FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Avramov-Zamurovic, S Koffman, AD Waltrip, BC Wang, YC AF Avramov-Zamurovic, Svetlana Koffman, Andrew D. Waltrip, Bryan Cristopher Wang, Yicheng TI Evaluation of a capacitance scaling system SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE calibration; capacitance; four-terminal-pair 4TP capacitance; inductance-capacitance-resistance (LCR) meter; inductive voltage dividers (IVDs); uncertainty analysis AB An improved error analysis of an existing capacitance scaling system for supporting measurements of higher valued (10 nF to 100 mu F) ceramic-dielectric four-terminal-pair (4TP) capacitance standards over the 100-Hz to 100-kHz frequency range is described. The capacitance scaling system uses a commercial impedance (inductance-capacitance-resistance) meter and a single-decade inductive voltage divider as an impedance comparator. Four-terminal-pair capacitors in decade (10: 1) steps from 10 nF to 100 F are measured. The system's 10: 1 scaling error is determined using 100-pF and 1-nF air-dielectric 4TP capacitance standards with known capacitance and loss characteristics over frequency. This paper discusses the significant reductions in measurement uncertainty that were attained through the use of improved calibration standards and measurement method refinements. Details of the uncertainty analysis for a 10-nF capacitor (in the 100-Hz to 10-kHz frequency range) and verification data are presented. C1 [Avramov-Zamurovic, Svetlana] USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. [Avramov-Zamurovic, Svetlana] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Avramov-Zamurovic, Svetlana; Koffman, Andrew D.; Waltrip, Bryan Cristopher; Wang, Yicheng] NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Avramov-Zamurovic, S (reprint author), USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. EM avramov@usna.edu NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 56 IS 6 BP 2160 EP 2163 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.908318 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 242SH UT WOS:000251745500007 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Larson, DR AF Paulter, N. G., Jr. Larson, D. R. TI Uncertainty in the nose-to-nose sampler calibration method due to the assertion that the generator and receiver functions are identical SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE nose-to-nose (ntn) assertion; sampler calibration; sampler diodes; sampler magnitude response; sampler phase response; uncertainty ID OSCILLOSCOPES AB The nose-to-nose (ntn) sampler calibration method can only be used for particular sampler structures; however, for such structures, it provides a technique for determining the sampler's transfer function and impulse response. The concern with the ntn method is that it is based on the assertion that the sampler behaves the same when it is acting as a receiver or as a pulse generator and therefore yields generator and receiver functions that are identical, which, in turn, affects the accuracy in the reconstruction of either function. The uncertainties in the estimate of the receiver and generator functions using the common receiver/generator function as a basis are determined. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), NIST, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Off Law Enforcement Standards, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 56 IS 6 BP 2570 EP 2576 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.908134 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 242SH UT WOS:000251745500056 ER PT J AU Buckley, C Dimmick, D Soboroff, I Voorhees, E AF Buckley, Chris Dimmick, Darrin Soboroff, Ian Voorhees, Ellen TI Bias and the limits of pooling for large collections SO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL LA English DT Article DE test collections; pooling; sampling bias ID RETRIEVAL AB Modern retrieval test collections are built through a process called pooling in which only a sample of the entire document set is judged for each topic. The idea behind pooling is to find enough relevant documents such that when unjudged documents are assumed to be nonrelevant the resulting judgment set is sufficiently complete and unbiased. Yet a constant-size pool represents an increasingly small percentage of the document set as document sets grow larger, and at some point the assumption of approximately complete judgments must become invalid. This paper shows that the judgment sets produced by traditional pooling when the pools are too small relative to the total document set size can be biased in that they favor relevant documents that contain topic title words. This phenomenon is wholly dependent on the collection size and does not depend on the number of relevant documents for a given topic. We show that the AQUAINT test collection constructed in the recent TREC 2005 workshop exhibits this biased relevance set; it is likely that the test collections based on the much larger GOV2 document set also exhibit the bias. The paper concludes with suggested modifications to traditional pooling and evaluation methodology that may allow very large reusable test collections to be built. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sabir Res Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Soboroff, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cabuckley@sabir.com; darrin.dimmick@nist.gov; ian.soboroff@nist.gov; ellen.voorhees@nist.gov RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013 NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-4564 J9 INFORM RETRIEVAL JI Inf. Retr. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 10 IS 6 BP 491 EP 508 DI 10.1007/s10791-007-9032-x PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 224SB UT WOS:000250465600001 ER PT J AU Greene, JS Maxwell, E AF Greene, J. Scott Maxwell, Erin TI Climatic impacts on winter wheat in Oklahoma and potential applications to climatic and crop yield prediction SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE climatic impacts on agriculture; drought; wheat yield forecast ID CERES-WHEAT; SOLAR-RADIATION; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION; MODEL AB Climatic anomalies can pose severe challenges for farmers and resource managers. This is particularly significant with respect to gradually developing anomalies such as droughts. The impact of the 1995-1996 drought on the Oklahoma wheat crop, and the possibility that predictive information might have reduced some of the losses, is examined through a combined modeling approach using climatological data and a crop growth model that takes into account an extensive range of soil, climatic, and plant variables. The results show potential outcomes and also illustrate the point at which all possible climatic outcomes were predicting a significantly low wheat yield. Based on anecdotal evidence of the 1995-1996 drought, which suggested that farmers who planted at different times experienced different yields, the model was run assuming a variety of different planting dates. Results indicate that there is indeed a noticeable difference in the modeled wheat yields given different planting dates. The information regarding effectiveness of planting date can be used in conjunction with current long-range forecasts to develop improved predictions for the current growing season. This approach produces information regarding the likelihood of extreme precipitation events and the impact on crop yield, which can provide a powerful tool to farmers and others during periods of drought or other climatic extremes. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Geog, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Environm Verificat & Anal Ctr, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA NWS, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Greene, JS (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Geog, 100 E Boyd St,Suite 684, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM jgreene@ou.edu NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0020-7128 J9 INT J BIOMETEOROL JI Int. J. Biometeorol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 52 IS 2 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1007/s00484-007-0104-9 PG 10 WC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology SC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology GA 234HS UT WOS:000251152300004 PM 17578606 ER PT J AU Owejan, JP Trabold, TA Jacobson, DL Arif, M Kandlikar, SG AF Owejan, J. P. Trabold, T. A. Jacobson, D. L. Arif, M. Kandlikar, S. G. TI Effects of flow field and diffusion layer properties on water accumulation in a PEM fuel cell SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE PEMFC; flow channels; GDL; neutron radiography; water management; diffusion layer ID NEUTRON IMAGING TECHNIQUE; LIQUID WATER; TRANSPORT; BEHAVIOR; CHANNEL; CATHODE; PART AB Water is the main product of the electrochemical reaction in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Where the water is produced over the active area of the cell and how it accumulates within the flow fields and gas diffusion layers, strongly affects the performance of the device and influences operational considerations such as freeze and durability. In this work, the neutron radiography method was used to obtain two-dimensional distributions of liquid water in operating 50cm(2) fuel cells. Variations were made of flow field channel and diffusion media properties to assess the effects on the overall volume and spatial distribution of accumulated water. Flow field channels with hydrophobic coating retain more water, but the distribution of a greater number of smaller slugs in the channel area improves fuel cell performance at high current density. Channels with triangular geometry retain less water than rectangular channels of the same cross-sectional area, and the water is mostly trapped in the two corners adjacent to the diffusion media. It was also found that cells constructed using diffusion media with lower in-plane gas permeability tended to retain less water. In some cases, large differences in fuel cell performance were observed with very small changes in accumulated water volume, suggesting that flooding within the electrode layer or at the electrode-diffusion media interface is the primary cause of the significant mass transport voltage loss. (c) 2007 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Owejan, J. P.; Trabold, T. A.] Gen Motors Fuel Cell Activ, Haneoye Falls, NY 14472 USA. [Jacobson, D. L.; Arif, M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kandlikar, S. G.] Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Mech Engn, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Owejan, JP (reprint author), Gen Motors Fuel Cell Activ, 10 Carriage St, Haneoye Falls, NY 14472 USA. EM jon.owejan@gm.com RI Trabold, Thomas/A-9808-2009 NR 21 TC 133 Z9 136 U1 4 U2 33 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD DEC PY 2007 VL 32 IS 17 BP 4489 EP 4502 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.05.044 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 245ZR UT WOS:000251977800047 ER PT J AU Lopez-Cepero, JM Wiederhorn, SA Fett, T Guin, JP AF Lopez-Cepero, Jose M. Wiederhorn, Sheldon A. Fett, Theo Guin, Jean-Pierre TI Do plastic zones form at crack tips in silicate glasses? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; glass; fracture surfaces; simulation; crack growth ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; PROPAGATION; INDENTATION; SURFACES; FRACTURE; GROWTH; OXIDE; SHARP AB A number of recent studies claim that silicate glasses fracture by the formation, growth and coalescence of cavities at crack tips, in the same way as metals, but at a much smaller scale. Evidence for cavity formation comes from the examination of side surfaces of fracture mechanics specimens, at the point where the crack tip intersects the free surface. Such measurements exhibit small depressions in regions that are supposedly located in front of moving crack tips. These depressions were interpreted as cavities. In this paper, we summarize experimental results obtained using, an atomic force microscope to characterize the fracture surfaces. The experimental results demonstrate an absence of residual damage on fracture surfaces that could be interpreted as cavity formation. We also observe cracks moving in glass and show that the features reported as cavities actually occur behind and not in front of the moving crack. A simulation of an atomic force microscope probe passing over the emerging tip of a crack in glass suggests that the features identified as cavities are in fact due to the roughness of the specimen surface. Our results support the view that cracks in glass propagate by brittle fracture. We find no evidence for nanoscale ductility in silicate,glasses. C1 [Wiederhorn, Sheldon A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Lopez-Cepero, Jose M.] Univ Seville, Seville, Spain. [Fett, Theo] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Mat Forsch 2, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Fett, Theo] Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Keram Maschinenbau, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Guin, Jean-Pierre] Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, LARMAUR FRE 2717, Rennes, France. RP Wiederhorn, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sheldon.wiederhorn@nist.gov RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 8 PU CARL HANSER VERLAG PI MUNICH PA KOLBERGERSTRASSE 22, POSTFACH 86 04 20, D-81679 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 1862-5282 J9 INT J MATER RES JI Int. J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 98 IS 12 BP 1170 EP 1176 DI 10.3139/146.101583 PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 255PW UT WOS:000252670900002 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM Fuller, ER Weiss, T AF Saylor, David M. Fuller, Edwin R., Jr. Weiss, Thomas TI Thermal-elastic response of marble polycrystals: Influence of grain orientation configuration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE thermal expansion anisotropy; polycrystalline microstructures-marble; finite element simulations; thermoelastic properties; grain orientation and grain-boundary misorientation distributions ID MICROSTRUCTURES; MICROSCOPY AB Two-dimensional, microstructure-based finite element simulations were used to elucidate the influence of grain orientation configuration on the thermal-elastic response of poly-crystalline ceramic materials. The two main constituent minerals of marbles, calcite and dolomite, were considered. The crystallographic configuration of the grains is described in terms of the distribution of grain orientations and grain-boundary misorientations. To probe the influence of grain orientation configuration, we first generated the geometry of a hypothetical microstructure. Next, crystallographic orientations were assigned to each grain in the microstructure such that the grain orientations and grain-boundary misorientations matched predefined distributions. By varying the predefined distributions, we generated 45 unique microstructures covering, a wide range of crystallographic configurations. After assigning thermal-elastic properties to each structure. corresponding to either calcite or dolomite, finite-element simulations were performed. The simulations demonstrated that both the orientation and misorientation distributions have a substantial impact on the thermal-elastic response of microstructures with the same material properties: varying the crystallographic configuration results in variations of stored elastic strain energy density from 10 kJ m(-3) to 39 kJ m(-3) for a 100 degrees C temperature change. Further, the ratio of the bulk coefficient of thermal expansion in the two principal directions varies from -0.17 to 1.46. Surprisingly, the grain-boundary misorientations alone had a substantial impact on the thermal-elastic response of the system. By simply rearranging a fixed set of crystallographic orientations to obtain different nearest-neighbor misorientation configurations, we observed variations in strain energy density from 10 kJ m(-3) to 39 kJ m(-3) and variations in thermal expansion ratio from 0.06 to 0.90. The results suggest that to predict accurately the thermal-elastic response of polycrystalline ceramics, it is critical to consider both the distribution of grain-boundary misorientations as well as the distribution of grain orientations. C1 [Saylor, David M.; Fuller, Edwin R., Jr.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Weiss, Thomas] Univ Gottingen, Geowissensch Zentrum, Gottingen, Germany. RP Fuller, ER (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr,STOP 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.fuller@nist.gov NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARL HANSER VERLAG PI MUNICH PA KOLBERGERSTRASSE 22, POSTFACH 86 04 20, D-81679 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 1862-5282 J9 INT J MATER RES JI Int. J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 98 IS 12 BP 1256 EP 1263 DI 10.3139/146.101589 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 255PW UT WOS:000252670900014 ER PT J AU Phillips, WD AF Phillips, William D. TI Laboratory experiments for fundamental physics in space SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS D LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop From Quantum to Cosmos - Fundamental Physics Research in Space CY MAY 21-24, 2006 CL Warrenton, VA C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, WD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-2718 J9 INT J MOD PHYS D JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. D PD DEC PY 2007 VL 16 IS 12A BP 1953 EP 1956 DI 10.1142/S0218271807011632 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 258EA UT WOS:000252850000006 ER PT J AU Ye, J Blatt, S Boyd, MM Foreman, SM Hudson, ER Ido, T Lev, B Ludlow, AD Sawyer, BC Stuhl, B Zelinsky, T AF Ye, Jun Blatt, Sebastian Boyd, Martin M. Foreman, Seth M. Hudson, Eric R. Ido, Tetsuya Lev, Benjamin Ludlow, Andrew D. Sawyer, Brian C. Stuhl, Benjamin Zelinsky, Tanya TI PRECISION MEASUREMENT BASED ON ULTRACOLD ATOMS AND COLD MOLECULES SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS D LA English DT Article DE Coherent interactions; optical lattice; frequency comb; optical atomic clocks; cold molecules; precision measurement AB Ultracold atoms and molecules provide ideal stages for precision tests of fundamental physics. With microkelvin neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice, we have achieved a fractional resolution of 4 x 10(-15) on the (1)S(0)-(3)P(0) doubly forbidden (87)Sr clock transition at 698 nm. Measurements of the clock line shifts as a function of experimental parameters indicate systematic errors below the 10(-15) level. The ultrahigh spectral resolution permits resolving the nuclear spin states of the clock transition at small magnetic fields, leading to measurements of the (3)P(0) magnetic moment and metastable lifetime. In addition, photoassociation spectroscopy performed on the narrow (1)S(0)-(3)P(1) transition of (88)Sr shows promise for efficient optical tuning of the ground state scattering length and production of ultracold ground state molecules. Lattice-confined Sr(2) molecules are suitable for constraining the time variation of the proton-electron mass ratio. In a separate experiment, cold, stable, ground state polar molecules are produced from Stark decelerators. These cold samples have enabled an order-of-magnitude improvement in the measurement precision of ground state,. doublet microwave transitions in the OH molecule. Comparing the laboratory results to those from OH megamasers in interstellar space will allow a sensitivity of 10(-6) for measuring the potential time variation of the fundamental fine structure constant Delta alpha/alpha over 10(10) years. These results have also led to improved understandings of the molecular structure. The study of the low magnetic field behavior of OH in its (2)Pi(3/2) ro-vibronic ground state precisely determines a differential Lande g factor between opposite parity components of the. doublet. C1 [Ye, Jun] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012; OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967; Stuhl, Benjamin/0000-0003-0759-3323 FU ONR; NASA; NIST; NSF; DOE FX We thank S. Diddams, T. Parker, M. Notcutt, J.L. Hall, H. Lewandowski, and S. Jefferts for technical help and discussions. We also acknowledge collaboration with R. Ciurylo, P. Naidon and P. Julienne on the photoassociation theory. The Sr work is funded by ONR, NASA, NIST, and NSF. The OH work is funded by DOE, NIST, and NSF. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 13 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-2718 J9 INT J MOD PHYS D JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. D PD DEC PY 2007 VL 16 IS 12B BP 2481 EP 2494 DI 10.1142/S0218271807011826 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA V11XQ UT WOS:000207564700016 ER PT J AU Fischer, J Gerasimov, S Hill, KD Machin, G Moldover, MR Pitre, L Steur, P Stock, M Tamura, O Ugur, H White, DR Yang, I Zhang, J AF Fischer, J. Gerasimov, S. Hill, K. D. Machin, G. Moldover, M. R. Pitre, L. Steur, P. Stock, M. Tamura, O. Ugur, H. White, D. R. Yang, I. Zhang, J. TI Preparative steps towards the new definition of the kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann constant SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE Boltzmann constant; fundamental physical constants; International System of Units; kelvin; primary thermometry ID GAS-CONSTANT; METROLOGY; KILOGRAM; UNITS; MOLE; SI AB The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) approved, in its Recommendation 1 of 2005, preparative steps towards new definitions of the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin, and the mole in terms of fundamental constants. Within the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT), a task group (TG-SI) has been formed to consider the implications of changing the definitions of the above-mentioned base units of the SI, with particular emphasis on the kelvin and the impact of the changes on metrology in thermometry. The TG-SI has presented the results of its deliberations to the CCT and to the Consultative Committee for Units, CCU, and worked with them to prepare a report to the CIPM. This contribution, authored by the members of TG-SI, solicits input from the wider scientific and technical community on this important matter at the TEMPMEKO 2007 conference. For this purpose, the main details of the report to the CIPM are presented. The unit of temperature T, the kelvin, can be defined in terms of the SI unit of energy, the joule, by fixing the value of the Boltzmann constant k, which is simply the proportionality constant between temperature and thermal energy kT. Currently, several experiments are underway to determine k. The TG-SI is monitoring closely the results of all experiments relevant to the possible new definition of the kelvin, and has identified conditions to be met before proceeding with the proposed redefinition. The TG-SI considers that these conditions will be fulfilled before the 24th General Conference on Weights and Measures in October 2011. Therefore, the TG-SI is recommending a redefinition of the kelvin by fixing the value of the Boltzmann constant. A new definition of the kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann constant does not require the replacement of ITS-90 with an improved temperature scale nor does it prevent such a replacement. C1 Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany. DI Mendeleev Chem Engn Inst, St Petersburg, Russia. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Natl Metrol, Conservat Natl Arts Metiers, St Denis, France. Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, Turin, Italy. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, Sevres, France. AIST, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Teknoyad, Kocaeli, Turkey. RP Fischer, J (reprint author), Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany. EM joachim.fischer@ptb.de RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013; OI pitre, laurent/0000-0001-9885-7544 NR 33 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1753 EP 1765 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0253-4 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400003 ER PT J AU Ripple, DC Strouse, GF Moldover, MR AF Ripple, D. C. Strouse, G. F. Moldover, M. R. TI Acoustic thermometry results from 271 to 552 k SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE acoustic; argon; ITS-90; primary thermometer; thermodynamic temperature ID THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE; SPHERICAL RESONATORS; 660-DEGREES-C; MERCURY AB The NIST acoustic thermometer determines the thermodynamic temperature from measurements of ratios of the speed of sound of argon in a nearly spherical cavity. We report recent results for T - T (90) on 12 isotherms spanning the range 271-552 K. (T is the thermodynamic temperature and T (90) is the temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990.) The results are in excellent agreement with recent acoustic thermometry results reported by Benedetto et al. in the range from 273 to 380 K and with our previously reported results at 303, 430, and 505 K. The combined data sets are sufficiently redundant and sufficiently distributed over the temperature range to support a re-determination of the reference function for standard platinum resistance thermometers for a future temperature scale. The isotherms were analyzed using several methods; the T-T (90) results and related uncertainties are insensitive to the method chosen. The thermal expansion of the stainless-steel resonator was deduced from the frequencies of the microwave resonances of the cavity. To clearly identify two nearly degenerate eigenmodes in our nearly axially symmetric resonator, two phased coupling probes were used to control the azimuthal angle of the microwave excitation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ripple, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dean.ripple@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 13 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1789 EP 1799 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0255-2 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400006 ER PT J AU Strouse, GF AF Strouse, G. F. TI Sapphire whispering gallery thermometer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE microwave oscillator; resonance thermometer; sapphire; sapphire thermometer; whispering gallery mode resonance; whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR) ID RESONATORS AB An innovative sapphire whispering gallery thermometer (SWGT) is being explored at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a potential replacement for a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) for industrial applications that require measurement uncertainties of <= 10 mK. The NIST SWGT uses a synthetic sapphire monocrystalline disk configured as a uniaxial, dielectric resonator with whispering gallery modes between 14 GHz and 20 GHz and with Q-factors as large as 90,000. The prototype SWGT stability at the ice melting point (0 degrees C) is <= 1 mK with a frequency resolution equivalent to 0.05 mK. The prototype SWGT measurement uncertainty (k= 1) is 10 mK from 0 degrees C to 100 degrees C for all five resonance modes studied. These results for the SWGT approach the capabilities of industrial resistance thermometers. The SWGT promises greatly increased resistance to mechanical shock relative to SPRTs, over the range from -196 degrees C to 500 degrees C while retaining the low uncertainties needed by secondary calibration laboratories. The temperature sensitivity of the SWGT depends upon a well-defined property (the refractive index at microwave frequencies) and the thermal expansion of a pure material. Therefore, it is expected that SWGTs can be calibrated over a wide temperature range using a reference function, along with deviations measured at a few fixed points. This article reports the prototype SWGT stability, resolution, repeatability, and the temperature dependence of five whispering gallery resonance frequencies in the range from 0 degrees C to 100 degrees C. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gregory.strouse@nist.gov NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1812 EP 1821 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0265-0 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400008 ER PT J AU White, DR Ballico, M del Campo, D Duris, S Filipe, E Ivanova, A Dogan, AK Mendez-Lango, E Meyer, CW Pavese, F Peruzzi, A Renaot, E Rudtsch, S Yamazawa, K AF White, D. R. Ballico, M. del Campo, D. Duris, S. Filipe, E. Ivanova, A. Dogan, A. Kartal Mendez-Lango, E. Meyer, C. W. Pavese, F. Peruzzi, A. Renaot, E. Rudtsch, S. Yamazawa, K. TI Uncertainties in the realization of the SPRT sub-ranges of the ITS-90 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE fixed points; ITS-90; platinum resistance thermometer; temperature measurement; uncertainty AB Working Group 3 of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry is responsible for recommending methods to assess uncertainties in contact thermometry. Accordingly, it has now completed a guide summarizing the uncertainties in the realization of the standard platinum resistance thermometer subranges of ITS-90 between the triple point of neon (24.5561K) and the freezing point of silver (961.78 degrees C). The document provides guidance to assess the uncertainties of both SPRT calibrations and temperature measurements. The document describes all known sources of uncertainty and influence variables, identifies key references in the literature that discuss, model or evaluate each effect, gives an indication of the typical magnitudes of the uncertainties, and provides propagation laws. This article is an overview of the guide emphasizing aspects that may be different from common practice, which includes: associating all uncertainty terms with a physical cause to ensure they can be propagated and to prevent double counting; uncertainty due to the oxidation state of the SPRT; uncertainty due to the isotopic composition of fixed-point substances; uncertainty due to impurities in fixed-point substances; and uncertainty due to non-uniqueness of the SPRT interpolations. The article gives a graphical summary of the total uncertainties in ITS-90 over the SPRT temperature range. C1 Measurement Stand Lab New Zealand, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. Natl Measurement Inst Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Ctr Espanol Metrol, Madrid, Spain. Slovak Inst Metrol, Bratislava, Slovakia. Inst Portugues Qualidade, Caparica, Portugal. DI Mendeleyev Sci & Res Inst Metrol, St Petersburg, Russia. TUBITAK Ulusal Metrol Enstitusu, Kocaeli, Turkey. Ctr Nacl Metrol, Queretaro, Mexico. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Metrol Res, Turin, Italy. NMi Van Swinden Lab, Delft, Netherlands. RP White, DR (reprint author), Measurement Stand Lab New Zealand, PO Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. EM r.white@irl.cri.nz OI Pavese, Franco/0000-0001-9261-6862 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1868 EP 1881 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0271-2 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400013 ER PT J AU Strouse, GF Zhao, M AF Strouse, G. F. Zhao, M. TI The impact of isotopic concentration, impurities, and cell aging on the water triple-point temperature SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE isotopic concentration; ITS-90; TPW (triple point of water) cell; Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW); water impurities; water triple point ID PLASMA MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB In 2005, the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Fluke's Hart Scientific Division initiated a study to validate the isotopic correction algorithm applied to the realization temperature of triple point of water (TPW) cells. Additionally, the study quantified the impact of water sample impurities on the TPW cell realization temperature. For this study, eight TPW cells containing water of the same nominal isotopic concentration as Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) were used. Five of the cells were manufactured with fused-quartz envelopes and the remaining three with borosilicate envelopes. One TPW cell of each type was uniquely designed so that water samples could be periodically removed to analyze the isotopic composition and to monitor any changes in water purity with time and thereby correlate changes in composition with changes in realization temperature. The borosilicate TPW cells gave an average drift of -13 mu K center dot yr(-1) and the more stable fused-quartz TPW cells gave an average drift of -2 mu K center dot yr(-1). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fluke Corp, Hart Sci Div, Amer Fork, UT 84003 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gregory.strouse@nist.gov NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1913 EP 1922 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0240-9 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400017 ER PT J AU Zhao, M Strouse, GF AF Zhao, M. Strouse, G. F. TI VSMOW triple point of water cells: Borosilicate versus fused-quartz SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE isotopic composition; ITS-90; TPW cell; Vienna standard mean ocean water; VSMOW; water impurities; water triple point AB To investigate an ideal container material for the triple point of water (TPW) cell and to reduce the influence to the triple-point temperature, due to the deviation of the isotopic composition of the water, both borosilicate and fused-quartz glass shelled TPW cells with isotopic composition substantially matching that of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) were developed and tested. Through a specially designed manufacturing system, the isotopic composition, delta D and delta O-18, of the water in the TPW cell could be controlled within +/- 10C degrees (per mil) and +/- 1.5C degrees, respectively, resulting in control of the isotopic temperature correction to better than +/- 8 mu K. Through an ampoule attached to the cell, the isotopic composition of the water in the cell could be individually analyzed . After manufacture, the initial triple-point temperatures of the two types of cell were measured and compared to assess the quality of the cells and manufacturing process. Cells fabricated with the new system agree within 50 mu K. Two innovatively designed borosilicate and fused-quartz TPW cells were made, each with six attached ampoules. One ampoule was removed every 6 months to track any changes in purity of the water over time. C1 Fluke Corp, Hart Sci Div, Amer Fork, UT 84003 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhao, M (reprint author), Fluke Corp, Hart Sci Div, Amer Fork, UT 84003 USA. EM mingjian.zhao@hartscientific.com NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1923 EP 1930 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0246-3 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400018 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Khromchenko, V Eppeldauer, GP AF Yoon, H. W. Gibson, C. E. Khromchenko, V. Eppeldauer, G. P. TI SSE- and noise-optimized InGaAs radiation thermometer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE ITS-90; near-infrared radiation thermometer; noise-equivalent temperature difference; radiance temperature; size-of-source effect; thermodynamic temperature AB For measurements of radiance temperatures in the range from 150 degrees C to 1,000 degrees C, low uncertainties in the temperature measurements can be achieved by using near-infrared InGaAs radiation thermometers. The design and construction of the NIST near-infrared radiation thermometer (NIRT) that is optimized for low size-of-source effect (SSE) and noise-equivalent temperatures are described. The NIRT utilizes a 50 mm diameter achromatic objective lens with low scatter that images a 4.5 mm diameter spot at a distance of 50 cm from the objective in an on-axis design. A Lyot stop is implemented in the design with the aperture stop placed after the field stop resulting in a collection f/12. A 3 mm diameter InGaAs detector is cooled to -70 degrees C using a four-stage thermoelectric cooler to obtain high-shunt resistance for linear, low-noise operation at high transimpedance amplifier gains. For thermal and structural stability, the optical components are placed on four, 15 mm diameter graphite-epoxy rods making the optical throughput stable. Optical ray tracing with a commercial program is used to determine the Strehl ratio and other imaging parameters. A possible approach for a detector-based temperature scale in this range which could result in 10 mK (k = 2) thermodynamic temperature uncertainties at the In-point is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM howard.yoon@nist.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 2076 EP 2086 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0309-5 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400034 ER PT J AU Prokhorov, AV Mekhontsev, SN Hanssen, LM AF Prokhorov, Alexander V. Mekhontsev, Sergey N. Hanssen, Leonard M. TI Radiative properties of blackbody calibration sources: Recent advances in computer modeling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY MAY 20-24, 2007 CL Alberta, CANADA SP Int Measurement Confederat Tech Comm DE blackbody; emissivity; monte carlo method; ray tracing ID MONTE-CARLO METHOD; EMISSIVITIES; CAVITIES; REFLECTION; SURFACES AB The radiative characteristics (spectral effective emissivity, spectral radiance, and radiance temperature) of blackbody calibration sources widely used in radiation thermometry are an important subject for advanced computer modeling by the Monte Carlo method. An algorithm and code for stochastic modeling of the radiant heat transfer inside cavities has been developed on the basis of the reciprocity principle and backward ray tracing. The importance sampling technique has been applied to generate the reflected rays according to the surface reflection model that can be a linear combination of the following primary models: Lambertian, Specular, and TETRA (a microfacet model of random tetrahedral pits that mimics reflections from a rough surface). A wide range of axisymmetrical cavities, cylindrical cavities with an inclined flat bottom, and a rectilinear grooved radiator of polygonal profile have been implemented. Various conditions of observation can be modeled to compute appropriate radiation characteristics. A number of different temperature distributions can be assigned to the same node set on the cavity surface, so several related tasks can be modeled in a single run. The results obtained for the radiative properties of isothermal and non-isothermal non-diffuse blackbodies used for the calibration of infrared radiation thermometers are presented and discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Utah State Univ Res Fdn, NIST, USURF, Program Opt Sensor Calibrat, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Hanssen, LM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, 100 Bur Dr, Build 220-A305, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hanssen@nist.gov NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 2128 EP 2144 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0285-9 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 237XJ UT WOS:000251409400039 ER PT J AU Schick, RS Lindley, ST AF Schick, Robert S. Lindley, Steven T. TI Directed connectivity among fish populations in a riverine network SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California; chinook salmon; connectivity; dispersal; evolutionarily significant unit (ESU); graph theory; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; population spatial structure; restoration ID ALASKAN COHO SALMON; METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE; COMPLEX NETWORKS; GRAPH-THEORY; LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY; CHINOOK SALMON; CONSERVATION; MODELS; EXTINCTION; DISPERSAL AB The addition of large water storage dams to rivers in California's Central Valley blocked access to spawning habitat and has resulted in a dramatic decline in the distribution and abundance of spring-run chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum 1792). Successful recovery efforts depend on an understanding of the historical spatial structure of these populations, which heretofore has been lacking. Graph theory was used to examine the spatial structure and demographic connectivity of riverine populations of spring-run chinook salmon. Standard graph theoretic measures, including degree, edge weight and node strength, were used to uncover the role of individual populations in this network, i.e. which populations were sources and which were pseudo-sinks. Larger spatially proximate populations, most notably the Pit River, served as sources in the historic graph. These source populations in the graph were marked by an increased number of stronger outbound connections (edges), and on average had few inbound connections. Of the edges in the current graph, seven of them were outbound from a population supported by a hatchery in the Feather River, which suggests a strong influence of the hatchery on the structure of the current extant populations. We tested how the addition of water storage dams fragmented the graph over time by examining changing patterns in connectivity and demographic isolation of individual populations. Dams constructed in larger spatially proximate populations had a strong impact on the independence of remaining populations. Specifically, the addition of dams resulted in lost connections, weaker remaining connections and an increase in demographic isolation. A simulation exercise that removed populations from the graph under different removal scenarios - random removal, removal by decreasing habitat size and removal by decreasing node strength - revealed a potential approach for restoration of these depleted populations. Synthesis and applications. Spatial graphs are drawing the attention of ecologists and managers. Here we have used a directed graph to uncover the historical spatial structure of a threatened species, estimate the connectivity of the current populations, examine how the historical network of populations was fragmented over time and provide a plausible mechanism for ecologically successful restoration. The methods employed here can be applied broadly across taxa and systems, and afford scientists and managers a better understanding of the structure and function of impaired ecosystems. C1 Duke Univ, Levine Sci Res Ctr, Univ Program Ecol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. NOAA Fisheires, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Schick, RS (reprint author), Duke Univ, Levine Sci Res Ctr, Univ Program Ecol, Box 9038, Durham, NC 27706 USA. EM robert.schick@duke.edu RI Lindley, Steven/G-3997-2014 OI Lindley, Steven/0000-0001-9556-0411 NR 61 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 11 U2 77 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1116 EP 1126 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01383.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225EO UT WOS:000250500100004 ER PT J AU Parsley, MJ Wright, CD van der Leeuw, BK Kofoot, EE Peery, CA Moser, ML AF Parsley, M. J. Wright, C. D. van der Leeuw, B. K. Kofoot, E. E. Peery, C. A. Moser, M. L. TI White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) passage at the Dallas Dam, Columbia River, USA SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL PRODUCTION; LAKE STURGEON; LOCOMOTION; FULVESCENS; MOVEMENTS; DYNAMICS; HABITAT AB White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) >= 95 cm TL were monitored using acoustic and radio telemetry at a large hydroelectric dam (the Dalles Dam) on the Columbia River, during March 2004 through November 2005 to determine timing and routes of passage and to characterize general movements. Transmitters were surgically implanted into 148 fish during the study; 90 were released into the tailrace and 58 into the forebay. We documented 26 passage events by 19 tagged fish: eight upstream via fish ladders and 18 downstream, mostly through open spill gates. During the study 17 fish entered the two ladders one or more times; 11 entered only the east ladder, three entered only the north ladder, and three entered both ladders at sometime. Residence time within the ladders by individual fish was variable, ranging from about 1 min to nearly 6 months (median = 7.7 h). Only six fish successfully ascended the east ladder, one fish twice. We could not unequivocally determine which fish ladder one fish used to pass upstream. Differences in construction between the north and east fish ladders may account for the greater success of the east fish ladder in passing sturgeon upstream. Changes to operations at hydroelectric dams to benefit migrating anadromous salmonids may influence upstream or downstream passage by white sturgeon. Altering patterns and timing of spill discharge, altering fish ladder entrance attraction flows, and the use of lights, sound, and partial barriers to direct other species of fish to preferred passage routes have unknown effects on sturgeon passage. A better understanding of the consequences to the metapopulation of increasing or precluding upstream or downstream passage is needed. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Parsley, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5001A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM michael_parsley@usgs.gov NR 16 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 23 IS 6 BP 627 EP 635 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00869.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 228WB UT WOS:000250762200001 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA Kim, JH AF Sobolewski, Mark A. Kim, Jung-Hyung TI The effects of radio-frequency bias on electron density in an inductively coupled plasma reactor SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE DEPENDENT ELECTRON; NEGATIVE-ION DENSITIES; WAVE CUTOFF METHOD; RF REFERENCE CELL; FLUOROCARBON PLASMAS; LANGMUIR PROBE; H TRANSITION; DISCHARGES; ETCH; SIO2 AB The effect of radio-frequency bias on electron density in an inductively coupled plasma reactor was measured using a wave cutoff probe, over a wide range of conditions in pure Ar, pure CF4, and 50%-50% mixtures of Ar/CF4, at pressures of 0.7-4.0 Pa (5-30 mTorr), bias frequencies of 10-30 MHz, bias voltages up to 750 V, and inductive source powers of 50-300 W. Also, at selected experimental conditions, comparisons with Langmuir probe measurements were made. Two types of bias-induced changes in electron density were detected. First, at high source powers, we observed a bias-induced decrease in electron density, which had a slow time response (several minutes), a linear dependence on bias voltage, and little or no dependence on bias frequency or pressure. This decrease is a gas composition effect caused by etch or sputter products liberated from the wafer surface. Second, at low source powers, we observed a faster, bias-induced increase in electron density, which was proportional to the bias frequency and the square root of the bias voltage. This second effect was caused by absorption of bias power by electrons via stochastic heating. Simple models of each effect were derived and were shown to yield quantitative predictions in agreement with the observations. To obtain correct predictions, the effect of bias-induced electron heating cannot be considered by itself; rather, its effect on the efficiency of the inductive source must also be considered. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Sobolewski, Mark A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kim, Jung-Hyung] Korea Res Inst Stand Sci, Taejon 305306, South Korea. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.sobolewski@nist.gov NR 45 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2007 VL 102 IS 11 AR 113302 DI 10.1063/1.2815674 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 241TN UT WOS:000251678800017 ER PT J AU May, RM Biggerstaff, MI Xue, M AF May, Ryan M. Biggerstaff, Michael I. Xue, Ming TI A Doppler radar emulator with an application to the detectability of tornadic signatures SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; POLARIMETRIC RADAR; THUNDERSTORM; WSR-88D; MODEL AB A Doppler radar emulator was developed to simulate the expected mean returns from scanning radar, including pulse-to-pulse variability associated with changes in viewing angle and atmospheric structure. Based on the user's configuration, the emulator samples the numerical simulation output to produce simulated returned power, equivalent radar reflectivity, Doppler velocity, and Doppler spectrum width. The emulator is used to evaluate the impact of azimuthal over-and undersampling, gate spacing, velocity and range aliasing, antenna beamwidth and sidelobes, nonstandard (anomalous) pulse propagation, and wavelength-dependent Rayleigh attenuation on features of interest. As an example, the emulator is used to evaluate the detection of the circulation associated with a tornado simulated within a supercell thunderstorm by the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS). Several metrics for tornado intensity are examined, including peak Doppler velocity and axisymmetric vorticity, to determine the degradation of the tornadic signature as a function of range and azimuthal sampling intervals. For the case of a 2 degrees half-power beamwidth radar, like those deployed in the first integrated project of the Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA), the detection of the cyclonic shear associated with this simulated tornado will be difficult beyond the 10-km range, if standard metrics such as azimuthal gate-to-gate shear from a single radar are used for detection. C1 [May, Ryan M.; Biggerstaff, Michael I.; Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Xue, Ming] Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Pedict Storms, Norman, OK USA. RP May, RM (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, 120 David L Boren Blvd,Suite 5900, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM rmay@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 24 IS 12 BP 1973 EP 1996 DI 10.1175/2007JTECHA882.1 PG 24 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246IS UT WOS:000252001300001 ER PT J AU Yu, TY Wang, Y Shapiro, A Yeary, MB Zrnic, DS Doviak, RJ AF Yu, Tian-You Wang, Yadong Shapiro, Alan Yeary, Mark B. Zrnic, Dusan S. Doviak, Richard J. TI Characterization of tornado spectral signatures using higher-order spectra SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; DETECTION ALGORITHM; WSR-88D; RESOLUTION; STORMS; TEXAS; RECOGNITION; INVARIANTS; SUPERCELL; PATTERNS AB Distinct tornado spectral signatures (TSSs), which are similar to white noise spectra or have bimodal features, have been observed in both simulations and real data from Doppler radars. The shape of the tornado spectrum depends on several parameters such as the range of the tornado, wind field within the storm, and the reflectivity structure. In this work, one of the higher-order spectra (HOS), termed bispectrum, is implemented to characterize TSS, in which the Doppler spectrum is considered a 1D pattern. Bispectrum has been successfully applied to pattern recognition in other fields owing to the fact that bispectrum can retain the shape information of the signal. Another parameter, termed spectral flatness, is proposed to quantify the spectrum variations. It is shown in simulation that both parameters can characterize TSS and provide information in addition to the three spectral moments. The performance of the two parameters and the spectrum width for characterizing TSS are statistically analyzed and compared for various conditions. The potential of the three parameters for improving tornado detection is further demonstrated by tornadic time series data collected by a research Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler, KOUN, operated by the National Severe Storms Laboratory. C1 [Yu, Tian-You; Wang, Yadong; Yeary, Mark B.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Shapiro, Alan] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK USA. [Zrnic, Dusan S.; Doviak, Richard J.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Yu, TY (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM tyu@ou.edu RI Shapiro, Alan/G-6116-2011 NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 24 IS 12 BP 1997 EP 2013 DI 10.1175/2007JTECHA934.1 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246IS UT WOS:000252001300002 ER PT J AU Lee, HT Gruber, A Ellingson, RG Laszlo, I AF Lee, Hai-Tien Gruber, Arnold Ellingson, Robert G. Laszlo, Istvan TI Development of the HIRS outgoing longwave radiation climate dataset SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; DIURNAL-VARIATION; GOES SOUNDER; VALIDATION; RADIANCE; CLOUDS; MODEL; FLUX; OLR AB The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ( AVHRR) outgoing longwave radiation ( OLR) product, which NOAA has been operationally generating since 1979, is a very long data record that has been used in many applications, yet past studies have shown its limitations and several algorithm- related deficiencies. Ellingson et al. have developed the multispectral algorithm that largely improved the accuracy of the narrowband- estimated OLR as well as eliminated the problems in AVHRR. NOAA has been generating High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder ( HIRS) OLR operationally since September 1998. In recognition of the need for a continuous and long OLR data record that would be consistent with the earth radiation budget broadband measurements in the National Polar- orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System ( NPOESS) era, and to provide a climate data record for global change studies, a vigorous reprocessing of the HIRS radiance for OLR derivation is necessary. This paper describes the development of the new HIRS OLR climate dataset. The HIRS level 1b data from the entire Television and Infrared Observation Satellite N- series ( TIROS- N) satellites have been assembled. A new radiance calibration procedure was applied to obtain more accurate and consistent HIRS radiance measurements. The regression coefficients of the HIRS OLR algorithm for all satellites were rederived from calculations using an improved radiative transfer model. Intersatellite calibrations were performed to remove possible discontinuity in the HIRS OLR product from different satellites. A set of global monthly diurnal models was constructed consistent with the HIRS OLR retrievals to reduce the temporal sampling errors and to alleviate an orbital- drift- induced artificial trend. These steps significantly improved the accuracy, continuity, and uniformity of the HIRS monthly mean OLR time series. As a result, the HIRS OLR shows a comparable stability as in the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite ( ERBS) nonscanner OLR measurements. HIRS OLR has superb agreement with the broadband observations from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ( ERBE) and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System ( CERES) in the ENSO- monitoring regions. It shows compatible ENSO- monitoring capability with the AVHRR OLR. Globally, HIRS OLR agrees with CERES with an accuracy to within 2 W m(-2) and a precision of about 4 W m(-2). The correlation coefficient between HIRS and CERES global monthly mean is 0.997. Regionally, HIRS OLR agrees with CERES to within 3 W m(-2) with precisions better than 3 W m(-2) in most places. HIRS OLR could be used for constructing climatology for applications that plan to use NPOESS ERBS and previously used AVHRR OLR observations. The HIRS monthly mean OLR data have high accuracy and precision with respect to the broadband observations of ERBE and CERES. It can be used as an independent validation data source. The uniformity and continuity of HIRS OLR time series suggest that it could be used as a reliable transfer reference for the discontinuous broadband measurements from ERBE, CERES, and ERBS. C1 [Ellingson, Robert G.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Laszlo, Istvan] NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. [Lee, Hai-Tien; Gruber, Arnold] Univ Maryland, CICS ESSIC NOAA, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lee, HT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, CICS ESSIC NOAA, Coll Pk,4115 Comp & Space Bldg,224, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lee@essic.umd.edu RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708 NR 19 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 24 IS 12 BP 2029 EP 2047 DI 10.1175/2007JTECHA989.1 PG 19 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246IS UT WOS:000252001300004 ER PT J AU Sardeshmukh, PD Sura, P AF Sardeshmukh, Prashant D. Sura, Philip TI Multiscale impacts of variable heating in climate SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; PLANET SIMULATOR; EL-NINO; MODEL; PREDICTABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; STATISTICS; SCALE AB While it is obvious that the mean diabatic forcing of the atmosphere is crucial for maintaining the mean climate, the importance of diabatic forcing fluctuations is less evident in this regard. Such fluctuations do not appear directly in the equations of the mean climate but affect the mean indirectly through their effects on the time-mean transient-eddy fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture. How large are these effects? What are the effects of tropical phenomena associated with substantial heating variations such as ENSO and the MJO? To what extent do variations of the extratropical surface heat fluxes and precipitation affect the mean climate? What are the effects of the rapid "stochastic" components of the heating fluctuations? Most current climate models misrepresent ENSO and the MJO and ignore stochastic forcing; they therefore also misrepresent their mean effects. To what extent does this contribute to climate model biases and to projections of climate change? This paper provides an assessment of such impacts by comparing with observations a long simulation of the northern winter climate by a dry adiabatic general circulation model forced only with the observed time-mean diabatic forcing as a constant forcing. Remarkably, despite the total neglect of all forcing variations, the model reproduces most features of the observed circulation variability and the mean climate, with biases similar to those of some state-of-the-art general circulation models. In particular, the spatial structures of the circulation variability are remarkably well reproduced. Their amplitudes, however, are progressively underestimated from the synoptic to the subseasonal to interannual and longer time scales. This underestimation is attributed to the neglect of the variable forcing. The model also excites significant tropical variability from the extratropics on interannual scales, which is overwhelmed in reality by the response to tropical heating variability. It is argued that the results of this study suggest a role for the stochastic, and not only the coherent, components of transient diabatic forcing in the dynamics of climate variability and the mean climate. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sardeshmukh, PD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM prashant.d.sardeshmukh@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 23 BP 5677 EP 5695 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1411.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 239RG UT WOS:000251534800001 ER PT J AU Takahashi, K Battisti, DS AF Takahashi, Ken Battisti, David S. TI Processes controlling the mean tropical pacific precipitation pattern. Part II: The SPCZ and the southeast pacific dry zone SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CONVERGENCE ZONE; CIRCULATION; MODEL; CLIMATOLOGY; SIMULATIONS; GCM AB The nature of the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is addressed by focusing on the dry ( and cool) zone bounded by it and the coast of South America through numerical experiments. As shown in a companion paper, this dry zone is due, to a large extent, to orographically forced subsidence. Here it is shown that the northwestward expansion of this dry zone can be explained by advection of low moist static energy by the trade winds. These results provide an explanation of the geometry of the western edge of the dry zone and, therefore, of the eastern edge of the adjacent SPCZ. Sea surface temperature underneath the SPCZ is enhanced by relatively high near-surface humidity through evaporative processes, which feeds back into its organization. However, in this model, this feedback is not critical for the existence of the SPCZ. The subsidence associated with the ITCZ in the North Hemisphere negatively affects the precipitation rate in the SPCZ. It was also found that the sensitivity of the forced response is largest for peak orographic heights below 3000 m, which indicates that the exact representation of the Andes in numerical models might not be as critical as that of lower orography such as that in southern Africa. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Takahashi, K (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM ken.takahashi@noaa.gov RI Takahashi, Ken/G-5321-2010; Battisti, David /A-3340-2013 OI Takahashi, Ken/0000-0003-3670-2939; Battisti, David /0000-0003-4871-1293 NR 21 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 23 BP 5696 EP 5706 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1656.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 239RG UT WOS:000251534800002 ER PT J AU Herdies, DL Kousky, VE Ebisuzaki, W AF Herdies, Dirceu L. Kousky, Vernon E. Ebisuzaki, Wesley TI The impact of high-resolution SALLJEX data on global NCEP analyses SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; SOUTH-AMERICA; REANALYSIS; SUMMER; PRECIPITATION; ANDES AB A data assimilation study was performed to assess the impact of observations from the South American Low-Level Jet Experiment (SALLJEX) on analyses in the region east of the Andes Mountains from western Brazil to central Argentina. The Climate Data Assimilation Systems (CDAS)-1 and -2 and the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) were run with and without the additional SALLJEX rawinsondes and pilot balloon observations. The experiments for each data assimilation system revealed similar features, with a stronger low-level flow east of the Andes when SALLJEX data were included. GDAS had the strongest low-level jet (LLJ) when compared with observations. In the experiments that used additional rawinsonde and pilot balloon data, the LLJ was displaced westward in comparison to the analyses run without the SALLJEX data. The vertical structure of the meridional wind in the analyses was much closer to observed rawinsonde profiles in the experiments that included SALLJEX data than in the control experiments, and the results show that, although there are more pilot balloon observations than rawinsonde observations in the SALLJEX dataset, most of the improvements in the analyses can be obtained by only including rawinsonde observations. This was especially true for GDAS. The results of this study can serve as a benchmark for similar data impact studies using higher-resolution data assimilation systems. C1 INPE, CPTEC, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Herdies, DL (reprint author), INPE, CPTEC, Rodovia Presidente Dutra Km 40,12630 Cachoeira Pa, Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM dirceu@cptec.inpe.br RI Herdies, Dirceu/C-6675-2013 OI Herdies, Dirceu/0000-0002-2872-8453 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 23 BP 5765 EP 5783 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1375.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 239RG UT WOS:000251534800007 ER PT J AU Kara, AB Wallcraft, AJ Metzger, EJ Hurlburt, HE Fairall, CW AF Kara, A. Birol Wallcraft, Alan J. Metzger, E. Joseph Hurlburt, Harley E. Fairall, Chris W. TI Wind stress drag coefficient over the global ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA FLUXES AB Interannual and climatological variations of wind stress drag coefficient (C(D)) are examined over the global ocean from 1998 to 2004. Here C(D) is calculated using high temporal resolution (3- and 6-hourly) surface atmospheric variables from two datasets: 1) the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and 2) the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). The stability-dependent C(D) algorithm applied to both datasets gives almost identical values over most of the global ocean, confirming the validity of results. Overall, major findings of this paper are as follows: 1) the C(D) value can change significantly (e. g., > 50%) on 12-hourly time scales around the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream current systems; 2) there is strong seasonal variability in C(D), but there is not much interannual change in the spatial variability for a given month; 3) a global mean C(D) approximate to 1.25 X 10(-3) is found in all months, while C(D) >= 1.5 X 10(-3) is prevalent over the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans and in southern high-latitude regions as well, and C(D) <= 1.0 X 10(-3) is typical in the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue; and 4) including the effects of air-sea stability on C(D) generally causes an increase of > 20% in comparison to the one calculated based on neutral conditions in the tropical regions. Finally, spatially and temporally varying C(D) fields are therefore needed for a variety of climate and air-sea interaction studies. C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Oceanog, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kara, AB (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Oceanog, Code 7320,Bldg 1009, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM birol.kara@nrlssc.navy.mil NR 17 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 23 BP 5856 EP 5864 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1825.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 239RG UT WOS:000251534800013 ER PT J AU Gu, XH Michaels, CA Drzal, PL Jastnin, J Martin, D Nguyen, T Martin, JW AF Gu, Xiaohong Michaels, Chris A. Drzal, Peter L. Jastnin, Joan Martin, David Nguyen, Tinh Martin, Jonathan W. TI Probing photodegradation beneath the surface: a depth profiling study of UV-degraded polymeric coatings with microchemical imaging and nanoindentation SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2006 FutureCoat Conference CY NOV 01-03, 2006 CL New Orleans, LA SP Federat Soc Coatings Technol DE nanoindentation; FTIR-microscopy; photodegradation; epoxy resins; polyurethanes; mechanical properties; physical properties; weatherability ID INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION; VISCOELASTIC CHARACTERIZATION; ELASTIC-MODULUS; GLOSS LOSS; PHOTOOXIDATION; DEGRADATION; HARDNESS; FTIR; MICROSTRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY AB Photodegradation of polymer coatings generally involves photooxidation, resulting in the formation of oxidized products, chain scission, and crosslinking. On severe exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light in the presence of air, chemical degradation transforms into substantial changes in the physical and mechanical properties, leading to failures of the coatings. Systematic research by NIST on service life prediction of polymeric coatings indicates that the degradation of polymer coatings starts from the sub-micrometer degradation-susceptible regions at the surface and then grows in width and depth. Additionally, due to the oxygen diffusion effect and the attenuation of the UV light passing through the polymer, the degradation can be spatially heterogeneous. In this study, the changes with depth of the mechanical and chemical properties of a UV-exposed epoxy/polyurethane system were measured by nanoindentation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) microscopy using cross-sectioned specimens. Multilayers of epoxy/polyurethane samples were prepared by a draw-down technique. After curing, samples were exposed to the outdoors in Gaithersburg, MD, for four months. Cross-sectioned slices of the exposed and unexposed samples, C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gu, XH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xiaohong.gu@nist.gov NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1945-9645 EI 1935-3804 J9 J COAT TECHNOL RES JI J. Coat. Technol. Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 4 IS 4 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1007/s11998-007-9052-x PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 237SN UT WOS:000251396800004 ER PT J AU Tshabalala, MA Sung, LP AF Tshabalala, Mandla A. Sung, Li-Piin TI Wood surface modification by in-situ sol-gel deposition of hybrid inorganic-organic thin films SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Woodcoating Congress - Enhancing Service Life CY OCT 17-18, 2006 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Paint Res Assoc DE sol-gel; wood; surface; thin film; moisture; weathering ID MULTIFUNCTIONAL ALKOXYSILANES; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY AB Interest in the use of nanoparticles of iron, titanium, aluminum, and zinc oxides in transparent coatings for wood is increasing. Such nano-composite coatings have the potential of not only preserving the natural color of the wood, but also stabilizing the wood surface against the combined degradative effects of sunlight and moisture. The nanoparticles can be used as additives to coating formulations or deposited directly as thin films on a substrate. Thin film deposition can be accomplished by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor or by sol-gel deposition. This paper describes sol-gel deposition of a hybrid inorganic-organic thin film on wood using a mixture of metal-organic precursors and its effect on weathering properties of the wood surface. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tshabalala, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. EM mtshabalala@fs.fed.us NR 18 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 J COAT TECHNOL RES JI J. Coat. Technol. Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 4 IS 4 BP 483 EP 490 DI 10.1007/s11998-007-9033-0 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 237SN UT WOS:000251396800012 ER PT J AU Peng, T Balijepalli, A Gupta, SK LeBrun, T AF Peng, Tao Balijepalli, Arvind Gupta, Satyandra K. LeBrun, Tom TI Algorithms for on-line monitoring of micro spheres in an optical tweezers-based assembly cell SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE on-line monitoring; position estimation; and image analysis ID CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; MANIPULATION; PARTICLES AB Optical tweezers have emerged as a powerful tool for micro- and nanomanipulation. Using optical tweezers to perform automated assembly requires on-line monitoring of components in the assembly workspace. This paper presents algorithms for estimating three-dimensional positions of microspheres in the assembly workspace. Algorithms presented in this paper use images obtained by optical section microscopy. The images are first segmented to locate areas of interest and then image gradient information from the areas of interest is used to locate the positions of individual micro spheres in the XY plane. Finally, signature curves are computed and utilized to obtain the Z locations of spheres. We have tested these algorithms with glass microspheres of two different sizes under different illumination conditions. Our experiments indicate that the algorithms described in this paper provide sufficient computational speed and accuracy to support the operation of optical tweezers. C1 [Peng, Tao; Gupta, Satyandra K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Balijepalli, Arvind; LeBrun, Tom] NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Balijepalli, Arvind; LeBrun, Tom] Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Peng, T (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1530-9827 J9 J COMPUT INF SCI ENG JI J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 7 IS 4 BP 330 EP 338 DI 10.1115/1.2795306 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 243HL UT WOS:000251787300005 ER PT J AU Kellison, GT Taylor, JC AF Kellison, G. T. Taylor, J. C. TI Demonstration and implications of habitat-specific chemical signatures in otoliths of juvenile summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus Linnaeus) in North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE effective juvenile habitat; habitat; nursery; otolith; Summer flounder ID TEMPERATE REEF FISH; MARINE NURSERIES; ESTUARINE; CHEMISTRY; MICROCHEMISTRY; IDENTIFICATION; RECRUITMENT; ELEMENTS; WATER; AGE AB The objective of this pilot study was to determine if otolith signatures of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus) were differentiable between beach and marsh habitat types within two North Carolina (NC), U.S.A., estuarine systems. Elemental signatures were differentiable between habitats in both systems, and in one system at smaller spatial scales (< 5 km) than have been reported for any estuarine species using otolith microchemistry. These results indicate the potential for using summer flounder otolith elemental analysis to assess the nursery role of habitats within NC estuaries. (c) 2007 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 [Kellison, G. T.] SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Taylor, J. C.] Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Kellison, GT (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM todd.kellison@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 71 SU C BP 350 EP 359 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01630.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250WV UT WOS:000252332900003 ER PT J AU Wood, AD Collie, JS Kohler, NE AF Wood, A. D. Collie, J. S. Kohler, N. E. TI Estimating survival of the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque) in the north-west Atlantic from tag-recapture data SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; PELAGIC SHARK POPULATIONS; LIFE-HISTORY; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; MARKED ANIMALS; BLUEFIN TUNA; MORTALITY; GROWTH; RATES; AGE AB Survival was estimated for shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus in the north-west Atlantic from tag-recapture data. The data used in this study were collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service Cooperative Shark Tagging Programme from 1962 to 2003. In total, 6309 shortfin mako sharks were tagged, of which 730 were recaptured. The high recapture rate of 11.6% for this species provided adequate recapture data to carry out survival analyses. Estimates of survival were generated with the computer software MARK, which provided a means for estimating parameters from tagged animals when they were recaptured. The results of several models are presented with various combinations of constant and time-specific survival and recovery rates. A parametric bootstrap and the median variance inflation factor ((c) over cap) approach were used to test the fit of the general model to the data. The estimated (c) over cap indicated a very good model fit. The models with time invariant survival rate had the most support from the data and no group or time period effects were found. Recovery rate (f) appeared to increase from 0.043 in the early years to 0.056 in the later years. The nominal survival rate of 0.59 year(-1) was adjusted with an estimated tag-shedding rate of 0.26 year(-1) to generate a final corrected annual survival estimate of 0.79 with a 95% CI of 0.71-0.87. (C) 2007 The Authors. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Northeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Wood, AD (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Bay Campus,S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM awood@gso.uri.edu NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 71 IS 6 BP 1679 EP 1695 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01634.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 238FQ UT WOS:000251433100009 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Ogden, DA Sandford, BP AF Moser, M. L. Ogden, D. A. Sandford, B. P. TI Effects of surgically implanted transmitters on anguilliform fishes: lessons from lamprey SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migration; radiotelemetry; swimming performance; tagging effects ID FRESH-WATER EELS; SPAWNING MIGRATION; PACIFIC LAMPREYS; AMERICAN EELS; SEA LAMPREYS; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; COLUMBIA RIVER; MOVEMENTS; TELEMETRY; DEPTH AB Passage success of adult Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata at a large, hydropower dam was negatively correlated with the size of surgically implanted transmitters. This comparatively large field study (> 800 fish) found effects that were not detectable in the laboratory. Journal compilation (C) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Northwest Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), Northwest Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mary.moser@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 71 IS 6 BP 1847 EP 1852 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01628.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 238FQ UT WOS:000251433100020 ER PT J AU Patris, N Cliff, SS Quinn, PK Kasem, M Thiemens, MH AF Patris, N. Cliff, S. S. Quinn, P. K. Kasem, M. Thiemens, M. H. TI Isotopic analysis of aerosol sulfate and nitrate during ITCT-2k2: Determination of different formation pathways as a function of particle size SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-SALT AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; ASIAN AEROSOLS; MINERAL DUST; HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS; AQUEOUS AEROSOLS; 1ST MEASUREMENTS; REACTIVE UPTAKE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN AB The triple isotopic composition of oxygen in sulfate and nitrate, and the sulfur isotopic composition of the sulfate fine fraction, have been measured on size- segregated aerosol samples collected at Trinidad Head, coastal California, alongside the ITCT- 2k2 campaign in April - May 2002. The isotopic anomaly Delta O-17 = delta O-17 - 0.52 x delta O-18 has been determined in both sulfate and nitrate and was used as a specific tracer of the formation pathways of these species. Coarse mode sulfate in all samples exhibited a small but significant Delta O-17 anomaly indicating either uptake or in situ formation of secondary sulfate on sea spray. Non- sea- salt sulfate Delta O-17 in the coarse fraction is consistent with (1) either primarily coagulation of finer sulfate particles, when Delta O-17 is low in all size fractions, or ( 2) ozone- driven oxidation of SO2 within the sea spray, as observed in the relatively higher Delta O-17 in coarse particles compared to fine. It is proposed that tripleisotope measurements of sulfate oxygen can be used to quantify the budget of in situ sea spray nss- SO4 formation. The Delta O-17 measured in size- resolved nitrate revealed, for the first time, differences in the nitrate formation budget as a function of particle size in a given air mass. The coarse particle nitrate possessed a higher Delta O-17, suggesting a relatively larger N2O5 hydrolysis contribution to the nitrate formation budget compared to fine particles where homogeneous formation is more important. We conclude that the complete isotope ratio analysis may provide a basis for future modeling of the formation and transformation processes of the soluble aerosol, based on direct observation of the mechanisms. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Montpellier 2, Inst Rech Dev, F-34095 Montpellier, France. