AF Pulkkinen, A. Rastaetter, L. Kuznetsova, M. Hesse, M. Ridley, A. Raeder, J. Singer, H. J. Chulaki, A. TI Systematic evaluation of ground and geostationary magnetic field predictions generated by global magnetohydrodynamic models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETICALLY INDUCED CURRENTS; SURFACE; MAGNETOSPHERE; SIMULATION; STORM; EARTH AB In this work a systematic evaluation of ground and geostationary magnetic field predictions generated by a set of global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models is carried out. The evaluation uses four geospace storm events and ground magnetometer station and geostationary GOES data for comparisons between model output and observations. It is shown that metrics analysis of two different geospace parameters, i.e., geostationary and ground magnetic field, show surprising similarities, although the parameters reflect rather different properties of geospace. More specifically, increasing the spatial resolution and inclusion of more realistic inner magnetospheric physics successfully made the model predictions by the BATS-R-US model more accurate. Furthermore, while the OpenGGCM model had a tendency to have larger differences to observations than BATS-R-US in terms of the prediction efficiency, the model provided more accurate representation of the observed spectral characteristics of the ground and geostationary magnetic field fluctuations. C1 [Pulkkinen, A.] Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Pulkkinen, A.; Rastaetter, L.; Kuznetsova, M.; Hesse, M.; Chulaki, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rastaetter, L.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Ridley, A.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Raeder, J.] Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Raeder, J.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pulkkinen, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM antti.a.pulkkinen@nasa.gov RI Ridley, Aaron/F-3943-2011; Hesse, Michael/D-2031-2012; Rastaetter, Lutz/D-4715-2012; Kuznetsova, Maria/F-6840-2012 OI Ridley, Aaron/0000-0001-6933-8534; Rastaetter, Lutz/0000-0002-7343-4147; FU INTERMAGNET FX The global MHD simulations used in this work were carried out at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) operated at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The authors wish to acknowledge the rest of the CCMC staff for their generous support throughout the work discussed in the paper. The results presented in this paper rely on data collected at magnetic observatories. We thank the national institutes that support them and INTERMAGNET for promoting high standards of magnetic observatory practice (http://www.intermagnet.org). Terry Onsager and Paul Loto'aniu of NOAA are acknowledged for their help with selection of the ground magnetometer stations used in the study and preparation of the GOES magnetic field data, respectively. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAR 6 PY 2010 VL 115 AR A03206 DI 10.1029/2009JA014537 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 565UV UT WOS:000275321200003 ER PT J AU Sunagawa, S Woodley, CM Medina, M AF Sunagawa, Shinichi Woodley, Cheryl M. Medina, Monica TI Threatened Corals Provide Underexplored Microbial Habitats SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS; RARE BIOSPHERE; DIVERSITY; BACTERIA; EVOLUTION; COMMUNITIES; MUCUS; SEQUENCES AB Contemporary in-depth sequencing of environmental samples has provided novel insights into microbial community structures, revealing that their diversity had been previously underestimated. Communities in marine environments are commonly composed of a few dominant taxa and a high number of taxonomically diverse, low-abundance organisms. However, studying the roles and genomic information of these "rare'' organisms remains challenging, because little is known about their ecological niches and the environmental conditions to which they respond. Given the current threat to coral reef ecosystems, we investigated the potential of corals to provide highly specialized habitats for bacterial taxa including those that are rarely detected or absent in surrounding reef waters. The analysis of more than 350,000 small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequence tags and almost 2,000 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that rare seawater biosphere members are highly abundant or even dominant in diverse Caribbean corals. Closely related corals (in the same genus/family) harbored similar bacterial communities. At higher taxonomic levels, however, the similarities of these communities did not correlate with the phylogenetic relationships among corals, opening novel questions about the evolutionary stability of coral-microbial associations. Large proportions of OTUs (28.7-49.1%) were unique to the coral species of origin. Analysis of the most dominant ribotypes suggests that many uncovered bacterial taxa exist in coral habitats and await future exploration. Our results indicate that coral species, and by extension other animal hosts, act as specialized habitats of otherwise rare microbes in marine ecosystems. Here, deep sequencing provided insights into coral microbiota at an unparalleled resolution and revealed that corals harbor many bacterial taxa previously not known. Given that two of the coral species investigated are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, our results add an important microbial diversity-based perspective to the significance of conserving coral reefs. C1 [Sunagawa, Shinichi; Medina, Monica] Univ Calif Merced, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA USA. [Woodley, Cheryl M.] NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC USA. RP Sunagawa, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Merced, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA USA. EM mmedina@ucmerced.edu RI Sunagawa, Shinichi/D-9715-2011 OI Sunagawa, Shinichi/0000-0003-3065-0314 FU International Census of Marine Microbes; W.M. Keck Foundation award to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Conservation Program; Coral Disease and Health Consortium [1939-2009]; Sigma Xi Grant; National Science Foundation [IOS-0644438, OCE-0313708] FX This project was supported by the International Census of Marine Microbes and the W.M. Keck Foundation award to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Conservation Program, Coral Disease and Health Consortium Project 1939-2009 to C. M. W., a Sigma Xi Grant to S. S., and National Science Foundation grants IOS-0644438 and OCE-0313708 to M. M. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 56 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 9 U2 44 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD MAR 5 PY 2010 VL 5 IS 3 AR e9554 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009554 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 564EX UT WOS:000275197200009 PM 20221265 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Rosenlof, KH Portmann, RW Daniel, JS Davis, SM Sanford, TJ Plattner, GK AF Solomon, Susan Rosenlof, Karen H. Portmann, Robert W. Daniel, John S. Davis, Sean M. Sanford, Todd J. Plattner, Gian-Kasper TI Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; TRENDS; VALIDATION; BOULDER; MODELS; CLOUDS; HALOE AB Stratospheric water vapor concentrations decreased by about 10% after the year 2000. Here we show that this acted to slow the rate of increase in global surface temperature over 2000-2009 by about 25% compared to that which would have occurred due only to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. More limited data suggest that stratospheric water vapor probably increased between 1980 and 2000, which would have enhanced the decadal rate of surface warming during the 1990s by about 30% as compared to estimates neglecting this change. These findings show that stratospheric water vapor is an important driver of decadal global surface climate change. C1 [Solomon, Susan; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Portmann, Robert W.; Daniel, John S.; Davis, Sean M.; Sanford, Todd J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Davis, Sean M.; Sanford, Todd J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Plattner, Gian-Kasper] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Richards, Amber/K-8203-2015; Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/A-5245-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Davis, Sean/C-9570-2011 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/0000-0002-3765-0045; Davis, Sean/0000-0001-9276-6158 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program FX This work was supported by the Atmospheric Composition and Climate Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program. We appreciate helpful comments on a draft manuscript by K. Shine, M. Geller, A. Gettelman, and A. Dessler. NR 40 TC 414 Z9 431 U1 16 U2 118 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 5 PY 2010 VL 327 IS 5970 BP 1219 EP 1223 DI 10.1126/science.1182488 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 563VD UT WOS:000275162100029 PM 20110466 ER PT J AU Ladd, TD Jelezko, F Laflamme, R Nakamura, Y Monroe, C O'Brien, JL AF Ladd, T. D. Jelezko, F. Laflamme, R. Nakamura, Y. Monroe, C. O'Brien, J. L. TI Quantum computers SO NATURE LA English DT Review ID TRAPPED ATOMIC IONS; SINGLE-PHOTON; FACTORING ALGORITHM; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; RYDBERG BLOCKADE; POLAR-MOLECULES; SPIN QUBITS; DOT; COMPUTATION; DIAMOND AB Over the past several decades, quantum information science has emerged to seek answers to the question: can we gain some advantage by storing, transmitting and processing information encoded in systems that exhibit unique quantum properties? Today it is understood that the answer is yes, and many research groups around the world are working towards the highly ambitious technological goal of building a quantum computer, which would dramatically improve computational power for particular tasks. A number of physical systems, spanning much of modern physics, are being developed for quantum computation. However, it remains unclear which technology, if any, will ultimately prove successful. Here we describe the latest developments for each of the leading approaches and explain the major challenges for the future. C1 [O'Brien, J. L.] Univ Bristol, Ctr Quantum Photon, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1UB, Avon, England. [O'Brien, J. L.] Univ Bristol, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Bristol BS8 1UB, Avon, England. [Ladd, T. D.] Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Jelezko, F.] Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 3, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. [Laflamme, R.] Univ Waterloo, Inst Quantum Comp, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Laflamme, R.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Laflamme, R.] Perimeter Inst, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada. [Nakamura, Y.] NEC Corp Ltd, Nano Elect Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan. [Nakamura, Y.] RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. [Monroe, C.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Monroe, C.] NIST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP O'Brien, JL (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Ctr Quantum Photon, HH Wills Phys Lab, Merchant Venturers Bldg,Woodland Rd, Bristol BS8 1UB, Avon, England. EM jeremy.obrien@bristol.ac.uk RI Ladd, Thaddeus/C-5822-2009; O'Brien, Jeremy/A-6290-2008; Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011; Nakamura, Yasunobu/H-1300-2012; OI O'Brien, Jeremy/0000-0002-3576-8285 FU NSF; EPSRC; QIP IRC; IARPA; ERC; Leverhulme Trust; CREST-JST; DFG; BMBF; Landesstiftung BW; Royal Society FX We thank R. Hanson, M. D. Lukin, and W. D. Oliver for comments. We acknowledge support from NSF, EPSRC, QIP IRC, IARPA, ERC, the Leverhulme Trust, CREST-JST, DFG, BMBF and Landesstiftung BW. J.L.O'B. acknowledges a Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award. NR 111 TC 973 Z9 984 U1 60 U2 450 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 4 PY 2010 VL 464 IS 7285 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1038/nature08812 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 563GZ UT WOS:000275117500031 PM 20203602 ER PT J AU Lake, RE Pomeroy, JM Sosolik, CE AF Lake, R. E. Pomeroy, J. M. Sosolik, C. E. TI Energy dissipation of highly charged ions on Al oxide films SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Workshop on Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions (DIET 12) CY APR 19-23, 2009 CL Pine Mt, GA SP SPECS, HIDEN Analy, BRUKER, United States Natl Sci Fdn, Georgia Inst Technol, States Univ New Jersey ID SURFACES; SLOW; INSULATOR AB Slow highly charged ions (HCIs) carry a large amount of potential energy that can be dissipated within femtoseconds upon interaction with a surface. HCI-insulator collisions result in high sputter yields and surface nanofeature creation due to strong coupling between the solid's electronic system and lattice. For HCIs interacting with Al oxide, combined experiments and theory indicate that defect mediated desorption can explain reasonably well preferential O atom removal and an observed threshold for sputtering due to potential energy. These studies have relied on measuring mass loss on the target substrate or probing craters left after desorption. Our approach is to extract highly charged ions onto the Al oxide barriers of metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions and measure the increased conductance in a finished device after the irradiated interface is buried under the top metal layer. Such transport measurements constrain dynamic surface processes and provide large sets of statistics concerning the way individual HCI projectiles dissipate their potential energy. Results for Xe(q+) for q = 32, 40, 44 extracted onto Al oxide films are discussed in terms of postirradiation electrical device characteristics. Future work will elucidate the relationship between potential energy dissipation and tunneling phenomena through HCI modified oxides. C1 [Lake, R. E.; Sosolik, C. E.] Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Pomeroy, J. M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lake, RE (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM rlake@g.clemson.edu RI Sosolik, Chad/D-3671-2011 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAR 3 PY 2010 VL 22 IS 8 AR 084008 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084008 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 552EV UT WOS:000274271800009 PM 21389384 ER PT J AU Eberle, APR Wagner, NJ Akgun, B Satija, SK AF Eberle, Aaron P. R. Wagner, Norman J. Akgun, Bulent Satija, Sushil K. TI Temperature-Dependent Nanostructure of an End-Tethered Octadecane Brush in Tetradecane and Nanoparticle Phase Behavior SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-FUNCTIONALIZATION; SILVER NANOPARTICLES; SILICA DISPERSIONS; COLLOIDS; MONOLAYERS; POLYMER; ATTRACTIONS; SEPARATION AB The phase behavior of a molecular brush-C(18) grafted to the surface of both a silicon wafer and SiO(2) nanoparticles was investigated as a function of temperature using neutron reflectometry (NR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), respectively. The experiments demonstrate a phase change in the brush layer characterized by a straightening of the molecular configuration, increase in shell thickness, and increase in solvent concentration with decreasing temperature that corresponds to gelation in the nanoparticle dispersion. C1 [Eberle, Aaron P. R.; Wagner, Norman J.] Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Akgun, Bulent; Satija, Sushil K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Akgun, Bulent] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wagner, NJ (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM wagnernj@udel.edu RI Akgun, Bulent/H-3798-2011; Wagner, Norman/B-6558-2012 OI Wagner, Norman/0000-0001-9565-619X FU NIST [70NANB7H6178] FX The funding for this work was provided by the NIST Cooperative Agreement # 70NANB7H6178. We thank Paul Butler (NCNR) for discussions. The identification of any commercial product or trade name does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the National Institute of Standards and Technologies. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 2 PY 2010 VL 26 IS 5 BP 3003 EP 3007 DI 10.1021/la904660n PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 556ZP UT WOS:000274636900007 PM 20108970 ER PT J AU Chung, KH Bhadriraju, K Spurlin, TA Cook, RF Plant, AL AF Chung, Koo-Hyun Bhadriraju, Kiran Spurlin, Tighe A. Cook, Robert F. Plant, Anne L. TI Nanomechanical Properties of Thin Films of Type I Collagen Fibrils SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; ADSORBED COLLAGEN; CELL MORPHOLOGY; SUBSTRATE; STIFFNESS; HYDRATION; RESOLUTION; PHENOTYPE; LAYERS AB The mechanical cues that adherent cells derive from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can effect dramatic changes in migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Model ECMs composed of collagen fibrils formed from purified collagen are an important experimental system to study cell responses to mechanical properties of the ECM. Using a self-assembled model system of a film composed of 100-200 nm diameter collagen fibrils overlaying a bed of smaller fibrils, we have previously demonstrated changes in cellular response to systematically controlled changes in mechanical properties of the collagen. In this study, we describe an experimental and modeling approach to calculate the elastic modulus of individual collagen fibrils, and thereby the effective stiffness of the entire collagen thin film matrix, from atomic force microscopy force spectroscopy data. These results demonstrate an approach to the analysis of fundamental properties of thin, heterogeneous, and organic films and add further insights into the mechanical and topographical properties or collagen fibrils that are relevant to cell responses to the ECM. C1 [Chung, Koo-Hyun; Cook, Robert F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bhadriraju, Kiran; Spurlin, Tighe A.; Plant, Anne L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chung, KH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM khchung@nist.gov RI Chung, KooHyun/O-3042-2013 OI Chung, KooHyun/0000-0002-9092-6784 NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 2 PY 2010 VL 26 IS 5 BP 3629 EP 3636 DI 10.1021/la903073v PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 556ZP UT WOS:000274636900096 PM 20104910 ER PT J AU Park, D Finlay, JA Ward, RJ Weinman, CJ Krishnan, S Paik, M Sohn, KE Callow, ME Callow, JA Handlin, DL Willis, CL Fischer, DA Angert, ER Kramer, EJ Ober, CK AF Park, Daewon Finlay, John A. Ward, Rebekah J. Weinman, Craig J. Krishnan, Sitaraman Paik, Marvin Sohn, Karen E. Callow, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Handlin, Dale L. Willis, Carl L. Fischer, Daniel A. Angert, Esther R. Kramer, Edward J. Ober, Christopher K. TI Antimicrobial Behavior of Semifluorinated-Quaternized Triblock Copolymers against Airborne and Marine Microorganisms SO ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES LA English DT Article DE semifluorinated-quaternized; ABC triblock copolymer; antibacterial; marine fouling; Ulva; Navicula ID TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; GREEN-ALGA ULVA; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFOULING PAINTS; RELEASE COATINGS; POLYMERS; SURFACES; ENTEROMORPHA; SETTLEMENT; WATER AB Semifluorinated-quaternized triblock copolymers (SQTCs) were synthesized by chemical modification of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-bloch-polyisoprene ABC triblock copolymers. Surface characterization of the polymers was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis. The surface of the SQTC showed very high antibacterial activity against the airborne bacterium Staphylococcus aureus with >99 % inhibition of growth. In contrast in marine fouling assays, zoospores of the green alga Ulva settled on the SQTC, which can be attributed to the positively charged surface. The adhesion strength of sporelings (young plants) of Ulva and Navicula diatoms (a unicellular alga) was high. The SQTC did not show marked algicidal activity. C1 [Park, Daewon; Weinman, Craig J.; Krishnan, Sitaraman; Paik, Marvin; Ober, Christopher K.] Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Angert, Esther R.] Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Finlay, John A.; Callow, Maureen E.; Callow, James A.] Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. [Krishnan, Sitaraman] Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. [Sohn, Karen E.; Kramer, Edward J.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Handlin, Dale L.; Willis, Carl L.] KRATON Polymers, Houston, TX 77082 USA. [Fischer, Daniel A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ober, CK (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Krishnan, Sitaraman/C-5559-2011 OI Krishnan, Sitaraman/0000-0002-1228-8393 FU United States Department of Defense [WP 1454]; Office of Naval Research (ONR) [N00014-05-1-0134, N00014-02-1-0170]; NSF Graduate Fellowship; NSF [DMR-0704539]; NSF-MRSEC [DMR-0520415] FX This work was supported by United States Department of Defense's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Grant WP #1454 with additional support from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) through award # N00014-05-1-0134 U.A.C. and M.E.C.) and N00014-02-1-0170 (C.K.O. and E.J.K.). K.E.S. and E.J.K. acknowledge partial support from an NSF Graduate Fellowship and the NSF Polymers Program (DMR-0704539) as well as the use of facilities funded by the NSF-MRSEC program (UCSB MRL, DMR-0520415). NR 52 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1944-8244 J9 ACS APPL MATER INTER JI ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces PD MAR PY 2010 VL 2 IS 3 BP 703 EP 711 DI 10.1021/am900748v PG 9 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 572JA UT WOS:000275825700019 PM 20356271 ER PT J AU Mu, CJ LaVan, DA Langer, RS Zetter, BR AF Mu, C. Jenny LaVan, David A. Langer, Robert S. Zetter, Bruce R. TI Self-Assembled Gold Nanoparticle Molecular Probes for Detecting Proteolytic Activity In Vivo SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE self-assembly; gold; nanoparticles; near-infrared; fluorescence; imaging; dark quencher; proteolysis; cancer; tumor ID TUMOR-DETECTION; FLUORESCENCE; RECEPTOR; PEPTIDE; VISUALIZATION; ANTIBODIES; SENSOR AB Target-activatable fluorogenic probes based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with self-assembled heterogeneous monolayers of dye-labeled peptides and poly(ethylene glycol) have been developed to visualize proteolytic activity in vivo. A one-step synthesis strategy that allows simple generation of surface-defined AuNP probe libraries is presented as a means of tailoring and evaluating probe characteristics for maximal fluorescence enhancement after protease activation. Optimal AuNP probes targeted to trypsin and urokinase-type plasminogen activator required the incorporation of a dark quencher to achieve 5- to 8-fold signal amplification. These probes exhibited extended circulation time in vivo and high image contrast in a mouse tumor model. C1 [Mu, C. Jenny; Zetter, Bruce R.] Childrens Hosp Boston, Vasc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Mu, C. Jenny] MIT, Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [LaVan, David A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Langer, Robert S.] MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. [Zetter, Bruce R.] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Zetter, BR (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Boston, Vasc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM bruce.zetter@childrens.harvard.edu RI LaVan, David/C-3943-2012 OI LaVan, David/0000-0002-1952-0028 FU Whitaker Foundation; NIH [CA119402, DE013023, DE016516]; National Science Foundation [DMR-08-19762] FX The authors thank I. Chung and K. Hamad-Schifferli for helpful discussions as well as Y. Zhang for technical assistance in obtaining the TEM images. C.J.M. gratefully acknowledges the Whitaker Foundation for fellowship support. This work was funded by NIH grants CA119402 (to B.R.Z.), DE013023, and DE016516 (to R.S.L.), and made use of MRSEC Shared Experimental Facilities at MIT, supported by the National Science Foundation under award number DMR-08-19762. The full description of the materials and instrumentation used in this paper requires the identification of certain materials and instrumentation suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such materials or instrumentation are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials or instrumentation for the purposes described. NR 33 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 6 U2 61 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD MAR PY 2010 VL 4 IS 3 BP 1511 EP 1520 DI 10.1021/nn9017334 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 572UE UT WOS:000275858200033 PM 20146506 ER PT J AU Holden, MJ Levine, M Scholdberg, T Haynes, RJ Jenkins, GR AF Holden, Marcia J. Levine, Marci Scholdberg, Tandace Haynes, Ross J. Jenkins, G. Ronald TI The use of 35S and Tnos expression elements in the measurement of genetically engineered plant materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Nucleic acids (DNA); PCR; CaMV 35S promoter; Tnos; Quantitative real-time PCR; Biotechnological products ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; REAL-TIME PCR; CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC-VIRUS; MODIFIED MAIZE; QUANTIFICATION; PROMOTER; QUANTITATION; VALIDATION; FOOD AB An online survey was conducted by the International Life Sciences Institute, Food Biotechnology Committee, on the use of qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and Agrobacterium tumefaciens Tnos DNA sequence elements for the detection of genetically engineered (GE) crop plant material. Forty-four testing laboratories around the world completed the survey. The results showed the widespread use of such methods, the multiplicity of published and in-house methods, and the variety of reference materials and calibrants in use. There was an interest on the part of respondents in validated quantitative assays relevant to all GE events that contain these two genetic elements. Data are presented by testing two variations each of five published real-time quantitative PCR methods for 35S detection on eight maize reference materials. The results showed that two of the five methods were not suitable for all the eight reference materials, with poor linear regression parameters and multiple PCR amplification products for some of the reference materials. This study demonstrates that not all 35S methods produce satisfactory results, emphasizing the need for method validation. C1 [Holden, Marcia J.; Haynes, Ross J.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Levine, Marci] ILSI, IFBiC, Washington, DC 20005 USA. [Scholdberg, Tandace; Jenkins, G. Ronald] GIPSA, TSD, USDA, Kansas City, MO 64153 USA. RP Holden, MJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marcia.holden@nist.gov FU NIST of Wade Reimonenq of Southern University A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA; BASF; Bayer CropScience; Cargill Inc.; Dow AgroSciences; Monsanto Company; Masterfoods, Inc.; Pioneer; A Dupont Company; Procter & Gamble Company, Inc.; Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc.; CropLife International through an agreement with NIST and GIPSA FX We wish to thank the 44 laboratories who completed the questionnaire. We acknowledge the fine technical support at the NIST of Wade Reimonenq of Southern University A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA.; Support The survey described in this manuscript was supported by the members of the ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee: BASF; Bayer CropScience; Cargill Inc., Dow AgroSciences; Monsanto Company; Masterfoods, Inc., Pioneer, A Dupont Company; and Procter & Gamble Company, Inc., Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc. CropLife International provided support for this project through an agreement with NIST and GIPSA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 396 IS 6 BP 2175 EP 2187 DI 10.1007/s00216-009-3186-x PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 567NW UT WOS:000275454900022 PM 19856176 ER PT J AU Johann, DJ Wei, BR Prieto, DA Chan, KC Ye, XY Valera, VA Simpson, RM Rudnick, PA Xiao, Z Issaq, HJ Linehan, WM Stein, SE Veenstra, TD Blonder, J AF Johann, Donald J., Jr. Wei, Bih-Rong Prieto, DaRue A. Chan, King C. Ye, Xiaying Valera, Vladimir A. Simpson, R. Mark Rudnick, Paul A. Xiao, Zhen Issaq, Haleem J. Linehan, W. Marston Stein, Stephen E. Veenstra, Timothy D. Blonder, Josip TI Combined Blood/Tissue Analysis for Cancer Biomarker Discovery: Application to Renal Cell Carcinoma SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION; BREAST-CANCER; PROTEOMICS; TUMOR; CADHERIN; COMPLEX AB A method that relies on subtractive tissue-directed shotgun proteomics to identify tumor proteins in the blood of a patient newly diagnosed with cancer is described. To avoid analytical and statistical biases caused by physiologic variability of protein expression in the human population, this method was applied on clinical specimens obtained from a single patient diagnosed with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The proteomes extracted from tumor, normal adjacent tissue and preoperative plasma were analyzed using 2D-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The lists of identified proteins were filtered to discover proteins that (i) were found in the tumor but not normal tissue, (ii) were identified in matching plasma, and (iii) whose spectral count was higher in tumor tissue than plasma. These filtering criteria resulted in identification of eight tumor proteins in the blood. Subsequent Western-blot analysis confirmed the presence of cadherin-5, cadherin-11, DEAD-box protein-23, and pyruvate kinase in the blood of the patient in the study as well as in the blood of four other patients diagnosed with RCC. These results demonstrate the utility of a combined blood/tissue analysis strategy that permits the detection of tumor proteins in the blood of a patient diagnosed with RCC. C1 [Prieto, DaRue A.; Chan, King C.; Ye, Xiaying; Xiao, Zhen; Issaq, Haleem J.; Veenstra, Timothy D.; Blonder, Josip] NCI, Lab Prote & Analyt Technol, Adv Technol Program, SAIC Frederick Inc, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. [Johann, Donald J., Jr.] NCI, Med Oncol Branch, Ctr Canc Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Wei, Bih-Rong; Simpson, R. Mark] NCI, Lab Canc Biol & Genet, Ctr Canc Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Valera, Vladimir A.; Linehan, W. Marston] NCI, Urol Oncol Branch, Ctr Canc Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Rudnick, Paul A.; Stein, Stephen E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blonder, J (reprint author), NCI, Lab Prote & Analyt Technol, Adv Technol Program, SAIC Frederick Inc, POB B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. EM blonderj@mail.nih.gov FU National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health [N01-CO-12400] FX The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests, This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds front the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract N01-CO-12400. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 82 IS 5 BP 1584 EP 1588 DI 10.1021/ac902204k PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 559QN UT WOS:000274841300005 PM 20121140 ER PT J AU Tai, SSC Bedner, M Phinney, KW AF Tai, Susan S. -C. Bedner, Mary Phinney, Karen W. TI Development of a Candidate Reference Measurement Procedure for the Determination of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-2 in Human Serum Using Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-D STATUS; CIRCULATING 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D; C-3 EPIMERS; METABOLITES; QUANTIFICATION; ACCURATE; ASSAYS AB Vitamin D exists in two major forms, vitamin D-3 and vitamin D-2. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium and promote optimal bone health. Both forms of vitamin D are metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the body, and the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 [25(OH)D-3] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-2 [25(OH)D-2] in serum are considered the best indicators of vitamin D status. A candidate reference measurement procedure for serum 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2 has been developed and critically evaluated. The deuterated compounds 25(OH)D-3-d(3) and 25(OH)D-2-d:1 are used as internal standards for 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2, respectively. The 25(OH)D-3 kind 25(OH)D-2 kind their respective labeled internal standards are simultaneously extracted from serum using liquid-liquid extraction prior to reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was performed using it cyano (CN) column for both 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in the positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were used for I-C-MS/MS. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery studies of measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in spiked samples with known 25(OH)D levels. The recoveries of the added 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2 ranged from 99.0% to 101.0%. The absolute recoveries with this method were 97% and 92% for 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2, respectively. Excellent precision was obtained with between-set coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.2-0.6% for 25(OH)D levels > 1 ng/g and within 2% for the level of < 1 ng/g. Chromatographic separation of 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2 from their respective isomers 3-epi-25(OH)D-3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D-2 was achieved. The limit of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio of similar to 3 wits 40 pg of 25(OH)D on column (or similar to 0.15 ng/g as expressed as a concentration). This candidate reference measurement procedure for serum 25(OH)D-3 kind 25(OH)D-2 demonstrates good accuracy and precision and low susceptibility to interferences. It can be used to provide an accuracy base to which clinical methods for 25(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-2 can be compared and that will serve as a standard of higher order for measurement traceability. C1 [Tai, Susan S. -C.; Bedner, Mary; Phinney, Karen W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tai, SSC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.tai@nist.gov FU National Institutes of Health FX Certain commercial equipment, instruments, and materials are identified in this paper to adequately specify the experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST nor does it imply that the equipment, instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose. We gratefully acknowledge DiaSorin for a gift of 25(OH)D stripped serum material. We thank Brian Iang (NIST) for the Karl Fischer analysis for the purity assessment of the 25(OH)D reference compounds and Veronica Vamathevan (National Metrology Institute of Australia) for her initial participation in the development of this method. We thank the National Institutes of Health for providing funding for the research of this work. NR 25 TC 110 Z9 114 U1 7 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 82 IS 5 BP 1942 EP 1948 DI 10.1021/ac9026862 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 559QN UT WOS:000274841300054 PM 20136128 ER PT J AU DeRose, PC Resch-Genger, U AF DeRose, Paul C. Resch-Genger, Ute TI Recommendations for Fluorescence Instrument Qualification: The New ASTM Standard Guide SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL CORRECTION STANDARD; ION-DOPED GLASS; WAVELENGTH CALIBRATION; QUANTUM YIELDS; SPECTROSCOPY; APERTURE AB Aimed at improving quality assurance and quantitation for modern fluorescence techniques, ASTM International (ASTM) is about to release a Standard Guide for Fluorescence, reviewed here. The guide's main focus is on steady state fluorometry, for which available standards and instrument characterization procedures are discussed along with their purpose, suitability, and general instructions for use. These include the most relevant instrument properties needing qualification, such as linearity and spectral responsivity of the detection system, spectral irradiance reaching the sample, wavelength accuracy, sensitivity or limit of detection for an analyte, and day-today performance verification. With proper consideration of method-inherent requirements and limitations, many of these procedures and standards can be adapted to other fluorescence techniques. In addition, procedures for the determination of other relevant fluorometric quantities including fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes are briefly introduced. The guide is a clear and concise reference geared for users of fluorescence instrumentation at all levels of experience and is intended to aid in the ongoing standardization of fluorescence measurements. C1 [DeRose, Paul C.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Resch-Genger, Ute] BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. RP DeRose, PC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.derose@nist.gov RI Resch-Genger, Ute/B-8369-2009 OI Resch-Genger, Ute/0000-0002-0944-1115 NR 57 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 EI 1520-6882 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 82 IS 5 BP 2129 EP 2133 DI 10.1021/ac902507p PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 559QN UT WOS:000274841300079 PM 20136134 ER PT J AU Mohr, PJ AF Mohr, Peter J. TI Solutions of the Maxwell equations and photon wave functions SO ANNALS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC POTENTIALS; QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS; ELECTRIC-FIELD; INTERFERENCE; PARTICLES; SPIN AB Properties of six-component electromagnetic field solutions of a matrix form of the Maxwell equations, analogous to the four-compoment solutions of the Dirac equation, are described. It is shown that the six-component equation, including sources, is invariant under Lorentz transformations. Complete sets of eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian for the electromagnetic fields, which may be interpreted as photon wave functions, are given both for plane waves and for angular-momentum eigenstates. Rotationally invariant projection operators are used to identify transverse or longitudinal electric and magnetic fields. For plane waves, the velocity transformed transverse wave functions are also transverse, and the velocity transformed longitudinal wave functions include both longitudinal and transverse components. A suitable sum over these eigenfunctions provides a Green function for the matrix Maxwell equation, which can be expressed in the same covariant form as the Green function for the Dirac equation. Radiation from a dipole source and from a Dirac atomic transition current are calculated to illustrate applications of the Maxwell Green function. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mohr, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mohr@nist.gov NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-4916 EI 1096-035X J9 ANN PHYS-NEW YORK JI Ann. Phys. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 325 IS 3 BP 607 EP 663 DI 10.1016/j.aop.2009.11.007 PG 57 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 561IT UT WOS:000274970300007 ER PT J AU Eberhard, WL AF Eberhard, Wynn L. TI Correct equations and common approximations for calculating Rayleigh scatter in pure gases and mixtures and evaluation of differences SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; OPTICAL DEPTH; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; LASER LIGHT; CROSS-SECTIONS; AIR; DISPERSION; DEPOLARIZATION; POLARIZATION; TEMPERATURE AB Equations for Rayleigh scattering in a mixture of gases are derived and compared to frequent approximations in the literature. The traditional Rayleigh scattering equation as modified by King for scatter from a pure gas is correct, whereas another version sometimes appearing in modern literature is erroneous. Use of a mixture's refractive index, which is equivalent to assuming the isotropic molecular polarizabilities of the component gases are identical, is an approximation. Another common approximation is using only number-density weighting of the King factors. Approximation errors can be large when the major components of a mixture have disparate optical properties. Fortunately, the errors for Earth's air are much smaller and comparable to errors from other sources. (C) 2010 C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Eberhard, WL (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM wynn.eberhard@noaa.gov RI Eberhard, Wynn/B-5402-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 72 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 49 IS 7 BP 1116 EP 1130 DI 10.1364/AO.49.001116 PG 15 WC Optics SC Optics GA 566RF UT WOS:000275390000014 PM 20197809 ER PT J AU Cicak, K Li, D Strong, JA Allman, MS Altomare, F Sirois, AJ Whittaker, JD Teufel, JD Simmonds, RW AF Cicak, Katarina Li, Dale Strong, Joshua A. Allman, Michael S. Altomare, Fabio Sirois, Adam J. Whittaker, Jed D. Teufel, John D. Simmonds, Raymond W. TI Low-loss superconducting resonant circuits using vacuum-gap-based microwave components SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE capacitors; gravimeters; inductors; microwave circuits; superconducting resonators ID CAVITY AB We have produced high-quality complex microwave circuits, such as multiplexed resonators and superconducting phase qubits, using a "vacuum-gap" technology that eliminates lossy dielectric materials. We have improved our design and fabrication strategy beyond our earlier work, leading to increased yield, enabling the realization of these complex circuits. We incorporate both novel vacuum-gap wiring crossovers for gradiometric inductors and vacuum-gap capacitors (VGC) on chip to produce resonant circuits that have large internal quality factors (30 000 < Q(I)< 165 000) at 50 mK, outperforming most dielectric-filled devices. Resonators with VGCs as large as 180 pF confirm single mode behavior of our lumped-element components. C1 [Cicak, Katarina; Li, Dale; Strong, Joshua A.; Allman, Michael S.; Altomare, Fabio; Sirois, Adam J.; Whittaker, Jed D.; Teufel, John D.; Simmonds, Raymond W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Strong, Joshua A.; Allman, Michael S.; Sirois, Adam J.; Whittaker, Jed D.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cicak, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cicak@boulder.nist.gov RI Allman, Michael/E-5922-2011; Teufel, John/A-8898-2010 OI Teufel, John/0000-0002-1873-9941 FU NIST FX This work was supported by NIST. Contribution of U.S. government; not subject to copyright. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 9 AR 093502 DI 10.1063/1.3304168 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 564VN UT WOS:000275246200076 ER PT J AU Farkas, DM Hudek, KM Salim, EA Segal, SR Squires, MB Anderson, DZ AF Farkas, Daniel M. Hudek, Kai M. Salim, Evan A. Segal, Stephen R. Squires, Matthew B. Anderson, Dana Z. TI A compact, transportable, microchip-based system for high repetition rate production of Bose-Einstein condensates SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Bose-Einstein condensation; cooling; magneto-optical devices; permanent magnets; semiconductor lasers ID MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; ATOMS; CHIP AB We present a compact, transportable system that produces Bose-Einstein condensates near the surface of an integrated atom microchip. The system occupies a volume of 0.4 m(3), operates at a repetition rate as high as 0.3 Hz, and consumes an average power of 525 W. Evaporative cooling in a chip trap with trap frequencies of several kilohertz leads to nearly pure condensates containing 1.9x10(4) (87)Rb atoms. Partial condensates are observed at a temperature of 1.58(8) mu K, close to the theoretical transition temperature of 1.1 mu K. C1 [Anderson, Dana Z.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Anderson, DZ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM dana@jila.colorado.edu FU Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Army Research Office [W911NF-04-1-0043]; National Science Foundation through a Physics Frontier Center [PHY0551010] FX We are grateful to L. Czaia for her capable assistance with vacuum cell fabrication and to F. Majdeteimouri for his substantial contributions to the control system. We are grateful to J. DeNatale and R. Mihailovich of Teledyne Scientific and Imaging, LLC, for their contributions to the development of atom chip technologies. We are grateful to M. Anderson and B. Luey of Vescent Photonics, Inc., for their assistance with the laser systems. Finally, we are grateful to S. McBride, J. Michalchuk, and D. Ackerman of Sarnoff Corporation for useful discussions and their contributions to the laser system integration. This work was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Army Research Office (Grant No. W911NF-04-1-0043), and the National Science Foundation through a Physics Frontier Center (Grant No. PHY0551010). NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 96 IS 9 AR 093102 DI 10.1063/1.3327812 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 564VN UT WOS:000275246200056 ER PT J AU Richard, PR Laake, JL Hobbs, RC Heide-Jorgensen, MP Asselin, NC Cleator, H AF Richard, P. R. Laake, J. L. Hobbs, R. C. Heide-Jorgensen, M. P. Asselin, N. C. Cleator, H. TI Baffin Bay Narwhal Population Distribution and Numbers: Aerial Surveys in the Canadian High Arctic, 2002-04 SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Monodontidae; line transect; mark-recapture distance sampling; population size; High Arctic; fiord ID LINE TRANSECT SURVEYS; MONODON-MONOCEROS; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ISLAND; MOVEMENTS; ABUNDANCE; SUMMER; SOUND AB Aerial surveys of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) were conducted in the Canadian High Arctic during the month of August from 2002 to 2004. The surveys covered the waters of Barrow Strait, Prince Regent Inlet, the Gulf of Boothia, Admiralty Inlet, Eclipse Sound, and the eastern coast of Baffin Island, using systematic sampling methods. Fiords were flown along a single transect down the middle. Near-surface population estimates increased by 1.9%-8.7% when corrected for perception bias. The estimates were further increased by a factor of approximately 3, to account for individuals not seen because they were diving when the survey plane flew over (availability bias). These corrections resulted in estimates of 27 656 (SE = 14 939) for the Prince Regent and Gulf of Boothia area, 20 225 (SE = 7285) for the Eclipse Sound area, and 10 073 (SE = 3123) for the East Baffin Island fiord area. The estimate for the Admiralty Inlet area was 5362 (SE = 2681) but is thought to be biased. Surveys could not be done in other known areas of occupation, such as the waters of the Cumberland Peninsula of East Baffin, and channels farther west of the areas surveyed (Peel Sound, Viscount Melville Sound, Smith Sound and Jones Sound, and other channels of the Canadian Arctic archipelago). Despite these probable biases and the incomplete coverage, results of these surveys show that the summering range of narwhals in the Canadian High Arctic is vast. If narwhals are philopatric to their summering areas, as they appear to be, the total population of that range could number more than 60 000 animals. The largest numbers are in the western portion of their summer range, around Somerset Island, and also in the Eclipse Sound area. However, these survey estimates have large variances due to narwhal aggregation in some parts of the surveyed areas. C1 [Richard, P. R.; Cleator, H.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. [Laake, J. L.; Hobbs, R. C.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Heide-Jorgensen, M. P.] Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. RP Richard, PR (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 501 Univ Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. EM Pierre.Richard@dfo-mpo.gc.ca FU Department of Fisheries and Oceans Strategic Fund FX Funding was provided by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Strategic Fund and, because we were surveying bowhead whales also, by the Species at Risk.Fund. Logistic support was provided by the Polar Continental Shelf Project. We thank Susan Cosens, Marie-Nalle Bourassa, Jennifer Dyck, Michael Johnson, Karen Ditz, Martine Giangioppi, Burt Rose, and Blair Dunn who served as observers in one or more of these surveys. Many thanks to Jean-Francois Gossel in, Dan Pike, and two anonymous reviewers, who had many constructive comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript. Jean-Francois Gosselin also helped with the fiord coverage analysis. NR 48 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 22 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 2010 VL 63 IS 1 BP 85 EP 99 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 582XQ UT WOS:000276634300008 ER PT J AU Knight, MM A'Hearn, MF Biesecker, DA Faury, G Hamilton, DP Lamy, P Llebaria, A AF Knight, Matthew M. A'Hearn, Michael F. Biesecker, Douglas A. Faury, Guillaume Hamilton, Douglas P. Lamy, Philippe Llebaria, Antoine TI PHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF THE KREUTZ COMETS OBSERVED BY SOHO FROM 1996 TO 2005 SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comets: general; comets: individual (Kreutz Group); methods: data analysis; techniques: photometric ID OBSERVATORY SUNGRAZING COMETS; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION; JUPITER FAMILY COMETS; DEEP IMPACT; PERIHELION PASSAGE; ORBITAL EVOLUTION; UVCS OBSERVATION; WATER ICE; 1965 F AB We present analysis of the photometry of more than 900 Kreutz comets observed by SOHO from 1996 to 2005. The Kreutz comets have "sungrazing" orbits with q approximate to 1-2 R(circle dot), high inclinations (i approximate to 143 degrees), and periods of 500-1000 years. We find that they do not have a bimodal distance of peak brightness as previously reported, but instead peak from 10.5 R(circle dot) to 14 R(circle dot) (prior to perihelion), suggesting there is a continuum of compositions rather than two distinct subpopulations. The light curves have two rates of brightening, typically proportional to r(-7.3 +/- 2.0) when first observed by SOHO (at distances of 30-35 R(circle dot)) then rapidly transitioning to proportional to r(-3.8 +/- 0.7) between 20 R(circle dot) and 30 R(circle dot). It is unclear at what distance the steeper slope begins, but it likely does not extend much beyond the SOHO field of view. We derive nuclear sizes up to similar to 50 m in radius for the SOHO-observed comets, with a cumulative size distribution of N(>R) proportional to R-(2.2) for comets larger than 5 m in radius. This size distribution cannot explain the largest members of the family seen from the ground, suggesting that either the size distribution does not extend to the largest sizes or that the distribution is not uniform around the orbit. The total mass of the distribution up to the largest expected size (similar to 500 m) is similar to 4 x 10(14) g, much less than the estimated masses of the largest ground-observed members. After correcting for the changing discovery circumstances, the flux of comets reaching perihelion has increased since 1996, and the increase is seen in comets of all sizes. Comparison of the SOHO comets with the Solwind and Solar Maximum Mission discoveries suggests there may have been an overabundance of bright comets arriving from 1979 to 1989, possibly indicative of a changing distribution around the Kreutz orbit. C1 [Knight, Matthew M.] Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [A'Hearn, Michael F.; Hamilton, Douglas P.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Biesecker, Douglas A.] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Faury, Guillaume; Lamy, Philippe; Llebaria, Antoine] Astron Spatiale Lab, F-13388 Marseille 13, France. RP Knight, MM (reprint author), Lowell Observ, 1400 W Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM knight@lowell.edu OI Knight, Matthew/0000-0003-2781-6897 FU NASA [NAG513295, NNG06GF29G] FX Thanks to the anonymous referee for numerous suggestions that have improved the readability of the manuscript. We thank the members of the SOHO and STEREO teams who have helped at many stages of this work, especially Derek Hammer and Karl Battams, who have maintained the official sungrazer Web site since Doug Biesecker left. We also thank the many comet hunters who have made it possible to study nearly an order of magnitude more comets in this work than any paper to date. In particular, we thank Rainer Kracht for his helpful insight over the years. This work was supported by NASA Planetary Atmospheres grants NAG513295 and NNG06GF29G. NR 85 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 139 IS 3 BP 926 EP 949 DI 10.1088/0004-6256/139/3/926 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 554IV UT WOS:000274429600012 ER PT J AU Cheng, JCP Law, KH Bjornsson, H Jones, A Sriram, R AF Cheng, Jack C. P. Law, Kincho H. Bjornsson, Hans Jones, Albert Sriram, Ram TI A service oriented framework for construction supply chain integration SO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE Construction supply chain integration; Service oriented architecture; Web-based collaborative system; Web services; Open source ID ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE; INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEM; ERP; ENTERPRISE; IMPLEMENTATION; BUSINESS; INDUSTRY; ORGANIZATIONS AB The benefits of integrating and coordinating supply chain partners have been well recognized in many industries. In the construction industry, supply chain integration is technically challenging due to the high fragmentation of the industry. Information, applications, and services are loosely distributed among participants with a wide range of hardware and software capabilities. In addition, participants are often unwilling to share information because the temporary nature of construction projects often impedes the establishment of trust. A secure, modular, and flexible system that can aggregate scattered information and share that information across applications is, therefore, highly desirable. We have prototyped a service oriented, web-based system that can provide both these capabilities. Called the SC Collaborator, this system facilitates the flexible coordination of construction supply chains by leveraging web services, web portal, and open source technologies. These technologies enable the SC Collaborator system to provide an economical and customizable tool for integrating supply chain partners with a wide range of computing capabilities. This paper describes the overall architecture and the features of the system. Two example scenarios are included to demonstrate the potential of SC Collaborator in integrating and managing information from project partners. The first scenario is an e-Procurement example whereas the second is a rescheduling scenario based on the data from a completed project in Sweden. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Cheng, Jack C. P.; Law, Kincho H.] Stanford Univ, Engn Informat Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Bjornsson, Hans] Chalmers, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Jones, Albert; Sriram, Ram] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cheng, JCP (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Engn Informat Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM cpcheng@stanford.edu FU US National Science Foundation [CMS-0601167]; Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) at Stanford University; Enterprise Systems Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Wast-Bygg, AB, Sweden FX The authors would like to acknowledge the supports by the US National Science Foundation, grant no. CMS-0601167, the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) at Stanford University, the Enterprise Systems Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Wast-Bygg, AB, Sweden. Any opinions and findings are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF, CIFE, NIST or Wast-Bygg, AB. No approval or endorsement of any commercial product by NIST, NSF or Stanford University is intended or implied. NR 65 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 8 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-5805 J9 AUTOMAT CONSTR JI Autom. Constr. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 19 IS 2 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.1016/j.autcon.2009.10.003 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 601QL UT WOS:000278077800016 ER PT J AU Lester, SE McLeod, KL Tallis, H Ruckelshaus, M Halpern, BS Levin, PS Chavez, FP Pomeroy, C McCay, BJ Costello, C Gaines, SD Mace, AJ Barth, JA Fluharty, DL Parrish, JK AF Lester, Sarah E. McLeod, Karen L. Tallis, Heather Ruckelshaus, Mary Halpern, Benjamin S. Levin, Phillip S. Chavez, Francisco P. Pomeroy, Caroline McCay, Bonnie J. Costello, Christopher Gaines, Steven D. Mace, Amber J. Barth, John A. Fluharty, David L. Parrish, Julia K. TI Science in support of ecosystem-based management for the US West Coast and beyond SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Review DE Ecosystem-based management; Marine; Ecosystem services; Cumulative impacts; Ecosystem variability ID GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; EL-NINO; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; OCEAN GOVERNANCE; BENEFIT TRANSFER; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SERVICES AB Declining ocean health, increasing human demands on marine ecosystems, and a history of management focused on individual activities, species or sectors has led to calls for more comprehensive, integrated management that considers entire coupled social-ecological systems. This transition to ecosystem-based management (EBM) for the oceans will certainly face a number of hurdles, and many practitioners struggle with how to move forward with EBM. In this paper, we assess whether the necessary science exists to support EBM. Specifically, we evaluate the state of the social and natural sciences for three research areas that are critical to EBM: (1) ecosystem services, (2) cumulative impacts, and (3) ecosystem variability and change. For each of the three research areas, we describe its importance to EBM and assess existing and emerging information and application of this knowledge, focusing on the US West Coast. We conclude that available science is not the bottleneck for moving forward with comprehensive EBM for this region, although we highlight important remaining knowledge gaps, particularly within the social sciences. Given imperfect and uncertain knowledge, EBM calls for an adaptive management approach, starting with readily available information, and continuously adapting as new information emerges. This synthesis can serve as a basis for comparison for other regions; it provides guidance for organizing information in support of EBM and outlines many novel and broadly applicable scientific approaches. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Lester, Sarah E.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [McLeod, Karen L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Tallis, Heather] Stanford Univ, Nat Capital Project, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Ruckelshaus, Mary; Levin, Phillip S.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Halpern, Benjamin S.] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. [Chavez, Francisco P.] Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Pomeroy, Caroline] UCCE Santa Cruz Cty, Calif Sea Grant Extens Program, Watsonville, CA 95076 USA. [McCay, Bonnie J.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Human Ecol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Costello, Christopher] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Gaines, Steven D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Mace, Amber J.] Calif Ocean Sci Trust, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. [Barth, John A.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Fluharty, David L.] Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Parrish, Julia K.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lester, SE (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM lester@msi.ucsb.edu; karen.mcleod@science.oregonstate.edu; htallis@stanford.edu; mary.ruckelshaus@noaa.gov; halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu; phil.levin@noaa.gov; chfr@mbari.org; cmpomeroy@ucdavis.edu; mccay@aesop.rutgers.edu; costello@bren.ucsb.edu; gaines@msi.ucsb.edu; amber.mace@resources.ca.gov; barth@coas.oregonstate.edu; fluharty@u.washington.edu; jparrish@u.washington.edu FU California Current Ecosystem-Based Management (CCEBM); Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS); University of California, Santa Cruz; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation FX This work is the product of the California Current Ecosystem-Based Management (CCEBM) initiative, facilitated by the Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS) and the University of California, Santa Cruz and funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The manuscript was improved by input from J. Field and three anonymous referees. NR 94 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 12 U2 82 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 143 IS 3 BP 576 EP 587 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.021 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573WQ UT WOS:000275946400007 ER PT J AU Moore, JE Cox, TM Lewison, RL Read, AJ Bjorkland, R McDonald, SL Crowder, LB Aruna, E Ayissi, I Espeut, P Joynson-Hicks, C Pilcher, N Poonian, CNS Solarin, B Kiszka, J AF Moore, J. E. Cox, T. M. Lewison, R. L. Read, A. J. Bjorkland, R. McDonald, S. L. Crowder, L. B. Aruna, E. Ayissi, I. Espeut, P. Joynson-Hicks, C. Pilcher, N. Poonian, C. N. S. Solarin, B. Kiszka, J. TI An interview-based approach to assess marine mammal and sea turtle captures in artisanal fisheries SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Cetacean; Developing countries; Fishing effort; Rapid bycatch assessment; Sirenian; Small-scale fisheries ID LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE; SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES; GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODEL; SOCIAL-SCIENCES; INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; LOGGERHEAD TURTLES; CONSERVATION; BYCATCH; MANAGEMENT; GIS AB Recent case studies have highlighted high bycatch mortality of sea turtles and marine mammals in artisanal fisheries, but in most countries there are few data on artisanal fishing effort, catch, or bycatch. With artisanal fisheries comprising >95% of the world's fishermen, this knowledge gap presents a major challenge to threatened species conservation and sustainable fisheries initiatives. We report on results from an intensive pilot study to evaluate whether interview surveys can be effective in assessing fishing effort and threatened species bycatch. Fisheries and bycatch data from interviews with >6100 fishermen in seven developing countries were collected in <1 year for approximately USD $47,000, indicating that this approach may rapidly yield coarse-level information over large areas at low cost. This effort provided the first fisheries characterizations for many areas and revealed the widespread nature of high bycatch in artisanal fisheries. Challenges to study design and implementation prevented quantitative estimation or spatial comparisons of bycatch during this pilot research phase, but results suggested that annual sea turtle bycatch may number at least in the low thousands of individuals per country. Annual odontocete bycatch may number at least in the low hundreds per country. Sirenian bycatch occurred in all study areas but was frequent only in West Africa. We discuss lessons learned from this survey effort and present a revised protocol for future interview-based bycatch assessments. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Moore, J. E.; Cox, T. M.; Read, A. J.; Bjorkland, R.; McDonald, S. L.; Crowder, L. B.] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Lewison, R. L.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Aruna, E.] Conservat Soc Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [Ayissi, I.] Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon. [Espeut, P.] Caribbean Coastal Area Management Fdn, Lionel Town, Clarendon, Jamaica. [Joynson-Hicks, C.] Sea Sense, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. [Pilcher, N.] Marine Res Fdn, Sabah, Malaysia. [Poonian, C. N. S.] Community Centered Conservat, London, England. [Solarin, B.] Nigerian Inst Oceanog & Marine Res, Lagos, Nigeria. [Kiszka, J.] Univ La Rochelle, LIENSS Littoral Environm & Soc, F-17000 La Rochelle, France. RP Moore, JE (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3333 N Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeff.e.moore@noaa.gov FU Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation FX Funding for this project was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We are grateful to L. Campbell, R. Kramer, G. Murray, B. Perrin, and M. Smith, for attending our post-survey workshop and providing comments to improve this manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript. We appreciate the input from the many participants of our bycatch assessment workshop at the Society for Marine Mammalogy conference in December 2007. This work could not have been completed without the efforts of dozens of field technicians and supervisors who collected interview data, and we are grateful to the thousands of fishermen who gave their time to share information with us. NR 77 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 6 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 143 IS 3 BP 795 EP 805 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.023 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573WQ UT WOS:000275946400030 ER PT J AU Moore, NM Lin, NJ Gallant, ND Becker, ML AF Moore, Nicole M. Lin, Nancy J. Gallant, Nathan D. Becker, Matthew L. TI The use of immobilized osteogenic growth peptide on gradient substrates synthesized via click chemistry to enhance MC3T3-E1 osteoblast proliferation SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Bone tissue engineering; Osteoblast; Peptide; Cell proliferation ID MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2; C-TERMINAL PENTAPEPTIDE; OGP(10-14) ACTS; DIFFERENTIATION; MIGRATION; MONOLAYERS; SCAFFOLDS; RHOA; RAT AB In this study, we report the use of surface immobilized peptide concentration gradient technology to characterize MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell response to osteogenic growth peptide (OGP), a small peptide found naturally in human serum at mu mol/L concentrations. OGP was coupled to oxidized self assembled monolayer (SAM) gradients by a polyethylene oxide (PEO) linker using click chemistry. After 4 h incubation with MC3T3-E1 cells, OGP functionalized surfaces had higher cell attachment at low peptide concentrations compared to control gradients. By day 3, CGP gradient substrates had higher cell densities compared to control gradients at all concentrations. MC3T3-E1 cell doubling time was 35% faster on OGP substrates relative to SAM gradients alone, signifying an appreciable increase in cell proliferation. This increase in cell proliferation, or decrease in doubling time, due to OGP peptide was reduced by day 7. Hence, immobilized OGP increased cell proliferation from 0 days to 3 days at all densities indicating it may be useful as a proliferative peptide that can be used in tissue engineering substrates. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Becker, Matthew L.] Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Moore, Nicole M.; Lin, Nancy J.; Gallant, Nathan D.; Becker, Matthew L.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Becker, ML (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM becker@uakron.edu OI Gallant, Nathan/0000-0001-6454-7660 FU NIST Innovation in Measurement Science Award; NIST NRC FX This work was supported by a NIST Innovation in Measurement Science Award in Cellular Biometrology (MLB) and a NIST NRC postdoctoral fellowhip (NMM). The authors would like to thank Christopher M. Stafford, Ryan Nieuwendaal, Michael C. Weiger, Khaled A. Aamer, William Wallace, Kathy Flynn for their support of this work. NR 35 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 EI 1878-5905 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAR PY 2010 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1604 EP 1611 DI 10.1016/j.biomatetials.2009.11.011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 553GM UT WOS:000274354400014 PM 19932505 ER PT J AU Buckland, ST Laake, JL Borchers, DL AF Buckland, Stephen T. Laake, Jeffrey L. Borchers, David L. TI Double-Observer Line Transect Methods: Levels of Independence SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Distance sampling; Double-observer methods; Full independence; Limiting independence; Line transect sampling; Point independence ID MODELS AB P>Double-observer line transect methods are becoming increasingly widespread, especially for the estimation of marine mammal abundance from aerial and shipboard surveys when detection of animals on the line is uncertain. The resulting data supplement conventional distance sampling data with two-sample mark-recapture data. Like conventional mark-recapture data, these have inherent problems for estimating abundance in the presence of heterogeneity. Unlike conventional mark-recapture methods, line transect methods use knowledge of the distribution of a covariate, which affects detection probability (namely, distance from the transect line) in inference. This knowledge can be used to diagnose unmodeled heterogeneity in the mark-recapture component of the data. By modeling the covariance in detection probabilities with distance, we show how the estimation problem can be formulated in terms of different levels of independence. At one extreme, full independence is assumed, as in the Petersen estimator (which does not use distance data); at the other extreme, independence only occurs in the limit as detection probability tends to one. Between the two extremes, there is a range of models, including those currently in common use, which have intermediate levels of independence. We show how this framework can be used to provide more reliable analysis of double-observer line transect data. We test the methods by simulation, and by analysis of a dataset for which true abundance is known. We illustrate the approach through analysis of minke whale sightings data from the North Sea and adjacent waters. C1 [Buckland, Stephen T.; Borchers, David L.] Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. [Laake, Jeffrey L.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Buckland, ST (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. EM steve@mcs.st-and.ac.uk RI Buckland, Stephen/A-1998-2012 NR 23 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD MAR PY 2010 VL 66 IS 1 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01239.x PG 9 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 571CH UT WOS:000275727200020 PM 19432793 ER PT J AU Johnson, DS Laake, JL Hoef, JMV AF Johnson, Devin S. Laake, Jeffrey L. Hoef, Jay M. Ver TI A Model-Based Approach for Making Ecological Inference from Distance Sampling Data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Abundance; Density; Distance sampling; Line transect; Overdispersion; Spatial point process ID SPATIAL POINT PATTERNS; LINE-TRANSECT SURVEYS; ABUNDANCE; VARIANCE AB We consider a fully model-based approach for the analysis of distance sampling data. Distance sampling has been widely used to estimate abundance (or density) of animals or plants in a spatially explicit study area. There is, however, no readily available method of making statistical inference on the relationships between abundance and environmental covariates. Spatial Poisson process likelihoods can be used to simultaneously estimate detection and intensity parameters by modeling distance sampling data as a thinned spatial point process. A model-based spatial approach to distance sampling data has three main benefits: it allows complex and opportunistic transect designs to be employed, it allows estimation of abundance in small subregions, and it provides a framework to assess the effects of habitat or experimental manipulation on density. We demonstrate the model-based methodology with a small simulation study and analysis of the Dubbo weed data set. In addition, a simple ad hoc method for handling overdispersion is also proposed. The simulation study showed that the model-based approach compared favorably to conventional distance sampling methods for abundance estimation. In addition, the overdispersion correction performed adequately when the number of transects was high. Analysis of the Dubbo data set indicated a transect effect on abundance via Akaike's information criterion model selection. Further goodness-of-fit analysis, however, indicated some potential confounding of intensity with the detection function. C1 [Johnson, Devin S.; Laake, Jeffrey L.; Hoef, Jay M. Ver] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Johnson, DS (reprint author), NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM devin.johnson@noaa.gov OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 38 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD MAR PY 2010 VL 66 IS 1 BP 310 EP 318 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01265.x PG 9 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 851OO UT WOS:000297280600013 PM 19459840 ER PT J AU Beechie, TJ Sear, DA Olden, JD Pess, GR Buffington, JM Moir, H Roni, P Pollock, MM AF Beechie, Timothy J. Sear, David A. Olden, Julian D. Pess, George R. Buffington, John M. Moir, Hamish Roni, Philip Pollock, Michael M. TI Process-based Principles for Restoring River Ecosystems SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE river restoration; ecosystem dynamics; ecosystem processes ID MODIFYING DAM OPERATIONS; ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES; GENERAL PROTOCOL; CHANNEL NETWORKS; FRESH-WATER; RESTORATION; STREAM; CONNECTIVITY; SEDIMENT; DYNAMICS AB Process-based restoration aims to reestablish normative rates and magnitudes of physical, chemical, and biological processes that sustain river and floodplain ecosystems. Ecosystem conditions at any site are governed by hierarchical regional, watershed, and reach-scale processes controlling hydrologic and sediment regimes; floodplain and aquatic habitat dynamics; and riparian and aquatic biota. We outline and illustrate four process-based principles that ensure river restoration will be guided toward sustainable actions: (1) restoration actions should address the root causes of degradation, (2) actions must be consistent with the physical and biological potential of the site, (3) actions should be at a scale commensurate with environmental problems, and (4) actions should have clearly articulated expected outcomes for ecosystem dynamics. Applying these principles will help avoid common pitfalls in river restoration, such as creating habitat types that are outside of a site's natural potential, attempting to build static habitats in dynamic environments, or constructing habitat features that are ultimately overwhelmed by unconsidered system drivers. C1 [Beechie, Timothy J.; Pess, George R.; Pollock, Michael M.] NOAA, Fisheries NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Sear, David A.] Univ Southampton, Sch Geog, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. [Olden, Julian D.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Buffington, John M.] US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID USA. [Moir, Hamish] Macaulay Inst, Aberdeen, Scotland. RP Beechie, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. EM tim.beechie@noaa.gov RI Olden, Julian/A-8535-2010; Sear, David/J-6333-2012; OI Olden, Julian/0000-0003-2143-1187 NR 67 TC 158 Z9 163 U1 17 U2 147 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2010 VL 60 IS 3 BP 209 EP 222 DI 10.1525/bio.2010.60.3.7 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 571CW UT WOS:000275729900007 ER PT J AU Wang, LZ Emmerich, SJ AF Wang, Liangzhu (Leon) Emmerich, Steven J. TI Modeling the effects of outdoor gasoline powered generator use on indoor carbon monoxide exposures SO BUILDING SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE generator; carbon monoxide; generator safe operating distance; multizone airflow model; computational fluid dynamics; indoor air quality AB The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that up to half of non-fatal CO poisoning incidents during the hurricane seasons in 2004 and 2005 involved generators operated outdoors but within seven feet of the home. The guidance provided on the safe operating distance of a generator is often neither specific nor consistent. Furthermore, some generator manufacturers recommend the use of extension cords to be "as short as possible to prevent voltage drop and possible overheating of wires". This study modeled multiple scenarios of a portable generator operated outdoors using the CONTAM indoor air quality model coupled with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict CO concentrations near and within a home. The simulation cases included both human-controllable factors (e.g., generator location and exhaust direction and window opening size) and non-controllable factors (e.g., wind, temperature, and house dimensions). For the house modeled in this study, a generator positioned 4.6 m (15 feet) away from open windows may not be far enough to limit CO entry into the house. It was also found that winds perpendicular to the open window resulted in more CO infiltration than winds at an angle, and lower wind speed generally led to more CO entry. To reduce CO entry, the generator should ideally be positioned outside of airflow recirculation region near the open windows. C1 [Wang, Liangzhu (Leon); Emmerich, Steven J.] NIST, Indoor Air Qual & Ventilat Grp, Bldg Environm Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, LZ (reprint author), NIST, Indoor Air Qual & Ventilat Grp, Bldg Environm Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lwang@nist.gov RI Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010 FU U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [08FED894639] FX This work was sponsored by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under Interagency Agreement No. 08FED894639. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU TSINGHUA UNIV PRESS PI BEIJING PA TSINGHUA UNIV, RM A703, XUEYAN BLDG, BEIJING, 10084, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1996-3599 EI 1996-8744 J9 BUILD SIMUL-CHINA JI Build. Simul. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1007/s12273-010-0308-5 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology GA 746ZQ UT WOS:000289290300005 ER PT J AU Eder, B Kang, DW Rao, ST Mathur, R Yu, SC Otte, T Schere, K Wayland, R Jackson, S Davidson, P McQueen, J Bridgers, G AF Eder, Brian Kang, Daiwen Rao, S. Trivikrama Mathur, Rohit Yu, Shaocai Otte, Tanya Schere, Ken Wayland, Richard Jackson, Scott Davidson, Paula McQueen, Jeff Bridgers, George TI USING NATIONAL AIR QUALITY FORECAST GUIDANCE TO DEVELOP LOCAL AIR QUALITY INDEX FORECASTS SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CMAQ MODELING SYSTEM; OZONE; BENCHMARK; PROGRAM; MAXIMUM; SKILL AB The National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) currently provides next-day forecasts of ozone concentrations over the contiguous United States. It was developed collaboratively by NOAA and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in order to provide state and local agencies, as well as the general public, air quality forecast guidance. As part of the development process, the NAQFC has been evaluated utilizing strict monitor-to-gridcell matching criteria, and discrete-type statistics of forecast concentrations. While such an evaluation is important to the developers, it is equally, if not more important, to evaluate the performance using the same protocol as the model's intended application. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate the efficacy of the NAQFC from the perspective of a local forecaster, thereby promoting its use. Such an approach has required the development of a new evaluation protocol: one that examines the ability of the NAQFC to forecast values of the EPA's Air Quality Index (AQI) rather than ambient air concentrations; focuses on the use of categorical-type statistics related to exceedances and nonexceedances; and, most challenging, examines performance, not based on matched grid cells and monitors, but rather over a "local forecast region," such as an air shed or metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Results from this approach, which is demonstrated for the Charlotte, North Carolina, MSA and subsequently applied to four additional MSAs during the summer of 2007, reveal that the quality of the NAQFC forecasts is generally comparable to forecasts from local agencies. Such findings will hopefully persuade forecasters, whether they are experienced with numerous tools at their disposal or inexperienced with limited resources, to utilize the NAQFC as forecast guidance. C1 [Eder, Brian; Rao, S. Trivikrama; Mathur, Rohit; Otte, Tanya; Schere, Ken] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Kang, Daiwen; Yu, Shaocai] Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Wayland, Richard; Jackson, Scott] US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Davidson, Paula; McQueen, Jeff] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Bridgers, George] N Carolina Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Div Air Qual, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Eder, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Drop E243-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM eder.brian@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; OI Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 91 IS 3 BP 313 EP + DI 10.1175/2009BAMS2734.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585QP UT WOS:000276843400002 ER PT J AU Thorne, PW Vose, RS AF Thorne, P. W. Vose, R. S. TI REANALYSES SUITABLE FOR CHARACTERIZING LONG-TERM TRENDS Are They Really Achievable? SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; TEMPERATURE RECORDS; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; ENSEMBLE; ERROR; MODEL; BIAS; UNCERTAINTIES; SYSTEMS AB Reanalyses are, by a substantial margin, the most utilized climate data products, and they are applied in a myriad of different contexts. Despite their popularity, there are substantial concerns about their suitability for the monitoring of long-term climate trends. This has led to calls for a truly "climate quality" reanalysis that retains long-term trend fidelity. The authors contend that for such a reanalysis to be achieved, a substantial rethinking of the current strategy for producing reanalysis products is required. First, the problem must be defined clearly. Second, the methodology that is employed must be reconsidered so as to minimize potential non-climatic artifacts and robustly ascertain the inevitable residual uncertainty. Finally, a set of validation data and metrics must be constructed that the community can use to compare and unambiguously assess the claims of climate quality. The purpose of this essay is very much to initiate discussions to this end rather than to prescribe solutions. C1 [Thorne, P. W.] Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. [Vose, R. S.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Thorne, PW (reprint author), Met Off, Hadley Ctr, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM peter.thorne@metoffice.gov.uk RI Thorne, Peter/F-2225-2014 OI Thorne, Peter/0000-0003-0485-9798 NR 43 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 91 IS 3 BP 353 EP 361 DI 10.1175/2009BAMS2858.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585QP UT WOS:000276843400005 ER PT J AU Knapp, KR Kruk, MC Levinson, DH Diamond, HJ Neumann, CJ AF Knapp, Kenneth R. Kruk, Michael C. Levinson, David H. Diamond, Howard J. Neumann, Charles J. TI THE INTERNATIONAL BEST TRACK ARCHIVE FOR CLIMATE STEWARDSHIP (IBTrACS) Unifying Tropical Cyclone Data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; INTENSITY; ATLANTIC; PREDICTION; MOVEMENT; VORTICES; BASINS; MODEL AB The goal of the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) project is to collect the historical tropical cyclone best-track data from all available Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) and other agencies, combine the disparate datasets into one product, and disseminate in formats used by the tropical cyclone community. Each RSMC forecasts and monitors storms for a specific region and annually archives best-track data, which consist of information on a storm's position, intensity, and other related parameters. IBTrACS is a new dataset based on the best-track data from numerous sources. Moreover, rather than preferentially selecting one track and intensity for each storm, the mean position, the original intensities from the agencies, and summary statistics are provided. This article discusses the dataset construction, explores the tropical cyclone climatology from IBTrACS, and concludes with an analysis of uncertainty in the tropical cyclone intensity record. C1 [Knapp, Kenneth R.; Levinson, David H.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Kruk, Michael C.] STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. [Diamond, Howard J.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Neumann, Charles J.] NOAA, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Knapp, KR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM ken.knapp@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 NR 56 TC 351 Z9 355 U1 8 U2 29 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 91 IS 3 BP 363 EP + DI 10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585QP UT WOS:000276843400006 ER PT J AU Levinson, DH Diamond, HJ Knapp, KR Kruk, MC Gibney, EJ AF Levinson, David H. Diamond, Howard J. Knapp, Kenneth R. Kruk, Michael C. Gibney, Ethan J. TI TOWARD A HOMOGENOUS GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE BEST-TRACK DATASET SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ATLANTIC HURRICANES; WIND C1 [Levinson, David H.; Diamond, Howard J.; Knapp, Kenneth R.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Kruk, Michael C.] STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. [Gibney, Ethan J.] IMSG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. RP Levinson, DH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM david.levinson@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 91 IS 3 BP 377 EP 380 DI 10.1175/2010BAMS2930.1 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585QP UT WOS:000276843400007 ER PT J AU Morrison, W Claflin, L Monaco, M Turk, T Wilson-Vandenberg, D AF Morrison, Wendy Claflin, Larry Monaco, Mark Turk, Teresa Wilson-Vandenberg, Deb TI ANALYZING AND MAPPING FISH ASSEMBLAGES OFF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, USA SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article DE benthic; fish assemblages; surveys; California ID HABITAT; ROCKFISHES; OREGON; SLOPE; MODEL AB This study describes fish assemblages and their spatial patterns off the coast of California from Point Arena to Point Sal, by combining the results of the multivariate analyses of several fisheries datasets with a geographic information system. In order to provide comprehensive spatial coverage for the areas of inshore, continental shelf, and continental slope, three fisheries datasets were analyzed: 1) Inshore: the California Department of Fish and Game dataset of fishery-dependent commercial passenger fishing vessel trips that targeted rockfish; 2) Continental Shelf: the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) fishery-independent bottom trawls; and 3) Continental Slope: the NMFS fishery-independent bottom trawls on the continental slope. One-hundred seven species were analyzed. These species represented those captured in at least 5% of the fishing trips or trawls in at least one of the three data sets. We analyzed each of the three datasets separately, and the three sets of results were combined to define 28 species assemblages and 23 site groups. A species assemblage consisted of species caught together, whereas a site group consisted of fishing trips or trawl locations that tended to have the same species assemblages. At the scale of these datasets, 97% of all site groups were significantly segregated by depth. C1 [Morrison, Wendy; Turk, Teresa] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Claflin, Larry; Monaco, Mark] Natl Ocean Serv, Biogeog Branch, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci,NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Wilson-Vandenberg, Deb] Calif Dept Fish & Game, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. RP Morrison, W (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Larry.Claflin@noaa.gov RI Morrison, Wendy/G-1322-2012 NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SPR PY 2010 VL 96 IS 2 BP 110 EP 128 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 680QU UT WOS:000284250300002 ER PT J AU Conn, PB Williams, EH Shertzer, KW AF Conn, Paul B. Williams, Erik H. Shertzer, Kyle W. TI When can we reliably estimate the productivity of fish stocks? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REFERENCE POINTS; BAYESIAN METAANALYSIS; AGE ANALYSIS; CATCH; CALIBRATION; MANAGEMENT; RECRUITMENT; PERFORMANCE; PRECISION; MODELS AB In modern fishery stock assessments, the productivity of exploited stocks is frequently summarized by a scale-invariant "steepness" parameter. This parameter, which describes the slope of the spawner-recruit curve, determines resilience of a stock to exploitation and is highly influential when estimating maximum sustainable yield. In this study, we examined conditions under which steepness can be estimated reliably. We applied a statistical catch-age model to data that were simulated over a broad range of stock characteristics and exploitation patterns and found that steepness is often estimated at its upper bound regardless of underlying productivity. The ability to estimate steepness reliably was most dependent on the true value of steepness, the exploitation history of the stock, natural mortality, duration of the time series, and quality of an index of abundance: this ability was relatively unaffected by levels of stochasticity in recruitment and sampling intensity of age compositions. We further explored the method of inverse prediction to improve estimates of steepness and conclude that this approach holds promise. We illustrate the utility of simulation and inverse prediction methods with two fish stocks located off the southeastern United States, greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) and gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepsis). C1 [Conn, Paul B.; Williams, Erik H.; Shertzer, Kyle W.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Conn, PB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Paul.Conn@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 3 BP 511 EP 523 DI 10.1139/F09-194 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 566FV UT WOS:000275356400006 ER PT J AU Hering, DK Bottom, DL Prentice, EF Jones, KK Fleming, IA AF Hering, David K. Bottom, Daniel L. Prentice, Earl F. Jones, Kim K. Fleming, Ian A. TI Tidal movements and residency of subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an Oregon salt marsh channel SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESTORED ESTUARINE WETLAND; JUVENILE SALMON; RIVER ESTUARY; COHO SALMON; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; COLUMBIA RIVER; PIT TAGS; HABITAT; FISH; NEKTON AB A novel application of full-duplex passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology was used to investigate movements of individual subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; fork length 2: 60 mm) into and out of tidally flooded salt marsh habitat in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon, USA. PIT interrogation was effective, with mean tag detection >= 92%. Salmon movement peaked late during both flood and ebb tide periods, indicating that salmon did not drift passively. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 h and as long as 8.9 h per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4 m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods of up to 109 days. Using an individual-based approach, we characterized diversity of juvenile Chinook salmon behavior within a marsh channel, providing insight into the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations. C1 [Hering, David K.; Fleming, Ian A.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Expt Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Bottom, Daniel L.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Prentice, Earl F.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. [Jones, Kim K.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hering, DK (reprint author), Crater Lake Natl Pk, Crater Lake, OR 97604 USA. EM david_hering@nps.gov RI Fleming, Ian/I-7217-2012 FU NOAA - Oregon State University [NA16RG1039, R/ECO-14]; NOAA - University of New Hampshire [NA04NOS4190109] FX This research was supported by NOAA - Oregon State University Sea Grant College Program, grant NA16RG1039, project R/ECO-14, and by NOAA - University of New Hampshire Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET) Proof of Concept Program, grant number NA04NOS4190109. Additional support was provided by NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. T. Cornwell, L. McLaughlin, and the staff of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Aquatic Inventories Project provided essential assistance in the field. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 20 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 3 BP 524 EP 533 DI 10.1139/F10-003 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 566FV UT WOS:000275356400007 ER PT J AU Huber, HR Jeffries, SJ Lambourn, DM Dickerson, BR AF Huber, H. R. Jeffries, S. J. Lambourn, D. M. Dickerson, B. R. TI Population substructure of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in Washington State using mtDNA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID FORAGING ACTIVITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; CALIFORNIA; DISPERSAL; PATTERNS; MOVEMENTS; DISTANCE; BEHAVIOR; OREGON; ALASKA AB We examined the pupping phenology and genetic variation between the currently defined stocks of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi (Gray, 1864), in Washington's coastal and inland waters and looked in detail at genetic variation within the inland waters of Washington. We analyzed mtDNA variation in 552 harbor seals from nine areas in Washington State and the Canada US transboundary waters. A total of 73 haplotypes were detected; 37 individuals had unique haplotypes. Pupping phenology and levels of genetic variation between the outer coastal stock (WA Coastal Estuaries, WA North Coast) and the inland waters stock (British Columbia, Boundary Bay, San Juan Islands, Smith/Minor Islands, Dungeness Spit, Hood Canal, Gertrude Island) corroborated the appropriateness of the present stock boundary. However, within the inland waters stock, Hood Canal and Gertrude Island were significantly different from the coastal stock, from the rest of the inland waters stock, and from each other. This indicates a total of four genetically distinct groups in Washington State, suggesting that managing the inland waters as a single stock may be erroneous. C1 [Huber, H. R.; Dickerson, B. R.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Jeffries, S. J.; Lambourn, D. M.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Lakewood, WA 98498 USA. RP Huber, HR (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM harriet.huber@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 88 IS 3 BP 280 EP 288 DI 10.1139/Z09-141 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 580XU UT WOS:000276484900006 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP Snyder, KA Peltz, MA AF Bentz, Dale P. Snyder, Kenneth A. Peltz, Max A. TI Doubling the service life of concrete structures. II: Performance of nanoscale viscosity modifiers in mortars SO CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE Building technology; Chloride ions; Diffusion; Nanotechnology; Service life; Viscosity ID QUANTIFY CHLORIDE INGRESS; AGNO3 SPRAY TESTS; WEAKNESSES; ADVANTAGES; MOBILITY AB A new approach for increasing the service life of concrete structures is evaluated in a series of mortar specimens. The new approach consists of employing nanoscale viscosity modifiers to increase the viscosity of the concrete pore solution and concurrently and proportionally decrease the diffusion rates of deleterious ions Such as chlorides and Sulfates. In part I of this series, viscosities of bulk solutions of the admixtures in water and electrical conductivities of admixture solutions also containing potassium chloride were examined to verify the viability of this new technology. In the Current paper, these studies are extended to quantifying the performance of one of these admixtures in mortars by measuring the penetration depth of chloride ions in cylindrical specimens exposed to a 1 mol/L chloride ion Solution for up to 1 year. While significant reductions in the 1 year penetration depth are produced when the viscosity modifier is utilized via conventional addition to the mixing water, the best performance is achieved when a solution of the viscosity modifier is utilized to pre-wet fine lightweight aggregates that are then added to the mortar mixture. A scaling function appropriate for radial diffusion was used to estimate the relative effective diffusion coefficients. Compared to a reference mortar, the best mixture reduced the effective diffusion coefficient by a factor of 2.7, consistent with the overall objective of doubling concrete service life. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Bentz, Dale P.; Snyder, Kenneth A.; Peltz, Max A.] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov; kenneth.snyder@nist.gov; max.peltz@nist.gov NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-9465 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP JI Cem. Concr. Compos. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 32 IS 3 BP 187 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.012 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 569HP UT WOS:000275587500002 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ Ott, LS Lovestead, TM Huber, ML AF Bruno, Thomas J. Ott, Lisa S. Lovestead, Tara M. Huber, Marcia L. TI Relating Complex Fluid Composition and Thermophysical Properties with the Advanced Distillation Curve Approach SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Chemical analysis; Distillation curve; Equation of state; Petroleomics ID DECREASED PARTICULATE-EMISSIONS; SURROGATE MIXTURE MODEL; ROCKET PROPELLANTS RP-1; DIESEL FUEL; AVIATION FUEL; BIODIESEL FUEL; IMPROVEMENTS; TEMPERATURE; ENTHALPY; VARIABILITY AB Complex fluids have long posed a significant challenge in our ability to characterize and model fluid properties. Here, complex fluids are considered to be mixtures with many components that can differ significantly in polarity and polarizability. The penultimate complex fluid is crude oil, although many other fluids such as finished fuels are also highly complex. We have recently introduced a measurement strategy that can simplify these efforts and provides the added potential of linking chemical composition (i.e. analytical) information with physical property information. In addition to chemical characterization, the approach provides the ability to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties for such complex heterogeneous streams. The technique is based on the advanced distillation curve (ADC) metrology, which separates a complex fluid by distillation into fractions that are sampled, and for which thermodynamically consistent temperatures are measured at atmospheric pressure. The collected sample fractions can be analyzed by any method that is appropriate. Analytical methods we have applied include gas chromatography (with flame ionization, mass spectrometric and sulfur chemiluminescence detection), thin-layer chromatography, FTIR, Karl Fischer coulombic titrimetry, refractometry, corrosivity analysis, neutron activation analysis and cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis. This method has been on product streams such as finished fuels (gasoline, diesel fuels, aviation fuels, rocket propellants), crude oils (including a crude oil made from swine manure) and waste oil streams (used automotive and transformer oils). In this review, we describe the essential features of the ADC metrology with illustrative examples. C1 [Bruno, Thomas J.; Ott, Lisa S.; Lovestead, Tara M.; Huber, Marcia L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermophys Properties Div, MS 838-00,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bruno@boulder.nist.gov NR 53 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0930-7516 J9 CHEM ENG TECHNOL JI Chem. Eng. Technol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 33 IS 3 BP 363 EP 376 DI 10.1002/ceat.200900562 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 573VV UT WOS:000275944300001 ER PT J AU Feeney, RF Lavenberg, RJ Pitman, RL AF Feeney, R. F. Lavenberg, R. J. Pitman, R. L. TI Description of a complete Liopropoma larva from the Gulf of California (Mexico) and its comparison with L. fasciatum and L. longilepis (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) SO CIENCIAS MARINAS LA English DT Article DE ichthyoplankton; development; morphology ID SERRANIDAE AB A postflexion 18.5-mm Liopropoma larva, with entire dorsal fin Filaments, was dip-netted at night at the surface in the Gulf of California (Mexico). The second and third dorsal spine filaments were both unusually elongate. The second spine was about ten times the body length, with twelve heavily pigmented swellings or vanes connected by a soft, flexible filamentous section that tends to coil, resembling the siphosome of a siphonophore. Morphometrics of the larva were similar to adult L. fasciatum, especially the head length. snout length. interorbital width, length of the caudal peduncle, and pelvic spine length. The depth of the caudal peduncle was similar to L. lenzgilepis. The fresh specimen had orange chromatophores over most of the body. After preservation, melanophores were present only over the cranium, tip of the lower jaw, the eye, and in the elongated dorsal filaments. Other described Liopropoma larvae are compared and discussed. C1 [Feeney, R. F.; Lavenberg, R. J.] Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Sect Ichthyol, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. [Pitman, R. L.] NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Feeney, RF (reprint author), Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Sect Ichthyol, 900 Exposit Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. EM rfeeney@nhm.org NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST INVESTIGACIONES OCEANOLOGICAS, U A B C PI BAJA CALIFORNIA PA APARTADO POSTAL 423, ENSENADA, BAJA CALIFORNIA 22800, MEXICO SN 0185-3880 J9 CIENC MAR JI Ceinc. Mar. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 36 IS 1 BP 83 EP 89 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 588ME UT WOS:000277073500007 ER PT J AU Pattanaik, DR Kumar, A AF Pattanaik, D. R. Kumar, Arun TI Prediction of summer monsoon rainfall over India using the NCEP climate forecast system SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Indian monsoon rainfall; Climate forecast system; Coupled model; GCM; Forecast skill ID EL-NINO; DIPOLE MODE; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; TELECONNECTIONS; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; ANOMALIES; PROVOST; AGCMS AB The performance of a dynamical seasonal forecast system is evaluated for the prediction of summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian region during June to September (JJAS). The evaluation is based on the National Centre for Environmental Prediction's (NCEP) climate forecast system (CFS) initialized during March, April and May and integrated for a period of 9 months with a 15 ensemble members for 25 years period from 1981 to 2005. The CFS's hindcast climatology during JJAS of March (lag-3), April (lag-2) and May (lag-1) initial conditions show mostly an identical pattern of rainfall similar to that of verification climatology with the rainfall maxima (one over the west-coast of India and the other over the head Bay of Bengal region) well simulated. The pattern correlation between verification and forecast climatology over the global tropics and Indian monsoon region (IMR) bounded by 50A degrees E-110A degrees E and 10A degrees S-35A degrees N shows significant correlation coefficient (CCs). The skill of simulation of broad scale monsoon circulation index (Webster and Yang; WY index) is quite good in the CFS with highly significant CC between the observed and predicted by the CFS from the March, April and May forecasts. High skill in forecasting El Nino event is also noted for the CFS March, April and May initial conditions, whereas, the skill of the simulation of Indian Ocean Dipole is poor and is basically due to the poor skill of prediction of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Over the IMR the skill of monsoon rainfall forecast during JJAS as measured by the spatial Anomaly CC between forecast rainfall anomaly and the observed rainfall anomaly during 1991, 1994, 1997 and 1998 is high (almost of the order of 0.6), whereas, during the year 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1989 the ACC is only around 0.3. By using lower and upper tropospheric forecast winds during JJAS over the regions of significant CCs as predictors for the All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR; only the land stations of India during JJAS), the predicted mean AISMR with March, April and May initial conditions is found to be well correlated with actual AISMR and is found to provide skillful prediction. Thus, the calibrated CFS forecast could be used as a better tool for the real time prediction of AISMR. C1 [Pattanaik, D. R.] India Meteorol Dept IMD, New Delhi 110016, India. [Kumar, Arun] NCEP NWS NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Pattanaik, DR (reprint author), India Meteorol Dept IMD, New Delhi 110016, India. EM Arun.Kumar@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 34 IS 4 BP 557 EP 572 DI 10.1007/s00382-009-0648-y PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560XZ UT WOS:000274940000007 ER PT J AU Dong, WJ Jiang, YD Yang, S AF Dong, Wenjie Jiang, Yundi Yang, Song TI Response of the starting dates and the lengths of seasons in Mainland China to global warming SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE AB The climatic seasons in China, defined by station-specific daily temperature measures, have changed substantially during the past decades. In the majority of the country, the length of summer has extended and the length of winter has shortened since the 1950s. These changes in the lengths of seasons are linked to the changes in the starting dates of seasons. Namely, the starting date of summer has advanced and the starting date of winter has shifted back. Averaged across the whole country, the starting date of summer has been brought forward by 5.8 days and the season has extended 9 days. On the other hand, the starting date of winter has been delayed by 5.6 days and the season has shortened by 11 days. The changes for spring and fall are relatively smaller. Particularly, spring has started earlier by 5.7 days but shortened by 0.3 day, and fall has started later by 3.2 days but lengthened by 2.3 days. The changes in seasons exhibit apparent regional differences. They are more significant in the north than in the south where the trend of some local changes in seasons is opposite to that of the rest of the country. C1 [Jiang, Yundi] China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Dong, Wenjie] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Yang, Song] NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Jiang, YD (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, 46 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM dongwj@bnu.edu.cn; jiangyd@cma.gov.cn; Song.Yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; li, dongsheng/B-2285-2012; dong, wenjie/F-4314-2012 FU National Key Program for Developing Basic Science [2006CB400506]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40231006] FX This research was jointly supported by the National Key Program for Developing Basic Science (2006CB400506) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40231006). We thank Prof. DuzhengYe of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dr. Linda Mearns of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments, which are helpful for improving the overall quality of the manuscript. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAR PY 2010 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1007/s10584-009-9669-0 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 559SD UT WOS:000274846100006 ER PT J AU Hoef, JMV London, JM Boveng, PL AF Hoef, Jay M. Ver London, Josh M. Boveng, Peter L. TI Fast computing of some generalized linear mixed pseudo-models with temporal autocorrelation SO COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Pseudo-likelihood; Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury; Sparse matrix; Exponential autocorrelation ID LIKELIHOOD APPROACH; COVARIANCE; INVERSE AB This paper considers ways to increase computational speed in generalized linear mixed pseudo-models for the case of many repeated measurements on subjects. We obtain linearly increasing computing time with number of observations, as opposed to O(n (3)) increasing computing time using numerical optimization. We also find a surprising result; that incomplete optimization for covariance parameters within the larger parameter estimation algorithm actually decreases time to convergence. After comparing various computing algorithms and choosing the best one, we fit a generalized linear mixed model to a binary time series data set with over 100 fixed effects, 50 random effects, and approximately 1.5 x 10(5) observations. C1 [Hoef, Jay M. Ver] Natl Weather Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Hoef, Jay M. Ver; London, Josh M.; Boveng, Peter L.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoef, JMV (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, POB 757345, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM jay.verhoef@noaa.gov OI London, Josh/0000-0002-3647-5046 FU U.S. Minerals Management Service; National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA [MMS 0103RU72448] FX This project received financial support from the U.S. Minerals Management Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, under inter-agency agreement MMS 0103RU72448. We would like to thank all members of the field crews from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory and the Kachemak Bay Research Reserve. Any references to commercial products do not imply endorsements by the National Marine Fisheries Service. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0943-4062 J9 COMPUTATION STAT JI Comput. Stat. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 1 BP 39 EP 55 DI 10.1007/s00180-009-0160-1 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 545OP UT WOS:000273744200003 ER PT J AU Hare, JA Alexander, MA Fogarty, MJ Williams, EH Scott, JD AF Hare, Jonathan A. Alexander, Michael A. Fogarty, Michael J. Williams, Erik H. Scott, James D. TI Forecasting the dynamics of a coastal fishery species using a coupled climate-population model SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE abundance; Atlantic croaker; climate change; distribution; East Coast, USA; environmental effects; fishery management; Micropogonias undulatus; population dynamics ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; NORTH-SEA COD; ATLANTIC CROAKERS; UNITED-STATES; MANAGEMENT; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; STOCK; PREDICTION AB Marine fisheries management strives to maintain sustainable populations while allowing exploitation. However, well-intentioned management plans may not meet this balance as most do not include the effect of climate change. Ocean temperatures are expected to increase through the 21st century, which will have far-reaching and complex impacts on marine fisheries. To begin to quantify these impacts for one coastal fishery along the cast coast of the United States, we develop a coupled climate population model for Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). The model is based on a mechanistic hypothesis: recruitment is determined by temperature-driven, overwinter mortality of juveniles in their estuarine habitats. Temperature forecasts were obtained from 14 general circulation models simulating three CO2 emission scenarios. An ensemble-based approach was used in which a multimodel average was calculated for a given CO2 emission scenario to forecast the response of the population. The coupled model indicates that both exploitation and climate change significantly affect abundance and distribution of Atlantic croaker. At current levels of fishing, the average (2010-2100) spawning biomass of the population is forecast to increase by 60-100%. Similarly, the center of the population is forecast to shift 50-100 km northward. A yield analysis, which is used to calculate benchmarks for fishery management, indicates that the maximum sustainable yield will increase by 30-100%. Our results demonstrate that climate effects on fisheries must be identified, understood, and incorporated into the scientific advice provided to managers if sustainable exploitation is to be achieved in a changing climate. C1 [Hare, Jonathan A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Alexander, Michael A.; Scott, James D.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Fogarty, Michael J.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Williams, Erik H.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hare, JA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jon.hare@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 67 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 5 U2 49 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 2 BP 452 EP 464 DI 10.1890/08-1863.1 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582YA UT WOS:000276635600011 PM 20405799 ER PT J AU McElhany, P Steel, EA Avery, K Yoder, N Busack, C Thompson, B AF McElhany, Paul Steel, E. Ashley Avery, Karen Yoder, Naomi Busack, Craig Thompson, Brad TI Dealing with uncertainty in ecosystem models: lessons from a complex salmon model SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) model; ecosystem model; Pacific Northwest, USA; salmon; sensitivity analysis; Sobol index; uncertainty ID PACIFIC SALMON; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; FISHERIES; SCIENCE AB Ecosystem models have been developed for assessment and management M a wide variety of environments. As model complexity increases, it becomes more difficult to trace how imperfect knowledge of internal model parameters, data inputs, or relationships among parameters might impact model results, affecting predictions and subsequent management decisions. Sensitivity analysis is an essential component of model evaluation, particularly when models are used to make management decisions. Results should be expressed as probabilities and should realistically account for uncertainty. When models are particularly complex, this can be difficult to do and to present in ways that do not obfuscate essential results. We conducted a sensitivity analysis of the Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) model, which predicts salmon productivity and capacity as a function of ecosystem conditions. We used a novel "structured sensitivity analysis" approach that is particularly useful for very complex models or those with an abundance of interconnected parameters. We identified small, medium, and large plausible ranges for both input data and model parameters. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we explored the variation in output. prediction intervals, and sensitivity indices, given these plausible input distributions. The analyses indicated that, as a consequence of internal parameter uncertainty, EDT productivity and capacity predictions lack the precision needed for many management applications. However, EDT prioritization of reaches for preservation or restoration was more robust to given input uncertainties, indicating that EDT may be more useful as a relative measure of fish performance than as an absolute measure. Like all large models, if EDT output is to be used as input to other models or management tools it is important to explicitly incorporate the uncertainty and sensitivity analyses into such secondary analyses. Sensitivity analyses should become standard operating procedure for evaluation of ecosystem models. C1 [McElhany, Paul; Steel, E. Ashley; Avery, Karen; Yoder, Naomi] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Busack, Craig] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Thompson, Brad] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. RP McElhany, P (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM paul.mcelhany@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 2 BP 465 EP 482 DI 10.1890/08-0625.1 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582YA UT WOS:000276635600012 PM 20405800 ER PT J AU Kerr, LA Cadrin, SX Secor, DH AF Kerr, L. A. Cadrin, S. X. Secor, D. H. TI The role of spatial dynamics in the stability, resilience, and productivity of an estuarine fish population SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay, USA; contingent; life history diversity; Morone americana; population dynamics; productivity; resilience; spatial structure; stability; white perch ID PERCH MORONE-AMERICANA; BAY WHITE PERCH; CHESAPEAKE BAY; FISHERIES SUSTAINABILITY; PARTIAL MIGRATION; STOCK; BIOCOMPLEXITY; CONNECTIVITY; HYPOTHESIS; MANAGEMENT AB Understanding mechanisms that support long-term persistence of populations and sustainability of productive fisheries is a priority in fisheries management. Complex spatial structure within populations is increasingly viewed as a result of a plastic behavioral response that can have consequences for the dynamics of a population. We incorporated spatial structure and environmental forcing into a population model to examine the consequences for population stability (coefficient of variation of spawning-stock biomass), resilience (time to recover from disturbance), and productivity (spawning-stock biomass). White perch (Morone americana) served as a model species that exhibits simultaneous occurrence of migratory and resident groups within a population. We evaluated the role that contingents (behavioral groups within populations that exhibit divergent life histories) play in mitigating population responses to unfavorable environmental conditions. We used age-structured models that incorporated contingent-specific vital rates to simulate population dynamics of white perch M a sub-estuary of Chesapeake Bay, USA. The dynamics of the population were most sensitive to the proportion of individuals within each contingent and to a lesser degree to the level of correlation in recruitment between contingents in their responses to the environment. Increased representation of the dispersive contingent within populations resulted in increased productivity and resilience, but decreased stability. Empirical evidence from the Patuxent River white perch population was consistent with these findings. A high negative correlation in resident and dispersive contingent recruitment dynamics resulted in increased productivity and stability, with little effect on resilience. With high positive correlation between contingent recruitments, the model showed similar responses in population productivity and resilience, but decreased stability. Because contingent structure involves differing patterns of nursery habitat use, spatial management that conserves sets of habitats rather than the single most productive nursery habitat would be expected to contribute to long-term population stability. C1 [Kerr, L. A.] Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Fairhaven, MA 02719 USA. [Kerr, L. A.; Secor, D. H.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. [Cadrin, S. X.] Univ Massachusetts, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Fairhaven, MA 02719 USA. RP Kerr, LA (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, 200 Mill Rd,Suite 325, Fairhaven, MA 02719 USA. EM lkerr@umassd.edu RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012 OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827 FU National Science Foundation [OCE-032485]; Massachusetts Marine Fisheries Institute FX We thank M. Wilberg for his contribution to this work and E. Houde for providing comments on the manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers who contributed insightful comments that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number OCE-032485. Additional support was provided by the Massachusetts Marine Fisheries Institute. This is contribution number 4295 of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory. NR 43 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 2 BP 497 EP 507 DI 10.1890/08-1382.1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582YA UT WOS:000276635600014 PM 20405802 ER PT J AU Peterson, EE Hoef, JMV AF Peterson, Erin E. Hoef, Jay M. Ver TI A mixed-model moving-average approach to geostatistical modeling in stream networks SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE geostatistics; hydrologic distance; moving average; scale; spatial autocorrelation; streams ID WATER; HETEROGENEITY; LANDSCAPES; DISTANCE; ECOLOGY; HABITAT; PATTERN; FLOW AB Spatial autocorrelation is an intrinsic characteristic in freshwater stream environments where nested watersheds and flow connectivity may produce patterns that are not captured by Euclidean distance. Yet, many common autocovariance functions used in geostatistical models are statistically invalid when Euclidean distance is replaced with hydrologic distance. We use simple worked examples to illustrate a recently developed moving-average approach used to construct two types of valid autocovariance models that are based on hydrologic distances. These models were designed to represent the spatial configuration, longitudinal connectivity, discharge, and flow direction in a stream network. They also exhibit a different covariance structure than Euclidean models and represent a true difference in the way that spatial relationships are represented. Nevertheless, the multi-scale complexities of stream environments may not be fully captured using a model based on one covariance structure. We advocate using a variance component approach, which allows a mixture of autocovariance models (Euclidean and stream models) to be incorporated into a single geostatistical model. As an example, we fit and compare "mixed models," based on multiple covariance structures, for a biological indicator. The mixed model proves to be a flexible approach because many sources of information can be incorporated into a single model. C1 [Peterson, Erin E.] CSIRO, Div Math Informat & Stat, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. [Hoef, Jay M. Ver] NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Peterson, EE (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Math Informat & Stat, 120 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. EM erin.peterson@csiro.au RI Peterson, Erin/D-2360-2009; OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 FU National Marine Fisheries Service of NOAA; CSIRO Division of Mathematical and Information Sciences; Australian Water for a Healthy Country Flagship FX We thank the SEQ Healthy Waterways Partnership for sharing the data set and Beth Gardner, Mark Kennard, Petra Kuhnert, and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments on the manuscript. This project received financial support from the National Marine Fisheries Service of NOAA, the CSIRO Division of Mathematical and Information Sciences, and the Australian Water for a Healthy Country Flagship. NR 25 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 37 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2010 VL 91 IS 3 BP 644 EP 651 DI 10.1890/08-1668.1 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582XZ UT WOS:000276635500003 PM 20426324 ER PT J AU Waples, RS Jensen, DW McClure, M AF Waples, Robin S. Jensen, David W. McClure, Michelle TI Eco-evolutionary dynamics: fluctuations in population growth rate reduce effective population size in chinook salmon SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age-structured species; chinook salmon; eco-evolutionary trade-offs; ideal population; northwestern United States; Onchorhynchus tshawytscha; recruits per spawner; reproductive success; semelparous ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SEED DORMANCY; CONSEQUENCES; VARIANCE; DENSITY; DESERT; CONSERVATION; VARIABILITY; DEMOGRAPHY; ABUNDANCE AB We empirically assess the relationship between population growth rate (lambda, a parameter central to ecology) and effective population size (N(e), a key parameter in evolutionary biology). Recent theoretical and numerical studies indicate that in semelparous species with variable age at maturity (such as Pacific salmon, many monocarpic plants, and various other species), differences in mean reproductive success among individuals reproducing in different years leads to variation in lambda, and this in turn can reduce N(e). However, this phenomenon has received little empirical evaluation. We examined time series of abundance data for 56 populations of chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) from the northwestern United States and compared N(e) (calculated from demographic data) with the total number of spawners each generation (N(T)). Important results include: (1) The mean multigenerational ratio (N) over bar (e)/(N) over bar (T) was 0.64 (median = 0.67), indicating that annual variation in lambda reduces effective population size in chinook salmon by an average of similar to 35%. These reductions are independent of, and in addition to, factors that reduce N(e) within individual cohorts (uneven sex ratio and greater-than-random variance in reproductive success). (2) The coefficient of variation of lambda was the most important factor associated with reductions in N(e), explaining up to two-thirds of the variance in (N) over bar (e)/(N) over bar (T). (3) Within individual generations, N(e) was lower when there was a negative correlation between annual N(i) and lambda i.e., when relatively few breeders produced relatively high numbers of offspring. Our results thus highlight an important and little-studied eco-evolutionary trade-off: density-dependent compensation has generally favorable ecological consequences (promoting stability and long-term viability) but incurs an evolutionary cost (reducing N(e) because a few individuals make a disproportionate genetic contribution). (4) For chinook salmon, (N) over cap (eH) (an estimator based on the harmonic mean number of breeders per year) is generally a good proxy for true N(e) and requires much less data to calculate. C1 [Waples, Robin S.; Jensen, David W.; McClure, Michelle] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM robin.waples@noaa.gov RI McClure, Michelle/O-7853-2015; Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 OI McClure, Michelle/0000-0003-4791-8719; NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2010 VL 91 IS 3 BP 902 EP 914 DI 10.1890/09-0366.1 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 582XZ UT WOS:000276635500026 PM 20426347 ER PT J AU Macneale, KH Sanderson, BL Courbois, JYP Kiffney, PM AF Macneale, K. H. Sanderson, B. L. Courbois, J. -Y. P. Kiffney, P. M. TI Effects of non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on threatened juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an Idaho stream SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE behavioural interactions; competition; foraging territories; predation; aggression; diet overlap ID WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; ATLANTIC SALMON; CUTTHROAT TROUT; COHO SALMON; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; RAINBOW-TROUT; BULL TROUT; INTRODUCED SALMONIDS; SIMULATED STREAM; COLUMBIA RIVER AB Non-native fishes have been implicated in the decline of native species, yet the mechanisms responsible are rarely apparent. To examine how non-native brook trout may affect threatened juvenile Chinook salmon, we compared feeding behaviours and aggressive encounters between these sympatric fish in Summit Creek, Idaho. Snorkelers observed 278 focal fish and examined diets from 27 fish in late summer 2003. Differences in feeding behaviours and diets suggest that there was minimal current competition for prey, although individual Chinook feeding activity declined as their encounter rate with other fish increased. While difference in size between fish generally determined the outcome of encounters (larger fish 'winning'), it was surprising that in some interspecific encounters aggressive Chinook displaced slightly larger brook trout (< 20 mm longer). We suggest that in late summer, frequent intraspecific interactions may be more important than interspecific interactions in potentially limiting Chinook growth in Summit Creek and perhaps in other oligotrophic streams where they co-occur. C1 [Macneale, K. H.; Sanderson, B. L.; Courbois, J. -Y. P.; Kiffney, P. M.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Macneale, KH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM kate.macneale@noaa.gov FU BPA [2001-055-00]; NRC Postdoctoral Associateship; Cumulative Risk Initiative at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center FX We thank Adam Goodwin, Jennifer Jones and Annalissa Ritchie for conducting many of the observations. We thank Chau Tran, Jon Drake, Jon Reum, Tyler Ritchie, Adam Welman, Linda and Sandy Wagner, and Team Carcass for additional field assistance. We thank James Rhydderch for the genetic identification of the sculpin consumed by the brook trout. We also thank Chris Harvey, Correigh Greene, Fred Utter, Dana Warren and several anonymous referees whose comments greatly improved this manuscript. This research was funded by BPA Project 2001-055-00; additional support for K.H.M. was provided through an NRC Postdoctoral Associateship and the Cumulative Risk Initiative at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. NR 79 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD MAR PY 2010 VL 19 IS 1 BP 139 EP 152 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00398.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 558AT UT WOS:000274713100014 ER PT J AU Millward, AA Kraft, CE Warren, DR AF Millward, Andrew A. Kraft, Clifford E. Warren, Dana R. TI Ice Storm Damage Greater Along the Terrestrial-Aquatic Interface in Forested Landscapes SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE ice storm; ecological disturbance; forest; terrestrial-aquatic interface; streams; lakes; littoral zone; remote sensing; transition analysis; Adirondacks ID NORTHERN NEW-YORK; EASTERN ONTARIO FORESTS; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; OLD-GROWTH; NEW-ENGLAND; UNITED-STATES; NORTHEASTERN US; TEMPERATE LAKES; HARDWOOD FOREST; SPATIAL-PATTERN AB Ice storms are an important and recurring ecological disturbance in many temperate forest ecosystems. In 1998, a severe ice storm damaged over ten million hectares of forest across northern New York State, eastern Canada, and New England impacting ecosystem processes across the landscape. This study investigated the spatial arrangement of forest damage at the terrestrial-aquatic interface, an ecological edge of importance to aquatic habitat and nutrient cycling. Vegetation indices, derived from satellite imagery and field-based data, were used to measure forest canopy damage across a 2045 km(2) region in northern New York State affected by the 1998 storm. We investigated the forest damage gradient in the riparian zone of 13 stream segments of varying size (92.5 km total length) and 13 lakes (37.4 km of shoreline). Large streams (-fourth and fifth order), occurring in forests that received modest ice damage (< 15% disturbance coverage), exhibited significantly more damage in the riparian zone within 25 m of the water than in adjacent forest sections; F(3,12) = 7.3 P = 0.005. In similar moderately damaged forests, lake shorelines were significantly more damaged than interior forests; F(3,9) = 6.4 P = 0.013. Analysis of transitions in damage intensity revealed that canopy disturbance followed a decreasing trend (up to 3.5 times less) with movement inland from the terrestrial-aquatic interface. The observed predisposition of forest to disturbance along this ecosystem interface emphasizes the role of the physical landscape in concentrating the movement of wood from the forest canopy to locations proximate to water bodies, thus reinforcing findings that ice storms are drivers of ecological processes that are spatially concentrated. C1 [Millward, Andrew A.] Ryerson Univ, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. [Kraft, Clifford E.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Warren, Dana R.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Millward, AA (reprint author), Ryerson Univ, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. EM millward@ryerson.ca RI Warren, Dana/G-5600-2012 NR 73 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD MAR PY 2010 VL 13 IS 2 BP 249 EP 260 DI 10.1007/s10021-010-9314-9 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 571WD UT WOS:000275785700006 ER PT J AU Garabedian, PR McFadden, GB AF Garabedian, Paul R. McFadden, Geoffrey B. TI The DEMO Quasisymmetric Stellarator SO ENERGIES LA English DT Article DE computational science; magnetic fusion; plasma physics AB The NSTAB nonlinear stability code solves differential equations in conservation form, and the TRAN Monte Carlo test particle code tracks guiding center orbits in a fixed background, to provide simulations of equilibrium, stability, and transport in tokamaks and stellarators. These codes are well correlated with experimental observations and have been validated by convergence studies. Bifurcated 3D solutions of the 2D tokamak problem have been calculated that model persistent disruptions, neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) and edge localized modes (ELMs) occurring in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), which does not pass the NSTAB simulation test for nonlinear stability. So we have designed a quasiaxially symmetric (QAS) stellarator with similar proportions as a candidate for the demonstration (DEMO) fusion reactor that does pass the test [1]. The configuration has two field periods and an exceptionally accurate 2D symmetry that furnishes excellent thermal confinement and good control of the prompt loss of alpha particles. Robust coils are found from a filtered form of the Biot-Savart law based on a distribution of current over a control surface for the coils and the current in the plasma defined by the equilibrium calculation. Computational science has addressed the issues of equilibrium, stability, and transport, so it remains to develop an effective plan to construct the coils and build a diverter. C1 [Garabedian, Paul R.] NYU, New York, NY 10012 USA. [McFadden, Geoffrey B.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garabedian, PR (reprint author), NYU, 251 Mercer St, New York, NY 10012 USA. EM garabedian@cims.nyu.edu; mcfadden@nist.gov RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL-MDPI PI BASEL PA KANDERERSTRASSE 25, CH-4057 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1996-1073 J9 ENERGIES JI Energies PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 3 BP 277 EP 284 DI 10.3390/en3030277 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA 583UL UT WOS:000276705300001 ER PT J AU Kneifel, J AF Kneifel, Joshua TI Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings SO ENERGY AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE Carbon cost; Energy efficiency; Integrated design; Life-cycle assessment; Life-cycle costing AB Energy efficiency in new building construction has become a key target to lower nation-wide energy use. The goals of this paper are to estimate life-cycle energy savings, carbon emission reduction, and cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings using an integrated design approach, and estimate the implications from a cost on energy-based carbon emissions. A total of 576 energy simulations are run for 12 prototypical buildings in 16 cities, with 3 building designs for each building-location combination. Simulated energy consumption and building cost databases are used to determine the life-cycle cost-effectiveness and carbon emissions of each design. The results show conventional energy efficiency technologies can be used to decrease energy use in new commercial buildings by 20-30% on average and up to over 40% for some building types and locations. These reductions can often be done at negative life-cycle costs because the improved efficiencies allow the installation of smaller, cheaper HVAC equipment. These improvements not only save money and energy, but reduce a building's carbon footprint by 16% on average. A cost on carbon emissions from energy use increases the return on energy efficiency investments because energy is more expensive, making some cost-ineffective projects economically feasible. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Off Appl Econ, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kneifel, J (reprint author), NIST, Off Appl Econ, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joshua.kneifel@nist.gov FU NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory FX Thanks are due to the NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory for supporting this work. The author thanks Barbara Lippiatt, Robert Chapman, and William Healy for their constructive comments and recommendations. Any mistakes in this paper are the author's sole responsibility. NR 27 TC 103 Z9 105 U1 10 U2 68 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0378-7788 J9 ENERG BUILDINGS JI Energy Build. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 42 IS 3 BP 333 EP 340 DI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.09.011 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 550NR UT WOS:000274135200008 ER PT J AU Stevenson, DE Hibpshman, RE AF Stevenson, Duane E. Hibpshman, Richard E. TI Distribution and food habits of two similar species of Bothrocara (Perciformes: Zoarcidae) in the eastern Bering Sea SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Eelpout; Stomach contents; Length frequency; Alaska; Zoarcidae; Bering Sea ID FISHES AB Six of the eight currently recognized species of the zoarcid genus Bothrocara are known from the eastern Bering Sea. Two of these species, B. brunneum and B. zestum, are widespread and commonly encountered on the upper continental slope, although B. zestum was not widely recognized as a distinct species in the region until 2004. During the summers of 2004 and 2008, large-scale bottom trawl surveys were conducted along the upper continental slope of the eastern Bering Sea from Bering Canyon to the U.S.-Russian border. Over the course of these surveys, distribution, relative abundance, length frequency, length-weight, and stomach contents information was collected for B. brunneum and B. zestum. Data collected on the surveys indicate that these two species have broadly overlapping geographic and bathymetric distributions in the region, but that their population numbers are substantially different. Length-weight regressions show that although these two species reach approximately the same maximum length, B. brunneum is substantially heavier than B. zestum at all lengths over about 40 cm. Stomach contents analysis indicates that the diet of B. brunneum consists primarily of various species of shrimps and mysids, while B. zestum is primarily piscivorous, consuming primarily bathylagids and other zoarcids. Therefore, despite their general morphological similarity, these two species function very differently in the eastern Bering Sea benthic ecosystem. C1 [Stevenson, Duane E.] USN, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Hibpshman, Richard E.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Stevenson, DE (reprint author), USN, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM duane.stevenson@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2010 VL 87 IS 3 BP 251 EP 262 DI 10.1007/s10641-010-9594-0 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 557FT UT WOS:000274655700013 ER PT J AU Ranville, MA Cutter, GA Buck, CS Landing, WM Cutter, LS Resing, JA Flegal, AR AF Ranville, Mara A. Cutter, Gregory A. Buck, Clifton S. Landing, William M. Cutter, Lynda S. Resing, Joseph A. Flegal, A. Russell TI Aeolian Contamination of Se and Ag in the North Pacific from Asian Fossil Fuel Combustion SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; ATMOSPHERIC SELENIUM; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MARINE AEROSOLS; NATURAL-WATERS; UNITED-STATES; OCEAN; DUST; EMISSIONS; SILVER AB Energy production from fossil fuels, and in particular the burning of coal in China, creates atmospheric contamination that is transported across the remote North Pacific with prevailing westerly winds. In recent years this pollution from within Asia has increased dramatically, as a consequence of vigorous economic growth and corresponding energy consumption. During the fourth Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission baseline contaminant survey in the western Pacific Ocean from May to June, 2002, surface waters and aerosol samples were measured to investigate whether atmospheric deposition of trace elements to the surface North Pacific was altering trace element biogeochemical cycling. Results show a presumably anthropogenic enrichment of Ag and of Se, which is a known tracer of coal combustion, in the North Pacific atmosphere and surface waters. Additionally, a strong correlation was seen between dissolved Ag and Se concentrations in surface waters. This suggests that Ag should now also be considered a geochemical tracer for coal combustion, and provides further evidence that Ag exhibits a disturbed biogeochemical cycle as the result of atmospheric deposition to the North Pacific. C1 [Ranville, Mara A.; Cutter, Gregory A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, WIGS Lab, Dept Microbiol & Environm Toxicol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Cutter, Lynda S.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. [Buck, Clifton S.; Landing, William M.] Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Resing, Joseph A.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Flegal, A. Russell] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, WIGS Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Ranville, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, WIGS Lab, Dept Microbiol & Environm Toxicol, 430 Phys Sci Bldg,1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM ranville@bard.edu RI Buck, Clifton/F-5820-2010; Cutter, Gregory/C-7898-2017 OI Buck, Clifton/0000-0002-5691-9636; Cutter, Gregory/0000-0001-6744-6718 FU United States National Science Foundation [OCE-0117648, OCE-0117917]; JISAO [1798]; NOAA-PMEL [2791] FX We thank Captain Dave Murline and the officers and crew of the R/V Melville for ensuring the Success of the IOC IV expedition. We also thank the IOC for their continued support of the contaminant baseline Survey cruises and the United States National Science Foundation for its financial Support of this project through Grants OCE-0117648 to author G.A.C. and OCE-0117917 to author W.M.L. The XRF data was produced by Geoff Lebon. J.A.R. was partially funded by JISAO and NOAA-PMEL, and this is JISAO publication #1798 and PMEL #2791. The NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) is gratefully acknowledged for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html) used in this publication. NR 62 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1587 EP 1593 DI 10.1021/es902523m PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 559QT UT WOS:000274842000014 PM 20121180 ER PT J AU Walker, JT Stow, CA Geron, C AF Walker, John T. Stow, Craig A. Geron, Chris TI Nitrous Oxide Emissions from the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATERS; N2O AB The production of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, in hypoxic coastal zones remains poorly characterized due to a lack of data,though large nitrogen inputs and deoxygenation typical of these systems create the potential for large N2O emissions. We report the first N2O emission measurements from the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone (GOMHZ), including an estimate of the emission "pulse" associated with the passage of Tropical Storm Edouard in August 2008. Prestorm emission rates (25-287 nmol m(-2) hr(-1)) and dissolved N2O concentrations (5 - 30 nmol L-1) were higher than values reported for the Caribbean and western Tropical Atlantic, and on the lower end of the range of observations from deeper coastal hypoxic zones. During the storm, N2O rich subsurface water was mixed upward, increasing average surface concentrations and emission rates by 23% and 61%, respectively. Approximately 20% of the N2O within the water column vented to the atmosphere during the storm, equivalent to 13% of the total "hypoxia season" emission. Relationships between N2O, NO3-, and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) suggest enhanced post storm N2O production, most likely in response to reoxygenation of the water column and redistribution of organic nitrogen. Our results indicate that mixing related emissions contribute significantly to total seasonal emissions and must therefore be included in emission models and inventories for the GOMHZ and other shallow coastal hypoxic zones. C1 [Walker, John T.; Geron, Chris] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Durham, NC 27711 USA. [Stow, Craig A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. RP Walker, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Durham, NC 27711 USA. EM walker.johnt@epa.gov RI Walker, John/I-8880-2014; OI Walker, John/0000-0001-6034-7514; Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855; Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 FU U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development; NOAA CSCOR [NA06NOS4780148] FX This work was supported by the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development and NOAA CSCOR Award NA06NOS4780148. We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Pelican(Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium), Bill Preston (U.S. EPA), and Wayne Robarge (North Carolina State University, Department of Soil Science) for field and analytical support. We also thank Mike Roman and Steve Brandt for the opportunity to participate in the 2008 cruise. This manuscript is GLERL contribution number 1544. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 44 IS 5 BP 1617 EP 1623 DI 10.1021/es902058t PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 559QT UT WOS:000274842000018 PM 20131822 ER PT J AU Churchill, CB Shaw, JA Iadicola, MA AF Churchill, C. B. Shaw, J. A. Iadicola, M. A. TI TIPS AND TRICKS FOR CHARACTERIZING SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY WIRE: PART 4-THERMO-MECHANICAL COUPLING SO EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORMATION; BEHAVIOR C1 [Churchill, C. B.; Shaw, J. A.] Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Iadicola, M. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Churchill, CB (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM churchc@umich.edu; jashaw@umich.edu OI Churchill, Christopher/0000-0002-2976-3146 FU National Science Foundation FX We again appreciate the invitation from Nilesh Mankame (General Motors) to write this series of papers. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work, provided by the National Science Foundation and General Motors Corp. through the GM/UM Collaborative Research Laboratory in Smart Materials and Structures. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0732-8818 J9 EXP TECHNIQUES JI Exp. Tech. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 34 IS 2 BP 63 EP 80 DI 10.1111/j.1747-1567.2010.00619.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 575AJ UT WOS:000276035100010 ER PT J AU Davis, MW AF Davis, Michael W. TI Fish stress and mortality can be predicted using reflex impairment SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE Aquaculture; discards; disease; stock enhancement; vitality; welfare ID HEALTH-ASSESSMENT INDEX; DISCARD MORTALITY; ATLANTIC SALMON; RELEASE SCIENCE; CURRENT ISSUES; RESPONSES; WELFARE; BEHAVIOR; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT AB Fish stress and mortality can be significant problems in both capture and culture operations. In addition to inexpensive and real-time metrics, ones that are simple to use are also desirable for measuring fish stress and predicting mortality. Current methods to define stress rely on expensive, laboratory-based measurements of changes in fish pathology such as disease, necropsy and histology, in physiology such as plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose and ions and in complex behaviour determined from swimming, feeding and predator evasion. All of these methods are often not rigorously linked to fitness outcomes. An alternative is to observe reflex impairment as a direct sign of stress which can be easily and rapidly measured in free swimming or restrained fish responding to peripheral stimuli such as gravity, light, sound and touch. Reflex impairment is correlated with stress and mortality outcomes, eliminating the need for prolonged holding or monitoring of fish. A few examples of reflexes that may be impaired include orientation, startle responses, fin erection, body flex upon restraint, operculum and mouth clamping or gaping, gag response and vestibular-ocular response. Reflex impairment combines the effects of stressors and their interactions and is not dependent on fish size, motivation states and acclimation which make it a consistent sign of stress across a wide range of stressor types and fish ages. Use of reflex impairment to measure stress and predict mortality would significantly improve monitoring of fish health and welfare in many types of field operations such as commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, live transport, stock enhancement and tagging. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM michael.w.davis@noaa.gov FU NOAA Fisheries FX This study was funded by NOAA Fisheries through the AFSC Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program. The paper benefited from discussions with Cliff Ryer, Al Stoner, Michele Ottmar and Bob Hannah and comments from two anonymous reviewers, one who supplied a revised version of Figure 1. NR 71 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 6 U2 70 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1467-2960 J9 FISH FISH JI Fish. Fish. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 11 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2009.00331.x PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 554RM UT WOS:000274452100001 ER PT J AU Gilman, E Gearhart, J Price, B Eckert, S Milliken, H Wang, J Swimmer, Y Shiode, D Abe, O Peckham, SH Chaloupka, M Hall, M Mangel, J Alfaro-Shigueto, J Dalzell, P Ishizaki, A AF Gilman, Eric Gearhart, Jeff Price, Blake Eckert, Scott Milliken, Henry Wang, John Swimmer, Yonat Shiode, Daisuke Abe, Osamu Peckham, S. Hoyt Chaloupka, Milani Hall, Martin Mangel, Jeff Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna Dalzell, Paul Ishizaki, Asuka TI Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE By-catch; gillnet; passive net fisheries; pound net; sea turtle; small-scale fisheries ID CORIACEA NESTING POPULATION; PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHERIES; CORAL-REEF ECOSYSTEMS; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; LEATHERBACK TURTLES; ENCOURAGING OUTLOOK; LOGGERHEAD TURTLES; INCIDENTAL CAPTURE; MARINE MEGAFAUNA; BYCATCH AB There is growing evidence that small-scale, coastal, passive net fisheries may be the largest single threat to some sea turtle populations. We review assessments of turtle interactions in these fisheries, and experiments on gear-technology approaches (modifying gear designs, materials and fishing methods) to mitigate turtle by-catch, available from a small number of studies and fisheries. Additional assessments are needed to improve the limited understanding of the relative degree of risk coastal net fisheries pose to turtle populations, to prioritize limited conservation resources and identify suitable mitigation opportunities. Whether gear technology provides effective and commercially viable solutions, alone or in combination with other approaches, is not well-understood. Fishery-specific assessments and trials are needed, as differences between fisheries, including in gear designs; turtle and target species, sizes and abundance; socioeconomic context; and practicality affect efficacy and suitability of by-catch mitigation methods. Promising gear-technology approaches for gillnets and trammel nets include: increasing gear visibility to turtles but not target species, through illumination and line materials; reducing net vertical height; increasing tiedown length or eliminating tiedowns; incorporating shark-shaped silhouettes; and modifying float characteristics, the number of floats or eliminating floats. Promising gear-technology approaches for pound nets and other trap gear include: replacing mesh with ropes in the upper portion of leaders; incorporating a turtle releasing device into traps; modifying the shape of the trap roof to direct turtles towards the location of an escapement device; using an open trap; and incorporating a device to prevent sea turtle entrance into traps. C1 [Gilman, Eric] IUCN, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Gilman, Eric] Univ Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Gearhart, Jeff] US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. [Price, Blake] N Carolina Div Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. [Eckert, Scott] WIDECAST, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Eckert, Scott] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. [Milliken, Henry] US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Wang, John] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NOAA, Kewalo Res Facil, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. [Swimmer, Yonat] US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. [Shiode, Daisuke] Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. [Abe, Osamu] SE Asian Fisheries Dev Ctr, Chendering 21080, Kuala Terenggan, Malaysia. [Peckham, S. Hoyt] ProPeninsula, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Peckham, S. Hoyt] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Chaloupka, Milani] Univ Queensland, Ecol Modeling Serv, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. [Hall, Martin] Interamer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Mangel, Jeff; Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna] ProDelphinus, Lima 18, Peru. [Mangel, Jeff; Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna] Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Lima 18, Peru. [Dalzell, Paul; Ishizaki, Asuka] Western Pacific Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Gilman, E (reprint author), IUCN, Hobart, Tas, Australia. EM EricLGilman@gmail.com RI SHIODE, Daisuke/O-1957-2014 FU National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Save Our Seas Foundation; Western Pacific Fishery Management Council through U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA05NMF4411092] FX We are grateful for input from all participants of the January, 2009 Technical Workshop on Mitigating Sea Turtle Bycatch in Coastal Net Fisheries (Gilman 2009) on a draft of this manuscript distributed prior to and discussed during the workshop. This study was made possible through financial support from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Save Our Seas Foundation, and Western Pacific Fishery Management Council through U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA05NMF4411092. We are grateful for constructive, extremely insightful comments provided by two anonymous peer reviewers. We acknowledge the assistance provided by Ms. Manuela D'Antoni of the FAO, in redesigning Fig. 1. NR 136 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 6 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1467-2960 J9 FISH FISH JI Fish. Fish. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 11 IS 1 BP 57 EP 88 DI 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2009.00342.x PG 32 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 554RM UT WOS:000274452100004 ER PT J AU Bauer, M Hoagland, P Leschine, TM Blount, BG Pomeroy, CM Lampl, LL Scherer, CW Ayres, DL Tester, PA Sengco, MR Sellner, KG Schumacker, J AF Bauer, Marybeth Hoagland, Porter Leschine, Thomas M. Blount, Benjamin G. Pomeroy, Caroline M. Lampl, Linda L. Scherer, Clifford W. Ayres, Dan L. Tester, Patricia A. Sengco, Mario R. Sellner, Kevin G. Schumacker, Joe TI The importance of human dimensions research in managing harmful algal blooms SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; RISK COMMUNICATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; SCIENCE AB Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are natural freshwater and marine hazards that impose substantial adverse impacts on the human use of coastal and marine resources. The socioeconomic and health impacts of HABs can be considerable, thereby making a case for "human dimensions" research to support HAB response. Human dimensions research is multidisciplinary, integrating social science, humanities, and other fields with natural science to enhance resource management by addressing human causes, consequences, and responses to coastal environmental problems. Case studies reported here illustrate the importance of human dimensions research. Incorporating such research into the scientific agenda - as well as into management decisions of public agencies concerned with natural resource management, environmental protection, and public health and welfare - requires the development of both strategic guidance and institutional capacity. The recent development of a multi-agency research strategy for HAB response and a strategic plan for human dimensions research represent two important steps in this direction. C1 [Bauer, Marybeth] NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Hoagland, Porter] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Leschine, Thomas M.] Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Blount, Benjamin G.] SocioEcol Informat, Helotes, TX USA. [Pomeroy, Caroline M.] Calif Sea Grant Extens Program, Watsonville, CA USA. [Lampl, Linda L.] Lampl Herbert Consultants Inc, Tallahassee, FL USA. [Scherer, Clifford W.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. [Ayres, Dan L.] Washington State Dept Fish & Wildlife, Reg Off 6, Montesano, WA USA. [Tester, Patricia A.] NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC USA. [Sengco, Mario R.] Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. [Sellner, Kevin G.] Chesapeake Res Consortium, Edgewater, MD USA. [Schumacker, Joe] Quinault Dept Nat Resources, Taholah, WA USA. RP Bauer, M (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Silver Spring, MD USA. EM marybeth.bauer@noaa.gov OI Hoagland, Porter/0000-0003-0744-4184 FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) [P50 ES012762]; NIH; National Science Foundation [OCE-0434087] FX This paper was developed with partial support from NOAA's National Centers for Coastal and Ocean Science. The authors thank G Matlock for comments on a draft. Thortias Leschine's contributions to this Publication were supported by grant number P50 ES012762 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, and OCE-0434087 from the National Science Foundation. Its contents are solely the responsibitity of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS, NIH, or NSE NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 23 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 8 IS 2 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1890/070181 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 567PF UT WOS:000275458400019 ER PT J AU Olson, J AF Olson, Julia TI Seeding nature, ceding culture: Redefining the boundaries of the marine commons through spatial management and GIS SO GEOFORUM LA English DT Article DE Political ecology; Fisheries management; Neoliberalism; Environmental subjectivity; Public policy; Critical GIS ID ATLANTIC SEA SCALLOP; PER-RECRUIT ANALYSIS; PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; POLITICAL ECOLOGY; COMMUNITY; PROPERTY; RESOURCE; NEOLIBERALISM; DYNAMICS AB The oceans are not only being transformed through privatization as management moves towards market mechanisms, the oceans are also being "zoned", with zoning increasingly proposed as the ideal conduit for weighting different uses of the ocean This is concomitant with a move towards ecosystem-based management that also partakes in a policy environment imbued with the commodification of nature, in which environmental services are ranked and valued according to neoliberal percept.; Crucial to these projects are the utilization of GIS technologies This paper considers these zones of preservation and sites of conflict through an ethnographic case study of (lie scallop fisheries of New England, examining conflicts between harvesters, different projects to map the fishery, and ongoing efforts to reseed scallop beds The paper explores how participants themselves articulate the changing practices of fishing and farming, redefining boundaries of nature and Culture. While reseeding projects, for example, arguably participate in the market logic of neoliberalism, at the same time they may resist and redefine the terms, as communities see themselves sowing the seeds of their own sustainability and changing the terms of what Counts, literally, as nature Published by Elsevier Ltd C1 NMFS NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Olson, J (reprint author), NMFS NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 89 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7185 J9 GEOFORUM JI Geoforum PD MAR PY 2010 VL 41 IS 2 SI SI BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.10.008 PG 11 WC Geography SC Geography GA 572EX UT WOS:000275811400014 ER PT J AU May, SP Burkholder, JM Shumway, SE Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Frank, D AF May, Susan P. Burkholder, JoAnn M. Shumway, Sandra E. Hegaret, Helene Wikfors, Gary H. Frank, Dana TI Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum on survival, grazing and behavioral response of three ecologically important bivalve molluscs SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Alexandrium monilatum; Clearance rate; Crassostrea virginica; Dinoflagellate; Mercenaria mercenaria; Perna viridis; Shellfish; Valve gape ID OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; FILTER-FEEDING BIVALVES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; GONYAULAX-MONILATA; PROTOGONYAULAX-TAMARENSIS; GUT PASSAGE; PROROCENTRUM-MINIMUM; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA AB Little is known about interactions between shellfish and the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum. Toxic strains produce endotoxins with hemolytic and neurotoxic properties, and have been linked to fish and invertebrate kills. We experimentally assessed the survival, grazing and behavioral responses of three shellfish species to A. monilatum. Grazing studies were conducted with two size classes of Crassostrea virginica, Mercenaria mercenaria, and Perna viridis. These species inhabit areas where blooms of A. monilatum occur. Clearance rates of each species were depressed when exposed to toxic A. monilatum alone or with nontoxic Pavlova sp., in comparison to control animals fed only nontoxic algae. Exposure to toxic A. monilatum also caused shellfish to decrease shell valve gape. Intact cells of A. monilatum were found within shellfish feces, but the cells did not re-establish growing populations following gut passage. Survival of larval M. mercenaria and C. virginica was also tested when exposed to A. monilatum cells. Survival was significantly lower for larvae exposed to sonicated A. monilatum, in comparison to control larvae tested with nontoxic A. tamarense. Overall, the data indicate that blooms of A. monilatum can adversely affect some shellfish species by reducing valve gape and clearance rate, and by inducing larval mortality. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [May, Susan P.; Burkholder, JoAnn M.] N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Appl Aquat Ecol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. [Shumway, Sandra E.; Hegaret, Helene; Frank, Dana] Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [Wikfors, Gary H.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP May, SP (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, 139 Biol Sci Bldg,Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM susan.may@duke.edu RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008 OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013 FU U.S. EPA [EPA RD-83170401]; Department of Plant Biology at North Carolina State University; North Carolina General Assembly FX Funding support for this research was provided by the U.S. EPA (ECOHAB grant EPA RD-83170401 to Shumway, Burkholder and Wikfors), the Department of Plant Biology at North Carolina State University, and the North Carolina General Assembly (Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology). We thank D. Grecho, H. Skelton and J. Springer for assistance with experiments, and L Nielsen and M. Parrow for assistance with flow cytometry. S. Morton of the NOAA-NOS, Charleston, SC, provided the toxic strain of A. monilatum used in this research. Cryptomonas sp. was provided by D. Stoecker, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, Cambridge, MD. We are also grateful to P. Moeller of the NOAA-NOS, Charleston, SC for verifying toxicity of the A. monilatum strain, and for testing the control strain of A. tamarense used in this study to verify lack of toxicity. Shellfish were provided by J. Fajans, University of Florida Gainesville (P. viridis); C. Davis, Pemaquid Oyster Company, Waldoboro, ME, USA (post-larval C. virginica); D. Leavitt, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI (larval C. virginica); J. Swartzenberg, J&B AquaFood, Jacksonville, NC, USA (large size M. mercenaria); Millpoint Aquaculture, Core Sound, NC (small size M. mercenaria); and Cherrystone Aquafarms, Cheriton, VA, USA (larval M. mercenaria). Q. Dortch provided insights about A. mondatum occurrence from Terrebonne Bay to waters offshore from Louisiana. D. Eggleston and A. Lewitus offered counsel on the experimental design and the manuscript, and C. Brownie guided the statistical analyses. [TS]. NR 102 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 6 U2 42 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 EI 1878-1470 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD MAR PY 2010 VL 9 IS 3 BP 281 EP 293 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2009.11.005 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 568LG UT WOS:000275523200005 ER PT J AU Thorarinsdottir, GG Jacobson, L Ragnarsson, SA Garcia, EG Gunnarsson, K AF Thorarinsdottir, Gudrun G. Jacobson, Larry Ragnarsson, Stefan Aki Garcia, Elena Guijarro Gunnarsson, Karl TI Capture efficiency and size selectivity of hydraulic clam dredges used in fishing for ocean quahogs (Arctica islandica): simultaneous estimation in the SELECT model SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arctica islandica; hydraulic dredge capture efficiency; ocean quahog; SELECT model; size selectivity ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SCALLOP; GROWTH; WATERS; TRAWLS; CATCH; GEAR; AGE AB Estimates of capture efficiency and size selectivity for commercial dredges are important in estimating stock biomass and setting catch limits for the ocean quahog off Iceland and the United States. Ocean quahogs are long-lived, slow-growing, and sensitive to \overharvest resulting from poor estimates of capture efficiency and stock biomass. Capture efficiency and size selectivity were estimated simultaneously in mixed-effect SELECT models using diver and commercial dredge experiment data from the shallow-water habitats off Iceland. Estimated capture efficiency for the commercial dredge E 92% (CV = 8%) was high for large [107.5 mm shell length ( SL)] ocean quahogs. Size selectivity followed an ascending logistic curve, with L(50) = 70.5 mm SL ( CV 4%), a selectivity range of 17.6 mm SL, and substantial variability among experimental dredge tows. Estimated capture efficiency was higher than that for ocean quahogs in US waters, possibly because of the deep habitats off the United States or uncertainty about dredge position during US depletion experiments. Scaling maximum selectivity from the SELECT model to one reduces correlations between size-selectivity and capture-efficiency parameters and may enhance the utility of selectivity estimates in stock assessment modelling. Our experimental and modelling approach may be useful for studies with other non-mobile benthic species. C1 [Thorarinsdottir, Gudrun G.; Ragnarsson, Stefan Aki; Garcia, Elena Guijarro; Gunnarsson, Karl] Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Jacobson, Larry] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Thorarinsdottir, GG (reprint author), Marine Res Inst, POB 1390,Skulagata 4, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. EM gutho@hafro.is NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 2 BP 345 EP 354 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp236 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 553CB UT WOS:000274341200015 ER PT J AU Stanton, TK Chu, DZ Jech, JM Irish, JD AF Stanton, Timothy K. Chu, Dezhang Jech, J. Michael Irish, James D. TI New broadband methods for resonance classification and high-resolution imagery of fish with swimbladders using a modified commercial broadband echosounder SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acoustic scattering; broadband; echosounder; fish; resonance ID ACOUSTIC SCATTERING; SOUND SCATTERING; FILLED CYLINDERS; ATLANTIC; VOLUME; BACKSCATTER; DENSITY; SYSTEMS; MODELS; ECHOES AB A commercial acoustic system, originally designed for seafloor applications, has been adapted for studying fish with swimbladders. The towed system contains broadband acoustic channels collectively spanning the frequency range 1.7-100 kHz, with some gaps. Using a pulse-compression technique, the range resolution of the echoes is similar to 20 and 3 cm in the lower and upper ranges of the frequencies, respectively, allowing high-resolution imaging of patches and resolving fish near the seafloor. Measuring the swimbladder resonance at the lower frequencies eliminates major ambiguities normally associated with the interpretation of fish echo data: (i) the resonance frequency can be used to estimate the volume of the swimbladder (inferring the size of fish), and (ii) signals at the lower frequencies do not depend strongly on the orientation of the fish. At-sea studies of Atlantic herring demonstrate the potential for routine measurements of fish size and density, with significant improvements in accuracy over traditional high-frequency narrowband echosounders. The system also detected patches of scatterers, presumably zooplankton, at the higher frequencies. New techniques for quantitative use of broadband systems are presented, including broadband calibration and relating target strength and volume-scattering strength to quantities associated with broadband signal processing. C1 [Stanton, Timothy K.; Chu, Dezhang; Irish, James D.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Jech, J. Michael] NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Stanton, TK (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM tstanton@whoi.edu FU US Office of Naval [N00014-04-1-0440, N00014-04-1-0475]; NOAA/CICOR [NA17RJ1223,]; NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service; WHOI Academic Programs Office FX Portions of this paper were published in Stanton et al. ( 2007). We thank the captains and crews of the FRV "Delaware II" and RV "Tioga", and the following people from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA, for their various roles in the research: Jeff Lord, Will Ostrom, Andy Girard, and Shirley Barkley; along with D. Ben Reeder of the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, for his participation in the cruise on the "Delaware II", and Steve Wright, Mohammed Sanhaji, and Jason Sara of Edgetech, Boca Raton, FA, for their participation in the design of the new system. The research was supported by the US Office of Naval Research, grants number N00014-04-1-0440 and N00014-04-1-0475, NOAA/CICOR cooperative agreement NA17RJ1223, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, and the J. Seward Johnson Chair of the WHOI Academic Programs Office. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 2 BP 365 EP 378 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp262 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 553CB UT WOS:000274341200017 ER PT J AU Lavery, AC Chu, DZ Moum, JN AF Lavery, Andone C. Chu, Dezhang Moum, James N. TI Measurements of acoustic scattering from zooplankton and oceanic microstructure using a broadband echosounder SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broadband acoustic scattering; internal waves; oceanic microstructure; zooplankton ID SOUND-SCATTERING; TURBULENCE; FREQUENCY; FISH; DISTRIBUTIONS; CALIBRATION; SEA; BACKSCATTER; PLANKTON; ANIMALS AB In principle, measurements of high-frequency acoustic scattering from oceanic microstructure and zooplankton across a broad range of frequencies can reduce the ambiguities typically associated with the interpretation of acoustic scattering at a single frequency or a limited number of discrete narrowband frequencies. With this motivation, a high-frequency broadband scattering system has been developed for investigating zooplankton and microstructure, involving custom modi. cations of a commercially available system, with almost complete acoustic coverage spanning the frequency range 150-600 kHz. This frequency range spans the Rayleigh-to-geometric scattering transition for some zooplankton, as well as the diffusive roll-off in the spectrum for scattering from turbulent temperature microstructure. The system has been used to measure scattering from zooplankton and microstructure in regions of non-linear internal waves. The broadband capabilities of the system provide a continuous frequency response of the scattering over a wide frequency band, and improved range resolution and signal-to-noise ratios through pulse-compression signal-processing techniques. System specifications and calibration procedures are outlined and the system performance is assessed. The results point to the utility of high-frequency broadband scattering techniques in the detection, classification, and under certain circumstances, quanti. cation of zooplankton and microstructure. C1 [Lavery, Andone C.; Chu, Dezhang] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Chu, Dezhang] NOAA, NMFS, NWFSC, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Moum, James N.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lavery, AC (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM alavery@whoi.edu RI Moum, James/A-1880-2012 FU US Office of Naval [N000140210359] FX We thank Karen Fisher, Paul Heslinga, and Doris Leong for helping collect the acoustic and MOCNESS data, Steve Wright and other EdgeTech employees for developing the system, Tim Stanton for assistance with system development and for loaning us his 1000-m coax cable, Mike Neeley-Brown and Ray Kreth for supporting OSU Ocean Mixing operations, John Kemp and his team, and the captain and crew of the RV "Oceanus". The work was supported by the US Office of Naval Research (Grant # N000140210359). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Ocean Acoustics Program of the US Office of Naval Research. NR 52 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 17 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 2 BP 379 EP 394 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsp242 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 553CB UT WOS:000274341200018 ER PT J AU Bolten, JD Crow, WT Zhan, XW Jackson, TJ Reynolds, CA AF Bolten, John D. Crow, Wade T. Zhan, Xiwu Jackson, Thomas J. Reynolds, Curt A. TI Evaluating the Utility of Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture Retrievals for Operational Agricultural Drought Monitoring SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Agriculture; data assimilation; remote sensing; soil moisture ID LAND-SURFACE MODELS; DATA ASSIMILATION; AMSR-E; VEGETATION; PRODUCTS AB Soil moisture is a fundamental data source used by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) International Production Assessment Division (IPAD) to monitor crop growth stage and condition and subsequently, globally forecast agricultural yields. Currently, the USDA IPAD estimates surface and root-zone soil moisture using a two-layer modified Palmer soil moisture model forced by global precipitation and temperature measurements. However, this approach suffers from well-known errors arising from uncertainty in model forcing data and highly simplified model physics. Here, we attempt to correct for these errors by designing and applying an Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation system to integrate surface soil moisture retrievals from the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) into the USDA modified Palmer soil moisture model. An assessment of soil moisture analysis products produced from this assimilation has been completed for a five-year (2002 to 2007) period over the North American continent between 23 degrees N-50 degrees N and 128 degrees W-65 degrees W. In particular, a data denial experimental approach is utilized to isolate the added utility of integrating remotely sensed soil moisture by comparing EnKF soil moisture results obtained using (relatively) low-quality precipitation products obtained from real-time satellite imagery to baseline Palmer model runs forced with higher quality rainfall. An analysis of root-zone anomalies for each model simulation suggests that the assimilation of AMSR-E surface soil moisture retrievals can add significant value to USDA root-zone predictions derived from real-time satellite precipitation products. C1 [Bolten, John D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Crow, Wade T.; Jackson, Thomas J.] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Zhan, Xiwu] NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Reynolds, Curt A.] USDA ARS, Int Prod Assessment Div, Off Global Anal, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP Bolten, JD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM john.bolten@nasa.gov; wade.crow@ars.usda.gov; xiwu.zhan@noaa.gov; tom.jackson@ars.usda.gov; curt.reynolds@fas.usda.gov RI Zhan, Xiwu/F-5487-2010; Bolten, John/F-9006-2012 FU NASA [NNS06AA051] FX This work was supported by funding from NASA's Applied Sciences Program and grant NNS06AA051 entitled "Integrating NASA's Global Soil Moisture Remote Sensing and Modeling Data into the USDA's Global Crop Production Decision Support System". NR 29 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 8 U2 64 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1939-1404 EI 2151-1535 J9 IEEE J-STARS JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2037163 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 561TM UT WOS:000275001800006 ER PT J AU Larson, KM Braun, JJ Small, EE Zavorotny, VU Gutmann, ED Bilich, AL AF Larson, Kristine M. Braun, John J. Small, Eric E. Zavorotny, Valery U. Gutmann, Ethan D. Bilich, Andria L. TI GPS Multipath and Its Relation to Near-Surface Soil Moisture Content SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Global positioning system; remote sensing; soil measurements ID REFLECTOMETRY; SMEX02; WATER AB Measurements of soil moisture at various spatial and temporal scales are needed to study the water and carbon cycles. While satellite missions have been planned to measure soil moisture at global scales, these missions also need ground-based soil moisture data to validate their observations and retrieval algorithms. Here, we demonstrate that signals routinely recorded by Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers installed to measure crustal deformation for geophysical studies could be used to provide a global network of soil moisture sensors. The sensitivity to soil moisture is seen in reflected GPS signals, which are quantified by using the GPS signal to noise ratio data. We show that these data are sensitive to soil moisture variations for areas of 1000 m2 horizontally and 1-6 cm vertically. It is demonstrated that GPS signals penetrate deeper when the soil is dry than when it is wet. This change in penetration or "reflector" depth, along with the change in dielectric constant, causes the GPS signal strength to change its frequency and amplitude. Comparisons with conventional water content reflectometer sensors show good agreement (r(2) = to 0.76) with the variation in frequencies of the reflected GPS signals over a period of 7 months, with most of the disagreement occurring when soil moisture content is less than 0.1 cm(3)/cm(3). C1 [Larson, Kristine M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Braun, John J.] Univ Corp Atmospher Res, COSMIC, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Small, Eric E.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Gutmann, Ethan D.] Natl Corp Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Zavorotny, Valery U.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Bilich, Andria L.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Geodet Survey, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Larson, KM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kristinem.larson@gmail.com; braunj@ucar.edu; eric.small@colorado.edu; valery.zavorotny@noaa.gov; gutmann@ucar.edu; an-dria.bilich@noaa.gov RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Braun, John/B-2913-2010; Small, eric/K-6007-2015; Gutmann, Ethan/I-5728-2012 OI Braun, John/0000-0002-6380-7739; Gutmann, Ethan/0000-0003-4077-3430 FU University of Colorado; NSF [ATM 0740515, ATM 0740498] FX This work was supported in part by a University of Colorado Seed Grant, NSF ATM 0740515 (CU), and NSF ATM 0740498 (UCAR). NCAR is supported by the National Science Foundation. NR 26 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 25 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1939-1404 EI 2151-1535 J9 IEEE J-STARS JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 1 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2033612 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 561TM UT WOS:000275001800009 ER PT J AU Zavorotny, VU Larson, KM Braun, JJ Small, EE Gutmann, ED Bilich, AL AF Zavorotny, Valery U. Larson, Kristine M. Braun, John J. Small, Eric E. Gutmann, Ethan D. Bilich, Andria L. TI A Physical Model for GPS Multipath Caused by Land Reflections: Toward Bare Soil Moisture Retrievals SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Coherent scattering; global positioning system (GPS); reflectivity; soil moisture ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR; WET SOIL; SENSITIVITY AB Reflected Global Positioning System (GPS) signals can be used to infer information about soil moisture in the vicinity of the GPS antenna. Interference of direct and reflected signals causes the composite signal, observed using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data, to undulate with time while the GPS satellite ascends or descends at relatively low elevation angles. The soil moisture change affects both the phase of the SNR modulation pattern and its magnitude. In order to more thoroughly understand the mechanism of how the soil moisture change leads to a change in the SNR modulation, we built an electrodynamic model of GPS direct and reflected signal interference, i.e., multipath, that has a bare-soil model as the input and the total GPS received power as the output. This model treats soil as a continuously stratified medium with a specific composition of material ingredients having complex dielectric permittivity according to well-known mixing models. The critical part of this electrodynamic model is a numerical algorithm that allows us to calculate polarization-dependent reflection coefficients of such media with various profiles of dielectric permittivity dictated by the soil type and moisture. In this paper, we demonstrate how this model can reproduce and explain the main features of experimental multipath modulation patterns such as changes in phase and amplitude. We also discuss the interplay between true penetration depth and effective reflector depth. Based on these modeling comparisions, we formulate recommendations to improve the performance of bare soil moisture retrievals from the data obtained using GPS multipath modulation. C1 [Zavorotny, Valery U.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Larson, Kristine M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Braun, John J.] Univ Corp Atmospheric Res, COSMIC, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Small, Eric E.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Gutmann, Ethan D.] Natl Corp Atmospheric Res, Res Applicat Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Bilich, Andria L.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Geodet Survey, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zavorotny, VU (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM valery.zavorotny@noaa.gov; kristinem.larson@gmail.com; braunj@ucar.edu; eric.small@colorado.edu; gutmann@ucar.edu; an-dria.bilich@noaa.gov RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Braun, John/B-2913-2010; Small, eric/K-6007-2015; Gutmann, Ethan/I-5728-2012 OI Braun, John/0000-0002-6380-7739; Gutmann, Ethan/0000-0003-4077-3430 FU University of Colorado; NSF [ATM 0740515, ATM 0740498] FX This work was supported in part by the University of Colorado Seed Grant Competition, NSF ATM 0740515 (CU) and NSF ATM 0740498 (UCAR). NCAR is supported by the National Science Foundation. NR 23 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 23 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1939-1404 J9 IEEE J-STARS JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 1 BP 100 EP 110 DI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2033608 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 561TM UT WOS:000275001800010 ER PT J AU Dong, JR Peters-Lidard, C AF Dong, Jiarui Peters-Lidard, Christa TI On the Relationship Between Temperature and MODIS Snow Cover Retrieval Errors in the Western US SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Errors; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); snow cover area; temperature ID LAND-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; VALIDATION; PRODUCTS; MODEL; AREA; ASSIMILATION; UNCERTAINTY; VARIABILITY; VEGETATION AB Understanding and quantifying satellite-based remotely sensed snow cover errors are critical for successful utilization of snow cover products. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow Covered Area (SCA) product errors have been previously recognized to be associated with factors such as cloud contamination, snow pack particles, vegetation cover, and topography; however, the quantitative relationship between the retrieval errors and these factors remains elusive. Joint analysis of MODIS SCA and land surface temperature (LST) products, and in-situ air temperature and snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements provides a unique look at the error structure of the recently developed MODIS SCA products. Analysis of the MODIS SCA data set over the period from 2000 to 2005 was undertaken for the California/Nevada and Colorado regions of the western United States. Both regions have extensive observational networks. For this study area, the MODIS SCA product demonstrates strong ability in detecting the presence of snow cover (80%). However, significant spatial and temporal variations in accuracy (from 75% in high roughness to 86% in low roughness regions and 45% in October to 94% in February) suggest that a proxy is required to adequately predict the MODIS SCA product errors. For the first time, we demonstrate a relationship between the errors in the MODIS SCA products and temperature in the western United States, and find that this relationship is well-represented by the cumulative double exponential distribution function. We have performed a fitting and validation experiment by deriving the relationship between temperature and the errors in the MODIS SCA product from 2000-2004 period and using 2005 to independently test our method. This relationship is shown to hold for both in-situ daily mean air temperature and MODIS LST. Both of them are useful indices in quantifying the errors in MODIS product for various hydrological applications. C1 [Dong, Jiarui; Peters-Lidard, Christa] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dong, JR (reprint author), NCE, NWS, NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012 OI Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876 FU NASA [NN-H-040Z-YO-010-C]; Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) [F3HRA15251G001] FX This work was supported in part by NASA Cooperative Agreement Notice (CAN) NN-H-040Z-YO-010-C and in part by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) under Award F3HRA15251G001. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1939-1404 J9 IEEE J-STARS JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 1 BP 132 EP 140 DI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2039698 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 561TM UT WOS:000275001800013 ER PT J AU Kim, K Wallis, TM Rice, P Chiang, CJ Imtiaz, A Kabos, P Filipovic, DS AF Kim, Kichul Wallis, T. Mitch Rice, Paul Chiang, Chin-Jen Imtiaz, Atif Kabos, Pavel Filipovic, Dejan S. TI A Framework for Broadband Characterization of Individual Nanowires SO IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Conductivity; contact resistance; coplanar waveguide (CPW); nanowires AB A framework for broadband characterization of individual nanowires (NWs) is discussed in this letter. Specifically, on-wafer multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL) measurements, finite element modeling, and specially fabricated test structures with both extremely high and low impedances are jointly used to validate the feasibility of both measurements and modeling for characterizing small components. The test structures are designed as coplanar waveguide (CPW) devices with 100 nm and 250 nm diameter platinum (Pt) NWs. Though it is not possible to distinguish between the conductivity of the wire and contact resistances, we determine a range for conductivity and contact resistance over wide microwave bandwidth by minimizing the standard deviation between the measurements and full-wave modeling. C1 [Kim, Kichul; Filipovic, Dejan S.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Comp & Energy Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wallis, T. Mitch; Imtiaz, Atif; Kabos, Pavel] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Rice, Paul] Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Chiang, Chin-Jen] Natl Changhua Univ Educ, Changhua 500, Taiwan. RP Kim, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Elect Comp & Energy Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kkkim@colorado.edu; kabos@boulder.nist.gov; dejan@colorado.edu FU DARPAN/MEMS ST Fundamentals [HR0011-06-1-0048] FX Manuscript received September 28, 2009; revised November 06, 2009. First published January 29, 2010; current version published March 10, 2010. This work was supported by the DARPA Center on Nanoscale Science and Technology for Integrated Micro/Nano-Electromechanical Transducers (iMINT) funded by DARPAN/MEMS S&T Fundamentals Program (HR0011-06-1-0048). NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1531-1309 EI 1558-1764 J9 IEEE MICROW WIREL CO JI IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 3 BP 178 EP 180 DI 10.1109/LMWC.2010.2040224 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 566LK UT WOS:000275371600016 ER PT J AU Williams, PA Dennis, T AF Williams, P. A. Dennis, T. TI Direct Measurement of Vector Polarization-Mode Dispersion From Repeated Random Data by Use of Linear Optical Sampling SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Coherent detection; linear optical sampling; optical performance monitoring; polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) ID POLARIMETER; SYSTEMS AB Polarization-dependent optical sampling techniques measure the complex electric field, allowing one to monitor the degrading effects of a communication channel. Here we show the ability to extract the polarization-mode dispersion of the transmission channel from a remote measurement of transmitted repeated 10-Gb/s differential phase-shift keying modulated data. This approach is independent of modulation format and data rate. We demonstrate results both with and without referencing to the laser phase. We achieve a differential group delay resolution of 0.2 ps for an unreferenced measurement. C1 [Williams, P. A.; Dennis, T.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Williams, PA (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM pwilliam@boulder.nist.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 22 IS 5 BP 326 EP 328 DI 10.1109/LPT.2009.2039366 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 553VL UT WOS:000274394800010 ER PT J AU Swallows, MD Campbell, GK Ludlow, AD Boyd, MM Thomsen, JW Martin, MJ Blatt, S Nicholson, TL Ye, J AF Swallows, Matthew D. Campbell, Gretchen K. Ludlow, Andrew D. Boyd, Martin M. Thomsen, Jan W. Martin, Michael J. Blatt, Sebastian Nicholson, Travis L. Ye, Jun TI Precision Measurement of Fermionic Collisions Using an Sr-87 Optical Lattice Clock With 1 x 10(-16) Inaccuracy SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY; ULTRACOLD FERMIONS; ATOMS; STABILIZATION; METROLOGY; COMPACT; CAVITY AB We describe recent progress on the JILA Sr optical frequency standard, which has a systematic uncertainty at the 10(-16) fractional frequency level. The dominant contributions to the systematic error are from blackbody radiation shifts and collisional shifts. We discuss the blackbody radiation shift and propose measurements and experimental protocols that should reduce its systematic contribution. We discuss how collisional frequency shifts can arise in an optical lattice clock employing fermionic atoms, and experimentally demonstrate how the uncertainty in this density-dependent correction to the clock frequency is reduced. C1 [Swallows, Matthew D.; Campbell, Gretchen K.; Martin, Michael J.; Blatt, Sebastian; Nicholson, Travis L.; Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Swallows, Matthew D.; Campbell, Gretchen K.; Martin, Michael J.; Blatt, Sebastian; Nicholson, Travis L.; Ye, Jun] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Thomsen, Jan W.] Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Swallows, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM swallows@jila.colorado.edu RI Campbell, Gretchen/E-8338-2010; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012; Thomsen, Jan W./M-9087-2016 OI Campbell, Gretchen/0000-0003-2596-1919; Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967; Thomsen, Jan W./0000-0003-3423-6989 NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD MAR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 3 BP 574 EP 582 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2010.1449 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 565VH UT WOS:000275322400010 PM 20211772 ER PT J AU Levi, F Calosso, C Calonico, D Lorini, L Bertacco, EK Godone, A Costanzo, GA Mongino, B Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA AF Levi, Filippo Calosso, Claudio Calonico, Davide Lorini, Luca Bertacco, Elio K. Godone, Aldo Costanzo, Giovanni A. Mongino, Barbara Jefferts, Steven R. Heavner, Thomas P. Donley, Elizabeth A. TI Cryogenic Fountain Development at NIST and INRIM: Preliminary Characterization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID ACCURACY EVALUATION; ATOMIC FOUNTAIN; IEN-CSF1; SHIFT AB This paper describes the new twin laser-cooled Cs fountain primary frequency standards NIST-F2 and IT-CsF2, and presents some of their design features. Most significant is a cryogenic microwave interrogation region which dramatically reduces the blackbody radiation shift. We also present a preliminary accuracy evaluation of IT-CsF2. C1 [Levi, Filippo; Calosso, Claudio; Calonico, Davide; Lorini, Luca; Bertacco, Elio K.; Godone, Aldo] Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, Turin, Italy. [Costanzo, Giovanni A.; Mongino, Barbara] Politecn Torino, Turin, Italy. [Jefferts, Steven R.; Heavner, Thomas P.; Donley, Elizabeth A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Levi, F (reprint author), Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, Turin, Italy. EM f.levi@inrim.it RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010; CALONICO, Davide/J-9158-2016 OI COSTANZO, Giovanni Antonio/0000-0002-7474-0349; CALONICO, Davide/0000-0002-0345-859X NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 23 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD MAR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 3 BP 600 EP 605 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2010.1453 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 565VH UT WOS:000275322400014 PM 20211776 ER PT J AU Shirley, JH AF Shirley, Jon H. TI Weight Functions for Biases in Atomic Frequency Standards SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID SCHRODINGER EQUATION; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; TRANSITIONS; SHIFTS AB Many perturbations that affect atomic frequency standards vary during the period of measurement. To include this time variation, we introduce 3 time-dependent weight functions built from the solution of the unperturbed equations of motion of a 2-level system. The integral of the time-dependent part of a perturbation with a weight function gives the associated first-order change in transition probability. Biases are then found easily. The same weight function may be used for different perturbations, thus unifying the derivation of their associated biases. We give several examples of the use of weight functions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Shirley, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jshirley@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD MAR PY 2010 VL 57 IS 3 BP 746 EP 756 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2010.1473 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 565VH UT WOS:000275322400034 PM 20211796 ER PT J AU Vujasinovic, M Barkmeyer, E Ivezic, N Marjanovic, Z AF Vujasinovic, Marko Barkmeyer, Edward Ivezic, Nenad Marjanovic, Zoran TI INTEROPERABLE SUPPLY-CHAIN APPLICATIONS: MESSAGE METAMODEL-BASED SEMANTIC RECONCILIATION OF B2B MESSAGES SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COOPERATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Semantic reconciliation; business-to-business interoperability; message model; supply-chain integration ID MANUFACTURING INTEROPERABILITY; ONTOLOGIES; FRAMEWORK; MEDIATION; SERVICE; SCHEMA AB Supply-chain applications exchange numerous electronic business-to-business (B2B) messages of varied types. Traditionally, prior to a message exchange, partners adopt one particular message specification that constrains message structure and syntax to implement compatible application message interfaces. However, in open, dynamic supply-chains, the applications need to interact even though their message interfaces are based on different, yet incompatible message specifications. To achieve such interactions, we propose the Message Metamodel-based semantic reconciliation of B2B messages. The Message Metamodel is a novel, ontological form that provides for common representation of B2B message specifications and messages of various syntaxes, such as Extensible Markup Language (XML) or Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). The experimental investigation showed that proposed semantic reconciliation architecture built atop the Message Metamodel (1) insulates the reconciliation activities from the specific message syntaxes, (2) supports the reconciliation of messages irrespective of message standards used, and (3) enables seamless interoperable message exchange between heterogeneous supply-chain applications. C1 [Vujasinovic, Marko; Barkmeyer, Edward; Ivezic, Nenad] NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marjanovic, Zoran] Univ Belgrade, Dept Informat Syst, Fac Org Sci, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. RP Vujasinovic, M (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marko.vujasinovic@nist.gov; edward.barkmeyer@nist.gov; nenad.ivezic@nist.gov; marjanovic.zoran@fon.rs NR 47 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 10 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-8430 EI 1793-6365 J9 INT J COOP INF SYST JI Int. J. Coop. Inf. Syst. PD MAR-JUN PY 2010 VL 19 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 69 DI 10.1142/S0218843010002103 PG 39 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 613BU UT WOS:000278951800002 ER PT J AU Ravitz, G Shyu, ML Powell, MD AF Ravitz, Guy Shyu, Mei-Ling Powell, Mark D. TI INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA SEMANTIC CONTENT ANALYSIS OF YOUTUBE VIDEOS WITH HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS FOR PUBLIC SITUATION AWARENESS AND OUTREACH SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Multimedia concept detection; Web 2.0; severe weather warning system; public awareness; public outreach; situation awareness; user generated content (UGC) AB Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, have had an enormous social and economical impact on society in the United State and around the world for many years. With the goal of preventing, diverting, or weakening the destructive forces of tropical cyclones, the preparedness of the public plays a major role in the magnitude of inflicted damage due to these storms. Acknowledging the captivating power of social networking and Web 2.0 over society, we present a prototype system which integrates meteorological data along with user generated content with the aim of improving public response by increasing their situational awareness due to such natural threats. The proposed system aggregates storm track and wind analysis data from the existing H*Wind system along with videos taken from YouTube and presents it to the user in Google Earth. A content-based concept detection mechanism is used to evaluate the relevance of the extracted YouTube videos to the storm of interest. The proposed system demonstrates the potential public benefit resulting from the integration of the areas of multimedia content analysis, Web 2.0, and meteorology. C1 [Ravitz, Guy; Shyu, Mei-Ling] Univ Miami, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Powell, Mark D.] Florida State Univ, Ctr Ocean Atmospher Predict Studies, NOAA AOML HRD, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Ravitz, G (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM ravitz@miami.edu; shyu@miami.edu; Mark.Powell@noaa.gov RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 FU Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS); Joint Institute of the University of Miami; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA17RJ1226] FX For Mei-Ling Shyu and Guy Ravitz, this research was carried out in part under the auspices of the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a Joint Institute of the University of Miami and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, cooperative agreement #NA17RJ1226. "The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency." NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-1940 J9 INT J SOFTW ENG KNOW JI Int. J. Softw. Eng. Knowl. Eng. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 20 IS 2 BP 155 EP 172 DI 10.1142/S0218194010004670 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 606KD UT WOS:000278423000004 ER PT J AU Paulechka, E Kazakov, A Frenkel, M AF Paulechka, E. Kazakov, A. Frenkel, M. TI Monte Carlo Simulation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Perfluoropropane (R-218) and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Perfluoropropane; R-218; 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene; R-1234yf; Monte Carlo; VLE ID THERMODATA ENGINE TDE; ATOM FORCE-FIELD; GIBBS ENSEMBLE; SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; MOLECULAR SIMULATION; BINARY-MIXTURES; REFRIGERANTS; FLUIDS; ALKANES AB Thermophysical properties of two refrigerants (perfluoropropane and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) were computed using Monte Carlo methods with the OPLS-AA (Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations-All Atoms) forcefield. Original OPLS-AA parameters were extended to include an F atom attached to a double bond in 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and modified to produce the correct stationary geometry for this compound. The results of the simulations for critical parameters, saturated densities, saturated pressures, liquid densities, and vaporization enthalpies are in good agreement with available experimental data and equation of state models. Systematic deviations between the experimental data and the predicted values were observed for liquid densities and saturated pressures, suggesting that further refinement of forcefield parameters that can lead to better accuracy may be possible. C1 [Paulechka, E.; Kazakov, A.; Frenkel, M.] NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Paulechka, E.] Belarusian State Univ, Dept Chem, Minsk 220030, Byelarus. RP Kazakov, A (reprint author), NIST, Thermophys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrel.kazakov@nist.gov NR 48 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 31 IS 3 BP 462 EP 474 DI 10.1007/s10765-010-0764-2 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 612UE UT WOS:000278928500002 ER PT J AU Gasior, W Moser, Z Debski, A Siewert, T AF Gasior, W. Moser, Z. Debski, A. Siewert, T. TI Integration of the NIST and SURDAT Databases on Physical Properties of Lead-Free Solder Alloys SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Database; Mechanical properties; Pb-free solders; Thermophysical properties AB The electronic SURDAT database published in 2007 (available freely from the website www.imim.pl/english) is being integrated with the NIST database (available freely from www.boulder.nist.gov/div853/lead_free/solders.html) to provide a single source for data on lead-free (Pb-free) soldering alloys. The NIST database was developed to support circuit board designers, and so it is focused primarily on mechanical properties. In contrast, the SURDAT database is focused primarily on thermophysical properties. Together, they will form a much more complete source for the properties of Pb-free solder alloys. C1 [Gasior, W.; Moser, Z.; Debski, A.] Polish Acad Sci, Inst Met & Mat Sci, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. [Siewert, T.] NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gasior, W (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Met & Mat Sci, 25 Reymonta St, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. EM nmgasior@imim-pan.krakow.pl; nmdebski@imim-pan.krakow.pl NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 31 IS 3 BP 502 EP 512 DI 10.1007/s10765-010-0733-9 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 612UE UT WOS:000278928500005 ER PT J AU Schweder, T Sadykova, D Rugh, D Koski, W AF Schweder, Tore Sadykova, Dinara Rugh, David Koski, William TI Population Estimates From Aerial Photographic Surveys of Naturally and Variably Marked Bowhead Whales SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Abundance; Bootstrap; Capture-recapture; Confidence curve; Event history; False negatives; Photo-identification ID BEAUFORT SEAS STOCK; BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; PHOTOIDENTIFICATION DATA; CONFIDENCE; LIKELIHOOD; ABUNDANCE; SURVIVAL; ALASKA; BARROW AB Abundance, mortality, and population growth of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) are estimated from captures of 4,894 putatively different individuals obtained from 10 years of systematic photographic surveys conducted during the spring migration when most of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population of bowheads migrates past Point Barrow, Alaska. A stringent matching protocol designed to prevent false positive matches of the naturally, but variably marked individuals, led to 42 resightings between years. The flip side of this stringency is a presence of false negatives, i.e., some true recaptures are not recognized as such. The problem of false negatives is addressed by modeling the capture process and the matching process. The captures of an individual are assumed to follow a Poisson process with intensity depending stochastically on the individual whale and on the year. The probability of successfully matching a capture to a previous capture is estimated by logistic regression on the degree of marking and image quality. Individuals are recruited by the Pella-Tomlinson population model, and their mortality rate is assumed to be constant. The point estimate of yearly growth rate is 3.2%, and bowhead abundance in 2001 is estimated to be 8,250, similar to previous estimates. C1 [Schweder, Tore] Univ Oslo, Dept Econ, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. [Schweder, Tore; Sadykova, Dinara] Univ Oslo, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Synth, Dept Biol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Rugh, David] NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Koski, William] LGL Ltd Environm Res Associates, King City, ON L7B 1A6, Canada. RP Schweder, T (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Econ, POB 1095, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. EM tore.schweder@econ.uio.no; dinara.sadykova@bio.uio.no; bkoski@lgl.com; bkoski@lgl.com FU U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service [7821719]; U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act; NOAA Fisheries Service (NMML); U.S. Minerals Management Service; Norwegian Research Council [166791] FX The National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML) and LGL Ltd. (LGL) are the lead organizations in conducting aerial photography of bowhead whales and maintaining photographic collections and metadata. Many people assisted in the acquisition of photographs and data that are used in this analysis. The authors thank Robyn Angliss, Lisa Baraff, Mary Nerini, Kim Shelden, and Dave Withrow of NMML, and John Richardson and Gary Miller of LGL. Photographic surveys were conducted under Scientific Research Permits 580 and 7821719 (NMML) and 670 (LGL) issued by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service under the provisions of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and U.S. Endangered Species Act. The surveys were funded primarily by NOAA Fisheries Service (NMML); U.S. Minerals Management Service; and the North Slope Borough with minor contributions by many other groups. Modeling and analysis was carried out under Norwegian Research Council grant 166791. We benefited from discussions with Judith Zeh. The authors thank the editor and two referees for their helpful comments. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1007/s13253-009-0002-1 PG 19 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 567FW UT WOS:000275429900001 ER PT J AU Crozier, LG Zabel, RW Hockersmith, EE Achord, S AF Crozier, Lisa G. Zabel, Richard W. Hockersmith, Eric E. Achord, Stephen TI Interacting effects of density and temperature on body size in multiple populations of Chinook salmon SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body size; endangered species; freshwater; nutrient limitation; ration ID WHOLE-LAKE EXPERIMENTS; TO-SMOLT SURVIVAL; PACIFIC SALMON; FISH POPULATIONS; HABITAT QUALITY; SOCKEYE-SALMON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SELECTIVE MORTALITY; DEPENDENT MORTALITY AB P>1. The size individuals attain reflects complex interactions between food availability and quality, environmental conditions and ecological interactions. A statistical interaction between temperature and the density of conspecifics is expected to arise from various ecological dynamics, including bioenergetic constraints, if population density affects mean consumption rate or activity level. Density effects on behaviour or size-selective predation could also generate this pattern. This interaction plays an important role in bioenergetic models, in particular, and yet has not been documented in natural populations. 2. The lengths of 131 286 juvenile wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) across 13 populations spread throughout the Salmon River Basin, Idaho, USA over 15 years were compared to test whether juvenile density alters the relationship between body size and temperature. 3. Strong evidence for a negative interaction between mean summer temperature and density emerged, despite the relatively cool temperatures in this high elevation habitat. Growth correlated positively with temperature at lower densities, but the correlation was negative at the highest densities. 4. This is the first study to document this interaction at such a large spatial and temporal scale, and suggests that warmer temperatures might intensify some density-dependent processes. How climate change will affect individual growth rates in these populations will depend intimately on ecological conditions, particularly food availability and population dynamics. More broadly, the conditions that led to the interactions observed in our study - limited food availability and temperatures that ranged above those optimal for growth - likely exist for many other natural populations, and warrant broader exploration. C1 [Crozier, Lisa G.; Zabel, Richard W.; Hockersmith, Eric E.; Achord, Stephen] NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Crozier, LG (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Lisa.Crozier@noaa.gov RI Crozier, Lisa/E-2248-2012; Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015 OI Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629 NR 48 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 79 IS 2 BP 342 EP 349 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01641.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 552VH UT WOS:000274321200006 PM 20002859 ER PT J AU Semunegus, H Berg, W Bates, JJ Knapp, KR Kummerow, C AF Semunegus, Hilawe Berg, Wesley Bates, John J. Knapp, Kenneth R. Kummerow, Christian TI An Extended and Improved Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Period of Record SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RETRIEVAL AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center has served as the archive of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/l) data from the F-8, F-10, F-11, F-13, F-14, and F-15 platforms covering the period from July 1987 to the present. Passive microwave satellite measurements from SSM/I have been used to generate climate products in support of national and international programs. The SSM/I temperature data record (TDR) and sensor data record (SDR) datasets have been reprocessed and stored as network Common Data Form (netCDF) 3-hourly files. In addition to reformatting the data, a normalized anomaly (z score) for each footprint temperature value was calculated by subtracting each radiance value with the corresponding monthly 1 degrees grid climatological mean and dividing it by the associated climatological standard deviation. Threshold checks were also used to detect radiance, temporal, and geolocation values that were outside the expected ranges. The application of z scores and threshold parameters in the form of embedded quality flags has improved the fidelity of the SSM/I TDR/SDR period of record for climatological applications. This effort has helped to preserve and increase the data maturity level of the longest satellite passive microwave period of record while completing a key first step before developing a homogenized and intercalibrated SSM/I climate data record in the near future. C1 [Semunegus, Hilawe; Bates, John J.; Knapp, Kenneth R.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Berg, Wesley; Kummerow, Christian] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Semunegus, H (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM hilawe.semunegus@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011; Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Semunegus, Hilawe/C-5803-2017 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Semunegus, Hilawe/0000-0002-0393-8323 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 3 BP 424 EP 436 DI 10.1175/2009JAMC2314.