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Patris, N (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, 9500 Gilaman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM npatris@msem.univ-montp2.fr RI Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 83 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 1 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D23 AR D23301 DI 10.1029/2005JD006214 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 237BA UT WOS:000251346400001 ER PT J AU Nghiem, SV Leshkevich, GA AF Nghiem, Son V. Leshkevich, George A. TI Satellite SAR remote sensing of Great Lakes ice cover, part 1. Ice backscatter signatures at C band SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; ice; Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR); ERS-2; RADARSAT; C-band polarimetric scatterometer; classification; remote sensing ID WIND-GENERATED WAVES; ST-CLAIR RIVER; MICHIGAN; SCATTEROMETRY AB For remote sensing of Great Lakes ice cover, afield experiment campaign was conducted in the 1997 winter season across the Straits of Mackinac and Lake Superior. The campaign was coordinated in two expeditions on two different United States Coast Guard icebreaker vessels, the Biscayne Bay in February and the Mackinaw in March. Aboard these icebreakers, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory C-band polarimetric scatterometer was used to measure backscatter signatures of various ice types and open water at incidence angles from 0 degrees to 60 degrees. The radar measurements include incidence angles and polalrizations of spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) on ERS, RADARSAT, and Envisat satellites. The radar data together with in situ measurements form a signature library that can be used to interpret SAR data for ice classification and mapping. Results are presented for backscatter signatures of Great Lakes ice types from thin lake ice to thick brash ice with different snow-cover and surface conditions. The signature library indicates that several ice types can be identified with multi-polarization SAR data; however, single-polarization data can result in misclassification of ice and open water at different ranges of incidence angle and wind conditions. For incidence angles larger than 30 degrees, thick brash ice, the most difficult for icebreaking operations and the most hazardous for ship navigation, can be uniquely identified by co-polarized backscatter for all wind conditions below the gale force. C1 [Nghiem, Son V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Leshkevich, George A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Nghiem, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM son.v.nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 33 IS 4 BP 722 EP 735 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[722:SSRSOG]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 252UZ UT WOS:000252473500002 ER PT J AU Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV AF Leshkevich, George A. Nghiem, Son V. TI Satellite SAR remote sensing of Great Lakes ice cover, part 2. Ice classification and mapping SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR); Great Lakes; ice; classification; mapping; RADARSAT; ERS-2; satellite; remote sensing AB During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter measurements of Great Lakes (freshwater) ice types using the Jet propulsion Laboratory C-band scatterometer, together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters, were acquired concurrenty with Earth Resource Satellite 2 (ERS-2) and RADARSAT Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. This polarimetric data set, composed of over 20 variations of different ice types measured at incident angles from 0 degrees to 60 degrees for all polarizations, was processed to radar cross-section to establish a library of signatures (look-tip table) for different ice types. The library is used in the computer classification of calibrated satellite SAR data. Computer analysis of ERS-2 and RADARSAT ScanSAR images of Great Lakes ice cover using a supervised classification technique indicates that different ice types in the ice cover can be identified and mapped, and that wind speed and direction can have an influence on the classification of water as ice based on single frequency, single polarization data. Once satellite SAR data are classified into ice types, the ice map provides important and necessary input for environmental protection and management, ice control and ice breaking operations, and ice forecasting and modeling efforts. C1 [Leshkevich, George A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Nghiem, Son V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM george.leshkevich@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 33 IS 4 BP 736 EP 750 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[736:SSRSOG]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 252UZ UT WOS:000252473500003 ER PT J AU Hawley, N Eadie, BJ AF Hawley, Nathan Eadie, Brian J. TI Observations of sediment transport in Lake Erie during the winter of 2004-2005 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Erie; sediment resuspension ID CONTINENTAL SHELVES; FRESH-WATER; RESUSPENSION; MODEL AB Time series measurements of current velocity, wave action, and water transparency were made at two sites-one in 24 in of water and the other in 53 in-in Lake Erie during the fall and winter of 2004-2005. The observations at the shallow site show that bottom resuspension occurred several times during the deployment. Although local resuspension, did not occur at the deeper station, several advection episodes were observed. The storms during the observation period were not unusually large, so the processes observed are probably typical of those that occur on a yearly basis. The observations agree reasonably well with previous estimates for both the bottom shear stress during storms, and for the critical shear stress needed to resuspend bottom sediment, but previous estimates of the particle settling velocity are probably too low, while previous estimates of the sediment entrainment rate are too high. The results show that bottom material in the central basin is reworked numerous times before it is finally buried. Deposition in the eastern basin is a more continuous process, but the events observed were not sufficient to match the long-term accumulation rate, so deposition at this site is probably also due in part to larger, more infrequent storms. C1 [Hawley, Nathan; Eadie, Brian J.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hawley, N (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Nathan.Hawley@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 33 IS 4 BP 816 EP 827 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[816:OOSTIL]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 252UZ UT WOS:000252473500008 ER PT J AU Beletsky, D Mason, DM Schwab, DJ Rutherford, ES Janssen, J Clapp, DF Dettmers, JM AF Beletsky, Dmitry Mason, Doran M. Schwab, David J. Rutherford, Edward S. Janssen, John Clapp, David F. Dettmers, John M. TI Biophysical model of larval yellow perch advection and settlement in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE larval transport; bioenergetics model; Great Lakes ID STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM-VITREUM; LIFE-HISTORY; GREAT-LAKES; FLAVESCENS; RECRUITMENT; POPULATIONS; FISHES; REEF; SIZE; CIRCULATION AB Potential for large-scale physical transport processes to affect recruitment of Lake Michigan yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was studied by examining the variation in larval distribution, growth rate, and settlement during June-August 1998-2003 using a 3D particle transport model linked with an individual-based bioenergetics growth model. In all years, virtual larvae were released nearshore in southwestern Lake Michigan, a known and important spawning region for yellow perch. For any given Year, the same circulation pattern and water temperature either promoted or reduced yellow perch settlement depending on the consumption rates and settlement size chosen in the growth model. Increased consumption increased the number of settled larvae and expanded the total area where larvae settled, whereas increased settlement Size reduced the number of settled larvae and reduced the overall settlement area. Interannual variability in circulation patterns and water temperature also resulted in contrasting larval settlement rates, settlement locations, and size of settlement areas between years. Model predictions were most consistent with field observations of age-0 yellow perch from Illinois and Michigan waters when settlement was assumed to occur at 50 mm. Moreover, our model suggests that larvae originating from southwestern Lake Michigan can recruit anywhere within the southern basin and even in the northern basin. Future model improvement will require information on the relative contribution of various sectors to the larval pool, their distribution with reference to the hydrodynamic landscape, the feeding and growth of yellow perch during their pelagic phase, and the size at transition to demersal stage. C1 [Beletsky, Dmitry] Univ Michigan, SNRE, CILER, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Mason, Doran M.; Schwab, David J.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Rutherford, Edward S.] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Janssen, John] Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes WATER Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Clapp, David F.] Charlevoix Fisheries Res Stn, Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Charlevoix, MI 49720 USA. [Dettmers, John M.] Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Lake Michigan Biol Stn, Zion, IL 60099 USA. RP Beletsky, D (reprint author), Univ Michigan, SNRE, CILER, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM dima.beletsky@noaa.gov RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667; Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 54 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 33 IS 4 BP 842 EP 866 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[842:BMOLYP]2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 252UZ UT WOS:000252473500010 ER PT J AU Luo, Y Berbery, EH Mitchell, KE Betts, AK AF Luo, Yan Berbery, Ernesto H. Mitchell, Kenneth E. Betts, Alan K. TI Relationships between land surface and near-surface atmospheric variables in the NCEP north American regional reanalysis SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OKLAHOMA-TEXAS DROUGHT; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE PREDICTABILITY; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; WATER-BALANCE; PRECIPITATION; SYSTEM; PARAMETERIZATION AB This study examines the recently released National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR)products over diverse climate regimes to determine the regional relationships between soil moisture and near-surface atmospheric variables. NARR assimilates observed precipitation, as well as near-surface observations of humidity and wind, while seeking a balance of the surface water and energy budgets with a modern land surface model. The results of this study indicate that for most basins (of approximate size of 0.5-1.0 x 106 km(2)) the NARR surface water budgets have relatively small residuals (about 0.2 mm day(-1)), and slightly larger residuals (about 0.4 mm day(-1)) for basins with complex terrain like those in the western United States. Given that the NARR is an assimilation system (especially one that assimilates observed precipitation), the NARR does not include feedbacks between soil moisture and precipitation. Nonetheless, as a diagnostic tool anchored to observations, the NARR does show that the extent of positive correlation between anomalies of soil moisture and anomalies of precipitation in a given region depends on that region's dryness. The existence of correlations among all variables is a necessary-but not sufficient-condition for land atmosphere feedbacks to exist, as a region with no correlations would not be expected to have feedbacks. Likewise, a high degree of persistence of soil moisture anomalies in a given basin does not by itself guarantee a positive correlation between anomalies of soil moisture and precipitation. Land surface-atmosphere relationships at monthly time scales are identified by examining the associations between soil moisture and surface and boundary layer variables. Low soil moisture is consistently associated with increased net shortwave radiation and increased outgoing longwave radiation through the effects of less cloud cover and lower atmospheric humidity. No systematic association is revealed between soil moisture and total net surface radiation, as this relation varies substantially between different basins. Low soil moisture is positively correlated with increased sensible heat and lower latent heat (reflected in a smaller evaporative fraction), decreased low-cloud cover, and higher lifting condensation level. The relation between soil moisture anomalies and precipitation anomalies is found to be quite variable between the basins, depending on whether availability of surface water exceeds the available energy for evaporation, or vice versa. Wetter basins, like the Columbia and Ohio, display weak or no correlations between soil moisture anomalies and precipitation anomalies. On the other hand, transitional regions between wet and dry regions, like the central Great Plains, manifest a positive correlation between soil moisture anomalies and precipitation anomalies. These results further the understanding of previous predictability studies (in coupled land-atmosphere prediction models), which indicates that in order for precipitation anomalies to emerge in response to soil moisture anomalies in a given region, it is necessary that the region's seasonal climate be neither too dry nor too wet. C1 [Luo, Yan; Berbery, Ernesto H.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Mitchell, Kenneth E.] NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Betts, Alan K.] Atmospher Res, Pittsford, VT USA. RP Berbery, EH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ESSIC, 3427 Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM berbery@atmos.umd.edu RI Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010 OI Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345 NR 49 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 8 IS 6 BP 1184 EP 1203 DI 10.1175/2007JHM844.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247QT UT WOS:000252095100002 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Adams, T Bonta, JV AF Zhang, Yu Adams, Thomas Bonta, James V. TI Subpixel-scale rainfall variability and the effects on separation of radar and gauge rainfall errors SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VERIFICATION; VARIANCE AB This paper presents an extended error variance separation method (EEVS) that allows explicit partitioning of the variance of the errors in gauge- and radar-based representations of areal rainfall. The implementation of EEVS demonstrated in this study combines a kriging scheme for estimating areal rainfall from gauges with a sampling method for determining the correlation between the gauge- and radar-related errors. On the basis of this framework, this study examines scale- and pixel-dependent impacts of subpixel-scale rainfall variability on the perceived partitioning of error variance for four conterminous Hydrologic Rainfall Analysis Project ( HRAP) pixels in central Ohio with data from Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) stage III product and from 11 collocated rain gauges as input. Application of EEVS for 1998-2001 yields proportional contribution of two error terms for July and October for each HRAP pixel and for two fictitious domains containing the gauges ( 4 and 8 km in size). The results illustrate the importance of considering subpixel variation of spatial correlation and how it varies with the size of domain size, number of gauges, and the subpixel locations of gauges. Further comparisons of error variance separation (EVS) and EEVS across pixels results suggest that accounting for structured variations in the spatial correlation under 8 km might be necessary for more accurate delineation of domain-dependent partitioning of error variance, and especially so for the summer months. C1 [Zhang, Yu] US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. [Adams, Thomas] Natl Weather Serv, Ohio River Forecast Ctr, Wilmington, OH USA. [Bonta, James V.] USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM yu.zhang@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 8 IS 6 BP 1348 EP 1363 DI 10.1175/2007JHM835.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247QT UT WOS:000252095100010 ER PT J AU Shadwick, RE Pitman, RL AF Shadwick, Robert E. Pitman, Robert L. TI Morphology and biomechanics of a "three-wing" flying fish: Parexocoetus brachypterus SO JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Shadwick, Robert E.] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Pitman, Robert L.] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. EM shadwick@zoology.ubc.ca NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0362-2525 J9 J MORPHOL JI J. Morphol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 268 IS 12 BP 1133 EP 1133 PG 1 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 235WW UT WOS:000251266000455 ER PT J AU Zavrazhnov, AY Zartsyn, ID Naumov, AV Zlomanov, VP Davydov, AV AF Zavrazhnov, A. Yu. Zartsyn, I. D. Naumov, A. V. Zlomanov, V. P. Davydov, A. V. TI Composition control of low-volatility solids through chemical vapor transport reactions. I. Theory of selective chemical vapor transport SO JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND DIFFUSION LA English DT Article DE binary system; experimental kinetics; experimental techniques; experimental thermodynamics; modeling; nonequilibrium processes ID CRYSTALS AB A new method is proposed for controlling the composition (nonstoichiometry) of low-volatility inorganic compounds. It is based on the introduction/elimination of one of the components into/from the low-volatility compound using reversible selective chemical vapor transport. The conditions for composition control through selective chemical vapor transport are deduced from the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, in which the direction of the mass-transfer of a component is unambiguously defined by the temperature and composition of the source (T-1, x(1)) and of the sample (T-2, x(2)). This approach can be employed to control the sample composition in a closed vapor-transport system, in which composition x(2) of the sample is defined by the fixed values of x(1), T-1, and T-2, provided the steady-state (no mass-transfer) condition is achieved. The effect of steady-state conditions on sample composition is visualized using T-2-T-1-x(2) diagram for the following system: sample (Ga-S phases)-vapor-charge (pure Ga). C1 [Zavrazhnov, A. Yu.; Zartsyn, I. D.; Naumov, A. V.] Voronezh State Univ, Dept Gen Chem, Voronezh 394693, Russia. [Zlomanov, V. P.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Inorgan Chem, Moscow, Russia. [Davydov, A. V.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zavrazhnov, AY (reprint author), Voronezh State Univ, Dept Gen Chem, Voronezh 394693, Russia. EM davydov@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1547-7037 EI 1863-7345 J9 J PHASE EQUILIB DIFF JI J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 510 EP 516 DI 10.1007/s11669-007-9200-0 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 245AW UT WOS:000251907800004 ER PT J AU Litaker, W Hall, NS Fensin, EE Adolf, JE Place, AR Paerl, HW AF Litaker, W. Hall, N. S. Fensin, E. E. Adolf, J. E. Place, A. R. Paerl, H. W. TI Development of a toxic dinoflagellate (Karlodinium veneficum) bloom in a shallow, eutrophic, lagoonal estuary SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Litaker, W.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC USA. [Hall, N. S.; Paerl, H. W.] Univ N Carolina Chapel Hill, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC USA. [Fensin, E. E.] N Carolina Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Div Water Qual, Raleigh, NC USA. [Adolf, J. E.; Place, A. R.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 SU 1 MA 96 BP 30 EP 30 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 266YN UT WOS:000253474200097 ER PT J AU Tester, P Waggett, R Place, A AF Tester, P. Waggett, R. Place, A. TI Grazing on the estuarine bloom forming species Karlodinium veneficum deterred by production of karlotoxins SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Tester, P.; Waggett, R.] NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC USA. [Place, A.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 SU 1 MA 97 BP 30 EP 30 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 266YN UT WOS:000253474200098 ER PT J AU Maranda, L Morton, SL AF Maranda, L. Morton, S. L. TI A new benthic/epiphytic Prorocentrum species from the western North Atlantic? SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Maranda, L.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Morton, S. L.] NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Marine Biotoxin Program, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 SU 1 MA 150 BP 47 EP 47 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 266YN UT WOS:000253474200151 ER PT J AU Faust, M Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Holland, WC Tester, PA AF Faust, M. Litaker, R. W. Vandersea, M. W. Kibler, S. R. Holland, W. C. Tester, P. A. TI Taxonomy of Coolia including two new species, Coolia minuta sp nov and Coolia novella sp nov (Dinophyceae) SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Faust, M.] US Natl Herbarium, Smithsonian Inst, Sutland, MD USA. [Litaker, R. W.; Vandersea, M. W.; Kibler, S. R.; Holland, W. C.; Tester, P. A.] NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 SU 1 MA 165 BP 51 EP 51 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 266YN UT WOS:000253474200166 ER PT J AU Richlen, M Morton, S Barber, P AF Richlen, M. Morton, S. Barber, P. TI Phylogeography, morphological variation and taxonomy of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae) SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Richlen, M.; Barber, P.] Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Morton, S.] NOAA NOS, Marine Biotoxin Program, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 SU 1 MA 197 BP 61 EP 61 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 266YN UT WOS:000253474200198 ER PT J AU Wiese, WL Fuhr, JR AF Wiese, W. L. Fuhr, J. R. TI Improved critical compilations of selected atomic transition probabilities for neutral and singly ionized carbon and nitrogen SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE allowed and forbidden transitions; atomic transition probabilities; f-values; line strengths ID PAULI ENERGY-LEVELS; SPECTROSCOPIC COUPLING SCHEME; OSCILLATOR STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS; FOIL-LASER METHOD; LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS; C-II; N-II; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; RADIATIVE LIFETIME; EXCITED-STATES AB We have undertaken new critical assessments and tabulations of the transition probabilities for important lines of neutral and singly ionized carbon and nitrogen. Our updates primarily address the persistent lower transitions as well as a greatly expanded number of forbidden lines (M1, M2, and E2 lines). For these transitions, sophisticated multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock calculations have been recently carried out, which have yielded data considerably improved and often appreciably different from our 1996 NIST compilation. (C) 2007 by the U. S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 [Wiese, W. L.; Fuhr, J. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD DEC PY 2007 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1287 EP 1345 DI 10.1063/1.2740642 PG 59 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 240HZ UT WOS:000251580000002 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB Bhat, TN AF Goldberg, Robert N. Tewari, Yadu B. Bhat, Talapady N. TI Thermodynamics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions: Part 7 - 2007 update SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE apparent equilibrium constants; enthalpies of reaction; enzyme-catalyzed reactions; evaluated data; transformed thermodynamic properties ID HOMOSERINE DEHYDROGENASE-I; ISOTOPE-EXCHANGE KINETICS; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; STEADY-STATE KINETICS; AMINO-ACID RACEMASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; EQUILIBRIUM-CONSTANT AB This review serves to update previously published evaluations of equilibrium constants and enthalpy changes for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. For each reaction, the following information is given: the reference for the data, the reaction studied, the name of the enzyme used and its Enzyme Commission number, the method of measurement, the conditions of measurement [temperature, pH, ionic strength, and the buffer(s) and cofactor(s) used], the data and their evaluation, and, sometimes, commentary on the data and on any corrections which have been applied to the data or any calculations for which the data have been used. The review contains data from 119 references which have been examined and evaluated. Chemical Abstract Service registry numbers are given for the substances involved in these various reactions. There is also a cross reference between the substances and the Enzyme Commission numbers of the enzymes used to catalyze the reactions in which the substances participate. (C) 2007 by the U. S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 [Goldberg, Robert N.; Tewari, Yadu B.; Bhat, Talapady N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.goldberg@nist.gov; yadu.tewari@nist.gov; talapady.bhat@nist.gov NR 153 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD DEC PY 2007 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1347 EP 1397 DI 10.1063/1.2789450 PG 51 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 240HZ UT WOS:000251580000003 ER PT J AU Wiese, WL Fuhr, JR AF Wiese, W. L. Fuhr, J. R. TI Improved critical compilations of selected atomic transition probabilities for neutral and singly ionized carbon and nitrogen (vol 36, pg 1287, 2007) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Correction C1 [Wiese, W. L.; Fuhr, J. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD DEC PY 2007 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1737 EP 1737 DI 10.1063/1.2809438 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 240HZ UT WOS:000251580000006 ER PT J AU Wang, L Cole, KD Peterson, A He, HJ Gaigalas, AK AF Wang, L. Cole, K. D. Peterson, A. He, Hua-Jun Gaigalas, A. K. TI Monoclonal antibody selection for interleukin-4 quantification using suspension arrays and forward-phase protein microarrays SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE monoclonal antibody; clonality selection; surface plasmon resonance; equilibrium binding constant; suspension arrays; forward-phase protein microarrays; interleukin-4 quantification; detection sensitivity ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; BINDING-KINETICS; ANTIGEN; AFFINITY; STANDARDIZATION; IMMUNOASSAYS; ASSAYS; CELLS AB A recombinant mouse interleukin-4 (IL-4) and three different purified rat antimouse IL-4 monoclonal antibodies (Mab) with different clonalities were employed as a model system. This system was used to examine monoclonal antibody effectiveness using both conventional and high-throughput measurement techniques to select antibodies for attaining the most sensitive detection of the recombinant IL-4 through the "sandwich-type" immunoassays. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements and two high-throughput methods, suspension arrays (also called multiplexed bead arrays) and forward-phase protein microarrays, predicted the same capture (BVD4-1D11) and detection (BVD6-24G2) antibody pair for the most sensitive detection of the recombinant cytokine. By using this antibody pair, we were able to detect as low as 2 pg/mL of IL-4 in buffer solution and 13.5 pg/mL of IL-4 spiked in 100% normal mouse serum with the multiplexed bead arrays. Due to the large amount of material required for SPR measurements, the study suggests that the multiplexed bead arrays and protein microarrays are both suited for the selection of numerous antibodies against the same analyte of interest to meet the need in the areas of systems biology and reproducible clinical diagnostics for better patient care. C1 [Wang, L.; Cole, K. D.; Peterson, A.; He, Hua-Jun; Gaigalas, A. K.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lili.wang@nist.gov NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 6 IS 12 BP 4720 EP 4727 DI 10.1021/pr070535s PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 239VK UT WOS:000251546200021 PM 17997516 ER PT J AU Mackenzie, CL AF Mackenzie, Clyde L., Jr. TI Causes underlying the historical decline in eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791) landings SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oyster; Crassostrea virginica; East Coast; Gulf Coast; Canada; landings; consumer demand; pathogens; economic depressions; bed damage ID DELAWARE BAY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; NELSONI MSX; RESISTANCE; MORTALITY; PROGRAM; ISLAND AB Landings of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) along the United States East Coast (mainly Rhode Island through South Carolina) increased to nearly 27 million bushels by 1890s, but they then declined by, nearly 60% to 11.5 million bushels by 1940 and by almost 99% to 0.35 million bushels by 2004. Though overharvesting usually has been cited as the primary factor for the decline in landings from 1890 to 1940, the principal causes were: (1) a fall in demand for oysters, because consumers became aware that oysters could contain pathogens and competition from other foods increased in markets; (2) three economic depressions; and (3) biological and physical damage to the oysters and their beds (predation, siltation, severe storms, channel dredging, and harvesting by dredges). As a consequence of a huge decline in oyster landings in Delaware and Chesapeake Bays during and after the 1960s because of high oyster mortalities caused by the diseases MSX and Dermo, space became available in the United States national oyster market. The oyster industries of Prince Edward Island, Long Island Sound (Connecticut and New York), and the United States Gulf Coast took advantage of this and increased their production. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Mackenzie, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM clyde.mackenzie@noaa.gov NR 78 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 6 U2 37 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 927 EP 938 DI 10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[927:CUTHDI]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300006 ER PT J AU Meseck, SL Wikfors, GH Alix, JH Smith, BC Dixon, MS AF Meseck, Shannon L. Wikfors, Gary H. Alix, Jennifer H. Smith, Barry C. Dixon, Mark S. TI Impacts of a cyanobacterium contaminating large-scale aquaculture feed cultures of Tetraselmis chui on survival and growth of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians irradians SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bay scallop; feeding experiment; cyanobacteria; Tetraselmis chui ID SYSTEM AB Large-scale, open, microalgal feed cultures for hatchery and nursery production of marine invertebrates inevitably becomes contaminated with various microbes that can affect productivity and usability of the harvested biomass. In the Greenhouse for Research on Algal Mass Production Systems (CRAMPS) at the NMFS Laboratory in Milford, CT, cultures of Tetraselmis chui (PLY429) often become contaminated with a cyanobacterium; preliminary observations suggested that juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians irradians showed reduced performance when the feed culture became contaminated with this cyanobacterium. We isolated a cyanobacterium from a contaminated culture of PLY429 and conducted a feeding study to determine if this isolate affects survival and growth of juvenile bay scallops, either alone or in combination with PLY429, thereby simulating feeding of a contaminated culture. Bay scallops were given a diet of either 100% PLY429, 50% PLY429 with 50% cyanobacteria, 100% cyanobacteria, or starved. There was 100% mortality of bay scallops by week 3 when they were starved, with a significant difference in survival between diets (P < 0.01). At 6 wk the scallops fed only the cyanobacterium had 63% survival, 93% survived in the mixed diet, and 98% survived when fed 100% PLY429. The net growth of bay scallops on the different diets was also significantly different (P < 0.01) with scallops fed 100% PLY429 having the highest shell-growth rate of 198-mu m scallop(-1)d(-1), and growth rates of 82-mu m scallop(-1)d(-1) on the mixed diet, and 65-mu m scallop(-1) d(-1) for the cyanobacterial diet. These findings suggest that the cyanobacterium will not cause instant mortality, but it will not support sustained survival and growth over time scales of weeks. C1 [Meseck, Shannon L.; Wikfors, Gary H.; Alix, Jennifer H.; Smith, Barry C.; Dixon, Mark S.] NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Meseck, SL (reprint author), NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM Shannon.meseck@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1071 EP 1074 DI 10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[1071:IOACCL]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300020 ER PT J AU Gallager, SM Howland, J York, A Taylor, R Vine, N Prasad, L Swaminarayan, S Gupta, R Rago, P Hart, D Rosenkranz, G AF Gallager, Scott M. Howland, Jonathan York, Amber Taylor, Richard Vine, Norman Prasad, Lakshman Swaminarayan, Sriram Gupta, Rajan Rago, Paul Hart, Dvora Rosenkranz, Gregg TI Development of imaging hardware and an optical image database and processing tools for automated classification of benthic habitat and enumeration of commercially important scallop stocks SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Gallager, Scott M.; Howland, Jonathan; York, Amber] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Prasad, Lakshman; Swaminarayan, Sriram; Gupta, Rajan] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Rago, Paul; Hart, Dvora] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Rosenkranz, Gregg] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1311 EP 1311 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300080 ER PT J AU Hart, DR Jacobson, LD Seaver, A AF Hart, Deborah R. Jacobson, Larry D. Seaver, Alan TI Evaluation of length-based models for assessing the US Atlantic Sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hart, Deborah R.; Jacobson, Larry D.; Seaver, Alan] NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1316 EP 1316 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300088 ER PT J AU Hegaret, H Shumway, SE Wikfors, GH AF Hegaret, Helene Shumway, Sandra E. Wikfors, Gary H. TI Effects of harmful algae on physiology and hemocyte parameters of the Northern Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Hegaret, Helene; Shumway, Sandra E.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [Wikfors, Gary H.] NOAA, NMFS, Milford, CT USA. RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008 OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1316 EP 1316 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300089 ER PT J AU Milke, LM Bricelj, VM Ross, NW AF Milke, Lisa M. Bricelj, V. Monica Ross, Neil W. TI Ontogenetic changes in the enzymatic activity of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, and sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Milke, Lisa M.] NOAA, Fisheries Serv, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. [Bricelj, V. Monica; Ross, Neil W.] Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1326 EP 1327 PG 2 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300108 ER PT J AU Rowe, S Nordahl, V Hart, D AF Rowe, Stacy Nordahl, Victor Hart, Deborah TI Long-term monitoring of sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) off the Northeast United States SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Rowe, Stacy; Nordahl, Victor; Hart, Deborah] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecosyst Survey Branch, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1337 EP 1337 PG 1 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 250US UT WOS:000252327300124 ER PT J AU Tassey, G AF Tassey, Gregory TI Tax incentives for innovation: time to restructure the R&E tax credit SO JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE R&E tax credit; tax policy; innovation policy; R&D policy; R&D investment; innovation AB The R&E tax credit has never been effective and subsequent attempts to restructure it have not addressed the major deficiencies. Moreover, in the 25 years since the R&E tax credit was enacted, a steadily increasing number of countries have implemented or expanded competing tax incentives, which in many cases are better structured and larger in size. As a result, the relative impact of the US credit is now negative in terms of incentives to conduct R&D within the domestic economy. The inadequacy of the credit stems largely from its small size and its incremental format. The impact of an R&D tax incentive is affected by its scope of coverage, the ability of industry to take advantage of it over the entire R&D cycle, the magnitude of the incentive relative to other nations' tax policies, and its ease of implementation. In the end, a tax incentive must sufficiently lower the user's cost of R&D to overcome barriers to allocation of private-sector resources commensurate with the potential rates of return on such investments. As a policy instrument, a tax incentive for R&D should be most effective if its form is a flat rate applied to all R&D. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Program Off, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tassey, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Program Off, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 1060, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tassey@nist.gov NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-9912 J9 J TECHNOL TRANSFER JI J. Technol. Transf. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 32 IS 6 BP 605 EP 615 DI 10.1007/s10961-007-9045-z PG 11 WC Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA 354TW UT WOS:000259662900003 ER PT J AU Chu, D Stanton, TK Pierce, AD AF Chu, Dezhang Stanton, Timothy K. Pierce, Allan D. TI Higher-order acoustic diffraction by edges of finite thickness SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DENSITY CONTRAST WEDGE; IMPULSE RESPONSES; SOURCE MODEL; SCATTERING; SOUND; REFLECTIONS; APERTURE; BARRIERS AB A cw solution of acoustic diffraction,by a three-sided semi-infinite barrier or a double edge, where the width of the midplanar segment is finite and cannot be ignored, involving all orders of diffraction is presented. The solution is an extension of the asymptotic formulas for the double-edge second-order diffraction via amplitude and phase matching given by Pierce [A. D. Pierce, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 943-955 (1974)]. The model accounts for all orders of diffraction and is valid for, all kiv, where k is the acoustic wave number and w is the width of the midplanar segment and reduces to the solution of diffraction by a single knife edge as w -> O. The theory is incorporated into the deformed edge solution [Stanton et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 3167 (2007)] to model the diffraction by a disk of finite thickness, and is compared with laboratory experiments of backscattering by elastic disks of various thicknesses and by a hard strip. It is shown that the model describes the edge diffraction reasonably well in predicting the diffraction as a function of scattering angle, edge thickness, and frequency. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 [Chu, Dezhang; Stanton, Timothy K.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Pierce, Allan D.] Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Chu, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM dchu@whoi.edu NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 122 IS 6 BP 3177 EP 3194 DI 10.1121/1.2783001 PG 18 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 241IS UT WOS:000251650700004 PM 18247730 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, Oleg A. TI Restless rays, steady wave fronts SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; SOUND-PROPAGATION; RANDOM-MEDIA; RANGE; CHAOS; FLUCTUATIONS; STABILITY; DYNAMICS AB Observations of underwater acoustic fields with vertical line arrays and numerical simulations of long-range sound propagation in an ocean perturbed by internal gravity waves indicate that acoustic wave fronts are much more stable than the rays comprising these wave fronts. This paper provides a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of wave front stability in a medium with weak sound-speed perturbations. It is shown analytically that at propagation ranges that are large compared to the correlation length of the sound-speed perturbations but smaller than ranges at which ray chaos develops, end points of rays launched from a point source and having a given travel time are scattered primarily along the wave front corresponding to the same travel time in the unperturbed environment. The ratio of root mean square displacements of the ray end points along and across the unperturbed wave front increases with range as the ratio of ray length to correlation length of environmental perturbations. An intuitive physical explanation of-the theoretical results is proposed. The-relative stability of wave fronts compared to rays is shown to follow from Fermat's principle and dimensional considerations. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 [Godin, Oleg A.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Godin, Oleg A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, DSRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Mail Code R PSD99,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Oleg.Godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 122 IS 6 BP 3353 EP 3363 DI 10.1121/1.2799479 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 241IS UT WOS:000251650700019 PM 18247745 ER PT J AU Stafforda, KM Mellinger, DK Moore, SE Fox, CG AF Stafforda, Kathleen M. Mellinger, David K. Moore, Sue E. Fox, Christopher G. TI Seasonal variability and detection range modeling of baleen whale calls in the Gulf of Alaska, 1999-2002 SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY ATTENUATION; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; SINGING HUMPBACK WHALES; NORTH-PACIFIC; BLUE WHALE; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; FIN WHALE; BALAENOPTERA-MUSCULUS; AMBIENT NOISE; ACOUSTIC DETECTIONS AB Five species of large whales, including the blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (B. physalus), sei (B. borealis), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), and North Pacific right (Eubalaena japonica), were the target of commercial harvests in the Gulf of Alaska (GoA) during the 19th through mid-20th Centuries. Since this time, there have been a few summer time visual surveys for these species, but no overview of year-round use of these waters by endangered whales primarily because standard visual survey data are difficult and costly. From October 1999-May 2002, moored hydrophones were deployed in six locations in the GoA to record whale calls. Reception of calls from fin, humpback, and blue whales and an unknown source, called Watkins' whale, showed seasonal and geographic variation. Calls were detected more often during the winter than during the summer, suggesting that animals inhabit the GoA year-round. To estimate the distance at which species-diagnostic calls could be heard, parabolic equation propagation loss models for frequencies characteristic of each of each call type were run. Maximum detection ranges in the subarctic North Pacific ranged from 45 to 250 kin among three species (fin, humpback, blue), although modeled detection ranges varied greatly with input parameters and choice of ambient noise level. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 [Stafforda, Kathleen M.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Mellinger, David K.] Oregon State Univ, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Mellinger, David K.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Moore, Sue E.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Fox, Christopher G.] Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Stafforda, KM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM stafford@apl.washington.edu NR 90 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 122 IS 6 BP 3378 EP 3390 DI 10.1121/1.2799905 PG 13 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 241IS UT WOS:000251650700021 PM 18247747 ER PT J AU Cook, R Touma, JS Fernandez, A Brzezinski, D Bailey, C Scarbro, C Thurman, J Strum, M Ensley, D Baldauf, R AF Cook, Richard Touma, Jawad S. Fernandez, Antonio Brzezinski, David Bailey, Chad Scarbro, Carl Thurman, James Strum, Madeleine Ensley, Darrell Baldauf, Richard TI Impact of underestimating the effects of cold temperature on motor vehicle start emissions of air toxics in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE; TAILPIPE EMISSIONS; FUTURE YEARS AB Analyses of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certification data, California Air Resources Board surveillance testing data, and EPA research testing data indicated that EPA's MOBILE6.2 emission factor model substantially underestimates emissions of gaseous air toxics occurring during vehicle starts at cold temperatures for light-duty vehicles and trucks meeting EPA Tier 1 and later standards. An unofficial version of the MOBILE6.2 model was created to account for these underestimates. When this unofficial version of the model was used to project emissions into the future, emissions increased by almost 100% by calendar year 2030, and estimated modeled ambient air toxics concentrations increased by 6-84%, depending on the pollutant. To address these elevated emissions, EPA recently finalized standards requiring reductions of emissions when engines start at cold temperatures. C1 US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. US EPA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cook, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA. EM cook.rich@epa.gov NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 57 IS 12 BP 1469 EP 1479 DI 10.3155/1047-3289.57.12.1469 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 239MS UT WOS:000251523000007 PM 18200932 ER PT J AU Parker, R Arnold, JG Barrett, M Burns, L Carrubba, L Neitsch, SL Snyder, NJ Srinivasan, R AF Parker, Ronald Arnold, J. G. Barrett, Michael Burns, Lawrence Carrubba, Lee Neitsch, S. L. Snyder, N. J. Srinivasan, R. TI Evaluation of three watershed-scale pesticide environmental transport and fate models SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE computational methods; simulation; transport and fate; pesticide; NAWQA; SWAT; NPSM; HSPF; PRZM-RIVWQ ID RIVER BASIN; VALIDATION AB The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has completed an evaluation of three watershed-scale simulation models for potential use in Food Quality Protection Act pesticide drinking water exposure assessments. The evaluation may also guide OPP in identifying computer simulation tools that can be used in performing aquatic ecological exposure assessments. Models selected for evaluation were the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Nonpoint Source Model (NPSM), a modified version of the Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF), and the Pesticide Root Zone Model-Riverine Water Quality (PRZM-RIVWQ) model. Simulated concentrations of the pesticides atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin in surface water were compared with field data monitored in the Sugar Creek watershed of Indiana's White River basin by the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The evaluation not only provided USEPA with experience in using watershed models for estimating pesticide concentration in flowing water but also led to the development of improved statistical techniques for assessing model accuracy. Further, it demonstrated the difficulty of representing spatially and temporally variable soil, weather, and pesticide applications with relatively infrequent, spatially fixed, point estimates. It also demonstrated the value of using monitoring and modeling as mutually supporting tools and pointed to the need to design monitoring programs that support modeling. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA Agr Res Serv, Temple, TX 76502 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmosper Adm, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77483 USA. Waterborne Environm Inc, Leesburg, VA 20175 USA. Texas A&I Univ, Spatial Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Parker, R (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM parker.ronald@epa.gov RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 52 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 5 U2 29 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1424 EP 1443 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00101.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 236UI UT WOS:000251328500006 ER PT J AU Stow, CA Reckhow, KH Qian, SS Lamon, EC Arhonditsis, GB Borsuk, ME Seo, D AF Stow, Craig A. Reckhow, Kenneth H. Qian, Song S. Lamon, Estel Conrad, III Arhonditsis, George B. Borsuk, Mark E. Seo, Dongil TI Approaches to evaluate water quality model parameter uncertainty for adaptive tmdl implementation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE total maximum daily load; water quality model; ecological forecasting; uncertainty analysis; parameter estimation; adaptive management; Bayesian; Streeter-Phelps; equifinality; computational methods; optimization ID MONTE-CARLO METHODS; BAYESIAN-INFERENCE; ROBUST-CALIBRATION; CRITICAL LOADS; GIBBS SAMPLER; EQUIFINALITY; SENSITIVITY AB The National Research Council recommended Adaptive Total Maximum Daily Load implementation with the recognition that the predictive uncertainty of water quality models can be high. Quantifying predictive uncertainty provides important information for model selection and decision-making. We review five methods that have been used with water quality models to evaluate model parameter and predictive uncertainty. These methods ( 1) Regionalized Sensitivity Analysis, ( 2) Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation, ( 3) Bayesian Monte Carlo, ( 4) Importance Sampling, and ( 5) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are based on similar concepts; their development over time was facilitated by the increasing availability of fast, cheap computers. Using a Streeter-Phelps model as an example we show that, applied consistently, these methods give compatible results. Thus, all of these methods can, in principle, provide useful sets of parameter values that can be used to evaluate model predictive uncertainty, though, in practice, some are quickly limited by the "curse of dimensionality" or may have difficulty evaluating irregularly shaped parameter spaces. Adaptive implementation invites model updating, as new data become available reflecting water-body responses to pollutant load reductions, and a Bayesian approach using MCMC is particularly handy for that task. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Physical & Environm Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 1A3, Canada. Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Taejon 305764, South Korea. RP Stow, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM craig.stow@noaa.gov RI Qian, Song/A-3163-2008; Qian, Song/I-6544-2012; Arhonditsis, George/C-6980-2009; Seo, Dongil/G-7669-2012; OI Seo, Dongil/0000-0001-6939-6777; Borsuk, Mark/0000-0002-5121-1110; Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855; Arhonditsis, George/0000-0001-5359-8737 NR 29 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1499 EP 1507 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00123.x PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 236UI UT WOS:000251328500011 ER PT J AU Sui, CH Li, XF Yang, MJ AF Sui, Chung-Hsiung Li, Xiaofan Yang, Ming-Jen TI On the definition of precipitation efficiency SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DEEP CONVECTIVE REGIME; CUMULUS CONVECTION; CLOUD SYSTEMS; SQUALL LINE; TOGA COARE; PHASE-III; GATE; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; CLIMATE AB A modified definition of precipitation efficiency (PE) is proposed based on either cloud microphysics precipitation efficiency (CMPE) or water cycling processes including water vapor and hydrometeor species [large-scale precipitation efficiency (LSPE)]. These PEs are examined based on a two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation. The model is integrated for 21 days with the imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, and horizontal advections obtained from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). It is found that the properly defined PEs include all moisture and hydrometeor sources associated with surface rainfall processes so that they range from 0% to 100%. Furthermore, the modified LSPE and CMPE are highly correlated. Their linear correlation coefficient and root-mean-squared difference are insensitive to the spatial scales of averaged data and are moderately sensitive to the time period of averaged data. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, Tao Yuan 320, Taiwan. [Li, Xiaofan] Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Li, Xiaofan] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Yang, Ming-Jen] Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, Jhongli, Taiwan. RP Sui, CH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, 300 WuChuan Li, Tao Yuan 320, Taiwan. EM sui@ncu.edu.tw RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Yang, Ming-Jen/F-4628-2012; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; OI Yang, Ming-Jen/0000-0001-6654-2791; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 31 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 64 IS 12 BP 4506 EP 4513 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2332.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 244WQ UT WOS:000251896400022 ER PT J AU Robinson, BJ Ritter, KJ Ellender, RD AF Robinson, Brian J. Ritter, Kerry J. Ellender, R. D. TI A statistical appraisal of disproportional versus proportional microbial source tracking libraries SO JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH LA English DT Article DE disproportional; library; microbial source tracking; proportional; statistics ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE PATTERNS; EXTRAGENIC PALINDROMIC-PCR; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; FECAL STREPTOCOCCI; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ANIMAL SOURCES; IDENTIFICATION; POLLUTION; WATERS AB Library-based microbial source tracking (MST) can assist in reducing or eliminating fecal pollution in waters by predicting sources of fecal-associated bacteria. Library-based MST relies on an assembly of genetic or phenotypic "fingerprints" from pollution-indicative bacteria cultivated from known sources to compare with and identify fingerprints of unknown origin. The success of the library-based approach depends on how well each source candidate is represented in the library and which statistical algorithm or matching criterion is used to match unknowns. Because known source libraries are often built based on convenience or cost, some library sources may contain more representation than others. Depending on the statistical algorithm or matching criteria, predictions may become severely biased toward classifying unknowns into the library's dominant source category. We examined prediction bias for four of the most commonly used statistical matching algorithms in library-based MST when applied to disproportionately-represented known source libraries; maximum similarity (MS), average similarity (AS), discriminant analyses (DA), and k-means nearest neighbor (k-NN). MS was particularly sensitive to disproportionate source representation. AS and DA were more robust. k-NN provided a compromise between correct prediction and sensitivity to disproportional libraries including increased matching success and stability that should be considered when matching to disproportionally-represented libraries. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. So Calif Coastal Water Res Proj, Westminster, CA 92683 USA. RP Ellender, RD (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Biol Sci, 118 Coll Dr 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. EM brianjrobinson1979@yahoo.com NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 1477-8920 J9 J WATER HEALTH JI J. Water Health PD DEC PY 2007 VL 5 IS 4 BP 503 EP 509 DI 10.2166/wh.2007.044 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Water Resources GA 234DP UT WOS:000251141200003 PM 17878563 ER PT J AU Phillips, JM Coltrin, ME Crawford, MH Fischer, AJ Krames, MR Mueller-Mach, R Mueller, GO Ohno, Y Rohwer, LES Simmons, JA Tsao, JY AF Phillips, Julia M. Coltrin, Michael E. Crawford, Mary H. Fischer, Arthur J. Krames, Michael R. Mueller-Mach, Regina Mueller, Gerd O. Ohno, Yoshi Rohwer, Lauren E. S. Simmons, Jerry A. Tsao, Jeffrey Y. TI Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting SO LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE solid-state lighting; light-emitting diodes; lighting; energy efficiency; color mixing; semiconductor optoelectronics; phosphors; nanoscience ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; INGAN QUANTUM-WELLS; EMITTING-DIODES; HIGH-POWER; WHITE-LIGHT; LASER-DIODES; SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; SURFACE MODIFICATION; LUMINOUS EFFICACY; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY AB Solid-state lighting is a rapidly evolving, emerging technology whose efficiency of conversion of electricity to visible white light is likely to approach 50% within the next several years. This efficiency is significantly higher than that of traditional lighting technologies, giving solid-state lighting the potential to enable significant reduction in the rate of world energy consumption. Further, there is no fundamental physical reason why efficiencies well beyond 50% could not be achieved, which could enable even more significant reduction in world energy usage. In this article, we discuss in some detail: (a) the several approaches to inorganic solid-state lighting that could conceivably achieve "ultra-high," 70% or greater, efficiency, and (b) the significant research questions and challenges that would need to be addressed if one or more of these approaches were to be realized. C1 [Phillips, Julia M.; Coltrin, Michael E.; Crawford, Mary H.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Rohwer, Lauren E. S.; Simmons, Jerry A.; Tsao, Jeffrey Y.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. [Krames, Michael R.; Mueller-Mach, Regina; Mueller, Gerd O.] Philips Lumileds Lighting Co, San Jose, CA 95131 USA. [Ohno, Yoshi] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, JM (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM jmphill@sandia.gov NR 111 TC 225 Z9 225 U1 16 U2 116 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1863-8880 EI 1863-8899 J9 LASER PHOTONICS REV JI Laser Photon. Rev. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 1 IS 4 BP 307 EP 333 DI 10.1002/lpor.200710019 PG 27 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Optics; Physics GA 273AY UT WOS:000253904000002 ER PT J AU Krahn, MM Hanson, MB Baird, RW Burrows, DG Emmons, CK Ford, JKB Jones, LL Noren, DP Ross, PS Schorr, GS Collier, TK Boyer, RH AF Krahn, Margaret M. Hanson, M. Bradley Baird, Robin W. Burrows, Douglas G. Emmons, Candice K. Ford, John K. B. Jones, Linda L. Noren, Dawn P. Ross, Peter S. Schorr, Gregory S. Collier, Tracy K. Boyer, Richard H. TI Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from Southern Resident killer whales SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biopsy sampling; stable isotopes; persistent organic pollutants; brominated diphenyl ethers; Orcinus orca ID SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC; RANGING HARBOR SEALS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; NEONATAL BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; ORCINUS-ORCA; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; MARINE MAMMALS AB "Southern Resident" killer whales include three "pods" (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as "endangered" in the US and Canada following a 20% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. Sigma PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993-1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of Sigma PBDEs, Sigma HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Krahn, Margaret M.; Hanson, M. Bradley; Burrows, Douglas G.; Emmons, Candice K.; Jones, Linda L.; Noren, Dawn P.; Collier, Tracy K.; Boyer, Richard H.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Baird, Robin W.; Schorr, Gregory S.] Cascadia Res, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Ford, John K. B.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. [Ross, Peter S.] Inst Ocean Sci, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. RP Krahn, MM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM peggy.krahn@noaa.gov NR 59 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 6 U2 48 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 54 IS 12 BP 1903 EP 1911 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 253OR UT WOS:000252528000018 PM 17931664 ER PT J AU Manzello, DP Berkelmans, R Hendee, JC AF Manzello, Derek P. Berkelmans, Ray Hendee, James C. TI Coral bleaching indices and thresholds for the Florida Reef Tract, Bahamas, and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE coral bleaching threshold; thermal stress indices; SST; Florida Reef Tract; Lee Stocking Island; Bahamas; St. Croix; US Virgin Islands ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; THERMAL TOLERANCE; TIDAL CHANNELS; ANDAMAN SEA; KEYS; TEMPERATURE; PATTERNS; VARIABILITY; MONTASTRAEA; TRANSPORT AB It is well established that elevated sea temperatures cause widespread coral bleaching, yet confusion lingers as to what facet of extreme temperatures is most important. Utilizing long-term in situ datasets, we calculated nine thermal stress indices and tested their effectiveness at segregating bleaching years a posteriori for multiple reefs on the Florida Reef Tract. The indices examined represent three aspects of thermal stress: (1) short-term, acute temperature stress; (2) cumulative temperature stress; and (3) temperature variability. Maximum monthly sea surface temperature (SST) and the number of days >30.5 degrees C were the most significant; indicating that cumulative exposure to temperature extremes characterized bleaching years. Bleaching thresholds were warmer for Florida than the Bahamas and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands reflecting differences in seasonal maximum SST. Hind-casts showed that monthly mean SST above a local threshold explained all bleaching years in Florida, the Bahamas, and US Virgin Islands. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Manzello, Derek P.] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Berkelmans, Ray] Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. [Hendee, James C.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Manzello, DP (reprint author), Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM dmanzello@rsmas.miami.edu RI Hendee, James/E-6358-2010; Manzello, Derek/A-8661-2014 OI Hendee, James/0000-0002-4799-5354; Manzello, Derek/0000-0002-0720-3041 NR 46 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 54 IS 12 BP 1923 EP 1931 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.009 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 253OR UT WOS:000252528000020 PM 17931666 ER PT J AU Sapozhnikova, Y Wirth, E Schiff, K Brown, J Fulton, M AF Sapozhnikova, Yelena Wirth, Edward Schiff, Kenneth Brown, Jeffrey Fulton, Michael TI Antifouling pesticides in the coastal waters of Southern California SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PAINT BOOSTER BIOCIDES; AGENT IRGAROL-1051; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; TOXICITY EVALUATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COMPOUND IRGAROL; MAJOR METABOLITE; UK; MARINA; FATE C1 [Sapozhnikova, Yelena; Wirth, Edward] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Sapozhnikova, Yelena; Wirth, Edward; Fulton, Michael] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Schiff, Kenneth; Brown, Jeffrey] So Calif Coastal Water Res Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA. RP Sapozhnikova, Y (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Hollings Marine Lab, 331,Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM yelena.sapozhnikova@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 54 IS 12 BP 1972 EP 1978 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.09.026 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 253OR UT WOS:000252528000027 PM 17964610 ER PT J AU Calambokidis, J Schorr, GS Steiger, GH Francis, J Bakhtiari, M Marshal, G Oleson, EM Gendron, D Robertson, K AF Calambokidis, John Schorr, Greg S. Steiger, Gretchen H. Francis, John Bakhtiari, Mehdi Marshal, Greg Oleson, Erin M. Gendron, Diane Robertson, Kelly TI Insights into the underwater diving, feeding, and calling behavior of blue whales from a suction-cup-attached video-imaging tag (CRITTERCAM) SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; FIN WHALES; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; FORAGING ECOLOGY; HUMPBACK WHALES; MARINE MAMMALS; MOVEMENTS; ABUNDANCE AB We examined the underwater behavior of blue whales using a suction-cup-attached video-imaging instruments (CRITTERCAM). We made 13 successful deployments (defined as tag duration of >15 min and successful recovery of the tag and data) totaling 19 hours of CRITTERCAMS on blue whales off California and in the Sea of Cortez from spring through fall (26 February to 30 September) between 1999 and 2003. Whale diving depth and behavior varied widely by region and period although deployments on different individuals in the same area and period often showed very similar feeding behavior. One deployment extending into night showed a diurnal shift in diving, behavior with progressively shallower feeding dives as it became dark with shift to shallow, apparently non-feeding dives during the night. Data and video from tags demonstrated that the characteristic series of vertical movements blue whales make at depth are lunges into dense aggregations of krill. These krill were visible streaming by the camera immediately before these lunges and more clearly when the whales' forward motion stopped as a result of the lunge. The progression of events leading up to and during the lunge could be documented from the head movement of whales and occasional views of the expanding throat pleats or lower jaw, and by changes in flow noise past the tag, indicating a rapid deceleration. One set of deployments in the Southern California Bight revealed consistent feeding at depths of 250-300 m, deeper than has been previously reported for blue whales. A loud blue whale vocalization was heard on only one deployment on a male blue whale in an interacting trio to animals. C1 [Francis, John; Bakhtiari, Mehdi; Marshal, Greg] Natl Geog Soc Remote Imaging Dept, Washington, DC USA. [Oleson, Erin M.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Gendron, Diane] Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Washington, DC USA. [Robertson, Kelly] NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 18 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 4 BP 19 EP 29 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 272EQ UT WOS:000253843100007 ER PT J AU Parrish, FA Litman, CL AF Parrish, Frank A. Litman, Charles L. TI Changing perspectives in Hawaiian monk seal research using animal-borne imaging SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; VIDEO CAMERA; ISLANDS AB The use of animal-borne imaging devices on the endangered Hawaiian monk seal has greatly helped understand where and how they forage. Those devices provide high-resolution data on the behavior, foraging habitat, and prey of seals, and the ecological community where they live. They have indicated that some monk seals regularly forage in mesophotic (100-300 m) and subphotic (>300 m) habitats rather than just in shallow reef habitats. The collected imagery is also helping to guide the development of further research, conservation, and management plans. Use of animal-borne imaging has resulted in substantial progress in understanding the foraging landscape of monk seals. Any refinements in this technology will certainly inform further population recovery efforts. C1 [Parrish, Frank A.; Litman, Charles L.] NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Parrish, FA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 EI 1948-1209 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 4 BP 30 EP 34 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 272EQ UT WOS:000253843100008 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Howe, BM Stafford, KM Boyd, ML AF Moore, Sue E. Howe, Bruce M. Stafford, Kathleen M. Boyd, Michael L. TI Including whale call detection in standard ocean measurements: Application of acoustic Seagliders SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY WHALE; NORTH PACIFIC; BLUE; UNDERWATER; SOUNDS; ATLANTIC; ALASKA AB Over the past decade, the fixed recorders have come into increasing use for long-term sampling of whale calls in remote ocean regions. Concurrently, the development of several types of autonomous underwater vehicles has demonstrated measurement capabilities that promise to revolutionize oceans science. These two lines of technical development were merged with the addition of broadband (5 Hz to 30 KHz) omni-directional hydrophones to seagliders. In August 2006, the capability of three Acoustic Seagliders (ASGs) to detect whale calls was tested in an experiment offshore Monterey, California. In total, 401 dives were completed and over 107 hours of acoustic data record. Blue whale calls were detected on all but two of the 76 dives on roughly 20% of those dives. Various whistles, clicks and burst calls, similar to those produced by dolphins and small whales, were also detected , suggesting that the capability of ASGs can be expanded of sample a broad range of marine mammal species. The potential to include whale call detection in the suite of standard oceanographic measures is unprecedented and provides a foundation for mobile sampling strategies at scales that better match the vertical and horizontal movements of whales themselves. This capability opens new doors for investigation of cetacean habitats and their role in marine ecosystems, as envisioned in future ocean observing systems. C1 [Moore, Sue E.; Howe, Bruce M.; Stafford, Kathleen M.; Boyd, Michael L.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Howe, Bruce/J-2807-2012 OI Howe, Bruce/0000-0001-5711-5253 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 8 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 4 BP 53 EP 57 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 272EQ UT WOS:000253843100012 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, D. P. TI Transient plane source measurements of the thermal properties of hydrating cement pastes SO MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE Cement paste; Heat capacity; Hydration; Thermal conductivity ID CONDUCTIVITY; CONCRETE; MICROSTRUCTURE; DIFFUSIVITY; ROCK; HEAT AB A transient plane source measurement technique is applied to assessing the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of hydrating cement pastes in their fresh state and during the course of 28 d of hydration at 20 degrees C. Variables investigated include water-to-cement mass ratio (w/c - 0.3 or 0.4) and curing conditions (sealed or saturated curing). The heat capacity data for the fresh cement pastes are compared to a simple law of mixtures, and analytical expressions are developed to estimate the heat capacity as a function of degree of hydration for the two curing conditions. The measured thermal conductivities of the fresh pastes along with the known thermal conductivity of water are used to estimate the thermal conductivity of the original cement powder via application of the Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) bounds. Hydration is seen to have only a minor influence on the measured thermal conductivity. Extension of the law of mixtures for heat capacity and the H-S bounds for thermal conductivity to predicting the corresponding properties of concretes are discussed. C1 NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 31 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1359-5997 J9 MATER STRUCT JI Mater. Struct. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 40 IS 10 BP 1073 EP 1080 DI 10.1617/s11527-006-9206-9 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 221DN UT WOS:000250207700006 ER PT J AU Possolo, A Toman, B AF Possolo, Antonio Toman, Blaza TI Assessment of measurement uncertainty via observation equations SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) (1995, Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)), the uncertainty in an estimate of the value of a measurand is assessed by propagating the uncertainty in estimates of values of input quantities, based on a measurement equation that expresses the former value as a known function of the latter values. However, in measurement situations where some of the input quantities in turn depend on the measurand, this approach is circuitous and ultimately impracticable. An alternative approach starts from the observation equation, which relates the experimental data to the measurand: this allows a uniform treatment of the most diverse metrological problems, and, once it is used in the context of Bayesian inference, also facilitates the exploitation of any information that may pre-exist about the measurand, alongside the information that fresh experimental data provide about it. The widest applicability of the observation equation approach is illustrated with detailed examples concerning the lifetime of mechanical parts, the measurement of mass, the calibration of a non-linear model in biochemistry and the estimation of a consensus value for arsenic concentration in a sample measured by multiple laboratories. C1 [Possolo, Antonio; Toman, Blaza] US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Possolo, A (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP 464 EP 475 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/6/005 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252UL UT WOS:000252472000012 ER PT J AU Hannig, J Iyer, HK Wang, CM AF Hannig, Jan Iyer, Hari K. Wang, C. M. TI Fiducial approach to uncertainty assessment accounting for error due to instrument resolution SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID LIMITED RESOLUTION; INFERENCE AB This paper presents an approach for making inference on the parameters mu and sigma of a Gaussian distribution in the presence of resolution errors. The approach is based on the principle of fiducial inference and requires a Monte Carlo method for computing uncertainty intervals. A small simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed procedure and compare it with some of the existing procedures. The results indicate that the fiducial procedure is comparable to the best of the competing procedures for inference on mu. However, unlike some of the competing procedures, the same Monte Carlo calculations also provide inference for sigma and many other related quantities of interest. C1 [Hannig, Jan; Iyer, Hari K.; Wang, C. M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Hannig, Jan; Iyer, Hari K.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hannig, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwang@boulder.nist.gov NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP 476 EP 483 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/6/006 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252UL UT WOS:000252472000013 ER PT J AU Larson, KM Ashby, N Hackman, C Bertiger, W AF Larson, Kristine M. Ashby, Neil Hackman, Christine Bertiger, Willy TI An assessment of relativistic effects for low Earth orbiters: the GRACE satellites SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID GPS CARRIER-PHASE; TIME-TRANSFER AB The GRACE mission consists of two identical satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of similar to 500 km. Dual-frequency carrier-phase Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are flying on both satellites. They are used for precise orbit determination and to time-tag the K-band ranging system used to measure changes in the distances between the two satellites. The satellites are also flying ultra-stable oscillators (USOs) to achieve the mission's need for short-term (< 1 s) oscillator stability. Because of the high quality of both the GPS receivers and the oscillators, relativistic effects in the GRACE GPS data can be examined. An expression is developed for relativistic effects that explicitly includes the effects of the Earth's oblateness (J(2)). Use of this expression significantly reduces the twice per orbital period energy in the GRACE clock solutions, indicating that the effect of J2 can be significant and should be modeled for satellite clocks in low Earth orbit. After relativistic effects have been removed, both GRACE USOs show large (2 ns to 3 ns) once per orbital period signatures that correlate with voltage variations on the spacecraft. C1 [Larson, Kristine M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ashby, Neil] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. [Hackman, Christine] USN Observ, Earth Orientat Dept, Washington, DC 20392 USA. [Bertiger, Willy] Jet Prop Lab, Radiometr Tracking Grp, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Larson, KM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kristinem.larson@gmail.com NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP 484 EP 490 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/6/007 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252UL UT WOS:000252472000014 ER PT J AU Keller, MW Zimmerman, NM Eichenberger, AL AF Keller, Mark W. Zimmerman, Neil M. Eichenberger, Ali L. TI Uncertainty budget for the NIST electron counting capacitance standard, ECCS-1 SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID JOSEPHSON; PUMP AB We measure a cryogenic, vacuum-gap capacitor by two methods: (1) charging it with a known number of electrons and measuring the resulting voltage, and (2) using a capacitance bridge traceable to the SI farad. We report a detailed uncertainty budget for the comparison of the two methods and find that they agree within a relative standard uncertainty of 9.2 x 10(-7). This comparison closes the quantum metrology triangle with the same uncertainty. C1 [Keller, Mark W.; Eichenberger, Ali L.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Zimmerman, Neil M.