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LZ UT WOS:000276828300008 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Hong, Y Flamig, ZL Li, L Wang, JH AF Gourley, Jonathan J. Hong, Yang Flamig, Zachary L. Li, Li Wang, Jiahu TI Intercomparison of Rainfall Estimates from Radar, Satellite, Gauge, and Combinations for a Season of Record Rainfall SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION; PASSIVE MICROWAVE; UNITED-STATES; ALGORITHMS; RAINGAGE; NETWORK; SYSTEM; SCALES AB Rainfall products from radar, satellite, rain gauges, and combinations have been evaluated for a season of record rainfall in a heavily instrumented study domain in Oklahoma. Algorithm performance is evaluated in terms of spatial scale, temporal scale, and rainfall intensity. Results from this study will help users of rainfall products to understand their errors. Moreover, it is intended that developers of rainfall algorithms will use the results presented herein to optimize the contribution from available sensors to yield the most skillful multisensor rainfall products. C1 [Flamig, Zachary L.] Univ Oklahoma, NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Hong, Yang; Li, Li; Wang, Jiahu] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Flamig, Zachary L.] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jj.gourley@noaa.gov RI Hong, Yang/D-5132-2009; Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Hong, Yang/0000-0001-8720-242X; Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 FU NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research [NA17RJ1227]; U.S. Department of Commerce; National Science Foundation FX Funding was provided by NOAA/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research under NOAA/University of Oklahoma Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227, U.S. Department of Commerce. Stage II radar- and gauge-based products were provided by NCAR/EOL under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation (http://data.eol.ucar.edu/). The Stage IV rainfall product was obtained at the National Weather Service's National Precipitation Verification Unit (http:// www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/npvu/). The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Soroosh Sorooshian at the University of California, Irvine, and Dr. George Huffman at NASA Goddard for providing the PERSIANN-CCS and TMPA products in this study, respectively. Reviews from Dr. George Huffman and two anonymous reviewers improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 3 BP 437 EP 452 DI 10.1175/2009JAMC2302.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LZ UT WOS:000276828300009 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V Zhang, J Howard, K AF Lakshmanan, Valliappa Zhang, Jian Howard, Kenneth TI A Technique to Censor Biological Echoes in Radar Reflectivity Data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WSR-88D; ALGORITHM AB Existing techniques of quality control of radar reflectivity data rely on local texture and vertical profiles to discriminate between precipitating echoes and nonprecipitating echoes. Nonprecipitating echoes may be due to artifacts such as anomalous propagation, ground clutter, electronic interference, sun strobe, and biological contaminants (i.e., birds, bats, and insects). The local texture of reflectivity fields suffices to remove most artifacts, except for biological echoes. Biological echoes, also called "bloom" echoes because of their circular shape and expanding size during the nighttime, have proven difficult to remove, especially in peak migration seasons of various biological species, because they can have local and vertical characteristics that are similar to those of stratiform rain or snow. In this paper, a technique is described that identifies candidate bloom echoes based on the range variance of reflectivity in areas of bloom and uses the global, rather than local, characteristic of the echo to discriminate between bloom and rain. Every range gate is assigned a probability that it corresponds to bloom using morphological (shape based) operations, and a neural network is trained using this probability as one of the input features. It is demonstrated that this technique is capable of identifying and removing echoes due to biological targets and other types of artifacts while retaining echoes that correspond to precipitation. C1 [Lakshmanan, Valliappa] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Lakshmanan, Valliappa; Zhang, Jian; Howard, Kenneth] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM lakshman@ou.edu FU NOAA-OU [NA17RJ1227] FX Funding for this research was provided under NOAA-OU Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 3 BP 453 EP 462 DI 10.1175/2009JAMC2255.1 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LZ UT WOS:000276828300010 ER PT J AU Wang, LK Wu, XQ Li, YP Goldberg, M Sohn, SH Cao, CY AF Wang, Likun Wu, Xiangqian Li, Yaping Goldberg, Mitch Sohn, Seung-Hee Cao, Changyong TI Comparison of AIRS and IASI Radiances Using GOES Imagers as Transfer Radiometers toward Climate Data Records SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERCALIBRATION; CALIBRATION; CHANNELS AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), together with the future Cross-track Infrared Sounder, will provide long-term hyperspectral measurements of the earth and its atmosphere at similar to 10 km spatial resolution. Quantifying the radiometric difference between AIRS and IASI is crucial for creating fundamental climate data records and establishing the space-based infrared calibration standard. Since AIRS and IASI have different local equator crossing times, a direct comparison of these two instruments over the tropical regions is not feasible. Using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers as transfer radiometers, this study compares AIRS and IASI over warm scenes in the tropical regions for a time period of 16 months. The double differences between AIRS and IASI radiance biases relative to the GOES-11 and -12 imagers are used to quantify the radiance differences between AIRS and IASI within the GOES imager spectral channels. The results indicate that, at the 95% confidence level, the mean values of the IASI AIRS brightness temperature differences for warm scenes are very small, that is, -0.0641 +/- 0.0074 K. -0.0432 +/- 0.0114 K, and -0.0095 +/- 0.0151 K for the GOES-11 6.7-, 10.7-, and 12.0-mu m channels, respectively, and -0.0490 +/- 0.0100 K, -0.0419 +/- 0.0224 K, and -0.0884 +/- 0.0160 K for the GOES-12 6.5-, 10.7-, and 13.3-mu m channels, respectively. The brightness temperature biases between AIRS and IASI within the GOES imager spectral range are less than 0.1 K although the AIRS measurements are slightly warmer than those of IASI. C1 [Wang, Likun] Perot Syst Govt Serv, Fairfax, VA USA. [Wu, Xiangqian; Goldberg, Mitch; Sohn, Seung-Hee; Cao, Changyong] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Li, Yaping] IM Syst Grp, Rockville, MD USA. [Sohn, Seung-Hee] Korea Meteorol Adm, Seoul, South Korea. RP Wang, LK (reprint author), Rm 810,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM likun.wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Likun/B-7524-2008; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010 OI Wang, Likun/0000-0001-5646-9746; Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650 FU IPO/IGS; STAR Cal/Val funds FX The authors thank Drs. Yong Han, Quanhau Liu, Cheng-Zhi Zou, and Robert Iacovazzi for their critical review and judicious comments, and the GSICS community for their advice and collaboration. Thanks are extended to Dr. Denis Blumstein of CNES for his help with IASI calibration issues, and Dr. Yong Chen of CSU for providing the IASI and AIRS spectra computed from CRTM. This study is partially funded by the IPO/IGS and STAR Cal/Val funds. We also appreciate the constructive comments by three anonymous reviewers. The manuscript contents are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the U.S. government. NR 22 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 3 BP 478 EP 492 DI 10.1175/2009JAMC2218.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585LZ UT WOS:000276828300012 ER PT J AU Johnston, MA Porter, DE Scott, GI Rhodes, WE Webster, LF AF Johnston, M. A. Porter, D. E. Scott, G. I. Rhodes, W. E. Webster, L. F. TI Isolation of faecal coliform bacteria from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alligator; faecal coliform; indicators; reptiles; water quality ID MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SURFACE WATERS; ENVIRONMENTS; SALMONELLA; FECES; INDICATORS; POLLUTION; SURVIVAL; HUMANS AB Aims: To determine whether American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are an unrecognized poikilothermic source of faecal coliform and/or potential pathogenic bacteria in South Carolina's coastal waters. Methods and Results: Bacteria from the cloaca of American alligators, as well as bacteria from surface water samples from their aquatic habitat, were isolated and identified. The predominant enteric bacteria identified from alligator samples using biochemical tests included Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter braakii, Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Plesiomonas shigelloides and putative Salmonella, and these were similar to bacteria isolated from the surface waters in which the alligators inhabited. Based on most-probable-number enumeration estimates from captive alligator faeces, faecal coliform bacteria numbered 8 center dot 0 x 109 g-1 (wet weight) of alligator faecal material, a much higher concentration than many other documented endothermic animal sources. Conclusions: A prevalence of enteric bacteria, both faecal coliforms and potential pathogens, was observed in American alligators. The high faecal coliform bacterial density of alligator faeces may suggest that alligators are a potential source of bacterial contamination in South Carolina coastal waters. Significance and Impact of the Study: These findings help to increase our understanding of faecal coliform and potential pathogenic bacteria from poikilothermic reptilian sources, as there is the potential for these sources to raise bacterial water quality levels above regulatory thresholds. C1 [Johnston, M. A.; Porter, D. E.] Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Scott, G. I.; Webster, L. F.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. [Rhodes, W. E.] S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Mcclellanville, SC USA. RP Johnston, MA (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM michelle@inlet.geol.sc.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA05NOS4261154]; NOAA Center for Coastal Health and Biomolecular Research FX This publication represents manuscript contribution no. 1583 of the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences. The research described within was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (grant no. NA05NOS4261154) awarded to the University of South Carolina and the South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium and NOAA Center for Coastal Health and Biomolecular Research Student Fellowship Program.; The authors acknowledge the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, the Palmetto Bluff Conservancy, Critter Management Inc., the Cypress Gardens Aquarium and Reptile Center, the University of South Carolina Molecular Microbial Ecology Laboratory and the University of South Carolina Belle W. Baruch Institute Geographic Information Processing Laboratory for their significant contributions. This research complied with South Carolina Department of Natural Resource guidelines for alligator handling.; The National Ocean Service (NOS) and the University of South Carolina (USC) do not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NOS or USC, or to this publication furnished by NOS or USC, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NOS or USC approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein or which has as its purpose any intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of NOS or USC publication. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 108 IS 3 BP 965 EP 973 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04498.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 553TH UT WOS:000274389200023 PM 19735329 ER PT J AU Cai, M Ricker, RE Levine, LE Langford, SC Dickinson, JT AF Cai, M. Ricker, R. E. Levine, L. E. Langford, S. C. Dickinson, J. T. TI The effect of thermal oxidation on laser-induced photoelectron emission during tensile deformation of polycrystalline aluminum SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSTIMULATED EXOELECTRON EMISSION; OXIDE-FILMS; ELECTRON-EMISSION; ENHANCED PHOTOEMISSION; CHEMISORPTIVE EMISSION; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; SURFACE-ANALYSIS; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; ION EMISSION; THIN AB Many metals emit electrons when exposed to UV radiation (photon energies 4 to 8 eV). Deformation can significantly affect the intensity of these emissions. In the case of reactive metals, these emissions are also altered by the presence of surface oxides. We have characterized the effect of thermal oxides on laser-induced photoelectron emission from commercially pure polycrystalline aluminum with a view toward using these emissions as a probe of deformation processes. The thickness of oxides produced by a range of annealing treatments in air was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Time-of-flight measurements on photoelectrons from these surfaces under 248 nm irradiation (5 eV photons) show two peaks: a fast peak which we attributed to electrons from metallic aluminum, and a slower peak, which may be due to electrons from interface states. Surface oxide films of sufficient thickness attenuate both peaks. We show that the sensitivity of the photoelectron signals to deformation varies with thermal oxidation pretreatments and oxide film thickness and that with the appropriate oxide thickness the total photoelectron intensity becomes a sensitive probe of deformation-related processes during tensile testing. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3327237] C1 [Cai, M.; Langford, S. C.; Dickinson, J. T.] Washington State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Cai, M.] Southeast Univ, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Nanjing 211189, Peoples R China. [Ricker, R. E.; Levine, L. E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cai, M (reprint author), Exova Grp Ltd, 9925 Regal Row, Houston, TX 77040 USA. EM mingdong.cai@exova.com RI Ricker, Richard/H-4880-2011 OI Ricker, Richard/0000-0002-2871-4908 FU Department of Energy [DE-FG02-02ER45988] FX This work was supported by Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-02ER45988. We thank Chase Bradford, Washington State University, for programming the electron trajectory simulations. NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 5 AR 053526 DI 10.1063/1.3327237 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 570FK UT WOS:000275657500050 ER PT J AU Klamo, JL Schenck, PK Burke, PG Chang, KS Green, ML AF Klamo, J. L. Schenck, P. K. Burke, P. G. Chang, K. -S. Green, M. L. TI Manipulation of the crystallinity boundary of pulsed laser deposited high-k HfO2-TiO2-Y2O3 combinatorial thin films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Combinatorial library films of HfO2-TiO2-Y2O3, a high-k dielectric system, grown by pulsed laser deposition, exhibit visible boundary lines separating amorphous and crystalline phases. By changing processing space parameters, specifically substrate temperature during deposition, as well as the composition of the library film, we are able to manipulate the boundary and hence, the microstructural properties of the film. High-throughput x-ray diffraction and spectroscopic reflectometry are effective tools for measuring the properties of the resulting library films altered via these changes in processing. Electrical measurements confirm that the dielectric constant of the library films is composition and microstructure dependent. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3294607] C1 [Klamo, J. L.; Schenck, P. K.; Burke, P. G.; Chang, K. -S.; Green, M. L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chang, KS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr STOP 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kao-shuo.chang@nist.gov RI Burke, Peter/K-9210-2013 FU National Science Foundation's Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, Division of Materials Research FX The authors would like to acknowledge T. Vanderah for insights and discussion. Also, one of the authors, P. G. B., was supported in part by the National Science Foundation's Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, Division of Materials Research. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 107 IS 5 AR 054101 DI 10.1063/1.3294607 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 570FK UT WOS:000275657500088 ER PT J AU Sapiano, MRP Janowiak, JE Smith, TM Arkin, PA Xie, P Lee, H AF Sapiano, M. R. P. Janowiak, J. E. Smith, T. M. Arkin, P. A. Xie, P. Lee, H. TI Corrections for Temporal Discontinuities in the OPI SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; CROSSING TIME BIASES; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; DATASET; VARIABILITY; RAINFALL AB The longest record of precipitation estimated from satellites is the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) precipitation index (OPI), which is based on polar-orbiting infrared observations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument that has flown onboard successive NOAA satellites. A significant barrier to the use of these data in studies of the climate of tropical precipitation (among other things) is the large bias caused by orbital drift that is present in the OLR data. Because the AVHRR instruments are deployed on the polar-orbiting spacecraft, OLR observations are recorded at specific times for each earth location for each day. Discontinuities are caused by the use of multiple satellites with different observing times as well as the orbital drift that occurs throughout the lifetime of each satellite. A regression-based correction is proposed based solely on the equator crossing time (ECT). The correction allows for separate means for each satellite as well as separate coefficients for each satellite ECT. The correction is calculated separately for each grid box but is applied only at locations where the correction is correlated with the OLR estimate. Thus, the correction is applied only where deemed necessary. The OPI is used to estimate precipitation from the OLR estimates based on the new corrected version of the OLR, the uncorrected OLR, and two earlier published corrected versions. One of the earlier corrections is derived by removing variations from AVHRR based on EOFs that are identified as containing spurious variations related to the ECT bias, whereas the other is based on OLR estimates from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) that have been corrected using diurnal models for each grid box. The new corrected version is shown to be free of nearly all of the ECT bias and has the lowest root mean square difference when compared to gauges and passive microwave estimates of precipitation. The EOF-based correction fails to remove all of the variations related to the ECT bias, whereas the correction based on HIRS removes much of the bias but appears to introduce erroneous trends caused by the water vapor signal to which these data are sensitive. The new correction for AVHRR OLR works well in the tropics where the OPI has the most skill, but users should be careful when interpreting trends outside this region. C1 [Sapiano, M. R. P.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Sapiano, M. R. P.; Janowiak, J. E.; Arkin, P. A.; Lee, H.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Smith, T. M.] NOAA NESDIS STAR SCSB, College Pk, MD USA. [Xie, P.] NOAA CPC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Sapiano, MRP (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 1371 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM msapiano@atmos.colostate.edu RI Sapiano, Mathew/F-4688-2010; Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 FU National Science Foundation; NASA FX The authors are grateful to David Bolvin and another anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments. Interpolated OLR data were provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, from their Web site (available online at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/). The LW01 corrected OLR data were provided by the Data Support Section of the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. NCAR is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation. UMORA data are produced by Remote Sensing Systems (data available online at http://www.remss.com) and sponsored by the NASA Earth Science MEaSUREs DISCOVER Project. The GPCP combined precipitation data were developed and computed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Atmospheres as a contribution to the GEWEX Global Precipitation Climatology Project. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 27 IS 3 BP 457 EP 469 DI 10.1175/2009JTECHA1366.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 569DX UT WOS:000275577600004 ER PT J AU Alken, P Maus, S AF Alken, Patrick Maus, Stefan TI Electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic field measurements SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Equatorial ionosphere; Electric fields; Equatorial electrojet; Modeling ID VERTICAL WINDS; MODEL; ELECTRODYNAMICS; TURBULENCE; REGION AB The day-time eastward equatorial electric field (EEF) in the E-region plays an important role in equatorial ionospheric dynamics. it is responsible for driving the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) current system, equatorial vertical ion drifts, and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Due to its importance, there is much interest in accurately measuring the EEF However, there is a severe lack of high quality data with the notable exception being the JULIA coherent scatter radar in Peru. In this work, we use CHAMP satellite-derived latitudinal current profiles of the day-time EEJ in order to estimate the eastward electric field at all longitudes, seasons, and day-side local times. We have constructed a dataset of over 32,000 EEF estimates based on six years of CHAMP data. Our estimates agree well with JULIA Measurements, with ail RMS difference of 0.13 mV/m. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Alken, Patrick; Maus, Stefan] NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Alken, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, E-GC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM patrick.alken@noaa.gov; stefan.maus@noaa.gov OI Maus, Stefan/0000-0002-9604-3878 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 72 IS 4 SI SI BP 319 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 570NK UT WOS:000275684800007 ER PT J AU DeBose, JL Nevitt, GA Dittman, AH AF DeBose, Jennifer L. Nevitt, Gabrielle A. Dittman, Andrew H. TI Rapid Communication: Experimental Evidence that Juvenile Pelagic Jacks (Carangidae) Respond Behaviorally to DMSP SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caranx hippos; Caranx melampygus; Chemical ecology; Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP); Foraging behavior; Pelagic fish; Sensory ecology ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; FISH AB Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced by marine algae and released during foraging activity by zooplankton and fish. Pelagic fishes depend on patchily distributed foraging opportunities, and DMSP may be an important signaling molecule for these events. We have previously shown that the abundance of carangid jacks is positively associated with elevated DMSP levels over coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting that these fishes may use spatial and temporal variation in DMSP to locate foraging opportunities. Here, we extend this work by demonstrating that juveniles of two species of pelagic jack, crevalle jack, Caranx hippos, and bluefin trevally, C. melampygus, detect and respond to DMSP in a flow-through tank in the laboratory. Juveniles of these species showed elevated swimming activity in response to ecologically relevant concentrations of DMSP (10(-9) M). These results provide further evidence that this chemical may serve as a chemosensory cue for carangid species. C1 [DeBose, Jennifer L.; Nevitt, Gabrielle A.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Neurobiol Physiol & Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Dittman, Andrew H.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP DeBose, JL (reprint author), Smithsonian Marine Stn, Ft Pierce, FL USA. EM debosej@si.edu FU PEO Scholar Award; NSF-GRF; NOAA Fisheries FX We thank the Oceanic Institute, specifically C. Laidley and staff, for providing bluefin trevally. We also thank P. Swanson, M. Havey, D. May, M. Rust, T. Scott, P. Plesha, and F. Sommers, of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, for help in acquiring and maintaining trevally. Thanks to Moody Gardens Aquarium, especially R. Drinnen, B. Christie and staff, B. Dailey, and M. Weber, for collecting and housing crevalle jacks. We also thank S. Strom (Shannon PointMarine Center) for GC use. Experiments were conducted under UCD ACUC #12050. Funding was provided by a PEO Scholar Award and by a NSFGRF (JLD) and by a grant from NOAA Fisheries (AHD). NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 36 IS 3 BP 326 EP 328 DI 10.1007/s10886-010-9755-9 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 568RI UT WOS:000275539800010 PM 20177745 ER PT J AU Luchko, T Gusarov, S Roe, DR Simmerling, C Case, DA Tuszynski, J Kovalenko, A AF Luchko, Tyler Gusarov, Sergey Roe, Daniel R. Simmerling, Carlos Case, David A. Tuszynski, Jack Kovalenko, Andriy TI Three-Dimensional Molecular Theory of Solvation Coupled with Molecular Dynamics in Amber SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; INTERACTION SITE MODEL; INTEGRAL-EQUATION THEORY; NONUNIFORM POLYATOMIC SYSTEMS; HELICAL ROSETTE NANOTUBES; AMBIENT AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ALCOHOL-WATER MIXTURES; HYDRATION FREE-ENERGY; CHARGE FORCE-FIELD; RISM THEORY AB We present the three-dimensional molecular theory of solvation (also known as 3D-RISM) coupled with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation by contracting solvent degrees of freedom, accelerated by extrapolating solvent-induced forces and applying them in large multiple time steps (up to 20 fs) to enable simulation of large biomolecules. The method has been implemented in the Amber molecular modeling package and is illustrated here on alanine-dipeptide and protein-G. C1 [Luchko, Tyler; Gusarov, Sergey; Kovalenko, Andriy] Natl Inst Nanotechnol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada. [Luchko, Tyler; Tuszynski, Jack] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada. [Luchko, Tyler; Kovalenko, Andriy] Univ Alberta, Dept Mech Engn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada. [Roe, Daniel R.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Simmerling, Carlos] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Grad Program Biochem and Struct Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Simmerling, Carlos] SUNY Stony Brook, Struct Biol Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Simmerling, Carlos] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Computat Sci Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Case, David A.] Rutgers State Univ, BioMaPS Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Case, David A.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. [Tuszynski, Jack] Univ Alberta, Dept Oncol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada. RP Kovalenko, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Nanotechnol, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada. EM andriy.kovalenko@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca RI Gusarov, Sergey/L-4236-2014; OI Gusarov, Sergey/0000-0003-2033-705X FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; National Research Council (NRC) of Canada; University of Alberta FX This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada. All calculations were performed on the HPC cluster of the Center of Excellence in Integrated Nanotools (CEIN) at the University of Alberta. T.L. acknowledges financial support from the NSERC, NRC, and University of Alberta. NR 72 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9618 J9 J CHEM THEORY COMPUT JI J. Chem. Theory Comput. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 6 IS 3 BP 607 EP 624 DI 10.1021/ct900460m PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 564CL UT WOS:000275189400003 PM 20440377 ER PT J AU Vazquez-Cuervo, J Armstrong, EM Casey, KS Evans, R Kilpatrick, K AF Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge Armstrong, Edward M. Casey, Kenneth S. Evans, Robert Kilpatrick, Katherine TI Comparison between the Pathfinder Versions 5.0 and 4.1 Sea Surface Temperature Datasets: A Case Study for High Resolution SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WIND STRESS; OCEAN AB Two Pathfinder sea surface temperature (SST) datasets-version 5.0 (V50) and version 4.1 (V41)-were compared in two test areas: 1) the Gulf Stream (GS) between 35 degrees and 43 degrees N, 75 degrees and 60 degrees W and 2) the California coast (CC) between 30 degrees and 45 degrees N, 130 degrees and 120 degrees W. Using a nearest-neighbor approach, V50 data were regridded to the lower resolution V41 9-km data. The V50 and V41 versions were also independently compared with data from the World Ocean Database (WOD). Climatological monthly rms differences between V50 and V41 were calculated as well as seasonal differences between V50, V41, and the WOD. Maximum rms differences of 0.8 degrees C between the V50 and V41 were seen in June for the GS. In the CC maximum differences of 0.4 degrees C were seen in July. Significant seasonal trends were evident in rms differences between V41 and the WOD, with a maximum of 1.5 degrees C occurring in the GS in June and ill the CC in July. No seasonal peaks occurred in the rms differences between V50 and the WOD. SST gradients were calculated using both V50 and V41 datasets. Maximum climatological SST gradients were seen in the June time frame for the GS and July for the CC, consistent with the largest rms differences compared to the WOD. Results indicate the importance of projects Such as the Group for High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) and the creation of high-resolution SST datasets for resolving air-sea interactions, specifically in areas of strong SST gradients. C1 [Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge; Armstrong, Edward M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Casey, Kenneth S.] NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Evans, Robert; Kilpatrick, Katherine] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Vazquez-Cuervo, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 300-323, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jorge.vazquez@jpl.nasa.gov RI Casey, Kenneth/D-4065-2013 OI Casey, Kenneth/0000-0002-6052-7117 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1047 EP 1059 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI2839.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 566JR UT WOS:000275366600003 ER PT J AU Kug, JS Choi, J An, SI Jin, FF Wittenberg, AT AF Kug, Jong-Seong Choi, Jung An, Soon-Il Jin, Fei-Fei Wittenberg, Andrew T. TI Warm Pool and Cold Tongue El Nino Events as Simulated by the GFDL 2.1 Coupled GCM SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MODEL INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; ZONAL ADVECTIVE FEEDBACKS; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INDIAN-OCEAN; LA-NINA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DECADAL VARIABILITY; CONCEPTUAL-MODEL AB Recent studies report that two types of El Nino events have been observed. One is the cold tongue (CT) El Nino, which is characterized by relatively large sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern Pacific, and the other is the warm pool (WP) El Nino, in which SST anomalies are confined to the central Pacific. Here, both types of El Nino events are analyzed in a long-term coupled GCM simulation. The present model simulates the major observed features of both types of El Nino, incorporating the distinctive patterns of each oceanic and atmospheric variable. It is also demonstrated that each type of El Nino has quite distinct dynamic processes, which control their evolutions. The CT El Nino exhibits strong equatorial heat discharge poleward and thus the dynamical feedbacks control the phase transition from a warm event to a cold event. On the other hand, the discharge process in the WP El Nino is weak because of its spatial distribution of ocean dynamic field. The positive SST anomaly of WP El Nino is thermally damped through the intensified evaporative cooling. C1 [Kug, Jong-Seong] Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Ansan, South Korea. [Choi, Jung; An, Soon-Il] Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. [Jin, Fei-Fei] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Wittenberg, Andrew T.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP An, SI (reprint author), 262 Seongsanno, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM sian@yonsei.ac.kr RI AN, SOON-IL/E-5721-2013; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013; KUG, JONG-SEONG/A-8053-2013; Choi, Jung/N-9973-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963; FU KORDI [PE98445, PE98511, PE98512]; NSF [ATM-0652145, ATM-0650552]; NOAA [GC01-229]; Ministry of the Environment, Korea [1600-1637-301-210-13]; Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund) [KRF-2007-313-C00784] FX J.-S. Kug is partly supported by KORDI (PE98445, PE98511, and PE98512). F.-F. Jin was supported by NSF Grants ATM-0652145 and ATM-0650552 and NOAA Grants GC01-229. S.-I. An was supported by the "National Comprehensive Measures against Climate Change" Program of the Ministry of the Environment, Korea (Grant 1600-1637-301-210-13), and by the Korean Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund) (KRF-2007-313-C00784). NR 62 TC 95 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1226 EP 1239 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3293.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 566JR UT WOS:000275366600014 ER PT J AU Zheng, XT Xie, SP Vecchi, GA Liu, QY Hafner, J AF Zheng, Xiao-Tong Xie, Shang-Ping Vecchi, Gabriel A. Liu, Qinyu Hafner, Jan TI Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Global Warming: Analysis of Ocean-Atmospheric Feedbacks in a Coupled Model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; TROPICAL PACIFIC; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INDO-PACIFIC; PART I; ENSO; SIMULATIONS; CIRCULATION AB Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair of multicentury integrations of a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model: one under constant climate forcing and one forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In the unforced simulation, there is significant decadal and multidecadal modulation of the IOD variance. The mean thermocline depth in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) is important for the slow modulation, skewness, and ENSO correlation of the IOD. With a shoaling (deepening) of the EEIO thermocline, the thermocline feedback strengthens, and this leads to an increase in IOD variance, a reduction of the negative skewness of the IOD, and a weakening of the IOD-ENSO correlation. In response to increasing greenhouse gases, a weakening of the Walker circulation leads to easterly wind anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean; the oceanic response to weakened circulation is a thermocline shoaling in the EEIO. Under greenhouse forcing, the thermocline feedback intensifies, but surprisingly IOD variance does not. The zonal wind anomalies associated with IOD are found to weaken, likely due to increased static stability of the troposphere from global warming. Linear model experiments confirm this stability effect to reduce circulation response to a sea surface temperature dipole. The opposing changes in thermocline and atmospheric feedbacks result in little change in IOD variance, but the shoaling thermocline weakens IOD skewness. Little change under global warming in IOD variance in the model suggests that the apparent intensification of IOD activity during recent decades is likely part of natural, chaotic modulation of the ocean-atmosphere system or the response to nongreenhouse gas radiative changes. C1 [Zheng, Xiao-Tong] Ocean Univ China, Coll Phys & Environm Oceanog, Phys Oceanog Lab, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Xiao-Tong; Liu, Qinyu] Ocean Univ China, Ocean Atmosphere Interact & Climate Lab, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. [Xie, Shang-Ping; Hafner, Jan] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Xie, Shang-Ping; Hafner, Jan] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Vecchi, Gabriel A.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Zheng, XT (reprint author), Ocean Univ China, Coll Phys & Environm Oceanog, Phys Oceanog Lab, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. EM xzheng@hawaii.edu RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Xie, Shang-Ping/C-1254-2009; Zheng, Xiao-Tong/H-4231-2012 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; Xie, Shang-Ping/0000-0002-3676-1325; FU Natural Science Foundation of China [40830106]; 111 Project [B07036]; Chinese Ministry of Education; U.S. National Science Foundation; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology FX The authors would like to acknowledge helpful suggestions from two anonymous reviewers. Much of the work was performed when X.T.Z. was a visiting student at the International Pacific Research Center on a Chinese Ministry of Education oversea scholarship. This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China 40830106 and the 111 Project under Grant B07036, the Changjiang Scholar Program of the Chinese Ministry of Education, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. NR 52 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1240 EP 1253 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3326.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 566JR UT WOS:000275366600015 ER PT J AU Lee, SK Wang, CZ AF Lee, Sang-Ki Wang, Chunzai TI Delayed Advective Oscillation of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MODEL; DRIVEN AB A simple dynamic model is proposed to illustrate the multidecadal oscillation of the Atlantic Ocean thermohaline Circulation. The proposed oscillation relies on alternating actions of positive and negative feedbacks, which are operated by a slow adjustment of the ocean circulation and the associated time delay in the advective flux response to a change in meridional density gradient. The key element of the oscillation is the time delay, which is Conceptually related to the basin-crossing time of long Rossby waves in the high-latitude North Atlantic. For a sufficiently long time delay, the solution becomes unstable in some regions of model parameter space and oscillates with a period of approximately 2 times the delay time. C1 [Lee, Sang-Ki; Wang, Chunzai] NOAA, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Lee, Sang-Ki] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL USA. RP Lee, SK (reprint author), NOAA, AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM sang-ki.lee@noaa.gov RI Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011; Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009 OI Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545; Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Program Office; National Science Foundation [ATM-0850897] FX We thank R. Greatbatch, Y.-G. Park, and two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments. This work was supported by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Program Office and by National Science Foundation Grant ATM-0850897. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1254 EP 1261 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3339.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 566JR UT WOS:000275366600016 ER PT J AU Xue, YK De Sales, F Vasic, R Mechoso, CR Arakawa, A Prince, S AF Xue, Yongkang De Sales, Fernando Vasic, Ratko Mechoso, C. Roberto Arakawa, Akio Prince, Stephen TI Global and Seasonal Assessment of Interactions between Climate and Vegetation Biophysical Processes: A GCM Study with Different Land-Vegetation Representations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; LANDSURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; ATMOSPHERE COUPLING EXPERIMENT; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEMI-ARID REGIONS; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SOIL-MOISTURE; TROPICAL DEFORESTATION; SURFACE PROCESSES AB A global and seasonal assessment of regions of the earth with strong climate-vegetation biophysical process (VBP) interactions is provided. The presence of VBP and degree of VBP effects on climate were assessed based on the skill of simulations of observed global precipitation by two general circulation models of the atmosphere coupled to three land models with varying degrees of complexity in VBP representation. The simulated VBP effects on precipitation were estimated to be about 10% of observed precipitation globally and 40% over land; the strongest impacts were in the monsoon regions. Among these, VBP impacts were highest on the West African, South Asian, East Asian, and South American monsoons. The specific characteristics of vegetation-precipitation interactions in northern high latitudes were identified. Different regions had different primary impact season(s) depending on regional climate characteristics and geographical features. The characteristics of VBP effects on surface energy and water balance as well as their interactions were also analyzed. The VBP-induced change in evaporation was the dominant factor in modulating the surface energy and water balance. The land-cloud interaction had substantial effects in the feedback. Meanwhile, the monsoon regions, mid-latitudes lands, and high-latitude lands each exhibited quite different characteristics in circulation response to surface heating changes. This study is the first to compare simulations with observations to identify and assess global seasonal mean VBP feedback effects. It is concluded that VBPs are a major component of the global water cycle. C1 [Xue, Yongkang; De Sales, Fernando; Vasic, Ratko] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Xue, Yongkang; Mechoso, C. Roberto; Arakawa, Akio] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Vasic, Ratko] NOAA NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Prince, Stephen] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Xue, YK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, 1255 Bunche Hall,Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM yxue@geog.ucla.edu RI De Sales, Fernando/G-6551-2013 FU NOAA [NA05OAR4310010, NA07OAR4310226]; U.S. National Science Foundation [ATM-0751030, NSF-ATM-0353606] FX This research was supported by NOAA Grants NA05OAR4310010 and NA07OAR4310226 and by the U.S. National Science Foundation Grants ATM-0751030 and NSF-ATM-0353606. NR 75 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1411 EP 1433 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI3054.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 572KH UT WOS:000275830100009 ER PT J AU Zhao, P Yang, S Yu, RC AF Zhao, Ping Yang, Song Yu, Rucong TI Long-Term Changes in Rainfall over Eastern China and Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Recent Global Warming SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC SSTS; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; SNOW COVER; VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; LINKAGE; ONSET AB Using precipitation data from rain gauge stations over China, the authors examine the long-term variation of the durations of persistent rainfall over eastern China for the past 40 years. The variation in the regional rainfall was related to a change in the global-mean surface temperature from the relatively cold period of the 1960s-70s to the relatively warm period of the 1980s-90s. Compared to the cold period, the persistent rainfall in the warm period began earlier and ended later over southern China, lengthening the rainy season by 23 days, but it began later and ended earlier over northern China, shortening the rainy season by 14 days. This change in the durations of persistent rainfall contributed to the pattern of the long-term change in rainfall: southern floods and northern droughts. The earlier beginning of the rainy season over southern China was associated with a more westward subtropical high over the western North Pacific and a stronger low-level low near the eastern Tibetan Plateau during spring. On the other hand, the later ending of the rainy season over southern China and the shorter rainy season over northern China were related to a more westward subtropical high over the western Pacific and a weaker trough near the eastern Tibetan Plateau during summer. The snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau exhibited a positive trend in winter and spring, which increased the local soil moisture content and cooled the overlying atmosphere during spring and summer. The sea surface temperature over the tropical Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific also displayed a positive trend. The cooling over land and the warming over oceans reduced the thermal contrast between East Asia and the adjacent oceans. Moreover, the low-level low pressure system over East Asia weakened during summer. Under such circumstances, the East Asian summer monsoon circulation weakened, with anomalous northerly winds over eastern China. Correspondingly, the mei-yu front stagnated over the Yangtze River valley, and the associated pattern of vertical motions increased the rainfall over the valley and decreased the rainfall over northern China. C1 [Zhao, Ping] Natl Meteorol Informat Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Zhao, Ping] State Key Lab Severe Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Yang, Song] NOAA NWS NCEP Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Yu, Rucong] China Meteorol Adm, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Zhao, P (reprint author), Natl Meteorol Informat Ctr, 46 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM zhaop@cma.gov.cn RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40625014, 40890053]; National Key Basic Research Project of China [2009CB421404] FX We thank Dr. Y. Fan at the NOAA's Climate Prediction Center for providing the monthly data of surface air temperature over land and soil moisture content. We also thank the European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts, NOAA's Climate Diagnostic Center, and the Hadley Centre, Met Office for providing the reanalysis datasets available on the Internet. Finally, we are grateful to the editor, A. J. Pitman, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and careful reviews that greatly improved the manuscript. This work was jointly sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40625014; 40890053) and the National Key Basic Research Project of China (2009CB421404). NR 40 TC 75 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 39 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1544 EP 1562 DI 10.1175/2009JCLI2660.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 572KH UT WOS:000275830100017 ER PT J AU Larson-Smith, K Jackson, A Pozzo, DC AF Larson-Smith, Kjersta Jackson, Andrew Pozzo, Danilo C. TI Small angle scattering model for Pickering emulsions and raspberry particles SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pickering emulsions; Emulsions; Scattering; SAXS; SANS; Colloids; Raspberry particles ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POLYMERIZATION; ASPHALTENES; SOLVENTS AB Pickering emulsions, raspberry particles and other colloidal particle complexes are often characterized using small angle scattering techniques. The present work derives an analytical scattering model that accounts for the self-correlation of a spherical core and surface adsorbed particles as well as the particle-particle and core-particle correlation terms characteristic of Pickering emulsions and raspberry particles. It is shown that contrast matching of the scattering length density is not essential to obtain meaningful information as long as the scattering contrasts of all phases are precisely known. The derived equations are useful for analyzing data and planning experiments for Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) involving these colloidal systems. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Larson-Smith, Kjersta; Pozzo, Danilo C.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jackson, Andrew] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pozzo, DC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dpozzo@u.washington.edu RI Jackson, Andrew/B-9793-2008 OI Jackson, Andrew/0000-0002-6296-0336 FU American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund; National Science Foundation [DMR-0454672] FX Acknowledgment is made to the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for support of this research. This work utilized facilities supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. DMR-0454672. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 32 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 343 IS 1 BP 36 EP 41 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.11.033 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 555XB UT WOS:000274548900006 PM 20015513 ER PT J AU Balijepalli, A LeBrun, TW Gupta, SK AF Balijepalli, Arvind LeBrun, Thomas W. Gupta, Satyandra K. TI Stochastic Simulations With Graphics Hardware: Characterization of Accuracy and Performance SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE GPU; stochastic simulation; Verlet; optical tweezers ID DISSIPATION; DYNAMICS; FLUCTUATION; ALGORITHMS; MOLECULES; LANGEVIN; FORCES; TRAP AB Methods to implement stochastic simulations on the graphics processing unit (GPU) have been developed. These algorithms are used in a simulation of microassembly and nanoassembly with optical tweezers, but are also directly compatible with simulations of a wide variety of assembly techniques using either electrophoretic, magnetic, or other trapping techniques. Significant speedup is possible for stochastic particle simulations when using the GPU, included in most personal computers (PCs), rather than the central processing unit (CPU) that handles most calculations. However, a careful analysis of the accuracy and precision when using the GPU in stochastic simulations is lacking and is addressed here. A stochastic simulation for spherical particles has been developed and mapped onto stages of the GPU hardware that provide the best performance. The results from the CPU and GPU implementation are then compared with each other and with well-established theory. The error in the mean ensemble energy and the diffusion constant is measured for both the CPU and the GPU implementations. The time taken to complete several simulation experiments on each platform has also been measured and the speedup attained by the GPU is then calculated. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3270248] C1 [Balijepalli, Arvind; Gupta, Satyandra K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Balijepalli, Arvind; LeBrun, Thomas W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gupta, SK (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM arvind@nist.gov; lebrun@nist.gov; skgupta@umd.edu FU National Institute of Standards and Technology; NSF [CMMI-0835572] FX This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and NSF Grant CMMI-0835572. However, the opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect that of the sponsor. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 10 IS 1 AR 011010 DI 10.1115/1.3270248 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 566SS UT WOS:000275394000010 ER PT J AU Peters, MC Bresciani, E Barata, TJE Fagundes, TC Navarro, RL Navarro, MFL Dickens, SH AF Peters, M. C. Bresciani, E. Barata, T. J. E. Fagundes, T. C. Navarro, R. L. Navarro, M. F. L. Dickens, S. H. TI In vivo Dentin Remineralization by Calcium-Phosphate Cement SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE caries; remineralization; Ca-P cement; bioactive cement; RCT ID DEEP CARIOUS LESIONS; CARIES LESIONS; VITRO; RESTORATIONS; HARDNESS; REMOVAL; ACID AB Minimally invasive caries-removal procedures remove only caries-infected dentin and preserve caries-affected dentin that becomes remineralized. Dental cements containing calcium phosphate promote remineralization. This study evaluated the in vivo remineralization capacity of resin-based calcium-phosphate cement (Ca-P) used for indirect pulp-capping. Carious and sound teeth indicated for extraction were randomly restored with the Ca-P base or without base (control), followed by adhesive restoration. Study teeth were extracted after three months, followed by elemental analysis of the cavity floor. Mineral content of affected or sound dentin at the cavity floor was quantified by electron probe micro-analysis to 100-mu m depth. After three months, caries-affected dentin underneath the Ca-P base showed significantly increased calcium and phosphorus content to a depth of 30 mu m. Mineral content of treated caries-affected dentin was in the range of healthy dentin, revealing the capacity of Ca-P base to promote remineralization of caries-affected dentin. C1 [Peters, M. C.] Univ Michigan, Sch Dent, Dept Cariol Restorat Sci & Endodont, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Bresciani, E.] Univ Michigan, Sch Dent, Dept Orthodont & Pediat Dent, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Barata, T. J. E.] Univ Norte Parana, Dept Operat Dent, Londrina, Brazil. [Fagundes, T. C.; Navarro, M. F. L.] Univ Sao Paulo, Bauru Sch Dent, Dept Dent Mat Endodont & Operat Dent, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Navarro, R. L.] Univ Sao Paulo, Bauru Sch Dent, Dept Oral & Maxillofacial Surg, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Dickens, S. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Peters, MC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Dent, Dept Cariol Restorat Sci & Endodont, Room 2345,1100 N Univ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM mcpete@umich.edu RI Bresciani, Eduardo/C-9461-2012; Navarro, Maria Fidela /D-9498-2012 OI Bresciani, Eduardo/0000-0003-1665-5733; FU Dentigenix/Ivoclar-Vivadent AG; University of Michigan; CAPES [BEX3404-8] FX The authors thank Dr. R. B. Rutherford (University of Washington, Seattle) for contributing to the study design and the manuscript, Carl Henderson (UM-EMAL) for EPMA assistance, Kathy Welch (UM-CSCAR) for invaluable statistical assistance, and S. S. White Burs for providing SmartPrep-Systems r. This study was supported by Dentigenix/Ivoclar-Vivadent AG (Schaan, Liechtenstein), by the University of Michigan, and by CAPES # BEX3404-8 (Brazil). Co-author SHD developed the cement at the Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation. She was not involved in sample collection or the analysis of data, but contributed to manuscript writing. Preliminary data were presented at the 2006 Annual Meetings of the Academy of Operative Dentistry (Chicago), the American Association for Dental Research (Abstr# 481, Orlando), and the Academy of Dental Materials (Sao Paulo, Brazil). NR 33 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 11 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 89 IS 3 BP 286 EP 291 DI 10.1177/0022034509360155 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 554JK UT WOS:000274431100013 PM 20139340 ER PT J AU Pierce, AL Dickey, JT Felli, L Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW AF Pierce, A. L. Dickey, J. T. Felli, L. Swanson, P. Dickhoff, W. W. TI Metabolic hormones regulate basal and growth hormone-dependent igf2 mRNA level in primary cultured coho salmon hepatocytes: effects of insulin, glucagon, dexamethasone, and triiodothyronine SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; FACTOR-I; GENE-EXPRESSION; RAINBOW-TROUT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; BINDING-PROTEINS; RAT HEPATOCYTES; GH RECEPTOR; SEAWATER ACCLIMATION AB Igf1 and Igf2 stimulate growth and development of vertebrates. Circulating Igfs are produced by the liver. In mammals, Igf1 mediates the postnatal growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (Gh), whereas Igf2 stimulates fetal and placental growth. Hepatic Igf2 production is not regulated by Gh in mammals. Little is known about the regulation of hepatic Igf2 production in nonmammalian vertebrates. We examined the regulation of igf2 mRNA level by metabolic hormones in primary cultured coho salmon hepatocytes. Gh, insulin, the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone (Dex), and glucagon increased igf2 mRNA levels, whereas triiodothyronine (T(3)) decreased igf2 mRNA levels. Gh stimulated igf2 mRNA at physiological concentrations (0.25 x 10(-9) M and above). Insulin strongly enhanced Gh stimulation of igf2 at low physiological concentrations (10(-11) M and above), and increased basal igf2 (10(-8) M and above). Dex stimulated basal igf2 at concentrations comparable to those of stressed circulating cortisol (10(-8) M and above). Glucagon stimulated basal and Gh-stimulated igf2 at supraphysiological concentrations (10(-7) M and above), whereas T(3) suppressed basal and Gh-stimulated igf2 at the single concentration tested (10(-7) M). These results show that igf2 mRNA level is highly regulated in salmon hepatocytes, suggesting that liver-derived Igf 2 plays a significant role in salmon growth physiology. The synergistic regulation of igf2 by insulin and Gh in salmon hepatocytes is similar to the regulation of hepatic Igf1 production in mammals. Journal of Endocrinology (2010) 204, 331-339 C1 [Pierce, A. L.; Dickey, J. T.; Felli, L.; Swanson, P.; Dickhoff, W. W.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Integrat Fish Biol Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Pierce, A. L.; Dickey, J. T.; Felli, L.; Swanson, P.; Dickhoff, W. W.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Pierce, AL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, POB 443051, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM apierce@uidaho.edu NR 55 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD PI BRISTOL PA EURO HOUSE, 22 APEX COURT WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 204 IS 3 BP 331 EP 339 DI 10.1677/JOE-09-0338 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 568ND UT WOS:000275528200011 PM 19995850 ER PT J AU Tracy, CR Terrell, JD Francis, RP Wehner, EF Smith, J Litorja, M Hawkins, DL Pearle, MS Cadeddu, JA Zuzak, KJ AF Tracy, Chad R. Terrell, John D. Francis, Robert P. Wehner, Eleanor F. Smith, Jack Litorja, Maritoni Hawkins, Doyle L. Pearle, Margaret S. Cadeddu, Jeffrey A. Zuzak, Karel J. TI Characterization of Renal Ischemia Using DLP (R) Hyperspectral Imaging: A Pilot Study Comparing Artery-Only Occlusion Versus Artery and Vein Occlusion SO JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY; TISSUE PERFUSION; WARM ISCHEMIA; NITRIC-OXIDE; SURGERY; HYPOTHERMIA; TIME; TOLERANCE; DISEASE; SYSTEM AB Background and Purpose: Renal artery-only (AO) occlusion, as opposed to artery and vein (AV) occlusion, has demonstrated some benefit in reducing renal insufficiency during warm ischemia. In this pilot study, we used digital light projection hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to construct a "real time'' tissue oxygenation "map'' to determine whether there are differences in renal tissue oxygenation during vascular occlusion with AO vs AV. Materials and Methods: Renal vascular occlusion with either AO or AV was performed for 60 minutes in seven porcine renal units. Using HSI, the percentage of oxyhemoglobin (%HbO(2)) in the renal cortex was determined at 4-minute increments throughout the ischemic period and for 30 minutes after reperfusion. Results: Average baseline % HbO(2) in all animals was approximately 70%. After vascular occlusion in both cohorts, % HbO(2) decreased by one third within 2 to 5 minutes, with a gradual decline in % HbO(2) over the remaining 55 minutes. Oxyhemoglobin profiles for AO and AV occlusion diverged significantly between 16 and 24 minutes after vascular occlusion (P = 0.0001 and 0.036, respectively), with a merging of the two curves occurring after approximately 36 minutes (P = 0.093). During reperfusion, average % HbO(2) improved to 72.4% after 25 to 30 minutes. Conclusion: In this pilot study, we demonstrate that renal tissue oxygenation drops rapidly after occlusion of the renal vasculature and returns to near baseline 30 minutes after reperfusion. In the porcine model, the % HbO(2) differs significantly between AO and AV occlusion for up to 35 minutes after ischemia onset, indicating a possible "ischemic window'' in which AO occlusion may provide benefit over AV occlusion. C1 [Tracy, Chad R.; Terrell, John D.; Pearle, Margaret S.; Cadeddu, Jeffrey A.] Univ Iowa, Hosp & Clin, Iowa City, IA USA. [Francis, Robert P.; Wehner, Eleanor F.; Hawkins, Doyle L.; Zuzak, Karel J.] Univ Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Smith, Jack] Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX USA. [Litorja, Maritoni] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cadeddu, JA (reprint author), Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Moss Bldg,8th Floor,Suite 106,5323 Harry Hines Bl, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. EM Jeffrey-Cadeddu@UTSouthwestern.edu NR 18 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 0892-7790 J9 J ENDOUROL JI J. Endourol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 24 IS 3 BP 321 EP 325 DI 10.1089/end.2009.0184 PG 5 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 573WZ UT WOS:000275947400002 PM 20180629 ER PT J AU Seney, EE Higgins, BM Landry, AM AF Seney, Erin E. Higgins, Benjamin M. Landry, Andre M., Jr. TI Satellite transmitter attachment techniques for small juvenile sea turtles SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Attachment; Epoxy; Growth; Neoprene; Satellite tracking; Sea turtle ID PELAGIC HABITAT; CARETTA-CARETTA; TRACKING; GROWTH; MORTALITY; TELEMETRY; MOVEMENT AB Three trials comprised of 4, 16, and 8 captive-reared juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were run for 164, 134, and 213 d, respectively, to evaluate platform terminal transmitter (PIT) attachment methods. Power-Fast (R) epoxy-only (PF-only) and Power-Fast (R)/Sonic-Weld (R) epoxy putty (PF/SW) protocols were tested in each trial, and the latter trials also included experimental, less-rigid methods incorporating 1.5 and 3.0 mm neoprene. Protocols were modified slightly for the latter trials compared to those of the first, utilizing coarser sandpaper for site preparation and discarding initial "squeezes" of epoxy. Despite a low average growth rate (0.012 cm/d), three of four PTTs were shed from the loggerheads in Trial 1. All PTTs remained attached in Trial 2 after an average straight carapace length (SCL) increase of 3.4 cm (0.024 cm/d), suggesting that protocol modifications improved upon Trial 1 methods. One 3.0-mm neoprene attachment and a PF-only attachment were shed during Trial 3 after SCL increases of 3.7 and 5.4 cm, respectively. The other six PTTs remained attached after an average SCL increase of 9.6 cm (0.045 cm/d), but significant gaps occurred along the perimeters of the three remaining non-neoprene attachments. Two neoprene attachments became loose along the edges while their centers remained secure, suggesting that carefully-applied neoprene attachments may be beneficial for tracking smaller, faster-growing sea turtles. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Seney, Erin E.; Landry, Andre M., Jr.] Texas A&M Univ, Sea Turtle & Fisheries Ecol Res Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. [Seney, Erin E.; Landry, Andre M., Jr.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Higgins, Benjamin M.] NOAA, Fisheries Sea Turtle Facil, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Seney, EE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Sea Turtle & Fisheries Ecol Res Lab, 5007 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM eeseney@gmail.com RI Logger, Satellite/C-1379-2010 FU Texas A&M University at Galveston; NOAA Fisheries Galveston FX Transmitter attachment research was conducted under FWC Turtle Permit#015 issued to Dr. Roger Zimmerman of NOAA Fisheries Galveston. Staff at the NOAA Fisheries Sea Turtle Facility participated in loggerhead husbandry and PTT monitoring. Shanna Kethan is especially acknowledged for her assistance with PTT attachment and photography. NOAA volunteer Robert Morehead was integral to the development of the neoprene attachment method. Kevin Lay of Sirtrack, Ltd. provided initial dummy PTTs and facilitated production of later units. The attachment trials were funded in part by donations to Texas A&M University at Galveston by individuals and through the Seaturtle.org Tracking Adoption Program, and in-kind support was provided by NOAA Fisheries Galveston. Wild Kemp's ridleys were tracked under USFWS Permit TE676379-4 (Zimmerman), NOAA Fisheries Permit 1526 (Landry), Texas Parks and Wildlife Scientific Permit SPR-0390-038 (Landry), and Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Scientific Collecting Pen-nit LNHP-05-032 (Landry). EES was supported by a 2008 Texas A&M University Tom Slick Senior Graduate Fellowship during portions of data collection, analyses, and manuscript preparation. Reviewer and editorial comments were valuable for improving the original manuscript E-mail correspondence with Donald Kobayashi of the NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center helped clarify questions regarding Pacific loggerhead tracking. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 384 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.01.002 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 574CF UT WOS:000275965300007 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, JR Coleman, JL Cho, I AF Verkouteren, Jennifer R. Coleman, Jessica L. Cho, Inho TI Automated Mapping of Explosives Particles in Composition C-4 Fingerprints SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on the Analysis and Detections of Explosives/4th Forensic International Network for Explosives Investigation (ISADE/FINEX) CY JUL 01-07, 2007 CL Paris, FRANCE DE forensic science; trace detection; polarized light microscopy; explosives; particle counting; fingerprints; automated imaging ID TECHNOLOGY; RDX AB A method is described to perform automated mapping of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) particles in C-4 fingerprints. The method employs polarized light microscopy and image analysis to map the entire fingerprint and the distribution of RDX particles. This method can be used to evaluate a large number of fingerprints to aid in the development of threat libraries that can be used to determine performance requirements of explosive trace detectors. A series of 50 C-4 fingerprints were characterized, and results show that the number of particles varies significantly from print to print, and within a print. The particle size distributions can be used to estimate the mass of RDX in the fingerprint. These estimates were found to be within +/- 26% relative of the results obtained from dissolution gas chromatography/mu-electron capture detection for four of six prints, which is quite encouraging for a particle counting approach. By evaluating the average mass and frequency of particles with respect to size for this series of fingerprints, we conclude that particles 10-20 mu m in diameter could be targeted to improve detection of traces of C-4 explosives. C1 [Verkouteren, Jennifer R.; Coleman, Jessica L.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Cho, Inho] Atlantic City Int Airport, Transportat Secur Lab, Atlantic City, NJ USA. RP Coleman, JL (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jessica.coleman@nist.gov NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 55 IS 2 BP 334 EP 340 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01272.x PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 563AV UT WOS:000275098700007 PM 20102455 ER PT J AU Chu, W Song, J Vorburger, T Yen, J Ballou, S Bachrach, B AF Chu, Wei Song, John Vorburger, Theodore Yen, James Ballou, Susan Bachrach, Benjamin TI Pilot Study of Automated Bullet Signature Identification Based on Topography Measurements and Correlations SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; ballistics identification; class characteristics; individual characteristics; striation; cross-correlation function ID STANDARD BULLETS AB A procedure for automated bullet signature identification is described based on topography measurements using confocal microscopy and correlation calculation. Automated search and retrieval systems are widely used for comparison of firearms evidence. In this study, 48 bullets fired from six different barrel manufacturers are classified into different groups based on the width class characteristic for each land engraved area of the bullets. Then the cross-correlation function is applied both for automatic selection of the effective correlation area, and for the extraction of a 2D bullet profile signature. Based on the cross-correlation maximum values, a list of top ranking candidates against a ballistics signature database of bullets fired from the same model firearm is developed. The correlation results show a 9.3% higher accuracy rate compared with a currently used commercial system based on optical reflection. This suggests that correlation results can be improved using the sequence of methods described here. C1 [Chu, Wei; Song, John; Vorburger, Theodore; Yen, James; Ballou, Susan] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Chu, Wei] Harbin Inst Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. [Bachrach, Benjamin] Intelligent Automat Inc, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. RP Chu, W (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wei.chu@nist.gov RI Shaffer, Stephen/C-6170-2011 NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 55 IS 2 BP 341 EP 347 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01276.x PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 563AV UT WOS:000275098700008 PM 20102451 ER PT J AU Fishman, DB Adlerstein, SA Vanderploeg, HA Fahnenstiel, GL Scavia, D AF Fishman, Daniel B. Adlerstein, Sara A. Vanderploeg, Henry A. Fahnenstiel, Gary L. Scavia, Donald TI Phytoplankton community composition of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, during the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion: A multivariate analysis SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Saginaw Bay; Phytoplankton; Zebra mussels; Agglomerative hierarchical clustering; Community composition; Invasive species ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; CYANOBACTERIUM MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; WATER-QUALITY; COLONIZATION; ERIE; ESTABLISHMENT; BIODIVERSITY; RECRUITMENT; REDUCTIONS; DISPERSAL AB The colonization of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Saginaw Bay dramatically altered the phytoplankton community composition resulting in exclusion of light sensitive species and dominance of species with oligotrophic preferences and light resistance. In 1990, the NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory initiated a 7-year survey program to monitor changes in the lower food web of Saginaw Bay, where zebra mussels became established in the fall of 1991. To investigate shifts in the phytoplankton community composition over the 7-year period from 1990 to 1996 we searched for clusters of similar composition using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) on proportions of 22 taxonomic groupings of the total phytoplankton density (cells per milliliter). We then used an agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis of the PCA scores. We identified five characteristic phytoplankton communities in configurations that allowed recognizing four distinct periods in Saginaw Bay linked to the zebra mussel invasion. Significant changes were indicative of increased water clarity and eutrophic conditions being replaced by more oligotrophic conditions as clusters dominated by light sensitive species, such as the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria redekii, became immediately rare and clusters dominated by diatoms such as Cyclotella spp. became common. Microcystis spp., a light tolerant cyanobacteria not grazed by zebra mussel, dominated assemblages after 1994. The shifts in phytoplankton composition confirm that zebra mussels effects on phytoplankton communities are mediated by both direct (filtration) and indirect (nutrient cycling) mechanisms and also suggests that increased light penetration is an important mechanism behind some changes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Fishman, Daniel B.; Adlerstein, Sara A.; Scavia, Donald] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Vanderploeg, Henry A.] NOAA, GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Fahnenstiel, Gary L.] NOAA, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Fishman, DB (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM dbfish@umich.edu OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269 NR 57 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 6 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 36 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2009.10.004 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 573BE UT WOS:000275882600002 ER PT J AU Lamon, EC Stow, CA AF Lamon, E. C. Stow, C. A. TI Lake Superior water level fluctuation and climatic factors: A dynamic linear model analysis SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; Water levels; Bayesian; Dynamic linear models ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; MICHIGAN; CYCLES; HURON AB We use Dynamic Linear Models (DLM) to analyze the time series of annual average Lake Superior water levels from 1860 to 2007, as well as annual averages of climate drivers including precipitation (1900-2007), evaporation and net precipitation (1951-2007). Our results indicate strong evidence favoring the presence of a systematic trend over a random walk for Lake Superior water levels, and this trend has been negative in recent decades. We then show decisive evidence, in terms of improved predictive performance, favoring a model in which the trend component is replaced with regression components consisting of climatic drivers as predictor variables. Because these models use lagged values of precipitation or net precipitation as predictors, the models can be used to forecast water levels, with the associated uncertainty, several years into the future. We use several of the best fit models and compare one (2008) and two step-ahead (2009) forecasts. The 2008 forecasts compare very well with the observed 2008 water level; the two step-ahead 2009 forecasts are offered as testable hypotheses. The Bayesian context in which these models are developed provides a rigorous framework for data assimilation and regular model updating. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Stow, C. A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Lamon, E. C.] Stat Ecol Associates LLC, Canyon Lake, TX 78133 USA. RP Stow, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM eclamon@gmail.com; craig.stow@noaa.gov OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855 NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 36 IS 1 BP 172 EP 178 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2009.11.009 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 573BE UT WOS:000275882600019 ER PT J AU Sant, G Eberhardt, A Bentz, D Weiss, J AF Sant, Gaurav Eberhardt, Arnd Bentz, Dale Weiss, Jason TI Influence of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures on Moisture Absorption in Cementitious Materials at Early Ages SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID KELVIN EQUATION; POROUS-MEDIA; CONCRETE; MORTARS; APPLICABILITY; CONDENSATION; DIFFUSIVITY; SORPTIVITY; LIQUIDS; PASTES AB The water-absorption behavior of cement pastes (w/c=0.30) containing varying concentrations (i.e., 0, 0.2, and 5%) of a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) was measured. Moisture ingress was monitored using X-ray absorption. A decrease in both the depth of water penetration and the rate of water absorption was observed with increasing specimen maturity and admixture concentration. This agrees with theoretical considerations that suggest water sorption is a function of the surface tension and the viscosity of the fluid ingressing into the pores. The Boltzmann-Matano method was successfully employed to determine the moisture content dependent moisture diffusivity of the material, which exhibited a dependence on both the pore structure (specimen maturity) and the SRA concentration. C1 [Sant, Gaurav] Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Mat Sensing & Characterizat Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Sant, Gaurav] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Construct Mat, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Eberhardt, Arnd] Swiss Fed Inst Mat Testing & Res EMPA, Lab Concrete & Construct Chem, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. [Bentz, Dale] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sant, G (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Mat Sensing & Characterizat Lab, 550 Stadium Mall Dr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM gsant@purdue.edu; Arnd.Eberhardt@empa.ch; dale.bentz@nist.gov; wjweiss@purdue.edu RI Sant, Gaurav/F-3492-2011; OI Eberhardt, Bernd Arnd/0000-0002-9617-0252; Weiss, William/0000-0003-2859-7980 FU Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Materials Characterization and Sensing Laboratory (MCSL) at Purdue University FX This work was conducted in the Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Materials Characterization and Sensing Laboratory (MCSL) at Purdue University using the X-ray absorption equipment made possible through an ERIC grant to the fourth writer. As such, the writers acknowledge the support which has made these laboratories and this research possible. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the writers, who are responsible for the accuracy of the data presented. The writers also acknowledge Edward Garboczi (NIST) and Nicos Martys (NIST) for their suggestions and review of this paper. NR 66 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0899-1561 J9 J MATER CIVIL ENG JI J. Mater. Civ. Eng. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 22 IS 3 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:3(277) PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 555OQ UT WOS:000274522200010 ER PT J AU Huang, CC Chen, LJ Gu, XH Zhao, MH Nguyen, T Lee, S AF Huang, Chien-Chao Chen, Lijiang Gu, Xiaohong Zhao, Minhua Nguyen, Tinh Lee, Sanboh TI The effects of humidity and surface free energy on adhesion force between atomic force microscopy tip and a silane self-assembled monolayer film SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; CAPILLARY FORCE; THIN-FILMS; WATER; AFM; CONDENSATION; SPECTROSCOPY; AIR; INTERFACES; CHEMISTRY AB The relationship between atomic force microscopy probe-sample adhesion force and relative humidity (RH) at five different levels of surface free energy (gamma(s)) of an organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) has been investigated. Different gamma(s), levels were achieved by exposing a patterned SiO(2)/CH(3)-terminated octyldimethylchlorosilane SAM sample to an ultraviolet (UV)/ozone atmosphere. A model consisting of the Laplace-Kelvin theory for capillary condensation for nanosized probe and probe-sample molecular interaction was derived to describe the adhesion force as a function of RH from 25 to 90% for different SAM gamma(s) values. The equations were solved analytically by using an equivalent curvature of the probe tip shape. Experimental results show that the adhesion force increases slightly with RH for nonpolar SAM. However, for polar SAM surfaces, it increases at first, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. Both the rate of increase and the maximum of the adhesion force with humidity are gamma(s)-dependent, which is in good agreement with theoretical prediction. The large rise in the adhesion force in this RH range is due to the capillary force. C1 [Huang, Chien-Chao; Lee, Sanboh] Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. [Chen, Lijiang] Zhejiang Sci Tech Univ, Dept Chem, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Gu, Xiaohong; Zhao, Minhua; Nguyen, Tinh] NIST, Bldg & Fire Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. EM sblee@mx.nthu.edu.tw RI Zhao, Minhua/A-6678-2009 OI Zhao, Minhua/0000-0003-4880-1010 NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 15 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 3 BP 556 EP 562 DI 10.1557/JMR.2010.0060 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 564NG UT WOS:000275221100018 ER PT J AU Bostelman, R Ryu, JC Chang, T Johnson, J Agrawal, SK AF Bostelman, Roger Ryu, Ji-Chul Chang, Tommy Johnson, Joshua Agrawal, Sunil K. TI An Advanced Patient Lift and Transfer Device for the Home SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL DEVICES-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB The home lift, position, and rehabilitation (HLPR) chair has a unique design and novel capabilities when compared with conventional powered wheelchairs. In addition to mobility, it provides lift and can transfer patients. Even though medical devices are developing at a rapid pace today, an aspect that is often overlooked in these developments is adherence to "rider safety standards." The contributions of this paper are threefold: (i) novel design of a lift and transfer system, (ii) experiments and results toward improved stability test designs that include HLPR-type devices to meet rider safety standards, and (iii) autonomous navigation and control based on nonlinear system theory of dynamic feedback linearization. Stability experimental results show promise for multipurpose patient mobility, lift, and transfer devices such as HLPR. A method for autonomous maneuvers was tested in simulation and experiments. We also expect the autonomous or semi-autonomous mobility mode of the vehicle to be useful for riders who have potential neural and cognitive impairments: [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001255] C1 [Bostelman, Roger; Chang, Tommy] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ryu, Ji-Chul; Agrawal, Sunil K.] Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Johnson, Joshua] Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. RP Bostelman, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM agrawal@udel.edu NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1932-6181 J9 J MED DEVICES JI J. Med. Devices PD MAR PY 2010 VL 4 IS 1 AR 011004 DI 10.1115/1.4001255 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA 674RC UT WOS:000283764000004 ER PT J AU Madej, RM Davis, J Holden, MJ Kwang, S Labourier, E Schneider, GJ AF Madej, Roberta M. Davis, Jack Holden, Marcia J. Kwang, Stan Labourier, Emmanuel Schneider, George J. TI International Standards and Reference Materials for Quantitative Molecular Infectious Disease Testing SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LA English DT Review ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; REAL-TIME PCR; AMPLIFICATION TECHNOLOGY ASSAYS; EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; VIRAL LOAD ASSAYS; NAT ASSAYS; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; HCV RNA; DNA; ESTABLISHMENT AB The utility of quantitative molecular diagnostics for patient management depends on the ability to relate patient results to prior results or to absolute values in clinical practice guidelines. To do this, those results need to be comparable across time and methods, either by producing the same value across methods and test versions or by using reliable and stable conversions. Universally available standards and reference materials specific to quantitative molecular technologies are critical to this process but are few in number. This review describes recent history in the establishment of international standards for nucleic acid test development, organizations involved in current efforts, and future issues and initiatives. (J Mol Diagn 2010, 12:133-443; DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090067) C1 [Madej, Roberta M.] Roche Mol Diagnost, Pleasanton, CA USA. [Davis, Jack] Diagnost Grp, Biorad Labs, Qual Syst Div, San Ramon, CA USA. [Holden, Marcia J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kwang, Stan] Biorad Labs, Qual Syst Div, Irvine, CA USA. [Labourier, Emmanuel] Asuragen Inc, Dev, Austin, TX USA. [Schneider, George J.] Abbott Mol Inc, Res & Dev, Des Plaines, IL USA. RP Madej, RM (reprint author), Tethys Biosci, 5858 Horton St,Suite 550, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA. EM rmadej@tethysbio.com OI Labourier, Emmanuel/0000-0001-8010-0674 NR 45 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3993 USA SN 1525-1578 J9 J MOL DIAGN JI J. Mol. Diagn. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 12 IS 2 BP 133 EP 143 DI 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090067 PG 11 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 583RQ UT WOS:000276697300001 PM 20075208 ER PT J AU Na, MK Ding, YQ Wang, B Tekwani, BL Schinazi, RF Franzblau, S Kelly, M Stone, R Li, XC Ferreira, D Hamann, MT AF Na, MinKyun Ding, Yuanqing Wang, Bin Tekwani, Babu L. Schinazi, Raymond F. Franzblau, Scott Kelly, Michelle Stone, Robert Li, Xing-Cong Ferreira, Daneel Hamann, Mark T. TI Anti-infective Discorhabdins from a Deep-Water Alaskan Sponge of the Genus Latrunculia SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; THEORETICAL CALCULATION; CYTOTOXIC ALKALOIDS; MARINE SPONGES; SPECTRA; PIGMENT AB Bioassay- and LC-MS-guided fractionation of a methanol extract from a new, deep-water Alaskan sponge species of the genus Latrunculia resulted in the isolation of two new, brominated pyrroloiminoquinones, dihydrodiscorhabdin 11 (1) and discorhabdin Y (2), along with six known pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, discorhabdins A (3), C (4), E (5), and L (6), dihydrodiscorhabdin C (7), and (lie benzene derivative 8. Compounds 3, 4, and 7 exhibited anti-HCV activity, antimalarial activity, and selective antimicrobial activity. Although compounds 3 and 7 displayed potent and selective ill vitro antiprotozoal activity, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice did not respond to these metabolites clue to their toxicity in vivo. C1 [Na, MinKyun; Ding, Yuanqing; Wang, Bin; Tekwani, Babu L.; Li, Xing-Cong; Ferreira, Daneel; Hamann, Mark T.] Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, University, MS 38677 USA. [Na, MinKyun; Ding, Yuanqing; Wang, Bin; Tekwani, Babu L.; Li, Xing-Cong; Ferreira, Daneel; Hamann, Mark T.] Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NCNPR, University, MS 38677 USA. [Na, MinKyun] Yeungnam Univ, Coll Pharm, Kyongsan 712749, Gyeongbuk, South Korea. [Schinazi, Raymond F.] Emory Univ, Dept Pediat, VA Med Ctr, Decatur, GA 30333 USA. [Franzblau, Scott] Univ Illinois, Inst TB Res, Coll Pharm, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Kelly, Michelle] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Natl Ctr Aquat Biodivers & Biosecur, Auckland, New Zealand. [Stone, Robert] NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hamann, MT (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, University, MS 38677 USA. EM mthamann@olemiss.edu RI Hamann, Mark/E-9251-2011; Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017; OI Franzblau, Scott/0000-0002-8698-0243 FU NCPDCID CDC HHS [U01/CI000211, U01 CI000211]; NCRR NIH HHS [C06 RR1450301, P20 RR021929]; NIAID NIH HHS [2P30-AI050409, AI 27094, P30 AI050409, R-01 AI 36596-12, R01 AI027094, R01 AI036596] NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 EI 1520-6025 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 73 IS 3 SI SI BP 383 EP 387 DI 10.1021/np900281r PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 573CC UT WOS:000275885000016 PM 20337497 ER PT J AU Gunasekera, SP Miller, MW Kwan, JC Luesch, H Paul, VJ AF Gunasekera, Sarath P. Miller, Margaret W. Kwan, Jason C. Luesch, Hendrik Paul, Valerie J. TI Molassamide, a Depsipeptide Serine Protease Inhibitor from the Marine Cyanobacterium Dichothrix utahensis SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID ELASTASE INHIBITORS; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; DOLASTATIN-13; N-GREATER-THAN-3; SPECTRA; ANALOG AB A new dolastatin 13 analogue, molassamide (1), was isolated from cyanobacterial assemblages of Dichothrix utahliensis collected from the Molasses Reef, Key Largo, Florida, and from Brewer's Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. This is the first peptide reported from the cyanobacterial genus Dichothrix and the first natural product isolated from marine Dichothrix spp. Its planar structure was determined by NNR spectroscopic techniques, and the configurations of the asymmetric centers, were assigned after chiral HPLC analysis of the hydrolysis products. The depsipeptide I exhibited protease-inhibitory activity, with IC(50) values of 0.032 and 0.234 mu M against elastase and chymotrypsin, respectively. There was no apparent inhibition of trypsin at 10 mu M the highest concentration tested. C1 [Gunasekera, Sarath P.; Paul, Valerie J.] Smithsonian Marine Stn Ft Pierce, Ft Pierce, FL 34949 USA. [Miller, Margaret W.] NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Kwan, Jason C.; Luesch, Hendrik] Univ Florida, Dept Med Chem, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Paul, VJ (reprint author), Smithsonian Marine Stn Ft Pierce, 701 Seaway Dr, Ft Pierce, FL 34949 USA. EM paul@si.edu RI Kwan, Jason/F-9589-2010 OI Kwan, Jason/0000-0001-9933-1536 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA05NOS4781194]; U.S. Geological Survey [07ERAG0079] FX This research was supported in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's ECOHAB program (the Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algae Blooms), Project NA05NOS4781194, and Coral Reef Conservation Program Research in the USVI was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Agreement No. 07ERAG0079 with funding from the Eastern Region State Partnership Program. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 73 IS 3 SI SI BP 459 EP 462 DI 10.1021/np900603f PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 573CC UT WOS:000275885000030 PM 20020755 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, BE Cessna, JT AF Zimmerman, Brian E. Cessna, Jeffrey T. TI Development of a Traceable Calibration Methodology for Solid Ge-68/Ga-68 Sources Used as a Calibration Surrogate for F-18 in Radionuclide Activity Calibrators SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE F-18; calibration; Ge-68; PET; standards ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; STANDARDIZATION; TRANSPORT; SETTINGS AB We have developed a methodology for calibrating Ge-68 radio-activity content in a commercially available calibration source for activity calibrators in a way that is traceable to the national standard. Additionally, the source was cross-calibrated for equivalent F-18 content by direct comparison with the national standard for F-18 in the same geometry. Methods: Sources containing standardized (GeCl4)-Ge-68 or F-18-FDG solutions were prepared at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with mock syringe blanks used in the construction of a commercially available epoxy-based Ge-68 calibration source. These sources and several NIST-constructed epoxy-based Ge-68 mock syringes were then used as artifact standards to determine calibration factors for NIST-maintained activity calibrators and secondary standard ionization chambers to enable calibration of the actual commercial sources. A direct comparison between the solution-based Ge-68 sources and the F-18-FDG sources allowed for an empiric determination of the relative response for these radionuclides in several commercial activity calibrators. Potential measurement effects due to differences between the solution composition and the epoxy and theoretic Ge-68-to-F-18 response ratios were studied by Monte Carlo simulation. Results: The calibration factors developed in this study enabled NIST to calibrate epoxy-based mock syringe sources with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 0.52%. The direct comparisons of the Ge-68 and F-18 standards in the various ionization chambers allowed the activity to be expressed in terms of equivalent F-18 activity with a relative combined standard uncertainty of about 0.9%. Conclusion: The ability for NIST to calibrate these epoxy-based mock syringes enabled, for the first time to our knowledge, the direct traceability to the national Ge-68 standard to be established for this type of source. Through a direct comparison with the NIST F-18 standard, the determination of the relative response ratios in activity calibrators enabled the equivalent F-18 activity to be determined in a way that was also traceable to the national F-18 activity standard. C1 [Zimmerman, Brian E.; Cessna, Jeffrey T.] NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zimmerman, BE (reprint author), NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, 100 Bur Dr,Bldg 245,Room C114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bez@nist.gov FU RadQual, LLC FX We thank Drs. Denis Bergeron, Ron Colle, and Ryan Fitzgerald for their assistance in preparing the calibration sources. This study was partially funded by RadQual, LLC. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 51 IS 3 BP 448 EP 453 DI 10.2967/jnumed.109.070300 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 563LI UT WOS:000275133100028 PM 20197450 ER PT J AU Mijares, GI Reyes, DR Geist, J Gaitan, M Polk, BJ DeVoe, DL AF Mijares, Geraldine I. Reyes, Darwin R. Geist, Jon Gaitan, Michael Polk, Brian J. DeVoe, Don L. TI Polyelectrolyte Multilayer-Treated Electrodes for Real-Time Electronic Sensing of Cell Proliferation SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biosensor; cell growth; electrical monitoring; gold electrodes; impedance spectroscopy; polyelectrolyte multilayers ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES; ANALYSIS SYSTEMS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; SUBSTRATE; FILMS; SURFACES; GOLD; CYTOTOXICITY AB We report on the use of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings as a nonbiological surface preparation to facilitate uniform cell attachment and growth on patterned thin-film gold (Au) electrodes on glass for impedance-based measurements. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are commonly utilized as cell adhesion promoters for electrodes; however, they exhibit degradation over time, thereby imposing limitations on the duration of conductance-based biosensor experiments. The motivation for the use of PEM coatings arises from their long-term surface stability as promoters for cell attachment, patterning, and culture. In this work, a cell proliferation monitoring device was fabricated. It consisted of thin-film Au electrodes deposited with a titanium-tungsten (TiW) adhesion layer that were patterned on a glass substrate and passivated to create active electrode areas. The electrode surfaces were then treated with a poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) anchoring layer and subsequent bilayers of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were cultured on the device, observed by optical microscopy, and showed uniform growth characteristics similar to those observed on a traditional polystyrene cell culture dish. The optical observations were correlated to electrical measurements on the PEM-treated electrodes, which exhibited a rise in impedance with cell proliferation and stabilized to an approximate 15 % increase as the culture approached confluency. In conclusion, cells proliferate uniformly over gold and glass PEM-treated surfaces, making them useful for continuous impedance-based, real-time monitoring of cell proliferation and for the determination of cell growth rate in cellular assays. C1 [Mijares, Geraldine I.; Reyes, Darwin R.; Geist, Jon; Gaitan, Michael; Polk, Brian J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [DeVoe, Don L.] Univ Maryland, Dept Bioengn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [DeVoe, Don L.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mijares, GI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM darwin.reyes@nist.gov RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011; OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993; Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X FU NIST; Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEEL) FX This work was supported by the NIST Innovations in Measurement Science Cellular Biometrology Program and the Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEEL) Director's Reserve Program for Bioelectronics. Electrode fabrication was performed at the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Nanofabrication facility in Gaithersburg, MD. The authors would also like to thank Jayna J. Shah for her discussions pertaining to this work, and Louis P. Hromada, Jr., Pierre Alain-Auroux, and Angel Rivera for their assistance in preparing the device measurement setup. NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 18 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 115 IS 2 BP 61 EP 73 DI 0.6028/jres.115.005 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 584BV UT WOS:000276725900001 PM 27134780 ER PT J AU Schmuck, BD Carey, CM AF Schmuck, B. D. Carey, C. M. TI Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE caries; dentin; enamel; erosion; mineral density; mineralization; x-ray microradiography ID REMINERALIZATION EVALUATION TECHNIQUES; CARIES LESIONS; IN-VITRO; DEMINERALIZATION; ENAMEL AB Contact x-ray microradiography is the current gold standard for measuring mineral densities of partially demineralized tooth specimens. The x-ray sensitive film specified in the last J Res NIST publication on the subject is no longer commercially available. Objectives: Develop a new microradiographic method by identifying a commercially available film with greater than 3000 lines per millimeter resolution, which is sensitive to x rays, and develop correct film processing for x-ray microradiographic application. Methods: A holographic film was identified as a potential replacement film. Proper exposure was determined utilizing a thick nickel plate to create test-strips. Film development was bracketed around manufacturer suggestions. Film linearity was determined with aluminum step-wedges. Microradiographs of 100 mu m thick tooth sections, before and after acidic challenges, were a final test for film. Magnified images were captured with a digital microscope camera with 0.305 micrometers per pixel resolution. Results: The appropriate film exposure was 30 min at 80 kV(p) and 3 mA with a development time of 2 min. Step-wedge experiments show the system to be linear in terms of pixel intensities with respect to x-ray attenuation for normalized pixel intensity values that are 10 % to 90 % of full scale (r(2) = 0.997) which encompasses the full exposure region of tooth tissue. Enamel sections were analyzed and show distinctive differences between erosion and demineralization. The image capture device resolution of 0.305 micrometers per pixel limits the system resolution. Conclusion: Use of the identified holographic film when combined with the described processing modifications has resulted in an improved x-ray microradiographic method for the measurement of mineral density of dental hard tissues. The method described can be further improved by using a higher resolution digitization system. The method is appropriate for quantitatively measuring changes in mineral density and erosion. C1 [Schmuck, B. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Independent Res & Grant Adm, Paffenbarger Res Ctr,Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Polymer Div,NIST Mat Sci & Engn Lab,US Dept Comme, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmuck, BD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Independent Res & Grant Adm, Paffenbarger Res Ctr,Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Polymer Div,NIST Mat Sci & Engn Lab,US Dept Comme, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM burton.schmuck@nist.gov; clifton.carey@nist.gov RI Rastelli, Marcio/B-8034-2011 FU American Dental Association Foundation; National Institute of Standards and Technology; NIH [R01-DE014707] FX This work was supported by the American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and NIH grant R01-DE014707. Initial samples of Slavich VRP-M film were supplied by Geola, while processing suggestions were supplied by the manufacturer and Dr. Tung Jeong. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 115 IS 2 BP 75 EP 83 DI 0.6028/jres.115.006 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 584BV UT WOS:000276725900002 PM 21546983 ER PT J AU Kroenlein, K Muzny, CD Kazakov, A Diky, VV Chirico, RD Frenkel, M Sloan, ED AF Kroenlein, K. Muzny, C. D. Kazakov, A. Diky, V. V. Chirico, R. D. Frenkel, M. Sloan, E. D. TI NIST Gas Hydrate Research Database and Web Dissemination Channel SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clathrate hydrate; database; gas hydrate; markup language; thermophysical properties; web access ID DATA COMPILATIONS; METHANE; SOFTWARE; STANDARD AB To facilitate advances in application of technologies pertaining to gas hydrates, a freely available data resource containing experimentally derived information about those materials was developed. This work was performed by the Thermodynamic Research Center (TRC) paralleling a highly successful database of thermodynamic and transport properties of molecular pure compounds and their mixtures. Population of the gas-hydrates database required development of guided data capture (GDC) software designed to convert experimental data and metadata into a well organized electronic format, as well as a relational database schema to accommodate all types of numerical and metadata within the scope of the project. To guarantee utility for the broad gas hydrate research community, TRC worked closely with the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) task group for Data on Natural Gas Hydrates, an international data sharing effort, in developing a gas hydrate markup language (GHML). The fruits of these efforts are disseminated through the NIST Sandard Reference Data Program [1] as the Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database (SRD #156). A web-based interface for this database, as well as scientific results from the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program [2], is deployed at http://gashydrates.nist.gov. C1 [Sloan, E. D.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Hydrate Res, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Kroenlein, K.; Muzny, C. D.; Kazakov, A.; Diky, V. V.; Chirico, R. D.; Frenkel, M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC Grp, Thermophys Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab,US Dept Commerce, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kroenlein, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC Grp, Thermophys Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab,US Dept Commerce, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kenneth.kroenlein@nist.gov; chris.muzny@nist.gov; andrei.kazakov@nist.gov; vladimir.diky@nist.gov; robert.chirico@nist.gov; michael.frenkel@nist.gov; esloan@mines.edu FU National Energy Technology Laboratory under U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AI26-06NT42938] FX The authors thank Drs. T. S. Collett and G. E. Claypoole for their invaluable advice during this development effort. This work was supported with financial support from the National Energy Technology Laboratory under U.S. Department of Energy award number DE-AI26-06NT42938. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 115 IS 2 BP 85 EP 112 DI 0.6028/jres.115.007 PG 28 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 584BV UT WOS:000276725900003 PM 27134781 ER PT J AU Dols, WS Persily, AK Morrow, JB Matzke, BD Sego, LH Nuffer, LL Pulsipher, BA AF Dols, W. Stuart Persily, Andrew K. Morrow, Jayne B. Matzke, Brett D. Sego, Landon H. Nuffer, Lisa L. Pulsipher, Brent A. TI Development and Demonstration of a Method to Evaluate Bio-Sampling Strategies Using Building Simulation and Sample Planning Software (Reprinted from) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Reprint DE agent; biological; modeling; planning; response; sampling AB In an effort to validate and demonstrate response and recovery sampling approaches and technologies, the U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), along with several other agencies, have simulated a biothreat agent release within a facility at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) on two separate occasions in the fall of 2007 and the fall of 2008. Because these events constitute only two realizations of many possible scenarios, increased understanding of sampling strategies can be obtained by virtually examining a wide variety of release and dispersion scenarios using computer simulations. This research effort demonstrates the use of two software tools, CONTAM, developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and Visual Sample Plan (VSP), developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The CONTAM modeling software was used to virtually contaminate a model of the INL test building under various release and dissemination scenarios as well as a range of building design and operation parameters. The results of these CONTAM simulations were then used to investigate the relevance and performance of various sampling strategies using VSP. One of the fundamental outcomes of this project was the demonstration of how CONTAM and VSP can be used together to effectively develop sampling plans to support the various stages of response to an airborne chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear event. Following such an event (or prior to an event), incident details and the conceptual site model could be used to create an ensemble of CONTAM simulations which model contaminant dispersion within a building. These predictions could then be used to identify priority area zones within the building and then sampling designs and strategies could be developed based on those zones. C1 [Dols, W. Stuart; Persily, Andrew K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Environm Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Morrow, Jayne B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Matzke, Brett D.; Sego, Landon H.; Pulsipher, Brent A.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Stat & Sensor Analyt Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Nuffer, Lisa L.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Data Intens & Sci Comp Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Dols, WS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Environm Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.dols@nist.gov; andrew.persily@nist.gov; jayne.morrow@nist.gov; brett.matzke@pnl.gov; landon.sego@pnl.gov; lisa.nuffer@pnl.gov; brent.pulsipher@pnl.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 115 IS 2 BP 113 EP 147 DI 0.6028/jres.115.008 PG 35 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 584BV UT WOS:000276725900004 PM 27134782 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Yang, Z Kaduk, JA Cook, LP Paranthaman, M AF Wong-Ng, W. Yang, Z. Kaduk, J. A. Cook, L. P. Paranthaman, M. TI Interactions of Ba2YCu3O6+y with the Gd3NbO7 buffer layer in coated conductors SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Superconductors; Ba2YCu3O6z and Gd3NbO7 interactions; Structure of Ba2(GdxY1-x)NbO6 and (GdxY3-x)NbO7; Reference X-ray powder patterns ID SUBSOLIDUS PHASE-RELATIONSHIPS; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; CARBONATE-FREE CONDITIONS; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; WAVE BASIS-SET; M = NB; RARE-EARTH; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; YBCO FILMS AB A systematic study of the chemical interaction of Ba2YCu3O6+y and Gd3NbO7 was conducted under two processing conditions: purified air (21% p(o2)) and 100 Pa p(o2) (0.1% P-o2) Phases present along the pseudo-binary join Ba2YCu3O6, and Gd3NbO7 were found to be in two five-phase volumes within the BaO-1/2 Y2O3-1/2Gd(2)O(3)-Nb2O5-CuOy system. Three common phases that are present in all samples are (Y, Gd)(2)Cu2O5. Ba(Y,Gd)(2)CuO5 and Cu2O or CuO (depending on the processing conditions) The assemblies of phases can be categorized in three regions, with Ba2YCu3O6+y Gd3NbO7 ratios of (I) <5.5:4.5: (II)=5.5:4.5, and (III) > 5.5.4.5. The lowest melting temperature of the system was determined to be 938 degrees C in air, and 850 degrees C at 100 Pa P-o2 Structure determinations of two selected phases. Ba-2(GdxY1-x)NbO6 (Fm (3) over barm, No. 225), and (GdxY3-x)NbO7 (G222(1), No 20 and Ccmm. No 63), were completed using the X-ray Rietveld refinement technique Reference X-ray powder diffraction patterns for selected phases of Ba-2(GdxY1-x)NbOG (x=0 2, 04, 0.6, and 0 8) and (GdxY3-x)NbO7 (x=0.6, 1 2, 1 8, 24 and 3) have been prepared for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc C1 [Wong-Ng, W.; Yang, Z.; Cook, L. P.