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Keller, MW (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mark.keller@boulder.nist.gov; neil.zimmerman@nist.gov; Ali.Eichenberger@metas.ch RI Eichenberger, Ali/J-3073-2012 NR 22 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP 505 EP 512 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/6/010 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252UL UT WOS:000252472000017 ER PT J AU Kacker, R Sommer, KD Kessel, R AF Kacker, Raghu Sommer, Klaus-Dieter Kessel, Ruediger TI Evolution of modern approaches to express uncertainty in measurement SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB An object of this paper is to discuss the logical development of the concept of uncertainty in measurement and the methods for its quantification from the classical error analysis to the modern approaches based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). We review authoritative literature on error analysis and then discuss its limitations which motivated the experts from the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and various national metrology institutes to develop specific recommendations which form the basis of the GUM. We discuss the new concepts introduced by the GUM and their merits and limitations. The limitations of the GUM led the BIPM Joint Committee on Guides in Metrology to develop an alternative approach - the draft Supplement 1 to the GUM (draft GUM-S1). We discuss the draft GUM-S1 and its merits and limitations. We hope this discussion will lead to a more effective use of the GUM and the draft GUM-S1 and stimulate investigations leading to further improvements in the methods to quantify uncertainty in measurement. C1 [Kacker, Raghu] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Sommer, Klaus-Dieter] Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. [Kessel, Ruediger] Metrodata GmbH, D-79576 Weil Am Rhein, Germany. RP Kacker, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov NR 12 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP 513 EP 529 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/6/011 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252UL UT WOS:000252472000018 ER PT J AU Kacker, R AF Kacker, Raghu TI Comments on 'Bayesian evaluation of comparison data' SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID UNCERTAINTY AB A recent paper by Ignacio Lira in this journal (2006 Metrologia 43 S231 - 4) proposes a new procedure to evaluate the data from a simple key comparison where a travelling standard of a stable value during the comparison is independently measured by the participants. In particular, Lira presents an expression, which he claims to be the kernel of a Bayesian posterior probability density function for the value of the measurand. Lira claims that his expression encodes the collective state of knowledge whether or not the results are consistent. Thus Lira offers an alternative to the method recommended by an Advisory Group on Uncertainties commissioned by the BIPM. We discuss Lira's procedure from the viewpoint of what we believe to be a good practice of Bayesian statistics. C1 [Kacker, Raghu] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kacker, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2007 VL 44 IS 6 BP L57 EP L61 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/6/N03 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252UL UT WOS:000252472000003 ER PT J AU Bender, MA Ginis, I Tuleya, R Thomas, B Marchok, T AF Bender, Morris A. Ginis, Isaac Tuleya, Robert Thomas, Biju Marchok, Timothy TI The operational GFDL coupled hurricane-ocean prediction system and a summary of its performance SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA EXCHANGE; TROPICAL STORM GENESIS; NESTED-MESH MODEL; HIGH WIND SPEEDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DRAG COEFFICIENT; MOMENTUM EXCHANGE; SURFACE-WAVES; GULF-STREAM; SENSITIVITY AB The past decade has been marked by significant advancements in numerical weather prediction of hurricanes, which have greatly contributed to the steady decline in forecast track error. Since its operational implementation by the U. S. National Weather Service (NWS) in 1995, the best-track model performer has been NOAA's regional hurricane model developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The purpose of this paper is to summarize the major upgrades to the GFDL hurricane forecast system since 1998. These include coupling the atmospheric component with the Princeton Ocean Model, which became operational in 2001, major physics upgrades implemented in 2003 and 2006, and increases in both the vertical resolution in 2003 and the horizontal resolution in 2002 and 2005. The paper will also report on the GFDL model performance for both track and intensity, focusing particularly on the 2003 through 2006 hurricane seasons. During this period, the GFDL track errors were the lowest of all the dynamical model guidance available to the NWS Tropical Prediction Center in both the Atlantic and eastern Pacific basins. It will also be shown that the GFDL model has exhibited a steady reduction in its intensity errors during the past 5 yr, and can now provide skillful intensity forecasts. Tests of 153 forecasts from the 2004 and 2005 Atlantic hurricane seasons and 75 forecasts from the 2005 eastern Pacific season have demonstrated a positive impact on both track and intensity prediction in the 2006 GFDL model upgrade, through introduction of a cloud microphysics package and an improved air-sea momentum flux parameterization. In addition, the large positive intensity bias in sheared environments observed in previous versions of the model is significantly reduced. This led to the significant improvement in the model's reliability and skill for forecasting intensity that occurred in 2006. C1 [Bender, Morris A.; Marchok, Timothy] NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. [Ginis, Isaac; Thomas, Biju] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Tuleya, Robert] NOAA, NWS, Environm Modeling Ctr, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Tuleya, Robert] Old Dominion Univ, CCPO, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Bender, MA (reprint author), NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. EM morris.bender@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 123 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 135 IS 12 BP 3965 EP 3989 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2032.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 245BC UT WOS:000251908400004 ER PT J AU Reynolds, CA Peng, MS Majumdar, SJ Aberson, SD Bishop, CH Buizza, R AF Reynolds, C. A. Peng, M. S. Majumdar, S. J. Aberson, S. D. Bishop, C. H. Buizza, R. TI Interpretation of adaptive observing guidance for Atlantic tropical cyclones SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM KALMAN-FILTER; SINGULAR VECTORS; TARGETED OBSERVATIONS; PREDICTION SYSTEM; DATA ASSIMILATION; ENSEMBLE; ECMWF; FORECASTS; MODEL; NCEP AB Adaptive observing guidance products for Atlantic tropical cyclones are compared using composite techniques that allow one to quantitatively examine differences in the spatial structures of the guidance maps and relate these differences to the constraints and approximations of the respective techniques. The guidance maps are produced using the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) based on ensembles from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and total-energy singular vectors (TESVs) produced by ECMWF and the Naval Research Laboratory. Systematic structural differences in the guidance products are linked to the fact that TESVs consider the dynamics of perturbation growth only, while the ETKF combines information on perturbation evolution with error statistics from an ensemble-based data assimilation scheme. The impact of constraining the SVs using different estimates of analysis error variance instead of a total-energy norm, in effect bringing the two methods closer together, is also assessed. When the targets are close to the storm, the TESV products are a maximum in an annulus around the storm, whereas the ETKF products are a maximum at the storm location itself. When the targets are remote from the storm, the TESVs almost always indicate targets northwest of the storm, whereas the ETKF targets are more scattered relative to the storm location and often occur over the northern North Atlantic. The ETKF guidance often coincides with locations in which the ensemble-based analysis error variance is large. As the TESV method is not designed to consider spatial differences in the likely analysis errors, it will produce targets over well-observed regions, such as the continental United States. Constraining the SV calculation using analysis error variance values from an operational 3D variational data assimilation system (with stationary, quasi-isotropic background error statistics) results in a modest modulation of the target areas away from the well-observed regions, and a modest reduction of perturbation growth. Constraining the SVs using the ETKF estimate of analysis error variance produces SV targets similar to ETKF targets and results in a significant reduction in perturbation growth, due to the highly localized nature of the analysis error variance estimates. These results illustrate the strong sensitivity of SVs to the norm (and to the analysis error variance estimate used to define it) and confirm that discrepancies between target areas computed using different methods reflect the mathematical and physical differences between the methods themselves. C1 [Reynolds, C. A.; Peng, M. S.; Bishop, C. H.] Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Majumdar, S. J.] Univ Miami, RSMAS, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33152 USA. [Aberson, S. D.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Buizza, R.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP Reynolds, CA (reprint author), Naval Res Lab, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM carolyn.reynolds@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Reynolds, Carolyn/0000-0003-4690-4171 NR 37 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 135 IS 12 BP 4006 EP 4029 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2027.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 245BC UT WOS:000251908400006 ER PT J AU Golaz, JC Larson, VE Hansen, JA Schanen, DP Griffin, BM AF Golaz, Jean-Christophe Larson, Vincent E. Hansen, James A. Schanen, David P. Griffin, Brian M. TI Elucidating model inadequacies in a cloud parameterization by use of an ensemble-based calibration framework SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY DENSITY-FUNCTIONS; SHALLOW CUMULUS CONVECTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; PDF-BASED MODEL; UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; DATA ASSIMILATION; KALMAN FILTER; INSTABILITY AB Every cloud parameterization contains structural model errors. The source of these errors is difficult to pinpoint because cloud parameterizations contain nonlinearities and feedbacks. To elucidate these model inadequacies, this paper uses a general-purpose ensemble parameter estimation technique. In principle, the technique is applicable to any parameterization that contains a number of adjustable coefficients. It optimizes or calibrates parameter values by attempting to match predicted fields to reference datasets. Rather than striving to find the single best set of parameter values, the output is instead an ensemble of parameter sets. This ensemble provides a wealth of information. In particular, it can help uncover model deficiencies and structural errors that might not otherwise be easily revealed. The calibration technique is applied to an existing single-column model (SCM) that parameterizes boundary layer clouds. The SCM is a higher-order turbulence closure model. It is closed using a multivariate probability density function (PDF) that represents subgrid-scale variability. Reference datasets are provided by large-eddy simulations (LES) of a variety of cloudy boundary layers. The calibration technique locates some model errors in the SCM. As a result, empirical modifications are suggested. These modifications are evaluated with independent datasets and found to lead to an overall improvement in the SCM's performance. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, UCAR Visiting Scientist Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Larson, Vincent E.; Schanen, David P.; Griffin, Brian M.] Univ Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. [Hansen, James A.] Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Golaz, JC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, UCAR Visiting Scientist Program, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Chris.Golaz@noaa.gov RI Golaz, Jean-Christophe/D-5007-2014 OI Golaz, Jean-Christophe/0000-0003-1616-5435 NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 135 IS 12 BP 4077 EP 4096 DI 10.1175/2007MWR2008.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 245BC UT WOS:000251908400011 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM AF Hamill, Thomas M. TI Calibrated surface temperature forecasts from the Canadian ensemble prediction system using Bayesian model averaging SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, R PSD 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 135 IS 12 BP 4226 EP 4230 DI 10.1175/2007MWR1963.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 245BC UT WOS:000251908400020 ER PT J AU Stan, G Ciobanu, CV Parthangal, PM Cook, RF AF Stan, G. Ciobanu, C. V. Parthangal, P. M. Cook, R. F. TI Diameter-dependent radial and tangential elastic moduli of ZnO nanowires SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE-MICROSCOPE; YOUNGS MODULUS; AB-INITIO; NANOBELTS; FRICTION; GROWTH; NANOSTRUCTURES; CANTILEVERS; SURFACE; RATIO AB We show how contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) can be used to accurately determine the radial elastic moduli of [0001] ZnO nanowires with diameters smaller than 150 nm. Using a realistic tip-nanowire contact geometry, we find the radial indentation modulus from CR-AFM data and the tangential shear modulus from friction-type measurements. Both moduli show a pronounced increase when the wire diameter is reduced below 80 nm. The size dependence of the elastic properties can be explained by a core-shell model that accounts for a bulk-like core and an elastically stiffer surface layer. C1 [Stan, G.; Cook, R. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Ciobanu, C. V.] Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Parthangal, P. M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stan, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gheorghe.stan@nist.gov; cciobanu@mines.edu RI Ciobanu, Cristian/B-3580-2009 NR 33 TC 164 Z9 165 U1 5 U2 69 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 7 IS 12 BP 3691 EP 3697 DI 10.1021/nl071986e PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 240IP UT WOS:000251581600026 ER PT J AU Gubarev, MV Ramsey, BD Engelhaupt, DE Burgess, JM Mildner, DFR AF Gubarev, M. V. Ramsey, B. D. Engelhaupt, D. E. Burgess, J. M. Mildner, D. F. R. TI An evaluation of grazing-incidence optics for neutron imaging SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article DE atom and neutron optics; X-ray optics AB The focusing capabilities of neutron imaging optics based on the Wolter-1 geometry have been successfully demonstrated with a beam of long wavelength neutrons with low angular divergence. A test mirror was fabricated using an electroformed nickel replication process at Marshall Space Flight Center. The neutron current density gain at the focal spot of the mirror is found to be at least 8 for neutron wavelenaths in the range from 6 to 20 angstrom. Possible applications of the optics are briefly discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rialus reserved. C1 [Gubarev, M. V.; Ramsey, B. D.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Engelhaupt, D. E.] Univ Alabama, Ctr Appl Opt, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Burgess, J. M.] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Mildner, D. F. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gubarev, MV (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, MSFC, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Mikhail.V.Gubarev@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD DEC PY 2007 VL 265 IS 2 BP 626 EP 630 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2007.09.041 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 246IX UT WOS:000252001800025 ER PT J AU Hammond, SR McLean, C AF Hammond, Stephen R. McLean, Craig TI Embracing Ocean Exploration SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Hammond, Stephen R.] NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Washington, DC USA. [McLean, Craig] NOAA, Ocean Explorat Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Hammond, SR (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300001 ER PT J AU Baker, DJ Schmitt, RW Wunsch, C AF Baker, D. James Schmitt, Raymond W. Wunsch, Carl TI Endowments and New Institutions for Long-Term Observations SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Baker, D. James] US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. [Schmitt, Raymond W.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Wunsch, Carl] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Baker, DJ (reprint author), US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. EM djamesbaker@comcast.net; rschmitt@whoi.edu; cwunsch@mit.edu RI Schmitt, Raymond /B-7451-2011 NR 1 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 BP 10 EP 14 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300003 ER PT J AU Kendall, JJ Ahlfeld, TE Boland, GS Irion, JB McDonough, JJ AF Kendall, James J., Jr. Ahlfeld, Thomas E. Boland, Gregory S. Irion, Jack B. McDonough, John J. TI Ocean Exploration DISCOVERY AND OFFSHORE STEWARDSHIP SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 [Kendall, James J., Jr.; Ahlfeld, Thomas E.] Minerals Management Serv, Herndon, VA USA. [Boland, Gregory S.; Irion, Jack B.] Gulf Mexico OCS Reg, Minerals Management Serv, New Orleans, LA USA. [Kendall, James J., Jr.; McDonough, John J.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Kendall, JJ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean Explorat & Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. EM james.kendall@mms.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 BP 20 EP 29 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300008 ER PT J AU Mellinger, DK Stafford, KM Moore, SE Dziak, RP Matsumoto, H AF Mellinger, David K. Stafford, Kathleen M. Moore, Sue E. Dziak, Robert P. Matsumoto, Haru TI An Overview of Fixed Passive Acoustic Observation Methods for Cetaceans SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY WHALE; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES; BOTTLE-NOSED-DOLPHIN; BLUE WHALE; EUBALAENA-GLACIALIS; SEASONAL OCCURRENCE; SOUND PRODUCTION; RECORDING TAG C1 [Mellinger, David K.; Dziak, Robert P.; Matsumoto, Haru] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Mellinger, David K.; Dziak, Robert P.; Matsumoto, Haru] NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR USA. [Stafford, Kathleen M.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Moore, Sue E.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Mellinger, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM David.Mellinger@oregonstate.edu NR 64 TC 160 Z9 166 U1 5 U2 47 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 SI SI BP 36 EP 45 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2007.03 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300010 ER PT J AU Yoerger, DR Bradley, AM Jakuba, M Tivey, MA German, CR Shank, TM Embley, RW AF Yoerger, Dana R. Bradley, Albert M. Jakuba, Michael Tivey, Maurice A. German, Christopher R. Shank, Timothy M. Embley, Robert W. TI Mid-Ocean Ridge Exploration with an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article C1 [Yoerger, Dana R.; Bradley, Albert M.; Jakuba, Michael] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Tivey, Maurice A.; German, Christopher R.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Shank, Timothy M.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Embley, Robert W.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR USA. RP Yoerger, DR (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM dyoerger@whoi.edu RI Tivey, Maurice/E-9247-2015 OI Tivey, Maurice/0000-0003-0821-1155 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 BP 52 EP 61 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300012 ER PT J AU Embley, RW Baker, ET Butterfield, DA Chadwick, WW Lupton, JE Resing, JA De Ronde, CEJ Nakamura, KI Tunnicliffe, V Dower, JF Merle, SG AF Embley, Robert W. Baker, Edward T. Butterfield, David A. Chadwick, William W., Jr. Lupton, John E. Resing, Joseph A. De Ronde, Cornel E. J. Nakamura, Ko-Ichi Tunnicliffe, Verena Dower, John F. Merle, Susan G. TI Exploring the Submarine Ring of Fire Mariana Arc - Western Pacific SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID KASUGA SEAMOUNTS; NEW-ZEALAND; VOLCANO; MINERALIZATION; EVOLUTION; SYSTEM; TROUGH; EVENT; SEA C1 [Embley, Robert W.; Chadwick, William W., Jr.; Merle, Susan G.] Oregon State Univ, NOAA, PMEL, CIMRS, Newport, OR USA. [Butterfield, David A.; Resing, Joseph A.] Univ Washington, NOAA, PMEL, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [De Ronde, Cornel E. J.] GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. [Nakamura, Ko-Ichi] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Tunnicliffe, Verena; Dower, John F.] Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. RP Embley, RW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, NOAA, PMEL, CIMRS, Newport, OR USA. EM Robert.W.Embley@noaa.gov RI Tunnicliffe, Verena/D-1056-2014; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 18 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 SI SI BP 68 EP 79 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2007.07 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300014 ER PT J AU Haymon, RM Baker, ET Resing, JA White, SM MacDonald, KC AF Haymon, Rachel M. Baker, Edward T. Resing, Joseph A. White, Scott M. MacDonald, Ken C. CA GaIAPAGoS TEAM TI Hunting for Hydrothermal Vents Along the Galapagos Spreading Center SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; RIDGE INTERACTION; MANTLE PLUME; SPRINGS C1 [Haymon, Rachel M.; MacDonald, Ken C.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Haymon, Rachel M.; MacDonald, Ken C.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Baker, Edward T.; Resing, Joseph A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, NOAA Vents Program, Seattle, WA USA. [White, Scott M.] Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Haymon, RM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM haymon@geol.ucsb.edu RI White, Scott/C-5339-2009 OI White, Scott/0000-0002-5123-5307 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 4 SI SI BP 100 EP 107 DI 10.5670/oceanog.2007.10 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 382XI UT WOS:000261638300017 ER PT J AU Wahlstrand, JK Willits, JT Schibli, TR Menyuk, CR Cundiff, ST AF Wahlstrand, J. K. Willits, J. T. Schibli, T. R. Menyuk, C. R. Cundiff, S. T. TI Quantitative measurement of timing and phase dynamics in a mode-locked laser SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; FEMTOSECOND FIBER LASER; FREQUENCY COMB OUTPUT; TI-SAPPHIRE LASERS; NOISE; SOLITONS AB We present results of an experimental study of the timing and phase dynamics in a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. By measuring the response of two widely spaced comb lines to a sinusoidal modulation of the pump power, we determine quantitatively the response of both the central pulse time and the phase. Because of the distinct response of the pulse energy, central frequency, and gain to the modulation, we are able to distinguish their contributions to the timing and phase dynamics. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 [Wahlstrand, J. K.; Willits, J. T.; Schibli, T. R.; Cundiff, S. T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Willits, J. T.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Menyuk, C. R.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Wahlstrand, JK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM wahlstrj@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 EI 1539-4794 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 23 BP 3426 EP 3428 DI 10.1364/OL.32.003426 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 247GC UT WOS:000252065000019 PM 18059955 ER PT J AU Hoefer, MA Ablowitz, MJ AF Hoefer, M. A. Ablowitz, M. J. TI Interactions of dispersive shock waves SO PHYSICA D-NONLINEAR PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE dispersive shock waves; dispersive shock wave interactions; shock waves; shock wave interactions; Bose-Einstein condensates; nonlinear optics; nonlinear Schrodinger equation ID NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; KORTEWEG-DEVRIES EQUATION; WHITHAM EQUATIONS; EVOLUTION; LIMIT AB Collisions and interactions of dispersive shock waves in defocusing (repulsive) nonlinear Schrodinger type systems are investigated analytically and numerically. Two canonical cases are considered. In one case, two counterpropagating dispersive shock waves experience a head-on collision, interact and eventually exit the interaction region with larger amplitudes and altered speeds. In the other case, a fast dispersive shock overtakes a slower one, giving rise to an interaction. Eventually the two merge into a single dispersive shock wave. In both cases, the interaction region is described by a modulated, quasi-periodic two-phase solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The boundaries between the background density, dispersive shock waves and their interaction region are calculated by solving the Whitham modulation equations. These asymptotic results are in excellent agreement with full numerical simulations. It is further shown that the interactions of two dispersive shock waves have some qualitative similarities to the interactions of two classical shock waves. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hoefer, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI HOEFER, MARK/0000-0001-5883-6562 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2789 J9 PHYSICA D JI Physica D PD DEC 1 PY 2007 VL 236 IS 1 BP 44 EP 64 DI 10.1016/j.physd.2007.07.017 PG 21 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 236GA UT WOS:000251289800004 ER PT J AU Arora, B Safronova, MS Clark, CW AF Arora, Bindiya Safronova, M. S. Clark, Charles W. TI Blackbody-radiation shift in a (43)Ca(+) ion optical frequency standard SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MATRIX-ELEMENTS; POLARIZABILITIES AB Motivated by the prospect of an optical frequency standard based on (43)Ca(+), we calculate the blackbody-radiation (BBR) shift of the 4s(1/2) - 3d(5/2) clock transition, which is a major component of the uncertainty budget. The calculations are based on the relativistic all-order single-double method where all single and double excitations of the Dirac-Fock wave function are included to all orders of perturbation theory. Additional calculations are conducted for the dominant contributions in order to evaluate some omitted high-order corrections and estimate the uncertainties of the final results. The BBR shift obtained for this transition is 0.38(1) Hz. The tensor polarizability of the 3d(5/2) level is also calculated and its uncertainty is evaluated as well. Our results are compared with other calculations. C1 [Arora, Bindiya; Safronova, M. S.] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Clark, Charles W.] US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Arora, B (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 16 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 6 AR 064501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.064501 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 246CU UT WOS:000251985900127 ER PT J AU Fitzsimmons, MR Kirby, BJ Hengartner, NW Trouw, F Erickson, MJ Flexner, SD Kondo, T Adelmann, C Palmstrom, CJ Crowell, PA Chen, WC Gentile, TR Borchers, JA Majkrzak, CF Pynn, R AF Fitzsimmons, M. R. Kirby, B. J. Hengartner, N. W. Trouw, F. Erickson, M. J. Flexner, S. D. Kondo, T. Adelmann, C. Palmstrom, C. J. Crowell, P. A. Chen, W. C. Gentile, T. R. Borchers, J. A. Majkrzak, C. F. Pynn, R. TI Suppression of nuclear polarization near the surface of optically pumped GaAs SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GALLIUM-ARSENIDE; SHALLOW DONORS; INJECTION AB We measured the spin dependence of polarized neutrons reflected by a GaAs sample as it was optically pumped. This dependence was correlated with the helicity of the circularly polarized light and found to oscillate with neutron wave vector transfer. The data provide definitive evidence that optically induced nuclear polarization in GaAs is not uniform with depth. Quantitative analysis of the data shows that nuclear polarization is suppressed for tens of nanometers near the surface of GaAs. C1 [Fitzsimmons, M. R.; Kirby, B. J.; Hengartner, N. W.; Trouw, F.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Erickson, M. J.; Flexner, S. D.; Kondo, T.; Adelmann, C.; Palmstrom, C. J.; Crowell, P. A.] Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Chen, W. C.; Gentile, T. R.; Borchers, J. A.; Majkrzak, C. F.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Pynn, R.] Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Fitzsimmons, MR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Adelmann, Christoph/C-1507-2014; OI Adelmann, Christoph/0000-0002-4831-3159; Hengartner, Nicolas/0000-0002-4157-134X NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 24 AR 245301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.245301 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246DB UT WOS:000251986600053 ER PT J AU Ho, CJ Her, JL Sun, CP Yang, CC Huang, CL Chou, CC Li, LL Lin, KJ Li, WH Lynn, JW Yang, HD AF Ho, C. J. Her, J. L. Sun, C. P. Yang, C. C. Huang, C. L. Chou, C. C. Li, Lu-Lin Lin, K. J. Li, W. H. Lynn, J. W. Yang, H. D. TI Neutron diffraction and specific heat studies on the magnetic ordering in the [Fe-II(Delta)Fe-II(Lambda)(ox)(2)(Phen)(2)](n) molecular magnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID BIMETALLIC CHAIN SYSTEMS; HIGH-SPIN MOLECULES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; RATIONAL ROUTE; GROUND-STATE; COMPLEX; RELAXATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TEMPERATURE; COMPOUND AB The magnetic characteristics of the molecular magnet [Fe-II(Delta)Fe-II(Lambda)(ox)(2)(Phen)(2)](n), having chemical formula C28H16Fe2N4O8 for unity, has been studied by magnetization, neutron diffraction, and field-dependent specific heat-measurements. In the high-temperature regime (T>T-m), the one-dimensional Ising chain model with alternate Lande factors is applied to describe its quasiferrimagnetic behavior as temperature approaches T-m. In the low-temperature region (T < T-m), the increase of interchain interactions gives rise to long-range magnetic ordering as indicated by an anomaly in specific heat. Furthermore, an intrinsic antiparallel alignment of spins with a net ferrimagnetic structure is deduced from neutron diffraction study. The field-dependent lambda-type anomaly of specific heat indicates that applying a magnetic field raises magnetic ordering temperature. An additional small anomaly in specific heat is also seen below T-m, which could be due to the zero-field splitting caused by the internal crystal field. C1 [Ho, C. J.; Her, J. L.; Sun, C. P.; Huang, C. L.; Chou, C. C.; Yang, H. D.] Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Dept Phys, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. [Yang, C. C.; Li, W. H.] Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. [Yang, C. C.; Li, W. H.] Natl Cent Univ, Ctr Neutron Beam Applicat, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. [Li, Lu-Lin; Lin, K. J.] Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Dept Chem, Taichung 402, Taiwan. [Lynn, J. W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yang, HD (reprint author), Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Dept Phys, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. EM yang@mail.phys.nsysu.edu.tw RI Huang, Chien-Lung/O-2028-2013 NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 22 AR 224417 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.224417 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246CZ UT WOS:000251986400055 ER PT J AU Michael, F Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Marquez, M Ratner, MA AF Michael, Fredrick Gonzalez, Carlos Mujica, Vladimiro Marquez, Manuel Ratner, Mark A. TI Size dependence of ferromagnetism in gold nanoparticles: Mean field results SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES; STATISTICAL MECHANICS; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; INFORMATION THEORY; HYSTERESIS; ANISOTROPY AB In this paper, a simple spin-spin Ising interaction model for the surface ferromagnetism is combined with the bulk Au diamagnetic response to model the size dependence of the magnetization of a Au nanoparticle. Using the maximum entropy formalism, we obtain the average temperature dependent magnetization within a mean field model. Our results qualitatively reproduce recent experimental observations of size-dependent magnetization of Au nanoparticles in which the ferromagnetic moment of thiol-capped nanoparticles is seen to increase for diameters larger than 0.7 nm, peaking at approximately 3 nm, and subsequently decreasing as the particle diameter increases further. C1 [Michael, Fredrick; Gonzalez, Carlos; Mujica, Vladimiro] NIST, NIST Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Michael, Fredrick; Mujica, Vladimiro] INEST, Grp Postgrad Program, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. [Mujica, Vladimiro; Ratner, Mark A.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Mujica, Vladimiro] Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] INEST, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. RP Michael, F (reprint author), NIST, NIST Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fredrick.michael@nist.gov; carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov; vladimiro.mujica@nist.gov; manuel.m.sanchez@pmusa.com; ratner@chem.northwestern.edu NR 25 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 22 AR 224409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.224409 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246CZ UT WOS:000251986400047 ER PT J AU Rule, KC Ehlers, G Stewart, JR Cornelius, AL Deen, PP Qiu, Y Wiebe, CR Janik, JA Zhou, HD Antonio, D Woytko, BW Ruff, JP Dabkowska, HA Gaulin, BD Gardner, JS AF Rule, K. C. Ehlers, G. Stewart, J. R. Cornelius, A. L. Deen, P. P. Qiu, Y. Wiebe, C. R. Janik, J. A. Zhou, H. D. Antonio, D. Woytko, B. W. Ruff, J. P. Dabkowska, H. A. Gaulin, B. D. Gardner, J. S. TI Polarized inelastic neutron scattering of the partially ordered Tb(2)Sn(2)O(7) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FRUSTRATED PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; TEMPERATURE MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; SPIN LIQUID-STATE; ICE; TB2TI2O7; DIFFRACTION; GD2TI2O7; GLASSES; CRYSTAL AB We present inelastic neutron scattering results on the geometrically frustrated pyrochlore Tb(2)Sn(2)O(7). At high temperature T > 50 K, this system resembles the cooperative paramagnet Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7), while at low temperature T similar to 60 mK, it displays remarkably different behavior. Powder neutron scattering, susceptibility, and specific heat techniques have shown that below 0.87 K Tb(2)Sn(2)O(7) enters a partially ordered state that is characterized by two-sublattice ferrimagnetic long-range order which coexists with paramagnetic spin components. We show that (i) the low-temperature state produces a large internal field and collective excitations and (ii) the coexisting paramagnetic state persists down to 0.1 K, with spins fluctuating at a rate greater than 0.04 THz, resulting in a diffuse magnetic background to the diffraction patterns. A low-lying excitation at 1.2 meV partially softens as short-range correlations build up while cooling in the paramagnetic state. C1 [Qiu, Y.; Gardner, J. S.] NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Rule, K. C.] Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. [Ehlers, G.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Stewart, J. R.; Deen, P. P.] Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. [Cornelius, A. L.; Antonio, D.; Woytko, B. W.] Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Qiu, Y.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Wiebe, C. R.; Janik, J. A.; Zhou, H. D.] Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Wiebe, C. R.] Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Ruff, J. P.; Dabkowska, H. A.; Gaulin, B. D.] McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. [Gardner, J. S.] Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Gardner, JS (reprint author), NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jsg@nist.gov RI Cornelius, Andrew/A-9837-2008; Stewart, Ross/C-4194-2008; Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008; Zhou, Haidong/O-4373-2016 OI Stewart, Ross/0000-0003-0053-0178; Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X; NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 21 AR 212405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.212405 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246CW UT WOS:000251986100013 ER PT J AU Rutter, GM Guisinger, NP Crain, JN Jarvis, EAA Stiles, MD Li, T First, PN Stroscio, JA AF Rutter, G. M. Guisinger, N. P. Crain, J. N. Jarvis, E. A. A. Stiles, M. D. Li, T. First, P. N. Stroscio, J. A. TI Imaging the interface of epitaxial graphene with silicon carbide via scanning tunneling microscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; BERRYS PHASE; GRAPHITE; RECONSTRUCTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; SURFACES; GAS AB Graphene grown epitaxially on SiC has been proposed as a material for carbon-based electronics. Understanding the interface between graphene and the SiC substrate will be important for future applications. We report the ability to image the interface structure beneath single-layer graphene using scanning tunneling microscopy. Such imaging is possible because the graphene appears transparent at energies of +/- 1 eV above or below the Fermi energy (E(F)). Our analysis of calculations based on density-functional theory shows how this transparency arises from the electronic structure of a graphene layer on a SiC substrate. C1 [Rutter, G. M.; Li, T.; First, P. N.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Guisinger, N. P.; Crain, J. N.; Jarvis, E. A. A.; Stiles, M. D.; Stroscio, J. A.] NIST, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP First, PN (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM first@physics.gatech.edu; joseph.stroscio@nist.gov RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 26 TC 127 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 51 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 23 AR 235416 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.235416 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246DA UT WOS:000251986500101 ER PT J AU Theodoropoulou, N Sharma, A Pratt, WP Bass, J Stiles, MD Xiao, J AF Theodoropoulou, N. Sharma, A. Pratt, W. P., Jr. Bass, J. Stiles, M. D. Xiao, Jiang TI Ballistic versus diffusive transport in current-induced magnetization switching SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-TRANSFER TORQUE; MULTILAYERS; MAGNETORESISTANCE; EXCITATION; SCATTERING; REVERSAL AB We test whether current-induced magnetization switching due to spin-transfer torque in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic/ferromagnetic (F/N/F) nanopillars changes significantly when scattering within the N metal layers is changed from ballistic to diffusive. Here, ballistic corresponds to a ratio r=lambda/t >= 3 for a Cu spacer layer, and diffusive to r <= 0.4 for a CuGe alloy spacer layer, where lambda is the mean free path in the N layer of fixed thickness t = 10 nm. The average switching currents for the alloy spacer layer are only modestly larger than those for Cu. The best available model predicts a much greater sensitivity of the switching currents to diffuse scattering in the spacer layer than we see. C1 [Theodoropoulou, N.; Sharma, A.; Pratt, W. P., Jr.; Bass, J.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Stiles, M. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Xiao, Jiang] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Theodoropoulou, N (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Xiao, Jiang/B-1832-2008; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Xiao, Jiang/0000-0002-3245-3579; Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 22 AR 220408 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.220408 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246CZ UT WOS:000251986400009 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Yildirim, T Hartman, MR Bowman, RC Vajo, JJ AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Udovic, Terrence J. Rush, John J. Yildirim, Taner Hartman, Michael R. Bowman, Robert C., Jr. Vajo, John J. TI Neutron vibrational spectroscopy and first-principles calculations of the ternary hydrides Li4Si2H(D) and Li4Ge2H(D): Electronic structure and lattice dynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM-SILICON; SYSTEM; SI AB Using combined neutron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, we investigated the electronic structure and vibrational dynamics of the recently discovered class of ternary hydrides Li(4)Tt(2)H (Tt=Si and Ge). In these compounds, all hydrogen atoms are located in a single type of Li-6-defined octahedral site. The Tt atoms form long-range Tt-Tt chains sandwiched between each Li-6-octahedra layer. The Li-H interactions are strongly ionic, with bond lengths comparable to those in LiH. Our density functional theory calculations indicate that Li atoms transfer their electrons to both H and Tt atoms. Tt atoms within the Tt-Tt chain are bonded covalently. The electronic density of states reveals that both hydrides exhibit metallic behavior. The observed vibrational spectra of these hydrides are in good overall agreement with the calculated phonon modes. There is evidence of dispersion induced splitting in the optical phonon peaks that can be ascribed to the coupling of H vibrations within the Li-6-octahedra layers. C1 [Wu, Hui; Zhou, Wei; Udovic, Terrence J.; Rush, John J.; Yildirim, Taner] NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Wu, Hui; Rush, John J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zhou, Wei; Yildirim, Taner] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Hartman, Michael R.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiat Hlth Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Bowman, Robert C., Jr.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Vajo, John J.] HRL Labs LLC, Malibu, CA 90265 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; Bowman, Robert/0000-0002-2114-1713 NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2007 VL 76 IS 22 AR 224301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.224301 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 246CZ UT WOS:000251986400037 ER PT J AU Briggs, A Dalton, G Ewart, P Steane, A Wark, J Phillips, W AF Briggs, Andrew Dalton, Gavin Ewart, Paul Steane, Andrew Wark, Justin Phillips, William TI Physics, and faith are worth debating SO PHYSICS WORLD LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Briggs, A (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8585 J9 PHYS WORLD JI Phys. World PD DEC PY 2007 VL 20 IS 12 BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 239DB UT WOS:000251497700025 ER PT J AU Modesti, M Besco, S Lorenzetti, A Causin, V Marega, C Gilman, JW Fox, DM Trulove, PC De Long, HC Zammarano, M AF Modesti, M. Besco, S. Lorenzetti, A. Causin, V. Marega, C. Gilman, J. W. Fox, D. M. Trulove, P. C. De Long, H. C. Zammarano, M. TI ABS/clay nanocomposites obtained by a solution technique: Influence of clay organic modifiers SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation CY SEP, 2006 CL San Sebastian, SPAIN SP Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Polimeros, CSIC, Madrid & Dpto Ciencia & Tecnol Polimeros, Univ Pais Vasco DE ABS; nanocomposites; solution; organic modifiers ID ABS/MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; LAYERED SILICATES; MORPHOLOGY; MONTMORILLONITE; DEGRADATION; BEHAVIOR; POLYPROPYLENE; MIXTURES AB Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer/clay nanocomposites were produced using an intercalation-adsorption technique from poly mer in solution: polymer/clay suspensions were subjected to ultrasonic processing to increase the effectiveness of mixing. Several kinds of organically modified layered silicates (OMLS) were used to understand the influence of the surfactant nature on the intercalation-exfoliatio. mechanism. We show that only imidazolium-treated montmorillonite (DMHDIM-MMT) is stable at the processing temperature of 200 C used for hot-pressing, whereas alkyl-ammonium modified clays show significant degradation. The morphology of ABS based polymer nanocomposites prepared in this work was characterized by means of wide angle X-ray diffraction. (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to determine the storage modulus an, damping coefficient as a function of temperature, and to investigate the correlations between mechanical properties and morphology of the nano composites. The thermal stability was assessed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DMA and TGA show that the nanocomposite based on imidazolium-modified clay out-perform the nanocomposites based on quaternary-ammonium-modified clays in terms of mechanics properties and thermal stability. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Modesti, M.; Besco, S.; Lorenzetti, A.] Univ Padua, Dept Chem Proc Engn, I-35131 Padua, Italy. [Causin, V.; Marega, C.] Univ Padua, Dept Chem Sci, I-35131 Padua, Italy. [Gilman, J. W.; Zammarano, M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fox, D. M.] American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. [Trulove, P. C.] USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. [De Long, H. C.] USAF, Off Sci Res, Directorate Chem & Life Sci, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Modesti, M (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dept Chem Proc Engn, Via Marzolo 9, I-35131 Padua, Italy. EM michele.modesti@unipd.it OI causin, valerio/0000-0002-2581-8445 NR 25 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 92 IS 12 BP 2206 EP 2213 DI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.036 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 250GY UT WOS:000252289200010 ER PT J AU Zhou, DK Smith, WL Cuomo, V Taylor, JP Barnet, CD Di Girolamo, P Pappalardo, G Larar, AM Liu, X Newman, SM Lee, C Mango, SA AF Zhou, Daniel K. Smith, William L. Cuomo, Vincenzo Taylor, Jonathan P. Barnet, Christopher D. Di Girolamo, Paolo Pappalardo, Gelsomina Larar, Allen M. Liu, Xu Newman, Stuart M. Lee, Clare Mango, Stephen A. TI Retrieval validation during the European aqua thermodynamic experiment SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE EAQUATE; AIRS; NPOESS; NAST-I; retrieval; validation ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NAST-I; AIRS; EMISSIVITY AB Atmospheric and surface thermodynamic parameters retrieved with advanced hyperspectral remote sensors aboard Earth observing satellites are critical to weather prediction and scientific research. The retrieval algorithms and retrieved parameters from satellite sounders must be validated to demonstrate the capability and accuracy of both observation and data processing systems. The European Aqua Thermodynamic Experiment (EAQUATE) was conducted not only for validation of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder on the Aqua satellite, but also for assessment of validation systems of both ground-based and aircraft-based instruments that will be used for other satellite systems, such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer on the European MetOp satellite, the Cross-track Infrared Sounder from the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project and the continuing series of NPOESS satellites. Detailed intercomparisons were conducted and presented using different retrieval methodologies: measurements from airborne ultraspectral Fourier transform spectrometers, aircraft in situ instruments, dedicated dropsondes and radiosondes, ground-based Raman lidar, as well as the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting modelled thermal structures. The results of this study not only illustrate the quality of the measurements and retrieval products, but also demonstrate the capability of the validation systems put in place to validate current and future hyperspectral sounding instruments and their scientific products. Copyright (C) 2007 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 [Zhou, Daniel K.; Larar, Allen M.; Liu, Xu] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Smith, William L.] Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Smith, William L.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. [Cuomo, Vincenzo; Pappalardo, Gelsomina] CNR, IMAA, Tito, Potenza, Italy. [Taylor, Jonathan P.; Newman, Stuart M.; Lee, Clare] Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Barnet, Christopher D.] NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Di Girolamo, Paolo] Univ Basilicata, DIFA, I-85100 Potenza, Italy. [Mango, Stephen A.] NPOESS Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Daniel.k.zhou@nasa.gov RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Taylor, Jonathan/B-3786-2013 NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 133 SU 3 BP 203 EP 215 DI 10.1002/qj.181 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259ES UT WOS:000252922500003 ER PT J AU Lee, JJW Chai, H Lloyd, IK Lawn, BR AF Lee, James Jin-Wu Chai, Herzl Lloyd, Isabel K. Lawn, Brian R. TI Crack propagation across an adhesive interlayer in flexural loading SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE adhesive joining; brittle layers; tensile loading; crack containment; crack penetration AB Crack propagation across interlayers separating adjoining brittle plates in flexure was studied using a model glass/epoxy/glass system. A transverse starter crack in the center glass plate was made to propagate to the nearest epoxy interface, where it arrested. System failure occurred at some higher load by crack reinitiation from pre-existing flaws in the adjoining glass surface, not by continuous penetration through the epoxy. A fracture mechanics analysis was developed to elucidate the role of material and geometrical variables. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Mech Engn, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 57 IS 12 BP 1077 EP 1080 DI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.08.031 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 223FR UT WOS:000250355500006 ER PT J AU Brennan, R Canter, P Van Rens, J AF Brennan, Richard Canter, Peter Van Rens, Jim TI Surface Imaging capabilities on marine hydrographic vessels SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 [Brennan, Richard] NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Canter, Peter] Applanix Marine Syst, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada. [Van Rens, Jim] Riegl USA, Orlando, FL USA. RP Brennan, R (reprint author), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 48 IS 12 BP 37 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 247HD UT WOS:000252068100008 ER PT J AU Lei, Y Carver, RH Kacker, R Kung, D AF Lei, Yu Carver, Richard H. Kacker, Raghu Kung, David TI A combinatorial testing strategy for concurrent programs SO SOFTWARE TESTING VERIFICATION & RELIABILITY LA English DT Article DE combinatorial testing; concurrency testing; t-way testing; software testing ID MUTUAL EXCLUSION; TEST-GENERATION; TEST SUITES; SOFTWARE; ALGORITHM; MUTATION; SYSTEM AB One approach to testing concurrent programs is called reachability testing, which derives test sequences automatically and on-the-fly, without constructing a static model. Existing reachability testing algorithms are exhaustive in that they are intended to exercise all possible synchronization sequences of a concurrent program with a given input. In this paper, we present a new testing strategy, called t-way reachability testing, that adopts the dynamic framework of reachability testing but selectively exercises a subset of synchronization sequences. The selection of the synchronization sequences is based on a combinatorial testing strategy called t-way testing. We present an algorithm that implements t-way reachability testing, and report the results of several case studies that were conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. The results indicate that t-way reachability testing can substantially reduce the number of synchronization sequences exercised during reachability testing while still effectively detecting faults. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Lei, Yu; Kung, David] Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Carver, Richard H.] George Mason Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Kacker, Raghu] NIST, Informat Technol Library, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lei, Y (reprint author), Univ Texas Arlington, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. EM ylei@cse.uta.edu NR 41 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0960-0833 EI 1099-1689 J9 SOFTW TEST VERIF REL JI Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 17 IS 4 BP 207 EP 225 DI 10.1002/stvr.369 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 240IL UT WOS:000251581200002 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI DeLucia, FC Dagdigian, PJ Gottfried, JL Munson, CA Nusea, MJ Miziolek, AW AF Babushok, V. I. DeLucia, F. C., Jr. Dagdigian, P. J. Gottfried, J. L. Munson, C. A. Nusea, M. J. Miziolek, A. W. TI Kinetic modeling study of the laser-induced plasma plume of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS 2006) CY SEP 04-08, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Canada Ind Mat Inst, Natl Res Council DE laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; laser plasma; kinetic model; RDX; explosive ID INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; CROSS-SECTIONS; ATOMIC OXYGEN; METALLIC LEAD; CARBON-FILMS; DEPOSITION; COMBUSTION; DISSOCIATION; NITROGEN; C-2 AB A kinetic model of a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) plume of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) was developed for the analysis of processes responsible for the LIBS signature of explosives. Air and argon were considered as buffer gases. The model includes a set of processes involving ion chemistry, as well as excitation, ionization, and other processes affecting neutral and ion species. Modeling results show that the overall reaction process can be considered a two-stage process. The first stage corresponds to a fast approach to a quasi-stationary state, while the second stage corresponds to the change of quasi-stationary species concentrations due to the change in temperature. As a result of the two-stage process, the initial mechanism of explosive decomposition is not important in determining its signature in the LIBS measurement time window (1-30 mu s). The main processes responsible for generation of excited states for the LIBS emission are electron-excitation impact processes. A mechanism for the appearance of a double peak of the C(2) species concentration in the RDX plasma plume was suggested. Double-peak behavior of the C2 species was previously experimentally observed during laser ablation of graphite. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Babushok, V. I.] NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [DeLucia, F. C., Jr.; Gottfried, J. L.; Munson, C. A.; Nusea, M. J.; Miziolek, A. W.] USA, Ballist Res Lab, AMSRL WM BD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. [Dagdigian, P. J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Babushok, VI (reprint author), NIST, Bldg 221,Room A111, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM babushok@nist.gov RI Gottfried, Jennifer/G-6333-2010; Munson, Chase/H-1667-2012; De Lucia, Frank/D-5630-2012 NR 35 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1321 EP 1328 DI 10.1016/j.sab.2007.10.029 PG 8 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 249CM UT WOS:000252204500005 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, A. L. TI Pattern correlation matrices for Markov sequences and tests of randomness SO THEORY OF PROBABILITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE asymptotic expansions; resolvent; generating function; pseudo-inverse matrix; chi-square; fundamental matrix ID FREQUENCY; NUMBER; WORDS AB The paper establishes some properties of the so-called pattern correlation matrices which are useful in statistical analysis of random Markov sequences. Asymptotic expansions for the probability of the occurrence of a given word a given number of times and of joint occurrences for two words are derived. These expansions give accurate approximations for the first two moments of the number of occurrences. The covariance matrix of the joint distribution of frequencies of all patterns is expressed in terms of the pattern correlation matrix, and a simple generalized inverse of this covariance matrix is given. Relevant statistical implications for goodness-of-fit testing are formulated. C1 [Rukhin, A. L.] UMBC, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Rukhin, A. L.] NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), UMBC, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 0040-585X J9 THEOR PROBAB APPL+ JI Theory Probab. Appl. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 51 IS 4 BP 663 EP 679 DI 10.1137/S0040585X97982670 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 244OQ UT WOS:000251875600006 ER PT J AU Qian, X Villarrubia, JS AF Qian, Xiaoping Villarrubia, J. S. TI General three-dimensional image simulation and surface reconstruction in scanning probe microscopy using a dexel representation SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE dilation; erosion; mathematical morphology; atomic force microscopy; scanning probe microscopy; dexel representation ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; TIP AB The ability to image complex general three-dimensional (313) structures, including reentrant surfaces and undercut features using scanning probe microscopy, is becoming increasing important in many small length-scale applications. This paper presents a dexel data representation and its algorithm implementation for scanning probe microscope (SPM) image simulation (morphological dilation) and surface reconstruction (erosion) on such general 3D structures. Validation using simulations, some of which are modeled upon actual atomic force microscope data, demonstrates that the dexel representation can efficiently simulate SPM imaging and reconstruct the sample surface from measured images, including those with reentrant surfaces and undercut features. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IIT, Chicago, IL 60613 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Qian, X (reprint author), IIT, Chicago, IL 60613 USA. EM qian@iit.edu; John.Villarrubia@nist.gov RI Qian, Xiaoping/C-9748-2009 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 EI 1879-2723 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD DEC PY 2007 VL 108 IS 1 BP 29 EP 42 DI 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.02.031 PG 14 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 238XS UT WOS:000251482300004 PM 17434675 ER PT J AU Wu, CC Chou, KH Lin, PH Aberson, SD Peng, MS Nakazawa, T AF Wu, Chun-Chieh Chou, Kun-Hsuan Lin, Po-Hsiung Aberson, Sim D. Peng, Melinda S. Nakazawa, Tetsuo TI Impact of dropwindsonde data on typhoon track forecasts in DOTSTAR SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; GFDL HURRICANE MODEL; SURROUNDING FLOW RELATIONSHIPS; TROPICAL CYCLONE MOVEMENT; PREDICTION SYSTEM; TARGETED OBSERVATIONS; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; GLOBAL ANALYSES; INITIALIZATION; SIMULATION AB Starting from 2003, a new typhoon surveillance program, Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR), was launched. During 2004, 10 missions for eight typhoons were conducted successfully with 155 dropwindsondes deployed. In this study, the impact of these dropwindsonde data on tropical cyclone track forecasts has been evaluated with five models (four operational and one research models). All models, except the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane model, show the positive impact that the dropwindsonde data have on tropical cyclone track forecasts. During the first 72 h, the mean track error reductions in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS), the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), and the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) Global Spectral Model (GSM) are 14%, 14%, and 19%, respectively. The track error reduction in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, in which the initial conditions are directly interpolated from the operational GFS forecast, is 16%. However, the mean track improvement in the GFDL model is a statistically insignificant 3%. The 72-h-average track error reduction from the ensemble mean of the above three global models is 22%, which is consistent with the track forecast improvement in Atlantic tropical cyclones from surveillance missions. In all, despite the fact that the impact of the dropwindsonde data is not statistically significant due to the limited number of DOTSTAR cases in 2004, the overall added value of the dropwindsonde data in improving typhoon track forecasts over the western North Pacific is encouraging. Further progress in the targeted observations of the dropwindsonde surveillances and satellite data, and in the modeling and data assimilation system, is expected to lead to even greater improvement in tropical cyclone track forecasts. C1 [Wu, Chun-Chieh; Chou, Kun-Hsuan; Lin, Po-Hsiung] Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 106, Taiwan. [Aberson, Sim D.] NOAA AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. [Peng, Melinda S.] Naval Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA USA. [Nakazawa, Tetsuo] Japan Meteorol Agcy, Meteorol Res Inst, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM cwu@typhoon.as.ntu.edu.tw RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; nakazawa, tetsuo/P-9063-2014; OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Wu, Chun-Chieh/0000-0002-3612-4537 NR 42 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1157 EP 1176 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2006062.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247PJ UT WOS:000252091500001 ER PT J AU Kellenbenz, DJ Grafenauer, TJ Davies, JM AF Kellenbenz, David J. Grafenauer, Thomas J. Davies, Jonathan M. TI The north Dakota tornadic supercells of 18 July 2004: Issues concerning high LCL heights and evapotranspiration SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID FORECAST PARAMETERS; DEEP CONVECTION; SOIL-MOISTURE; ENVIRONMENTS; VEGETATION; INITIATION; EVOLUTION; HELICITY; IMPACT; FLUX AB On the evening of 18 July 2004, several tornadoes occurred with two supercell thunderstorms over eastern North Dakota. The second and smaller in diameter of these storms produced an F4 tornado in an environment with lifting condensation level (LCL) heights that were atypically high according to recent statistical studies about supercell tornado environments. Surface dewpoints were also underforecast by computer models. These two issues are examined in this paper, which provides an overview of this event. The synoptic setting and environment characteristics suggest that evapotranspiration (ET) was responsible in part for enhancing surface moisture. It is likely that ET affected instability and convection initiation. This study also found that the presence of steep low-level lapse rates juxtaposed with low-level convective available potential energy along a surface trough may have contributed to tornado development in a high LCL environment wind and instability characteristics were otherwise favorable for supporting supercell tornadoes. C1 [Kellenbenz, David J.; Grafenauer, Thomas J.] NWS Weather Forecast Off, NOAA, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Kellenbenz, DJ (reprint author), NWS Weather Forecast Off, NOAA, 4797 Technol Circle, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. EM David.Kellenbenz@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1200 EP 1213 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2006109.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247PJ UT WOS:000252091500004 ER PT J AU Yussouf, N Stensrud, DJ AF Yussouf, Nusrat Stensrud, David J. TI Bias-corrected short-range ensemble forecasts of near-surface variables during the 2005/06 cool season SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MODEL OUTPUT STATISTICS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; UMOS SYSTEM; NEW-ENGLAND; TEMPERATURE; PREDICTION; CONSENSUS; PROGRAM; WEATHER AB A postprocessing method initially developed to improve near-surface forecasts from a summertime multimodel short-range ensemble forecasting system is evaluated during the cool season of 2005/06. The method, known as the bias-corrected ensemble (BCE) approach, uses the past complete 12 days of model forecasts and surface observations to remove the mean bias of near-surface variables from each ensemble member for each station location and forecast time. In addition, two other performance-based weighte-daverage BCE schemes, the exponential smoothing method BCE and the minimum variance estimate BCE, are implemented and evaluated. Values of root-mean-squared error from the 2-m temperature and dewpoint temperature forecasts indicate that the BCE approach outperforms the routinely available Global Forecast System (GFS) model output statistics (MOS) forecasts during the cool season by 9% and 8%, respectively. In contrast, the GFS MOS provides more accurate forecasts of 10-m wind speed than any of the BCE methods. The performance-weighted BCE schemes yield no significant improvement in forecast accuracy for 2-m temperature and 2-m dewpoint temperature when compared with the original BCE, although the weighted BCE schemes are found to improve the forecast accuracy of the 10-m wind speed. The probabilistic forecast guidance provided by the BCE system is found to be more reliable than the raw ensemble forecasts. These results parallel those obtained during the summers of 2002-04 and indicate that the BCE method is a promising and inexpensive statistical postprocessing scheme that could be used in all seasons. C1 [Yussouf, Nusrat; Stensrud, David J.] Natl Weather Ctr, Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Yussouf, Nusrat] Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Yussouf, N (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM nursrat.yussouf@noaa.gov OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1274 EP 1286 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2007002.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247PJ UT WOS:000252091500009 ER PT J AU Yuan, HL Gao, XG Mullen, SL Sorooshian, S Du, J Juang, HMH AF Yuan, Huiling Gao, Xiaogang Mullen, Steven L. Sorooshian, Soroosh Du, Jun Juang, Hann-Ming Henry TI Calibration of probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts with an artificial neural network SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE; PREDICTION; MODEL; VERIFICATION; MESOSCALE; SYSTEMS; ECMWF; NCEP; NMC AB A feed-forward neural network is configured to calibrate the bias of a high-resolution probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF) produced by a 12-km version of the NCEP Regional Spectral Model (RSM) ensemble forecast system. Twice-daily forecasts during the 2002-2003 cool season (1 November-31 March, inclusive) are run over four U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) hydrologic unit regions of the southwest United States. Calibration is performed via a cross- validation procedure, where four months are used for training and the excluded month is used for testing. The PQPFs before and after the calibration over a hydrological unit region are evaluated by comparing the joint probability distribution of forecasts and observations. Verification is performed on the 4-km stage IV grid, which is used as "truth." The calibration procedure improves the Brier score (BrS), conditional bias (reliability) and forecast skill, such as the Brier skill score (BrSS) and the ranked probability skill score (RPSS), relative to the sample frequency for all geographic regions and most precipitation thresholds. However, the procedure degrades the resolution of the PQPFs by systematically producing more forecasts with low nonzero forecast probabilities that drive the forecast distribution closer to the climatology of the training sample. The problem of degrading the resolution is most severe over the Colorado River basin and the Great Basin for relatively high precipitation thresholds where the sample of observed events is relatively small. C1 [Yuan, Huiling; Gao, Xiaogang; Sorooshian, Soroosh] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA USA. [Mullen, Steven L.] Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. [Du, Jun; Juang, Hann-Ming Henry] Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. RP Yuan, HL (reprint author), NOAA ESRL, R GSD7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM huiling.yuan@noaa.gov RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Yuan, Huiling/G-9795-2013 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; NR 40 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1287 EP 1303 DI 10.1175/2007WAF2006114.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247PJ UT WOS:000252091500010 ER PT J AU Otani, M Itaka, K Wong-Ng, W Schenck, PK Koinuma, H AF Otani, M. Itaka, K. Wong-Ng, W. Schenck, P. K. Koinuma, H. TI Development of a high-throughput thermoelectric screening tool for combinatorial thin film libraries SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thermoelectric measurement; combinatorial method; high-throughput screening tool; seebeck coefficient ID COMPOSITION-SPREAD APPROACH AB We have developed a high-throughput thermoelectric screening tool for the study of combinatorial thin films. This tool consists of a probe to measure resistance and Seebeck coefficient on an automated translation stage. A thin film library of the (Ca(1-x-y)Sr(x)La(y))(3)Co(4)O(9) ternary system has been fabricated on a Si (1 0 0) substrate, using combinatorial pulsed laser deposition by the natural-composition-spread method. We have demonstrated successful mapping of the resistance and Seebeck coefficient of this film library. The mapping indicates that the substitution of La for Ca results in an increase of both resistance and Seebeck coefficient, and that of Sr results in a decrease of resistance. The screening tool allows us to measure 1080 data points in 6 h. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Otani, M.; Wong-Ng, W.; Schenck, P. K.] NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Itaka, K.; Koinuma, H.] Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778568, Japan. RP Otani, M (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM motani@nist.gov RI Itaka, Kenji/B-3207-2008 NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD NOV 30 PY 2007 VL 254 IS 3 BP 765 EP 767 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.05.091 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 267CS UT WOS:000253487400020 ER PT J AU Schenck, PK Bassim, ND Otani, M Oguchi, H Green, ML AF Schenck, Peter K. Bassim, Nabil D. Otani, Makoto Oguchi, Hiroyuki Green, Martin L. TI Design and spectroscopic reflectometry characterization of pulsed laser deposition combinatorial libraries SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE combinatorial; thin films; reflectometry ID FILMS AB The goal of the design of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) combinatorial library films is to optimize the compositional coverage of the films while maintaining a uniform thickness. The deposition pattern of excimer laser PLD films can be modeled with a bimodal cos(n) distribution. Deposited films were characterized using a spectroscopic reflectometer (250-1000 nm) to map the thickness of both single composition calibration films and combinatorial library films. These distribution functions were used to simulate the composition and thickness of multiple target combinatorial library films. The simulations were correlated with electron-probe microanalysis wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS) composition maps. The composition and thickness of the library films can be fine-tuned by adjusting the laser spot size, fluence, background gas pressure, target geometry and other processing parameters which affect the deposition pattern. Results from compositionally graded combinatorial library films of the ternary system Al(2)O(3)-HfO(2)-Y(2)O(3) are discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Schenck, Peter K.; Bassim, Nabil D.; Otani, Makoto; Green, Martin L.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Oguchi, Hiroyuki] Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Schenck, PK (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pkschenck@nist.gov RI Oguchi, Hiroyuki/R-5305-2016 NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD NOV 30 PY 2007 VL 254 IS 3 BP 781 EP 784 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.05.086 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 267CS UT WOS:000253487400024 ER PT J AU Bassim, ND Schenck, PK Donev, EU Heilweil, EJ Cockayne, E Green, ML Feldman, LC AF Bassim, Nabil D. Schenck, Peter K. Donev, Eugene U. Heilweil, Edwin J. Cockayne, Eric Green, Martin L. Feldman, Leonard C. TI Effects of temperature and oxygen pressure on binary oxide growth using aperture-controlled combinatorial pulsed-laser deposition SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE combinatorial; thin films ID TRANSITION; INSULATOR; ENERGY; VO2 AB In pulsed-laser deposition (PLD), there are many processing parameters that influence film properties such as substrate-target distance, background reactive gas pressure, laser energy, substrate temperature and composition in multi-component systems. By introducing a 12.7-mm diameter circular aperture in front of a 76.2-mm silicon wafer and rotating the substrate while changing conditions during the PLD process, these parameters may be studied in a combinatorial fashion, discretely as a function of processing conditions. We demonstrate the use of the aperture technique to systematically study the effects of oxygen partial pressure on the film stoichiometry and growth rate of VO(x), using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). In another example, we discuss the effect of growth temperature on TiO(2) films characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform far-infrared (Terahertz) absorption spectroscopy. We demonstrate that we have considerable combinatorial control of other processing variables besides composition in our combi-PLD system. These may be used to systematically study film growth and properties. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bassim, Nabil D.; Schenck, Peter K.; Cockayne, Eric; Green, Martin L.] NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Donev, Eugene U.; Feldman, Leonard C.] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Heilweil, Edwin J.] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schenck, PK (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pkschenck@nist.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD NOV 30 PY 2007 VL 254 IS 3 BP 785 EP 788 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.05.089 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 267CS UT WOS:000253487400025 ER PT J AU Price, H Jaegle, L Rice, A Quay, P Novelli, PC Gammon, R AF Price, Heather Jaegle, Lyatt Rice, Andrew Quay, Paul Novelli, Paul C. Gammon, Richard TI Global budget of molecular hydrogen and its deuterium content: Constraints from ground station, cruise, and aircraft observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; POLLUTION; PACIFIC; SOIL; H-2; SATELLITE; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT AB The distribution and atmospheric budgets for molecular hydrogen and its deuterium component delta D are simulated with the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model and constrained by observations of H-2 from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory network and dD observations from ship and ground stations. Our simulation includes a primary H2 source of 38.8 Tg a(-1) (22.7 Tg a(-1) from fossil and biofuels, 10.1 Tg a(-1) from biomass burning, 6.0 Tg a(-1) from the ocean) (where a is years) and a secondary photochemical source from photolysis of formaldehyde of 34.3 Tg a(-1). The simulated global tropospheric mean H-2 is 525 ppbv, with a tropospheric burden of 141 Tg and tropospheric lifetime of 1.9 a. Uptake by enzymes in soils accounts for 75% of the H2 sink, with the remainder due to reaction with OH. The model captures the observed latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of H2. For dD we find that a photochemical source signature from methane and biogenic volatile organic compound oxidation of 162 parts per thousand yields a global mean atmospheric delta D of 130 parts per thousand, consistent with atmospheric observations. The model captures the observed latitudinal gradient in dD, simulating a 21 parts per thousand greater enrichment in the Southern Hemisphere because of the predominance of isotopically depleted fossil fuel emissions in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that stratospheric-tropospheric exchange results in 37 parts per thousand enrichment of tropospheric delta D. Our simulation provides new simultaneous constraints on the H2 soil sink (55 +/- 8 Tg a(-1)), the ocean source (6 +/- 3 Tg a(-1)), and the isotopic signature for photochemical production (162 +/- 57 parts per thousand). C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Portland State Univ, Dept Phys, Portland, OR USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA USA. Climate Diagnost Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. RP Price, H (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM arice@pdx.edu; jaegle@atmos.washington.edu; hprice@u.washington.edu; quay@ocean.washington.edu; pnovelli@cmdl.noaa.gov; gammon@u.washington.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 NR 51 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 30 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D22 AR D22108 DI 10.1029/2006JD008152 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 237AY UT WOS:000251346200001 ER PT J AU Giles, KA Laxon, SW Wingham, DJ Wallis, DW Krabill, WB Leuschen, CJ McAdoo, D Manizade, SS Raney, RK AF Giles, K. A. Laxon, S. W. Wingham, D. J. Wallis, D. W. Krabill, W. B. Leuschen, C. J. McAdoo, D. Manizade, S. S. Raney, R. K. TI Combined airborne laser and radar altimeter measurements over the Fram Strait in May 2002 SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE radar altimetry; laser altimetry; sea ice thickness; snow depth ID SEA-ICE; ARCTIC ICE; THICKNESS; LAND AB Knowledge of sea ice thickness is critical for the prediction of future climate, and for assessing the significance of changes in thickness. Sea ice thickness can be calculated from radar or laser satellite altimetry measurements of freeboard. However, a lack of knowledge of snow depth introduces significant uncertainties into these calculations. This paper compares the first coincident airborne laser and radar altimetry data over sea ice, collected during the Laser Radar Altimetry (LaRA) field campaign. LaRA was a flight of opportunity that provided valuable data to explore techniques to validate satellite measurements of ice freeboard, and the possibility of combining laser and radar measurements over snow covered sea ice to calculate the snow depth. Two new methods were created to analyse these data sets: a new radar retracker and a radar power simulator, which models radar returns from the laser data. We present the first quantitative analysis of data from the LaRA laser and radar altimeters, and demonstrate the potential of combining laser and radar altimetry to estimate snow depth. LaRA elevation estimates compare well with elevations from the radar altimeter onboard ERS-2 at the sub-meter level and the study provides lessons for future validation of satellite altimetry data over sea ice. Laser elevations are consistently higher than the radar elevations over snow covered sea ice. As LaRA was a flight of opportunity, no coincident in-situ measurements were available. Nevertheless, the difference between the reflecting surface of the laser and radar is consistent with snow depth from climatology and the analysis techniques developed in this paper will be useful for future radar and laser altimetry comparisons. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 UCL, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, London WC1E 6BT, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Techn Serv, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Giles, KA (reprint author), UCL, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England. EM k.giles@cpom.ucl.ac.uk RI Giles, Katharine/G-3837-2010; Laxon, Seymour/C-1644-2008; McAdoo, Dave/F-5612-2010 OI McAdoo, Dave/0000-0002-7533-5564 NR 31 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 30 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 2-3 BP 182 EP 194 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.037 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 234QF UT WOS:000251178000006 ER PT J AU Jabs, W Willaert, FF McElmurry, BA Rivera-Rivera, LA Montuoro, R Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Suenram, RD AF Jabs, Wolfgang Willaert, Fabrice F. McElmurry, Blake A. Rivera-Rivera, Luis. A. Montuoro, Raffaele Lucchese, Robert R. Bevan, John W. Suenram, Richard D. TI Microwave-based structure and four-dimensional morphed intermolecular potential for HI-CO2 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; LINEAR MOLECULE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; BASIS-SETS; COMPLEXES; HYDROGEN; OH; DYNAMICS AB Microwave spectra of the four isotopologue/isotopomers, HI-(CO2)-C-12-O-16, HI-(CO2)-C-12-O-18-HI-C-12 (OO)-O-18-O-16, and HI-(COO)-C-12-O-16-O-18, have been recorded using pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. In the last two isotopomers, the heavy oxygen atom tilted toward and away from the HI moiety, respectively. Only b-type K-a = 1<--0 transitions were observed. Spectral analysis provided molecular parameters including rotational, centrifugal distortion, and quadrupole constants for each isotopomer. Then, a four-dimensional intermolecular energy surface of a HI-CO2 complex was generated, morphing the results of ab initio calculations to reproduce the experimental data. The morphed potential of HI-(CO2)-C-12-O-16 had two equivalent global minima with a well depth of 457(14) cm(-1) characterized by a planar quasi-T-shaped structure with the hydrogen atom tilted toward the CO2 moiety, separated by a barrier of 181(17) cm(-1). Also, a secondary minimum is present with a well depth of 405(14) cm(-1) with a planar quasi-T-shaped structure with the hydrogen atom tilted away from the CO2 moiety. The ground state structure of HI-(CO2)-C-12-O-16 was determined to have a planar quasi-T-shaped geometry with R = 3.7717(1) angstrom, theta(ocl) = 82.30(1)degrees, theta(ClH) = 71.55(1)degrees. The morphed potential obtained is now available for future studies of the dynamics of photoinitiated reactions of this complex. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bevan, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM bevan@mail.chem.tamu.edu RI Bevan, John/B-6529-2015; Lucchese, Robert/O-4452-2014 OI Bevan, John/0000-0003-0264-6596; Lucchese, Robert/0000-0002-7200-3775 NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 29 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 47 BP 11976 EP 11985 DI 10.1021/jp0744275 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 234DK UT WOS:000251140700004 PM 17983208 ER PT J AU Stafford, GR Bertocci, U AF Stafford, G. R. Bertocci, U. TI In situ stress and nanogravimetric measurements during underpotential deposition of pb on (111)-textured au SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; PERCHLORIC-ACID SOLUTION; INDUCED SURFACE STRESS; CRYSTAL GOLD SURFACES; AU(111) ELECTRODES; INTRINSIC STRESS; METAL MONOLAYER; THIN-FILMS; LEAD AB The surface stress associated with the underpotential deposition (upd) of lead on (111)-textured Au is examined, using the wafer curvature method, in acidic perchlorate supporting electrolyte. The surface stress is correlated to theta, the fractional Pb coverage, by independent nanogravimetric measurements using an electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQNB). The gravimetric results are similar to the data found in the literature, showing an electrosorption valency of 2 and the formation of a hexagonal close-packed monolayer of Pb. The complete Pb monolayer causes an overall compressive surface stress change of about -1.2 N m(-1). The stress-coveraae curve can be divided into two linear regions separated by a plateau. The region at low to intermediate coverage is caused by the formation of Au-Pb bonds which decrease the charge density and reduce the tensile surface stress inherent to the clean Au surface. In the second linear region at high coverage, the Pb adlayer compresses and behaves as a free-standing elastic film with a biaxial modulus close to that for Pb (111) in the bulk. The plateau that separates these two linear regions corresponds to the stress relaxation '' hump '' that appears in the stress-potential curve. This stress relaxation is attributed to island coalescence. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD NOV 29 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 47 BP 17580 EP 17586 DI 10.1021/jp0766914 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 234DO UT WOS:000251141100020 ER PT J AU Yager, K AF Yager, Kevin TI Each co-author should sign to reduce risk of fraud SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yager, K (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Yager, Kevin/F-9804-2011 OI Yager, Kevin/0000-0001-7745-2513 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 29 PY 2007 VL 450 IS 7170 BP 610 EP 610 DI 10.1038/450610a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 235BY UT WOS:000251209700016 PM 18046378 ER PT J AU Keeley, SPE Gillett, NP Thompson, DWJ Solomon, S Forster, PM AF Keeley, S. P. E. Gillett, N. P. Thompson, D. W. J. Solomon, S. Forster, P. M. TI Is Antarctic climate most sensitive to ozone depletion in the middle or lower stratosphere? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TEMPERATURE TRENDS; TROPOSPHERE; DECADES; MODEL AB Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion has been associated with an observed downward trend in tropospheric geopotential height and temperature. Stratospheric ozone depletion peaks in October November, whereas tropospheric trends are largest in December-January, concurrent with maximum ozone changes close to the tropopause. Surface temperatures are most sensitive to ozone loss near the tropopause, therefore it has been suggested that the observed tropospheric response is forced mainly by ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere. In this study the climate response to ozone depletion exclusively below 164 hPa is simulated using HadSM3-L64, and compared with simulations in which ozone depletion is prescribed exclusively above 164 hPa. Results indicate that the tropospheric response is dominated by ozone changes above 164 hPa, with ozone changes in the lowermost stratosphere playing an insignificant role. A tropospheric response is also seen in fall/winter which agrees well with observations and has not been found in modeling studies previously. C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Keeley, SPE (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM s.keeley@uea.ac.uk RI Thompson, David/F-9627-2012; Keeley, Sarah/G-3352-2016; Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Keeley, Sarah/0000-0002-8046-765X; Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171; NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 28 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 22 AR L22812 DI 10.1029/2007GL031238 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 237AN UT WOS:000251345000002 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC Putzbach, K Sharpless, KE Sander, LC AF Nelson, Bryant C. Putzbach, Karsten Sharpless, Katherine E. Sander, Lane C. TI Mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bitter orange protoalkaloids; dietary supplements; hordenine; liquid chromatography; N-methyltyramine; octopamine; synephrine; tandem mass spectrometry; tyramine ID CHROMATOGRAPHY STATIONARY-PHASE; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIETARY-SUPPLEMENTS; EPHEDRINE ALKALOIDS; IONIZATION; SYNEPHRINE; L. AB The predominant adrenergic protoalkaloid found in the peel and fruit of bitter orange, Citrus aurantium, is synephrine. Synephrine is reputed to have thermogenic properties and is used as a dietary supplement to enhance energy and promote weight loss. However, there exists some concern that the consumption of dietary supplements containing synephrine or similar protoalkaloids may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events. This study developed and validated a positive-ion mode liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of the major (synephrine) and minor (tyramine, N-methyltyramine, octopamine, and hordenine) adrenergic protoalkaloids in a suite of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bitter orange Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): SRM 3258 Bitter Orange Fruit, SRM 3259 Bitter Orange Extract, and SRM 3260 Bitter Orange Solid Oral Dosage Form. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all protoalkaloids is approximately 1 pg on-column, except for octopamine (20 pg on-column). Additionally, the method has a linear dynamic range of >= 3 orders of magnitude for all of the protoalkaloids. Individual, as well as "total", protoalkaloid levels (milligrams per kilogram) in the NIST SRMs were determined and compared to the levels measured by an independent liquid chromatography/ fluorescence detection (LC/FD) method. Satisfactory concordance between the LC/MS/MS and LC/ FD protoalkaloid measurements was demonstrated. LC/MS/MS analysis of the protoalkaloids in the SRMs resulted in mean measurement imprecision levels of <= 10% coefficient of variation (% CV). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bryant.nelson@nist.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 22 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 28 PY 2007 VL 55 IS 24 BP 9769 EP 9775 DI 10.1021/jf072030s PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 234DX UT WOS:000251142000005 PM 17966980 ER PT J AU Singh, G Rice, P Mahajan, RL AF Singh, G. Rice, P. Mahajan, R. L. TI Fabrication and mechanical characterization of a force sensor based on an individual carbon nanotube SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MANIPULATION; DEPOSITION; STRENGTH; CELLS AB We demonstrate the design and calibration of an individual carbon nanotube (CNT) based mechanical force sensor for measuring cell wall compliance. The device fabrication and in situ mechanical characterization were carried out using a micromanipulator inside a scanning electron microscope. This simple device acts as a micro-cantilever beam and consists of a tungsten probe with a CNT attached to its tip, while the other end of the CNT supports a polystyrene microsphere. We have calculated the bending modulus of individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes from the calibration tests. These values agree with those available in the literature. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Inst Crit Technol & Appl Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Singh, G (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gsingh@colorado.EDU RI Singh, Gurpreet/J-9083-2012 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD NOV 28 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 47 AR 475501 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/47/475501 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 228JF UT WOS:000250725500009 ER PT J AU Bilich, A Larson, KM AF Bilich, Andria Larson, Kristine M. TI Mapping the GPS multipath environment using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKE AB GPS multipath, where a signal arrives by more than one path, is a source of positioning error which cannot be easily neutralized. Better understanding of the multipath environment, i. e., the direction of and distance to reflecting objects, is important for multipath mitigation during the site construction phase as well as discerning the impact of multipath on positioning estimates for existing sites. This paper presents a tool called power spectral mapping that visually represents the multipath environment of a GPS site. This technique uses the spectral content (frequency and magnitude) of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) time series to determine which satellites, and therefore which portions of the antenna environment, contribute significant multipath error and at what frequencies. Wavelet analysis is used to extract the time-varying frequency and magnitude content of various multipath constituents, and these data are projected onto a map representing the GPS antenna surroundings. Power spectral map examples from stations with very different multipath environments are presented. The maps are interpreted in terms of potential sources of multipath reflections, and how these multipath signals contribute to positioning error at each station is also assessed. C1 Natl Geodet Survey, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bilich, A (reprint author), Natl Geodet Survey, 325 Broadway E-GC2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andria.bilich@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD NOV 28 PY 2007 VL 42 IS 6 AR RS6003 DI 10.1029/2007RS003652 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 237CA UT WOS:000251349200001 ER PT J AU Tirumala, VR Pai, RA Agarwal, S Testa, JJ Bhatnagar, G Romang, AH Chandler, C Gorman, BP Jones, RL Lin, EK Watkins, JJ AF Tirumala, Vijay R. Pai, Rajaram A. Agarwal, Surnit Testa, Jason J. Bhatnagar, Gaurav Romang, Alvin H. Chandler, Curran Gorman, Brian P. Jones, Ronald L. Lin, Eric K. Watkins, James J. TI Mesoporous silica films with long-range order prepared from strongly segregated block copolymer/homopolymer blend templates SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; THIN-FILMS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; POLYMER BLENDS; COPOLYMER AB Well-ordered mesoporous silica films were prepared by infusion and selective condensation of Si alkoxides within preorganized block copolymer/homopolymer blend templates using supercritical CO2 as the delivery medium. The morphologies of the mesoporous silica films reflect significant improvements in the strength of segregation and long-range order of template blends of poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers with selectively associating homopolymers such as poly(acrylic acid) or poly(4-hydroxystyrene) prior as compared to templates comprised of the neat copolymer. Control over film porosity, pore ordering, and morphology of the films is achieved through simple variations in the homopolymer concentration. The films were characterized using X-ray reflectivity, small-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ N Texas, Denton, TX 76207 USA. RP Watkins, JJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM watkins@polysci.umass.edu RI Gorman, Brian/F-4999-2011; Agarwal, Sumit/D-8950-2011 OI Gorman, Brian/0000-0002-1837-564X; NR 26 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD NOV 27 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 24 BP 5868 EP 5874 DI 10.1021/cm070792x PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 234HH UT WOS:000251150900020 ER PT J AU Peters, W Jacobson, AR Sweeney, C Andrews, AE Conway, TJ Masarie, K Miller, JB Bruhwiler, LMP Petron, G Hirsch, AI Worthy, DEJ van der Werf, GR Randerson, JT Wennberg, PO Krol, MC Tans, PP AF Peters, Wouter Jacobson, Andrew R. Sweeney, Colm Andrews, Arlyn E. Conway, Thomas J. Masarie, Kenneth Miller, John B. Bruhwiler, Lori M. P. Petron, Gabrielle Hirsch, Adam I. Worthy, Douglas E. J. van der Werf, Guido R. Randerson, James T. Wennberg, Paul O. Krol, Maarten C. Tans, Pieter P. TI An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE carbon cycle; greenhouse gases; data assimilation; biogeochemistry; atmospheric composition ID CO2 SOURCES; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; SINK; HISTORY; FORESTS; MODELS AB We present an estimate of net CO2 exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere across North America for every week in the period 2000 through 2005. This estimate is derived from a set of 28,000 CO2 mole fraction observations in the global atmosphere that are fed into a state-of-the-art data assimilation system for CO2 called CarbonTracker. By design, the surface fluxes produced in CarbonTracker are consistent with the recent history Of CO2 in the atmosphere and provide constraints on the net carbon flux independent from national inventories derived from accounting efforts. We find the North American terrestrial biosphere to have absorbed -0.65 PgC/yr (1 petagram = 10(15) g; negative signs are used for carbon sinks) averaged over the period studied, partly offsetting the estimated 1.85 PgC/yr release by fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing. Uncertainty on this estimate is derived from a set of sensitivity experiments and places the sink within a range of -0.4 to -1.0 PgC/yr. The estimated sink is located mainly in the deciduous forests along the East Coast (32%) and the boreal coniferous forests (22%). Terrestrial uptake fell to -0.32 PgC/yr during the large-scale drought of 2002, suggesting sensitivity of the contemporary carbon sinks to climate extremes. CarbonTracker results are in excellent agreement with a wide collection of carbon inventories that form the basis of the first North American State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), to be released in 2007. All CarbonTracker results are freely available at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, UCB 216, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Environm Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Meteorol & Air Qual, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Peters, W (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway R-GMD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM wouter.peters@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 NR 34 TC 370 Z9 380 U1 6 U2 82 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 27 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 48 BP 18925 EP 18930 DI 10.1073/pnas.0708986104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 239DK UT WOS:000251498700012 PM 18045791 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE Guttman, CM Flynn, KM Kearsley, AJ AF Wallace, W. E. Guttman, C. M. Flynn, K. M. Kearsley, A. J. TI Numerical optimization of matrix-asisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Application to synthetic polymer molecular mass distribution measurement SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules CY JAN 31-FEB 02, 2007 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS DE implicit filtering; instrument optimization; objective function; standards; stochastic gradient approximation ID ELECTROSPRAY SAMPLE PREPARATION; DESORPTION IONIZATION; SEARCH AB A novel approach is described for the selection of optimal instrument parameters that yield a mass spectrum which best replicates the molecular mass distribution of a synthetic polymer. The application of implicit filtering algorithms is shown to be a viable method to find the best instrument settings while simultaneously minimizing the total number of experiments that need to be performed. This includes considerations of when to halt the iterative optimization process at a point when statistically-significant gains can no longer be expected. An algorithm to determine the confidence intervals for each parameter is also given. Details on sample preparation and data analysis that ensure stability of the measurement over the time scale of the optimization experiments are provided. This work represents part of an effort to develop an absolute molecular mass distribution polymer Standard Reference Material. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM William.Wallace@nist.gov NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 EI 1873-4324 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD NOV 26 PY 2007 VL 604 IS 1 SI SI BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.037 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 236HM UT WOS:000251293700009 PM 17983781 ER PT J AU Wang, MH Shi, W AF Wang, Menghua Shi, Wei TI The NIR-SWIR combined atmospheric correction approach for MODIS ocean color data processing SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; AEROSOL OPTICAL-THICKNESS; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; CORRECTION ALGORITHM; TURBID WATERS; SEAWIFS; IMAGERY; REFLECTANCE AB A method of ocean color data processing using the combined near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands for atmospheric correction for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua is proposed. MODIS-Aqua has been producing the high quality ocean color products in the open oceans, but there are still some significant errors in the derived products in the coastal regions. With the proposed NIR-SWIR combined algorithm, MODIS ocean color data can be processed using the standard (NIR) atmospheric correction algorithm for the open oceans, whereas for the turbid waters in the coastal region the SWIR atmospheric correction algorithm can be executed. The turbid water index developed by Shi and Wang (2007) (Remote Sens. Environ. 110, 149-161 (2007)) is computed prior to the atmospheric correction for the identification of the productive and/or turbid waters where the SWIR algorithm can be operated. For non-turbid ocean waters (discriminated using the turbid water index criterion), the MODIS data are still processed using the standard (NIR) algorithm. The NIR- SWIR combined algorithm has been tested and evaluated. Two examples from MODIS-Aqua measurements along the U. S. and China east coast regions show improved ocean color products with the new approach. In particular, there are no obvious data discontinuities between using the NIR and SWIR methods. Therefore, with the NIR-SWIR combined approach for the MODIS ocean color data processing, good quality ocean color products can be derived both in clear (open) oceans as well as for turbid coastal waters. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wang, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, E-RA3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Menghua.Wang@noaa.gov RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010; Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 28 TC 173 Z9 182 U1 4 U2 34 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD NOV 26 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 24 BP 15722 EP 15733 DI 10.1364/OE.15.015722 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 235HI UT WOS:000251223900007 PM 19550856 ER PT J AU Massoth, G Baker, E Worthington, T Lupton, J de Ronde, C Arculus, R Walker, S Nakamura, K Ishibashi, J Stoffers, P Resing, J Greene, R Lebon, G AF Massoth, Gary Baker, Edward Worthington, Tim Lupton, John de Ronde, Cornel Arculus, Richard Walker, Sharon Nakamura, Ko-ichi Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro Stoffers, Peter Resing, Joseph Greene, Ronald Lebon, Geoffrey TI Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE intraoceanic; arc; back arc; hydrothermal; plume ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; FLOW-INJECTION-ANALYSIS; DE-FUCA RIDGE; LAU BASIN; SPREADING CENTER; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; MANGANESE; PLUMES; OCEAN; IRON AB [1] Quantifying hydrothermal venting at the boundaries of tectonic plates is an outstanding geoscience problem. Considerable progress has been made by detailed surveys along mid-ocean ridges (MORs), but until recently little was known about fluid venting along volcanic arcs. We present the first systematic survey for hydrothermal venting along the 425-km-long south Tonga arc and new chemistry data for particle and thermal plumes previously reported along an adjacent 88-km-long section of the back-arc Valu Fa Ridge (VFR). Eleven hydrothermal plumes, recognized by their anomalous light backscattering, Eh, temperature, pH, dissolved He-3, CH4, and total dissolvable Fe and Mn, were identified arising from seven volcanic centers along the arc. Five plumes on the VFR were characterized chemically. Vent field density for the south Tonga arc was 2.6 sites/100 km of arc front, comparable to that found by surveys of the Kermadec arc (1.9 to 3.8 sites/100 km) and to MORs in the eastern Pacific (average value for 2280 km of surveyed ridgecrest: 3.2 sites/100 km). A "vent gap'' occurs along a 190 km section of the arc closest to the VFR, and a site density twice the average for MORs on the eastern edge of the Pacific plate was found on this part of the VFR (6.6 sites/100 km). We suggest magmas ascending under the adjacent south Tonga arc have been captured by the VFR. While chemical enrichments of plumes on the south Tonga arc were, in general, slightly less than those on the Kermadec arc, several instances of excessive anomalies in pH suggest a similar presence of fluids enriched in magmatic volatiles (CO2-SO2-H2S). Locally, venting on the VFR has contributed to accumulations of 3 He, Fe, and Mn within the southern Lau basin. On a broader scale, our results provide considerable support for the notion that venting from intraoceanic arcs on the convergent margin of the Pacific plate adds significantly to the total hydrothermal input into the Pacific Ocean. C1 Mass Ex3 Consulting LLC, Renton, WA 98056 USA. GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibarake 3058567, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Massoth, G (reprint author), Mass Ex3 Consulting LLC, 2100 Lake Washington Blvd N,N101, Renton, WA 98056 USA. EM gary.massoth@gmail.com NR 77 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD NOV 24 PY 2007 VL 8 AR 11 DI 10.1029/2007GC001675 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 235TF UT WOS:000251256500001 ER PT J AU Reale, O Terry, J Masutani, M Andersson, E Riishojgaard, LP Jusem, JC AF Reale, O. Terry, J. Masutani, M. Andersson, E. Riishojgaard, L. P. Jusem, J. C. TI Preliminary evaluation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' (ECMWF) Nature Run over the tropical Atlantic and African monsoon region SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; EASTERLY WAVES; JET AB Meteorological observing systems are continuously being developed to improve our knowledge of the atmosphere and our forecasting capabilities. Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are a general technique to assess a priori the potential impact of future instruments, which is particularly important in the case of spaceborne systems. One crucial component of OSSEs is the Nature Run (NR), representing a virtual atmosphere from which observations can be simulated so that the impact of future instruments can be assessed. A community-based, 13-month T511 NR was designed in an international collaborative effort and was produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to build a next-generation OSSE capability. This new Joint OSSE NR is being analyzed with emphasis on tropical development over the western African monsoon region and the tropical Atlantic. The NR representation of the African Easterly Jet and the characteristics of African Easterly Waves including their propagation and development in tropical-cyclone like vortices are investigated. This is the first NR that encompasses one entire Atlantic tropical cyclone season producing realistic tropical cyclone activity. As such it is a valuable tool to perform OSSEs to assess the possible impact of future instruments targeting hurricanes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Data Assimilat Sect, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Lab & Visualizat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RS Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Reale, O (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 613, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM oreste.reale-1@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 24 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 22 AR L22810 DI 10.1029/2007GL031640 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 235TP UT WOS:000251257500003 ER PT J AU Laurel, J Stoner, AW Ryer, CH Hurst, TP Abookire, AA AF Laurel, J. Stoner, A. W. Ryer, C. H. Hurst, T. P. Abookire, A. A. TI Comparative habitat associations in juvenile Pacific cod and other gadids using seines, baited cameras and laboratory techniques SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE habitat selection; Kodiak island; predator risk; seagrass; spatial ecology ID ATLANTIC COD; GADUS-MORHUA; COMMUNITY REORGANIZATION; SUBSTRATE SELECTION; FISH COMMUNITIES; TEMPERATURE; ALASKA; SETTLEMENT; NEWFOUNDLAND; COMPLEXITY AB Pacific cod are commercially and ecologically important in the North Pacific, currently ranking 2nd in tonnage and value landed in the Alaskan groundfish fishery. To date, few studies have focused on the habitat requirements of Pacific cod, and as a result, our understanding of their ecology has largely been borrowed from better-studied gadid species, especially Atlantic cod. In July-Aug 2006, we used field and laboratory techniques to explicitly examine habitat associations of Pacific cod and two co-occurring gadids, saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) and walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), in coastal areas around Kodiak Island, AK. Pacific cod were the most abundant gadid in seine collections, followed by saffron cod and walleye pollock respectively. Small Pacific cod (3.5-7.5 cm TL) were most highly associated with Laminaria and eelgrass beds but moved into open habitats at larger sizes i.e., >8.0 cm TL. Baited cameras indicated that the majority of juvenile Pacific cod were nearshore in August (i.e., <= 4.5 m), but schools were also seen in deeper (6.0-13.5 m), unstructured habitats. In contrast., age-0 saffron cod were almost exclusively restricted to eelgrass beds (Zostera marina) (3.5-13.0 cm) as were later year-classes i.e., 18-50 cm. Pollock were highly variable in their distribution, and were almost absent from the nearshore in late August. In 2 in experimental aquaria, Pacific and saffron cod chose macrophyte habitats under increased predation risk but also associated with these habitats at larger scales (i.e., c. 10 m tank) in the absence of a predator. Our results indicate both distinct differences and parallels between Pacific and Atlantic cod that will guide future process-oriented habitat research in both species. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Fisheries Behavior Eco, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Laurel, J (reprint author), NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Fisheries Behavior Eco, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM ben.laurel@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012; Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 54 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 23 PY 2007 VL 351 IS 1-2 BP 42 EP 55 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.005 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 220JG UT WOS:000250152400005 ER PT J AU Fabrizio, MC Pessutti, JP AF Fabrizio, Mary C. Pessutti, Jeffrey P. TI Long-term effects and recovery from surgical implantation of dummy transmitters in two marine fishes SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acoustic transmitters; black sea bass; clove oil; growth; summer flounder; surgical implantation ID CLOVE OIL; TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS; RAINBOW-TROUT; TRANSINTESTINAL EXPULSION; CHANNEL CATFISH; STRIPED BASS; HOME-RANGE; SEA-BASS; GROWTH; MORTALITY AB We surgically implanted black sea bass and summer flounder with dummy transmitters and monitored recovery, survival, and growth during an 11-month post-operative period. We also examined transmitter retention rates as neither species had been previously implanted with transmitters. Recovery time from surgery and anesthesia was significantly greater than recovery time from anesthesia alone for black sea bass, but this relation was not observed for summer flounder. Summer flounder recovery times were highly variable, but in general, smaller fish had longer recovery times. All black sea bass and summer flounder retained their surgically implanted transmitter at least 11 months and had high survival rates in laboratory trials (black sea bass survival, 97.9%; summer flounder survival, 94.6%). Nonparametric analyses of covariance using initial size as the covariate indicated that black sea bass exhibited no significant detrimental growth effects after 11 months, but significantly slower growth was observed for summer flounder (this was especially pronounced in the larger [>800 g] fish). Surgical implantation of acoustic transmitters in these species can be used to conduct long-term field studies of habitat use and movements because fish exhibited high survival rates and 100% retention of transmitters. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NE Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Fabrizio, MC (reprint author), NOAA, NE Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM mfabrizio@vims.edu OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 23 PY 2007 VL 351 IS 1-2 BP 243 EP 254 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.031 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 220JG UT WOS:000250152400023 ER PT J AU Anderson, JL Laurel, BJ Brown, JA AF Anderson, J. L. Laurel, B. J. Brown, J. A. TI Diel changes in behaviour and habitat use by age-0 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the laboratory and field SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aggregation; eelgrass; habitat selection; predator risk; shoaling ID JUVENILE COD; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; PREY CONSUMPTION; INSHORE WATERS; NEWFOUNDLAND; PREDATOR; LIGHT; SETTLEMENT; TURBIDITY; GROWTH AB Our understanding of the habitat requirement and spatial dynamics of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is almost entirely based on daytime studies. Diel spatial patterns of age-0 juvenile cod over sand and eelgrass habitat were examined using a combination of infrared videography in the laboratory and repeated net-sampling in the field. Both lab and field data indicated that shoaling behaviour was most pronounced during the day over sand habitat. Under darkness, age-0 cod maintained less distance between themselves and a larger gadoid predator relative to light periods, regardless of habitat. The vertical distribution of prey was also dependent on light level, with prey staying below predators under high illumination and above predators under low illumination. Seine sampling conducted at night in the field also indicated a more even distribution (i.e., less aggregated) of age-0 juvenile cod across habitats compared to day collections. Together, these data suggest that age-0 juvenile cod adjust their spatial use within and across habitats on the basis of diel changes in perceived predation risk. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behavioral Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, St John, NF A1C 5X1, Canada. RP Laurel, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behavioral Ecol Program, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM ben.laurel@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 23 PY 2007 VL 351 IS 1-2 BP 267 EP 275 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.07.001 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 220JG UT WOS:000250152400025 ER PT J AU Bosse, AW Douglas, JF Berry, BC Jones, RL Karim, A AF Bosse, August W. Douglas, Jack F. Berry, Brian C. Jones, Ronald L. Karim, Alamgir TI Block-copolymer ordering with a spatiotemporally heterogeneous mobility SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIBLOCK COPOLYMER; TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; DISORDER TRANSITION; FILMS; MICRODOMAIN; GRADIENT; LIQUIDS AB Motivated by recent zone annealing measurements on stripe-forming block-copolymer films [B. C. Berry , Nano Lett. 7, 2789 (2007)], we study block-copolymer ordering with a spatiotemporally heterogeneous mobility. Specifically, we implement a time- and space-dependent mobility field in the relaxation of a diblock copolymer self-consistent field theory. The model includes a gradient in the local mobility and intrinsic nanoscale mobility variations characteristic of glass phenomenology. The simulations demonstrate that a spatiotemporally heterogeneous mobility can have a significant influence on microdomain ordering in block-copolymer systems, and that nanoscale dynamic heterogeneities associated with glass formation can impact the structure of the ordered block-copolymer microphase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bosse, AW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 23 PY 2007 VL 99 IS 21 AR 216101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.216101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 233RH UT WOS:000251107500035 PM 18233230 ER PT J AU Shupe, MD AF Shupe, Matthew D. TI A ground-based multisensor cloud phase classifier SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIQUID WATER PATH; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; REMOTE SENSORS; NEURAL-NETWORK; DOPPLER RADAR; AVHRR IMAGERY; SURFACE; SHEBA; LIDAR; IDENTIFICATION AB A method for classifying cloud phase from a suite of ground-based sensors is outlined. The method exploits the complementary strengths of cloud radar, depolarization lidar, microwave radiometer, and temperature soundings to classify clouds observed in the vertical column as ice, snow, mixed-phase, liquid, drizzle, rain, or aerosol. Although the classification has been specifically designed for observations of Arctic clouds, the general framework is applicable to other locations with minor modifications. An example classification demonstrates the application to actual measurements. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Shupe, MD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, R-PSD3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM matthew.shupe@noaa.gov RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 29 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 22 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 22 AR L22809 DI 10.1029/2007GL031008 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 235TN UT WOS:000251257300002 ER PT J AU Pease, LF Tsai, DH Zangmeister, RA Zachariah, MR Tarlov, MJ AF Pease, Leonard F., III Tsai, De-Hao Zangmeister, Rebecca A. Zachariah, Michael R. Tarlov, Michael J. TI Quantifying the surface coverage of conjugate molecules on functionalized nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA; MOBILITY ANALYSIS; GOLD; POLYMERS; HYBRIDIZATION; MONOLAYERS; PROTEINS; FILMS AB Here we present a method to determine the surface coverage or surface density of biological molecules conjugated to nanoparticle surfaces. Electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) is used to determine a coating thickness by measuring the change in the size of gold nanoparticles before and after modification with thiol-derivatized single-stranded DNA. The DNA surface coverage is then obtained from the coating thickness through the use of a simple random coil model. The method requires neither fluorescent tagging nor calibration curves. We believe ES-DMA to be a broadly applicable nanometrology tool for the characterization of biologically conjugated nanoparticles. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bureau Dr MS 8362, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu; michael.tarlov@nist.gov RI Tsai, De-Hao/K-6702-2012; Zangmeister, Rebecca/D-6641-2017 OI Tsai, De-Hao/0000-0002-2669-3007; Zangmeister, Rebecca/0000-0002-0540-6240 NR 18 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD NOV 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 46 BP 17155 EP 17157 DI 10.1021/jp075571t PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 232MT UT WOS:000251024500001 ER PT J AU Robey, SW Ciszek, JW Tour, JM AF Robey, Steven W. Ciszek, Jacob W. Tour, James M. TI Effects of substitution on reorganization energies in oligo(-phenylene ethynylene) molecular wires SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; PI-CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS; ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; VIBRONIC STRUCTURE; EXCITED-STATES; JUNCTIONS; MONOLAYERS AB Observations of nonlinear transport characteristics in nanoscale junctions triggered interest in phenylene ethynylene oligomers as potential electronic switching elements. Motivated by suggestions of vibronic origins for this behavior, we have studied intramolecular reorganization effects with a focus on examining the effect of -NO2 group substitution on reorganization energies, epsilon(reorg). Optical absorption and gas-phase photoelectron data provide experimental estimates for reorganization energies involved in the formation of excitonic and cationic states, respectively. These measurements suggest epsilon(reorg) is in the range from about 200 to 400 meV for oligo(-phenylene ethynylene) (OPE). Measurements suggest a similar value for the -NO2 substituted molecule, with a value of 350 +/- 100 meV being consistent with data for both OPE and NO2-OPE. Complementary calculations of epsilon(reorg), based on adiabatic potential energy surfaces, were also performed. Depending on the DFT functional and basis set employed, values range between about 100 and 230 meV. Calculations indicate that epsilon(reorg) for both holes and electrons is significantly larger than comparable fused ring acenes. Calculations reveal that cation relaxation is nearly independent of -NO2 substitution but suggest that the anion reorganization energy might be increased by as much as 33% for the NO2-OPE molecule compared to OPE. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Smalley Inst Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Robey, SW (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Tour, James/0000-0002-8479-9328 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD NOV 22 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 46 BP 17206 EP 17212 DI 10.1021/jp0750396 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 232MT UT WOS:000251024500011 ER PT J AU Outcalt, SL McLinden, MO AF Outcalt, Stephanie L. McLinden, Mark O. TI Automated densimeter for the rapid characterization of industrial fluids SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VIBRATING-TUBE DENSIMETER; WIDE TEMPERATURE; DIMETHYL ETHER; PRESSURE RANGE; DENSITIES; STATE AB An apparatus for the automated measurement of the densities of compressed liquids over the temperature ran-e of 270-470 K with pressures to 50 MPa is described. The heart of the apparatus is a commercial vibrating-tube densimeter. To minimize the uncertainty in our measurements, several physical and procedural improvements have been implemented beyond that of the commercial instrument operated in a stand-alone mode. The apparatus was designed, and software has been written, so that the operation and data acquisition are fully automated. The densimeter was calibrated using measurements under vacuum, as well as in propane and toluene, over the temperature and pressure ranges of the apparatus. Performance measurements on dimethyl ether are reported from 270 K to 470 K, up to pressures of 46 MPa, with an uncertainty of 0.64-0.81 kg/m(3). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Phys Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Outcalt, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Phys Properties Div, 325 Brdwy, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephanie.outcalt@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD NOV 21 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 24 BP 8264 EP 8269 DI 10.1021/ie07079le PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 231FH UT WOS:000250931400051 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Dube, WP Osthoff, HD Stutz, J Ryerson, TB Wollny, AG Brock, CA Warneke, C De Gouw, JA Atlas, E Neuman, JA Holloway, JS Lerner, BM Williams, EJ Kuster, WC Goldan, PD Angevine, WM Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, Steven S. Dube, William P. Osthoff, Hans D. Stutz, Jochen Ryerson, Thomas B. Wollny, Adam G. Brock, Charles A. Warneke, Carsten De Gouw, Joost A. Atlas, Eliot Neuman, J. Andrew Holloway, John S. Lerner, Brian M. Williams, Eric J. Kuster, William C. Goldan, Paul D. Angevine, Wayne M. Trainer, Michael Fehsenfeld, Frederick C. Ravishankara, A. R. TI Vertical profiles in NO3 and N2O5 measured from an aircraft: Results from the NOAA P-3 and surface platforms during the New England Air Quality Study 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY-LAYER; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; LONG-TERM OBSERVATION; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NITRATE RADICALS; ATMOSPHERIC NO3; TROPOSPHERIC NO3; HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS; DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE AB The nocturnal nitrogen oxides, NO3 and N2O5, are important to the chemical transformation and transport of NOx, O-3 and VOC. Their concentrations, sources and sinks are known to be vertically stratified in the nighttime atmosphere. In this paper, we report vertical profiles for NO3 and N2O5 measured from an aircraft (the NOAA P-3) as part of the New England Air Quality Study in July and August 2004. The aircraft data are compared to surface measurements made in situ from a ship and by long-path DOAS. Consistent with previous, vertically resolved studies of NO3 and N2O5, the aircraft measurements show that these species occur at larger concentrations and are longer lived aloft than they are at the surface. The array of in situ measurements available on the P-3 allows for investigation of the mechanisms that give rise to the observed vertical gradients. Selected vertical profiles from this campaign illustrate the role of biogenic VOC, particularly isoprene and dimethyl sulfide, both within and above the nocturnal and/or marine boundary layer. Gradients in relative humidity and aerosol surface may also create a vertical gradient in the rate of N2O5 hydrolysis. Low-altitude intercepts of power plant plumes showed strong vertical stratification, with plume depths of 80 m. The efficiency of N2O5 hydrolysis within these plumes was an important factor determining the low-level NOx and NO3 transport or loss at night. Averages of nocturnal O-3, NO2, NO3 and N2O5 binned according to altitude were consistent with the trends from individual profiles. While production rates of NO3 peaked near the surface, lifetimes of NO3 and N2O5 were maximum aloft, particularly in the free troposphere. Variability in NO3 and N2O5 was large and exceeded that of NO2 or O-3 because of inhomogeneous distribution of NOx emissions and NO3 and N2O5 sinks. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atomospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine & Atmospher Chem, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013 OI Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; NR 79 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 9 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 21 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D22 AR D22304 DI 10.1029/2007JD008883 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235UG UT WOS:000251259200003 ER PT J AU Cao, RL Biegalski, SR AF Cao, Raymond Lei. Biegalski, Steven R. TI The measurement of the presampled MTF of a high spatial resolution neutron imaging system SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE spatial resolution; presampled MTF; edge method; MCP neutron detector; neutron imaging ID MODULATION TRANSFER-FUNCTION; RADIOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS; OPTIMIZATION; EFFICIENCY; NOISE AB A high spatial resolution neutron imaging device was developed at the Mark II TRIGA reactor at The University of Texas at Austin. As the modulation transfer function (MTF) is recognized as a well-established parameter for evaluation of imaging system resolution, the aliasing associated with digital sampling adds complexity to its measurement. Aliasing is especially problematic when using a high spatial resolution micro-channel plate (MCP) neutron detector that has a pixel grid size similar to that of a CCD array. To compensate for the aliasing an angulated edge method was used to evaluate the neutron imaging facility, overcoming aliasing by obtaining an oversampled edge spread function (ESF). Baseline correction was applied to the ESF to remove the noticeable trends and the LSF was multiplied by Hann window to obtain a smoothed version of presampled MTF. The computing procedure is confirmed by visual inspection of a testing phantom; in addition, it is confirmed by comparison to the MTF measurement of a scintillation screen with a known MTF curve. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas Austin, Nucl Engn Teaching Lab, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Cao, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Nucl Method Team, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8395, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. EM rcao@nist.gov RI Biegalski, Steven/A-7765-2010 NR 21 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD NOV 21 PY 2007 VL 582 IS 2 BP 621 EP 628 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.213 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 239EA UT WOS:000251500400036 ER PT J AU Alexandrov, MD Kiedron, P Michalsky, JJ Hodges, G Flynn, CJ Lacis, AA AF Alexandrov, Mikhail D. Kiedron, Peter Michalsky, Joseph J. Hodges, Gary Flynn, Connor J. Lacis, Andrew A. TI Optical depth measurements by shadow-band radiometers and their uncertainties SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT; NETWORK; INSTRUMENT; RETRIEVAL; PROGRAM AB Shadow-band radiometers in general, and especially the Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer (MFRSR), are widely used for atmospheric optical depth measurements. The major programs running MFRSR networks in the United States include the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Surface Radiation (SURFRAD) Network, and NASA Solar Irradiance Research Network (SIRN). We discuss a number of technical issues specific to shadow-band radiometers and their impact on the optical depth measurements. These problems include instrument tilt and misalignment, as well as some data processing artifacts. Techniques for data evaluation and automatic detection of some of these problems are described. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 [Alexandrov, Mikhail D.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Alexandrov, Mikhail D.; Lacis, Andrew A.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Kiedron, Peter; Hodges, Gary] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Flynn, Connor J.] Pacif Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Alexandrov, MD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM malexandrov@giss.nasa.gov RI Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012 NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 33 BP 8027 EP 8038 DI 10.1364/AO.46.008027 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 243XK UT WOS:000251830400009 PM 18026540 ER PT J AU Pietarila, A Socas-Navarro, H Bogdan, T AF Pietarila, A. Socas-Navarro, H. Bogdan, T. TI Spectropolarimetric inversions of the Ca II 8498 and 8542 angstrom lines in the quiet sun SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE magnetic fields; polarization; sun : chromosphere; waves ID NON-LTE INVERSION; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; DYNAMIC FIBRILS; STOKES PROFILES; OSCILLATIONS; REGION; MULTIPLET; SPICULES; NETWORK; VECTOR AB We study non- LTE inversions of the Ca II infrared triplet lines as a tool for inferring physical properties of the quiet Sun. The inversion code is successful in recovering the temperature, velocity, and longitudinal magnetic flux density in the photosphere and chromosphere, but the height range where the inversions are sensitive is limited, especially in the chromosphere. We present results of inverting spectropolarimetric observations of the lines in a quiet- Sun region. We find three distinct ranges in chromospheric temperature: low temperatures in the internetwork, high temperatures in the enhanced magnetic network, and intermediate temperatures associated with low magnetic flux regions in the network. The differences between these regions become more pronounced with height as the plasma-beta decreases. These inversions support the picture of the chromosphere, especially close to the magnetic network, being highly inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions. C1 Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pietarila, A (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, PO Box 1029, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. RI Pietarila, Anna/C-6382-2008 NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 670 IS 1 BP 885 EP 902 DI 10.1086/521271 PN 1 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 231QZ UT WOS:000250965400070 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Kim, SK Josell, D AF Moffat, T. P. Wheeler, D. Kim, S.-K. Josell, D. TI Curvature enhanced adsorbate coverage mechanism for bottom-up superfilling and bump control in damascene processing SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Electrochemical Processing of Tailored Materials (EPTM 2005) CY OCT 03-05, 2005 CL Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, JAPAN HO Kyoto Univ DE ULSI; damascene and additives; MEMS ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION; SUBMICROMETER TRENCHES; BLOCKING INHIBITORS; ADDITIVE SYSTEM; FILM GROWTH; NM FEATURES; CU; DEPOSITION; MODEL AB Superconformal electrodeposition is explained by the curvature enhanced adsorbate coverage (CEAC) mechanism. A CEAC model is used to quantitatively explain shape evolution during bottom-up "superfill" of trenches and vias. The bottom-up filling dynamic is seen to be a consequence of competitive adsorption between a rate suppressing polyethylene glycol-chloride layer (PEG-Cl) and a depassivating or rate accelerating species comprised of sulfonate-terminated propane thiol/disulfide and chloride (SPS-Cl). The SPS is the stronger surfactant and it adsorbs concurrently with displacement of the more rapidly formed PEG-Cl layer; growth on non-planar geometries thus leads to enrichment of SPS on advancing concave surfaces and dilution on convex sections. Because the metal deposition rate rises monotonically with the local accelerator (SPS-Cl) surface coverage, this yields positive feedback that naturally gives rise to desirable bottom-up superfilling. As the accelerating action of SPS can also be quenched by the addition of a cationic surfactant (LEV), additive concentrations can be optimized to allow SPS derived bottom-up superfilling followed by LEV induced SPS deactivation. The LEV addition can thus be used to inhibit overshoot that otherwise would result in undesirable bump formation above the features. This paper presents a summary of electroanalytical experiments and simulations designed to determine the mechanism and rate constants of the adsorbate interactions during copper deposition in the PEG-Cl-SPS-LEV system as well as predictions of feature filling using the CEAC shape change model. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.moffat@nist.gov RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009; Kim, Soo-Kil/E-1295-2011 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418; NR 48 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 50 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 53 IS 1 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.025 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 223KV UT WOS:000250369900029 ER PT J AU Luo, LF Wood, EF AF Luo, Lifeng Wood, Eric F. TI Monitoring and predicting the 2007 U.S. drought SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; UNITED-STATES; LAND; MODEL; BASINS AB Severe droughts developed in the West and Southeast of the U. S. starting early in 2007. The development of the droughts is well monitored and predicted by our model-based Drought Monitoring and Prediction System ( DMAPS). Using the North America Land Data Assimilation System ( NLDAS) realtime meteorological forcing and the Variable Infiltration Capacity ( VIC) land surface model, DMAPS is capable of providing a quantitative assessment of the drought in near realtime. Using seasonal climate forecasts from NCEP's Climate Forecast System ( CFS) as one input, DMAPS successfully predicted the evolution of the droughts several months in advance. The realtime monitoring and prediction of drought with the system will provide invaluable information for drought preparation and drought impact assessment at national and local scales. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Luo, LF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM lluo@princeton.edu NR 21 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 22 AR L22702 DI 10.1029/2007GL031673 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 235TK UT WOS:000251257000008 ER PT J AU Stalgren, JJR Boschkova, K Ericsson, JC Frank, CW Knoll, W Satija, S Toney, MF AF Stalgren, Johan J. R. Boschkova, Katrin Ericsson, Jan-Christer Frank, Curtis W. Knoll, Wolfgang Satija, Sushil Toney, Michael F. TI Enrichment of deuterium oxide at hydrophilic interfaces in aqueous solutions SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT; QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; HYDRATION FORCES; WATER-STRUCTURE; LIQUID H2O-D2O; SURFACES; FREQUENCY; SIMULATION AB The structure of water at aqueous interfaces is of the utmost importance in biology, chemistry, and geology. We use neutron reflectivity and quartz crystal microbalance to probe an interface between hydrophilic quartz and bulk liquid solutions of H2O/D2O mixtures. We find that near the interface the neutron scattering length density is larger than in the bulk solution and there is an excess adsorbed mass. We interpret this as showing that there is a region adjacent to the quartz that is enriched in D2O and extends 5-10 nm into the solution. This suggests caution when interpreting results where D2O is substituted for H2O in aqueous interfacial chemistry. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Inst Surface Chem, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden. Royal Inst Technol, Dept Chem Surface Chem, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerat Ctr, Stanford Synchroton Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Toney, MF (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM mftoney@slac.stanford.edu NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 24 BP 11943 EP 11946 DI 10.1021/la700932s PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 231VG UT WOS:000250976700001 PM 17958382 ER PT J AU Kwon, OS Jing, H Shin, K Wang, X Satija, SK AF Kwon, Oh-Sun Jing, Huaiyu Shin, Kwanwoo Wang, Xiaohui Satija, Sushil K. TI Formation of n-alkane layers at the Vapor/Water interface SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBON ADSORPTION; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; WATER; SURFACE; COEFFICIENTS; OCTANE; HEXANE AB We present a study on the initial wetting behaviors of two low molecular weight alkanes, heptane and octane, at the vapor/water interface using both neutron and X-ray reflectometry. Combined X-ray and neutron reflectivity studies data showed that a uniform film, which has never been reported, was formed continuously at 25 degrees C. As the adsorptive deposition continued, each adsorbed film was saturated at a specific equilibrium thickness: 48 and 36 angstrom for deuterated heptane and octane, respectively, and 21 angstrom for hydrogenated octane. The thickness of the adsorbed layer measured by neutron reflectivity is in agreement with that measured using X-ray reflectivity. Our observations of continuous and saturated adsorption behaviors are analyzed qualitatively using a kinetic adsorption model. C1 Sogang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 121742, South Korea. Sogang Univ, Program Integrated Biotechnol, Seoul 121742, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shin, K (reprint author), Sogang Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 121742, South Korea. EM kwshin@sogang.ac.kr; sushil.satija@nist.gov RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 24 BP 12249 EP 12253 DI 10.1021/la702084e PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 231VG UT WOS:000250976700051 PM 17956139 ER PT J AU Smith, AP Douglas, JF Amis, EJ Karim, A AF Smith, Archie P. Douglas, Jack F. Amis, Eric J. Karim, Alamgir TI Effect of temperature on the morphology and kinetics of surface pattern formation in thin block copolymer films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER GROWTH; PHASE-SEPARATION KINETICS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); SPINODAL-DECOMPOSITION; CLASSICAL KINETICS; POLYMER ADSORPTION; LIPID BILAYERS; POLYSTYRENE; MEMBRANES AB Hole formation and growth on the top layer of thin symmetric diblock copolymer films, forming an ordered lamellar structure parallel to the solid substrate (silicon wafer) within these films, is investigated as a function of time (t), temperature (T), and film thickness (1), using a high-throughput experimental technique. The kinetics of this surface pattern formation process is interpreted in terms of a first-order reaction model with a time-dependent rate constant determined uniquely by the short-time diffusive growth kinetics characteristic of this type of ordering process. On the basis of this model, we conclude that the average hole size, lambda(h), approaches a steady-state value, lambda(h)(t(->infinity)) equivalent to lambda(h,infinity)(T), after long annealing times. The observed change in lambda(h,infinity)(T) with temperature is consistent with a reduction of the surface elasticity (Helfrich elastic constant) of the outer block copolymer layer with increasing temperature. We also find that the time constant, tau(T), characterizing the rate at which lambda h(t) approaches lambda(h,infinity)(7), first decreases and then increases with increasing temperature. This temperature variation of tau(T) is attributed to two basic competing effects that influence the rate of ordering in block copolymer materials: the reduction in molecular mobility at low temperatures associated with glass formation and a slowing of the rate of ordering due to fluctuation effects associated with an approach to the block copolymer film disordering temperature (T-d) from below. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Douglas, JF (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; alamgir.karim@nist.gov NR 74 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 24 BP 12380 EP 12387 DI 10.1021/la701084x PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 231VG UT WOS:000250976700070 PM 17963406 ER PT J AU Canadell, JG Le Quere, C Raupach, MR Field, CB Buitenhuis, ET Ciais, P Conway, TJ Gillett, NP Houghton, RA Marland, G AF Canadell, Josep G. Le Quere, Corinne Raupach, Michael R. Field, Christopher B. Buitenhuis, Erik T. Ciais, Philippe Conway, Thomas J. Gillett, Nathan P. Houghton, R. A. Marland, Gregg TI Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO(2) growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE airborne fraction; anthropogenic carbon emissions; carbon-climate feedback; terrestrial and ocean carbon emissions; vulnerabilities of the carbon cycle ID PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; LAND-USE; CLIMATE; EMISSIONS; CYCLE; DROUGHT; MODELS; ICE C1 Global Carbon Project, Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org Marine, Atmospheric Res, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Comis Energie Atom, Lab Sci Climate Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Natl Oceanic & Atmosphric Administ Earth Syst Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Carbon Dioxide Informat Anal Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. RP Canadell, JG (reprint author), Global Carbon Project, Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org Marine, Atmospheric Res, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. EM pep.canadell@csiro.au RI Canadell, Josep/E-9419-2010; Buitenhuis, Erik/A-7692-2012; Le Quere, Corinne/C-2631-2017 OI Canadell, Josep/0000-0002-8788-3218; Buitenhuis, Erik/0000-0001-6274-5583; Le Quere, Corinne/0000-0003-2319-0452 NR 33 TC 867 Z9 912 U1 30 U2 380 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 47 BP 18866 EP 18870 DI 10.1073/pnas.0702737104 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 236HB UT WOS:000251292500092 PM 17962418 ER PT J AU Marx, E AF Marx, Egon TI Scattering of an arbitrary plane wave by a dielectric wedge: Integral equations and fields near the edge SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; PATCH INTEGRALS; DIFFRACTION; BEHAVIOR AB The behavior of the field components near the edge has been shown to be that of the static fields, which is derived here without rigor for an infinite wedge. Fields scattered by a finite dielectric wedge illuminated by an arbitrary plane monochromatic wave are computed using either singular or hypersingular integral equations (SIEs or HIEs), derived by the single integral equation method. Field components are then computed near the edge of a finite wedge. Longitudinal components of the fields behave like constants, other components of the electric field behave like those in the transverse magnetic mode, and other components of the magnetic field behave like those in the transverse electric mode. Exceptions occur when approaching the wedge along the bisector. Boundary functions and transverse field components computed with SIEs rise more sharply than predicted approaching the edge after a range in which the agreement with those computed with HIEs is good. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marx, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD NOV 20 PY 2007 VL 42 IS 6 AR RS6S09 DI 10.1029/2006RS003568 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 235WN UT WOS:000251265100001 ER PT J AU Fagan, JA Bajpai, V Bauer, BJ Hobbie, EK AF Fagan, J. A. Bajpai, V. Bauer, B. J. Hobbie, E. K. TI Anisotropic polarizability of isolated semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes in alternating electric fields SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BIREFRINGENCE; PARTICLES AB We measure the linear dichroism for aqueous suspensions of isolated semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in alternating electric fields. The field-induced alignment of length-purified SWCNTs is determined from the anisotropy of the first and second interband optical transitions for the (6,5) semiconducting species. At 3 kHz, the effective anisotropic polarizability of the DNA-wrapped SWCNTs is of order 10(-28) F m(2), comparable to that of a high-aspect-ratio conducting rod, but a factor of 5 larger than that of gold colloidal rods and an order of magnitude larger than that of tobacco mosaic virus. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fagan, JA (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.fagan@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013; OI Fagan, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1483-5554 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 21 AR 213105 DI 10.1063/1.2807850 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 233QN UT WOS:000251105500035 ER PT J AU Kahru, M Fiedler, PC Gille, ST Manzano, M Mitchell, BG AF Kahru, M. Fiedler, P. C. Gille, S. T. Manzano, M. Mitchell, B. G. TI Sea level anomalies control phytoplankton biomass in the Costa Rica Dome area SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; MESOSCALE EDDIES; OCEAN; TEHUANTEPEC; PAPAGAYO; SEAWIFS; WAVES; TOPEX AB Satellite data show that chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) in the northeastern tropical Pacific is well correlated with sea level anomaly (SLA). This correlation spans a wide spectrum of scales from large-scale phenomena like ENSO to mesoscale cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Negative SLA (e. g. during La Ni (n) over tildea events and in cyclonic eddies) is associated with the lifting of isopycnals in the nutricline and increased Chl-a due to enhanced phytoplankton growth, while positive SLA (e. g. during El Ni (n) over tildeo events and in anticyclonic eddies) is associated with a deeper nutricline and reduced Chl-a due to decreased phytoplankton growth. The coupling between SLA and Chl-a anomaly in the Costa Rica Dome (CRD) area is tighter than has previously been recorded anywhere in the world ocean. 70% of the interannual variations in Chl-a anomaly in the CRD area is explained by a combination of the positive and negative effects of SLA. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. RP Kahru, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mkahru@ucsd.edu RI Gille, Sarah/B-3171-2012; OI Manzano-Sarabia, Marlenne/0000-0002-3466-9592; Gille, Sarah/0000-0001-9144-4368 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 17 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 22 AR L22601 DI 10.1029/2007GL031631 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 232ZJ UT WOS:000251059900004 ER PT J AU Shan, S Bevis, M Kendrick, E Mader, GL Raleigh, D Hudnut, K Sartori, M Phillips, D AF Shan, Shan Bevis, Michael Kendrick, Eric Mader, Gerald L. Raleigh, David Hudnut, Kenneth Sartori, Michael Phillips, David TI Kinematic GPS solutions for aircraft trajectories: Identifying and minimizing systematic height errors associated with atmospheric propagation delays SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] When kinematic GPS processing software is used to estimate the trajectory of an aircraft, unless the delays imposed on the GPS signals by the atmosphere are either estimated or calibrated via external observations, then vertical height errors of decimeters can occur. This problem is clearly manifested when the aircraft is positioned against multiple base stations in areas of pronounced topography because the aircraft height solutions obtained using different base stations will tend to be mutually offset, or biased, in proportion to the elevation differences between the base stations. When performing kinematic surveys in areas with significant topography it should be standard procedure to use multiple base stations, and to separate them vertically to the maximum extent possible, since it will then be much easier to detect mis-modeling of the atmosphere. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD USA. US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. Univ Florida, Natl Ctr Airborne Laser Mapping, Gainesville, FL USA. UNAVCO Inc, Boulder, CO USA. RP Shan, S (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM mbevis@osu.edu RI Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Hudnut, Kenneth/G-5713-2010 OI Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 16 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 23 AR L23S07 DI 10.1029/2007GL030889 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 232ZL UT WOS:000251060100001 ER PT J AU Lorenz, VO Cundiff, ST AF Lorenz, V. O. Cundiff, S. T. TI Ultrafast spectroscopy of a dense potassium vapor SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE non-Markovian; non-impact; dense atomic vapor; ultrafast spectroscopy; resonance broadening; self-broadening; dipole-dipole; transient four-wave mixing; photon echo ID PHOTON-ECHO; SOLVATION DYNAMICS; SOLVENT DYNAMICS; RELAXATION; PROBES AB Time-integrated and time-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy with two and three pulses is used to study ultrafast dynamics in a dense potassium vapor. Fits based on the stochastic theory compare well with two-pulse time-integrated four-wave mixing results. The three-pulse time-integrated photon echo peak shift reveals bi-exponential behavior at high temperatures and densities not modeled by the stochastic theory. Time-resolved three-pulse four-wave mixing experiments exhibit photon-echo-like behavior. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lorenz, V. O.; Cundiff, S. T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lorenz, V. O.; Cundiff, S. T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Lorenz, V. O.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-0104 J9 CHEM PHYS JI Chem. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 341 IS 1-3 BP 106 EP 112 DI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.07.008 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 240FT UT WOS:000251573300013 ER PT J AU Warrick, JA DiGiacomo, PM Weisberg, SB Nezlin, NP Mengel, M Jones, BH Ohlmann, JC Washburn, L Terrill, EJ Farnsworth, KL AF Warrick, J. A. DiGiacomo, P. M. Weisberg, S. B. Nezlin, N. P. Mengel, M. Jones, B. H. Ohlmann, J. C. Washburn, L. Terrill, E. J. Farnsworth, K. L. TI River plume patterns and dynamics within the Southern California Bight SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE stormwater runoff; river plume; coastal oceanography; USA; California; Southern California Bight ID STORMWATER RUNOFF PLUMES; BUOYANT COASTAL DISCHARGES; SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; LOW-SALINITY WATERS; SEDIMENT DISCHARGE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MONICA BAY; WIND; DISPERSAL; TRANSPORT AB Stormwater river plumes are important vectors of marine contaminants and pathogens in the Southern California Bight. Here we report the results of a multi-institution investigation of the river plumes across eight major river systems of southern California. We use in situ water samples from multi-day cruises in combination with MODIS satellite remote sensing, buoy meteorological observations, drifters, and HF radar current measurements to evaluate the dispersal patterns and dynamics of the freshwater plumes. River discharge was exceptionally episodic, and the majority of storm discharge occurred in a few hours. The combined plume observing techniques revealed that plumes commonly detach from the coast and turn to the left, which is the opposite direction of Coriolis influence. Although initial offshore velocity of the buoyant plumes was similar to 50 cm/s and was influenced by river discharge inertia (i.e., the direct momentum of the river flux) and buoyancy, subsequent advection of the plumes was largely observed in an alongshore direction and dominated by local winds. Due to the multiple day upwelling wind conditions that commonly follow discharge events, plumes were observed to flow from their respective river mouths to down-coast waters at rates of 20-40 km/d. Lastly, we note that suspended-sediment concentration and beam-attenuation were poorly correlated with plume salinity across and within the sampled plumes (mean r(2) = 0.12 and 0.25, respectively), while colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence was well correlated (mean r(2) = 0.56), suggesting that CDOM may serve as a good tracer of the discharged freshwater in subsequent remote sensing and monitoring efforts of plumes. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USGS Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. So California Coastal Water Res Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA. Orange Cty Sanitat Dist, Fountain Valley, CA 92728 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Warrick, JA (reprint author), USGS Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM jwarrick@usgs.gov RI DiGiacomo, Paul/F-5584-2010; Liu, Cheng-Chien/E-4859-2011; Weisberg, Stephen/B-2477-2008 OI DiGiacomo, Paul/0000-0003-4550-1899; Weisberg, Stephen/0000-0002-0655-9425 NR 43 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 EI 1873-6955 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 19 BP 2427 EP 2448 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.06.015 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 238VD UT WOS:000251475000002 ER PT J AU Stock, CA McGillicuddy, DJ Anderson, DM Solow, AR Signell, RP AF Stock, Charles A. McGillicuddy, Dennis J., Jr. Anderson, Donald M. Solow, Andrew R. Signell, Richard P. TI Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine in 1993 and 1994: A comparative modeling study SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE red tides; algal blooms; harmful algal blooms; modeling; paralytic shellfish poisoning ID GONYAULAX-TAMARENSIS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; COASTAL CURRENT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; GROWTH; CIRCULATION; TRANSPORT; SALINITY; DYNAMICS; OCEAN AB Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense commonly occur in the western Gulf of Maine but the amount of toxin observed in coastal shellfish is highly variable. In this study, a coupled physical-biological model is used to investigate the dynamics underlying the observed A. fundyense abundance and shellfish toxicity in 1993 (a high toxicity year) and 1994 (low toxicity year). The physical model simulates the spring circulation, while the biological model estimates the germination and population dynamics of A. fundyense based on laboratory and field data. The model captures the large-scale aspects of the initiation and development of A. fundyense blooms during both years, but small-scale patchiness and the dynamics of bloom termination remain problematic. In both cases, the germination of resting cysts accounts for the magnitude of A. fundyense populations early in the spring. Simulations with low net A. fundyense growth rates capture the mean observed concentration during the bloom peak, which is of similar magnitude during both years. There is little evidence that large-scale changes in biological dynamics between 1993 and 1994 were a primary driver of the differences in shellfish toxicity. Results instead suggest that the persistent southwesterly flow of the western Maine Coastal Current led to A. fundyense populations of similar alongshore extent by late May of both years. This period coincides with peak cell abundance in the region. Variations in wind forcing (downwelling favorable in 1993, upwelling favorable in 1994) and subsequent cell transport (inshore in 1993, offshore in 1994) in early June then provides a plausible explanation for the dramatic mid-June differences in shellfish toxicity throughout the western Gulf of Maine. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Stock, CA (reprint author), Princeton Univ Forrestal Campus, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM cstock@alum.mit.edu; dmcgillicuddy@whoi.edu; danderson@whoi.edu; asolow@whoi.edu; rsignell@usgs.gov RI Stock, Charles/H-1281-2012; OI Stock, Charles/0000-0001-9549-8013; Signell, Richard/0000-0003-0682-9613 NR 51 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 19 BP 2486 EP 2512 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.06.008 PG 27 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 238VD UT WOS:000251475000005 ER PT J AU Baker, ET AF Baker, Edward T. TI Hydrothermal cooling of midocean ridge axes: Do measured and modeled heat fluxes agree? SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE heat flux measurement; heat flux model; midocean ridge; seafloor hydrothermal vent; hydrothermal recharge ID DE-FUCA-RIDGE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; CLEFT SEGMENT; OCEANIC-CRUST; MICROEARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS; SULFIDE DEPOSITS; MAGMA CHAMBER; AXIAL VOLCANO; VENT FIELDS AB Accurate estimates of near-axis hydrothermal cooling are keys to understanding many geological, chemical, and biological processes at midocean ridges. At present, however, field observations (H, heat flux/vent field) are few and imprecise, and model results (H-m, heat flux/km of axis) vary widely depending on assumptions about crustal formation, crustal composition, and the cooling efficiency and spatial and temporal extent of hydrothermal circulation. In this paper I compare all published vent-field-scale measurements of H to a range of published H,, for slow (<= 40 mm/yr) and fast (> 40 mm/yr) ridges to assess the present state of knowledge about the magnitude of near-axis hydrothermal cooling. H has been evaluated 28 times, either by point measurements using inventories of individual sources (362 +/- 552 MW, n = 12 measurements), or by integrated measurements using water column observations (876 +/- 1011 MW, n = 16). Comparable estimates of mean vent field "expected H' at any spreading rate can be derived by merging H,, from various models with the predicted global inventory of active vent sites. These estimates range from similar to 1-1.5 GW/field and are approximately constant for all spreading rates. This range agrees with the best-constrained results of H from slow-ridoe vent fields (1669 +/- 1354 MW) but is considerably higher than those from fast ridges (245 +/- 170 MW). Inferences about the spatial and temporal variability of H can be gained by defining the parameter L=H/H-m, equivalent to the axis length needed to continuously power a hydrothermal field. The resultant large L values (13-333 km for slow ridges, 1-32 km for fast) demand punctuated cooling, where for short periods H > H-m. The percentage of time that a given vent field might be active can be speculatively estimated by dividing L by the length of axis the field cools. Examples of this percentage range from a low of < similar to 5% for a slow-ridge field to > similar to 50% for some fast-ridge fields. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Baker, ET (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 60 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 263 IS 1-2 BP 140 EP 150 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.010 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 238WP UT WOS:000251479200011 ER PT J AU Schneider, ML Shaw, JM Kos, AB Gerrits, T Silva, TJ McMichael, RD AF Schneider, M. L. Shaw, J. M. Kos, A. B. Gerrits, Th. Silva, T. J. McMichael, R. D. TI Spin dynamics and damping in nanomagnets measured directly by frequency-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NANOPARTICLES; ARRAYS AB The spin dynamics of sub-100-nm Ni(80)Fe(20) nanomagnets are directly measured using the magneto-optic Kerr effect and a broadband detection scheme. Elliptical dots approximately 68 nm in diameter and 10 nm thick were fabricated in 20x20 mu m(2) arrays. There is approximately a factor of 2 increase in the effective linewidth when compared to a 20 mu m diameter continuous disk of the same material. Using micromagnetic simulations, we model the effect of dot-to-dot size variation on the effective linewidth and find that 2 nm size variations are more than sufficient to account for the effective increase in linewidth. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schneider, ML (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Phys & Astron, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM michael.schneider@umontana.edu RI Shaw, Justin/C-1845-2008; McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013; OI Shaw, Justin/0000-0003-2027-1521; Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 102 IS 10 AR 103909 DI 10.1063/1.2812541 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 236SY UT WOS:000251324900060 ER PT J AU Rendon, S Bubeck, RA Thomas, LS Burghardt, WR Hexemer, A Fischer, DA AF Rendon, Stanley Bubeck, Robert A. Thomas, Lowell S. Burghardt, Wesley R. Hexemer, Alexander Fischer, Daniel A. TI Interrogation of "surface," "skin," and "core" orientation in thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyester moldings by near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure and wide-angle x-ray scattering SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE NEXAFS; liquid crystalline polymer (LCP); injection molding; orientation ID MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; POLYMER; FILMS; SPECTROSCOPY; NEXAFS; SOFT AB Injection molding thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers (TLCPs) usually results in the fabrication of molded articles that possess complex states of orientation that vary greatly as a function of thickness. "Skin-core" morphologies are often observed in TLCP moldings. Given that both "core" and "skin" orientation states may often differ both in magnitude and direction, deconvolution of these complex orientation states requires a method to separately characterize molecular orientation in the surface region. A combination of two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) in transmission and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is used to probe the molecular orientation in injection molded plaques fabricated from a 4,4 '-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene (DH alpha MS)-based thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester. Partial electron yield (PEY) mode NEX-AFS is a noninvasive ex situ characterization tool with exquisite surface sensitivity that samples to a depth of 2 run. The effects of plaque geometry and injection molding processing conditions on surface orientation in the regions on- and off- axis to the centerline of injection molded plaques are presented and discussed. Quantitative comparisons are made between orientation parameters obtained by NEXAFS and those from 2D WAXS in transmission, which are dominated by the microstructure in the skin and core regions. Some qualitative comparisons are also made with 2D WAXS results from the literature. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals. C1 Michigan Mol Inst, Midland, MI 48640 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bubeck, RA (reprint author), Michigan Mol Inst, 1910 W St Andrews Rd, Midland, MI 48640 USA. EM bubeck@mmi.org RI Burghardt, Wesley/B-7642-2009 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 106 IS 4 BP 2502 EP 2514 DI 10.1002/app.26759 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 212IU UT WOS:000249590700043 ER PT J AU Reynolds, RW Smith, TM Liu, C Chelton, DB Casey, KS Schlax, MG AF Reynolds, Richard W. Smith, Thomas M. Liu, Chunying Chelton, Dudley B. Casey, Kenneth S. Schlax, Michael G. TI Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID EXTENDED RECONSTRUCTION; CLIMATE RESEARCH; IN-SITU; SST; INTERPOLATION; RADIOMETER; ALGORITHM; OCEAN; ICE AB Two new high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) analysis products have been developed using optimum interpolation (OI). The analyses have a spatial grid resolution of 0.25 degrees and a temporal resolution of 1 day. One product uses the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) infrared satellite SST data. The other uses AVHRR and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on the NASA Earth Observing System satellite SST data. Both products also use in situ data from ships and buoys and include a large-scale adjustment of satellite biases with respect to the in situ data. Because of AMSR's near-all-weather coverage, there is an increase in OI signal variance when AMSR is added to AVHRR. Thus, two products are needed to avoid an analysis variance jump when AMSR became available in June 2002. For both products, the results show improved spatial and temporal resolution compared to previous weekly 1 degrees OI analyses. The AVHRR-only product uses Pathfinder AVHRR data (currently available from January 1985 to December 2005) and operational AVHRR data for 2006 onward. Pathfinder AVHRR was chosen over operational AVHRR, when available, because Pathfinder agrees better with the in situ data. The AMSR AVHRR product begins with the start of AMSR data in June 2002. In this product, the primary AVHRR contribution is in regions near land where AMSR is not available. However, in cloud-free regions, use of both infrared and microwave instruments can reduce systematic biases because their error characteristics are independent. C1 NOAA, Natl Climatic Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, CICS ESSIC, College Pk, MD USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Oceanog Satellite Stud, Coll Oceanog & Atmospheric Sci, Corvallis, OR USA. NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Reynolds, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climatic Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Richard.W.Reynolds@noaa.gov RI Casey, Kenneth/D-4065-2013; Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010; kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 OI Casey, Kenneth/0000-0002-6052-7117; Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849; NR 30 TC 998 Z9 1035 U1 12 U2 93 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 22 BP 5473 EP 5496 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235LY UT WOS:000251236900001 ER PT J AU Lee, YJ Liu, Y Cicerone, MT AF Lee, Young Jong Liu, Yuexin Cicerone, Marcus T. TI Characterization of three-color CARS in a two-pulse broadband CARS spectrum SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STOKES-RAMAN SCATTERING; ONE-LASER; COHERENT; MICROSCOPY; SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTODAMAGE AB We demonstrate that a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum generated with a typical two-pulse scheme contains two distinct, significant signals: '' 2-color '' CARS, where the pump and probe are provided by a narrowband pulse and the continuum pulse constitutes the Stokes light, and '' 3-color '' CARS, where the pump and Stokes are provided by two different frequency components in the continuum pulse and the narrowband pulse serves as the probe. The CARS spectra from the two different mechanisms show distinct characteristics in Raman shift range, laser power dependence, and chirping dependence. We discuss the potential for a 3-color CARS signal to cover the fingerprint region with reduced photodamage of live cells. Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States. C1 [Lee, Young Jong; Liu, Yuexin; Cicerone, Marcus T.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yjlee@nist.gov; cicerone@nist.gov RI Lee, Young Jong/B-7129-2008 OI Lee, Young Jong/0000-0001-7754-3001 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [1R21 EB002468-01] NR 16 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 22 BP 3370 EP 3372 DI 10.1364/OL.32.003370 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 242SZ UT WOS:000251747600050 PM 18026311 ER PT J AU Reipa, V Holden, MJ Vilker, VL AF Reipa, Vytas Holden, Marcia J. Vilker, Vincent L. TI Association and redox properties of the putidaredoxin reductase-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide complex SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-TRANSFER COMPLEX; ANABAENA PCC 7119; FERREDOXIN-NADP(+) REDUCTASE; ADRENODOXIN REDUCTASE; CATALYTIC MECHANISM; CYTOCHROME P450CAM; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NADP(+) BINDING AB Putidaredoxin reductase (PdR) is the flavin protein that carries out the first electron transfer involved in the-cytochrome P450cam catalytic cycle. In PdR, the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/ FADH(2)) redox center acts as a transformer by accepting two electrons from soluble nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)/NADH) and donating them in two separate, one-electron-transfer steps to the iron-sulfur protein putidaredoxin (Pdx). PdR, like the two more intensively studied monoflavin reductases, adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR), has no other active redox moieties (e.g., sulfhydryl groups) and can exist in three different oxidation states: (i) oxidized quinone, (ii) one-electron reduced semiquinone (stable neutral species (blue) or unstable radical anion (red)), and (iii) two-electron fully reduced hydroquinone. Here, we present reduction potential measurements for PdR in support of a thermodynamic model for the modulation of equilibria among the redox components in this initial electron-transfer step of the P450 cycle. A spectroelectrochemical technique was used to measure the midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of PdR that had been carefully purified of all residual NAD(+), E-0 ' = -369 +/- 10 mV at pH 7.6, which is more negative than previously reported and more negative than the pyridine nucleotide NADH/NAD(+) (-330 mV). After addition of NAD(+), the formation of the oxidized reductase-oxidized pyridine nucleotide complex was followed by the two-electron-transfer redox reaction, PdRox:NAD(+) + 2e(-) -> PdRrd:NAD(+), when the electrode potential was lowered. The midpoint potential was a hyperbolic function of increasing NADI concentration, such that at concentrations of pyridine nucleotide typically found in an intracellular environment, the midpoint potential would be E-0 ' = -230 :L 10 mV, thereby providing the thermodynamically favorable redox equilibria that enables electron transfer from NADH. This thermodynamic control of electron transfer is a shared mechanistic feature with the adrenodoxin P450 and photosynthetic electron-transfer systems but is different from the kinetic control mechanisms in the microsomal P450 systems where multiple reaction pathways draw on reducing power held by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The redox measurements were combined with protein fluorescence quenching of NAD(+) binding to oxidized PdR to establish that the PdRox:NAD(+) complex (K-D = 230 mu M) is about 5 orders of magnitude weaker than PdRrd:NAD(+) binding. These results are integrated with known structural and kinetic information for PdR, as well as for AdR and FNR, in support of a compulsory ordered pathway to describe the electron-transfer processes catalyzed by all three reductases. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. US FDA, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Vilker, VL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Vincent.ViIker@fda.hhs.gov NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD NOV 13 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 45 BP 13235 EP 13244 DI 10.1021/bi7012118 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 228XT UT WOS:000250766600034 PM 17941648 ER PT J AU Sundaresan, SG Davydov, AV Vaudin, MD Levin, I Maslar, JE Tian, YL Rao, MV AF Sundaresan, Siddarth G. Davydov, Albert V. Vaudin, Mark D. Levin, Igor Maslar, James E. Tian, Yong-Lai Rao, Mulpuri V. TI Growth of silicon carbide nanowires by a microwave heating-assisted physical vapor transport process using group VIII metal catalysts SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE SYNTHESIS; SUBLIMATION SANDWICH METHOD; BETA-SIC NANOWIRES; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOWIRES; RAMAN-SCATTERING; POLYTYPES; ELECTRONICS; TECHNOLOGY; NANOTUBES; MECHANISM AB SiC nanowires are grown by a novel catalyst-assisted sublimation-sandwich method. This involves microwave heating-assisted physical vapor transport from a "source" 4H-SiC wafer to a closely positioned "substrate" 4H-SiC wafer. The "substrate wafer" is coated with a group VIII (Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt) metal catalyst film about 5 nm thick. The nanowire growth is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere, in the temperature range of 1650-1750 degrees C for 40 s durations. The nanowires grow by the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism facilitated by metal catalyst islands that form on the substrate wafer surface at the growth temperatures used in this work. The nanowires are 10-30,mu m long. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and selected area electron diffraction analyses confirm the nanowires to crystallize with a cubic 3C structure of 3C-SiC. EBSD from the nanowire caps are indexed as Fe(2)si, Ni3Si, Pd2Si, and PtSi phases for the nanowires grown using Fe, Ni, Pd, and Pt as the metal catalysts, respectively. The nanowires are found to grow along the (112) directions, as opposed to the commonly observed (I 11) directions. The micro-Raman spectra from single nanowires indicate regions with varying compressive strain in the nanowires and also show modes not arising from the Brillouin zone center, which may indicate the presence of defects in the nanowire. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. LT Technol, Fairfax, VA 22033 USA. RP Rao, MV (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM rmulpuri@gmu.edu RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 50 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD NOV 13 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 23 BP 5531 EP 5537 DI 10.1021/cm071213r PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 229LG UT WOS:000250803900010 ER PT J AU Zhou, LM Dickinson, RE Tian, YH Vose, RS Dai, YJ AF Zhou, Liming Dickinson, Robert E. Tian, Yuhong Vose, Russell S. Dai, Yongjiu TI Impact of vegetation removal and soil aridation on diurnal temperature range in a semiarid region: Application to the Sahel SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE drought; surface emissivity; longwave radiation; sensitivity test; surface energy balance ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; MINIMUM TEMPERATURE; NDVI DATA; CLIMATE; TRENDS; DYNAMICS; AEROSOLS; AFRICAN; PRECIPITATION; EMISSIVITY AB Increased clouds and precipitation normally decrease the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and thus have commonly been offered as explanation for the trend of reduced DTR observed for many land areas over the last several decades. Observations show, however, that the DTR was reduced most in dry regions and especially in the West African Sahel during a period of unprecedented drought. Furthermore, the negative trend of DTR in the Sahel appears to have stopped and may have reversed after the rainfall began to recover. This study develops a hypothesis with climate model sensitivity studies showing that either a reduction in vegetation cover or a reduction in soil emissivity would reduce the DTR by increasing nighttime temperature through increased soil heating and reduced outgoing longwave radiation. Consistent with empirical analyses of observational data, our results suggest that vegetation removal and soil aridation would act to reduce the DTR during periods of drought and human mismanagement over semi-arid regions such as the Sahel and to increase the DTR with more rainfall and better human management. Other mechanisms with similar effects on surface energy balance, such as increased nighttime downward longwave radiation due to increased greenhouse gases, aerosols, and clouds, would also be expected to have a larger impact on DTR over drier regions. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Climat Date Ctr, Climate Anal Branch, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RP Zhou, LM (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM lmzhou@eas.gatech.edu RI Dai, Yongjiu/D-1070-2010; Zhou, Liming/A-2688-2012; Dai, Yongjiu/D-6261-2014 OI Dai, Yongjiu/0000-0002-3588-6644 NR 43 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 34 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 13 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 46 BP 17937 EP 17942 DI 10.1073/pnas.0700290104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 233FY UT WOS:000251077000010 PM 17986620 ER PT J AU Bhowmick, S Melendez-Martinez, JJ Lawn, BR AF Bhowmick, Sanjit Melendez-Martinez, Juan Jose Lawn, Brian R. TI Bulk silicon is susceptible to fatigue SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON; HERTZIAN FRACTURE; STRESS-CORROSION; CYCLIC FATIGUE; FILMS; CERAMICS; STRENGTH; FAILURE; DIAMOND; POLYSILICON AB It has long been held that bulk silicon is immune from fatigue. We present contrary evidence demonstrating severe fatigue in macroscale cracks produced in cyclic loading of single-crystal silicon with a sphere indenter. The key ingredient is a component of shear stress acting on the cracks during contraction and expansion of the contact circle. This gives rise to frictional sliding at the crack walls, dislodging and ejecting slabs of material and debris onto the silicon surface. The damage expands with continued cycling, leading to progressive degradation of the surface. The results have implications concerning the function of silicon-based devices. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Extremadura, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. RP Bhowmick, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Melendez, Juan Jose/A-6524-2013 OI Melendez, Juan Jose/0000-0003-1036-6666 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 20 AR 201902 DI 10.1063/1.2801390 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 232FK UT WOS:000251003500025 ER PT J AU Pradeep, N Kim, DI Grobelny, J Hawa, T Henz, B Zachariah, MR AF Pradeep, N. Kim, D. -I. Grobelny, J. Hawa, T. Henz, B. Zachariah, M. R. TI Ductility at the nanoscale: Deformation and fracture of adhesive contacts using atomic force microscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; METALS; NANOINDENTATION; DYNAMICS; SILICON; MODEL AB Fracture of nanosize contacts formed between spherical probes and flat surfaces is studied using an atomic force microscope in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. Analysis of the observed deformation during the fracture process indicates significant material extensions for both gold and silica contacts. The separation process begins with an elastic deformation followed by plastic flow of material with atomic rearrangements close to the separation. Classical molecular dynamics studies show similarity between gold and silicon, materials that exhibit entirely different fracture behavior at macroscopic scale. This direct experimental evidence suggests that fracture at nanoscale occurs through a ductile process. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Lodz, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland. Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20742 USA. US Army Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 21005 USA. RP Pradeep, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pradeep.namboodiri@nist.gov OI Grobelny, Jaroslaw/0000-0003-2648-2186 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 20 AR 203114 DI 10.1063/1.2815648 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 232FK UT WOS:000251003500098 ER PT J AU Tanner, SM Gray, JM Rogers, CT Bertness, KA Sanford, NA AF Tanner, S. M. Gray, J. M. Rogers, C. T. Bertness, K. A. Sanford, N. A. TI High-Q GaN nanowire resonators and oscillators SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SPONTANEOUSLY GROWN GAN AB We report high mechanical quality factors Q for GaN nanowire cantilevers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Nanowires with 30-500 nm diameters and 5-20 mu m lengths having resonance frequencies from 400 kHz to 2.8 MHz were measured. Q near room temperature and 10(-4) Pa ranged from 2700 to above 60 000 with most above 10 000. Positive feedback to a piezoelectric stack caused spontaneous nanowire oscillations with Q exceeding 10(6). Spontaneous oscillations also occurred with direct e-beam excitation of unintentionally doped nanowires. Doped nanowires showed no oscillations, consistent with oscillation arising via direct actuation of piezoelectric GaN. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tanner, SM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, CB390, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM shawn.tanner@colorado.edu NR 20 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 20 AR 203117 DI 10.1063/1.2815747 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 232FK UT WOS:000251003500101 ER PT J AU Elvidge, CD Erwin, EH Baugh, KE Tuttle, BT Howard, AT Pack, DW Milesi, C AF Elvidge, Christopher D. Erwin, Edward H. Baugh, Kimberly E. Tuttle, Benjamin T. Howard, Ara T. Pack, Dee W. Milesi, Cristina TI Satellite data estimate worldwide flared gas volumes SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA USA. Fdn Calif State Univ, Monterey, CA USA. RP Elvidge, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74112 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD NOV 12 PY 2007 VL 105 IS 42 BP 50 EP + PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 234XX UT WOS:000251199000016 ER PT J AU Hughes, SM Anderson, DZ AF Hughes, Steven M. Anderson, Dana Z. TI Modulation-enhanced sensitivity of holographic interferometry SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOREFRACTIVE CRYSTAL AB A modulation-demodulation scheme substantially enhances diffusion-dominated-adaptive-interferometric sensitivity. The path length sensitivity is improved by converting a quadratic small-signal response, easily drowned in system noise, to a linear response by mixing with a strong phase modulation. This conversion also shifts low-frequency signals away from 1/f noise. Experimental results show 180 fm/root Hz displacement sensitivity for a 5 Hz signal with a few milliwatts of optical power, an improvement of 3 orders of magnitude over the unenhanced system. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 [Anderson, Dana Z.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards & Technol,JILA, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hughes, Steven M.] Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Anderson, DZ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards & Technol,JILA, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dept Phys, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Dana@jila-colorado.edu NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 32 BP 7868 EP 7871 DI 10.1364/AO.46.007868 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 242PZ UT WOS:000251739200012 PM 17994137 ER PT J AU Arhonditsis, GB Qian, SS Stow, CA Lamon, EC Reckhow, KH AF Arhonditsis, George B. Qian, Song S. Stow, Craig A. Lamon, E. Conrad Reckhow, Kenneth H. TI Eutrophication risk assessment using Bayesian calibration of process-based models: Application to a mesotrophic lake SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE mechanistic models; Bayesian calibration; environmental management; risk assessment; adaptive management implementation; plankton dynamics; eutrophication ID CURRENT STATE; UNCERTAINTY; WASHINGTON; PREDICTION; SYSTEMS; SIMULATIONS; USA; PARAMETERS; TRANSPORT; FORECASTS AB We introduce the Bayesian calibration of process-based models to address the urgent need for robust modeling tools that can effectively support environmental management. The proposed framework aims to combine the advantageous features of both mechanistic and statistical approaches. Models that are based on mechanistic understanding yet remain within the bounds of data-based parameter estimation can accommodate rigorous and complete error analysis. The incorporation of mechanism improves the confidence in predictions made for a variety of conditions, while the statistical methods provide an empirical basis for parameter estimation and allow for estimates of predictive uncertainty. Our illustration focuses on eutrophication modeling but the proposed methodological framework can be easily transferred to a wide variety of disciplines (e.g., hydrology, ecotoxicology, air pollution). We examine the advantages of the Bayesian calibration using a four state variable (phosphate-detritus-phytoplankton-zooplankton) model and the mesotrophic Lake Washington (Washington State, USA) as a case study. Prior parameter distributions were formed on the basis of literature information, while Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations provided a convenient means for approximating the posterior parameter distributions. The model reproduces the key epilimnetic temporal patterns of the system and provides realistic estimates of predictive uncertainty for water quality variables of environmental interest. Finally, we highlight the benefits of Bayesian parameter estimation, such as the quantification of uncertainty in model predictions, optimization of the sampling design of monitoring programs using value of information concepts from decision theory, alignment with the policy practice of adaptive management, and expression of model outputs as probability distributions, that are perfectly suited for stakeholders and policy makers when making decisions for sustainable environmental management. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol & Environm Sci, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Arhonditsis, GB (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol & Environm Sci, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. EM georgea@utsc.utoronto.ca RI Qian, Song/A-3163-2008; Qian, Song/I-6544-2012; Arhonditsis, George/C-6980-2009; OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855; Arhonditsis, George/0000-0001-5359-8737 NR 52 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 208 IS 2-4 BP 215 EP 229 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.020 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 230WK UT WOS:000250906700012 ER PT J AU Arhonditsis, GB Stow, CA Paerl, HW Valdes-Weaver, LM Steinberg, LJ Reckhow, KH AF Arhonditsis, George B. Stow, Craig A. Paerl, Hans W. Valdes-Weaver, Lexia M. Steinberg, Laura J. Reckhow, Kenneth H. TI Delineation of the role of nutrient dynamics and hydrologic forcing on phytoplankton patterns along a freshwater-marine continuum SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton dynamics; structural equation modeling; neuse river estuary; cyanobacteria; eutrophication; Bayesian analysis ID NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; NORTH-CAROLINA; COMMUNITY-STRUCTURE; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PHOSPHORUS STOICHIOMETRY; COASTAL EUTROPHICATION; BLOOM DYNAMICS; LIMITATION; ECOLOGY; USA AB We examined the spatiotemporal phytoplankton community patterns and identified the nature of the underlying causal mechanisms in a freshwater-saltwater continuum, the Neuse River Estuary (North Carolina, USA). We used a Bayesian structural equation modeling (SEM) approach that considers the regulatory role of the physical environment (flow, salinity, and light availability), nitrogen (dissolved oxidized inorganic nitrogen and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen), phosphorus, and temperature on total phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton community composition. Hydrologic forcing (mainly the river flow fluctuations) dominates the up-estuary processes and loosens the coupling between nutrients and phytoplankton. The switch from an upstream negative to a downstream positive phytoplankton-physical environment relationship suggests that the elevated advective transport from the upper reaches of the estuary leads to a phytoplankton biomass accumulation in the mid- and down-estuary segments. The positive influence of the physical environment on the phytoplankton community response was more evident on diatom, chlorophyte and cryptophyte dynamics, which also highlights the opportunistic behavior of these taxa (faster nutrient uptake and growth rates, tolerance on low salinity conditions) that allows them to dominate the phytoplankton community during high freshwater conditions. Model results highlight the stronger association between phosphorus and total phytoplankton dynamics at the upstream freshwater locations; both nitrogen and phosphorus played a significant role in the middle section of the estuary, while the nitrogen-phytoplankton relationship was stronger in the downstream meso-polyhaline zone. Finally, our analysis provided evidence of a protracted favorable environment (e.g., longer residence times, low DIN concentrations and relaxation of the phosphorus limitation) for cyanobacteria dominance as we move to the down-estuary area, resulting in structural shifts on the phytoplankton community temporal patterns. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. So Methodist Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Arhonditsis, GB (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. EM georgea@utsc.utoronto.ca RI Arhonditsis, George/C-6980-2009; OI Stow, Craig/0000-0001-6171-7855; Arhonditsis, George/0000-0001-5359-8737 NR 55 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 208 IS 2-4 BP 230 EP 246 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.010 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 230WK UT WOS:000250906700013 ER PT J AU Putman, WM Lin, SH AF Putman, William M. Lin, Shian-Hann TI Finite-volume transport on various cubed-sphere grids SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cubed-sphere; finite-volume; advection; transport schemes; monotonicity ID BAROTROPIC VORTICITY EQUATION; SEMI-LAGRANGIAN ADVECTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SHALLOW-WATER MODEL; POSITIVE-DEFINITE; SCHEMES; APPROXIMATIONS; FORMULATION; INTEGRATION; SIMULATION AB The performance of a multidimensional finite-volume transport scheme is evaluated on the cubed-sphere geometry. Advection tests with prescribed winds are used to evaluate a variety of cubed-sphere projections and grid modifications including the gnomonic and conformal mappings, as well as two numerically generated grids by an elliptic solver and spring dynamics. We explore the impact of grid non-orthogonality on advection tests over the corner singularities of the cubedsphere grids, using some variations of the transport scheme, including the piecewise parabolic method with alternative monotonicity constraints. The advection tests revealed comparable or better accuracy to those of the original latitudinal-longitudinal grid implementation. It is found that slight deviations from orthogonality on the modified cubed-sphere (quasi-orthogonal) grids do not negatively impact the accuracy. In fact, the more uniform version of the quasi-orthogonal cubed-sphere grids provided better overall accuracy than the most orthogonal (and therefore, much less uniform) conformal grid. It is also shown that a simple non-orthogonal extension to the transport equation enables the use of the highly non-orthogonal and computationally more efficient gnomonic grid with acceptable accuracy. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Integrat & Visualizat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Putman, WM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Integrat & Visualizat Off, Mail Stop 6103, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM William.M.Putman@nasa.gov NR 34 TC 126 Z9 128 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 227 IS 1 BP 55 EP 78 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.07.022 PG 24 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 234DE UT WOS:000251140100004 ER PT J AU Liu, J Chen, SY Nie, XB Robbins, MO AF Liu, Jin Chen, Shiyi Nie, Xiaobo Robbins, Mark O. TI A continuum-atomistic simulation of heat transfer in micro- and nano-flows SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE continuum-atomistic multi-scale simulation; heat transfer; domain decomposition; hybrid method; micro/nano fluidics ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; HYBRID COMPUTATIONS; FLUID-FLOWS; SYSTEMS AB We develop a hybrid atomistic-continuum scheme for simulating micro- and nano-flows with heat transfer. The approach is based on spatial "domain decomposition" in which molecular dynamics (MD) is used in regions where atomatic details are important, while classical continuum fluid dynamics is used in the remaining regions. The two descriptions are matched in a coupling region where we ensure continuity of mass, momentum, energy and their fluxes. The scheme for including the energy equation is implemented in 1-D and 2-D, and used to study steady and unsteady heat transfer in channel flows with and without nano roughness. Good agreement between hybrid results and analytical or pure MD results is bound, demonstrating the accuracy of this multiscale method and its potential applications in thermal engineering. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Peking Univ, CoE & CCSE, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM jliu36@jhu.edu RI Chen, Shiyi/A-3234-2010 NR 26 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 28 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 227 IS 1 BP 279 EP 291 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.07.014 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 234DE UT WOS:000251140100015 ER PT J AU Smolarkiewicz, PK Sharman, R Weil, J Perry, SG Heist, D Bowker, G AF Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K. Sharman, Robert Weil, Jeffrey Perry, Steven G. Heist, David Bowker, George TI Building resolving large-eddy simulations and comparison with wind tunnel SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE urban boundary layers; terrain-following coordinates; immersed-boundary approach; flow past a building ID ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; PAST 3-DIMENSIONAL OBSTACLES; COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION; GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS; MESH ADAPTIVITY; STRATIFIED FLOW; ANELASTIC MODEL; EQUATIONS; BOUNDARY; MPDATA AB We perform large-eddy simulations (LES) of the flow past a scale model of a complex building. Calculations are accomplished using two different methods to represent the edifice. The first method employs the standard Gal-Chen and Somerville terrain-following coordinate transformation, common in mesoscale atmospheric simulations. The second method uses an immersed boundary approach, in which fictitious body forces in the equations of motion are used to represent the building by attenuating the flow to stagnation within a time comparable to the time step of the model. Both methods are implemented in the same hydrodynamical code (EULAG) using the same nonoscillatory forward-in-time (NFT) incompressible dow solver based on the multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithms (MPDATA). The two solution methods are compared to wind tunnel data collected for neutral stratification. Profiles of the first-and second-order moments at various locations around the model building show good agreement with the wind tunnel data. Although both methods appear to be viable tools for LES of urban flows, the immersed boundary approach is computationally more efficient. The results of these simulations demonstrate that, contrary to popular opinion, continuous mappings such as the Gal-Chen and Somerville transformation are not inherently limited to gentle slopes. Calculations for a strongly stratified case are also presented to point out the substantial differences from the neutral boundary layer flows. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Smolarkiewicz, PK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM smolar@ucar.edu NR 54 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 227 IS 1 BP 633 EP 653 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.08.005 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 234DE UT WOS:000251140100031 ER PT J AU Finnis, J Holland, MM Serreze, MC Cassano, JJ AF Finnis, Joel Holland, Marika M. Serreze, Mark C. Cassano, John J. TI Response of Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity and associated precipitation to climate change, as represented by the Community Climate System Model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ICE-THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION; SEA-ICE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; WATER-VAPOR; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; OCEAN VARIABILITY; VERSION-3 CAM3; STORM TRACKS; ARCTIC-OCEAN; LAND MODEL AB The projected effects of rising CO2 levels on Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity and cyclone-associated precipitation are examined for September-May, using output from version 3 of the Community Climate System Model ( CCSM3). A cyclone identification algorithm was applied to a five member ensemble of CCSM3 20th and 21st century output, along with a method of isolating precipitation produced by each cyclone. Mean seasonal statistics describing cyclone activity and the character of associated precipitation were calculated over several study regions for 20 a periods. The dominant change in cyclone activity is a marked midlatitude decrease in frequency during autumn, winter, and spring. Few significant shifts in storm tracks or cyclone intensity were identified. Total daily precipitation from these events is found to increase into the 21st century, largely because of increases in available atmospheric moisture with rising temperatures. This thermodynamic increase in precipitation leads to large rises in total seasonal cyclone-associated precipitation over high latitudes, while over midlatitudes the thermodynamic increase is offset by the dynamic effect associated with decreased cyclone frequency. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Finnis, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 55 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-8953 EI 2169-8961 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD NOV 10 PY 2007 VL 112 IS G4 AR G04S42 DI 10.1029/2006JG000286 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 230CI UT WOS:000250852800001 ER PT J AU Zhou, W Wu, H Hartman, MR Yildirim, T AF Zhou, Wei Wu, Hui Hartman, Michael R. Yildirim, Taner TI Hydrogen and methane adsorption in metal-organic frameworks: A high-pressure volumetric study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBES; STORAGE; DESIGN; SORPTION AB We report hydrogen and methane adsorption isotherms in two prototypical metal-organic framework compounds (i.e., MOF5 and ZIF8) over a large temperature (30-300 K) and pressure (up to 65 bar) range using a fully computer-controlled Sieverts apparatus. We find that, in a volumetric method, a proper choice of real gas equation of state is critical for obtaining reliable isotherm data. The widely used van der Waals equation of state (EOS) is not adequate to describe H-2 and CH4, while the modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) EOS works well, even at very low temperatures and high pressures. With the known sample mass and bulk density, the skeleton density and the specific pore volume of MOF5 and ZIF8 were also measured. In addition to excess and absolute adsorption isotherms, we also introduce an "effective adsorption" which compares the amounts of gas adsorbed in a container with and without the adsorbent. At low temperatures, the maximal excess adsorption capacities of H-2 and CH4 in MOF5 are found to be 10.3 wt % and 51.7 wt %, respectively, while they are only 4.4 wt % and 22.4 wt % in ZIF8. From the temperature-dependent isotherm data, the isosteric heat of adsorption (Q(st)) was also estimated. The excess Q(st)'s for the initial H-2 and CH4 adsorption in MOF5 are similar to 4.8 kJ/mol and similar to 12.2 kJ/mol, respectively. We obtained similar Q(st)'s for ZIF8. We hope that the detailed isotherm curves reported here over a large temperature and pressure range will be a critical test for future grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations and force-field models. C1 NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiat Hlth Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; NR 20 TC 302 Z9 307 U1 23 U2 155 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD NOV 8 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 44 BP 16131 EP 16137 DI 10.1021/jp074889i PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 227HE UT WOS:000250647000011 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Beletsky, D Schwab, DJ Stein, ML AF Zhang, Zepu Beletsky, Dmitry Schwab, David J. Stein, Michael L. TI Assimilation of current measurements into a circulation model of Lake Michigan SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION; COASTAL OCEAN MODEL; GULF AB We present a method for assimilating current observations into a two-dimensional circulation model of Lake Michigan, based on the Princeton Ocean Model ( POM) and driven by observed winds. Because measurements of surface level are not available, we require that the point-wise update to the forecast horizontal current does not change the forecast surface level. This requirement makes it possible to represent the current updates by a stream function. Given an appropriate covariance model of this stream function, the current updates are calculated by kriging interpolation using the observations and the corresponding model forecast. It is further required that the current updates do not create cross-shore flows; this is represented by the stream function being constant along the coastline and is enforced by incorporating pseudo coastal data into the interpolation. This eliminates the need to construct complex spatial covariance models for the stream function. The method also accommodates observational errors. Results show that the method successfully melds observations into the model, and the influence of data assimilation propagates in space and time. C1 Univ Chicago, CISES, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Michigan, CILER, SNRE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Zhang, Z (reprint author), Univ Chicago, CISES, 5734 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM zpzhang@stanfordalumni.org; dima.beletsky@noaa.gov; david.schwab@noaa.gov; stein@galton.uchicago.edu RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 7 PY 2007 VL 43 IS 11 AR W11407 DI 10.1029/2006WR005818 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 230EB UT WOS:000250857700002 ER PT J AU Schofield, R Daniel, JS Portmann, RW Miller, HL Solomon, S Eubank, CS Melamed, ML Langford, AO Shupe, MD Turner, DD AF Schofield, Robyn Daniel, John S. Portmann, Robert W. Miller, H. LeRoy Solomon, Susan Eubank, Charles S. Melamed, Megan L. Langford, Andrew O. Shupe, Matthew D. Turner, David D. TI Retrieval of effective radius and liquid water path from ground-based instruments: A case study at Barrow, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD PROPERTIES; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; ARCTIC STRATUS; OPTICAL DEPTH; ALBEDO; RADAR; TROPOSPHERE; ALGORITHM; PROFILES AB Two methods for retrieving cloud droplet effective radius r(e) from ground-based near-infrared spectral measurements of path-integrated liquid water paths (PLWPs) are described. In one method the PLWP is compared with column measurements of liquid water path (LWP) from a dual channel microwave radiometer (MWR) to estimate the cloud path enhancement, which is then used to derive the cloud droplet effective radius. In the second method, PLWP is combined with absolutely calibrated zenith radiances at 500 nm to retrieve r(e) and LWP simultaneously. Both techniques are used in a case study of marine stratocumulus at the Barrow, Alaska (71.32 degrees N, 156.62 degrees W) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site on 17 September 2004. The first method performed best for moderately thick clouds ( LWP >= 100 g m(-2)), but the accuracy is limited by uncertainties in the MWR LWP on which it relies. The second method performed well over a wider range of values with 1 sigma retrieval errors of < 4 g m(-2) (similar to 4%) and similar to 3 mu m (similar to 7%) for 15 <= LWP <= 170 g m(-2). The LWPs retrieved using the radiance-PLWP method were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.96) with LWPs from the MWR ( with a bias subtracted) derived using the ARM statistical method. A limited comparison (LWP < 100 g m(-2)) to millimeter wave cloud radar showed that values of r(e) retrieved using the radiance-PLWP method were consistently higher ( by similar to 3 mu m) than the LWC-weighted mean r(e) from the radar. Additional field studies are needed to resolve this discrepancy, although this first comparison is promising. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI USA. RP Schofield, R (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Schofield, Robyn/A-4062-2010; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Schofield, Robyn/0000-0002-4230-717X; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; NR 47 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D21 AR D21203 DI 10.1029/2007JD008737 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230BQ UT WOS:000250850800002 ER PT J AU Cheng, G Dennis, CL Shull, RD Walker, ARH AF Cheng, Guangjun Dennis, Cindi L. Shull, Robert D. Walker, A. R. Hight TI Influence of the colloidal environment on the magnetic behavior of cobalt nanoparticles SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACE SPIN DISORDER; IRON FERROFLUIDS; ZERO-FIELD; BIOMEDICINE; FLUIDS; CHAINS; CO AB The magnetic properties of 10 nm diameter surfactant-coated cobalt (Co) nanoparticles in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) are investigated by a series of sequential magnetic moment (m) vs temperature (7) measurements. A rapid rise in magnetic moment around 250 K during warming and an abrupt drop at 234 K during cooling are observed when a nonsaturating external magnetic field is applied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements demonstrate that the rapid rise and abrupt drop in magnetization are associated with the melting and freezing of the solvent. Magnetic measurements of these Co nanoparticles in DCB are also used to probe their aging over a period of 70 days. The saturation magnetic moment of Co nanoparticles in DCB stored in air at room temperature decreases by nearly 40% over 70 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations are reported to show the time evolution in the size, shape, and crystalline structures of DCB-immersed nanoparticles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ARH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM angela.hightwalker@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 6 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 23 BP 11740 EP 11746 DI 10.1021/la7010887 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 226JE UT WOS:000250584500063 PM 17924670 ER PT J AU Chen, G Held, IM AF Chen, Gang Held, Isaac M. TI Phase speed spectra and the recent poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC RESPONSE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ANNULAR MODE; REANALYSIS; SIMULATION; TRENDS AB The poleward shift of the Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies in recent decades is examined in reanalysis data and in the output of coupled atmosphere- ocean and uncoupled atmospheric models. The space- time spectra of the eddy momentum fluxes in the upper troposphere reveal a trend that marks an increase in the eastward phase speed of the tropospheric eddies accompanied by a poleward displacement of the region of wave breaking in the subtropics. A dynamical mechanism is suggested that may help explain the connections among the lower stratospheric wind anomalies, the increased eastward propagation of tropospheric eddies and the poleward shift of the tropospheric circulation. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Chen, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM gchen@princeton.edu RI Chen, Gang/I-3305-2012 OI Chen, Gang/0000-0003-4934-1909 NR 21 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 3 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 21 AR L21805 DI 10.1029/2007GL031200 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 228CD UT WOS:000250703800003 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, O. A. TI Surface-to-volume wave conversion in shallow water with a gently sloping bottom SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SHEAR SPEED PROFILES; UPSLOPE PROPAGATION; INTERFACE WAVES; FLUID BOTTOM; SEDIMENTS; DISPERSION AB Marine sediments support seismoacoustic surface waves, which can propagate along the seafloor, in deep and shallow water, and even onshore. Because of the strong attenuation of compressional and especially shear waves in the sediments, the surface waves can significantly contribute to the acoustic field far from the shore only through their coupling with volume waves in the water. We theoretically study the excitation of acoustic normal modes by seismoacoustic surface waves in a shallow-water waveguide with a sloping bottom consisting of unconsolidated marine sediments. It is found that the coupling primarily occurs in the vicinity of a modal cutoff. The effects of geoacoustic parameters and stratification of soft marine sediments on the efficiency of surface-to-volume conversion are investigated. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Oleg.Godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 53 IS 6 BP 714 EP 720 DI 10.1134/S1063771007060097 PG 7 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 232KG UT WOS:000251018000009 ER PT J AU Keng, PY Shim, I Korth, BD Douglas, JF Pyun, J AF Keng, Pei Yuin Shim, Inbo Korth, Bryan D. Douglas, Jack F. Pyun, Jeffrey TI Synthes is and self-assembly of polymer-coated ferromagnetic nanoparticles SO ACS NANO LA English DT Review DE magnetic nanoparticles; magnetic nanocomposites; nanoparticle assembly; self-assembly; equilibrium polymerization; ring formation; polymer stabilization; particle synthesis; particle characterization ID TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES; COLLOIDAL COBALT PARTICLES; CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES; ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; FEPT NANOPARTICLES; DIPOLAR FLUIDS; ORIENTATIONAL ORDER AB We describe the synthesis and characterization of polymer-coated ferromagnetic cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs). The synthesis of end-functionalized polystyrene surfactants possessing amine, carboxylic acid, or phosphine oxide end-groups was accomplished using atom-transfer radical polymerization. This versatile synthetic method enabled the production of multigram quantities of these polymeric surfactants that stabilized ferromagnetic CoNPs when dispersed in organic media. An in-depth investigation into the synthesis of polystyrene-coated ferromagnetic CoNPs was also conducted using various combinations of these polymeric surfactants in the thermolysis of dicobaltoctacarbonyl (Co-2(CO)(8)). Moreover, the application of a dual-stage thermolysis with Co-2(CO)(8) allowed for the preparation of large samples (200 - 820 mg) per batch of well-defined and dispersable ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Characterization of these functionalized nanoparticle materials was then done using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Self-assembly of these dipolar nanoparticles was investigated in solutions cast onto supporting substrates, where local nematic-like ordering of nanoparticle chains was observed along with a tendency of adjacent chains to form "zippering" configurations, both phenomena having been predicted by recent simulations of dipolar fluids in conjunction with van der Waals interactions. C1 [Keng, Pei Yuin; Shim, Inbo; Korth, Bryan D.; Pyun, Jeffrey] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Shim, Inbo] Kookmin Univ, Dept Nano & Elect Phys, Seoul 136702, South Korea. [Douglas, Jack F.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pyun, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jpyun@email.arizona.edu NR 101 TC 109 Z9 110 U1 13 U2 139 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD NOV PY 2007 VL 1 IS 4 BP 279 EP 292 DI 10.1021/nn7001213 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 249YP UT WOS:000252267200011 PM 19206678 ER PT J AU Lacerda, SHDP Douglas, JF Hudson, SD Roy, M Johnson, JM Becker, ML Karim, A AF Lacerda, Silvia H. De Paoli Douglas, Jack F. Hudson, Steven D. Roy, Marc Johnson, Jerainne M. Becker, Matthew L. Karim, Alamgir TI Quantum mazes: Luminescent labyrinthine semiconductor nanocrystals having a narrow emission spectrum SO ACS NANO LA English DT Article DE quantum dots; confinement; luminescence; labrynthine solidification patterns; exciton localization; CdSe; potential directed pattern formation ID CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CDTE NANOCRYSTALS; POROUS SILICON; SHAPE-CONTROL; INTERMEDIATE STATE; I SUPERCONDUCTORS; PATTERN-FORMATION; BAND-GAP; SIZE AB We exploit the polytypism of group II-VI semiconductors and the long-range dipolar interactions typical of CdSe nanoparticle formation to modulate the geometrical structure and the optical emission properties of novel branched CdSe nanocrystals through shape-dependent quantum confinement effects. X-ray diffraction confirms that these materials incorporate crystalline domains of cubic zinc-blende and hexagonal wurtzite within a polycrystalline growth form whose geometry can be controlled by varying thermodynamic conditions. In particular, labyrinthine-shaped nanoparticles of tunable dimensions are reproducibly synthesized based on a heterogeneous reaction between cadmium acetate in a solution in hexadecylamine and trioctylphosphine with Se as a solid precursor at a relatively low temperature (110 degrees C). The resulting highly branched CdSe structures resemble labyrinthine patterns observed in magnetic fluids and superconductors films in magnetic fields, and in lipid films and other materials where strong dipolar interactions "direct" large-scale pattern formation. Surprisingly, these novel maze-like structures emit light within a narrow bandwidth (full-width at half-maximum approximate to 33-42 nm) of the visible spectrum (508 nm < lambda < 563 nm), so the regular dimensions of the core regions of these branched structures govern their emission characteristics rather than overall nanoparticle size. This property should make these materials attractive for applications where luminescent materials having tunable emission characteristics and a narrow emission frequency range are required, along with the insensitivity of the particles' luminescent properties to environmental conditions. C1 [Lacerda, Silvia H. De Paoli; Douglas, Jack F.; Hudson, Steven D.; Roy, Marc; Johnson, Jerainne M.; Becker, Matthew L.; Karim, Alamgir] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lacerda, SHDP (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM silvia.lacerda@nist.gov; jack.douglas@nist.gov NR 75 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1936-0851 EI 1936-086X J9 ACS NANO JI ACS Nano PD NOV PY 2007 VL 1 IS 4 BP 337 EP 347 DI 10.1021/nn700111c PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 249YP UT WOS:000252267200018 PM 19206685 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM Kim, CS Patwardhan, DV Warren, JA AF Saylor, David M. Kim, Chang-Soo Patwardhan, Dinesh V. Warren, James A. TI Diffuse-interface theory for structure formation and release behavior in controlled drug release systems SO ACTA BIOMATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE controlled drug release; diffuse-interface; phase-field theory; microstructure; dissolution ID POLYMER-SOLVENT SYSTEMS; PHASE-FIELD MODEL; MULTICOMPONENT DIFFUSION; COEFFICIENTS; INVERSION; STENT AB A common method of controlling drug release has been to incorporate the drug into a polymer matrix, thereby creating a diffusion barrier that slows the rate of drug release. It has been demonstrated that the internal microstructure of these drug-polymer composites can significantly impact the drug release rate. However, the effect of processing conditions during manufacture on the composite structure and the subsequent effects on release behavior are not well understood. We have developed a diffuse-interface theory for microstructure evolution that is based on interactions between drug, polymer and solvent species, all of which may be present in either crystalline or amorphous states. Because the theory can be applied to almost any specific combination of material species and over a wide range of environmental conditions, it can be used to elucidate and quantify the relationships between processing, microstructure and release response in controlled drug release systems. Calculations based on the theory have now demonstrated that, for a characteristic delivery system, variations in microstructure arising due to changes in either drug loading or processing time, i.e. evaporation rate, could have a significant impact on both the bulk release kinetics and the uniformity of release across the system. In fact, we observed that changes in process time alone can induce differences in bulk release of almost a factor of two and typical non-uniformities of 30% during, the initial periods of release. Because these substantial variations may have deleterious clinical ramifications, it is critical that both the system microstructure and the control of that microstructure are considered to ensure the device will be both safe and effective in clinical use. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia C1 US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Off Sci & Engn Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20903 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Off Sci & Engn Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20903 USA. EM david.saylor@fda.hhs.gov RI Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 31 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1742-7061 EI 1878-7568 J9 ACTA BIOMATER JI Acta Biomater. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 3 IS 6 BP 851 EP 864 DI 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.03.011 PG 14 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 223TA UT WOS:000250394000003 PM 17553761 ER PT J AU Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Parker, TE Shirley, JH AF Jefferts, S. R. Heavner, T. P. Parker, T. E. Shirley, J. H. TI NIST cesium fountains - Current status and future prospects SO ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International School and Conference on Optics and Optical Materials CY SEP 03-07, 2007 CL Belgrade, SERBIA SP Univ Belgrade, Inst Phys, Fac Phys, Vinca Inst Nucl Sci & Fac Elect Engn ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; POWER DEPENDENCE; NOISE AB We review the current status of the U.S. Primary Frequency Standard, NIST-F1. NIST-F1 is a laser-cooled cesium fountain based frequency standard with an inaccuracy of less than delta f/f <= 5 x 10(-16); limited mainly by the radiation field in the room-temperature fountain (blackbody shift). NIST-F1 is one of the best cesium fountains currently contributing to international atomic time, but has reached a point that it is impractical to improve its accuracy substantially. Therefore we are building a, new fountain, imaginatively named NIST-F2, with a cryogenic (77 K) Ramsey interrogation zone that lowers the blackbody shift by several orders of magnitude. NIST-F2 is currently undergoing final assembly, and we will discuss our planned (hoped for) performance, which includes frequency inaccuracy of delta f/f < 1 x 10(-16). C1 [Jefferts, S. R.; Heavner, T. P.; Parker, T. E.; Shirley, J. H.] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jefferts@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES INST PHYSICS PI WARSAW PA AL LOTNIKOW 32-46, 02-668 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0587-4246 J9 ACTA PHYS POL A JI Acta Phys. Pol. A PD NOV PY 2007 VL 112 IS 5 BP 759 EP 767 PG 9 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 243NR UT WOS:000251805100007 ER PT J AU Camara, JE Hays, FA AF Camara, Johanna E. Hays, Faith A. TI Discrimination between wild-type and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antibiotic resistance; beta-Lactamase; Escherichia coli; matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry ID STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; INTACT MICROORGANISMS; BACTERIA; REPRODUCIBILITY; PROTEINS; CELLS; PROTEOMICS AB Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was optimized to discriminate between wild-type and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli. Only ampicillin-resistant E. coli displayed an m/z approximate to 29,000 peak, which was confirmed as beta-lactamase by in-gel digestion followed by peptide mass fingerprinting. Rapid MALDI-TOF MS detection of antibiotic-resistance could fulfill an important clinical need, providing critical phenotypic information beyond genus-species identification. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Camara, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM johanna.camara@nist.gov NR 23 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 21 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 389 IS 5 BP 1633 EP 1638 DI 10.1007/s00216-007-1558-7 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 225SG UT WOS:000250537100034 PM 17849103 ER PT J AU Hampton, CY Forbes, TP Varady, MJ Meacham, JM Fedorov, AG Degertekin, FL Fernandez, FM AF Hampton, Christina Y. Forbes, Thomas P. Varady, Mark J. Meacham, J. Mark Fedorov, Andrei G. Degertekin, F. Levent Fernandez, Facundo M. TI Analytical performance of a Venturi-assisted array of micromachined ultrasonic electrosprays coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptides and proteins SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MICROFABRICATED DEVICES; NANOELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; DROPLET GENERATOR; CHIP; MICROCHIP; ELECTROPHORESIS; EMITTER; MS; IDENTIFICATION; SENSITIVITY AB The analytical characterization of a novel ion source for mass spectrometry named array of micromachined ultrasonic electrosprays (AMUSE) is presented here. This is a fundamentally different type of ion generation device, consisting of three major components: (1) a piezoelectric transducer that creates ultrasonic waves at one of the resonant frequencies of the sample-filled device, (2) an array of pyramidally shaped nozzles micromachined on a silicon wafer, and (3) a spacer which prevents contact between the array and transducer ensuring the transfer of acoustic energy to the sample. A high-pressure gradient generated at the apexes of the nozzle pyramids forces the periodic ejection of multiple droplet streams from the device. With this device, the processes of droplet formation and droplet charging are separated; hence, the limitations of conventional electrospray-type ion sources, including the need for high charging potentials and the addition of organic solvent to decrease surface tension, can be avoided. In this work; a Venturi device is coupled with AMUSE in order to increase desolvation, droplet focusing, and signal stability. Results show that ionization of model peptides and small tuning molecules is possible with do charging potentials of 100 V-dc or less. Ionization in rf-only mode (without do biasing) was also possible. It was observed that, when combined with AMUSE, the Venturi device provides a 10-fold gain in signal-to-noise ratio for 90% aqueous sample solutions. Further reduction in the diameter of the orifices of the micromachined arrays led to an additional signal gain of at least 3 orders of magnitude, a 2-10-fold gain in the signal-to-noise ratio and an improvement in signal stability from 47% to 8.5% RSD. The effectiveness of this device for the soft ionization of model proteins in aqueous media, such as cytochrome c, was also examined, yielding spectra with an average charge state of 8.8 when analyzed with a 100 V-dc, charging potential. Ionization of model proteins was also possible in rf-only mode. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Parker H Petit Inst Bioengn & Biosci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fernandez, FM (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM facundo.fernandez@chemistry.gatech.edu RI Fernandez, Facundo/B-7015-2008; Forbes, Thomas/M-3091-2014 OI Forbes, Thomas/0000-0002-7594-5514 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR021474-01A1, R21 RR021474, R21 RR021474-02] NR 57 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 21 BP 8154 EP 8161 DI 10.1021/ac071297n PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 226JH UT WOS:000250584800033 PM 17914864 ER PT J AU Pastor, T Garza, JC Aguilar, A Tounta, E Androukaki, E AF Pastor, T. Garza, J. C. Aguilar, A. Tounta, E. Androukaki, E. TI Genetic diversity and differentiation between the two remaining populations of the critically endangered Mediterranean monk seal SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Mediterranean monk seal; Monachus monachus; genetic differentiation; microsatellites ID MONACHUS-MONACHUS COLONY; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL; CABO-BLANCO PENINSULA; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; MULTIPLE ALLELES; HARDY-WEINBERG; WESTERN SAHARA; CONSERVATION; RESTORATION AB The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus, is a critically-endangered species of which only two populations, separated by c. 4000 km, remain: the eastern Mediterranean (150-300 individuals) and the Atlantic/western Sahara populations (100-130 individuals). We measured current levels of nuclear genetic variation at 24 microsatellite loci in 12 seals from the eastern Mediterranean and 98 seals from the western Sahara population and assessed differences between them. In both populations, genetic variation was found to be low, with mean allelic richness for the loci polymorphic in the species of 2.09 and 1.96, respectively. For most loci, the observed allele frequency distributions in both populations were discontinuous and the size ranges similar. The eastern Mediterranean population had 14 private alleles and the western Sahara had 18, but with a much larger sample size. Highly significant differences in allele frequencies between the two populations were found for 14 out of 17 loci. F-ST between the two populations was 0.578 and the estimated number of migrants per generation was 0.046, both clearly indicating substantial genetic differentiation. From a conservation perspective, these results suggest that each population may act as a source for introducing additional genetic variation into the other population. C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Biol Anim, Barcelona, Spain. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. MOm Hellen Soc Study & Protect Monk Seal, Athens, Greece. RP Pastor, T (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Biol Anim, Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain. EM teresa_pastor@ub.edu RI Aguilar, Alex/L-1283-2014 OI Aguilar, Alex/0000-0002-5751-2512 NR 74 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 10 IS 4 BP 461 EP 469 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00137.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 224GD UT WOS:000250434600010 ER PT J AU Stalnaker, JE Diddams, SA Fortier, TM Kim, K Hollberg, L Bergquist, JC Itano, WM Delany, MJ Lorini, L Oskay, WH Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Levi, F Parker, TE Shirley, J AF Stalnaker, J. E. Diddams, S. A. Fortier, T. M. Kim, K. Hollberg, L. Bergquist, J. C. Itano, W. M. Delany, M. J. Lorini, L. Oskay, W. H. Heavner, T. P. Jefferts, S. R. Levi, F. Parker, T. E. Shirley, J. TI Optical-to-microwave frequency comparison with fractional uncertainty of 10(-15) SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RECENT IMPROVEMENTS; FEMTOSECOND LASER; ACCURACY; NIST-F1; SPECTROSCOPY; GENERATION; STABILITY; LEVEL; NOISE; COMB AB We report the technical aspects of the optical-to-microwave comparison for our recent measurements of the optical frequency of the mercury single-ion frequency standard in terms of the SI second as realized by the NIST-F1 cesium fountain clock. Over the course of six years, these measurements have resulted in a determination of the mercury single-ion frequency with a fractional uncertainty of less than 7x10(-16), making it the most accurately measured optical frequency to date. In this paper, we focus on the details of the comparison techniques used in the experiment and discuss the uncertainties associated with the optical-to-microwave synthesis based on a femtosecond laser frequency comb. We also present our most recent results in the context of the previous measurements of the mercury single-ion frequency and arrive at a final determination of the mercury single-ion optical frequency: f(Hg+)= 1064721 609 899 145.30(69) Hz. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Phys Div P23, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stalnaker, JE (reprint author), Oberlin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, 110 N Prof St, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. EM jason.stalnaker@oberlin.edu RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 31 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 89 IS 2-3 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.1007/s00340-007-2762-z PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 227AP UT WOS:000250629900007 ER PT J AU Alexander, DP Ejimofor, C Holmberg, DG AF Alexander, Donald P. Ejimofor, Cornelius Holmberg, David G. TI BATnet (R) at Georgia Tech SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Georgia Tech Facil Dept, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Bldg Environm Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Alexander, DP (reprint author), Georgia Tech Facil Dept, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 49 IS 11 BP B18 EP B23 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 234XY UT WOS:000251199100012 ER PT J AU Marcy, TP Popp, PJ Gao, RS Fahey, DW Ray, EA Richard, EC Thompson, TL Atlas, EL Loewenstein, M Wofsy, SC Park, S Weinstock, EM Swartz, WH Mahoney, MJ AF Marcy, T. P. Popp, P. J. Gao, R. S. Fahey, D. W. Ray, E. A. Richard, E. C. Thompson, T. L. Atlas, E. L. Loewenstein, M. Wofsy, S. C. Park, S. Weinstock, E. M. Swartz, W. H. Mahoney, M. J. TI Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE tropical; tropopause; stratosphere; hydrochloric acid; ozone ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; TRANSPORT; OZONE; HNO3; CLIMATOLOGY; INSTRUMENT; ATMOSPHERE AB A unique dataset of airborne in situ observations of HCl, O-3, HNO3, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH3Cl has been made in and near the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). A total of 16 profiles across the tropopause were obtained at latitudes between 10 degrees N and 3 degrees S from the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft flying from Costa Rica. Few in situ measurements of these gases, particularly HCl and HNO3, have been reported for the TTL. The general features of the trace gas vertical profiles are consistent with the concept of the TTL as distinct from the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere. A combination of the tracer profiles and correlations with O-3 is used to show that a measurable amount of stratospheric air is mixed into this region. The HCl measurements offer an important constraint on stratospheric mixing into the TTL because once the contribution from halocarbon decomposition is quantified, the remaining HCl (> 60% in this study) must have a stratospheric source. Stratospheric HCl in the TTL brings with it a proportional amount of stratospheric O-3. Quantifying the sources Of O-3 in the TTL is important because O-3 is particularly effective as a greenhouse gas in the tropopause region. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Harvard Univ, Natl Inst Global & Environm Change, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Marcy, TP (reprint author), 730 N 23rd St 300, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA. EM tpmarcy@hotmail.com RI Swartz, William/A-1965-2010; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Swartz, William/0000-0002-9172-7189; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 28 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 41 IS 34 BP 7253 EP 7261 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.032 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 231FS UT WOS:000250932500009 ER PT J AU Carlton, AG Turpin, BJ Altieri, KE Seitzinger, S Reff, A Lim, HJ Ervens, B AF Carlton, Annmarie G. Turpin, Barbara J. Altieri, Katye E. Seitzinger, Sybil Reff, Adam Lim, Ho-Jin Ervens, Barbara TI Atmospheric oxalic acid and SOA production from glyoxal: Results of aqueous photooxidation experiments SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE secondary organic aerosol; aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry; glyoxal; oxalic acid; organic PM; cloud processing ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; OLIGOMER FORMATION; HYDROXYL RADICALS; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; RATE CONSTANTS; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; PHASE REACTIONS; GLYOXYLIC-ACID AB Aqueous-phase photooxidation of glyoxal, a ubiquitous water-soluble gas-phase oxidation product of many compounds, is a potentially important global and regional source of oxalic acid and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Reaction kinetics and product analysis are needed to validate and refine current aqueous-phase mechanisms to facilitate prediction of in-cloud oxalic acid and SOA formation from glyoxal. In this work, aqueous-phase photochemical reactions of glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide were conducted at pH values typical of clouds and fogs (i.e., pH = 4-5). Experimental time series concentrations were compared to values obtained using a published kinetic model and reaction rate constants from the literature. Experimental results demonstrate the formation of oxalic acid, as predicted by the published aqueous phase mechanism. However, the published mechanism did not reproduce the glyoxylic and oxalic acid concentration dynamics. Formic acid and larger multifunctional compounds, which were not previously predicted, were also formed. An expanded aqueous-phase oxidation mechanism for glyoxal is proposed that reasonably explains the concentration dynamics of formic and oxalic acids and includes larger multifunctional compounds. The coefficient of determination for oxalic acid prediction was improved from 0.001 to > 0.8 using the expanded mechanism. The model predicts that less than 1% of oxalic acid is formed through the glyoxylic acid pathway. This work supports the hypothesis that SOA forms through cloud processing of glyoxal and other water-soluble products of alkenes and aromatics of anthropogenic, biogenic and marine origin and provides reaction kinetics needed for oxalic acid prediction. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Carlton, Annmarie G.] NOAA, ASMD, ARL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Turpin, Barbara J.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Altieri, Katye E.; Seitzinger, Sybil] Rutgers State Univ, NOAA, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Reff, Adam] US EPA, AMD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Lim, Ho-Jin] Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Taegu 702701, South Korea. [Ervens, Barbara] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Turpin, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, ASMD, ARL, Mail Drop E-243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM turpin@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Carlton, Annmarie/A-7867-2011; Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Altieri, Katye/M-5231-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Carlton, Annmarie/0000-0002-8574-1507; Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Altieri, Katye/0000-0002-6778-4079; NR 75 TC 220 Z9 221 U1 11 U2 137 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 41 IS 35 BP 7588 EP 7602 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.035 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 243WZ UT WOS:000251829300018 ER PT J AU Kim, SW Moeng, CH Barth, MC Weil, JC AF Kim, Si-Wan Moeng, Chin-Hoh Barth, Mary C. Weil, Jeffrey C. TI Fumigation of pollutants in and above the entrainment zone into a growing convective boundary layer: A large-eddy simulation SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Letter ID DISPERSION; MODEL C1 [Kim, Si-Wan; Moeng, Chin-Hoh; Barth, Mary C.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Kim, Si-Wan; Weil, Jeffrey C.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kim, Si-Wan] NOAA, ESRL, R CSD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kim, SW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM siwan.kim@noaa.gov RI Kim, Si-Wan/I-3979-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Kim, Si-Wan/0000-0002-7889-189X; NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 41 IS 35 BP 7679 EP 7682 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.017 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 243WZ UT WOS:000251829300027 ER PT J AU Grachev, AA Andreas, EL Fairall, CW Guest, PS Persson, POG AF Grachev, Andrey A. Andreas, Edgar L. Fairall, Christopher W. Guest, Peter S. Persson, P. Ola G. TI On the turbulent Prandtl number in the stable atmospheric boundary layer SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Atmospheric Boundary Layers CY APR 18-22, 2006 CL Dubrovnik, CROATIA SP NATO DE Richardson number; SHEBA; stable boundary layer; turbulent Prandtl number ID SURFACE-LAYER; SELF-CORRELATION; SIMILARITY; TRANSPORT; CONSTANT; REGIMES; FLUXES; SHEBA AB This study focuses on the behaviour of the turbulent Prandtl number, Pr (t) , in the stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) based on measurements made during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA). It is found that Pr (t) increases with increasing stability if Pr (t) is plotted vs. gradient Richardson number, Ri; but at the same time, Pr (t) decreases with increasing stability if Pr (t) is plotted vs. flux Richardson number, Rf, or vs. zeta = z/L. This paradoxical behaviour of the turbulent Prandtl number in the SBL derives from the fact that plots of Pr (t) vs. Ri (as well as vs. Rf and zeta) for individual 1-h observations and conventional bin-averaged values of the individual quantities have built-in correlation (or self-correlation) because of the shared variables. For independent estimates of how Pr (t) behaves in very stable stratification, Pr (t) is plotted against the bulk Richardson number; such plots have no built-in correlation. These plots based on the SHEBA data show that, on the average, Pr (t) decreases with increasing stability and Pr (t) < 1 in the very stable case. For specific heights and stabilities, though, the turbulent Prandtl number has more complicated behaviour in the SBL. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue Div, Lebanon, NH USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. RP Grachev, AA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM Andrey.Grachev@noaa.gov OI GRACHEV, ANDREY/0000-0002-7143-0820 NR 30 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 125 IS 2 BP 329 EP 341 DI 10.1007/s10546-007-9192-7 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 214IB UT WOS:000249729800012 ER PT J AU Reed, JK Koenig, CC Shepard, AN AF Reed, John K. Koenig, Christopher C. Shepard, Andrew N. TI Impacts of bottom trawling on a deep-water Oculina coral ecosystem off Florida SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL Miami, FL ID CENTRAL EASTERN FLORIDA; LOPHELIA-PERTUSA; REEFS; VARICOSA; HABITAT; FISHERIES; BIOLOGY AB In 1984, a portion of the deep-water Oculina coral reef ecosystem off eastern Florida was protected as the Oculina Habitat Area of Particular Concern (OHAPC), prohibiting bottom trawls, longlines, dredges, and anchors. Unfortunately, the northern two thirds of the reef system remained open to these gear until 2000 when the OHAPC boundaries were expanded to 1029 km(2). In the 1970s, the Oculina reefs were teeming with large spawning aggregations of grouper and snapper. By the early 1990s, commercial and recreational fishing had decimated the fish populations, and the coral had been severely impacted by bottom trawling for rock shrimp. Historical photographic transects, taken in the 1970s with the JOHNSON-SEA-LINK submersibles, provide crucial evidence of the status and health of the reefs prior to heavy fishing and trawling activities. Quantitative analyses of photographic images by point count reveal drastic loss of live coral cover between 1975 and 2001. Six coral reef sites had nearly 100% loss of live coral, whereas only two reefs which were within the boundaries of the original OHAPC since 1984 survived and were not impacted by trawling. Management and conservation plans for deep-sea coral reef ecosystems worldwide must be based on sound scientific understanding as well as adequate surveillance and enforcement; this study will help build a foundation for this understanding. C1 [Reed, John K.] Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. [Koenig, Christopher C.] Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Shepard, Andrew N.] Univ N Carolina, NOAA, Undersea Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. RP Reed, JK (reprint author), Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, 5600 US 1,N, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. EM jreed@hboi.edu NR 29 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 27 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 81 IS 3 BP 481 EP 496 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 249BV UT WOS:000252202700014 ER PT J AU Brooke, S Stone, R AF Brooke, Sandra Stone, Robert TI Reproduction of deep-water hydrocorals (family Stylasteridae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL Miami, FL ID GENERIC REVISION; COELENTERATA; HYDROZOA; ECOLOGY; HISTORY; CORAL AB Previous studies in the Aleutian islands have found dense coral "gardens" dominated by hydrocorals, gorgonians, and sponges between 117 and 338 m depth, These structurally complex habitats supported a high taxonomic diversity of corals and associated fauna, but disturbance from fishing activities was observed at many of the sites. In 2003 and 2004, the submersible DELTA was used to collect samples of 11 different species of hydrocorals from deep-water sites along the Aleutian Island Archipelago. Samples of three species were also collected from shallow water (< 27 m) in 2003 using SCUBA. All samples were processed according to standard histological techniques and used to describe the reproductive traits of each species. All species studied were gonochoristic brooders with the majority of gonophores containing mature embryos or planulae. The developmental stage of gametes within a single specimen was not highly synchronized; females contained eggs as well as planulae, and males exhibited a range of gamete development. These reproductive traits indicate that hydrocorals have limited potential to recolonize disturbed areas in the Aleutian Islands. C1 [Brooke, Sandra] Oregon Inst Marine Biol, Charleston, OR USA. [Stone, Robert] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auk Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Brooke, S (reprint author), Oregon Inst Marine Biol, Charleston, OR USA. EM sandra-brooke@comcast.net NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 81 IS 3 BP 519 EP 532 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 249BV UT WOS:000252202700016 ER PT J AU Garner, J AF Garner, Jonathan TI Forecasting tornado path length - Is it possible? SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 [Garner, Jonathan] Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Garner, J (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1721 EP 1722 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240NY UT WOS:000251595500015 ER PT J AU Zrnic, DS Kimpel, JF Forsyth, DE Shapiro, A Crain, G Ferek, R Heimmer, J Benner, W McNellis, TJ Vogt, RJ AF Zrnic, D. S. Kimpel, J. F. Forsyth, D. E. Shapiro, A. Crain, G. Ferek, R. Heimmer, J. Benner, W. McNellis, T. J. Vogt, R. J. TI Agile-beam phased array radar for weather observations SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ADJOINT-METHOD RETRIEVALS; ALTITUDE WIND FIELDS; SINGLE-DOPPLER REFLECTIVITY; PHOENIX-II; SURVEILLANCE RADARS; DETECTION ALGORITHM; PULSE-COMPRESSION; TORNADO DETECTION; CLEAR-AIR; WSR-88D AB Weather radars with conventional antenna cannot provide desired volume scan updates at intervals of one minute or less, which is essential for significant improvement in warning lead time of impending storm hazards. The agile-beam multimission phased array radar (MPAR) discussed herein is one potential candidate that can provide faster scanning. It also offers a unique potential for multipurpose use to not only sample weather, but support air traffic needs and track noncooperative airplanes, thus making it an affordable option. After introducing the basic idea behind electronic beam steering, the needs for frequent observations of convective weather are explained. Then, advantages of the phased array radar (PAR) for weather monitoring and improving data quality are examined. To explore and develop weather-related applications of the PAR, a National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) has been established in Norman, Oklahoma. The NWRT's main purpose is to address the advanced capabilities anticipated within the next decade so that these could be projected to a possible network of future weather radars. Examples of data illustrating advantages of this advanced radar are shown, and forthcoming plans are discussed. C1 [Zrnic, D. S.; Kimpel, J. F.; Forsyth, D. E.] NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Shapiro, A.; Crain, G.] Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Ferek, R.] Off Naval Res, Arlington, VA 22217 USA. [Heimmer, J.] Basic Commerce Ind, Moorestown, NJ USA. [Benner, W.] FAA, Atlantic City, NJ USA. [McNellis, T. J.] Lockheed Martin Corp, Moorestown, NJ USA. [Vogt, R. J.] NOAA, Radar Operat Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM dusan.zrnic@noaa.gov RI Shapiro, Alan/G-6116-2011 NR 56 TC 109 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1753 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1753 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240NY UT WOS:000251595500020 ER PT J AU Powell, MD Reinhold, TA AF Powell, Mark D. Reinhold, Timothy A. TI Tropical cyclone destructive potential by integrated kinetic energy - Reply SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Powell, Mark D.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Reinhold, Timothy A.] Inst Business & Home Safety, Tampa, FL USA. RP Powell, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1800 EP 1801 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1800 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240NY UT WOS:000251595500025 ER PT J AU Oxman, DS Barnett-Johnson, R Smith, ME Coffin, A Miller, DL Josephson, R Popper, AN AF Oxman, Dion S. Barnett-Johnson, Rachel Smith, Michael E. Coffin, Allison Miller, Diane L. Josephson, Ron Popper, Arthur N. TI The effect of vaterite deposition on sound reception, otolith morphology, and inner ear sensory epithelia in hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HEARING ABILITY; COHO SALMON; FISH; STRESS; GROWTH; TROUT; CHEMISTRY; ARAGONITE; WILD; TEMPERATURES AB The inner ear of teleost fishes contains three calcareous structures (otoliths) that are part of the organs for hearing and balance. The largest of these structures, the sagitta, is usually composed of calcium carbonate crystals in the form of aragonite, but the calcium carbonate also occurs less frequently in a clear crystallized form called vaterite. We investigated the functional consequences of otolith crystal structure on hearing in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) using the auditory brainstem response technique. A significant loss of sensitivity (2.5-6.5 dB) occurred within the primary hearing range (100-300 Hz) among salmon that had at least one vateritic sagitta. Auditory thresholds were not significantly different in fish with one vs. two vaterite sagittae. Crystallized sagittae were significantly larger and less dense than their aragonite counterparts. Saccular epithelium shape and hair bundle orientation patterns did not differ between saccules with different crystal types. There was, however, a propensity for the saccular epithelia from vateritic sagittae to have fewer sensory hair bundles. We conclude that significant hearing loss was associated with the occurrence of vateritic sagittae and suggest that hearing loss is caused by the lower density of the vaterite otoliths. C1 [Oxman, Dion S.; Josephson, Ron] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, Mark Tag & Age Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Barnett-Johnson, Rachel] NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Smith, Michael E.; Coffin, Allison; Miller, Diane L.; Popper, Arthur N.] Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Smith, Michael E.; Coffin, Allison; Miller, Diane L.; Popper, Arthur N.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Comparat & Evolutionary Biol Hearing, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Oxman, DS (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, Mark Tag & Age Lab, 10107 Bentwood Pl, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM dion.oxinan@alaska.gov NR 41 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1469 EP 1478 DI 10.1139/F07-106 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 240NU UT WOS:000251595100001 ER PT J AU Bigelow, KA Maunder, MN AF Bigelow, Keith A. Maunder, Mark N. TI Does habitat or depth influence catch rates of pelagic species? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; ABUNDANCE; PACIFIC; DECLINE; MOVEMENTS; TELEMETRY; INDEXES; FISHES; OCEAN; GEAR AB The efficiency of a pelagic longline fishing operation and the species composition of the resulting catch is influenced primarily by the relationship between the distribution of hooks and species vulnerability, with vulnerability described by either depth or some suite of environmental variables. We therefore fitted longline catch rate models to determine whether catch is estimated better by vertically distributing a species by depth or by environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, thermocline gradient, and oxygen concentration). Catch rates were estimated by two methods: (i) monitoring longlines where the vertical distribution of hooks and catch in relation to depth and environmental conditions is known, and (ii) applying a statistical habitat-based standardization (statHBS) model to fishery and environmental data to develop relative abundance indices for bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and blue shark (Prionace glauca). Results indicated that an understanding of gear dynamics and environmental influences are important for analyzing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data correctly. Analyses based on depth-specific catch rates can lead to serious misinterpretation of abundance trends, despite the use of sophisticated statistical techniques (e.g., generalized linear mixed models). This illustrates that inappropriate inclusion or exclusion of important covariates can bias estimates of relative abundance, which may be a common occurrence in CPUE analysis. C1 [Bigelow, Keith A.] NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Maunder, Mark N.] Inter Amer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Bigelow, KA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Keith.Bigelow@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 11 BP 1581 EP 1594 DI 10.1139/F07-115 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 240NU UT WOS:000251595100011 ER PT J AU Andrews, KS Levin, PS Katz, SL Farrer, D Gallucci, VF Bargmann, G AF Andrews, K. S. Levin, P. S. Katz, S. L. Farrer, D. Gallucci, V. F. Bargmann, G. TI Acoustic monitoring of sixgill shark movements in Puget Sound: evidence for localized movement SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEXANCHUS-GRISEUS; NEGAPRION-BREVIROSTRIS; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; FISHERIES; CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; PACIFIC; ECOLOGY; SCIENCE AB Understanding the movements of species, particularly those that may exert strong influence on community structure or that may be susceptible to human perturbations, is critical to effectively conserve and manage populations. However, the study of movement behavior in marine fishes has been historically difficult and typically produces a limited amount of data (i.e., start and end points). We use an array of automated acoustic receivers to monitor autumn and winter movement patterns of sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788)) in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Daily movement of sharks and maximum distance moved from tagging sites varied with size, with larger sharks having shorter daily movements and maximum distances from tagging locations than smaller sharks. Sharks were detected at the same site as the previous day 76% of the time. Movement away from the shark's tagging location increased slightly over the duration of the study, but most sharks occupied the same sites for most of the study. These relatively small and stable movement patterns could lead to localized, top-down impacts from sixgill sharks and suggest that local human perturbations, such as fishing or pollution, have the potential to negatively affect local populations of sixgill sharks. C1 [Andrews, K. S.; Levin, P. S.; Katz, S. L.] NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Farrer, D.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife Fish, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. [Gallucci, V. F.; Bargmann, G.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Andrews, KS (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM kelly.andrews@noaa.gov OI Andrews, Kelly/0000-0001-7734-3800 NR 40 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1136 EP 1142 DI 10.1139/Z07-088 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 257AX UT WOS:000252772700004 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, Dale P. TI A virtual rapid chloride permeability test SO CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE building technology; conduction; diffusion; validation; verification; virtual testing ID BLENDED CEMENT; SILICA FUME; CONDUCTIVITY; CONCRETE; MICROSTRUCTURE; DIFFUSIVITY; HYDRATION; PASTES AB The rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), as it is commonly called, has been in existence for over 20 years and was standardized by ASTM over 15 years ago. The test is used extensively in the concrete industry for assessing concrete quality and is now being included in concrete specification documents. Because the underlying physics of the test are fairly well understood, it is possible to create a virtual test method that mimics the real world physical test. This paper presents a prototype virtual test method that includes prediction of the conductivity of the cementitious binder pore solution and the total charge passed during an ASTM C 1202 RCPT. Potential applications of the virtual test method are first discussed. Then, the technical background used and the numerous assumptions employed in creating the prototype virtual test are outlined in detail. In addition, the computer implementation of the virtual test, as a set of HTML/JavaScript web documents, is presented. Validation against existing data sets is presented, with a generally reasonable agreement noted between the experimental and the virtual test results. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-9465 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP JI Cem. Concr. Compos. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 29 IS 10 BP 723 EP 731 DI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.06.006 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 228RM UT WOS:000250747400002 ER PT J AU Voorhees, EM AF Voorhees, Ellen M. TI TREC: Continuing information retrieval's tradition of experimentation SO COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Informat Access Div, Retrieval Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Voorhees, EM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Informat Access Div, Retrieval Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Ellen.Voorhees@nist.gov RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013 NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 2 PENN PLAZA, STE 701, NEW YORK, NY 10121-0701 USA SN 0001-0782 J9 COMMUN ACM JI Commun. ACM PD NOV PY 2007 VL 50 IS 11 BP 51 EP 54 DI 10.1145/1297797.1297822 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 226LY UT WOS:000250591800010 ER PT J AU Zhizhin, M Kihn, E Redmon, R Poyda, A Mishin, D Medvedev, D Lyutsarev, V AF Zhizhin, M. Kihn, E. Redmon, R. Poyda, A. Mishin, D. Medvedev, D. Lyutsarev, V. TI Integrating and mining distributed environmental archives on Grids SO CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd VLDB Data Management in Grids Workshop CY SEP 11, 2006 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP VLDB DE very large databases; common data model; time series; data mining; fuzzy logic; data Grids; space physics; weather re-analysis; environmental informatics ID OGSA-DAI; REANALYSIS; SERVICES AB The solar-terrestrial physics distributed database for the ICSU World Data Centers, and the NCEP/NCAR climate re-analysis data have been integrated into standard Grid environments using the OGSA-DAI framework. A set of algorithms and software tools for distributed querying and mining environmental archives using the UNIDATA Common Data Model concepts has been developed. In addition, the toolkit enables querying the data using meaningful 'human linguistic' terms. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Geophys Ctr, Moscow 119991, Russia. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow, Russia. Microsoft Res, Cambridge, England. RP Zhizhin, M (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Geophys Ctr, Moscow 119991, Russia. EM jjn@wdcb.ru RI Kihn, Eric/A-8204-2009; Redmon, Robert/A-7688-2011; Lyutsarev, Vasily/F-2562-2013; ZHIZHIN, Mikhail/B-9795-2014 OI Redmon, Robert/0000-0001-5585-2719; Lyutsarev, Vasily/0000-0003-1660-1129; NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1532-0626 J9 CONCURR COMP-PRACT E JI Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 19 IS 16 BP 2157 EP 2170 DI 10.1002/cpe.1192 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 227JX UT WOS:000250654100005 ER PT J AU Friedland, KD Hare, JA AF Friedland, Kevin D. Hare, Jonathan A. TI Long-term trends and regime shifts in sea surface temperature on the continental shelf of the northeast United States SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sea surface temperature; regime shift; fisheries; productivity ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; COD GADUS-MORHUA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EXTENDED RECONSTRUCTION; SCOTIAN SHELF; PELAGIC FISH; MARINE FISH; GROWTH; WATER AB We investigated sea surface temperature (SST) variability over large spatial and temporal scales for the continental shelf region located off the northeast coast of the United States between Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and the Gulf of Maine using the extended reconstruction sea surface temperature (ERSST) dataset. The ERSST dataset consists of 2 degrees x 2 degrees (latitude and longitude) monthly mean values computed from in situ data derived from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). Nineteen 2 degrees x 2 degrees bins were chosen that cover the shelf region of interest between the years of 1854 and 2005. Mean annual and range of SST were examined using dynamic factor analysis to estimate trends in both parameters, while chronological clustering was used to determine temporal SST patterns and breakpoints in the time series that are believed to signal regime shifts in SST. Both SST and SST trend analysis show that interannual variability of SST fluctuations shows strong coherence between bins, with declining SST at the beginning of the last century, followed by increasing SST through 1950, and then rapidly decreasing between 1950 and mid-1960s, with somewhat warmer SST thereafter to present. Annual SST range decreases in a seaward direction for all bins, with strong coherence for interannual variability of range fluctuations between bins. The trend in SST range shows a decreasing range at the beginning of the last century followed by an increase in range from 1920 to the late-1980s, remaining high through present with some spatial variability. A more detailed spatial analysis was conducted by grouping the data into 7 regions using principal component analysis. We analyzed regional trends in mean annual SST, seasonal SST range (summer SST-winter SST), and normalized SST minima and maxima. Both the summer and winter seasons were also analyzed using the length of each season and amplitude of the warming and cooling season, respectively, along with the spring warming and fall cooling rates. Trends in all of the parameters were examined after low-pass filtering using a 10-point convolution filter (n = 10 years) and regime shifts were identified using the sequential t-test analysis of regime shifts (STARS) method. The analysis shows some difference between regions in the timing of minimum SST with minima being reached I month earlier in the south (February) relative to more northern regions (March). Regional annual SST range decreased in a seaward direction. Amplitude of summer warming and the length of summer have shown fluctuations with recent years showing stronger warming and longer summers but generally not exceeding past levels. Overall, the difference in SST range, with recent larger values may be the most significant finding of this work. SST range changes have the potential to disrupt species important to local fisheries due to combinations of differing temperature tolerances, changes in reproduction potential, and changes in the distributional range of species. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kevin.friediand@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 32 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 EI 1873-6955 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 18 BP 2313 EP 2328 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.06.001 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 230YM UT WOS:000250912300003 ER PT J AU Zardus, JD Balazs, GH AF Zardus, John D. Balazs, George H. TI Two previously unreported barnacles commensal with the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), in Hawaii and a comparison of their attachment modes SO CRUSTACEANA LA English DT Article ID LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; ATLANTIC BARNACLE; STOMATOLEPAS; BALANOMORPHA; TESTUDINARIA; CIRRIPEDIA AB Two species of barnacles found living in the skin of green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, and not previously recorded in Hawaii are reported and their attachment mechanisms compared. These findings bring to five the total number of barnacles commensal with Hawaiian sea turtles and to 50 the number of shallow-water cirripedes known in Hawaii. Identified as Stomatolepas elegans and Platylepas decorata, both species live embedded in the soft skin of the limbs, neck, and tail of their host. Stomatolepas elegans is perhaps a recent arrival in Hawaii with this being the first report of it, or any member of the genus, occurring with hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata. We found the barnacle embeds by penetrating the epidermis of sea turtles and then anchors in connective tissue of the dermis by way of small spikes extending fromt he shell. Conversely, P. decorata invades host tissue less deeply, lacks anchoring devices, and becomes encapsulated only by epidermis. Species diagnoses were made by light and scanning electron microscopy and by comparison with other members in each genus. C1 The Citadel, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29409 USA. Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Zardus, JD (reprint author), The Citadel, Dept Biol, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC 29409 USA. EM john.zardus@citadel.edu NR 34 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0011-216X J9 CRUSTACEANA JI Crustaceana PD NOV PY 2007 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1303 EP 1315 DI 10.1163/156854007782605547 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 237WZ UT WOS:000251408400003 ER PT J AU Wang, L Abbasi, F Gaigalas, AK Hoffman, RA Flagler, D Marti, GE AF Wang, Lili Abbasi, Fatima Gaigalas, Adolfas K. Hoffman, Robert A. Flagler, Dan Marti, G. E. TI Discrepancy in measuring CD4 expression on T-lymphocytes using fluorescein conjugates in comparison with unimolar CD4-phycoerythrin conjugates SO CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE CD4; quantibrite((TM)) PE quantification kits; ABC value; MESF value; FITC-labeled microspheres; CYTO-TROL control cells; pH effect; antibody binding affinity; effective F/P ratio ID FLOW-CYTOMETRY; INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; ANTIGEN-EXPRESSION; CELLS; QUANTITATION; INTENSITY; BLOOD; PHYCOERYTHRIN; FLUOROPHORE; ASSIGNMENT AB Background: Numerous methods for quantitative fluorescence calibration (QFC) have been developed to quantify receptor expression on lymphocytes. However, the results from the use of these different QFC methods vary considerably in the literature. To better identify the causes of these discrepancies, we measured CD4 expression using FITC and phycoerythrin (PE) conjugates to stain CYTO-TROL (TM) Control Cells and T-lymphocytes in whole blood and isolated cell preparations. We further examined pH of the cellular microenvironment as a cause of discordant results obtained with the FITC conjugate. Methods: Calibration with Quantibrite PE-labeled microspheres and the use of unimolar CD4-PE conjugates provided direct measurement of the antibody bound per cell value (ABC) for CD4 expression on normal T-lymphocytes. Calibration for CD4-FITC monoclonal antibody (Mab) labeled CYTO-TROL Control Cells and normal T-lymphocytes was based on molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) as determined by FITC-labeled microspheres traceable to NIST RM 8640. The MESF value for CD4-FlTC Mab was determined that enabled the conversion of the MESF values obtained for CYTO-TROL cells to ABC. We investigated the likely pH change in the fluorescein microenvironments within FITC-labeled Mab and cells stained with FITC-labeled Mab using a pH sensitive indicator. Results: The mean ABC value for T-lymphocytes prepared from fresh whole blood using CD4-PE conjugate (48,321) was consistent with previous results, and it was much higher than the mean ABC using CD4-FlTC Mab (22,156). The mean ABC value for CYTO-TROL cells using CD4-PE conjugate (43,090) was also higher than that using CD4-FlTC conjugate (34,734), although the discrepancy was not as great. Further studies suggested the discrepancy in CYTO-TROL results may be accounted for by the low pH of the membrane microenvironment, but the greater discrepancy in T-lymphocytes could not be fully explained. Conclusion: CD4 expression on fresh normal whole blood samples and CYTO-TROL cells can be consistently quantified in ABC units using Quantibrite PE quantification beads and unimolar CD4-PE conjugates. Quantification with CD4-FlTC conjugate is not as consistent, but may be improved by the use of CD4 T-cells as biological. calibrators. This approximation is valid only for surface receptors with consensus ABC values measured by different QFC methods serving as biological standards. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. BD Biosci, San Jose, CA 95131 USA. Beckman Coulter Inc, Miami, FL 33116 USA. RP Marti, GE (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312,Gaithersburg, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gemarti@helix.nih.gov NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4949 J9 CYTOM PART B-CLIN CY JI Cytom. Part B-Clin. Cytom. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 72B IS 6 BP 442 EP 449 DI 10.1002/cyto.b.20354 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Pathology GA 227LA UT WOS:000250657000002 PM 17474131 ER PT J AU Scherrer, SS Quinn, JB Quinn, GD Wiskott, HA AF Scherrer, Susanne S. Quinn, Janet B. Quinn, George D. Wiskott, H. W. Anselm TI Fractographic ceramic failure analysis using the replica technique SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE fractography; ceramic; failure analysis; replica ID FRACTURE-SURFACE-ANALYSIS AB Objectives. To demonstrate the effectiveness of in vivo replicas of fractured ceramic surfaces for descriptive fractography as applied to the analysis of clinical failures. Methods. The fracture surface topography of partially failed veneering ceramic of a Procera Alumina molar and an In-Ceram Zirconia premolar were examined utilizing gold-coated epoxy poured replicas viewed using scanning electron microscopy. The replicas were inspected for fractographic features such as hackle, wake hackle, twist hackle, compression curl and arrest lines for determination of the direction of crack propagation and location of the origin. Results. For both veneering ceramics, replicas provided an excellent reproduction of the fractured surfaces. Fine details including all characteristic fracture features produced by the interaction of the advancing crack with the material's microstructure could be recognized. The observed features are indicators of the local direction of crack propagation and were used to trace the crack's progression back to its initial starting zone (the origin). Drawbacks of replicas such as artifacts (air bubbles) or imperfections resulting from inadequate epoxy pouring were noted but not critical for the overall analysis of the fractured surfaces. Significance. The replica technique proved to be easy to use and allowed an excellent reproduction of failed ceramic surfaces. It should be applied before attempting to remove any failed part remaining in situ as the fracture surface may be damaged during this procedure. These two case studies are intended as an introduction for the clinical researcher in using qualitative (descriptive) fractography as a tool for understanding fracture processes in brittle restorative materials and, secondarily, to draw conclusions as to possible design inadequacies in failed restorations. (C) 2006, Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Geneva, Sch Dent Med, Dept Prosthodont Biomat, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Scherrer, SS (reprint author), Univ Geneva, Sch Dent Med, Dept Prosthodont Biomat, 19 Barthelemy Menn, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland. EM susanne.scherrer@medecine.unige.ch FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE017983-01, DE K22-DE14534, K22 DE014534] NR 12 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1397 EP 1404 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2006.12.002 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 223VM UT WOS:000250400600011 PM 17270267 ER PT J AU Hoef, JMV Boveng, PL AF Hoef, Jay M. Ver Boveng, Peter L. TI Quasi-poisson vs. negative binomial regression: How should we model overdispersed count data? SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE covariates; generalized linear models; harbor seals; iteratively weighted least squares; overdispersion; quasi models ID DOUBLE-EXPONENTIAL-FAMILIES; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; HARBOR SEALS; ALASKA; ABUNDANCE AB Quasi-Poisson and negative binomial regression models have equal numbers of parameters, and either could be used for overdispersed count data. While they often give similar results, there can be striking differences in estimating the effects of covariates. We explain when and why such differences occur. The variance of a quasi-Poisson model is a linear function of the mean while the variance of a negative binomial model is a quadratic function of the mean. These variance relationships affect the weights in the iteratively weighted least-squares algorithm of fitting models to data. Because the variance is a function of the mean, large and small counts get weighted differently in quasi-Poisson and negative binomial regression. We provide an example using harbor seal counts from aerial surveys. These counts are affected by date, time of day, and time relative to low tide. We present results on a data set that showed a dramatic difference on estimating abundance of harbor seals when using quasi-Poisson vs. negative binomial regression. This difference is described and explained in light of the different weighting used in each regression method. A general understanding of weighting can help ecologists choose between these two methods. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoef, JMV (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jay.verhoef@noaa.gov OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 29 TC 183 Z9 186 U1 5 U2 58 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2007 VL 88 IS 11 BP 2766 EP 2772 DI 10.1890/07-0043.1 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233CL UT WOS:000251067900013 PM 18051645 ER PT J AU Tiedeken, JA Ramsdell, JS AF Tiedeken, Jessica A. Ramsdell, John S. TI Embryonic exposure to domoic acid increases the susceptibility of zebrafish larvae to the chemical convulsant pentylenetetrazole SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Danio rerio; domoic acid; EthoVision; pentylenetetrazole; seizures; zebrafish ID LIONS ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; SEA LIONS; TOXIC MUSSELS; KAINIC ACID; BRAIN; MICE; NEUROTOXICITY; BEHAVIOR; RATS; IDENTIFICATION AB BACKGROUND: Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudonitzschia that targets the limbic system to induce tonic-clonic seizures and memory impairment. In utero DA exposure of mice leads to a reduction in seizure threshold to subsequent DA exposures in mid-postnatal life, and similar studies have shown neurotoxic effects in rats that were delayed until adolescence. OBJECTIVE: We used in ovo microinjection of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to characterize the effect of embryonic exposure of DA on seizure-inducing agents later in life as an alternative species model to screen environmental contaminants that might induce a fetal-originating adult disease. METHODS: Embryos were microinjected within hours of fertilization to DA concentrations ranging from 0.12 to 1.26 ng/mg egg weight. Seven days later, the larval animals were characterized for sensitivity to the chemical convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), an agent that is well-defined in laboratory rodents and, more recently, in zebrafish. RESULTS: In ovo DA exposure, most significantly at 0.4 ng/mg, reduces the latency time until first PTZ seizure in larval fish and increases the severity of seizures as determined by seizure stage and movement parameters. The interaction between in ovo DA exposure and PTZ caused seizure behaviors to individually asymptomatic doses of PTZ (1.0 and 1.25 mM) and DA (0.13 and 0.22 ng/mg). CONCLUSION: These studies demonstrate that in ovo exposure to DA reduces the threshold to chemically induced seizures in larval fish and increases the severity of seizure behavior in a manner that is consistent with in utero studies of laboratory rodents. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 17 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 115 IS 11 BP 1547 EP 1552 DI 10.1289/ehp.10344 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 228YY UT WOS:000250769700017 PM 18007982 ER PT J AU Litz, JA Garrison, LP Fieber, LA Martinez, A Contillo, JP Kucklick, JR AF Litz, Jenny A. Garrison, Lance P. Fieber, Lynne A. Martinez, Anthony Contillo, Joseph P. Kucklick, John R. TI Fine-scale spatial variation of persistent organic pollutants in Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Biscayne Bay, Florida SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; HARBOR PORPOISES; MARINE MAMMALS; ATLANTIC; CETACEANS; BLUBBER; COAST AB Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are long-term residents and apex predators in southeast U.S. estuaries and are vulnerable to bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Dart biopsy samples were collected from 45 dolphins in Biscayne Bay (Miami, FL), 34 of which were matched using fin markings to a photo identification catalogue. Blubber samples were analyzed for 73 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, and organochlorine pesticides including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, chlordanes, and dieldrin. Total PCBs (Sigma 73PCBs) were present in the highest concentrations and were 5 times higher in males with sighting histories in the northern, metropolitan area of Biscayne Bay than males with sighting histories in the southern, more rural area [geometric mean: 43.3 (95% confidence interval: 28.0-66.9) vs 8.6 (6.3-11.9) mu g/g wet mass, respectively]. All compound classes had higher concentrations in northern animals than southern. The differences in POP concentrations found on this small geographic scale demonstrate that differential habitat use can strongly influence pollutant concentrations and should be considered when interpreting bottlenose dolphin POP data. The PCB concentrations in northern Bay dolphins are high as compared to other studies of estuarine dolphins and may place these animals at risk of reproductive failure and decreased immune function. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Litz, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jenny.litz@noaa.gov OI Fieber, Lynne/0000-0002-7717-2260 NR 31 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 21 BP 7222 EP 7228 DI 10.1021/es070440r PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225ZE UT WOS:000250556100011 PM 18044492 ER PT J AU Gloria, TP Lippiatt, BC Cooper, J AF Gloria, Thomas P. Lippiatt, Barbara C. Cooper, Jennifer TI Life cycle impact assessment weights to support environmentally preferable purchasing in the united states SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB LCA is a quantitative method for understanding the environmental impacts of a product, yet all product purchasing decisions are ultimately subjective. Weights are the nexus between the quantitative results of LCA and the values-based, subjective choices of decision makers. In May 2007, NIST introduced a new optional weight set in Version 4.0 of the BEES software. Three key points about this new optional weight set are the basis for discussion in this paper: The new weight set was created specifically in the context of BEES. It is intended to support a practical method to assist environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States based on LCIA results. This is in contrast to the weight sets currently in BEES, which are based on generalist perspectives. The new weight set was created by a multi-stake holder panel via the AHP method, and is a synthesis of panelists' perspectives on the relative importance of each environmental impact category in BEES. The weight set draws on each panelist's personal and professional understanding of, and value attributed to, each impact category. While the synthesized weight set may not equally satisfy each panelist's view of impact importance, it does reflect contemporary values in applying LCA to real world decisions, and represents one approach others can learn from in producing weight sets. The new weight set offers BEES users an additional option for synthesizing and comparing the environmental performance of building products and making purchasing decisions. In so doing, it strengthens the decision-making process, which is important when making product comparisons in the public domain. The Weight Set: Across all panelists and with explicit consideration of all time horizons, anthropogenic contributions to global warming, weighted at 29%, was judged most important, yet not so important that decisions can be made solely on the basis of this impact. A strong tail of other concerns include fossil fuel depletion (10%), criteria air pollutants (9%), water intake/use (8%), human health cancerous effects (8%), ecologic a I toxicity (7%), eutrophication of water bodies (6%), land use (6%), and human health noncancerous effects (5%). Also of interest are the identified impact areas of concern assigned the lowest weights: smog formation (4%), indoor air quality (3%), acidification (3%), and ozone depletion (2%). Their low weights may indicate that there is not as much immediate concern or that the remedial actions associated with the,impact for the most part are underway. C1 Life Cycle Serv LLC, Newton, MA 02459 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Five Winds Int, Guelph, ON N1H 3V4, Canada. RP Gloria, TP (reprint author), Life Cycle Serv LLC, 35 Bracebridge Rd, Newton, MA 02459 USA. EM tom@lifie-cycle.org NR 28 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 21 BP 7551 EP 7557 DI 10.1021/es070750+ PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225ZE UT WOS:000250556100059 PM 18044540 ER PT J AU Griffitt, RJ Greig, TW Chandlerj, GT Quattro, JA AF Griffitt, Robert J. Greig, Tom W. Chandlerj, G. Thomas Quattro, Joe A. TI Serial analysis of gene expression reveals identifiable patterns in transcriptome profiles of Palaemonetes pugio exposed to three common environmental stressors SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicogenoinics; grass shrimp; biomarkers; serial analysis of gene expression; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ID GRASS SHRIMP; FISH; ECOTOXICOGENOMICS; MICROARRAYS; GENOMICS; CADMIUM; TOOL AB Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a transcriptome-profiling technique that allows accurate gene expression profiles to be generated without any need for prior sequence knowledge, making it ideal for assaying toxicant-specific genetic responses in nonmodel species. We used SAGE to perform a large-scale survey of the Palaemonetes pugio transcriptome under different chemical xenobiotic stresses. Four libraries were constructed from fipronil-exposed, endosulfan-exposed, and cadmium-exposed shrimp, as well as from carrier-control-exposed shrimp. A total of 37,152 tags were sequenced from the four libraries, including 13,754 unique tags. Statistical analysis revealed that 117 tags were differentially expressed significantly in at least one of the three exposures. Cluster analyses of the altered tags showed that fipronil and enclosulfan elicit transcriptome profiles that are more similar to each other than either one was to cadmium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was performed on a subset of 46 differentially expressed tags, and largely confirmed the SAGE results. The tags were filtered to identify tags for which both SAGE and QPCR agreed in regard to the direction and magnitude of affect, and which were informative about the exposure experienced. A subset of 16 tags was identified that represents a putative biomarker suite that is indicative of exposures to the three toxicants. C1 Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Marine Sci Program, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Griffitt, RJ (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM griffitt@ufl.edu NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOC ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 26 IS 11 BP 2413 EP 2419 DI 10.1897/07-158R.1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 221XM UT WOS:000250260700021 PM 17941745 ER PT J AU Hoef, JMV Jansen, JK AF Hoef, Jay M. Ver Jansen, John K. TI Space-time zero-inflated count models of Harbor seals SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Spatio-Temporal Modelling CY SEP 27-29, 2006 CL Pamplona, SPAIN SP Spanish Minist Educ & Sci, Public Univ Navara, Govt Navarra, Dept Educ & Hlth Sci, Bank Navarra, Statist Inst Basque Country, EUSTAT, Statist Inst Navarra, Statist Modelling Soc, Addlink Sci Software Co, Rural Bank Navarra, City Coucil Pamplona, City Coucil Viana DE spatial statistics; time series; Poisson; Bernoulli; hurdle model; linex loss function ID STATISTICAL-MODELS; POISSON REGRESSION; ABUNDANCE AB Environmental data are spatial, temporal, and often come with many zeros. In this paper, we included space-time random effects in zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and 'hurdle' models to investigate haulout patterns of harbor seals on glacial ice. The data consisted of counts, for 18 dates on a lattice grid of samples, of harbor seals hauled out on glacial ice in Disenchantment Bay, near Yakutat, Alaska. A hurdle model is similar to a ZIP model except it does not mix zeros from the binary and count processes. Both models can be used for zero-inflated data, and we compared space-time ZIP and hurdle models in a Bayesian hierarchical model. Space-time ZIP and hurdle models were constructed by using spatial conditional autoregressive (CAR) models and temporal first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) models as random effects in ZIP and hurdle regression models. We created maps of smoothed predictions for harbor seal counts based on ice density, other covariates, and spatio-temporal random effects. For both models predictions around the edges appeared to be positively biased. The linex loss function is an asymmetric loss function that penalizes overprediction more than underprediction, and we used it to correct for prediction bias to get the best map for space-time ZIP and hurdle models. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoef, JMV (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jay.verhoef@noaa.gov OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 20 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD NOV PY 2007 VL 18 IS 7 SI SI BP 697 EP 712 DI 10.1002/env.873 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 221TI UT WOS:000250249800004 ER PT J AU Rooper, CN Boldt, JL Zimmermann, M AF Rooper, Christopher N. Boldt, Jennifer L. Zimmermann, Mark TI An assessment of juvenile Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) habitat use in a deepwater nursery SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE USA; Alaska; Gulf of Alaska; Aleutian Islands ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; CONCENTRATION HYPOTHESIS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; GENUS SEBASTES; ENGLISH SOLE; MARINE FISH; HECETA BANK; ASSOCIATIONS; ABUNDANCE; ROCKFISH AB It is believed that juvenile habitats are important to determining recruitment to adult fish populations through density dependence that occurs in nursery areas. For deepwater marine fishes, the characteristics of nursery areas are generally unknown. The objectives of this study were to examine a potential nursery area for juvenile Pacific ocean perch (POP, Sebastes alutus), determine the specific microhabitats used by juvenile POP, and compare the distribution of juvenile POP to adults. Juvenile POP habitat use was examined at three sites near Samalga Pass in the Aleutian Islands. Presence or absence and density estimates of juvenile POP were made from underwater video collected at I I transects and from 6 bottom tows at the study sites. Juvenile POP were found predominantly in mixed sand and boulder substrata to the exclusion of most other habitat types. Juvenile POP were found within one body length of complex structure such as boulders, upright coral or sponges. There were higher densities of juvenile POP at the site south of Samalga Pass than at the other sites, while adult POP were found in highest abundance at the site north of Samalga Pass. An examination of large-scale patterns of juvenile and adult POP distribution indicates that juveniles use shallower depth zones on the continental shelf. Combined with the geographic separation we observed in this study, this suggests juvenile POP use nursery habitats that are different from adult POP. Conservation and management of this species should address the habitat requirements of juveniles to maintain the goal of healthy adult populations. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rooper, CN (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM chris.rooper@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 51 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 75 IS 3 BP 371 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.006 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 222YW UT WOS:000250335800010 ER PT J AU Reznick, D Meredith, R Collette, BB AF Reznick, David Meredith, Robert Collette, Bruce B. TI Independent evolution of complex life history adaptations in two families of fishes, live-bearing halfbeaks (zenarchopteridae, beloniformes) and poeciliidae (cyprinodontiformes) SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE convergence; convergent evolution; evolution of complex traits; matrotrophy; placenta; Poeciliidae; superfetation; Zenarchopteridae ID ADAPTIVE RADIATION; FOLLICULAR PSEUDOPLACENTA; THREESPINE STICKLEBACK; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; REPRODUCTIVE MODES; GENUS POECILIOPSIS; GENERA DERMOGENYS; PELVIC REDUCTION; HEMIRAMPHIDAE; TELEOSTEI AB We have previously documented multiple, independent origins of placentas in the fish family Poeciliidae. Here we summarize similar analyses of fishes in the family Zenarchopteridae. This family includes three live-bearing genera. Earlier studies documented the presence of superfetation, or the ability to carry multiple litters of young in different stages of development in the same ovary, in some species in all three genera. There is also one earlier report of matrotrophy, or extensive postfertilization maternal provisioning, in two of these genera. We present detailed life-history data for approximately half of the species in all three genera and combine them with the best available phylogeny to make inferences about the pattern of life-history evolution within this family. Three species of Hemirhamphodon have superfetation but lack matrotrophy. Most species in Nomorhamphus and Dermogenys either lack superfetation and matrotrophy or have both superfetation and matrotrophy. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that matrotrophy may have evolved independently in each genus. In Dermogenys, matrotrophic species produce fewer, larger offspring than nonmatrotrophic species. In Nomorhamphus; matrotrophic species instead produce more and smaller offspring than lecithotrophic species. However, the matrotrophic species in both genera have significantly smaller masses of reproductive tissue relative to their body sizes. All aspects of these results are duplicated in the fish family Poeciliidae. We discuss the possible adaptive significance of matrotrophy in the light of these new results. The two families together present a remarkable opportunity to study the evolution of a complex trait because they contain multiple, independent origins of the trait that often include close relatives that vary in either the presence or absence of the matrotrophy or in the degree to which matrotrophy is developed. These are the raw materials that are required for either an analysis of the adaptive significance of the trait or for studies of the genetic mechanisms that underlie the evolution of the trait. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Reznick, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM david.reznick@ucr.edu NR 65 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 17 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD NOV PY 2007 VL 61 IS 11 BP 2570 EP 2583 DI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00207.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 226JZ UT WOS:000250586600010 PM 17725625 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Gann, RG Kukuck, SR Lenhert, DB AF Manzello, Samuel L. Gann, Richard G. Kukuck, Scott R. Lenhert, David B. TI Influence of gypsum board type (X or C) on real fire performance of partition assemblies SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE compartmentation; fire resistance; partitions; wall; heat flux ID WOOD-STUD WALLS; MODEL; HEAT AB This paper compares the responses of wall-size partition assemblies, composed of either type X or type C gypsum wallboard panels over steel studs, when each was exposed to an intense room fire. The exposures lasted from the time of ignition to beyond flashover. Heat flux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behaviour during the fire exposure. Contraction of the seams of the two types of assemblies occurred under similar thermal conditions on the unexposed surface. However, there were noticeable differences in cracking behaviour. Reduced scale experiments were performed in conjunction with the real-scale fire tests to provide insight into the contraction and cracking behaviour of the different gypsum board types. Results obtained from these experiments are discussed. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8662 Bldg 224,Room A361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 31 IS 7 BP 425 EP 442 DI 10.1002/fam.940 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 229LC UT WOS:000250803500001 ER PT J AU Seeb, LW Antonovich, A Banks, AA Beacham, TD Bellinger, AR Blankenship, SM Campbell, AR Decovich, NA Garza, JC Guthrie, CM Lundrigan, TA Moran, P Narum, SR Stephenson, JJ Supernault, KJ Teel, DJ Templin, WD Wenburg, JK Young, SE Smith, CT AF Seeb, L. W. Antonovich, A. Banks, A. A. Beacham, T. D. Bellinger, A. R. Blankenship, S. M. Campbell, A. R. Decovich, N. A. Garza, J. C. Guthrie, C. M., III Lundrigan, T. A. Moran, P. Narum, S. R. Stephenson, J. J. Supernault, K. J. Teel, D. J. Templin, W. D. Wenburg, J. K. Young, S. E. Smith, C. T. TI Development of a standardized DNA database for Chinook salmon SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SPECIES AMPLIFICATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; PACIFIC SALMON; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; DIVERSITY; FISHERIES AB An international multi-laboratory project was conducted to develop a standardized DNA database for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). This project was in response to the needs of the Chinook Technical Committee of the Pacific Salmon Commission to identify stock composition of Chinook salmon caught in fisheries during their oceanic migrations. Nine genetics laboratories identified 13 microsatellite loci that could be reproducibty assayed in each of the laboratories. To test that the loci were reproducible among laboratories, blind tests were conducted to verify scoring consistency for the nearly 500 total alleles. Once standardized, a dataset of over 16,000 Chinook salmon representing 110 putative populations was constructed ranging throughout the area of interest of the Pacific Salmon Commission from Southeast Alaska to the Sacramento River in California. The dataset differentiates the major known genetic lineages of Chinook salmon and provides a tool for genetic stock identification of samples collected from mixed fisheries. A diverse group of scientists representing the disciplines of fishery management, genetics, fishery administration, population dynamics, and sampling theory are now developing recommendations for the integration of these genetic data into ocean salmon management. C1 [Seeb, L. W.; Antonovich, A.; Lundrigan, T. A.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Decovich, N. A.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Commercial Fisheries, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. [Banks, A. A.] Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Beacham, T. D.] Dept Fisheries & Oceans Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. [Blankenship, S. M.] Ctr Sci, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Campbell, A. R.] Eagle Fish Genet Lab, Dept Fish & Game, Eagle, CO USA. [Garza, J. C.] Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Guthrie, C. M., III] Ted Stevens Marine Res Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auk Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. [Lundrigan, T. A.] Univ Victorias Ctr Biomed Res, Victoria, BC, Canada. [Teel, D. J.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Narum, S. R.] Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Comm, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Idaho Falls, ID USA. [Wenburg, J. K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Fish & Wildlife Res Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Young, S. E.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA USA. [Smith, C. T.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Div Commercial Fisheries, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Seeb, LW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM lseeb@u.washington.edu OI Bellinger, M. Renee/0000-0001-5274-9572 NR 33 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD NOV PY 2007 VL 32 IS 11 BP 540 EP 552 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[540:DOASDD]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 243IC UT WOS:000251789000007 ER PT J AU Case, FH Brennan, J Chaka, A Dobbs, KD Friend, DG Frurip, D Gordon, PA Moore, J Mountain, RD Olson, J Ross, RB Schiller, M Shen, VK AF Case, Fiona H. Brennan, John Chaka, Anne Dobbs, Kerwin D. Friend, Daniel G. Frurip, David Gordon, Peter A. Moore, Jonathan Mountain, Raymond D. Olson, James Ross, Richard B. Schiller, Martin Shen, Vincent K. TI The third industrial fluid properties simulation challenge SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE molecular simulation; VLE; phase equilibria; viscosity; statistical mechanics; molecular dynamics; Monte Carlo ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; FORCE-FIELD; SHEAR VISCOSITY; COSMO-RS; TRANSFERABLE POTENTIALS; PREDICTION; MIXTURES AB The third industrial fluid properties simulation challenge was held from March to September 2006. As in the previous two events contestants were challenged to predict specific, indutrially relevant, properties of fluid systems. Their efforts were judged based on the agreement of the predicted values with previously unpublished experimental data (provided by researchers at ExxonMobil and DuPont). The focus of this contest was on the transferability of modeling methods-the ability to predict properties for materials that are chemically different, or at different state points, to those used in model parameterization and validation. Nine groups attempted to compute bubble point pressures for mixtures of 1, 1, 1,2,3,3,3heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) and ethanol at 343 K, given data for mixtures at 283 K, and given the pure component vapor pressures. They used a range of different techniques including statistical mechanical and molecular simulations-based approaches. Four of the groups were recognized for providing predictions that were significantly more accurate than would be obtained by extrapolation using the NRTL model (the standard engineering approach). Three groups undertook the more challenging "molecular transferability" problem, attempting to predict shear viscosities at two different state points for a range of diols and triols for which little experimental data was available. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Case Sci, Essex Jct, VT USA. Army Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Wilmington, DE USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI USA. ExxonMobil Co, Annandale, NJ USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Charleston, WV USA. 3M Co, St Paul, MN USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Case Sci, Essex Jct, VT USA. EM Raymond.Mountain@nist.gov RI Moore, Jonathan/B-8201-2009 NR 54 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 260 IS 2 BP 153 EP 163 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2007.08.021 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 233FL UT WOS:000251075700001 ER PT J AU Gordon, PA Schiller, M Kao, CPC Bair, S Friend, DG AF Gordon, Peter A. Schiller, Martin Kao, Chien-Ping Chai Bair, Scott Friend, Daniel G. TI Benchmarks for the third industrial fluid properties simulation challenge SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE bubble point; vapor-liquid equilibria; viscosity; ethanol; 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane; 1,2-butanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol; 1,2,4-butanetiol ID ESTABLISHING BENCHMARKS; BINARY-MIXTURES; VISCOSITY; GPA AB We outline the procedures used to establish benchmark physical property data for the Third Industrial Fluid Properties Simulation Challenge. For both challenge problems, this involved measurement of new data, including bubble-point pressures of ethanol/HFC-227ea mixtures at 343.13 K, and the viscosity of 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, and 1,2,4-butanetriol at 373 K and 0. 1 and 250 MPa. When possible, measurements were compared with published literature data. Recominended values are provided with corresponding uncertainty estimates. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Friend, DG (reprint author), ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. EM daniel.friend@nist.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 260 IS 2 BP 164 EP 168 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2007.06.021 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 233FL UT WOS:000251075700002 ER PT J AU Davis, MW AF Davis, M. W. TI Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE delayed mortality; fish condition; reflex impairment; salmon; stress; survival ID DISCARD MORTALITY; BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT; WALLEYE POLLOCK; SABLEFISH; BYCATCH; CAUGHT; AIR; SURVIVAL; DURATION; EXPOSURE AB Development of efficient. methods to predict discard and escapee mortality in fishing operations is essential to the conservation of sensitive fish stocks. For a few fisheries, mortality data are available from fishing experiments in the field; these require long-term holding or monitoring of fish in tanks, cages, or tag and recapture experiments to detect delayed mortality. A different approach to predicting discard and escapee mortality is to use reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) consisting of relationships between mortality and reflex impairment for species of interest. Fish were towed in a net in the laboratory and then either restrained in foam-lined holders and rapidly tested for reflex impairment five minutes after towing, or held for up to 60 days to determine delayed mortality. Delayed mortality occurred up to 20 days after towing. RAMP was related to mortality with biphasic sigmoid functions. As fishing stressors increased in intensity, the first phase showed an increase in RAMP with no concomitant mortality. In the second phase, RAMP continued to increase, while mortality became apparent and increased. The measurement of RAMP in restrained fish on board fishing vessels during experiments to predict discard mortality and in caged free swimming fish to predict escapee mortality is feasible and advisable. C1 Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM michaetw.davis@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 22 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1535 EP 1542 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsm087 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 240BC UT WOS:000251561000006 ER PT J AU Kaiser, MJ Graham, N Rose, CS Wiebe, PH AF Kaiser, Michel J. Graham, Norman Rose, Craig S. Wiebe, Peter H. TI Ecosystem-sensitive approaches to fishing: reconciling fisheries with conservation through improvements in fishing technology SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 [Kaiser, Michel J.] Univ Wales Bangor, Coll Nat Sci, Sch Ocean Sci, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales. [Graham, Norman] Marine Inst Headquarters, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland. [Rose, Craig S.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Wiebe, Peter H.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kaiser, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wales Bangor, Coll Nat Sci, Sch Ocean Sci, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales. EM michel.kaiser@bangor.ac.uk RI Kaiser, Michel/M-8543-2013; OI Wiebe, Peter/0000-0002-6059-4651 NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 8 BP 1610 EP 1611 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsm142 PG 2 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 240BC UT WOS:000251561000018 ER PT J AU Marshall, JC Herman, DL Vernier, PT Devoe, DL Gaitan, M AF Marshall, Janet C. Herman, David L. Vernier, P. Thomas DeVoe, Don L. Gaitan, Michael TI Young's modulus measurements in standard ICCMOS processes using MEMS test structures SO IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE CMOS; MEMS; residual stress; resonance; test structures; thickness measurements; Young's modulus ID STRESS; FILMS AB This letter(1) presents a method to measure the Young's moduli of individual thin-film layers in a commercial integrated circuit (IC) foundry process. The method is based on measuring the resonance frequency of an array of micromachined cantilevers and using the presented optimization analysis to determine the elastic modulus of each layer. Arrays of cantilever test structures were fabricated in a commercial CMOS IC process and were released using XeF2 as a postprocessing etch. A piezoelectric transducer placed under the test chip was used to excite the cantilevers to resonance, and the resonance frequency was measured using a laser Doppler vibrometer. It is reported that excellent agreement for values of Young's modulus is observed for cantilevers between 200 and 400 pm in length, with average standard deviation being 4.07 GPa. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ So Calif, Inst Informat Sci, MOSIS Serv, Marina Del Rey, CA 90292 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Marshall, JC (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM janet.marshall@nist.gov; vernier@mosis.com; ddev@eng.umd.edu RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011 OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0741-3106 J9 IEEE ELECTR DEVICE L JI IEEE Electron Device Lett. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 28 IS 11 BP 960 EP 963 DI 10.1109/LED.2007.906460 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 225NI UT WOS:000250524200009 ER PT J AU El-Hajar, M Hu, B Yang, LL Hanzo, L AF El-Hajar, Mohammed Hu, Bin Yang, Lie-Liang Hanzo, Lajos TI Coherent and differential downlink space-time steering aided generalised multicarrier DS-CDMA SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE mIMO; MC DS-CDMA; beamforming; space-time spreading; differential space-time spreading ID TRANSMIT DIVERSITY; FADING CHANNEL; PERFORMANCE; MODULATION; SYSTEM AB This paper presents a generalised MultiCarrier Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (MC DS-CDMA) system invoking smart antennas for improving the achievable performance in the downlink. In this contribution, the MC DS-CDMA transmitter employs an Antenna Array (AA) and Steered Space-Time Spreading (SSTS). Furthermore, the proposed system employs both Time and Frequency (TF) domain spreading for extending the capacity of the system, which is combined with a user-grouping technique for reducing the effects of Multi-User Interference (MUI). Moreover, to eliminate the high-complexity Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel estimation required for coherent detection, we also propose a Differential SSTS (DSSTS) scheme. More explicitly, for coherent SSTS detection MVNr number of channel estimates have to be generated, where M is the number of transmit AAs, V is the number of subcarriers and N-r is the number of receive antennas. This is a challenging task, which renders the low-complexity DSSTS scheme attractive. C1 Univ Southampton, Sch Elect & Comp Sci, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP El-Hajar, M (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Sch Elect & Comp Sci, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. EM meh05r@ecs.soton.ac.uk; bhu@nist.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1276 J9 IEEE T WIREL COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 6 IS 11 BP 3857 EP 3863 DI 10.1109/FWC.2007.05807 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 228XL UT WOS:000250765800001 ER PT J AU Harman, D AF Harman, Donna TI Untitled SO INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harman, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM donna.harman@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4573 J9 INFORM PROCESS MANAG JI Inf. Process. Manage. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1446 EP 1448 DI 10.1016/j.ipm.2007.05.002 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 214MO UT WOS:000249742500003 ER PT J AU Over, P Dang, H Harman, D AF Over, Paul Dang, Hoa Harman, Donna TI DUC in context SO INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE text summarization; evaluation; DUC; SUMMAC; NTCIR AB Recent years have seen increased interest in text summarization with emphasis on evaluation of prototype systems. Many factors can affect the design of such evaluations, requiring choices among competing alternatives. This paper examines several major themes running through three evaluations: SUMMAC, NTCIR, and DUC, with a concentration on DUC. The themes are extrinsic and intrinsic evaluation, evaluation procedures and methods, generic versus focused summaries, single- and multi-document summaries, length and compression issues, extracts versus abstracts, and issues with genre. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Retrieval Grp, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Over, P (reprint author), NIST, Retrieval Grp, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM over@nist.gov; hoa.dang@nist.gov; donna.harman@nist.gov NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4573 J9 INFORM PROCESS MANAG JI Inf. Process. Manage. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1506 EP 1520 DI 10.1016/j.ipm.2007.01.019 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 214MO UT WOS:000249742500007 ER PT J AU Cartwright, P Collins, A AF Cartwright, Paulyn Collins, Allen TI Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Key Transitions in Animal Evolution CY JAN 03-07, 2007 CL Phoenix, AZ ID CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION; MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; DIVERGENCE TIMES; ABSOLUTE RATES; SOUTH CHINA; RECORD; SPONGES; BILATERIANS AB Understanding the nature and timing of metazoan origins is one of the most important, yet elusive, questions in evolutionary biology. Fossil data provide the most tangible evidence for the origin of early animal lineages, although additional evidence from molecular phylogenetics, molecular clock studies, and development has contributed to our current understanding. We review several lines of evidence to explore the nature and timing of early metazoan evolution and discuss how these data, when considered together, provide a more cohesive picture of the origin of animal diversity. We discuss how trace fossils and biomarkers provide compelling evidence for the origins of Bilateria and siliceous sponges. Using a molecular phylogenetic framework for metazoans, we discuss how fossils can be used to date the origin of clades. We use these fossil dates to perform a relaxed molecular clock analysis for estimating dates of nodes when no fossils are available. We also discuss current data from developmental biology that suggest that early metazoans possessed a sophisticated molecular toolkit for building complex body plans. We conclude that the best evidence for the origin of major metazoan lineages lies in the careful interpretation of the fossil record and that these data, when considered with phylogenetic and developmental evidence, support the notion that the Cambrian radiation is a real phenomenon that marks a critically important time in the history of life. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Natl Systemat Lab, NOAA Fisheries Serv, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Cartwright, P (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 1200 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. EM pcart@ku.edu RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008 OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691 NR 68 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 15 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 47 IS 5 BP 744 EP 751 DI 10.1093/icb/icm071 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 229PI UT WOS:000250816100009 PM 21669755 ER PT J AU Bahlburg, H Weiss, R AF Bahlburg, Heinrich Weiss, Robert TI Sedimentology of the December 26, 2004, Sumatra tsunami deposits in eastern India (Tamil Nadu) and Kenya SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2004 Sumatra tsunami; India; Kenya; sedimentology; tsunami deposit; grain size ID PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; NORTH-AMERICA; NEW-ZEALAND; JULY 1998; RUN-UP; SEDIMENTATION; EARTHQUAKE; STORMS; CHILE; BACKWASH AB The December 26, 2004 Sumatra tsunami caused severe damage at the coasts of the Indian ocean. We report results of a sedimentological study of tsunami run-up parameters and the sediments laid down by the tsunami at the coast of Tamil Nadu, India, and between Malindi and Lamu, Kenya. In India, evidence of three tsunami waves is preserved on the beaches in the form of characteristic debris accumulations. We measured the maximum run-up distance at 580 m and the maximum run-up height at 4.85 m. Flow depth over land was at least 3.5 m. The tsunami deposited an up to 30 cm thick blanket of moderately well to well-sorted coarse and medium sand that overlies older beach deposits or soil with an erosional unconformity. The sand sheet thins inland without a decrease of grain-size. The deposits consist frequently of three layers. The lower one may be cross-bedded with foresets dipping landward and indicating deposition during run-up. The overlying two sand layers are graded or parallel-laminated without indicators of current directions. Thus, it remains undecided whether they formed during run-up or return flow. Thin dark laminae rich in heavy minerals frequently mark the contacts between successive layers. Benthic foraminifera indicate an entrainment of sediment by the tsunami from water depths less than ca. 30 m water depth. On the Indian shelf these depths are present at distances of up to 5 km from the coast. In Kenya only one wave is recorded, which attained a run-up height of 3 m at a run-up distance of ca. 35 m from the tidal water line at the time of the tsunami impact. Only one layer of fine sand was deposited by the tsunami. It consists predominantly of heavy minerals supplied to the sea by a nearby river. The sand layer thins landward with a minor decrease in grain-size. Benthic foraminifera indicate an entrainment of sediment by the tsunami from water depths less than ca. 30 m water depth, reaching down potentially to ca. 80 m. The presence of only one tsunami-related sediment layer in Kenya, but three in India, reflects the impact of only one wave at the coast of Kenya, as opposed to several in India. Grain-size distributions in the Indian and Kenyan deposits are mostly normal to slightly positively skewed and indicate that the detritus was entrained by the tsunami from well sorted pre-tsunami deposits in nearshore, swash zone and beach environments. C1 Univ Munster, Inst Geol Palaontol, D-49149 Munster, Germany. Univ Washington, NOAA Ctr Tsunami Res, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bahlburg, H (reprint author), Univ Munster, Inst Geol Palaontol, Corrensstr 24, D-49149 Munster, Germany. EM bahlbur@uni-muenster.de RI Weiss, Robert/B-8060-2012; OI Weiss, Robert/0000-0002-7168-5401 NR 56 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1437-3254 J9 INT J EARTH SCI JI Int. J. Earth Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1195 EP 1209 DI 10.1007/s00531-006-0148-9 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 222MU UT WOS:000250302400013 ER PT J AU Bartmess, JE Irikura, KK AF Bartmess, John E. Irikura, Karl K. TI International journal of mass Spectrometry is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Sharon Garrison Lias SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Proper Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bartmess, JE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM bartmess@utk.edu; karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 267 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.05.001 PG 1 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 224UY UT WOS:000250473300001 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME AF Jacox, Marilyn E. TI The infrared spectroscopy of the products of ion-molecule reactions trapped in the solid rare gases SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Review DE infrared spectrum; ion-molecule reaction; molecular ion; rare-gas matrix ID EXCITED NEON ATOMS; ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; POLYATOMIC TRANSIENT MOLECULES; I PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; FREQUENCY LASER SPECTROSCOPY; DIMER RADICAL-CATION; PROTON-BOUND DIMERS; MASS-SELECTED IONS; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; MATRIX-ISOLATION AB Studies of the infrared spectra of small molecular ions offer valuable information regarding the structures and chemical bonding properties of these species. Suitable concentrations of ions for such studies can be obtained by trapping them in dilute solution in a rare-gas solid. The characteristics of infrared absorptions of species trapped in the various rare gases are surveyed, as are factors important in ion production and identification. Emphasis is given to the development and application of a modified discharge configuration which has permitted the identification of many small molecular cations and anions. This configuration is now also being used for studies of the infrared spectra of primary products of some ion-molecule reactions. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marilyn.jacox@nist.gov NR 111 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 267 IS 1-3 BP 268 EP 276 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.02.046 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 224UY UT WOS:000250473300030 ER PT J AU Neta, P Pu, QL Yang, XY Stein, SE AF Neta, Pedatsur Pu, Quan-Long Yang, Xiaoyu Stein, Stephen E. TI Consecutive neutral losses of H2O and C2H4O from N-Terminal Thr-Thr and Thr-Ser in collision-induced dissociation of protonated peptides Position dependent water loss from single Thr or Ser SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE peptides; fragmentation; proteomics; electrospray; cid ID GAS-PHASE; FRAGMENTATION; DECOMPOSITION; THREONINE AB A two-step neutral loss from tryptic peptides containing Thr-Thr or Thr-Ser at their N-terminus is studied. This process also requires a 'mobile proton' (i.e., the number of charges on the peptide is greater than the number of basic amino acids) and leads to a net neutral loss of 62 Da. To elucidate this fragmentation a series of synthetic peptides containing threonine and serine were synthesized and their MS/MS spectra measured in ion trap and triple quadrupole instruments. Peptides composed of TTL,,K (n = 2-8) all show a significant loss of 62 Da when doubly protonated, but little such loss when singly protonated. Examination of the MS/MS spectra at different collision energies in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer reveal that this loss takes place in two distinct steps: an initial water loss, followed by a loss of a 44 Da moiety at higher collision energies (20-30% higher). Corresponding losses in b/a ions show losses near the N-terminus and higher accuracy mass measurements indicate the loss to be C2H4O rather than CO2. Further measurements show that doubly protonated TSL,,K peptides undergo similar processes but STLnK and SSLnK do not. Therefore, it is proposed that the 44 Da loss is a loss of C2H4O from the N-terminal threonine. Additional measurements on the loss of water from protonated peptides containing only one threonme or serine show a strong and unexpected dependence of the extent of water loss on the position of T or S within the peptide sequence. The most pronounced water loss is found in doubly protonated tryptic peptides containing T or S at the second or third position from the N-terminus, i.e., adjacent to the peptide bond that is most likely to cleave. It is, therefore, proposed that the initial loss of H2O in the 62 Da loss process begins at the penultimate N-terminal threonine or serine. The origin of this positional sensitivity is not clear, though may be connected with the well-known relatively facile b(2) production in tryptic peptides. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mass Spectrometry Data Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stein, SE (reprint author), NIST, Mass Spectrometry Data Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steve.stein@nist.gov NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 267 IS 1-3 BP 295 EP 301 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.02.055 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 224UY UT WOS:000250473300034 ER PT J AU Banovic, SW Foecke, T Luecke, WE McColskey, JD McCowan, CN Siewert, TA Gayle, FW AF Banovic, S. W. Foecke, T. Luecke, W. E. McColskey, J. D. McCowan, C. N. Siewert, T. A. Gayle, F. W. TI The role of metallurgy in the NIST investigation of the world trade center towers collapse SO JOM LA English DT Article ID ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; STRAIN-RATE; STEEL; STRENGTH AB On August 21, 2002, on the direction of the U.S. Congress, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated an investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers. In support of the overall investigation goals, the NIST Metallurgy and Materials Reliability Divisions pursued three objectives: assess the quality of the steel used in the construction of the towers, determine mechanical properties of the steel for input to the finite element models of the building collapse, and assess the failure mechanisms of the recovered steel components. This article describes the major findings of the metallurgical part of the NIST WTC investigation and shows how the findings were integrated into the investigation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Tech Adm, US Dept Commerce, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Tech Adm, US Dept Commerce, Div Mat Reliabil, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banovic, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Tech Adm, US Dept Commerce, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM swbanovic@nist.gov NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD NOV PY 2007 VL 59 IS 11 BP 22 EP 30 DI 10.1007/s11837-007-0136-y PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 228LC UT WOS:000250730400005 ER PT J AU Cooter, EJ Swall, J Gilliam, R AF Cooter, Ellen J. Swall, Jenise Gilliam, Robert TI Comparison of 700-hPa NCEP-R1 and AMIP-R2 wind patterns over the continental United States using cluster analysis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL AIR-POLLUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TELECONNECTION PATTERN; REANALYSIS; OZONE; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; QUALITY; SCHEME AB Clustering techniques are adapted to facilitate the comparison of gridded 700-hPa wind flow patterns spanning the continental United States. A recent decade (1985-94) of wind component data has been extracted from two widely used reanalysis datasets: NCEP-R1 and the NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, phase two (AMIP-R2). Metrics and measures are identified that facilitate the identification and comparison of large-scale wind flow. Comparison of the cluster results reveals dominant wind patterns common to both datasets as well as three types of reanalysis model differences: 1) relatively minor numerical differences; 2) differences produced by model corrections or parameterization changes, such as snow mask, snow depth, and moisture flux; and 3) systematic differences, such as orography, overocean radiation fluxes, and overocean data assimilation. A second analysis examines the frequency of 700-hPa wind patterns associated with key ozone-season (May-September) synoptic settings. Association of 1990-94 daily maximum 1-h ozone levels with these patterns across the United States follows documented meteorological dependencies. Above-average ozone levels in the Midwest and mid-Atlantic are associated with transitional anticyclone and easterly flow synoptic patterns (39.2% of ozone-season days) while above-average ozone levels across the southern United States are associated with the westward extension of the Bermuda high circulation (14.8% of ozone-season days). Below-average ozone levels throughout most of the eastern United States are associated with frontal passages and migratory anticyclones (29.6% of ozone-season days). C1 [Cooter, Ellen J.; Swall, Jenise; Gilliam, Robert] NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cooter, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, ARL, ASMD, Mail Drop E243-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ellen.cooter@noaa.gov OI Swall, Jenise/0000-0001-8728-5771 NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1744 EP 1758 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1527.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240ZO UT WOS:000251626900004 ER PT J AU Livezey, RE Vinnikov, KY Timofeyeva, MM Tinker, R van den Dool, HM AF Livezey, Robert E. Vinnikov, Konstantin Y. Timofeyeva, Marina M. Tinker, Richard van den Dool, Huug M. TI Estimation and extrapolation of climate normals and climatic trends SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAD SEASONAL TEMPERATURE; SURFACE; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTION; FORECASTS; ANOMALIES; CYCLES; RECORD AB WMO-recommended 30-yr normals are no longer generally useful for the design, planning, and decision-making purposes for which they were intended. They not only have little relevance to the future climate, but are often unrepresentative of the current climate. The reason for this is rapid global climate change over the last 30 yr that is likely to continue into the future. It is demonstrated that simple empirical alternatives already are available that not only produce reasonably accurate normals for the current climate but also often justify their extrapolation to several years into the future. This result is tied to the condition that recent trends in the climate are approximately linear or have a substantial linear component. This condition is generally satisfied for the U. S. climate-division data. One alternative [the optimal climate normal (OCN)] is multiyear averages that are not fixed at 30 yr like WMO normals are but rather are adapted climate record by climate record based on easily estimated characteristics of the records. The OCN works well except with very strong trends or longer extrapolations with more moderate trends. In these cases least squares linear trend fits to the period since the mid-1970s are viable alternatives. An even better alternative is the use of "hinge fit" normals, based on modeling the time dependence of large-scale climate change. Here, longer records can be exploited to stabilize estimates of modern trends. Related issues are the need to avoid arbitrary trend fitting and to account for trends in studies of ENSO impacts. Given these results, the authors recommend that ( a) the WMO and national climate services address new policies for changing climate normals using the results here as a starting point and (b) NOAA initiate a program for improved estimates and forecasts of official U. S. normals, including operational implementation of a simple hybrid system that combines the advantages of both the OCN and the hinge fit. C1 [Livezey, Robert E.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Weather Serv, Off Climate Water & Weather Serv, Climate Serv Div, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Vinnikov, Konstantin Y.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Timofeyeva, Marina M.] Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Tinker, Richard; van den Dool, Huug M.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Livezey, RE (reprint author), W-OS4,Climate Serv,Rm 13348,SSMC2,1325 East-West, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM robert.e.livezey@noaa.gov RI Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010 NR 27 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 EI 1558-8432 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1759 EP 1776 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1666.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240ZO UT WOS:000251626900005 ER PT J AU Marcus, S Kim, J Chin, T Danielson, D Laber, J AF Marcus, Steven Kim, Jinwon Chin, Toshio Danielson, David Laber, Jayme TI Influence of GPS precipitable water vapor retrievals on quantitative precipitation forecasting in Southern California SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; SOIL HYDROLOGY; MODEL; ASSIMILATION; IMPACT; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATION; RAINFALL; CLOUDS; SCHEME AB The effects of precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrievals from the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) on quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) skill are examined over two flood-prone regions of Southern California: Santa Barbara (SB) and Ventura County (VC). Two sets of QPFs are made, one using the initial water vapor field from the NCEP 40-km Eta initial analysis, and another in which the initial Eta water vapor field is modified by incorporating the PWV data from the SCIGN receivers. Lateral boundary data for the QPFs, as well as the hydrostatic component of the GPS zenith delay data, are estimated from the Eta analysis. Case studies of a winter storm on 2 February during the 1997/98 El Nino, and storms leading up to the La Conchita, California, landslide on 10 January 2005, show notably improved QPFs for the first 3-6 h with the addition of GPS PWV data. For a total of 47 winter storm forecasts between February 1998 and January 2005 the average absolute QPF improvement is small; however, QPF improvements exceed 5 mm in several underpredicted rainfall events, with GPS data also improving most cases with overpredicted rainfall. The GPS improvements are most significant (above or near the 2 sigma level) when the low-level winds off the coast of Southern California are from the southern (SW to SE) quadrant. To extend the useful forecast skill enhancement beyond six hours, however, additional sources of water vapor data over broader areas of the adjacent Pacific Ocean are needed. C1 [Marcus, Steven; Chin, Toshio] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Kim, Jinwon] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Danielson, David; Laber, Jayme] Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Oxnard, CA USA. RP Marcus, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 238-600, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Steven.Marcus@jpl.nasa.gov OI Marcus, Steven/0000-0002-5763-6961 NR 28 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1828 EP 1839 DI 10.1175/2007JAMC1502.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240ZO UT WOS:000251626900010 ER PT J AU Friedrich, K Germann, U Gourley, JJ Tabary, P AF Friedrich, Katja Germann, Urs Gourley, Jonathan J. Tabary, Pierre TI Effects of radar beam shielding on rainfall estimation for the polarimetric C-band radar SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUAL-POLARIZATION RADAR; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY RADAR; WEATHER RADAR; PROPAGATION PHASE; MOUNTAINOUS AREA; PRECIPITATION; TERRAIN; HAIL; CALIBRATION; SIMULATION AB Radar reflectivity (Z(h)), differential reflectivity (Z(dr)), and specific differential phase (K-dp) measured from the operational, polarimetric weather radar located in Trappes, France, were used to examine the effects of radar beam shielding on rainfall estimation. The objective of this study is to investigate the degree of immunity of K-dp-based rainfall estimates to beam shielding for C-band radar data during four typical rain events encountered in Europe. The rain events include two cold frontal rainbands with average rainfall rates of 7 and 17 mm h(-1), respectively, and two summertime convective rain events with average rainfall rates of 11 and 22 mm h(-1). The large effects of beam shielding on rainfall accumulation were observed for algorithms using Z(h) and Z(dr) with differences of up to similar to 2 dB (40%) compared to a K-dp-based algorithm over a power loss range of 0-8 dB. This analysis reveals that Z(dr) and K-dp are not affected by partial beam shielding. Standard reflectivity corrections based on the degree of beam shielding would have overestimated rainfall rates by up to 1.5 dB for less than 40% beam shielding and up to 3 dB for beam shielding less than 75%. The investigation also examined the sensitivity of beam shielding effects on rainfall rate estimation to (i) axis-ratio parameterization and drop size distribution, (ii) methods used to smooth profiles of differential propagation phase (phi(dp)) and estimate K-dp, and (iii) event-to-event variability. Although rainfall estimates were sensitive to drop size distribution and axis-ratio parameterization, differences between Z(h)- and K-dp-based rainfall rates increased independently from those parameters with amount of shielding. Different approaches to smoothing phi(dp) profiles and estimating K-dp were examined and showed little impact on results. C1 MeteoSvizzera, Locarno, Switzerland. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Direct Syst Observat, Trappes, France. RP Friedrich, K (reprint author), MeteoSvizzera, Via Monti 146, CH-6605 Locarno, Switzerland. EM katja.friedrich@meteoswiss.ch RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 NR 58 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1839 EP 1859 DI 10.1175/JTECH2085.1 PG 21 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 233WP UT WOS:000251121300002 ER PT J AU Iacovazzi, RA Cao, C AF Iacovazzi, Robert A., Jr. Cao, Changyong TI Quantifying EOS Aqua and NOAA POES AMSU-A brightness temperature biases for weather and climate applications utilizing the SNO method SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMULTANEOUS NADIR OBSERVATIONS; MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; MSU CHANNEL-2; CALIBRATION; OVERPASSES; TOVS AB Systematic biases between brightness temperature (Tb) measurements made from concurrently operational Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) instruments can introduce errors into weather and climate applications. For this reason, in this study the ability of the simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) method to estimate relative Tb biases between operational Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua and Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) NOAA-15, NOAA-16, and NOAA-18 AMSU-A instruments is evaluated. From an analysis of SNO events occurring from 21 May 2005 to 31 July 2006, AMSU-A SNO-ensemble mean Tb biases could not be statistically determined for window channels, while significant bias detection to within about 0.02 K is accomplished in some low-noise sounding channels. These results are shown to be a consequence of the decrease of the earth-scene Tb variability with increasing atmospheric zenith opacity, which is a function of microwave frequency. Examination of SNO-ensemble mean Tb biases for two independent AMSU-A instrument components-AMSU-A1-1 and AMSU-A1-2-exposed a significant cold (warm) bias on the order of 0.4 K (0.2 K) in the AMSU-A1-1 unit on board the NOAA-18 (Aqua) satellite. This analysis also revealed on average a significant cold bias on the order of 0.1 K in the NOAA-16 AMSU-A1-2 component. Furthermore, the individual SNO mean Tb biases were often found to be a function of the SNO earth-scene average Tb, which is a manifestation of instrument calibration errors. On the other hand, it was found that determining the root cause of such errors is inhibited by the lack of postlaunch quality control of the AMSU-A calibration-related hardware. Based on the results of this study, a need to reduce impacts of surface emissivity and temperature inhomogeneities on the SNO method in microwave radiometer window channels becomes evident. In addition, the unparalleled ability of the SNO method to isolate and quantify intersatellite instrument-related Tb biases is demonstrated in most sounding channels, which is necessary to improve weather and climate applications. C1 NOAA NESDIS StAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Earth Resources Technol Inc, Annapolis, MD USA. RP Iacovazzi, RA (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS StAR, Room 712,World Weather Bldg,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Bob.Iacovazzi@noaa.gov RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Iacovazzi Jr, Robert/G-3867-2010 NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1895 EP 1909 DI 10.1175/JTECH2095.1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 233WP UT WOS:000251121300005 ER PT J AU Widegren, JA Magee, JW AF Widegren, Jason A. Magee, Joseph W. TI Density, viscosity, speed of sound, and electrolytic conductivity for the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and its mixtures with water SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; PRESSURE-DEPENDENCE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; PLUS ETHANOL; TEMPERATURE; CHLORIDE; STATE AB Thermophysical properties were measured at ambient pressure for a high-purity sample of the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C(6)mim][Tf2N], and its mixtures with water. Density was measured with two vibrating tube densimeters in the temperature range (258.15 to 373.15) K. Dynamic viscosity was determined with a rotational coaxial cylinder measuring system over the temperature range (258.15 to 373.15) K, and kinematic viscosity was measured at (293.15 and 298.15) K with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. Speed of sound was measured in a pulse-echo cell over the temperature range (283.15 to 343.15) K. Electrolytic (ionic) conductivity was determined by use of the AC impedance bridge technique over the temperature range (288.15 to 323.15) K. For all of these measurements, special care was taken to control the concentration of water in the sample. The viscosity and electrolytic conductivity of ([C(6)mim][Tf2N] + H2O) depend strongly on the concentration of water. By Karl Fischer titration, the H2O mass fraction in the saturated ([C(6)mim[Tf2N] + H2O) mixture was found to be 0.0111 +/- 0.0004 at 298.15 K and 0.0101 +/- 0.0004 at 293.15 K. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properies Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properies Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM joe.magee@nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 32 TC 137 Z9 139 U1 3 U2 57 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 52 IS 6 BP 2331 EP 2338 DI 10.1021/je700329a PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 231OL UT WOS:000250958800042 ER PT J AU Eriksson, C Omstedt, A Overland, JE Percival, DB Mofjeld, HO AF Eriksson, Christin Omstedt, Anders Overland, James E. Percival, Donald B. Mofjeld, Harold O. TI Characterizing the European sub-Arctic winter climate since 1500 using ice, temperature, and atmospheric circulation time series SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; LATE MAUNDER MINIMUM; BALTIC SEA; AIR-TEMPERATURE; PROXY DATA; EL-NINO; RECONSTRUCTION; VARIABILITY; SEVERITY; PERIOD AB This study describes winter climate during the last 500 yr for the greater Baltic Sea region through an examination of well-documented time series of ice cover, sea level pressure, and winter surface air temperatures. These time series have been the focus of previous studies, but here their covariation over different time scales is analyzed based on two modern descriptive statistical techniques, matching pursuit and wavelet analysis. Independently, 15 time periods were found during the last 500 yr with different climatic signatures with respect to winter severity, circulation patterns, and interannual variability. The onsets of these periods are presumably caused largely by perturbations within the system, although correspondences with solar and volcanic activity can be identified for certain of the periods. The Baltic region climate has changes on both centennial and decadal time scales, often with rapid transitions. Major warmer periods were the first half of the eighteenth century and the twentieth century. A common feature for warm ( cold) periods is low ( high) variability on shorter time scales. Century-scale variability and the modulation of interannual and decadal signals are quite diverse in the temporal records and do not suggest strong periodicities. An "event" type conceptual model therefore appears adequate for characterizing Baltic climate variability. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Ctr Earth Sci, Dept Oceanog, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Eriksson, C (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Ctr Earth Sci, Dept Oceanog, Box 460, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM chpe@oce.gu.se NR 56 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 21 BP 5316 EP 5334 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1461.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230IV UT WOS:000250871100007 ER PT J AU Lanzante, JR AF Lanzante, John R. TI Diagnosis of radiosonde vertical temperature trend profiles: Comparing the influence of data homogenization versus model forcings SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; 20TH-CENTURY TEMPERATURE; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; SIMULATIONS; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; VOLCANOS; SURFACE; BIASES AB Measurements from radiosonde temperatures have been used in studies that seek to identify the human influence on climate. However, such measurements are known to be contaminated by artificial inhomogeneities introduced by changes in instruments and recording practices that have occurred over time. Some simple diagnostics are used to compare vertical profiles of temperature trends from the observed data with simulations from a GCM driven by several different sets of forcings. Unlike most earlier studies of this type, both raw (i.e., fully contaminated) as well as adjusted observations (i.e., treated to remove some of the contamination) are utilized. The comparisons demonstrate that the effect of observational data adjustment can be as important as the inclusion of some major climate forcings in the model simulations. The effects of major volcanic eruptions critically influence temperature trends, even over a time period nearly four decades in length. In addition, it is seen that the adjusted data show consistently better agreement than the unadjusted data, with simulations from a climate model for 1959-97. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the adjustments supply missing warming in the tropical upper troposphere that has been attributed to model error in a number of earlier studies. Finally, an evaluation of the fidelity of the model's temperature response to major volcanic eruptions is conducted. Although the major conclusions of this study are unaffected by shortcomings of the simulations, they highlight the fact that even using a fairly long period of record (similar to 40 yr), any such shortcomings can have an important impact on trends and trend comparisons. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lanzante, JR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM John.Lanzante@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 21 BP 5356 EP 5364 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1827.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230IV UT WOS:000250871100010 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC Mecking, S Sloyan, BM Wijffels, SE AF Johnson, Gregory C. Mecking, Sabine Sloyan, Bernadette M. Wijffels, Susan E. TI Recent bottom water warming in the Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION; SECTIONS; SEA AB Decadal changes of abyssal temperature in the Pacific Ocean are analyzed using high-quality, full-depth hydrographic sections, each occupied at least twice between 1984 and 2006. The deep warming found over this time period agrees with previous analyses. The analysis presented here suggests it may have occurred after 1991, at least in the North Pacific. Mean temperature changes for the three zonal and three meridional hydrographic sections analyzed here exhibit abyssal warming often significantly different from zero at 95% confidence limits for this time period. Warming rates are generally larger to the south, and smaller to the north. This pattern is consistent with changes being attenuated with distance from the source of bottom water for the Pacific Ocean, which enters the main deep basins of this ocean southeast of New Zealand. Rough estimates of the change in ocean heat content suggest that the abyssal warming may amount to a significant fraction of upper World Ocean heat gain over the past few decades. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov RI Wijffels, Susan/I-8215-2012; Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012; Sloyan, Bernadette/N-8989-2014 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020; NR 25 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 21 BP 5365 EP 5375 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1879.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230IV UT WOS:000250871100011 ER PT J AU Stouffer, RJ Wetherald, RT AF Stouffer, R. J. Wetherald, R. T. TI Changes of variability in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Part I: Temperature SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; TRANSIENT-RESPONSES; GRADUAL CHANGES; CO2; CIRCULATION; SIMULATIONS; PRECIPITATION; 21ST-CENTURY AB This study documents the temperature variance change in two different versions of a coupled ocean atmosphere general circulation model forced with estimates of future increases of greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol concentrations. The variance changes are examined using an ensemble of 8 transient integrations for the older model version and 10 transient integrations for the newer one. Monthly and annual data are used to compute the mean and variance changes. Emphasis is placed upon computing and analyzing the variance changes for the middle of the twenty-first century and compared with those found in a control integration. The large-scale variance of lower-tropospheric temperature (including surface air temperature) generally decreases in high latitudes particularly during fall due to a delayed onset of sea ice as the climate warms. Sea ice acts to insolate the atmosphere from the much larger heat capacity of the ocean. Therefore, the near-surface temperature variance tends to be larger over the sea ice-covered regions, than the nearby ice-free regions. The near-surface temperature variance also decreases during the winter and spring due to a general reduction in the extent of sea ice during winter and spring. Changes in storminess were also examined and were found to have relatively little effect upon the reduction of temperature variance. Generally small changes of surface air temperature variance occurred in low and midlatitudes over both land and oceanic areas year-round. An exception to this was a general reduction of variance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean for the newer model. Small increases in the surface air temperature variance occur in mid- to high latitudes during the summer months, suggesting the possibility of more frequent and longer-lasting heat waves in response to increasing GHGs. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Stouffer, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM ronald.stouffer@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 21 BP 5455 EP 5467 DI 10.1175/2007JCLI1384.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230IV UT WOS:000250871100017 ER PT J AU Tamone, SL Taggart, SJ Andrews, AG Mondragon, J Nielsen, JK AF Tamone, Sherry L. Taggart, S. James Andrews, Alexander G. Mondragon, Jennifer Nielsen, Julie K. TI The relationship between circulating ecdysteroids and chela allometry in male tanner crabs: Evidence for a terminal molt in the genus Chionoecetes SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MALE SNOW CRAB; BAIRDI RATHBUN DECAPODA; INHIBITING HORMONE MIH; AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; FUNCTIONAL MATURITY; CANCER-MAGISTER; SPIDER CRAB; OPILIO; CRUSTACEA AB Whether male Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, undergo a terminal molt associated with a change in claw allometry has long been debated. We measured molting hormone levels in captured male C. bairdi to assess the potential for molting. We plotted a frequency histogram of chela height to carapace width ratios and found a bimodal distribution of crabs with a ratio of approximately 0.18 separating the two modes. Male crabs with a ratio less than 0.18 were classified as "small-clawed" (SC) while crabs with a ratio greater than 0.18 were classified as "large-clawed" (LC). Circulating molting hormones between SC and LC crabs were compared. Significantly lower ecdysteroid levels were found in LC crabs, indicating that this morphotype had negligible potential for molting. Circulating ecdysteroids were measured in SC males of different shell conditions (soft, new, old, and very old) and no significant differences were found. This research suggests that the molt to LC morphology is a terminal molt. The results front this study have important implications for fisheries management because sub-legal LC males will not recruit into the fishery and removal of larger males may have long term effects on population size structure. C1 Univ Alabama SE, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska, Fairbanks Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Tamone, SL (reprint author), Univ Alabama SE, 11120 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM sherry.tamone@uas.alaska.edu; sjtaggart@usgs.gov; a.andrews@uaf.edu; Jennifer.Mondragon@noaa.gov; jk_nielsen@usgs.gov NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 27 IS 4 BP 635 EP 642 DI 10.1651/S-2802.1 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 226RR UT WOS:000250606700014 ER PT J AU Balakirsky, S Carpin, S Kleiner, A Lewis, M Visser, A Wang, JJ Ziparo, VA AF Balakirsky, Stephen Carpin, Stefano Kleiner, Alexander Lewis, Michael Visser, Arnoud Wang, Jijun Ziparo, Vittorio Amos TI Towards heterogeneous robot teams for disaster mitigation: Results and performance metrics from RoboCup Rescue SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS LA English DT Article ID URBAN SEARCH; SYSTEMS AB Urban Search and Rescue is a growing area of robotic research. The RoboCup Federation has recognized this, and has created the new Virtual Robots competition to complement its existing physical robot and agent competitions. In order to successfully compete in this competition, teams need to field multi-robot solutions that cooperatively explore and map an environment while searching for victims. This paper presents the results of the first annual RoboCup Rescue Virtual competition. It provides details on the metrics used to judge the contestants as well as summaries of the algorithms used by the top four teams. This allows readers to compare and contrast these effective approaches. Further-more, the simulation engine itself is examined and real-world validation results on the engine and algorithms are offered. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Merced, Sch Engn, Merced, CA 96344 USA. Univ Freiburg, Inst Informat, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Informat Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Inst Informat, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Balakirsky, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen@nist.gov; scarpin@ucmerced.edu; kleiner@informatik.uni-freiburg.de; ml@sis.pitt.edu; arnoud@science.uva.nl; jiwang@sis.pitt.edu; ziparo@dis.uniroma1.it RI Kleiner, Alexander/J-6357-2012; Visser, Arnoud/J-9800-2013 OI Visser, Arnoud/0000-0002-7525-7017 NR 37 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1556-4959 J9 J FIELD ROBOT JI J. Field Robot. PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 24 IS 11-12 BP 943 EP 967 DI 10.1002/rob.20212 PG 25 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 234EB UT WOS:000251142400003 ER PT J AU Mcbride, RS Johnson, MR AF Mcbride, R. S. Johnson, M. R. TI Sexual development and reproductive seasonality of hogfish (Labridae : Lachnolaimus maximus), an hermaphroditic reef fish SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dichromatism; dimorphism; monandry; postmaturation; protogynous; sexuality ID MATING SYSTEMS; MATURATION; EVOLUTION; SIZE; FECUNDITY; BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS; BIOLOGY; PISCES; COAST AB The seasonality, size, age, colour phases and sexual dimorphism of 13 reproductive classes of hogfish Lachnolaimus maximus are described. Analysis of histological sections of gonads (n = 1662) confirmed earlier conclusions that L. maximus is a monandric, protogynous hermaphrodite. Sex change was initiated at the end of the spawning season and over a broad range of sizes and ages. It occurred after a functional female phase (postmaturation) and proceeded more slowly (months) than previously believed. Eventually all individuals changed sex to a terminal male phase. Females were batch spawners, spawning as often as every day during winter and spring. There was no evidence of precocious sperm crypts in active females, sperm competition or other alternative male sexual strategies. Mating has been reported elsewhere to be haremic. The sexual development of L. maximus appears to be adaptive in terms of Ghiselin's size-advantage model, which links monandric protogyny and polygyny. The slow rate of sex change, however, poses problems when fishing pressure is high because harvest of a single male has the potential to reduce the reproductive output of an entire harem. (C) 2007 The Authors. C1 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Mcbride, RS (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM richard.mcbride@noaa.gov RI McBride, Richard/C-2818-2012 NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 71 IS 5 BP 1270 EP 1292 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01580.x PG 23 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 223HY UT WOS:000250362000002 ER PT J AU Opel, KL Chung, DT Drabek, J Butler, JM McCord, BR AF Opel, Kerry L. Chung, Denise T. Drabek, Jiri Butler, John M. McCord, Bruce R. TI Developmental validation of reduced-size STR Miniplex primer sets SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; DNA; degraded; STR; validation; TH01; CSF1PO; TPOX; FGA; D21S11; D7S820; D5S818; D8S1179; D16S539; vWA; D18S51; D13S317 ID TANDEM REPEAT LOCI; FORENSIC CASEWORK; DEGRADED DNA; AMPLIFICATION; EXTRACTION; AMPLICONS; SYSTEM; LESS; KIT AB This paper describes a developmental validation study of three Miniplex sets covering 12 of the 13 CODIS loci. As these new sets will be used for the analysis of degraded and low level DNA, the validation studies were performed using 100-125 pg of DNA, the lowest input level at which peak balance, peak intensity, and allele consistency were stable. To demonstrate the applicability of the Miniplex sets to forensic casework, these validation studies were completed in accordance with the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). A range of tests were performed including studies of concordance with standard multiplex kits, sensitivity and reproducibility, and PCR amplification conditions. Additionally, studies of mixtures, nonhuman and environmentally degraded DNA, and simulated forensic samples were performed. Our results demonstrate that Miniplex STR amplification procedures are a robust and sensitive tool for the analysis of degraded DNA. C1 [Opel, Kerry L.; McCord, Bruce R.] Florida Int Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Int Forens Res Inst, Miami, FL 33199 USA. [Opel, Kerry L.; Chung, Denise T.; Drabek, Jiri] Ohio Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Clippinger Labs 136, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Chung, Denise T.] Harvard Inst Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Drabek, Jiri] Palacky Univ, Dept Biochem, CZ-783 Olomouc, Czech Republic. [Butler, John M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McCord, BR (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Int Forens Res Inst, CP304,11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM mccordb@fiu.edu RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011; Drabek, Jiri/A-6135-2008 OI Drabek, Jiri/0000-0002-5747-6478 NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 52 IS 6 BP 1263 EP 1271 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00584.x PG 9 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 239YH UT WOS:000251553700004 PM 18093061 ER PT J AU Eng, K Milly, PCD Tasker, GD AF Eng, Ken Milly, P. C. D. Tasker, Gary D. TI Flood regionalization: A hybrid geographic and predictor-variable region-of-influence regression method SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB To facilitate estimation of streamflow characteristics at an ungauged site, hydrologists often define a region of influence containing gauged sites hydrologically similar to the estimation site. This region can be defined either in geographic space or in the space of the variables that are used to predict streamflow (predictor variables). These approaches are complementary, and a combination of the two may be superior to either. Here we propose a hybrid region-of-influence (HRoI) regression method that combines the two approaches. The new method was applied with strearnflow records from 1,091 gauges in the southeastern United States to estimate the 50-year peak flow (Q(50)). The HRoI approach yielded lower root-mean-square estimation errors and produced fewer extreme errors than either the predictor-variable or geographic region-of-influence approaches. It is concluded, for Q(50) in the study region, that similarity with respect to the basin characteristics considered (area, slope, and annual precipitation) is important, but incomplete, and that the consideration of geographic proximity of stations provides a useful surrogate for characteristics that are not included in the analysis. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Eng, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM keng@usgs.gov; cmilly@usgs.gov; gdtasker@usgs.gov NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 12 IS 6 BP 585 EP 591 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2007)12:6(585) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 222SO UT WOS:000250317600004 ER PT J AU Henson, SA AF Henson, Stephanie A. TI Water column stability and spring bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; MIXED-LAYER DEPTH; NORTH PACIFIC; SHELF SEAS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SALMON PRODUCTION; EXPORT PRODUCTION; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; COASTAL CURRENT; IRMINGER BASIN AB The initiation of the Gulf of Alaska phytoplankton spring bloom is light limited, and therefore the onset of stratification is critical to primary productivity. A stability ratio, which represents the balance between mixing (tide and wind) and buoyancy (heat and freshwater) processes, is defined. When buoyancy dominates over mixing, stratification is possible. Use of model- and satellite-derived data allows maps of the spatial and temporal development of stratification to be constructed. Spatial variability in the dominant forcing components is also mapped. The onset of water column stability is closely linked to the timing of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Consideration of the forcing components and corresponding stability ratio provides insight into the wide range of bloom dynamics observed in the Gulf of Alaska. Interannual variability in heat and freshwater forcing corresponds to the phase of the North Pacific Index (NPI). A low NPI reflects an intense Aleutian low-pressure system and is associated with warmer, wetter winters, leading to the earlier onset of stratification and subsequently an earlier and more intense spring bloom. The results thus provide observational support for the optimal stability window hypothesis, and identify mechanisms by which basin-scale forcing can propagate, via local physical processes, to phytoplankton productivity are identified. C1 [Henson, Stephanie A.] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Henson, SA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM shenson@princeton.edu NR 73 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 15 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 EI 1543-9542 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 65 IS 6 BP 715 EP 736 DI 10.1357/002224007784219002 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 295UD UT WOS:000255498500001 ER PT J AU Shah, JJ Sundaresan, SG Geist, J Reyes, DR Booth, JC Rao, MV Gaitan, M AF Shah, Jayna J. Sundaresan, Siddarth G. Geist, Jon Reyes, Darwin R. Booth, James C. Rao, Mulpuri V. Gaitan, Michael TI Microwave dielectric heating of fluids in an integrated microfluidic device SO JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; TEMPERATURE; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; FLOW; GHZ; DNA AB The ability to selectively and precisely control the temperature of fluid volumes ranging from a few microliters to sub-nanoliters in microfluidic networks is vital for a wide range of applications in micro total analysis systems (mu TAS). In this work, we characterize and model the performance of a thin film microwave transmission line integrated with a microfluidic channel to heat fluids with relevant buffer salt concentrations over a wide range of frequencies. A microchannel fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) ( PDMS) is aligned with a thin film microwave transmission line in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration. The electromagnetic fields localized in the gap between the signal and ground lines of the transmission line dielectrically heat the fluid in the selected region of the microchannel. Microwave S-parameter measurements and optical fluorescence-based temperature measurements are used with a theoretical model developed based on classical microwave absorption theory to fully characterize the temperature rise of the fluid. We observe a 0.95. C mW(-1) temperature rise at 15 GHz and confirm that the temperature rise of the fluid is predominantly due to microwave dielectric heating. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sequoyah Technol LLC, Olney, MD 20832 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gaitan, M (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 4400 Univ Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM gaitan@nist.gov OI Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X NR 31 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 23 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0960-1317 EI 1361-6439 J9 J MICROMECH MICROENG JI J. Micromech. Microeng. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2224 EP 2230 DI 10.1088/0960.1317/17/11/008 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 227CO UT WOS:000250635000008 ER PT J AU Smith, RP Roos, PA Wahlstrand, JK Pipis, JA Rivas, MB Cundiff, ST AF Smith, Ryan P. Roos, Peter A. Wahlstrand, Jared K. Pipis, Jessica A. Rivas, Maria Belmonte Cundiff, Steven T. TI Optical frequency metrology of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser using the frequency comb of a quantum-interference-stabilized mode-locked laser SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE femtosecond (fs) lasers; laser frequency control; optical clocks; optical frequency comb; optical frequency measurement; stabilized lasers ID CURRENTS; GAAS AB We perform optical frequency metrology of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser using a mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser frequency comb that is stabilized using quantum interference of photocurrents in a semiconductor. Using this technique, we demonstrate carrier-envelope offset frequency fluctuations of less than 5 mHz using a 1 s gate time. With the resulting stable frequency comb, we measure the optical frequency of the iodine transition [I-127(2) R(127) 11-5 i component] to be 473 612 214 712.96 +/- 0.66 kHz, well within the uncertainty of the CIPM recommended value. The stability of the quantum interference technique is high enough such that it does not limit the measurements. C1 [Smith, Ryan P.; Roos, Peter A.; Wahlstrand, Jared K.; Pipis, Jessica A.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Smith, Ryan P.; Roos, Peter A.; Wahlstrand, Jared K.; Pipis, Jessica A.; Cundiff, Steven T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Smith, Ryan P.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Rivas, Maria Belmonte] Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Smith, RP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Ryan.P.Smith@colorado.edu; roos@spectrum.montana.edu; Jared.Wahlstrand@colorado.edu; Jessica.Pipis@colorado.edu; belmonte@colorado.edu; steven.cundiff@nist.gov RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Belmonte Rivas, Maria/C-9383-2015 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Belmonte Rivas, Maria/0000-0003-0528-3858 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 112 IS 6 BP 289 EP 296 DI 10.6028/jres.112.022 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252XH UT WOS:000252480500001 PM 27110472 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, CJ AF Sansonetti, Craig J. TI Comment on "Argon I Lines Produced in a Hollow Cathode Source, 332 nm to 5865 nm" SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE argon; atomic spectroscopy; Fourier transform spectroscopy; wavelengths ID SPECTRA; WAVELENGTHS; CALIBRATION; REGION; FE AB Recent observations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology indicate that the Ar I wavenumbers reported by Whaling et al. [J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 107, 149 ( 2002)] are systematically too large. To investigate the source of this problem, selected lines of Ar I and Ar II were remeasured in the same spectra used by Whaling et al. The measurements show that the Ar I wavenumbers of Whaling et al. are systematically shifted with respect to the Ar II wavenumbers previously reported by Whaling et al. [ J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 53, 1 ( 1995)] based on the same spectra. The Ar I wavenumbers can be corrected by a constant multiplicative correction of 0.999 999 933. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 112 IS 6 BP 297 EP 302 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252XH UT WOS:000252480500002 PM 27110473 ER PT J AU Allen, DW AF Allen, David W. TI Holmium oxide glass wavelength standards SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; holmium oxide; spectrophotometer; wavelength scale AB Holmium oxide glass has been used as a wavelength standard for over four decades. These standards have shown insignificant spectral variation from batch to batch and from one manufacturer to another. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has certified and recertified holmium oxide glass samples for over four decades. Over this period of time there has been no recorded instance of a spectral shift of the certified bands for any of the samples measured. Moreover, these samples are known to be robust and relatively insensitive to a normal range of temperature and humidity. Based on the extensive experience that NIST has with this material and its long-term stability, NIST will no longer recommend the recertification of these standards. Furthermore, traceability may be established either through the supplier or by the end user without the need for NIST involvement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, DW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.allen@nist.gov NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 112 IS 6 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.6028/jres.112.024 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252XH UT WOS:000252480500003 PM 27110474 ER PT J AU Beichl, I Bullock, SS Song, D AF Beichl, Isabel Bullock, Stephen S. Song, Daegene TI A quantum algorithm detecting concentrated maps SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE concentrated maps; Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm; Deutsch's algorithm; one-to-one mappings; quantum computation; quantum oracle; roots of unity ID COMPUTATION AB We consider an arbitrary mapping f : {0,..., N - 1} -> {0,..., N - 1} for N = 2(n), n some number of quantum bits. Using N calls to a classical oracle evaluating f(x) and an N-bit memory, it is possible to determine whether f( x) is one-to-one. For some radian angle 0 <= theta <= pi 2, we say f(x) is. - concentrated if and only if e(2 pi if(x)/N) subset of e(i[psi 0-theta,psi 0+theta]) for some given psi(0) and any 0 <= x <= N - 1. We present a quantum algorithm that distinguishes theta-concentrated f(x) from a one-to-one f( x) in O(1) calls to a quantum oracle function U-f with high probability. For 0 < theta < 0.3301 rad, the quantum algorithm outperforms random (classical) evaluation of the function testing for dispersed values (on average). Maximal outperformance occurs theta = 1/2sin(-1) 1/pi approximate to 0.1620 rad. C1 [Beichl, Isabel] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Bullock, Stephen S.] Ctr Comp Sci, Inst Def Anal, Bowie, MD USA. [Song, Daegene] Korea Inst Adv Study, Seoul 130722, South Korea. RP Beichl, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 112 IS 6 BP 307 EP 311 DI 10.6028/jres.112.025 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 252XH UT WOS:000252480500004 PM 27110475 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Stepanov, GV Batyrova, RG AF Polikhronidi, N. G. Abdulagatov, I. M. Stepanov, G. V. Batyrova, R. G. TI Isochoric heat capacity measurements for pure ethanol in the near-critical and supercritical regions SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Review DE adiabatic calorimeter; coexistence curve; critical amplitude; critical exponents; critical point; isochoric heat capacity; ethanol; quasi-static thermograms ID VAPOR PHASE-TRANSITIONS; YANG-YANG RELATION; CRITICAL-POINT; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LIQUID-VAPOR; CRITICAL-TEMPERATURES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; WATER SYSTEM; ISING-MODEL AB Isochoric heat capacities of pure ethanol have been measured with a high-temperature, high-pressure, adiabatic, and nearly constant-volume calorimeter as a function of temperature and density. Measurements were performed along 22 liquid and vapor near-critical isochores between 193.32 and 365.5 kg m(-3). The range of temperature was from 493.10 to 541.34 K. The coverage includes the one- and two-phase regions, the coexistence curve, the near-critical, and the supercritical regions. The total uncertainty of isochoric heat capacity, density, and temperature measurements was estimated to be less than 2-3%, 0.05%, and 15 mK, respectively. Temperatures at saturation, T-s(rho), for each measured densities (isochores) were determined using a quasi-static thermogram technique supplemented by the sensor of adiabatic control. The critical temperature and the critical density (T-C = 514.44 +/- 0.2 K and rho(C) = 283.7 +/- 2 kg m(-3)) for pure ethanol were extracted from the saturated properties (C-vs, T-s, rho(S)) near the critical point. The measured C-v and saturated density data have been analyzed and interpreted in terms of extended scaling equations for the selected thermodynamic paths (critical isochore and coexistence curve) to accurately calculate the values of the asymptotical critical amplitude (A(0)(+/-) and B-0). The experimentally derived value of the critical amplitude ratio A(0)(+)/A(0)(-) = 0.529 is in good agreement with the values predicted by scaling theory. The divergence of C-V2 for pure ethanol is shared between both (d(2)P(s)/dT(2)) and (d(2) mu/dT(2)), but the magnitude of the Yang-Yang anomaly strength for ethanol is small (R-mu = 0.12), which means that the contribution of d(2)P(s)/dT(2) is dominate. It was showed that, the divergence of the coexistence curve diameter, d rho(d)/d tau, for ethanol is also shared between the terms B(2)t(1-alpha) and B(4)t(2 beta), however, the contribution of the term B(2)t(1-alpha) is dominate. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367030, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 135 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD NOV PY 2007 VL 43 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.05.004 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 228NN UT WOS:000250736700001 ER PT J AU Dunkers, JP Leigh, SD Dean, D Cooke, MN Ketcham, RA Cicerone, MT AF Dunkers, Joy P. Leigh, Stefan D. Dean, David Cooke, Malcolm N. Ketcham, Richard A. Cicerone, Marcus T. TI Methodology for evaluating candidate geometric reference scaffolds SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE tissue engineering; reference scaffold; geometry; structure; pore volume; pore length; variational distance ID RAPID PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUES; MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; 3-DIMENSIONAL SCAFFOLDS; BIODEGRADABLE SCAFFOLDS; POLYMER SCAFFOLDS; BONE INGROWTH; FABRICATION; DESIGN AB Along with the ASTM Division IV subcommittee on Tissue Engineered Medical Products, the National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing a geometric reference scaffold. This paper describes the methodology applied to the three different types of candidate reference scaffolds to quantify their structure and rank them according to quality metrics. In this work, we detail this methodology using the candidate reference scaffold produced by stereolithography. We perform X-ray micro-computed tomography on three of the manufactured scaffolds and compute total porosity, pore size distribution, and pore length for each. We compare these quantities to those of the model scaffold using statistical measures of variational distance, relative uncertainty, and uniformity. Through this evaluation, we find that the scaffold produced by stereolithography agrees well with its model and merits further consideration as a reference scaffold. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Neurol Surg, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Texas, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RI Ketcham, Richard/B-5431-2011 OI Ketcham, Richard/0000-0002-2748-0409 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 35 IS 6 BP 668 EP 675 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 230KJ UT WOS:000250875100013 ER PT J AU Kastak, D Reichmuth, C Holt, MM Mulsow, J Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ AF Kastak, David Reichmuth, Colleen Holt, Marla M. Mulsow, Jason Southall, Brandon L. Schusterman, Ronald J. TI Onset, growth, and recovery of in-air temporary threshold shift in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DOLPHINS TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; SINGLE UNDERWATER IMPULSES; NOISE EXPOSURE; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; HEARING THRESHOLDS; PINNIPEDS; DURATION; WHALES; TONES AB A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) was tested in a behavioral procedure to assess noise-induced temporary threshold shift (TTS) in air. Octave band fatiguing noise was varied in both duration (1.5-50 min) and level (94-133 dB re 20 mu Pa) to generate a variety of equal sound exposure level conditions. Hearing thresholds were measured at the center frequency of the noise (2500 Hz) before, immediately after, and 24 h following exposure. Threshold shifts generated from 192 exposures ranged up to 30 dB. Estimates of TTS onset [159 dB re (20)mu Pa)(2) s] and growth (2.5 dB of TTS per dB of noise increase) were determined using an exponential function. Recovery for threshold shifts greater than 20 dB followed an 8.8 dB per log(min) linear function. Repeated testing indicated possible permanent threshold shift at the test frequency, but a later audiogram revealed no shift at this frequency or higher. Sea lions appear to be equally susceptible to noise in air and in water, provided that the noise exposure levels are referenced to absolute sound detection thresholds in both media. These data provide a framework within which to consider effects arising from more intense and/or sustained exposures. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NOAA, Ocean Acoust Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kastak, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM kastak@ucsc.edu NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 122 IS 5 BP 2916 EP 2924 DI 10.1121/1.2783111 PN 1 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 224MT UT WOS:000250451800043 PM 18189581 ER PT J AU Isakov, V Touma, JS Khlystov, A AF Isakov, Vlad Touma, Jawad S. Khlystov, Andrey TI A method of assessing air toxics concentrations in urban areas using mobile platform measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; ELECTRICAL MOBILITY; EFFECTIVE DENSITY; AEROSOL; VARIABILITY; HEALTH; POLLUTANTS; EMISSIONS; POLLUTION AB The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an approach to characterize the spatial variability in ambient air concentrations using mobile platform measurements. This approach may be useful for air toxics assessments in Environmental justice applications, epidemiological studies, and environmental health risk assessments. In this study, we developed and applied a method to characterize air toxics concentrations in urban areas using results of the recently conducted field study in Wilmington, DE. Mobile measurements were collected over a 4-x 4-km area of downtown Wilmington for three components: formaldehyde (representative of volatile organic compounds and also photochemically reactive pollutants), aerosol size distribution (representing fine particulate matter), and water-soluble hexavalent chromium (representative of toxic metals). These measurements were used to construct spatial and temporal distributions of air toxics in the area that show a very strong temporal variability, both diurnally and seasonally. An analysis of spatial variability indicates that all pollutants varied significantly by location, which suggests potential impact of local sources. From the comparison with measurements at the central monitoring site, we conclude that formaldehyde and fine particulates show a positive correlation with temperature, which could also be the reason that photochemically generated formaldehyde and fine particulates over the study area correlate well with the fine particulate matter measured at the central site. C1 US EPA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Isakov, V (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Isakov.Vlad@epa.gov RI Khlystov, Andrey/C-6134-2009 OI Khlystov, Andrey/0000-0001-9606-3919 NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1286 EP 1295 DI 10.3155/1047-389.57.11.1286 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 228YL UT WOS:000250768400001 PM 18069452 ER PT J AU Pitchford, M Malm, W Schichtel, B Kumar, N Lowenthal, D Hand, J AF Pitchford, Marc Malm, William Schichtel, Bret Kumar, Naresh Lowenthal, Douglas Hand, Jenny TI Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle speciation data SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; PROTECTED VISUAL ENVIRONMENTS; SEA-SALT AEROSOLS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PM2.5 MASS; RECONSTRUCTION; SCATTERING AB The Interagency Monitoring of,Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) particle monitoring network consists of approximately 160 sites at which fine particulate matter (PM,.,) mass and major species concentrations and course particulate matter (PM10) rnass concentrations are determined by analysis of 24-hr duration sampling conducted on a 1-day-in-3 schedule. A simple algorithm to estimate light extinction from the measured species concentrations was incorporated in the 1999 Regional Haze Rule as the basis for the haze metric used to track haze trends. A revised algorithm was developed that is more consistent with the recent atmospheric aerosol literature and reduces bias for high and low light extinction extremes. The revised algorithm differs from the original algorithm in having a term for estimating sea salt light scattering from Cl- ion data, using 1.8 instead of 1.4 for the mean ratio of organic mass to measured organic carbon, using site-specific Rayleigh scattering based on site elevation and mean temperature, employing a split component extinction efficiency associated With large and small size mode sulfate, nitrate and organic mass species, and adding a term for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) absorption for sites with NO, concentration information. Light scattering estimates using the original and the revised algorithms are compared with nephelometer measurements at 21 IMPROVE monitoring sites. The revised algorithm reduces the underprediction of high haze periods and the overprediction of low haze periods compared with the performance of the original algorithm. This is most apparent at the hazier monitoring sites in the eastern United States. For each site, the PM,, composition for days selected as the best 20% and the worst 20% haze condition days are nearly identical regardless of whether the basis of selection was light scattering from the original or revised algorithms, or from nephelometer-measured light scattering. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Res Labs, Desert Res Inst, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Ft Collins, CO USA. Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Pitchford, M (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Res Labs, Desert Res Inst, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM marcp@dri.edu RI Wang, Linden/M-6617-2014 NR 29 TC 104 Z9 129 U1 3 U2 50 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 57 IS 11 BP 1326 EP 1336 DI 10.3155/1047-3289.57.11.1326 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 228YL UT WOS:000250768400005 PM 18069456 ER PT J AU Schumacher, GE Antonucci, JM O'Donnell, JNR Skrtic, D AF Schumacher, Gary E. Antonucci, Joseph. M. O'Donnell, Justin N. R. Skrtic, Drago TI The use of amorphous calcium phosphate composites as bioactive basing materials - Their effect on the strength of the composite/adhesive/dentin bond SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE amorphous calcium phosphate; composites; remineralization; dentin ID POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; PHOSPHATE/METHACRYLATE COMPOSITES; HYBRID; DENTIN AB Background. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) composites release calcium and phosphate ions in aqueous environments; which may lead to deposition of apatitic mineral in tooth structure. The authors evaluate the strength of the composite/adhesive/, dentin bond shear bond strength (SBS) for ACP basing-composites after various. periods of water aging. Methods. The authors made the experimental composites by using two resin matrices with various ACPs or a commercial strontium ionleachable glass. They applied successive coats of a dentin adhesive and basing composite to an acid-etched dentin surface and photopolymerized them. They added a commercial resin-based composite and light cured it. They determined the specimens' SBS after they were aged in water for various periods at 37 C. Results. The SBS of the ACP composites was 18.3 +/- 3.5 megapascals, independent of filler type, resin composition and water-aging interval. After 24 hours of water aging, 92.6 percent of surfaces showed the adhesive failure. After two weeks of water aging, adhesive/cohesive failures were predominant in unmilled and milled ACP composites. Conclusions. The SBS of ACP composites appears to be unaffected by filler type or immersion time for up to six months. The type of adhesive failure occurring with prolonged aqueous exposure is affected by filler type. Clinical Implications. These materials may be effective remineralizing/antidemineralizing agents and may be clinically applicable as adhesives, protective liners and bases, orthodontic cements and pit-and-fissure sealants. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Polymers, Biomat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Donnell, JNR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM justin.odonnell@nist.god FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE 13169-08, R01 DE013169-08, R01 DE013169] NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER DENTAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 138 IS 11 BP 1476 EP 1484 PG 9 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 232SE UT WOS:000251038900022 PM 17974645 ER PT J AU Errico, RM Ohring, G Bauer, P Ferrier, B Mahfouf, JF Turk, J Weng, F AF Errico, Ronald M. Ohring, George Bauer, Peter Ferrier, Brad Mahfouf, Jean-Francois Turk, Joe Weng, Fuzhong TI Assimilation of satellite cloud and precipitation observations in numerical weather prediction models: Introduction to the JAS special collection SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material AB To date, the assimilation of satellite measurements in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models has focused on the clear atmosphere. But satellite observations in the visible, infrared, and microwave provide a great deal of information on clouds and precipitation. This special collection describes how to use this information to initialize clouds and precipitation in models. Since clouds and precipitation often occur in sensitive regions for forecast impacts, such improvements are likely necessary for continuing to acquire significant gains in weather forecasting. This special collection of the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences is devoted to articles based on papers presented at the International Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, in Lansdowne, Virginia, in May 2005. This introduction summarizes the findings of the workshop. The special collection includes review articles on satellite observations of clouds and precipitation (Stephens and Kummerow), parameterizations of clouds and precipitation in NWP models (Lopez), radiative transfer in cloudy/precipitating atmospheres (Weng), and assimilation of cloud and precipitation observations (Errico et al.),as well as research papers on these topics. C1 Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forescasts, Reading, Berks, England. NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Dorval, PQ, Canada. Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Ohring, G (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Room 808,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM george.ohring@noaa.gov RI Ohring, George/F-5616-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 0 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 11 BP 3737 EP 3741 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2622.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 236DK UT WOS:000251283000001 ER PT J AU Weng, FZ AF Weng, Fuzhong TI Advances in radiative transfer modeling in support of satellite data assimilation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Obervations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models CY MAY, 2005 CL Lansdowne, VA ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE METHOD; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; EMISSIVITY MODEL; WATER-CONTENT; PART I; MICROWAVE; SCATTERING; CLOUDS; PARAMETERIZATION AB Development of fast and accurate radiative transfer models for clear atmospheric conditions has enabled direct assimilation of clear-sky radiances from satellites in numerical weather prediction models. In this article, fast radiative transfer schemes and their components critical for satellite data assimilation are summarized and discussed for their potential applications in operational global data assimilation systems. The major impediments to the fast radiative transfer schemes are highlighted and a call is made for broader community efforts to develop advanced radiative transfer components that can better handle the scattering from atmospheric constituents (e. g., aerosols, clouds, and precipitation) and surface materials ( e. g., snow, sea ice, deserts). C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Weng, F (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Fuzhong.Weng@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 49 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 11 BP 3799 EP 3807 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2112.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 236DK UT WOS:000251283000005 ER PT J AU Chen, RY Chang, FL Li, ZQ Ferraro, R Weng, FZ AF Chen, Ruiyue Chang, Fu-Lung Li, Zhanqing Ferraro, Ralph Weng, Fuzhong TI Impact of the vertical variation of cloud droplet size on the estimation of cloud liquid water path and rain detection SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Obervations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models CY MAY, 2005 CL Lansdowne, VA ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; AMSR-E; PRECIPITABLE WATER; OCEAN ALGORITHM; GLOBAL SURVEY; SATELLITE; RETRIEVALS; SYSTEM; MICROPHYSICS AB Cloud droplet effective radius (DER) and liquid water path (LWP) are two key parameters for the quantitative assessment of cloud effects on the exchange of energy and water. Chang and Li presented an algorithm using multichannel measurements made at 3.7, 2.1, and 1.6 mu m to retrieve a cloud DER vertical profile for improved cloud LWP estimation. This study applies the multichannel algorithm to the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data on the Aqua satellite, which also carries the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) for measuring cloud LWP and precipitation. By analyzing one day of coincident MODIS and AMSR-E observations over the tropical oceans between 40 degrees S and 40 degrees N for overcast warm clouds (> 273 K) having optical depths between 3.6 and 23, the effects of DER vertical variation on the MODIS-derived LWP are reported. It is shown that the LWP tends to be overestimated if the DER increases with height within the cloud and underestimated if the DER decreases with height within the cloud. Despite the uncertainties in both MODIS and AMSR-E retrievals, the result shows that accounting for the DER vertical variation reduces the mean biases and root-mean-square errors between the MODIS- and AMSR-E-derived LWPs. Besides, the manner in which the DER changes with height has the potential for differentiating precipitative and nonprecipitative warm clouds. For precipitating clouds, the DER at the cloud top is substantially smaller than the DER at the cloud base. For nonprecipitating clouds, however, the DER differences between the cloud top and the cloud base are much less. C1 Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA. Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Li, ZQ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM zli@atmos.umd.edu RI chen, ruiyue/F-6708-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010; Li, Zhanqing/F-4424-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179; Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135; Li, Zhanqing/0000-0001-6737-382X NR 42 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 11 BP 3843 EP 3853 DI 10.1175/2007JAS2126.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 236DK UT WOS:000251283000008 ER PT J AU Weng, FZ Zhu, T Yan, BH AF Weng, Fuzhong Zhu, Tong Yan, Banghua TI Satellite data assimilation in numerical weather prediction models. Part II: Uses of rain-affected radiances from microwave observations for hurricane vortex analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Obervations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models CY MAY, 2005 CL Lansdowne, VA ID VECTOR RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; DISCRETE-ORDINATE METHOD; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; 1D+4D-VAR ASSIMILATION; PRECIPITABLE WATER; HUMIDITY PROFILES; EMISSIVITY MODEL; INITIALIZATION; SIMULATION; RETRIEVAL AB A hybrid variational scheme (HVAR) is developed to produce the vortex analysis associated with tropical storms. This scheme allows for direct assimilation of rain- affected radiances from satellite microwave instruments. In the HVAR, the atmospheric temperature and surface parameters in the storms are derived from a one-dimension variational data assimilation (1DVAR) scheme, which minimizes the cost function of both background information and satellite measurements. In the minimization process, a radiative transfer model including scattering and emission is used for radiance simulation ( see Part I of this study). Through the use of 4DVAR, atmospheric temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and surface parameters from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) are assimilated into global forecast model outputs to produce an improved analysis. This new scheme is generally applicable for variable stages of storms. In the 2005 hurricane season, the HVAR was applied for two hurricane cases, resulting in improved analyses of three-dimensional structures of temperature and wind fields as compared with operational model analysis fields. It is found that HVAR reproduces detailed structures for the hurricane warm core at the upper troposphere. Both lower-level wind speed and upper-level divergence are enhanced with reasonable asymmetric structure. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Joint Ctr Satelite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Weng, F (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Fuzhong.Weng@noaa.gov RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 46 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 64 IS 11 BP 3910 EP 3925 DI 10.1175/2006JAS2051.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 236DK UT WOS:000251283000013 ER PT J AU Ashby, N AF Ashby, Neil TI Relativistic effects in earth-orbiting Doppler lidar return signals SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article AB Frequency shifts of side-ranging lidar signals are calculated to high order in the small quantities (upsilon/c), where v is the velocity of a spacecraft carrying a lidar laser or of an aerosol particle that scatters the radiation back into a detector (c is the speed of light). Frequency shift measurements determine horizontal components of ground velocity of the scattering particle, but measured fractional frequency shifts are large because of the large velocities of the spacecraft and of the rotating earth. Subtractions of large terms cause a loss of significant digits and magnify the effect of relativistic corrections in determination of wind velocity. Spacecraft acceleration is also considered. Calculations are performed in an earth-centered inertial frame, and appropriate transformations are applied giving the velocities of scatterers relative to the ground. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ashby, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM ashby@boulder.nist.gov NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 24 IS 11 BP 3530 EP 3546 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.24.003530 PG 17 WC Optics SC Optics GA 236WW UT WOS:000251335100016 PM 17975580 ER PT J AU Chang, RF Abbott, PJ AF Chang, Ren Fang Abbott, Patrick J. TI Factors affecting the reproducibility of the accommodation coefficient of the spinning rotor gauge SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID VACUUM GAUGES; TRANSFER STANDARD; CALIBRATION; STABILITY AB The spinning rotor gauge is the most stable device available for measuring pressure between 10(-4) and 10(-1) Pa. The calibration of these gauges is determined by measuring an effective accommodation coefficient, which is used in conjunction with an equation derived from the kinetic theory of gases to calculate the pressure seen by the rotor gauge. To assess the reproducibility of the spinning rotor gauge (and hence its accommodation coefficient), eight spinning rotor gauges were calibrated numerous times simultaneously with the primary midrange vacuum standard at the National Institute of Standards and Technology over a 15 month period. Events encountered by a rotor during its normal operation were investigated for their effects on the accommodation coefficient of the rotor. The effects of baking as well as "crashing" of the rotors were also investigated. We found that the accommodation coefficient may be dependent on the orientation of the rotor's suspension as a consequence of anisotropically distributed blemishes on the rotor's surface. Consequently, the accommodation coefficient will not reproduce well when the rotor is resuspended because the rotational axis is not replicated. Data on the accommodation coefficient obtained from ordinary rotors as well as rotors specifically prepared with a band of scratches to exaggerate the anisotropic nature of the blemishes will be presented. (c) 2007 American Vacuum Society. C1 [Chang, Ren Fang; Abbott, Patrick J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chang, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM patrick.abbott@nist.