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kaduk, J. A.] INEOS Technol, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. [Paranthaman, M.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 FU US Department of Energy FX The partial financial support from the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability of the US Department of Energy is acknowledged. Mr. N. Swanson and Dr. P. Schenck are thanked for their assistance in graphic presentations. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 183 IS 3 BP 649 EP 657 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.01.006 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 569WU UT WOS:000275634300025 ER PT J AU Duthinh, D Simiu, E AF Duthinh, Dat Simiu, Emil TI Safety of Structures in Strong Winds and Earthquakes: Multihazard Considerations SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE Building technology; Earthquakes; Limit states; Multihazards; Safety; Wind loads AB In accordance with the ASCE Standard 7-05, in regions subjected to wind and earthquakes, structures are designed for loads induced by wind and, separately, by earthquakes, and the final design is based on the more demanding of these two loading conditions. Implicit in this approach is the belief that the standard assures risks of exceedance of the specified limit states that are essentially identical to the risks inherent in the provisions for regions where only wind or earthquakes occur. We draw the attention of designers, code writers, and insurers to the fact that this belief is, in general, unwarranted, and that ASCE 7 provisions are not risk consistent, i.e., in regions with significant wind and seismic hazards, risks of exceedance of limit states can be up to twice as high as those for regions where one hazard dominates. This conclusion is valid even if the limit states due to wind and earthquake are defined differently, as is the case in ASCE 7. We propose an approach to modifying ASCE 7 provisions which guarantees that risks implicit in minimum ASCE 7 requirements for regions where one hazard dominates are not exceeded for structures in regions with strong wind and seismic hazards. C1 [Duthinh, Dat] NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duthinh, D (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dduthinh@nist.gov; emil.simiu@nist.gov NR 3 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 2010 VL 136 IS 3 BP 330 EP 333 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000108 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 555OR UT WOS:000274522300011 ER PT J AU Zarr, RR AF Zarr, Robert R. TI Uncertainty Analysis of Thermal Transmission Properties Determined by ASTM C177-04 SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE building technology; calibration; expanded polystyrene board; fibrous-glass blanket; guarded hot plate; heat flow; thermal conductivity; thermal insulation; thermal resistance; standard uncertainty; expanded uncertainty AB An uncertainty analysis for steady-state thermal transmission properties determined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1016 mm guarded-hot-plate apparatus is presented for fibrous-glass blanket and expanded polystyrene board. The uncertainties are presented for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus in the single-sided mode of operation covering specimen heat flows from 0.5 to 5 W The relative expanded uncertainties for thermal resistance increase from 1 % to 3.5 % for thicknesses of 25.4 to 254 mm, respectively. Although these uncertainties have been developed for two thermal insulation materials, the results are indicative of other insulation materials measured at a mean temperature near 297 K (23.9 degrees C). This assessment of uncertainties is of particular interest for users of ASTM C177-04 test method that operate similar apparatus at low heat flows (i.e., near or less than 1 W). Implications for laboratories that develop secondary standards from NIST calibrations are discussed. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zarr, RR (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 EI 1945-7553 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 38 IS 2 BP 151 EP 160 DI 10.1520/JTE102462 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 570OE UT WOS:000275686800003 ER PT J AU Knyazev, VD Stein, SE AF Knyazev, Vadim D. Stein, Stephen E. TI Classical Trajectories and RRKM Modeling of Collisional Excitation and Dissociation of Benzylammonium and tert-Butyl Benzylammonium Ions in a Quadrupole-Hexapole-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; SURFACE-INDUCED DISSOCIATION; OFF-RESONANCE EXCITATION; AB-INITIO DYNAMICS; FT-ICR MS; GAS-PHASE; ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; SMALL PEPTIDES; PROTONATED PEPTIDES; STATE PROPERTIES AB Collision-induced dissociation of the benzylammonium and the 4-tert-butyl benzylammonium ions was studied experimentally in an electrospray ionization quadrupole-hexapole-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. ion fragmentation efficiencies were determined as functions of the kinetic energy of ions and the collider gas (argon) pressure. A theoretical Monte Carlo model of ion collisional excitation, scattering, and decomposition was developed. The model includes simulation of the trajectories of the parent and the product ions flight through the hexapole collision cell, quasiclassical trajectory modeling of collisional activation and scattering of ions, and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) modeling of the parent ion decomposition. The results of modeling demonstrate a general agreement between calculations and experiment. Calculated values of ion fragmentation efficiency are sensitive to initial vibrational excitation of ions, scattering of product ions from the collision cell, and distribution of initial ion velocities orthogonal to the axis of the collision cell. Three critical parameters of the model were adjusted to reproduce the experimental data on the dissociation of the benzylammonium ion: reaction enthalpy and initial internal and translational temperatures of the ions. Subsequent application of the model to decomposition of the t-butyl benzylammonium ion required adjustment of the internal ion temperature only. Energy distribution functions obtained in modeling depend on the average numbers of collisions between the ion and the atoms of the collider gas and, in general, have non-Boltzmann shapes. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010, 21, 425-439) (C) 2010 American Society for Mass Spectrometry C1 [Knyazev, Vadim D.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Knyazev, Vadim D.; Stein, Stephen E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knyazev, VD (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM knyazev@cua.edu NR 84 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 21 IS 3 BP 425 EP 439 DI 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.11.007 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 576CJ UT WOS:000276121100012 PM 20060316 ER PT J AU Ver Hoef, JM Peterson, EE AF Ver Hoef, Jay M. Peterson, Erin E. TI A Moving Average Approach for Spatial Statistical Models of Stream Networks SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Euclidean distance; Geostatistics; Kernel convolution; Spatial autocorrelation; Spatial linear model ID DISTANCE; INTERPOLATION; TEMPERATURES; FLOW AB In this article we use moving averages to develop new classes of models in a flexible modeling framework for stream networks Streams and rivers are among our most important resources, yet models with autocorrelated errors for spatially continuous stream networks have been described only recently We develop models based on stream distance rather than on Euclidean distance Spatial autocovariance models developed for Euclidean distance may not be valid when using stream distance We begin by describing a stream topology We then use moving averages to build several classes of valid models for streams Various models are derived depending on Whether the moving average has a "tail-up" stream, a "tail-down" stream, or a "two-tail" construction These models also can account for the volume and direction of flowing water The data tor this article come from the Ecosystem Health Monitoring Program in Southeast Queensland. Australia, an important national program alined at monitoring water quality We model two water chemistry variables. pH and conductivity, for sample sizes close to 100 We estimate fixed effects and make spatial predictions One interesting aspect of stream networks is the possible dichotomy of autocorrelation between flow-connected and flow-unconnected locations For this reason, it is important to have a flexible modeling framework. which we achieve on the example data using a variance component approach C1 [Ver Hoef, Jay M.] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Peterson, Erin E.] CSIRO Div Math & Informat Sci, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia. RP Ver Hoef, JM (reprint author), NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Peterson, Erin/D-2360-2009; OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 FU National Mantle Fisheries Service; CSIRO Division of Mathematical and Information Sciences FX Jay M Ver Hoef is Statistician, National Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA 98115 (E-mail jay verhoef@noaa gov) Erin E Peterson is Research Scientist, CSIRO Division of Mathematical and In Sciences, Indooroop-illy, Queensland, Australia This project was supported by the National Mantle Fisheries Service as well as the CSIRO Division of Mathematical and Information Sciences The authors thank Southeast Queensland's Healthy Waterways Partnership for collecting and sharing the data NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 732 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1943 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 105 IS 489 BP 6 EP 18 DI 10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08248 PG 13 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 584XD UT WOS:000276786500002 ER PT J AU Ver Hoef, JM Peterson, EE AF Ver Hoef, Jay M. Peterson, Erin E. TI Statistical Dependence in Stream Networks Rejoinder SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID RIVER NETWORK C1 [Ver Hoef, Jay M.] NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Peterson, Erin E.] CSIRO Div Math & Informat Sci, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia. RP Ver Hoef, JM (reprint author), NOAA Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Peterson, Erin/D-2360-2009; OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 732 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1943 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 105 IS 489 BP 22 EP 24 DI 10.1198/jasa.2010.ap09781 PG 3 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 584XD UT WOS:000276786500005 ER PT J AU Zalucha, AM Plumb, RA Wilson, RJ AF Zalucha, Angela M. Plumb, R. Alan Wilson, R. John TI An Analysis of the Effect of Topography on the Martian Hadley Cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARS; ATMOSPHERE; OCEAN; WAVES; REPRESENTATION; EQUILIBRIUM; SIMULATIONS; HEMISPHERE; ASYMMETRY AB Previous work with Mars general circulation models (MGCMs) has shown that the north south slope in Martian topography causes asymmetries in the Hadley cells at equinox and in the annual average. To quantitatively solve for the latitude of the dividing streamline and poleward boundaries of the cells, the Hadley cell model of Lindzen and Hou was modified to include topography. The model was thermally forced by Newtonian relaxation to an equilibrium temperature profile calculated with daily averaged solar forcing at constant season. Two sets of equilibrium temperatures were considered that either contained the effects of convection or did not. When convective effects were allowed, the presence of the slope component shifted the dividing streamline upslope, qualitatively similar to a change in season in Lindzen and Hou's original (flat) model. The modified model also confirmed that the geometrical effects of the slope are much smaller than the thermal effects of the slope on the radiative convective equilibrium temperature aloft. The results are compared to a simple MGCM forced by Newtonian relaxation to the same equilibrium temperature profiles, and the two models agree except at the winter pole near solstice. The simple MGCM results for radiative convective forcing also show an asymmetry between the strengths of the Hadley cells at the northern summer and northern winter solstices. The Hadley cell weakens with increasing slope steepness at northern summer solstice but has little effect on the strength at northern winter solstice. C1 [Zalucha, Angela M.; Plumb, R. Alan] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Wilson, R. John] Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Zalucha, AM (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room 54-1721, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM azalucha@mit.edu FU NSF [ATM-0436288]; NASA [NNG05GB65G] FX We thank Jonathan Mitchell, Jude Sabato, and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable comments. We thank Andrea Molod and Jean-Michel Campin for their assistance with the MIT GCM. A. M. Zalucha was supported in part by NSF Grant ATM-0436288 and NASA Grant NNG05GB65G. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 67 IS 3 BP 673 EP 693 DI 10.1175/2009JAS3130.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 575WS UT WOS:000276101400007 ER PT J AU Rotstein, DS West, K Levine, G Lockhart, SR Raverty, S Morshed, MG Rowles, T AF Rotstein, David S. West, Kristi Levine, Gregg Lockhart, Shawn R. Raverty, Stephen Morshed, Muhammad G. Rowles, Teri TI CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII VGI IN A SPINNER DOLPHIN (STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS) FROM HAWAII SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus; gattii; VGI; granulomatous; Hawaii; Stenella longirostris ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; PULMONARY CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; NEOFORMANS; OUTBREAK; CANADA AB A spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) was found stranded in Hawaii with cutaneous nodules and enlarged lymph nodes. Numerous Cryptococcus gattii VGI yeast were observed in multiple organs with minimal inflammation. This case represents the first reported infection of C. gattii in a dolphin from Hawaii. C1 [Rotstein, David S.; Rowles, Teri] NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [West, Kristi] Hawaii Pacific Univ, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. [Levine, Gregg] NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Lockhart, Shawn R.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. [Morshed, Muhammad G.] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada. RP Rotstein, DS (reprint author), NOAA, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dave.rotstein@noaa.gov FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Prescott Stranding FX We thank Justin Viezbicke, the Hawaii Pacific University stranding response team, and the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Histopathology Laboratory. We also thank Sultana Mithani and Min-Kuang Lee from the BC Centre for Disease Control Laboratory Services for technical assistance. This work was partially supported by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Prescott Stranding grant to Hawaii Pacific University. The findings and conclusions of this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI YULEE PA 581705 WHITE OAK ROAD, YULEE, FL 32097 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 41 IS 1 BP 181 EP 183 DI 10.1638/2009-0145.1 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 580QL UT WOS:000276464200032 PM 20722278 ER PT J AU Decima, M Ohman, MD De Robertis, A AF Decima, Moira Ohman, Mark D. De Robertis, Alex TI Body size dependence of euphausiid spatial patchiness SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; DAYTIME SURFACE SWARMS; ANTARCTIC KRILL; VERTICAL MIGRATION; HATCHING MECHANISM; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; SUPERBA; ZOOPLANKTON; MODEL AB We analyzed size-dependent variations in spatial patchiness of the eight numerically dominant euphausiid species in the California Current System (Euphausia pacifica, Nematoscelis difficilis, Nyctiphanes simplex, Thysanoessa gregaria, Euphausia recurva, Euphausia gibboides, Thysanoessa spinifera, and Euphausia eximia). Patchiness was measured by using a count-based statistic using euphausiid densities and applied to 11 yr of detailed size-specific enumerations from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations program. We rejected the hypothesis of size-independent patchiness for seven of the eight species. The most common pattern observed was a "U-shaped'' curve, showing elevated patchiness in the smallest size classes, a rapid decrease in patchiness of intermediate-sized euphausiids, and a later increase in patchiness of adults following the onset of reproductive maturity. These size-dependent changes parallel ontogenetic changes in spatial dispersion observed for some marine fishes. The initial descending limb of the patchiness curve appears to be caused by turbulent diffusion, while the later ascending limb of the curve is consistent with the onset of predator-induced aggregation behavior. The patterns were surprisingly consistent across years and different reproductive characteristics (egg-brooding vs. broadcast spawning euphausiids). C1 [Decima, Moira; Ohman, Mark D.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [De Robertis, Alex] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Decima, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mdecima@ucsd.edu FU National Science Foundation; Pelagic Invertebrates Collection of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography FX We thank Edward Brinton for generating, over the course of a career, the superb data set that we were privileged to analyze; Annie Townsend for her contributions to sample enumerations and database construction; and Roger Hewitt and an additional referee for constructive comments. The sustained efforts of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations program made this study possible. This is a contribution from the California Current Ecosystem Long Term Ecological Research site, supported by the National Science Foundation, and from the Pelagic Invertebrates Collection of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 55 IS 2 BP 777 EP 788 DI 10.4319/lo.2009.55.2.0777 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 580HY UT WOS:000276440000027 ER PT J AU Lirman, D Gracias, N Gintert, B Gleason, ACR Deangelo, G Dick, M Martinez, E Reid, RP AF Lirman, D. Gracias, N. Gintert, B. Gleason, A. C. R. Deangelo, G. Dick, M. Martinez, E. Reid, R. P. TI Damage and recovery assessment of vessel grounding injuries on coral reef habitats by use of georeferenced landscape video mosaics SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS LA English DT Article ID BENTHIC HABITATS; RESTORATION; FLORIDA; TECHNOLOGY; SYSTEM AB Vessel groundings are a major source of disturbance to coral reefs worldwide. Documenting the extent of damage caused by groundings is a crucial first step in the reef restoration process. Here, we describe the application of a novel survey methodology, landscape video mosaics, to assessment of the damage caused by vessel groundings. Video mosaics, created by merging thousands of video frames, combine quantitative and qualitative aspects of damage assessment and provide a georeferenced, landscape, high-resolution, spatially accurate permanent record of an injury. The scar in a Florida reef impacted by a 49-foot vessel, imaged in 2005 and 2006, covered an area of 150 m(2) (total imaged area was >600 m(2)). The impacted coral community showed limited signs of coral recovery more than 3 years after the initial impact; the cover of corals was still significantly higher in the undamaged areas compared to the scar. However, seagrass colonization of the scar was observed. Finally, no evidence of further physical impacts was documented even when four hurricanes passed near the grounding site in 2005. The video mosaics developed in this study proved to be ideal tools to survey the grounding scars. Mosaics provide a means to collect information on the size of the damage area and the status and trends of the impacted biological communities and provide a permanent visual record of the damage, thereby expanding the quality and diversity of information that can be collected during field surveys. C1 [Lirman, D.; Gintert, B.; Gleason, A. C. R.; Dick, M.; Martinez, E.; Reid, R. P.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Gracias, N.] Univ Girona, Underwater Vis Lab, Comp Architecture & Technol Dept, Girona 17071, Spain. [Deangelo, G.] NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lirman, D (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM dlirman@rsmas.miami.edu OI Dick, Meghan/0000-0002-8323-3787; Gracias, Nuno/0000-0002-4675-9595 FU US Department of Defense [CS 1333]; NOAA's National Geodetic Survey [NA06NOS4000184]; Spanish Ministry of Education FX Funding for this project was provided by the US Department of Defense (SERDP Program, award CS 1333 to R. P. Reid et al.), NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (award NA06NOS4000184 to D. Lirman), and the Spanish Ministry of Education under the Ramon y Cajal Program (N. Gracias). We thank S. Viehman and G. Piniak for their guidance on selecting the grounding site in Biscayne National Park. This manuscript was improved based on the comments of Dr. Jaffe and two anonymous reviewers. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 1541-5856 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR-METH JI Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 8 BP 88 EP 97 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 567BG UT WOS:000275416700002 ER PT J AU Kuck, S Brandt, F Dowell, ML Cromer, CL Keenan, DA AF Kueck, S. Brandt, F. Dowell, M. L. Cromer, C. L. Keenan, D. A. TI Bilateral comparison of power measurement standards for KrF excimer lasers between PTB and NIST SO MAPAN-JOURNAL OF METROLOGY SOCIETY OF INDIA LA English DT Article ID RADIANT POWER AB We report results of the first bilateral laser power comparison for 248 nm KrF excimer lasers accomplished by the National Metrology Institutes of Germany (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB) and of the United States of America (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST). Laser transfer standards for average power were calibrated at both laboratories. The average powers were approximately 0.5 W, 1 W and 2 W. At 248 nm, the relative agreement was between 1x10(-3) and 6x10(-3), which is well within the expanded uncertainty of the bilateral degree of equivalence of approximately 2x10(-2). Thus, this comparison confirms that the measurement procedures of both laboratories are consistent and the uncertainty budgets contain all significant contributions. C1 [Kueck, S.; Brandt, F.] Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. [Dowell, M. L.; Cromer, C. L.; Keenan, D. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kuck, S (reprint author), Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. EM stefan.kueck@ptb.de NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU METROLOGY SOC INDIA PI NEW DELHI PA NPL PREMISES, DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI, 110 012, INDIA SN 0970-3950 J9 MAPAN-J METROL SOC I JI MAPAN-J. Metrol. Soc. India PD MAR PY 2010 VL 25 IS 1 BP 37 EP 45 DI 10.1007/s12647-010-0007-9 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 595IG UT WOS:000277603300005 ER PT J AU Tallis, H Levin, PS Ruckelshaus, M Lester, SE McLeod, KL Fluharty, DL Halpern, BS AF Tallis, Heather Levin, Phillip S. Ruckelshaus, Mary Lester, Sarah E. McLeod, Karen L. Fluharty, David L. Halpern, Benjamin S. TI The many faces of ecosystem-based management: Making the process work today in real places SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE Ecosystem-based management; Integrated ecosystem assessment; Marine; Puget Sound; Indonesia ID VIABILITY ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION; RESTORATION; INDICATORS; STRATEGIES; IMPACTS AB Despite the widely accepted need for ecosystem-based management of coastal and marine systems, many managers struggle with how to put these principles into practice. Commonly voiced concerns include complicated and expensive implementation, prohibitive data requirements, and lack of testing with long-term applications. We address some of these perceived barriers by providing guidance on strategies and approaches that can be used for the steps of one ecosystem-based management process, the integrated ecosystem assessment framework, including scoping, defining indicators, setting thresholds, risk analysis, management strategy evaluation, monitoring and evaluation. Importantly, we demonstrate how an ecosystem-based management approach can be utilized in a variety of contexts which vary widely in data quality and availability, governance structure, and time frame. We then illustrate the suggested steps in the process by exploring two case studies that represent realistic ends of the data/governance/time frame spectrum: Puget Sound, Washington, USA and Raja Ampat, Indonesia. By providing concrete suggestions for how to move forward with key steps in an integrated management process, we show that ecosystem-based management is feasible from a range of starting points and that for any given starting point there are numerous productive paths forward. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Tallis, Heather] Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Nat Capital Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Levin, Phillip S.; Ruckelshaus, Mary] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Lester, Sarah E.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [McLeod, Karen L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Fluharty, David L.] Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Halpern, Benjamin S.] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. RP Tallis, H (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Nat Capital Project, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM htallis@stanford.edu NR 47 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 67 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 34 IS 2 BP 340 EP 348 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.08.003 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 521MS UT WOS:000271926300016 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM AF Mahoney, Christine M. TI CLUSTER SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF POLYMERS AND RELATED MATERIALS SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE SIMS; polymers; mass spectrometry; cluster; depth profiling; C(60); Bi; SF(5) ID TOF-SIMS ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; ORGANIC THIN-FILMS; LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; LOW-ENERGY IONS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); SPUTTERING YIELDS; STATIC SIMS; POLYATOMIC PROJECTILES; SURFACE-PROPERTIES AB Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster SIMS) has played a critical role in the characterization of polymeric materials over the last decade, allowing for the ability to obtain spatially resolved surface and in-depth molecular information from many polymer systems. With the advent of new molecular sources such as C(60)(+), Au(3)(+), SF(5)(+), and Bi(3)(+) there are considerable increases in secondary ion signal as compared to more conventional atomic beams (Ar(+), Cs(+), or Ga(+)). In addition, compositional depth profiling in organic and polymeric systems is now feasible, without the rapid signal decay that is typically observed under atomic bombardment. The premise behind the success of cluster SIMS is that compared to atomic beams, polyatomic beams tend to cause surface-localized damage with rapid sputter removal rates, resulting in a system at equilibrium, where the damage created is rapidly removed before it can accumulate. Though this may be partly true, there are actually much more complex chemistries occurring under polyatomic bombardment of organic and polymeric materials, which need to be considered and discussed to better understand and define the important parameters for successful depth profiling. The following presents a review of the current literature on polymer analysis using cluster beams. This review will focus on the surface and in-depth characterization of polymer samples with cluster sources, but will also discuss the characterization of other relevant organic materials, and basic polymer radiation chemistry. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.,(dagger) Mass Spec Rev 29: 247-293, 2010 C1 [Mahoney, Christine M.] NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bureau Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov NR 241 TC 146 Z9 147 U1 7 U2 91 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0277-7037 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 29 IS 2 BP 247 EP 293 DI 10.1002/mas.20233 PG 47 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 569IZ UT WOS:000275591100003 PM 19449334 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Splett, JD Simons, DS AF Coakley, K. J. Splett, J. D. Simons, D. S. TI Frequentist coverage properties of uncertainty intervals for weak Poisson signals in the presence of background SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE astroparticle and particle physics; background contamination; data and error analysis; isotopic ratios; low level radiation detection; metrology and the theory of measurement; Poisson processes; signal detection; uncertainty intervals ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; LIMITS; DETECTOR; RARE AB We construct uncertainty intervals for weak Poisson signals in the presence of background. We consider the case where a primary experiment yields a realization of the signal plus background, and a second experiment yields a realization of the background. The data acquisition times, for the background-only experiment, T-bg, and the primary experiment, T, are selected so that their ratio, T-bg/T, varies from 1 to 25. The upper choice of 25 is motivated by an experimental study at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The expected number of background counts in the primary experiment varies from 0.2 to 2. We construct 90% and 95% confidence intervals based on a propagation-of-errors method as well as two implementations of a Neyman procedure where acceptance regions are constructed based on a likelihood-ratio criterion that automatically determines whether the resulting confidence interval is one-sided or two-sided. In one of the implementations of the Neyman procedure due to Feldman and Cousins (FC), uncertainty in the expected background contribution is neglected. In the other implementation, we account for random uncertainty in the estimated expected background with a parametric bootstrap implementation of a method due to Conrad. We also construct minimum length Bayesian credibility intervals. For each method, we test for the presence of a signal based on the value of the lower endpoint of the uncertainty interval. In general, the propagation-of-errors method performs the worst compared to the other methods according to frequentist coverage and detection probability criteria, and sometimes produces nonsensical intervals where both endpoints are negative. The Neyman procedures generally yield intervals with better frequentist coverage properties compared to the Bayesian method except for some cases where T-bg/T = 1. In general, the Bayesian method yields intervals with lower detection probabilities compared to Neyman procedures. One of the main conclusions is that when T-bg/T is 5 or more and the expected background is 2 or less, the FC method outperforms the other methods considered. For T-bg/T = 1, 2 we observe that the Neyman procedure methods yield false detection probabilities for the case of no signal that are higher than expected given the nominal frequentist coverage of the interval. In contrast, for T-bg/T = 1, 2, the false detection probability of the Bayesian method is less than expected according to the nominal frequentist coverage. C1 [Coakley, K. J.; Splett, J. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Simons, D. S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM kevin.coakley@nist.gov NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 21 IS 3 AR 035102 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/21/3/035102 PG 16 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 555DS UT WOS:000274488400003 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW Enjolras, E George, WL Satterfield, SG Terrill, JE AF Bullard, Jeffrey W. Enjolras, Edith George, William L. Satterfield, Steven G. Terrill, Judith E. TI A parallel reaction-transport model applied to cement hydration and microstructure development SO MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID PORTLAND-CEMENT; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; TRICALCIUM AB A recently described stochastic reaction-transport model on three-dimensional lattices is parallelized and is used to simulate the time-dependent structural and chemical evolution in multicomponent reactive systems. The model, called HydratiCA, uses probabilistic rules to simulate the kinetics of diffusion, homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous phenomena such as solid nucleation, growth and dissolution in complex three-dimensional systems. The algorithms require information only from each lattice site and its immediate neighbors, and this localization enables the parallelized model to exhibit near-linear scaling up to several hundred processors. Although applicable to a wide range of material systems, including sedimentary rock beds, reacting colloids and biochemical systems, validation is performed here on two minerals that are commonly found in Portland cement paste, calcium hydroxide and ettringite, by comparing their simulated dissolution or precipitation rates far from equilibrium to standard rate equations, and also by comparing simulated equilibrium states to thermodynamic calculations, as a function of temperature and pH. Finally, we demonstrate how HydratiCA can be used to investigate microstructure characteristics, such as spatial correlations between different condensed phases, in more complex microstructures. C1 [Bullard, Jeffrey W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Enjolras, Edith; George, William L.; Satterfield, Steven G.; Terrill, Judith E.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.bullard@nist.gov FU Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory Consortium; National Institute of Standards and Technology; NASA/NAS FX This work was supported by the Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory Consortium and by the Partnership for High-Performance Concrete Technology program (HYPERCON) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Large-scale parallel computations were made possible by a grant from NASA/NAS. The author is indebted to Barbara Lothenbach for insightful comments about thermodynamic calculations of solubility and to Ken Snyder, Ed Garboczi and Jeff Thomas for thoughtful critiques of the manuscript. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0965-0393 EI 1361-651X J9 MODEL SIMUL MATER SC JI Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 18 IS 2 AR 025007 DI 10.1088/0965-0393/18/2/025007 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 573HC UT WOS:000275898800007 ER PT J AU Goetz, F Rosauer, D Sitar, S Goetz, G Simchick, C Roberts, S Johnson, R Murphy, C Bronte, CR Mackenzie, S AF Goetz, Frederick Rosauer, Daniel Sitar, Shawn Goetz, Giles Simchick, Crystal Roberts, Steven Johnson, Ronald Murphy, Cheryl Bronte, Charles R. Mackenzie, Simon TI A genetic basis for the phenotypic differentiation between siscowet and lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; lake trout; lean; phenotypic differentiation; pyrosequencing; siscowet; transcriptomics ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-II; NORMAL ARCTIC CHARR; GREAT-BEAR-LAKE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; SYMPATRIC MORPHS; SPECIES PAIRS; RAINBOW-TROUT; FATTY-ACIDS; SUPERIOR AB In Lake Superior there are three principal forms of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): lean, siscowet and humper. Wild lean and siscowet differ in the shape and relative size of the head, size of the fins, location and size of the eyes, caudal peduncle shape and lipid content of the musculature. To investigate the basis for these phenotypic differences, lean and siscowet lake trout, derived from gametes of wild populations in Lake Superior, were reared communally under identical environmental conditions for 2.5 years. Fish were analysed for growth, morphometry and lipid content, and differences in liver transcriptomics were investigated using Roche 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing. The results demonstrate that key phenotypic differences between wild lean and siscowet lake trout such as condition factor, morphometry and lipid levels, persist in these two forms when reared in the laboratory under identical environmental conditions. This strongly suggests that these differences are genetic and not a result of environmental plasticity. Transcriptomic analysis involving the comparison of hepatic gene frequencies (RNA-seq) and expression (quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)) between the two lake trout forms, indicated two primary gene groups that were differentially expressed; those involving lipid synthesis, metabolism and transport (acyl-CoA desaturase, acyl-CoA binding protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and apolipoproteins), and those involved with immunity (complement component C3, proteasome, FK506 binding protein 5 and C1q proteins). The results demonstrate that RNA-seq can be used to identify differentially expressed genes; however, some discrepancies between RNA-seq analysis and qPCR indicate that methods for deep sequencing may need to be refined and/or different RNA-seq platforms utilized. C1 [Goetz, Frederick; Rosauer, Daniel; Goetz, Giles; Simchick, Crystal] Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes WATER Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Sitar, Shawn] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Res Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. [Roberts, Steven] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Johnson, Ronald] NOAA Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Murphy, Cheryl] Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Lyman Briggs Coll, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Bronte, Charles R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fish & Wildlife Conservt Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. [Mackenzie, Simon] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Biol Cellular Fisiol & Immunol, Unitat Fisiol Anim, Fac Biociencies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. RP Goetz, F (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes WATER Inst, 600 E Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. EM rick@uwm.edu RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010; OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X; Roberts, Steven/0000-0001-8302-1138; Mackenzie, Simon/0000-0003-1845-6826 NR 90 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 70 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 EI 1365-294X J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 19 SU 1 BP 176 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04481.x PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 570BD UT WOS:000275645700015 PM 20331779 ER PT J AU An, JH Bechet, A Berggren, A Brown, SK Bruford, MW Cai, QG Cassel-Lundhagen, A Cezilly, F Chen, SL Cheng, W Choi, SK Ding, XY Fan, Y Feldheim, KA Feng, ZY Friesen, VL Gaillard, M Galaraza, JA Gallo, L Ganeshaiah, KN Geraci, J Gibbons, JG Grant, WS Grauvogel, Z Gustafsson, S Guyon, JR Han, L Heath, DD Hemmila, S Hogan, JD Hou, BW Jakse, J Javornik, B Kanuch, P Kim, KK Kim, KS Kim, SG Kim, SI Kim, WJ Kim, YK Klich, MA Kreiser, BR Kwan, YS Lam, AW Lasater, K Lascoux, M Lee, H Lee, YS Li, DL Li, SJ Li, WY Liao, XL Liber, Z Lin, L Liu, SY Luo, XH Ma, YH Ma, YJ Marchelli, P Min, MS Moccia, MD Mohana, KP Moore, M Morris-Pocock, JA Park, HC Pfunder, M Radosavljevic, I Ravikanth, G Roderick, GK Rokas, A Sacks, BN Saski, CA Satovic, Z Schoville, SD Sebastiani, F Sha, ZX Shin, EH Soliani, C Sreejayan, N Sun, ZX Tao, Y Taylor, SA Templin, WD Shaanker, RU Vasudeva, R Vendramin, GG Walter, RP Wang, GZ Wang, KJ Wang, YQ Wattier, RA Wei, FW Widmer, A Woltmann, S Won, YJ Wu, J Xie, ML Xu, GB Xu, XJ Ye, HH Zhan, XJ Zhang, F Zhong, J AF An, Junghwa Bechet, Arnaud Berggren, Asa Brown, Sarah K. Bruford, Michael W. Cai, Qingui Cassel-Lundhagen, Anna Cezilly, Frank Chen, Song-Lin Cheng, Wei Choi, Sung-Kyoung Ding, X. Y. Fan, Yong Feldheim, Kevin A. Feng, Z. Y. Friesen, Vicki L. Gaillard, Maria Galaraza, Juan A. Gallo, Leonardo Ganeshaiah, K. N. Geraci, Julia Gibbons, John G. Grant, William S. Grauvogel, Zac Gustafsson, S. Guyon, Jeffrey R. Han, L. Heath, Daniel D. Hemmilae, S. Hogan, J. Derek Hou, B. W. Jakse, Jernej Javornik, Branka Kanuch, Peter Kim, Kyung-Kil Kim, Kyung-Seok Kim, Sang-Gyu Kim, Sang-In Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Yi-Kyung Klich, Maren A. Kreiser, Brian R. Kwan, Ye-Seul Lam, Athena W. Lasater, Kelly Lascoux, M. Lee, Hang Lee, Yun-Sun Li, D. L. Li, Shao-Jing Li, W. Y. Liao, Xiaolin Liber, Zlatko Lin, Lin Liu, Shaoying Luo, Xin-Hui Ma, Y. H. Ma, Yajun Marchelli, Paula Min, Mi-Sook Moccia, Maria Domenica Mohana, Kumara P. Moore, Marcelle Morris-Pocock, James A. Park, Han-Chan Pfunder, Monika Radosavljevic, Ivan Ravikanth, G. Roderick, George K. Rokas, Antonis Sacks, Benjamin N. Saski, Christopher A. Satovic, Zlatko Schoville, Sean D. Sebastiani, Federico Sha, Zhen-Xia Shin, Eun-Ha Soliani, Carolina Sreejayan, N. Sun, Zhengxin Tao, Yong Taylor, Scott A. Templin, William D. Shaanker, R. Uma Vasudeva, R. Vendramin, Giovanni G. Walter, Ryan P. Wang, Gui-Zhong Wang, Ke-Jian Wang, Y. Q. Wattier, Remi A. Wei, Fuwen Widmer, Alex Woltmann, Stefan Won, Yong-Jin Wu, Jing Xie, M. L. Xu, Genbo Xu, Xiao-Jun Ye, Hai-Hui Zhan, Xiangjiang Zhang, F. Zhong, J. CA Mol Ecology Resources Primer Dev C TI Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2009-30 November 2009 SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article AB This article documents the addition of 411 microsatellite marker loci and 15 pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Acanthopagrus schlegeli, Anopheles lesteri, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Branchiostoma japonicum, Branchiostoma belcheri, Colias behrii, Coryphopterus personatus, Cynogolssus semilaevis, Cynoglossus semilaevis, Dendrobium officinale, Dendrobium officinale, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Metrioptera roeselii, Myrmeciza exsul, Ochotona thibetana, Neosartorya fischeri, Nothofagus pumilio, Onychodactylus fischeri, Phoenicopterus roseus, Salvia officinalis L., Scylla paramamosain, Silene latifo, Sula sula, and Vulpes vulpes. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Aspergillus giganteus, Colias pelidne, Colias interior, Colias meadii, Colias eurytheme, Coryphopterus lipernes, Coryphopterus glaucofrenum, Coryphopterus eidolon, Gnatholepis thompsoni, Elacatinus evelynae, Dendrobium loddigesii Dendrobium devonianum, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus dombeyii, Nothofagus nervosa, Nothofagus obliqua, Sula nebouxii, and Sula variegata. This article also documents the addition of 39 sequencing primer pairs and 15 allele specific primers or probes for Paralithodes camtschaticus. C1 [An, Junghwa; Choi, Sung-Kyoung; Kim, Kyung-Seok; Lasater, Kelly; Lee, Hang; Lee, Yun-Sun; Min, Mi-Sook; Park, Han-Chan] Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Vet Med, Program Vet Sci BK21, Seoul 151742, South Korea. [Bechet, Arnaud] Le Sambuc, La Tour Valat, F-13200 Arles, France. [Berggren, Asa; Cassel-Lundhagen, Anna; Kanuch, Peter] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. [Brown, Sarah K.; Sacks, Benjamin N.] Univ Calif Davis, Canid Divers & Conservat Lab, Ctr Vet Genet, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Bruford, Michael W.; Zhan, Xiangjiang] Cardiff Univ, Cardiff Sch Biosci, Biodivers & Ecol Proc Grp, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales. [Cai, Qingui] Caopo Nat Reserves, Wenchuan Cty 623000, Sichuan, Peoples R China. [Pfunder, Monika] Ecogenics GmbH, CH-8952 Zurich, Switzerland. [Cezilly, Frank; Gaillard, Maria; Geraci, Julia; Wattier, Remi A.] Univ Bourgogne, Equipe Ecol Evolut, CNRS, UMR Biogeosci 5561, F-21000 Dijon, France. [Chen, Song-Lin; Liao, Xiaolin; Luo, Xin-Hui; Sacks, Benjamin N.; Sha, Zhen-Xia; Xu, Genbo] Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Key Lab Sustainable Utilizat Marine Fisheries Res, Minist Agr, Yellow Sea Fisheries Res Inst, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. [Cheng, Wei; Grant, William S.; Grauvogel, Zac; Templin, William D.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. [Ding, X. Y.; Feng, Z. Y.; Han, L.; Hou, B. W.; Ma, Y. H.; Xie, M. L.; Zhang, F.] Nanjing Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Jiangsu Provincal Key Lab Biodivers & Biotechnol, Nanjing 210097, Peoples R China. [Fan, Yong; Lin, Lin; Ma, Yajun; Wu, Jing] Second Mil Med Univ, Dept Pathogen Biol, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. [Fan, Yong; Lin, Lin; Ma, Yajun; Wu, Jing] Second Mil Med Univ, State Key Lab Med Immunol, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. [Feldheim, Kevin A.] Field Museum, Pritzker Lab Mol Systemat & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [Friesen, Vicki L.; Morris-Pocock, James A.; Sun, Zhengxin; Taylor, Scott A.] Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Galaraza, Juan A.] CSIC, Estac Biol Donana, Seville 41092, Spain. [Gallo, Leonardo; Marchelli, Paula; Soliani, Carolina] INTA EEA Bariloche, Unidad Genet Ecol & Mejoramiento Forestal, RA-8400 San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. [Ganeshaiah, K. N.; Mohana, Kumara P.; Ravikanth, G.; Sreejayan, N.; Shaanker, R. Uma] Univ Agr Sci, Sch Ecol & Conservat, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India. [Ganeshaiah, K. N.; Ravikanth, G.; Shaanker, R. Uma] Ashoka Trust Res Ecol & Environm, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India. [Ganeshaiah, K. N.] Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forestry & Environm Sci, Bangalore 60065, Karnataka, India. [Gibbons, John G.; Rokas, Antonis] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Gustafsson, S.; Hemmilae, S.; Lascoux, M.] Uppsala Univ, EBC, Program Evolutionary Funct Genom, Uppsala, Sweden. [Guyon, Jeffrey R.] NOAA, Auke Bay Labs, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Heath, Daniel D.; Hogan, J. Derek; Walter, Ryan P.] Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. [Jakse, Jernej; Javornik, Branka] Univ Ljubljana, Biotech Fac, Dept Agron, Ctr Plant Biotechnol & Breeding, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. [Kim, Kyung-Kil; Kim, Sang-Gyu; Kim, Woo-Jin; Kim, Yi-Kyung; Shin, Eun-Ha] Natl Fisheries Res & Dev Inst, Biotechnol Res Div, Pusan 619705, South Korea. [Kim, Sang-In; Lee, Hang; Min, Mi-Sook] Seoul Natl Univ, Conservat Genome Resource Bank Korean Wildlife, Res Inst Vet Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. [Klich, Maren A.] ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. [Kreiser, Brian R.] Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. [Kwan, Ye-Seul; Won, Yong-Jin] Ewha Womans Univ, Div EcoSci, Seoul, South Korea. [Lam, Athena W.; Roderick, George K.; Schoville, Sean D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Li, D. L.; Li, W. Y.; Wang, Y. Q.; Zhong, J.] Xiamen Univ, Sch Life Sci, Key Lab, Minist Educ Coastal & Wetland Ecosyst, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. [Li, Shao-Jing; Tao, Yong; Wang, Gui-Zhong; Wang, Ke-Jian; Xu, Xiao-Jun; Ye, Hai-Hui] Xiamen Univ, Coll Oceanog & Environm Sci, State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. [Liber, Zlatko; Radosavljevic, Ivan] Univ Zagreb, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Div Biol, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [Liu, Shaoying] Sichuan Acad Forestry, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, Peoples R China. [Luo, Xin-Hui] Shanghai Ocean Univ, Coll Aqua Life Sci & Technol, Shanghai 200090, Peoples R China. [Marchelli, Paula; Soliani, Carolina] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. [Moccia, Maria Domenica; Widmer, Alex] ETH, IBZ, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Mohana, Kumara P.; Shaanker, R. Uma] Univ Agr Sci, Dept Crop Physiol, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India. [Sacks, Benjamin N.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Moore, Marcelle; Sacks, Benjamin N.] Calif State Univ Sacramento, Dept Biol Sci, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Saski, Christopher A.] Clemson Univ, Genom Inst, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Satovic, Zlatko] Univ Zagreb, Fac Agr, Dept Seed Sci & Technol, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. [Sebastiani, Federico] Lab Genexpress, Dipartimento Biotecnol Agr, I-50019 Florence, Italy. [Vasudeva, R.] Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Biol & Tree Improvement, Coll Forestry, Sirsi, India. [Vendramin, Giovanni G.] CNR, Ist Genet Vegetale, I-50019 Florence, Italy. [Wei, Fuwen; Zhan, Xiangjiang] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Inst Zool, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Woltmann, Stefan] Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. [Xu, Genbo] Ocean Univ China, Coll Marine Life Sci, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China. EM editorial.office@molecolres.com RI CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011; Xu, Elvis /R-5543-2016; Hogan, J. Derek/C-2730-2008; Wang, GZ/G-4644-2010; Bruford, Michael/D-3750-2009; Widmer, Alex/B-6841-2009; Lee, Hang/A-7516-2011; Wang, YQ/G-4674-2010; Wang, KJ/G-4609-2010; Kanuch, Peter/A-5416-2011; Ye, HH/G-3997-2010; Rokas, Antonis/A-9775-2008; Vendramin, Giovanni G/K-9731-2014; Lundhagen, Anna/B-9074-2011; Schoville, Sean/J-8061-2012 OI CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602; Jakse, Jernej/0000-0002-8907-1627; Satovic, Zlatko/0000-0002-9848-1601; SEBASTIANI, FEDERICO/0000-0003-4676-7381; Lascoux, Martin/0000-0003-1699-9042; Kanuch, Peter/0000-0003-2001-4541; Bruford, Michael/0000-0001-6357-6080; Widmer, Alex/0000-0001-8253-5137; Lee, Hang/0000-0003-0264-6289; Rokas, Antonis/0000-0002-7248-6551; Vendramin, Giovanni G/0000-0001-9921-7872; Lundhagen, Anna/0000-0003-4893-8527; NR 0 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1755-098X EI 1755-0998 J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 10 IS 2 BP 404 EP 408 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02827.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 552WQ UT WOS:000274325400021 ER PT J AU Blake, ES Pasch, RJ AF Blake, Eric S. Pasch, Richard J. TI Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2008 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; FORECASTS AB The hurricane season of 2008 in the eastern North Pacific basin is summarized, and the individual tropical cyclones are described. Official track and intensity forecasts of these cyclones are also evaluated. The 2008 eastern North Pacific season was relatively quiet, with overall activity at about 75% of the long-term median. A total of 16 tropical storms formed, of which 7 became hurricanes and 2 became major hurricanes. One hurricane, one tropical storm, and two tropical depressions made landfall in Mexico, causing eight direct deaths in that country along with significant property damage. In addition, Tropical Storm Alma was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall along the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. On average, the official track forecasts in the eastern Pacific for 2008 were quite skillful and set records for accuracy from 1 to 3 days. However, no appreciable improvement in mean intensity forecast skill was noted. C1 [Blake, Eric S.; Pasch, Richard J.] NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Blake, ES (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Natl Hurricane Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM eric.s.blake@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 3 BP 705 EP 721 DI 10.1175/2009MWR3093.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 579BZ UT WOS:000276342900004 ER PT J AU Wandishin, MS Stensrud, DJ Mullen, SL Wicker, LJ AF Wandishin, Matthew S. Stensrud, David J. Mullen, Steven L. Wicker, Louis J. TI On the Predictability of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Three-Dimensional Simulations SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WARM-SEASON PRECIPITATION; ERROR GROWTH DYNAMICS; LIMITED-AREA MODEL; MOIST CONVECTION; SQUALL LINES; CLOUD MODEL; BOW ECHOES; SENSITIVITY; MORPHOLOGY; STORM AB Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are a dominant climatological feature of the central United States and are responsible for a substantial fraction of warm-season rainfall. Yet very little is known about the predictability of MCSs. To help address this situation, a previous paper by the authors examined a series of ensemble MCS simulations using a two-dimensional version of a storm-scale (Delta x = 1 km) model. Ensemble member perturbations in the preconvective environment, namely, wind speed, relative humidity, and convective instability, are based on current 24-h forecast errors from the North American Model (NAM). That work is now extended using a full three-dimensional model. Results from the three-dimensional simulations of the present study resemble those found in two dimensions. The model successfully produces an MCS within 100 km of the location of the control run in around 70% of the ensemble runs using perturbations to the preconvective environment consistent with 24-h forecast errors, while reducing the preconvective environment uncertainty to the level of current analysis errors improves the success rate to nearly 85%. This magnitude of improvement in forecasts of environmental conditions would represent a radical advance in numerical weather prediction. The maximum updraft and surface wind forecast uncertainties are of similar magnitude to their two-dimensional counterparts. However, unlike the two-dimensional simulations, in three dimensions, the improvement in the forecast uncertainty of storm features requires the reduction of preconvective environmental uncertainty for all perturbed variables. The MCSs in many of the runs resemble bow echoes, but surface winds associated with these solutions, and the perturbation profiles that produce them, are nearly indistinguishable from the nonbowing solutions, making any conclusions about the bowlike systems difficult. C1 [Wandishin, Matthew S.; Mullen, Steven L.] Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. [Stensrud, David J.; Wicker, Louis J.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Wandishin, MS (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM matt.wandishin@noaa.gov FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0432232] FX We thank Ted Mansell for help with the N-COMMAS model and two anonymous reviewers whose comments have improved this paper. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-0432232. NR 48 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 138 IS 3 BP 863 EP 885 DI 10.1175/2009MWR2961.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 579BZ UT WOS:000276342900012 ER PT J AU Gencaga, D Kuruoglu, EE Ertuzun, A AF Gencaga, Deniz Kuruoglu, Ercan E. Ertuzun, Aysin TI Modeling non-Gaussian time-varying vector autoregressive processes by particle filtering SO MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE Vector autoregressive processes; Sequential Monte Carlo; Particle filtering; Cross-correlated processes AB We present a novel and general methodology for modeling time-varying vector autoregressive processes which are widely used in many areas such as modeling of chemical processes, mobile communication channels and biomedical signals. In the literature, most work utilize multivariate Gaussian models for the mentioned applications, mainly due to the lack of efficient analytical tools for modeling with non-Gaussian distributions. In this paper, we propose a particle filtering approach which can model non-Gaussian autoregressive processes having cross-correlations among them. Moreover, time-varying parameters of the process can be modeled as the most general case by using this sequential Bayesian estimation method. Simulation results justify the performance of the proposed technique, which potentially can model also Gaussian processes as a sub-case. C1 [Gencaga, Deniz] CUNY City Coll, NOAA, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Gencaga, Deniz] CUNY City Coll, Cooperat Remote Sensing Sci & Technol Ctr, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Kuruoglu, Ercan E.] CNR, Area Ric, ISTI, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. [Ertuzun, Aysin] Bogazici Univ, Elect & Elect Engn Dept, TR-34342 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Gencaga, D (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, NOAA, Steinman Hall, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM d.gencaga@ieee.org; ercan.kuruoglu@isti.cnr.it; ertuz@boun.edu.tr FU TUBITAK-CNR [104E101, 102E027]; Bogazici University [04A201]; NATO-TUBITAK FX This work was supported by TUBITAK-CNR projects 104E101, 102E027 and by Bogazici University Scientific Research Fund project number: 04A201. The first author was supported by NATO-TUBITAK A2 fellowship, throughout his research at ISTI-CNR, Italy. This work was done when the first author was at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Bogazici University,. Istanbul, Turkey. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-6082 J9 MULTIDIM SYST SIGN P JI Multidimens. Syst. Signal Process. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 21 IS 1 BP 73 EP 85 DI 10.1007/s11045-009-0081-8 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 536HG UT WOS:000273034900006 ER PT J AU Kirschbaum, DB Adler, R Hong, Y Hill, S Lerner-Lam, A AF Kirschbaum, Dalia Bach Adler, Robert Hong, Yang Hill, Stephanie Lerner-Lam, Arthur TI A global landslide catalog for hazard applications: method, results, and limitations SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE Landslide database; Rainfall-triggered landslides; Global event inventory ID RISK; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INVENTORY AB A systematic inventory of landslide events over the globe is valuable for estimating human and economic losses, quantifying the relationship between landslide occurrences and climate variations and for evaluating emerging global landslide prediction efforts based on remote sensing data. This study compiles a landslide catalog for rainfall-triggered events for several years, drawing upon news reports, scholarly articles, and other hazard databases to provide a landslide catalog at the global scale. While this database may only represent a subset of rainfall-triggered landslides globally, due to lack of reports, it presents a lower boundary on the number of events globally and provides initial insight into the spatiotemporal statistical trends in landslide distribution and impact. This article develops a methodology for landslide event compilation that can be used in evaluating global landslide forecasting initiatives and assessing patterns in landslide distribution and frequency worldwide. C1 [Kirschbaum, Dalia Bach; Lerner-Lam, Arthur] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Adler, Robert] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Adler, Robert] Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hong, Yang] Univ Oklahoma, Natl Weather Ctr, Sch Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Hill, Stephanie] E Carolina Univ, Dept Geog, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. RP Kirschbaum, DB (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM dbach@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Hong, Yang/D-5132-2009; Kirschbaum, Dalia/F-9596-2012 OI Hong, Yang/0000-0001-8720-242X; FU NASA Graduate Student Summer Program; NASA Earth Systems Science Fellowship; NASA's Applied Sciences Program FX The authors thank Lynne Shupp and Teddy Allen for their help in compiling and analyzing the landslide inventory information. This work was supported by the NASA Graduate Student Summer Program, NASA Earth Systems Science Fellowship, and NASA's Applied Sciences Program. NR 22 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD MAR PY 2010 VL 52 IS 3 BP 561 EP 575 DI 10.1007/s11069-009-9401-4 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 550EH UT WOS:000274110600003 ER PT J AU Knutson, TR McBride, JL Chan, J Emanuel, K Holland, G Landsea, C Held, I Kossin, JP Srivastava, AK Sugi, M AF Knutson, Thomas R. McBride, John L. Chan, Johnny Emanuel, Kerry Holland, Greg Landsea, Chris Held, Isaac Kossin, James P. Srivastava, A. K. Sugi, Masato TI Tropical cyclones and climate change SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ATLANTIC HURRICANES; HIGH-RESOLUTION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; INTENSITY; VARIABILITY; FREQUENCY; TRENDS; MODEL; SIMULATIONS; PRECIPITATION AB Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have changed or will change in a warming climate - and if so, how - has been the subject of considerable investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude fluctuations in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones greatly complicate both the detection of long-term trends and their attribution to rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Trend detection is further impeded by substantial limitations in the availability and quality of global historical records of tropical cyclones. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether past changes in tropical cyclone activity have exceeded the variability expected from natural causes. However, future projections based on theory and high-resolution dynamical models consistently indicate that greenhouse warming will cause the globally averaged intensity of tropical cyclones to shift towards stronger storms, with intensity increases of 2-11% by 2100. Existing modelling studies also consistently project decreases in the globally averaged frequency of tropical cyclones, by 6-34%. Balanced against this, higher resolution modelling studies typically project substantial increases in the frequency of the most intense cyclones, and increases of the order of 20% in the precipitation rate within 100 km of the storm centre. For all cyclone parameters, projected changes for individual basins show large variations between different modelling studies. C1 [Knutson, Thomas R.; Held, Isaac] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [McBride, John L.] Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. [Chan, Johnny] City Univ Hong Kong, Guy Carpenter Asia Pacific Climate Impact Ctr, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Emanuel, Kerry] MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Holland, Greg] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Landsea, Chris] NOAA, Natl Hurricane Ctr, NWS, Miami, FL 33165 USA. [Kossin, James P.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Srivastava, A. K.] Indian Meteorol Dept, Pune 411005, Maharashtra, India. [Sugi, Masato] JAMSTEC, Res Inst Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. RP Knutson, TR (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Tom.Knutson@noaa.gov RI Kossin, James/D-3929-2011; sugi, masato/P-9076-2014; Kossin, James/C-2022-2016; OI Kossin, James/0000-0003-0461-9794; CHAN, Johnny Chung Leung/0000-0001-8390-7422 FU West Australian Government Indian Ocean Climate Initiative FX The authors constitute an expert team established by the World Meteorological Organization to provide advice to national meteorological and hydrological services on tropical cyclones and climate change. T.K. and J.L.M. are co-chairs of this team. J.L.M was supported by the West Australian Government Indian Ocean Climate Initiative. The team wishes to thank the Sultanate of Oman and Sultan Qaboos University for kindly sponsoring the initial discussion meeting for this report (March 2009 in Muscat, Oman). We also thank our colleagues for several helpful reviews, discussions and figure contributions. NR 49 TC 755 Z9 778 U1 76 U2 422 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 3 IS 3 BP 157 EP 163 DI 10.1038/NGEO779 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561KF UT WOS:000274974700014 ER PT J AU Staudigel, H Koppers, AAP Lavelle, JW Pitcher, TJ Shank, TM AF Staudigel, Hubert Koppers, Anthony A. P. Lavelle, J. William Pitcher, Tony J. Shank, Timothy M. TI Special issue on Mountains in the Sea SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Staudigel, Hubert] Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Koppers, Anthony A. P.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Lavelle, J. William] NOAA, Bethesda, MD USA. [Pitcher, Tony J.] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Shank, Timothy M.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA. RP Staudigel, H (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 18 EP 19 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000007 ER PT J AU Staudigel, H Koppers, AAP Lavelle, JW Pitcher, TJ Shank, TM AF Staudigel, Hubert Koppers, Anthony A. P. Lavelle, J. William Pitcher, Tony J. Shank, Timothy M. TI Defining the Word "Seamount" SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 [Staudigel, Hubert] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Koppers, Anthony A. P.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Lavelle, J. William] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Pitcher, Tony J.] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Aquat Ecosyst Res Lab, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Shank, Timothy M.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Staudigel, H (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM hstaudigel@ucsd.edu RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 11 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 20 EP 21 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000008 ER PT J AU Chadwick, WW Butterfield, DA Embley, RW Tunnicliffe, V Huber, JA Nooner, SL Clague, DA AF Chadwick, William W. Butterfield, David A. Embley, Robert W. Tunnicliffe, Verena Huber, Julie A. Nooner, Scott L. Clague, David A. TI Axial Seamount SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; VOLCANO; ERUPTION; FLOW C1 [Chadwick, William W.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Butterfield, David A.] Univ Washington, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Embley, Robert W.] NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR USA. [Tunnicliffe, Verena] Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. [Huber, Julie A.] Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Nooner, Scott L.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. [Clague, David A.] Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA USA. RP Chadwick, WW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM william.w.chadwick@noaa.gov RI Tunnicliffe, Verena/D-1056-2014; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 38 EP 39 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2010.73 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000013 ER PT J AU Hammond, S McDonough, J Russell, C AF Hammond, Stephen McDonough, John Russell, Craig TI The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer: New Ways For Exploring the Ocean SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Hammond, Stephen] NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR USA. [McDonough, John] NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res OAR, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Russell, Craig] NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, OAR, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hammond, S (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR USA. EM Stephen.R.Hammond@noaa.gov NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 88 EP 89 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000019 ER PT J AU Lavelle, JW Mohn, C AF Lavelle, J. William Mohn, Christian TI Motion, Commotion, and Biophysical Connections at Deep Ocean Seamounts SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL TIDE GENERATION; CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; COBB-SEAMOUNT; FIEBERLING-GUYOT; SUBMARINE VOLCANO; TALL SEAMOUNT; AXIAL VOLCANO; MARIANA ARC; NEW-ZEALAND; CURRENTS AB Seamounts attract the attention of physical oceanographers for a variety of reasons: seamounts play a special role in ocean biology; they may be hydrothermally and magmatically active and thereby feed the ocean with heat, chemical Constituents, and microbes; they help convert ocean tidal energy into smaller-length waves and turbulence that affect the ocean locally and globally; and they act, in effect, as Sources and sinks of ocean eddies. From a physical oceanographic perspective, the interaction of passing ocean flows with seamount topography is rich in outcomes. That richness originates in the global variability of seamount height and shape, seamount latitude, local ocean stratification, the amplitude and time dependence of the passing flow, as well as many secondary factors, Such as proximity to neighboring topography. All these together determine the nature of the circulation, local hydrographic distributions, turbulence, and transport around a seamount. Here we Summarize important concepts of ocean physics at seamounts and recount some of the settings in which this physics plays Out. Selected aspects of biophysical coupling are also highlighted, particularly the loss and retention of particles, which are connected to a seamount's ability to sustain biological and biologically important property distributions in the face of impinging flows. C1 [Lavelle, J. William] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lavelle, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM j.william.lavelle@noaa.gov RI Mohn, Christian/F-3468-2011 OI Mohn, Christian/0000-0002-4331-1365 FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Ocean Exploration and Research; NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [3298]; NOAA's Vents Program; Griffith Geoscience Research Awards Programme; EU [213144] FX We thank Susan Merle for creating the three-dimensional perspective view of Brothers Volcano (Figure 1), Studies of which were funded in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. We thank Lauren Mullineaux and an anonymous reviewer for detailed comments on the text. JWL is supported by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and by NOAA's Vents Program. CM is jointly funded by the Griffith Geoscience Research Awards Programme (Geological Survey of Ireland) and the EU FP7 CoralFISH Programme (Grant agreement no.: 213144). This is contribution 3298 from NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. NR 79 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 15 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 90 EP 103 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2010.64 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000020 ER PT J AU Etnoyer, PJ AF Etnoyer, Peter J. TI Deep-Sea Corals on Seamounts SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ATLANTIC RP Etnoyer, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Charleston, SC USA. EM peter.etnoyer@noaa.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 128 EP 129 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000026 ER PT J AU Chadwick, WW Embley, RW Baker, ET Resing, JA Lupton, JE Cashman, KV Dziak, RP Tunnicliffe, V Butterfield, DA Tamura, Y AF Chadwick, William W. Embley, Robert W. Baker, Edward T. Resing, Joseph A. Lupton, John E. Cashman, Katharine V. Dziak, Robert P. Tunnicliffe, Verena Butterfield, David A. Tamura, Yoshihiko TI Northwest Rota-1 Seamount SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MARIANA ARC; VOLCANO C1 [Chadwick, William W.; Embley, Robert W.; Lupton, John E.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Baker, Edward T.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Resing, Joseph A.; Butterfield, David A.] Univ Washington, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Cashman, Katharine V.] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Tunnicliffe, Verena] Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. [Tamura, Yoshihiko] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Res Earth Evolut, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. RP Chadwick, WW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM william.w.chadwick@noaa.gov RI Tunnicliffe, Verena/D-1056-2014; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 182 EP 183 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2010.82 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000037 ER PT J AU Etnoyer, PJ Wood, J Shirley, TC AF Etnoyer, Peter J. Wood, John Shirley, Thomas C. TI How Large Is the Seamount Biome? SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Wood, John; Shirley, Thomas C.] Texas A&M Univ, Harte Res Inst Gulf Mexico Studies, Corpus Christi, TX USA. RP Etnoyer, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Charleston, SC USA. EM peter.etnoyer@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 206 EP 209 PG 4 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000043 ER PT J AU Staudigel, H Koppers, AAP Lavelle, JW Pitcher, TJ Shank, TM AF Staudigel, Hubert Koppers, Anthony A. P. Lavelle, J. William Pitcher, Tony J. Shank, Timothy M. TI Seamount Sciences: Quo Vadis? SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Staudigel, Hubert] Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. [Koppers, Anthony A. P.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Lavelle, J. William] NOAA, Washington, DC USA. [Pitcher, Tony J.] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Shank, Timothy M.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA. RP Staudigel, H (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD MAR PY 2010 VL 23 IS 1 SI SI BP 212 EP 213 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 567VE UT WOS:000275474000044 ER PT J AU Davis, W Ohno, Y AF Davis, Wendy Ohno, Yoshi TI Color quality scale SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE colorimetry; color rendering; light-emitting diodes AB The color rendering index (CRI) has been shown to have deficiencies when applied to white light-emitting-diode-based sources. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the restricted scope of the CRI unnecessarily penalizes some light sources with desirable color qualities. To solve the problems of the CRI and include other dimensions of color quality, the color quality scale (CQS) has been developed. Although the CQS uses many of elements of the CRI, there are a number of fundamental differences. Like the CRI, the CQS is a test-samples method that compares the appearance of a set of reflective samples when illuminated by the test lamp to their appearance under a reference illuminant. The CQS uses a larger set of reflective samples, all of high chroma, and combines the color differences of the samples with a root mean square. Additionally, the CQS does not penalize light sources for causing increases in the chroma of object colors but does penalize sources with smaller rendered color gamut areas. The scale of the CQS is converted to span 0-100, and the uniform object color space and chromatic adaptation transform used in the calculations are updated. Supplementary scales have also been developed for expert users. (C) 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [DOI: 10.1117/1.3360335] C1 [Davis, Wendy; Ohno, Yoshi] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wendy.davis@nist.gov NR 26 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 26 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD MAR PY 2010 VL 49 IS 3 AR 033602 DI 10.1117/1.3360335 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 586RW UT WOS:000276931100002 ER PT J AU Shamailov, SS Parkins, AS Collett, MJ Carmichael, HJ AF Shamailov, S. S. Parkins, A. S. Collett, M. J. Carmichael, H. J. TI Multi-photon blockade and dressing of the dressed states SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Photon blockade; Dressed states; Cavity QED; Vacuum Rabi splitting; Jaynes-Cummings model ID RESONANCE FLUORESCENCE; OPTICAL CAVITY; ATOM; PHOTONS; SYSTEM AB Resonant excitation of multi-photon transitions in one-atom cavity QED, from the ground state to an excited dressed state, induce an additional semiclassical Rabi splitting. This "dressing of the dressed states" arises from a multi-photon blockade, where, for sufficiently strong coupling, detunings, brought about by the root n nonlinearity of the Jaynes-Cummings model, inhibit absorption of additional photons. We show how this behavior is revealed in the spectrum and photon correlations of the quasi-elastically scattered light. Explicit results are presented for the two-photon case. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Shamailov, S. S.; Parkins, A. S.; Collett, M. J.; Carmichael, H. J.] Univ Auckland, Dept Phys, Auckland, New Zealand. [Carmichael, H. J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Carmichael, H. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Carmichael, HJ (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Phys, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. EM h.carmichael@auckland.ac.nz RI Collett, Matthew/B-4762-2010 FU Marsden Fund of RSNZ FX Work supported by the Marsden Fund of RSNZ. HJC gratefully acknowledges the hospitality of the joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, where this work was partially carried out. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 283 IS 5 SI SI BP 766 EP 772 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2009.10.062 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 560CL UT WOS:000274879400020 ER PT J AU Lee, YJ Parekh, SH Kim, YH Cicerone, MT AF Lee, Young Jong Parekh, Sapun H. Kim, Yeon Ho Cicerone, Marcus T. TI Optimized continuum from a photonic crystal fiber for broadband time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID FREE-INDUCTION-DECAY; SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; SPECTROSCOPY; LIQUIDS; ACETONITRILE; BENZONITRILE; MICROSCOPY; LASER; CARS AB We demonstrate an optimization of continuum generation in a commercially available photonic crystal fiber and show that this continuum can be used to simultaneously measure vibrational dephasing times over an unprecedented frequency range of Raman modes. The dephasing time measurement is based on 2-pulse 3-color coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and requires a continuum pulse that is coherent over a broad spectral bandwidth. We demonstrate that a continuum with the required characteristics can be generated from a photonic crystal fiber by appropriately conditioning the chirp of the excitation pulse and controlling its pulse energy. We are able to simultaneously measure vibrational dephasing times of multiple Raman modes (covering 500 cm(-1) to 3100 cm(-1)) of acetonitrile and benzonitrile using the optimized continuum with broadband time-resolved CARS. 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Lee, Young Jong; Parekh, Sapun H.; Kim, Yeon Ho; Cicerone, Marcus T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yjlee@nist.gov; cicerone@nist.gov RI Lee, Young Jong/B-7129-2008 OI Lee, Young Jong/0000-0001-7754-3001 NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 18 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 5 BP 4371 EP 4379 DI 10.1364/OE.18.004371 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 567NO UT WOS:000275454100083 PM 20389449 ER PT J AU Jargon, JA Wu, XX Choi, HY Chung, YC Willner, AE AF Jargon, Jeffrey A. Wu, Xiaoxia Choi, Hyeon Yeong Chung, Yun C. Willner, Alan E. TI Optical performance monitoring of QPSK data channels by use of neural networks trained with parameters derived from asynchronous constellation diagrams SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article AB We demonstrate a technique for performance monitoring of quadrature phase-shift keying data channels by simultaneously identifying optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), chromatic dispersion (CD), and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) using neural networks trained with parameters derived from asynchronous constellation diagrams. A correlation coefficient of 0.987 is reported for a set of testing data from a 40 Gbps return-to-zero, quadrature phase-shift keying (RZ-QPSK) system. The root-mean-square (RMS) errors are 0.77 dB for OSNR, 18.71 ps/nm for CD, and 1.17 ps for DGD. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America C1 [Jargon, Jeffrey A.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Wu, Xiaoxia; Willner, Alan E.] Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Choi, Hyeon Yeong; Chung, Yun C.] Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Taejon 305701, South Korea. RP Jargon, JA (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jargon@boulder.nist.gov RI Chung, Yun Chur/C-1531-2011 FU U.S. Department of Commerce; DARPA CORONET program; Cisco Systems; U.S. Copyright FX This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the DARPA CORONET program, and Cisco Systems, and is not subject to U.S. Copyright. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 18 IS 5 BP 4931 EP 4938 DI 10.1364/OE.18.004931 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 567NO UT WOS:000275454100024 PM 20389504 ER PT J AU Liu, G Wong-Ng, W Kaduk, JA Cook, LP AF Liu, G. Wong-Ng, W. Kaduk, J. A. Cook, L. P. TI Interfacial reactions of Ba2YCu3O6+z with coated conductor buffer layer, LaMnO3 SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Coated conductor; Ba2YCu3O6+x-LaMnO3 interaction; Ba(Y1-xLax)(2)CuO5; (La1-xYx)Mn2O5 ID NEUTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; X-RAY; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; CURRENT-DENSITY; RARE-EARTH; Y2BACUO5; SUPERCONDUCTOR; OXIDES; YBCO AB Chemical interactions between the Ba2YCu3O6+x superconductor and the LaMnO3 buffer layers employed in coated conductors have been investigated experimentally by determining the phases formed in the Ba2YCu3O6+x-LaMnO3 system. The Ba2YCu3O6+x-LaMnO3 join within the BaO-(Y2O3-La2O3)-MnO2-CuOx multi-component system is non-binary. At 810 degrees C (P-O2= 100 Pa) and at 950 degrees C in purified air, four phases are consistently present along the join, namely, Ba2-x(La1+x-yYy)Cu3O6+z, Ba(Y2-xLax)CuO5, (La1-xYx)MnO3, (La,Y)Mn2O5. The crystal chemistry and crystallography of Ba(Y2-xLax)CuO5 and (La1-xYx)Mn2O5 were studied using the X-ray Rietveld refinement technique. The Y-rich and La-rich solid solution limits for Ba(Y2-xLax)CuO5 are Ba(Y1.8La0.2)CuO5 and Ba(Y0.1La1.9)CuO5, respectively. The structure of Ba(Y1.8La0.2)CuO5 is Pnma (No. 62), a = 12.2161(5) angstrom, b = 5.6690(2) angstrom, c = 7.1468(3) angstrom, V= 494.94(4) angstrom(3), and D-x = 6.29 g cm(-3). YMn2O5 and LaMn2O5 do not form solid solution at 810 degrees C (P-O2= 100 Pa) or at 950 degrees C (in air). The structure of YMn2O5 was confirmed to be Pbam (No. 55), a = 7.27832(14) angstrom, b = 8.46707(14) angstrom, c= 5.66495(10) angstrom, and V = 349.108(14) angstrom(3). A reference X-ray pattern was prepared for YMn2O5. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Liu, G.; Wong-Ng, W.; Cook, L. P.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kaduk, J. A.] Poly Crystallog Inc, Naperville, IL 60540 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov FU US Department of Energy FX This project was partially supported by the US Department of Energy. Nils Swanson of NIST is thanked for his graphical assistance. We also acknowledge the valuable contributions. from our colleagues, Drs. A. Goyal, M. Paranthaman, and R. Feenstra from Oak Ridge National laboratory, and Dr. T. Holesinger from Los Alamos Laboratory. NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 EI 1873-2143 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 470 IS 5-6 BP 345 EP 351 DI 10.1016/j.physc.2010.02.002 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 613NX UT WOS:000278987100009 ER PT J AU Perry, LB Konrad, CE Hotz, DG Lee, LG AF Perry, L. Baker Konrad, Charles E., II Hotz, David G. Lee, Laurence G. TI SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATION OF SNOWFALL EVENTS IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS, USA SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE synoptic classification; snowfall; Great Smoky Mountains ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; WINTER WEATHER; FLOW SNOWFALL; HEAVY; CLIMATOLOGY; SNOWSTORMS; TOPOGRAPHY; REGION AB Mean annual snowfall in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) exhibits considerable spatial variability, ranging from 30 cm in the valleys to 254 cm at higher elevations. Snowfall can be tied to a variety of synoptic classes (e. g., Miller A or B cyclones, 500 hPa cutoff lows), but the frequency and significance of different synoptic classes have not been fully assessed, particularly at higher elevations. In this paper, we manually classify all snowfall events during the period 1991 to 2004 according to a synoptic classification scheme, calculate mean annual snowfall by 850 hPa wind direction and synoptic class, and develop composite plots of various synoptic fields. Hourly observations from nearby first-order stations and 24 hr snowfall totals from five sites within the GSMNP are used to define snowfall events. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to develop composite plots of various synoptic fields for cyclones passing south and then east of the area (e. g., Miller A cyclones). Results indicate that over 50% of the mean annual snowfall at higher elevations occurs in association with low-level northwest flow, and that Miller A cyclones contribute the greatest amount to mean annual snowfall at all elevations. C1 [Perry, L. Baker] Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geog & Planning, Boone, NC 28608 USA. [Konrad, Charles E., II] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, NOAA, SE Reg Climate Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Hotz, David G.] Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. [Lee, Laurence G.] Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Greer, SC 29651 USA. RP Perry, LB (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geog & Planning, Box 32066, Boone, NC 28608 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU BELLWETHER PUBL LTD PI COLUMBIA PA 8640 GUILFORD RD, STE 200, COLUMBIA, MD 21046 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD MAR-APR PY 2010 VL 31 IS 2 BP 156 EP 171 DI 10.2747/0272-3646.31.2.156 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 607TP UT WOS:000278529800003 ER PT J AU Lundblad, N Schlosser, M Porto, JV AF Lundblad, N. Schlosser, M. Porto, J. V. TI Experimental observation of magic-wavelength behavior of Rb-87 atoms in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB We demonstrate the cancellation of the differential ac Stark shift of the microwave hyperfine clock transition in trapped Rb-87 atoms. Recent progress in metrology exploits so-called magic wavelengths, whereby an atomic ensemble can be trapped with laser light whose wavelength is chosen so that both levels of an optical atomic transition experience identical ac Stark shifts. Similar magic-wavelength techniques are not possible for the microwave hyperfine transitions in the alkali metals due to their simple electronic structure. We show, however, that ac Stark shift cancellation is indeed achievable for certain values of wavelength, polarization, and magnetic field. The cancellation comes at the expense of a small magnetic-field sensitivity. The technique demonstrated here has implications for experiments involving the precise control of optically trapped neutral atoms. C1 [Lundblad, N.] Bates Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. [Lundblad, N.; Porto, J. V.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lundblad, N.; Porto, J. V.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Schlosser, M.] Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Angew Phys, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany. RP Lundblad, N (reprint author), Bates Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. EM nlundbla@bates.edu RI Lundblad, Nathan/A-9965-2009 OI Lundblad, Nathan/0000-0003-0430-8064 FU IARPA; ONR; NRC FX We thank Andrei Derevianko, Ivan Deutsch, Saijun Wu, and Stephen Maxwell for helpful discussion. This work was partially supported by IARPA and ONR. N.L. acknowledges support from the NRC. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 3 AR 031611 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.031611 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 577ZK UT WOS:000276262500019 ER PT J AU Mathey, L Polkovnikov, A AF Mathey, L. Polkovnikov, A. TI Light cone dynamics and reverse Kibble-Zurek mechanism in two-dimensional superfluids following a quantum quench SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; PHASE-TRANSITION; DARK SOLITONS; ATOMIC GAS; SYSTEMS; VELOCITY AB We study the dynamics of the relative phase of a bilayer of two-dimensional superfluids after the two superfluids have been decoupled. We find that on short time scales the relative phase shows "light cone"-like dynamics and creates a metastable superfluid state, which can be supercritical. We also demonstrate similar light cone dynamics for the transverse field Ising model. On longer time scales the supercritical state relaxes to a disordered state due to dynamical vortex unbinding. This scenario of dynamically suppressed vortex proliferation constitutes a reverse-Kibble-Zurek effect. We study this effect both numerically using truncated Wigner approximation and analytically within a newly suggested time dependent renormalization group approach (RG). In particular, within RG we show that there are two possible fixed points for the real-time evolution corresponding to the superfluid and normal steady states. So depending on the initial conditions and the microscopic parameters of the Hamiltonian the system undergoes a nonequilibrium phase transition of the Kosterlitz-Thouless type. The time scales for the vortex unbinding near the critical point are exponentially divergent, similar to the equilibrium case. C1 [Mathey, L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Mathey, L.] Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Polkovnikov, A.] Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Mathey, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Mathey, Ludwig/A-9644-2009 NR 76 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 3 AR 033605 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033605 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 577ZK UT WOS:000276262500154 ER PT J AU Zhang, YB Knill, E Glancy, S AF Zhang, Yanbao Knill, Emanuel Glancy, Scott TI Statistical strength of experiments to reject local realism with photon pairs and inefficient detectors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID HIDDEN-VARIABLE THEORIES; PARAMETRIC-DOWN-CONVERSION; PODOLSKY-ROSEN EXPERIMENT; BELL INEQUALITIES; VIOLATION; NONLOCALITY; STATES AB Because of the fundamental importance of Bell's theorem, a loophole-free demonstration of a violation of local realism (LR) is highly desirable. Here, we study violations of LR involving photon pairs. We quantify the experimental evidence against LR by using measures of statistical strength related to the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, as suggested by van Dam et al. [W. van Dam, R. D. Gill, and P. D. Grunwald, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory. 51, 2812 (2005)]. Specifically, we analyze a test of LR with entangled states created from two independent polarized photons passing through a polarizing beam splitter. We numerically study the detection efficiency required to achieve a specified statistical strength for the rejection of LR depending on whether photon counters or detectors are used. Based on our results, we find that a test of LR free of the detection loophole requires photon counters with efficiencies of at least 89.71%, or photon detectors with efficiencies of at least 91.11%. For comparison, we also perform this analysis with ideal unbalanced Bell states, which are known to allow rejection of LR with detector efficiencies above 2/3. C1 [Zhang, Yanbao] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Zhang, Yanbao; Knill, Emanuel; Glancy, Scott] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zhang, YB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 3 AR 032117 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.032117 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 577ZK UT WOS:000276262500040 ER PT J AU Burke, BG Chan, J Williams, KA Ge, JC Shu, CY Fu, WJ Dorn, HC Kushmerick, JG Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB AF Burke, Brian G. Chan, Jack Williams, Keith A. Ge, Jiechao Shu, Chunying Fu, Wujun Dorn, Harry C. Kushmerick, James G. Puretzky, Alexander A. Geohegan, David B. TI Investigation of Gd3N@C-2n (40 < n < 44) family by Raman and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID IMAGING CONTRAST AGENT; WATER-SOLUBLE METALLOFULLERENES; ENDOHEDRAL METALLOFULLERENES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CARBON CAGES; FULLERENES; CLUSTER; JUNCTIONS; SPECTRA; SIZE AB The structure and vibrational spectrum of Gd3N@C-80 is studied through Raman and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy as well as density-functional theory and universal force field calculations. Hindered rotations, shown by both theory and experiment, indicate the formation of a Gd3N-C-80 bond which reduces the ideal icosahedral symmetry of the C-80 cage. The vibrational modes involving the movement of the encapsulated species are a fingerprint of the interaction between the fullerene cage and the core complex. We present Raman data for the Gd3N@C-2n (40 < n < 44) family as well as Y3N@C-80, Lu3N@C-80, and Y3N@C-88 for comparison. Conductance measurements have been performed on Gd3N@C-80 and reveal a Kondo effect similar to that observed in C-60. C1 [Burke, Brian G.; Chan, Jack; Williams, Keith A.] Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Ge, Jiechao; Shu, Chunying; Fu, Wujun; Dorn, Harry C.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Kushmerick, James G.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Puretzky, Alexander A.; Geohegan, David B.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Ctr Nanophase Mat Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Williams, KA (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM kwilliams@virginia.edu RI Dorn, Harry/K-6830-2013; Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 FU National Science Foundation [CHE0443850, DMR-0507083]; National Institutes of Health [1R01-CA119371-01]; U.S. Department of Energy FX The authors thank Smitha Vasudevan for her assistance with molecular modeling. We are grateful for support of this work by the National Science Foundation (Grants No. CHE0443850) (H.C.D.) and No. DMR-0507083 (H.C.D.)] and the National Institutes of Health [Grant No. 1R01-CA119371-01 (H.C.D.)]. A portion of this research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Center for Nanophase Materials Science was sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 11 AR 115423 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.115423 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 577UF UT WOS:000276248800136 ER PT J AU Ji, S Kan, EJ Whangbo, MH Kim, JH Qiu, Y Matsuda, M Yoshida, H Hiroi, Z Green, MA Ziman, T Lee, SH AF Ji, S. Kan, E. J. Whangbo, M. -H. Kim, J. -H. Qiu, Y. Matsuda, M. Yoshida, H. Hiroi, Z. Green, M. A. Ziman, T. Lee, S. -H. TI Orbital order and partial electronic delocalization in a triangular magnetic metal Ag2MnO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS AB Magnetic and electrical properties of Ag2MnO2 were examined by elastic and inelastic neutron-scattering measurements and by density-functional calculations. The spins of the triangular antiferromagnet metal Ag2MnO2 are found to freeze into a gapless short-range collinear state below 50 K because of a ferro-orbital ordering and spin-orbit coupling of the high-spin Mn3+ ions. The decrease in the spin-spin correlation lengths of Ag2MnO2 in the order, xi(b) >> xi(a) >> xi(c), is explained by the spin-exchange interactions calculated for the ferro-orbital ordered state. The electronic states around the Fermi level have significant contributions from the spin-polarized Mn 3d and O 2p states, which makes electron-electron scattering dominate over electron-phonon scattering at low temperatures leading to the rho proportional to T-2 behavior below 50 K. C1 [Ji, S.; Kim, J. -H.; Lee, S. -H.] Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Kan, E. J.; Whangbo, M. -H.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Green, M. A.] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Matsuda, M.] Japan Atom Energy Agcy, Quantum Beam Sci Directorate, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. [Yoshida, H.; Hiroi, Z.] Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Chiba 2778581, Japan. [Ziman, T.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RP Ji, S (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM shlee@virginia.edu RI Kan, Erjun/A-4322-2009; Ji, Sungdae/G-3808-2010; Matsuda, Masaaki/A-6902-2016 OI Kan, Erjun/0000-0003-0433-4190; Ji, Sungdae/0000-0001-6736-3103; Matsuda, Masaaki/0000-0003-2209-9526 FU NSF [DMR-0903977, DMR-0454672]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-86ER45259] FX The work at University of Virginia and NCNR were supported by NSF under Agreements No. DMR-0903977 and No. DMR-0454672, respectively. M. H. W. thanks U.S. Department of Energy for financial support (Grant No. DE-FG02-86ER45259) and computer resources at the NERSC Center and the HPC Center of NCSU. S. H. L. thanks the WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research at Tohoku University for their hospitality during his stay when this paper was partially written. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR 1 PY 2010 VL 81 IS 9 AR 094421 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.094421 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 577FI UT WOS:000276207300071 ER PT J AU Kirby, BJ Davies, JE Liu, K Watson, SM Zimanyi, GT Shull, RD Kienzle, PA Borchers, JA AF Kirby, B. J. Davies, J. E. Liu, Kai Watson, S. M. Zimanyi, G. T. Shull, R. D. Kienzle, P. A. Borchers, J. A. TI Vertically graded anisotropy in Co/Pd multilayers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID COMPOSITE MEDIA AB Depth grading of magnetic anisotropy in perpendicular magnetic media has been predicted to reduce the field required to write data without sacrificing thermal stability. To study this prediction, we have produced Co/Pd multilayers with depth-dependent Co layer thickness. Polarized neutron reflectometry shows that the thickness grading results in a corresponding magnetic anisotropy gradient. Magnetometry reveals that the anisotropy gradient promotes domain nucleation upon magnetization reversal-a clear experimental demonstration of the effectiveness of graded anisotropy for reducing write field. C1 [Kirby, B. J.; Watson, S. M.; Kienzle, P. A.; Borchers, J. A.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Davies, J. E.; Shull, R. D.] NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Davies, J. E.] NVE Corp, Adv Technol Grp, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 USA. [Liu, Kai; Zimanyi, G. T.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kirby, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.kirby@nist.gov; jdavies@nve.com RI Davies, Joseph/C-4384-2008; Liu, Kai/B-1163-2008; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 OI Davies, Joseph/0000-0001-5727-2371; Liu, Kai/0000-0001-9413-6782; FU CITRIS; NSF [ECCS 0925626]; National Research Council FX Work at UCD was supported in part by CITRIS and NSF Grant No. ECCS 0925626. J. E. D. acknowledges support from the National Research Council. The authors thank Peter Greene of UCD for technical assistance and Brian Maranville of NIST for valuable discussions. NR 20 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 10 AR 100405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.100405 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 577UE UT WOS:000276248700011 ER PT J AU Mason, SE Iceman, CR Trainor, TP Chaka, AM AF Mason, Sara E. Iceman, Christopher R. Trainor, Thomas P. Chaka, Anne M. TI Density functional theory study of clean, hydrated, and defective alumina (1102) surfaces SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-AL2O3 0001 SURFACE; WATER-ADSORPTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; SAPPHIRE; HEMATITE; CHEMISTRY; DYNAMICS; DFT; DIFFRACTION; TERMINATION AB We report an ab initio thermodynamic analysis of the alpha-Al(2)O(3) (1102) surface aimed at understanding the experimentally observed terminations over a range of surface preparation conditions as well as a stoichiometric model for the (2x1) surface reconstruction observed after high-temperature annealing. As temperature is increased under both ultrahigh vacuum and ambient hydrated conditions, the predicted minimum-energy structural model goes through the same series of changes: from the hydroxylated "missing-Al" surface model (or half-layer model in which the topmost Al site of the stoichiometric surface has zero occupancy), to the hydroxylated stoichiometric model, to another hydroxylated missing-Al surface model with tetrahedral coordinated surface Al, and finally to the clean (1x1) stoichiometric model. These results are in agreement with observations of both missing-Al and bulklike stoichiometries under wet conditions and in agreement with similar trends reported for isostructural hematite. However, we observe that the models with excess oxygen have a relatively higher surface-free energy and distinct surface relaxations in the case of alumina as compared to hematite. At very high temperatures where oxygen defects are generated, we find that a stoichiometric, charge-neutral (2x1) structure becomes the most thermodynamically stable. This is consistent with the observation of a (2x1) electron diffraction pattern when the surface is annealed at 2000 K while a (1x1) pattern persists at lower annealing temperatures. A general rule that emerges from our modeling results is that while the full phase space of hydrated and defective surfaces is expansive, model stoichiometries that can be made charge neutral through either hydration or defects offer the greatest thermodynamic stability. However, the unique trends in structure and relative energies of alumina surface stoichiometries as compared to hematite can be understood based on the difference in electronic structure of the substrate. C1 [Mason, Sara E.; Chaka, Anne M.] NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Iceman, Christopher R.; Trainor, Thomas P.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Mason, SE (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NSF [CBWT-0404400, CHE-0431425]; National Research Council FX This work was supported by NSF under Grants No. CBWT-0404400 and No. CHE-0431425, and utilized the high-performance computational capabilities of the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and Helix Systems Biowulf cluster at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. S. E. M. was supported by the National Research Council. NR 64 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 50 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 12 AR 125423 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125423 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 577UG UT WOS:000276248900140 ER PT J AU Miller, DL Kubista, KD Rutter, GM Ruan, M de Heer, WA First, PN Stroscio, JA AF Miller, David L. Kubista, Kevin D. Rutter, Gregory M. Ruan, Ming de Heer, Walt A. First, Phillip N. Stroscio, Joseph A. TI Structural analysis of multilayer graphene via atomic moireacute interferometry SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE; CARBON NANOTUBES; GRAPHITE SURFACE; STM; DEFECTS AB Rotational misalignment of two stacked honeycomb lattices produces a moireacute pattern that is observable in scanning tunneling microscopy as a small modulation of the apparent surface height. This is known from experiments on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Here, we observe the combined effect of three-layer moireacute patterns in multilayer graphene grown on SiC(0001). Small-angle rotations between the first and third layer are shown to produce a "double-moireacute" pattern, resulting from the interference of moireacute patterns from the first three layers. These patterns are strongly affected by relative lattice strain between the layers. We model the moireacute patterns as a beat-period of the mismatched reciprocal lattice vectors and show how these patterns can be used to determine the relative strain between lattices, in analogy to strain measurement by optical moireacute interferometry. C1 [Miller, David L.; Kubista, Kevin D.; Ruan, Ming; de Heer, Walt A.; First, Phillip N.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Rutter, Gregory M.; Stroscio, Joseph A.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miller, DL (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. FU NSF [DMR-0804908, ECCS-0521041]; Semiconductor Research Corporation Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI-INDEX); W. M. Keck Foundation FX We thank C. Berger, M. Sprinkle, D. Torrance, N. Sharma, S. Blankenship, A. Band, and F. Hess for their technical contributions to this work. Funding from NSF (Grant No. DMR-0804908), the Semiconductor Research Corporation Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI-INDEX), and the W. M. Keck Foundation are gratefully acknowledged. Graphene production facilities were developed under NSF Grant No. ECCS-0521041. NR 33 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 12 AR 125427 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125427 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 577UG UT WOS:000276248900144 ER PT J AU Narayanan, B Reimanis, IE Fuller, ER Ciobanu, CV AF Narayanan, Badri Reimanis, Ivar E. Fuller, Edwin R., Jr. Ciobanu, Cristian V. TI Elastic constants of beta-eucryptite studied by density functional theory SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED GRADIENT APPROXIMATION; ANISOTROPIC THERMAL-EXPANSION; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITIES; SUPER STRUCTURE; X-RAY; LIALSIO4; SOLIDS; TEMPERATURE AB The five independent elastic constants of hexagonal beta-eucryptite have been determined using density functional theory total energy calculations. The calculated values agree well, to within 15%, with the experimental data. Using the calculated elastic constants, the linear compressibility of beta-eucryptite parallel to the c axis, chi(c), and perpendicular to it, chi(a), have been evaluated. These values are in close agreement to those obtained from experimentally known elastic constants, but are in contradiction to those obtained through direct measurements based on a three-terminal technique. The calculated compressibility parallel to the c axis was found to have a positive value rather than a negative one as obtained from the three-terminal technique. We demonstrate that chi(c) must be positive and discuss the implications of a positive chi(c) in the context of explaining the negative bulk thermal expansion of beta-eucryptite. C1 [Ciobanu, Cristian V.] Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Narayanan, Badri; Reimanis, Ivar E.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Fuller, Edwin R., Jr.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ciobanu, CV (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM cciobanu@mines.edu RI Ciobanu, Cristian/B-3580-2009; OI Narayanan, Badri/0000-0001-8147-1047 FU Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-FG02-07ER46397]; National Science Foundation [CMMI-0846858]; NSF [CNS-0722415]; National Renewable Energy Laboratory FX The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences through Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER46397 (B. N. and I. E. R.) and from the National Science Foundation through Grant No. CMMI-0846858 (C. V. C.). The supercomputing resources were provided by the Golden Energy Computing Organization at Colorado School of Mines acquired with financial assistance from the NSF (Grant No. CNS-0722415) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2010 VL 81 IS 10 AR 104106 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.104106 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 577UE UT WOS:000276248700039 ER EF