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1567 EP 1576 DI 10.1116/1.2790910 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 240XV UT WOS:000251622400015 ER PT J AU Prabhu, VM Vogt, BD Kang, S Rao, A Lin, EK Satija, SK AF Prabhu, Vivek M. Vogt, Bryan D. Kang, Shuhui Rao, Ashwin Lin, Eric K. Satija, Sushil K. TI Direct measurement of the spatial extent of the in situ developed latent image by neutron reflectivity SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY MAY 29-JUN 01, 2007 CL Denver, CO ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED PHOTORESIST; LINE EDGE ROUGHNESS; INTERFEROMETRIC LITHOGRAPHY; REACTIVE DISSOLUTION; POLYMER DISSOLUTION; FILMS; SPECTROSCOPY; SIMULATION; MODEL; RESOLUTION AB The spatial distribution of polymer photoresist and deuterium labeled base developer highlights a fraction of the line edge that swells but does not dissolve. This residual swelling fraction remains swollen during both the in situ aqueous hydroxide dissolution (development) and water rinse steps uncovering that the final lithographic feature is resolved by a collapse mechanism during the drying step. These new insights into the mechanism of lithographic feature formation were enabled by contrast variant neutron reflectivity methods with nanometer resolution. C1 [Prabhu, Vivek M.; Vogt, Bryan D.; Kang, Shuhui; Rao, Ashwin; Lin, Eric K.] NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Satija, Sushil K.] NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prabhu, VM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Burue Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vprabhu@nist.gov RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 25 IS 6 BP 2514 EP 2520 DI 10.1116/1.2800329 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 240UA UT WOS:000251611900150 ER PT J AU Clarke, JS Michael, BS Orji, NG AF Clarke, James S. Michael, B. Schmidt Orji, Ndubuisi G. TI Photoresist cross-sectioning with negligible damage using a dual-beam FIB-SEM: A high throughput method for profile imaging SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY MAY 29-JUN 01, 2007 CL Denver, CO AB Imaging of photoresist cross sections in a focused ion beam (FIB)-scanning electron microscope (SEM) is demonstrated with negligible damage. An in situ chromium sputtering technique is used to deposit metal on the site of interest, replacing the conventional and more damaging metal deposition by high energy ion decomposition of metal-organic precursors. Here, a high current ion beam is rastered over a small chromium target suspended over the wafer surface resulting in a less damaging metal deposition step. The subsequent resist critical dimensions measured via FIB-SEM are calibrated against profile measurements taken by critical dimension atomic force microscopy, implemented here as a reference measurement system (RMS) without the influence of beam exposure. The use of a nondamaging RMS allows an accurate measurement of resist damage during imaging. As a practical demonstration of this sputtering method, a 50 nm 1:1 line/space array in extreme ultraviolet photoresist is analyzed through focus and exposure. (C) 2007 American Vacuum Society. C1 Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. [Michael, B. Schmidt] FEI Co, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. [Orji, Ndubuisi G.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Clarke, JS (reprint author), Intel Corp, RA3-252,2501 NW 229th Ave, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. EM james.s.clarke@intel.com NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 25 IS 6 BP 2526 EP 2530 DI 10.1116/1.2804516 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 240UA UT WOS:000251611900152 ER PT J AU Gica, E Teng, MH Liu, PLF Titov, V Zhou, HQ AF Gica, Edison Teng, Michelle H. Liu, Philip L. -F. Titov, Vasily Zhou, Hongqiang TI Sensitivity analysis of source parameters for earthquake-generated distant tsunamis SO JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE tsunamis; earthquakes; parameters; sensitivity analysis ID RUNUP AB This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the effects of different fault plane parameters on earthquake generated tsunamis in the far field. The parameters studied include the location of epicenter, rake angle, dip angle, strike angle, fault plane dimensions, slip displacement, and focal depth. The study was carried out by applying the verified Cornell COMCOT tsunami model to simulate distant tsunamis generated by earthquakes in three different seismic regions, namely, Japan, Aleutian Islands, and Chile in the Pacific Basin. In this study, each fault plane parameter was varied and its effect on the tsunami wave height at a distant location (Hawaii offshore waters as a case study) was examined. Our results showed that under the same earthquake magnitude, in general, variations within a reasonable range of uncertainty in rake and dip angles, epicenter location, and focal depth do not affect the resulting tsunamis significantly while a variation in the fault dimensions, strike angle, and slip displacement can cause a large change in the wave heights in the far field. The study revealed that the sensitivity of the far field wave height to certain earthquake parameters including the fault plane dimensions, slip displacement, and the strike angle does not always decrease as the distance between the earthquake and the far field increases. These results indicate the importance of accurate earthquake information for accurate tsunami predictions and that even for wave heights in a far field thousands of miles away, the earthquake may not be treated as a simple point source described by its epicenter location and magnitude alone. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA PMEL OERD, Ctr Tsunami Res, UW JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Teng, MH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM teng@wiliki.eng.hawaii.edu RI Liu, Philip/E-3619-2013; OI Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 15 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-950X J9 J WATERW PORT C-ASCE JI J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 2007 VL 133 IS 6 BP 429 EP 441 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:6(429) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 227JB UT WOS:000250651900005 ER PT J AU Gray, DK Johengen, TH Reid, DF MacIsaac, HJ AF Gray, Derek K. Johengen, Thomas H. Reid, David F. MacIsaac, Hugh J. TI Efficacy of open-ocean ballast water exchange as a means of preventing invertebrate invasions between freshwater ports SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; DIAPAUSING EGGS; RESTING EGGS; SHIPS; ZOOPLANKTON; ORGANISMS; SEDIMENTS; BASIN; INTRODUCTIONS; VIABILITY AB Ballast water is a major vector of nonindigenous species invasion globally. Mandatory ballast water exchange (BWE) was implemented for vessels carrying ballast water into the Great Lakes in 1993. Despite the implementation of this policy, few data are available on its effectiveness, and invasions have continued to be reported in the Great Lakes. In this study, we conducted experiments to assess the efficacy of BWE on six operational transoceanic vessels traveling from the Great Lakes to European ports. Each vessel had paired ballast tanks, one of which was designated as a control that remained filled with Great Lakes water, while the other was exchanged with mid-ocean water. Community composition was assessed immediately after tanks were filled and again prior to water discharge in European ports. BWE was verified by ship records and, in two cases, by in situ water quality sensors. BWE was highly effective (> 99% loss) for reducing concentrations of freshwater zooplankton. Live sentinel amphipods and oligochaetes deployed in incubator chambers sustained nearly universal mortality in tanks that experienced BWE, but not in unexchanged tanks. Finally, BWE reduced in situ recruitment of zooplankton from diapausing eggs present in ballast sediments in additional incubator chambers deployed in these tanks. Collectively, these studies support the contention that BWE by transoceanic vessels traveling between freshwater ports results in ballast water that would exceed proposed International Maritime Organization (2004) ballast water performance standards if these standards were applied to freshwater species only. Thus, BWE provides strong protection to freshwater ecosystems against invasions by both pelagic and benthic freshwater species. C1 Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP MacIsaac, HJ (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM hughm@uwindsor.ca NR 33 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 52 IS 6 BP 2386 EP 2397 DI 10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2386 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 233ZG UT WOS:000251129700007 ER PT J AU Sunda, WG Hardison, DR AF Sunda, William G. Hardison, D. Ransom TI Ammonium uptake and growth limitation in marine phytoplankton SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYLL-A; CELL-SIZE; WATER; IRON; ECOSYSTEMS; TRANSPORT; KINETICS; DIATOM; CARBON; SEA AB We used continuous culture techniques and a sensitive fluorescence method to quantify relationships among ammonium (NH4+) concentration, cellular NH4+ uptake rates, and growth rate limitation for five marine algal species ranging in diameter from 3 to 11 mu m. The growth rate of two high-nutrient-requiring coastal diatoms, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana, were limited at NH4+ concentrations < 90-100 nmol L-1, while those of low-nutrient-adapted species, the oceanic coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, the coastal pelagophyte Aureoumbra lagunensis, and the coastal trebouxiophyte Nannochloris atomus, were limited at concentrations < 30-40 nmol L-1. In the nitrogen-limited cyclostats, the residence times of dissolved ammonium were extremely short (4-12 min at chlorophyll a levels of 20-30 mu g L-1), and these short times had to be taken into account to obtain accurate NH4+ measurements. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations in stratified surface ocean waters (3-15 nmol L-1) fall within the range that substantially limited algal growth rates in our experiments, providing evidence for nitrogen limitation in these waters. Ammonium uptake rates and associated specific growth rates were much lower for T. weissflogii (10-11 mu m in diameter) than for the other smaller (3.1-4.5 mu m in diameter) species under ammonium limitation owing to the limits imposed by NH4+ diffusion to the cell surface. Diffusion per unit of cell volume varies with the inverse square of the cell diameter and, thus, greatly restricts growth of large-celled species under NH4+ limitation. The resultant selection of small-celled algal species in ammonium-limited ocean waters should promote rapid grazing and nutrient cycling and minimum nutrient loss via settling of intact cells and zooplankton fecal material. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Sunda, WG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 101 Pivers Island Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 37 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 30 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 52 IS 6 BP 2496 EP 2506 DI 10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2496 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 233ZG UT WOS:000251129700016 ER PT J AU Avens, L Goshe, LR AF Avens, Larisa Goshe, Lisa R. TI Comparative skeletochronological analysis of Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) humeri and scleral ossicles SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-TURTLES; AGE-DETERMINATION; CHELONIA-MYDAS; GROWTH; VALIDATION; POPULATION; REPTILES; PACIFIC; MARKS AB Skeletochronological analysis of Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle humeri and scleral ossicles was conducted to (1) describe the characteristics of scleral ossicles in these species, (2) determine whether the scleral ossicles contain annually deposited skeletal growth marks and (3) evaluate the potential for skeletochronological analysis of ossicles to obtain age data for size classes and species of sea turtles whose humeri exhibit prohibitive amounts of growth mark resorption. Humeri, entire eyes, and/or individual scleral ossicles were collected from stranded, dead sea turtles that were found along the coasts of Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, and Texas, USA. Samples were taken from a total of 77 neritic, juvenile Kemp's ridleys ranging from 21.1 to 56.8 cm straightline carapace length (SCL), as well as two Kemp's ridley hatchlings. For loggerheads, samples were obtained from 65 neritic juvenile and adult turtles ranging from 44.7 to 103.6 cm SCL and ten hatchlings. Examination of the ossicles revealed the presence of marks similar in appearance to those found in humeri. The number of marks in the ossicles and humeri of individual juvenile Kemp's ridleys for which both structures were collected (n = 55) was equivalent, strongly indicating that the marks are annual. However, in large juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles (n = 65), some significant resorption of early growth marks was observed, suggesting that although ossicles might be useful for skeletochronological analysis of small juveniles, they may not provide a reasonable alternative to humeri for obtaining age estimates for older loggerhead sea turtles. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Avens, L (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Larisa.Avens@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 152 IS 6 BP 1309 EP 1317 DI 10.1007/s00227-007-0779-9 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 220CK UT WOS:000250134300009 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, R Parks, J Pollnac, R Campson, T Genio, E Marlessy, C Holle, E Pido, M Nissapa, A Boromthanarat, S Hue, NT AF Pomeroy, Robert Parks, John Pollnac, Richard Campson, Tammy Genio, Emmanuel Marlessy, Cliff Holle, Elizabeth Pido, Michael Nissapa, Ayut Boromthanarat, Somsak Hue, Nguyen Thu TI Fish wars: Conflict and collaboration in fisheries management in Southeast Asia SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE fisheries co-management; conflict management; peace and order; Southeast Asia AB As a result of declining and overfished small-scale nearshore fisheries in Southeast Asia, there are increasing conflicts and social tensions between and among different user groups, leading to coastal "fish wars". A challenge facing fishers, resource managers and national decision makers in the region is to identify more appropriate governance and public policy mechanisms to manage conflicts over fishery resources and to resolve them productively in the interests of both long-term sustainability and short-term economic feasibility. A quantitative analysis undertaken in selected coastal communities in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam with and without co-management indicate that co-management does lead to reduced resource conflict levels. The analysis has also shown that when resource conflicts are reduced, food security improves. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, CT Sea Grant, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Honolulu, HI USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Marine Affairs, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Storrs, CT USA. Independent Consultant, Manila, Philippines. Locally Managed Marine Area Network, Country Coordinator, Indonesia. Univ Cenderawasih, Dept Math & Sci, Papua, Indonesia. Prince Songkla Univ, Coastal Resources Inst, Hat Yai, Thailand. Ctr Marine Conservat & Community Dev, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Pomeroy, R (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, CT Sea Grant, Avery Point,380 Marine Sci Bldg,1080 Shennecosset, Groton, CT 06340 USA. EM robert.pomeroy@uconn.edu NR 28 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 7 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 31 IS 6 BP 645 EP 656 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2007.03.012 PG 12 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 208WP UT WOS:000249350200001 ER PT J AU Murawski, SA AF Murawski, Steven A. TI Ten myths concerning ecosystem approaches to marine resource management SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE ecosystem approaches to management (EAM); EBM; MPA ID PROTECTED AREAS; FISHERIES; IMPLEMENTATION; INDICATORS; GOVERNANCE; FRAMEWORK; VIEWS AB Ecosystem approaches to marine resource management (EAM) offer comprehensive decision making based on rationalization of currently fragmented ocean policies and their implementation. However, despite the apparent utility in addressing these problems, EAM has also been criticized as being nonspecific, immature, invalid as a basis for decision making, and not fully supported by science. While it is commonly perceived that a paradigm shift in governance and science institutions awaits implementation to address these criticisms, in fact, ecosystem considerations are being incorporated more frequently, employing existing authorities as the basis for mitigation of sectoral impacts and for resource allocation. Management 'best practices' for EAM are emerging based on these experiences. Ten common criticisms of EAM, which I believe to be myths propagated primarily to maintain the status quo among sectoral interests, are discussed. Accelerated evolution of EAM will occur as science better articulates feedbacks, cumulative ecological effects and economic consequences framing policy choices, and more formal "rules of engagement" among sectors (e.g., fishing, coastal development, water quality, and energy) are negotiated. These operating procedures would be established under informal arrangements, in national law, and by international agreement. The management paradigm for marine resources is shifting and EAM will eventually be considered redundant with established practice. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Murawski, SA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1315 E W Highway,SSMC3-14659, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM steve.murawski@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 105 Z9 110 U1 5 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 31 IS 6 BP 681 EP 690 DI 10.1016/j.marpol.2007.03.011 PG 10 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 208WP UT WOS:000249350200004 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Hussey, DS AF Coakley, K. J. Hussey, D. S. TI Feasibility of single-view coded source neutron transmission tomography SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE computed tomography; computer modeling and simulation; inverse problems; neutron scattering; probability theory; stochastic processes and statistics; proton exchange membrane fuel cells ID X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; IMAGE-RECONSTRUCTION; EM ALGORITHM; STATISTICAL INVERSION; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; CROSS-VALIDATION; RADON-TRANSFORM; RESTORATION; PARAMETER AB In a simulation experiment, we study the feasibility of single-view coded source neutron transmission tomography for imaging water density in fuel cells at the NIST neutron imaging facility. In standard two-dimensional transmission tomography, one reconstructs a spatially varying attenuation image based on many projections or views of an object. Here, we consider the limiting case where only one view is available. Rather than parallel beam sources, the projection data are produced by multiple pinhole sources. For a high-count case where the object is near the sources and the object magnification is approximately 200, and attenuation varies very smoothly in the object, we demonstrate that a penalized maximum likelihood method yields a reconstruction of attenuation that has a fractional root-mean-square prediction error of 5.8%. We determine the regularization parameter in the penalized likelihood method using a statistical learning method called two-fold cross-validation. As the object-to-source distance increases and object magnification in the detector plane decreases, the quality of the reconstruction deteriorates. At the NIST neutron imaging facility, the object magnification in a single-view coded source neutron imaging experiment would be only about 4. Due to this low magnification, even for the favorable case considered where attenuation varies very smoothly and we observe high-count projection data, we conclude that single-view coded source neutron transmission tomography is not a promising method for quantifying the spatial distribution of water in a fuel cell. (Contributions by staff of NIST, an agency of the US Government, are not subject to copyright.). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kevin.coakley@nist.gov; daniel.hussey@nist.gov NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 18 IS 11 BP 3391 EP 3398 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/18/11/019 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 221AT UT WOS:000250199500020 ER PT J AU Chiu-Tsao, ST Schaart, DR Soares, CG Nath, R AF Chiu-Tsao, Sou-Tung Schaart, Dennis R. Soares, Christopher G. Nath, Ravinder TI Dose calculation formalisms and consensus dosimetry parameters for intravascular brachytherapy dosimetry: Recommendations of the AAPM Therapy Physics Committee Task Group No. 149 SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE brachytherapy; dosimetry; restenosis; intravascular brachytherapy ID RADIOCHROMIC FILM DOSIMETRY; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; INTRACORONARY BETA-RADIATION; ABANDON GEOMETRY FACTORS; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATION; ENDOVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY; IR-192 SOURCES; ELUTING STENT; P-32 SOURCE; BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY AB Since the publication of AAPM Task Group 60 report in 1999, a considerable amount of dosimetry data for the three coronary brachytherapy systems in use in the United States has been reported. A subgroup, Task Group 149, of the AAPM working group on Special Brachytherapy Modalities (Bruce Thomadsen, Chair) was charged to develop recommendations for dose calculation formalisms and the related consensus dosimetry parameters. The recommendations of this group are presented here. For the Cordis Ir-192 and Novoste Sr-90/Y-90 systems, the original TG-43 formalism in spherical coordinates should be used along with the consensus values of the dose rate constant, geometry function, radial dose function, and anisotropy function for the single seeds. Contributions from the single seeds should be added linearly for the calculation of dose distributions from a source train. For the Guidant (32)p wire system, the modified TG-43 formalism in cylindrical coordinates along with the recommended data for the 20 and 27 mm wires should be used. Data tables for the 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 seed trains of the Cordis system, 30, 40, and 60 mm seed trains of the Novoste system, and the 20 and 27 mm wires of the Guidant system are presented along with our rationale and methodology for selecting the consensus data. Briefly, all available datasets were compared with each other and the consensus dataset was either an average of available data or the one obtained from the most densely populated study; in most cases this was a Monte Carlo calculation. C 2007 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Qual Mediphys LLC, Denville, NJ 07834 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Interfac Reactor Inst, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Chiu-Tsao, ST (reprint author), Qual Mediphys LLC, 17 Jade Lane, Denville, NJ 07834 USA. EM soutung@optonline.net RI Schaart, Dennis/C-7136-2014; Grams, Michael/G-5197-2011 OI Schaart, Dennis/0000-0002-3199-5608; NR 99 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 34 IS 11 BP 4126 EP 4157 DI 10.1118/1.2767184 PG 32 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 234FK UT WOS:000251145900006 PM 18072478 ER PT J AU Wunemann, K Weiss, R Hofmann, K AF Wuennemann, Kai Weiss, Robert Hofmann, Kay TI Characteristics of oceanic impact-induced large water waves - Re-evaluation of the tsunami hazard SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Impact Craters as Indicators for Planetary Environmental Evolution and Astrobiology CY JUN, 2006 CL Ostersund, SWEDEN ID MARINE IMPACT; LOCKNE; CRATER; TARGET; SIMULATIONS; ATMOSPHERE; ASTEROIDS; SWEDEN; EVENT; FLOOR AB The potential hazard of a meteorite impact in the ocean is controversial with respect to the destructive power of generated large ocean waves (tsunamis). We used numerical modeling of hypervelocity impact to investigate the generation mechanism and the characteristics of the resulting waves up to a distance of 100-150 projectile radii. The wave signal is primarily controlled by the ratio between projectile diameter and water depth, and can be roughly classified into deep-water and shallow-water impacts. In the latter, the collapse of the crater rim results in a wave signal similar to solitary waves, which propagate and decay in agreement with shallow-water wave theory. The much more likely scenario for an asteroid impact on Earth is a relatively small body (much smaller than the water depth) striking the deep sea. In this case, the collapse of the transient crater results in a significantly different and much more complex wave signal that is characterized by strong nonlinear behavior. We found that such waves decay much more rapidly than previously assumed and cannot be treated as long waves. For this reason, the shallow-water theory is not applicable for the computation of wave propagation, and more complex models (full solution of the Boussinesq equations) are required. C1 [Wuennemann, Kai; Hofmann, Kay] Humboldt Univ, Museum Naturkunde, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. [Weiss, Robert] Univ Washington, Natl Ctr Tsunami Res, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wunemann, K (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, Museum Naturkunde, Invalidenstr 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. EM kai.wuennemann@museum.hu-berlin.de RI Weiss, Robert/B-8060-2012; OI Weiss, Robert/0000-0002-7168-5401 NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1086-9379 EI 1945-5100 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1893 EP 1903 DI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00548.x PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 273NM UT WOS:000253937700005 ER PT J AU Morin, PA McCarthy, M AF Morin, Phillip A. McCarthy, Melissa TI Highly accurate SNP genotyping from historical and low-quality samples SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE ancient DNA; bowhead whale; population genetics; single nucleotide polymorphism; SNP ID SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS; CHIMPANZEES PAN-TROGLODYTES; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; NUCLEAR-DNA; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATION PARAMETERS; CONSERVATION GENETICS; COMPUTER-PROGRAM; LOCI; PCR AB Historical and other poor-quality samples are often necessary for population genetics, conservation, and forensics studies. Although there is a long history of using mtDNA from such samples, obtaining and genotyping nuclear loci have been considered difficult and error-prone at best, and impossible at worst. The primary issues are the amount of nuclear DNA available for genotyping, and the degradation of the DNA into small fragments. Single nucleotide polymorphisms offer potential advantages for assaying nuclear variation in historical and poor-quality samples, because the amplified fragments can be very small, varying little or not at all in size between alleles, and can be amplified efficiently by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We present a method for highly multiplexed PCR of SNP loci, followed by dual-fluorescence genotyping that is very effective for genotyping poor-quality samples, and can potentially use very little template DNA, regardless of the number of loci to be genotyped. We genotyped 19 SNP loci from DNA extracted from modern and historical bowhead whale tissue, bone and baleen samples. The PCR failure rate was < 1.5%, and the genotyping error rate was 0.1% when DNA samples contained > 10 copies/mu L of a 51-bp nuclear sequence. Among samples with <= 10 copies/mu L DNA, samples could still be genotyped confidently with appropriate levels of replication from independent multiplex PCRs. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM phillip.morin@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD NOV PY 2007 VL 7 IS 6 BP 937 EP 946 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01804.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 227HL UT WOS:000250647700005 ER PT J AU Huebinger, RM Louis, EE Gelatt, T Rea, LD Bickham, JW AF Huebinger, Ryan M. Louis, Edward E., Jr. Gelatt, Thomas Rea, Lorrie D. Bickham, John W. TI Characterization of eight microsatellite loci in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE eumetopias; microsatellites; steller sea lion AB Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) are listed as an endangered species in western Alaska and have exhibited a significant population decline throughout their range. Eight microsatellite loci were isolated from genomic DNA libraries. In addition, all these markers were found to be variable in nine individuals of the California sea lion (Zalophus californicus). This panel of markers was developed to analyse population structure in Steller sea lions throughout their range. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Ctr Conservat & Res, Omaha, NE 68107 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Marine Mammals Sect, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Bickham, JW (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Ctr Environm, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM bickham@purdue.edu NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD NOV PY 2007 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1097 EP 1099 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01790.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 227HL UT WOS:000250647700048 ER PT J AU Tessendorf, SA AF Tessendorf, Sarah A. TI Radar and lightning observations of the 3 June 2000 electrically inverted storm from STEPS SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEVERE THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; UNITED-STATES; LIQUID WATER; PRECIPITATION; CLASSIFICATION; THUNDERCLOUDS; MICROPHYSICS; KINEMATICS; REGIONS AB This study addresses the kinematic, microphysical, and electrical evolution of an isolated convective storm observed on 3 June 2000 during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study field campaign. Doppler-derived vertical velocities, radar reflectivity, hydrometeor classifications from polarimetric radar, and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) charge structures are examined over a nearly 3-h period. This storm, characterized as a low-precipitation supercell, produced modest amounts of hail, determined by fuzzy-logic hydrometeor classification as mostly small (< 2 cm) hail, with one surface report of large (>= 2 cm) hail. Doppler-derived updraft speeds peaked between 20 and 25 m s(-1), and reflectivity was never greater than 60 dBZ. The most striking feature of this storm was its total lack of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. Though this storm was electrically active, with maximum flash rates near 30 per minute, no CG flashes of either polarity were detected. The charge structure inferred from the LMA observations was consistent with an inverted dipole, defined as having a midlevel positive charge region below upper-level negative charge. Inverted charge structures have typically been considered conducive to producing positive CG lightning; however, the 3 June storm appeared to lack the lower negative charge layer below the inverted dipole that is thought to provide the downward electrical bias necessary for positive CG lightning. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Tessendorf, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, DSRC, R-CSD3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sarah.tessendorf@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 135 IS 11 BP 3665 EP 3681 DI 10.1175/2006MWR1953.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 231QX UT WOS:000250965200001 ER PT J AU Tessendorf, SA Rutledge, SA AF Tessendorf, Sarah A. Rutledge, Steven A. TI Radar and lightning observations of normal and inverted polarity multicellular storms from STEPS SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEVERE THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION; ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE; PHYSICAL PROCESSES; CHARGE; PRECIPITATION; CLASSIFICATION; RADIATION; UPDRAFT AB This study discusses radar and lightning observations of two multicellular storms observed during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study. The Lightning Mapping Array data indicated that the charge structure of the 19 June 2000 storm was consistent with a normal polarity tripole, while the 22 June 2000 storm exhibited an overall inverted tripolar charge structure. The 19 June storm consisted of weaker convection and produced little to no hail and moderate total flash rates peaking between 80 and 120 min(-1). The cells in the 22 June 2000 storm were much more vigorous, exhibited strong, broad updrafts, and produced large quantities of hail, as well as extraordinary total flash rates as high as 500 min(-1). The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) indicated that the 19 June storm produced mostly negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, while the 22 June storm produced predominantly positive CG lightning, peaking at 10 min-1 just after two cells merged. However, the Los Alamos Sferic Array indicated that many of the positive CG strokes reported by the NLDN in the 22 June storm were intracloud discharges known as narrow bipolar events. Negative CG lightning was also observed in the 22 June storm, but typically came to ground beneath an inverted dipole in the storm anvil. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Tessendorf, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, DSRC, R-CSD3,25 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sarah.tessendorf@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 135 IS 11 BP 3682 EP 3706 DI 10.1175/2007MWR1954.1 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 231QX UT WOS:000250965200002 ER PT J AU Park, MJ Downing, KH Jackson, A Gomez, ED Minor, AM Cookson, D Weber, AZ Balsara, NP AF Park, Moon Jeong Downing, Kenneth H. Jackson, Andrew Gomez, Enrique D. Minor, Andrew M. Cookson, David Weber, Adam Z. Balsara, Nitash P. TI Increased water retention in polymer electrolyte membranes at elevated temperatures assisted by capillary condensation SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FUEL-CELL; PROTON CONDUCTIVITY; EXCHANGE MEMBRANES; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; TRANSPORT; NAFION(R); HUMIDITY; SYSTEMS AB We establish a new systematic methodology for controlling the water retention of polymer electrolyte membranes. Block copolymer membranes comprising hydrophilic phases with widths ranging from 2 to 5 nm become wetter as the temperature of the surrounding air is increased at constant relative humidity. The widths of the moist hydrophilic phases were measured by cryogenic electron microscopy experiments performed on humid membranes. Simple calculations suggest that capillary condensation is important at these length scales. The correlation between moisture content and proton conductivity of the membranes is demonstrated. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Australina Synchrotron Res Program, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Park, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Jackson, Andrew/B-9793-2008; Gomez, Enrique/E-5887-2013; Park, Moon Jeong/F-5752-2013; OI Jackson, Andrew/0000-0002-6296-0336; Weber, Adam/0000-0002-7749-1624 NR 31 TC 141 Z9 144 U1 4 U2 71 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 7 IS 11 BP 3547 EP 3552 DI 10.1021/nl072617l PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 232ZI UT WOS:000251059800053 PM 17960948 ER PT J AU Lee, SH Kikuchi, H Qiu, Y Lake, B Huang, Q Habicht, K Kiefer, K AF Lee, S.-H. Kikuchi, H. Qiu, Y. Lake, B. Huang, Q. Habicht, K. Kiefer, K. TI Quantum-spin-liquid states in the two-dimensional kagome antiferromagnets ZnxCu4-x(OD)(6)Cl-2 SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID VALENCE-BOND STATE; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB A three-dimensional system of interacting spins typically develops static long-range order when it is cooled. If the spins are quantum (S = 1/2), however, novel quantum paramagnetic states may appear. The most highly sought state among them is the resonating-valence-bond state(1,2), in which every pair of neighbouring quantum spins forms an entangled spin singlet ( valence bonds) and these singlets are quantum mechanically resonating among themselves. Here we provide an experimental indication for such quantum paramagnetic states existing in frustrated antiferromagnets, ZnxCu4-x(OD)(6)Cl-2, where the S = 1/2 magnetic Cu2+ moments form layers of a two-dimensional kagome lattice. We find that in Cu-4(OD)(6)Cl-2, where distorted kagome planes are weakly coupled, a dispersionless excitation mode appears in the magnetic excitation spectrum below similar to 20 K, whose characteristics resemble those of quantum spin singlets in a solid state, known as a valence-bond solid, that breaks translational symmetry. Doping with non-magnetic Zn2+ ions reduces the distortion of the kagome lattice, and weakens the interplane coupling but also dilutes the magnetic occupancy of the kagome lattice. The valence-bond-solid state is suppressed, and for ZnCu3(OD)(6)Cl-2, where the kagome planes are undistorted and 90% occupied by the Cu2+ ions, the low-energy spin fluctuations become featureless. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Fukui, Dept Appl Phys, Fukui 9108507, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Festkorperphys, D-10623 Berlin, Germany. RP Lee, SH (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM shlee@virginia.edu RI Kiefer, Klaus/J-3544-2013; Habicht, Klaus/K-3636-2013; OI Kiefer, Klaus/0000-0002-5178-0495; Habicht, Klaus/0000-0002-9915-7221; Lake, Bella/0000-0003-0034-0964 NR 27 TC 127 Z9 127 U1 5 U2 33 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 EI 1476-4660 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 6 IS 11 BP 853 EP 857 DI 10.1038/nmat1986 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 226VA UT WOS:000250615400022 PM 17721540 ER PT J AU Shah, V Knappe, S Schwindt, PDD Kitching, J AF Shah, Vishal Knappe, Svenja Schwindt, Peter D. D. Kitching, John TI Subpicotesla atomic magnetometry with a microfabricated vapour cell SO NATURE PHOTONICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SPIN-EXCHANGE AB Highly sensitive magnetometers capable of measuring magnetic fields below 1 pT have an impact on areas as diverse as geophysical surveying(1), the detection of unexploded ordinance(2), space science(3), nuclear magnetic resonance(4,5), health care(6) and perimeter and remote monitoring. Recently, it has been shown that laboratory optical magnetometers(7,8), based on the precession of the spins of alkali atoms in the vapour phase, could achieve sensitivities in the femtotesla range, comparable to(9-12), or even exceeding(13), those of superconducting quantum interference devices(6). We demonstrate here an atomic magnetometer based on a millimetre-scale microfabricated alkali vapour cell with sensitivity below 70 fT Hz(-1/2). Additionally, we use a simplified optical configuration that requires only a single low-power laser. This result suggests that millimetre-scale, low-power femtotesla magnetometers are feasible, and we support this proposition with a simple sensitivity scaling analysis. Such an instrument would greatly expand the range of applications in which atomic magnetometers could be used. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Kitching, J (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kitching@boulder.nist.gov NR 30 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 8 U2 48 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1749-4885 J9 NAT PHOTONICS JI Nat. Photonics PD NOV PY 2007 VL 1 IS 11 BP 649 EP 652 DI 10.1038/nphoton.2007.201 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 236DH UT WOS:000251282700015 ER PT J AU Ryan, JC Dechraoui, MYB Morey, JS Rezvani, A Levin, ED Gordon, CJ Ramsdell, JS Van Dolah, FM AF Ryan, James C. Dechraoui, Marie-Yasmine Bottein Morey, Jeanine S. Rezvani, Amir Levin, Edward D. Gordon, Christopher J. Ramsdell, John S. Van Dolah, Frances M. TI Transcriptional profiling of whole blood and serum protein analysis of mice exposed to the neurotoxin Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ciguatoxin; microarray; gene expression; blood; ciguatera; biotoxin ID PROTEASOME SYSTEM; ALLERGIC AIRWAYS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; IN-VIVO; RECEPTORS; CYTOKINES; LEPTIN; CELLS; INFLAMMATION; OSTEOPONTIN AB Ciguatoxins(CTX) are a suite of cyclic polyether toxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus sp., are potent activators of voltage-gated sodium channels and a leading cause of human poisoning from food fish. This report characterizes the genomic and proteomic response in whole blood of adult male mice exposed i.p. to 264 ng/kg of the Pacific congener of CTX (P-CTX-1) at 1, 4 and 24 h. Whole genome microarray expression data were filtered by tightness of fit between replicates, fold change (1.8) and p-value (10(-5)), resulting in 183 annotated genes used for trending analysis, K-means clustering and ontology classification. Genes involved with cytokine signaling, proteasome complex and ribosomal function were dominant. qPCR performed on 19 genes of interest had a correlation of 0.95 to array results by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Serum protein analysis showed small but significant changes in 6 of 60 proteins assayed: Cc12, Cc112, CD40, IL-10, leptin and M-CSF. In large part, the gene expression was consistent with a Th2 immune response with interesting similarities to expression seen in asthmatic models. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Ryan, James C.; Dechraoui, Marie-Yasmine Bottein; Morey, Jeanine S.; Ramsdell, John S.; Van Dolah, Frances M.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Rezvani, Amir; Levin, Edward D.] Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC USA. [Gordon, Christopher J.] Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Ryan, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM james.ryan@noaa.gov OI Ryan, James/0000-0002-1101-3785 NR 52 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD NOV PY 2007 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1099 EP 1109 DI 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.05.013 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 239SJ UT WOS:000251537700005 PM 17868886 ER PT J AU Rice, PH Goodyear, CP Prince, ED Snodgrass, D Serafy, JE AF Rice, Patrick H. Goodyear, C. Phillip Prince, Eric D. Snodgrass, Derke Serafy, Joseph E. TI Use of catenary geometry to estimate hook depth during near-surface pelagic longline fishing: Theory versus practice SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID FISHES; TIME; GEAR AB Management and conservation of many highly migratory fish species are based on population assessments that rely heavily on catch and effort data from the pelagic longline fishing industry. In 2003, we monitored hook time at depth for shallow-set commercial longlines (i.e., four hooks between surface buoys) targeting swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Windward Passage between Haiti and Cuba. We deployed temperature-depth recorders (TDRs) on about every 13th hook and attached them to branchlines just above the hook. Most TDRs were placed on branchlines that were predicted by catenary geometry to be at the deepest hook position between floats. Additional TDRs were also placed at the shallowest predicted hook position. We monitored 10 pelagic longline sets with a length (mean +/- SE) of 44.9 +/- 2.0 km. Time at depth for each TDR was binned into 5-m depth intervals. The expected bimodal distributions of hook time at depth were not observed; modes were 40 in for both the shallowest and deepest predicted hook positions. The majority of the hook depth distributions for shallow and deep hook positions achieved only 43% and 31%, respectively, of the depths predicted by catenary equations (i.e., < 92 and < 127 m). Individual TDRs were poor estimators of hook time at depth for other TDRs in the same catenary hook position during the same set (significant mean depth differences = 76.2-100%) and were even worse predictors of the depths fished during other sets (significant mean depth differences = 100%). Hook depth predictions based on catenary geometry drastically overestimated actual fishing depth in this study. These results indicate that the use of catenary geometry for estimating hook depth and subsequent vertical fishing effort is inadequate and fails to capture both within- and among-set variability, potentially resulting in biased stock assessments. C1 [Rice, Patrick H.] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33133 USA. [Prince, Eric D.; Snodgrass, Derke; Serafy, Joseph E.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Rice, PH (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33133 USA. EM patiick.rice@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1148 EP 1161 DI 10.1577/M06-114.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 247GG UT WOS:000252065400010 ER PT J AU Tabor, RA Footen, BA Fresh, KL Celedonia, MT Mejia, F Low, DL Park, L AF Tabor, Roger A. Footen, Brian A. Fresh, Kurt L. Celedonia, Mark T. Mejia, Francine Low, David L. Park, Linda TI Smallmouth bass and largemouth bass predation on juvenile Chinook salmon and other Salmonids in the Lake Washington basin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; COLUMBIA RIVER; NORTHERN PIKEMINNOW; FISH COMMUNITY; COHO SALMON; PREY; DIET; WALLEYES; HATCHERY; TROUT AB We assessed the impact of predation by smallmouth bass Micropterus dolonmieu and largemouth bass M. salmoides on juveniles of federally listed Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and other anadromous salmonid populations in the Lake Washington system. Bass were collected with boat electrofishing equipment in the south end of Lake Washington (February-June) and the Lake Washington Ship Canal (LWSC; April-July), a narrow waterway that smolts must migrate through to reach the marine environment. Genetic analysis was used to identify ingested salmonids to obtain a more precise species-specific consumption estimate. Overall, we examined the stomachs of 783 smallmouth bass and 310 largemouth bass greater than 100 mm fork length (FL). Rates of predation on salmonids in the south end of Lake Washington were generally low for both black bass species. In the LWSC, juvenile salmonids made up a substantial part of bass diets; consumption of salmonids was lower for largemouth bass than for smallmouth bass. Smallmouth bass predation on juvenile salmonids was greatest in June, when salmonids made up approximately 50% of their diet. In the LWSC, overall black bass consumption of salmonids was approximately 36,000 (bioenergetics model) to 46,000 (meal turnover consumption model) juveniles, of which about one-third was juvenile Chinook salmon, one-third was coho salmon O. kisutch, and one-third was sockeye salmon O. nerka. We estimated that about 2,460,000 juvenile Chinook salmon (hatchery and wild sources combined) were produced in the Lake Washington basin in 1999; thus, the mortality estimates in the LWSC range from 0.5% (bioenergetics) to 0.6% (meal tumover). Black bass prey mostly on subyearlings of each salmonid species. The vulnerability of subyearlings to predation can be attributed to their relatively small size; their tendency to migrate when water temperatures exceed 15 degrees C, coinciding with greater black bass activity; and their use of nearshore areas, where overlap with black bass is greatest. We conclude that under current conditions, predation by smallmouth bass and largemouth bass has a minor impact on Chinook salmon and other salmonid populations in the Lake Washington system. C1 [Tabor, Roger A.; Celedonia, Mark T.; Mejia, Francine; Low, David L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. [Footen, Brian A.] Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Auburn, WA 98002 USA. [Park, Linda] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Mol Genet Lab, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Tabor, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, 510 Desmond Dr SE,Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. EM roger_tabor@fws.gov NR 65 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1174 EP 1188 DI 10.1577/M05-221.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 247GG UT WOS:000252065400012 ER PT J AU Sharpe, CS Beckman, BR Cooper, KA Hulett, PL AF Sharpe, Cameron S. Beckman, Brian R. Cooper, Kathleen A. Hulett, Patrick L. TI Growth modulation during juvenile rearing can reduce rates of residualism in the progeny of wild steelhead broodstock SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; REARED STEELHEAD; MALE MATURATION; HATCHERY; VARIABILITY; GAIRDNERI AB Residual ism is the failure of some hatchery-reared salmonid juveniles to out-migrate as smolts with the rest of their cohort. We released hatchery-reared juveniles from domesticated- and wild-origin broodstock steelhead and measured their relative rates of residualism. The residualism rate exhibited by the offspring of wild broodstock was more than one order of magnitude greater than that of domesticated stock. Further, we experimentally manipulated the growth trajectories of juvenile offspring of wild broodstock to decrease the size variance among released fish. Our expectation was that fewer fish would be too small or too large to smolt as yearlings. Small fish placed on an aggressive rearing regimen (reared separately from larger fish, fed more food more often) residualized at a lower rate than did comparable control fish (reared with large fish without supplemental feeding). We saw no effect of a lower feeding regimen on the residualism rate of large fish, but the lower feeding regimen did not significantly affect size during rearing. Residual steelhead were bimodally distributed by size. Most residual fish were male; among these fish, 11-ketotestosterone levels and visual scores of gonadal development indicated that 42% were mature or maturing. All fish showed the expected patterns of change in gill Na+,K+-ATPase and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) associated with smoltification, and small fish placed on the aggressive rearing regimen showed slightly, but significantly, higher IGF-I levels than did comparable control fish. C1 [Sharpe, Cameron S.; Hulett, Patrick L.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Fish Program, Div Sci, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Beckman, Brian R.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Cooper, Kathleen A.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sharpe, CS (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Fish Program, Div Sci, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM sharpcss@dfw.wa.gov NR 33 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1355 EP 1368 DI 10.1577/M05-220.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 247GG UT WOS:000252065400029 ER PT J AU Newbury, NR Williams, PA Swann, WC AF Newbury, N. R. Williams, P. A. Swann, W. C. TI Coherent transfer of an optical carrier over 251 km SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY; FIBER; STABILITY AB We transfer an optical frequency over 251 km ofoptical fiber with a residual instability of 6 X 10(-19) at 100 s. This instability and the associated timing jitter are limited fundamentally by the noise on the optical fiber and the link length. We give a simple expression for calculating the achievable instability and jitter over a fiber link. Transfer of optical stability over this long distance requires a highly coherent optical source, provided here by a cw fiber laser locked to a high finesse optical cavity. A sufficient optical carrier signal is delivered to the remote fiber end by incorporating two-way, in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers to balance the 62 dB link loss. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newbury, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov NR 13 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 2 U2 11 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 21 BP 3056 EP 3058 DI 10.1364/OL.32.003056 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 237CJ UT WOS:000251350100002 PM 17975595 ER PT J AU Kramida, AE Ryabtsev, AN AF Kramida, A. E. Ryabtsev, A. N. TI A critical compilation of energy levels and spectral lines of neutral boron SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID B-I; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; SERIES SPECTRA; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET; RYDBERG SERIES; ISOTOPE SHIFTS; STATES; ATOM AB Observed spectral lines of neutral boron are critically compiled. From the selected best measurements, an improved and extended set of energy levels is derived for the two most abundant isotopes, B-11 and B-10. The ionization energy is determined to a greater precision than previously given values. The connection between the quartet and doublet term systems is revised on the basis of an isoelectronic extrapolation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Spect, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alexander.kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 BP 544 EP 557 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/76/5/024 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 221BI UT WOS:000250201600024 ER PT J AU Arora, B Safronova, MS Clark, CW AF Arora, Bindiya Safronova, M. S. Clark, Charles W. TI Magic wavelengths for the np-ns transitions in alkali-metal atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID STARK-EFFECT INVESTIGATIONS; ALL-ORDER CALCULATIONS; MATRIX-ELEMENTS; DIPOLE POLARIZABILITIES; PRECISION-MEASUREMENT; LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; CESIUM; SHIFT; ENERGIES AB Extensive calculations of the electric-dipole matrix elements in alkali-metal atoms are conducted using the relativistic all-order method. This approach is a linearized version of the coupled-cluster method, which sums infinite sets of many-body perturbation theory terms. All allowed transitions between the lowest ns, np(1/2), np(3/2) states and a large number of excited states are considered in these calculations and their accuracy is evaluated. The resulting electric-dipole matrix elements are used for the high-precision calculation of frequency-dependent polarizabilities of the excited states of alkali-metal atoms. We find "magic" wavelengths in alkali-metal atoms for which the ns and np(1/2) and np(3/2) atomic levels have the same ac Stark shifts, which facilitates state-insensitive optical cooling and trapping. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Arora, B (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 38 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 AR 052509 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.052509 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 236TN UT WOS:000251326400068 ER PT J AU Arora, B Safronova, MS Clark, CW AF Arora, Bindiya Safronova, M. S. Clark, Charles W. TI Determination of electric-dipole matrix elements in K and Rb from Stark shift measurements SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; PRECISE MEASUREMENT; LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS; LASER EXCITATION; CESIUM; POLARIZABILITIES; CONSTANTS; RUBIDIUM; DIODE; LINE AB Stark shifts of potassium and rubidium D1 lines have been measured with high precision by Miller [Phys. Rev. A 49, 5128 (1994)]. In this work, we combine these measurements with our all-order calculations to determine the values of the electric-dipole matrix elements for the 4p(j)-3d(j)(') transitions in K and the 5p(j)-4d(j)(') transitions in Rb to high precision. The 4p(1/2)-3d(3/2) and 5p(1/2)-4d(3/2) transitions contribute on the order of 90% to the respective polarizabilities of the np(1/2) states in K and Rb, and the remaining 10% can be accurately calculated using the relativistic all-order method. Therefore, the combination of the experimental data and theoretical calculations allows us to determine the np-(n-1)d matrix elements and their uncertainties. We compare these values with our all-order calculations of the np-(n-1)d matrix elements in K and Rb for a benchmark test of the accuracy of the all-order method for transitions involving nd states. Such matrix elements are of special interest for many applications, such as determination of "magic" wavelengths in alkali-metal atoms for state-insensitive cooling and trapping, and determination of blackbody radiation shifts in optical frequency standards with ions. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Arora, B (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM charles.clark@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 AR 052516 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.052516 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 236TN UT WOS:000251326400075 ER PT J AU Berglund, AJ Lee, SA McClelland, JJ AF Berglund, Andrew J. Lee, Siu Au McClelland, Jabez J. TI Sub-Doppler laser cooling and magnetic trapping of erbium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL MOLASSES; EARTH ATOMS AB We investigate cooling mechanisms in magneto-optically and magnetically trapped erbium. We find efficient sub-Doppler cooling in our trap, which can persist even in large magnetic fields due to the near degeneracy of two Lande g factors. Furthermore, a continuously loaded magnetic trap is demonstrated where we observe temperatures below 25 mu K. These favorable cooling and trapping properties suggest a number of scientific possibilities for rare-earth-metal atomic physics, including narrow linewidth laser cooling and spectroscopy, unique collision studies, and degenerate bosonic and fermionic gases with long-range magnetic dipole coupling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80534 USA. RP Berglund, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 AR 053418 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.053418 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 236TN UT WOS:000251326400107 ER PT J AU Safronova, MS Fischer, CF Ralchenko, Y AF Safronova, M. S. Fischer, C. Froese Ralchenko, Yu. TI Relativistic all-order and multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock calculations of the 4d-4f energy separation in LiI SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MATRIX-ELEMENTS; LITHIUM; SPECTROSCOPY; CESIUM; ATOMS; EDGE AB We present a calculation of the 4d-4f energy separation in Li I using two advanced techniques in atomic structure theory, namely, the relativistic all-order method and the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) method. The accuracy of our calculations was investigated by conducting a third-order many-body perturbation theory calculation that allowed us to evaluate the importance of fourth- and higher-order corrections. A large-scale MCHF calculation was performed using the active space method and the core-polarization approximation. The obtained results provide an important test of these methods against each other and are shown to agree with the most accurate available experimental data. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Safronova, MS (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 AR 054502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.054502 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 236TN UT WOS:000251326400187 ER PT J AU Wesenberg, JH Epstein, RJ Leibfried, D Blakestad, RB Britton, J Home, JP Itano, WM Jost, JD Knill, E Langer, C Ozeri, R Seidelin, S Wineland, DJ AF Wesenberg, J. H. Epstein, R. J. Leibfried, D. Blakestad, R. B. Britton, J. Home, J. P. Itano, W. M. Jost, J. D. Knill, E. Langer, C. Ozeri, R. Seidelin, S. Wineland, D. J. TI Fluorescence during Doppler cooling of a single trapped atom SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LASER-COOLED IONS; ZERO-POINT ENERGY; PARTICLE LIMIT; PAUL TRAP; MICROMOTION; MOTION AB We investigate the temporal dynamics of Doppler cooling of an initially hot single trapped atom in the weak-binding regime using a semiclassical approach. We develop an analytical model for the simplest case of a single vibrational mode for a harmonic trap, and show how this model allows us to estimate the initial energy of the trapped particle by observing the time-dependent fluorescence during the cooling process. The experimental implementation of this temperature measurement provides a way to measure atom heating rates by observing the temperature rise in the absence of cooling. This method is technically relatively simple compared to conventional sideband detection methods, and the two methods are in reasonable agreement. We also discuss the effects of rf micromotion, relevant for a trapped atomic ion, and the effect of coupling between the vibrational modes on the cooling dynamics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wesenberg, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM janus.wesenberg@nist.gov RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Wesenberg, Janus/B-6733-2009; OI Wesenberg, Janus/0000-0002-5572-0297; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347; Home, Jonathan/0000-0002-4093-1550 NR 32 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 AR 053416 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.053416 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 236TN UT WOS:000251326400105 ER PT J AU Bao, W Chen, Y Yamada, K Savici, AT Russo, PL Lorenzo, JE Chung, JH AF Bao, Wei Chen, Y. Yamada, K. Savici, A. T. Russo, P. L. Lorenzo, J. E. Chung, J. -H. TI Fincher-Burke spin excitations and omega/T scaling in insulating La(1.95)Sr(0.05)CuO(4) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LIGHTLY DOPED LA2-XSRXCUO4; MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; NORMAL-STATE; TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR; QUANTUM; RESONANCE; LA2CUO4 AB Insulating La(1.95)Sr(0.05)CuO(4) shares with superconducting cuprates the same Fincher-Burke spin excitations, which usually are observed in itinerant antiferromagnets. The local spectral function satisfies omega/T scaling above similar to 16 K for this incommensurate insulating cuprate, together with previous results in commensurate insulating and incommensurate superconducting cuprates, further supporting the general prediction for square-lattice quantum spin S=1/2 systems. The width of incommensurate peaks in La(1.95)Sr(0.05)CuO(4) scales to a similar finite value as at optimal doping, strongly suggesting that they are similarly distant from a quantum critical point. They might both be limited to a finite correlation length by partial spin-glass freezing. C1 Los Alamos Natl lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. CNRS, Inst Neel, F-38043 Grenoble, France. RP Bao, W (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Yamada, Kazuyoshi/C-2728-2009; Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011; Savici, Andrei/F-2790-2013 OI Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X; Savici, Andrei/0000-0001-5127-8967 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 18 AR 180406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.180406 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 236TQ UT WOS:000251326700009 ER PT J AU Carter, SG Chen, Z Cundiff, ST AF Carter, S. G. Chen, Z. Cundiff, S. T. TI Ultrafast below-resonance Raman rotation of electron spins in GaAs quantum wells SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MANIPULATION; DOTS AB We demonstrate that short optical pulses below the absorption edge of GaAs quantum wells rotate the spin polarization of dopant electrons with negligible excitation of additional carriers. The dopant electrons are partially polarized by a magnetic field perpendicular to the optical axis, and a circularly polarized pump pulse rotates the polarization through an adiabatic Raman process. This rotated spin polarization precesses in the magnetic field out of phase by pi/2 relative to spin-polarized carriers generated by absorption. This technique can be used to manipulate spin polarizations without the complication of optically excited electrons and holes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Carter, SG (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Carter, Sam/G-4589-2012 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 20 AR 201308 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.201308 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 236TS UT WOS:000251326900012 ER PT J AU Kirby, BJ Borchers, JA Liu, X Ge, Z Cho, YJ Dobrowolska, M Furdyna, JK AF Kirby, B. J. Borchers, J. A. Liu, X. Ge, Z. Cho, Y. J. Dobrowolska, M. Furdyna, J. K. TI Definitive evidence of interlayer coupling between Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TRILAYER STRUCTURES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; EXCHANGE; SUPERLATTICES; (GA,MN)AS; PERIOD; FERROMAGNETISM; GAAS AB We have used polarized neutron reflectometry to study the structural and magnetic properties of the individual layers in a series of AlGaAs:Be/Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As/GaAs/Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As multilayer samples. Structurally, we observe that the samples are virtually identical except for the GaAs spacer thickness (which varies from 3 to 12 nm), and confirm that the spacers contain little or no Mn. Magnetically, we observe that for the sample with the thickest spacer layer, the Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As layer adjacent to the Be-doped AlGaAs cap has a temperature dependent magnetization very different from that of the other Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As layer. However, as the spacer layer thickness is reduced, the temperature dependent magnetizations of the two Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As layers become progressively more similar-a trend we find to be independent of the crystallographic direction along which spins are magnetized. These results definitively show that Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As layers can couple across a nonmagnetic spacer and that such coupling depends on spacer thickness. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Kirby, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Cho, YongJin/A-1143-2013 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 20 AR 205316 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.205316 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 236TS UT WOS:000251326900062 ER PT J AU Obrzut, J Douglas, JF Kharchenko, SB Migler, KB AF Obrzut, J. Douglas, J. F. Kharchenko, S. B. Migler, K. B. TI Shear-induced conductor-insulator transition in melt-mixed polypropylene-carbon nanotube dispersions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; INTRINSIC-VISCOSITY; EPOXY COMPOSITES; PERCOLATION; AC; FLOW; CRYSTALLIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; PARTICLES AB The blending of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into polymer matrices leads to intrinsically nonequilibrium materials whose properties can depend strongly on flow history. We have constructed a rheodielectric spectrometer that allows for the simultaneous in situ measurement of both the electrical conductivity sigma(omega) and dielectric constant epsilon(omega) as a function of frequency omega, as well as basic rheological properties (viscosity, normal stresses), as part of an effort to better characterize how flow alters the properties of these complex fluids. Measurements of sigma indicate a conductor-insulator transition in melt-mixed dispersions of multiwall CNTs in polypropylene over a narrow range of CNT concentrations that is reasonably described by the generalized effective medium theory. A conductor-insulator transition in sigma can also be induced by shearing the fluid at a fixed CNT concentration phi near, but above, the zero shear CNT conductivity percolation threshold phi(c). We find that the shear-induced conductor-insulator transition has its origin in the shear-rate dependence of phi(c), which conforms well to a model introduced to describe this effect. Surprisingly, sigma of these nonequilibrium materials fully recovers at these elevated temperatures upon cessation of flow. We also find that the frequency dependence of sigma(omega) follows a "universal" scaling relation observed for many other disordered materials. C1 [Obrzut, J.; Douglas, J. F.; Migler, K. B.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Kharchenko, S. B.] Masco Corp, Taylor, MI 48180 USA. RP Obrzut, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jan.obrzut@nist.gov; jack.douglas@nist.gov OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 56 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 19 AR 195420 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.195420 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 236TR UT WOS:000251326800125 ER PT J AU Zhou, W Wu, H Yildirim, T AF Zhou, W. Wu, H. Yildirim, T. TI Electronic, dynamical, and thermal properties of ultra-incompressible superhard rhenium diboride: A combined first-principles and neutron scattering study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID OSMIUM DIBORIDE; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; OSB2 AB Rhenium diboride is a recently recognized ultra-incompressible superhard material. Here we report the electronic (e), phonon (p), e-p coupling, and thermal properties of ReB(2) from first-principles density-functional theory calculations and neutron scattering measurements. Our calculated elastic constants (c(11)=641 GPa, c(12)=159 GPa, c(13)=128 GPa, c(33)=1037 GPa, and c(44)=271 GPa), bulk modulus (B approximate to 350 GPa) and hardness (H approximate to 46 GPa) are in good agreement with the reported experimental data. The calculated phonon density of states agrees very well with our neutron vibrational spectroscopy result. Electronic and phonon analysis indicates that the strong covalent B-B and Re-B bonding is the main reason for the super incompressibility and hardness of ReB(2). The thermal expansion coefficients, calculated within the quasiharmonic approximation and measured by neutron powder diffraction, are found to be nearly isotropic in a and c directions and only slightly larger than that of diamond in terms of magnitude. The excellent agreement found between calculations and experimental measurements indicate that first-principles calculations capture the main interactions in this class of superhard materials, and thus can be used to search, predict, and design new materials with desired properties. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zhou, W (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wzhou@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; NR 21 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2007 VL 76 IS 18 AR 184113 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.184113 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 236TQ UT WOS:000251326700028 ER PT J AU Galvan, AP Zhao, Y Orozco, LA Gomez, E Lange, AD Baumer, F Sprouse, GD AF Galvan, A. Perez Zhao, Y. Orozco, L. A. Gomez, E. Lange, A. D. Baumer, F. Sprouse, G. D. TI Comparison of hyperfine anomalies in the 5S(1/2) and 6S(1/2) levels of Rb-85 and Rb-87 SO PHYSICS LETTERS B LA English DT Article DE hyperfine anomaly; precision spectroscopy; nuclear structure ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DIPOLE; FREQUENCY SPECTROSCOPY; ISOTOPE SHIFT; ATOMS; RUBIDIUM AB We observe a hyperfine anomaly in the measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the 6S(1/2) excited level in rubidium. We perform two step spectroscopy using the 5S(1/2) -> 5P(1/2) -> 6S(1/2) excitation sequence. We measure the splitting of the 6S(1/2) level and obtain for the magnetic C dipole constants of Rb-85 and Rb-87 A = 239.18(4) MHz and A = 807.66(8) MHz, respectively. The hyperfine anomaly difference Of 87385 -0.0036(2) comes from the Bohr Weisskopf effect: a correction to the point interaction between the finite nuclear magnetization and the electrons, and agrees with that obtained in the 5S(1/2) ground state. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Orozco, LA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lorozco@umd.edu RI Sprouse, Gene/C-3397-2009; Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011; OI Sprouse, Gene/0000-0002-7526-6490 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0370-2693 J9 PHYS LETT B JI Phys. Lett. B PD NOV 1 PY 2007 VL 655 IS 3-4 BP 114 EP 118 DI 10.1016/j.physletb.2007.09.042 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 232JV UT WOS:000251016300004 ER PT J AU Miller, AK Trivelpiece, WZ AF Miller, Aileen K. Trivelpiece, Wayne Z. TI Cycles of Euphausia superba recruitment evident in the diet of Pygoscelid penguins and net trawls in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chinstrap penguin; Gentoo penguin; Euphausia superba; recruitment; sex-ratios; spatial distribution ID SEA-ICE; CHINSTRAP PENGUINS; VERTICAL MIGRATION; WEDDELL SEA; PACK-ICE; KRILL; VARIABILITY; PREDATORS; PENINSULA; CRUSTACEA AB Size and sex of Antarctic krill taken from chinstrap and gentoo penguin diet were compared to those from scientific net surveys in the South Shetland Islands from 1998 to 2006 in order to evaluate penguin diet as a sampling mechanism and to look at trends in krill populations. Both penguin diet and net samples revealed a 4-5 year cycle in krill recruitment with one or two strong cohorts sustaining the population during each cycle. Penguin diet samples contained adult krill of similar lengths to those caught in nets; however, penguins rarely took juvenile krill. Penguin diet samples contained proportionately more females when the krill population was dominated by large adults at the end of the cycles; net samples showed greater proportions of males in these years. These patterns are comparable to those reported elsewhere in the region and are likely driven by the availability of different sizes and sexes of krill in relation to the colony. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Miller, AK (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM aileen.miller@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1615 EP 1623 DI 10.1007/s00300-007-0326-7 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 217AN UT WOS:000249920800012 ER PT J AU Dechraoui, MYB Wang, ZH Ramsdell, JS AF Dechraoui, Marie-Yasmine Bottein Wang, Zhihong Ramsdell, John S. TI Intrinsic potency of synthetically prepared brevetoxin cysteine metabolites BTX-B2 and desoxyBTX-B2 SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE brevetoxin; marine toxins; Karenia brevis; neurotoxic shellfish poisoning; voltage-gated sodium channel; cytotoxicity assay; radioimmunoassay; receptor-binding assay ID OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; KARENIA-BREVIS CULTURES; RED-TIDE; PTYCHODISCUS-BREVIS; NEW-ZEALAND; AUSTROVENUS-STUTCHBURYI; CONTROLLED EXPOSURES; GREENSHELL MUSSELS; PERNA-CANALICULUS AB In mammals and shellfish, brevetoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are rapidly metabolized to cysteine conjugates. These metabolites identified by mass spectrometry are produced in abundance in mammals and are potentially major bioactive products for intoxication. They are also abundant metabolites in shellfish where they are, in contrast to mammals, retained for prolonged periods, posing a potential threat to shellfish consumers. In this work, we analyze the intrinsic potency of the semi-synthetic cysteine brevetoxin sulfoxide (BTX-B2) and the cysteine brevetoxin (desoxyBTX-B2), each confirmed for purity by LC-MS and NMR techniques, on receptor site 5 of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. We show that both brevetoxin conjugates compete with the tritiated reduced parent brevetoxin ([H-3]PbTx-3) in rat brain membrane preparations and in HEK cells expressing skeletal muscle or cardiac VGSC, albeit, with 8-16-fold lower affinity than the PbTx-3. On neuroblastoma cell assays we show a 3-fold reduction in cytotoxic potency for BTX-B2 relative to PbTx-3, and an 8-fold reduction for desoxyBTX-B2. In conclusion, the major transformation product of brevetoxin observed in diverse species through cysteine adduction and oxidation leads to metabolites with reduced potency on brain, skeletal muscle and heart cells. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD NOV PY 2007 VL 50 IS 6 BP 825 EP 834 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.013 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 225CQ UT WOS:000250495100010 PM 17689582 ER PT J AU Williamson, KS May, B AF Williamson, Kevin S. May, Bernie TI Mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity in apparent XY female fall-run and spring-run Chinook salmon in California's central valley SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; Y-CHROMOSOME; GENETIC-MARKER; COLUMBIA-RIVER; SEX-LINKAGE; DISRUPTION; POPULATIONS; INHERITANCE; HATCHERY; TROUT AB Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype diversity between putative XY females and genetically normal females of fall- and spring-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in California's Central Valley were compared to ascertain whether or not a subset of mtDNA haplotypes are unique to putative XY females. Two Y-chromosome markers, OtY1 and growth hormone pseudogene (GH-Psi), were used to screen spring Chinook salmon collected on Butte, Deer, and Mill creeks in 2005 for the presence of XY females. Fall-run fish collected from 2002 to 2004 had previously been screened for genotypic sex using the same Y markers. A 237-base-pair region of the mitochondrial D-loop segment was sequenced to determine the mtDNA haplotypes of XY females and randomly selected normal females of both runs. Putative XY females, according to OtY1 and GH-Psi, were observed in all three newly sampled spring-run populations: Butte (26%), Deer (33%), and Mill (2%) creeks. No significant differences in haplotype distributions between normal and XY females suggest that these fish are equally represented within the separate fall and spring runs. It is possible that XY female Chinook salmon have been present in the Central Valley of California since before the genetic divergence of the fall and spring runs. Furthermore, XY female Chinook salmon may have become established in this region through a founder event that resulted in fewer modes of variation in genotypic and phenotypic sex compared with populations in the interior Columbia River basin. C1 [Williamson, Kevin S.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [May, Bernie] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Genom Variat Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Williamson, KS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake,Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM kswilliamson@ucdavis.edu NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 136 IS 6 BP 1480 EP 1486 DI 10.1577/T06-261.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 251KH UT WOS:000252371400003 ER PT J AU Ferguson, JW Sandford, BP Reagan, RE Gilbreath, LG Meyer, EB Ledgerwood, RD Adams, NS AF Ferguson, John W. Sandford, Benjamin P. Reagan, Rachel E. Gilbreath, Lyle G. Meyer, Edward B. Ledgerwood, Richard D. Adams, Noah S. TI Bypass system modification at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River improved the survival of juvenile salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES; CHINOOK SALMON; SNAKE RIVER; PACIFIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; DELAYED MORTALITY; FISH; FLOW; TEMPERATURE AB From 1987 to 1992, we evaluated a fish bypass system at Bonneville Dam Powerhouse 2 on the Columbia River. The survival of subyearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha released into the system ranged from 0.774 to 0.911 and was significantly lower than the survival of test fish released into turbines and the area immediately below the powerhouse where bypass system flow reentered the river. Yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon and yearling coho salmon O. kisutch released into the bypass system were injured or descaled. Also, levels of blood plasma cortisol and lactate were significantly higher in yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon that passed through the bypass system than in fish released directly into a net located over the bypass exit. This original system was then extensively modified using updated design criteria, and the site where juvenile fish reentered the river was relocated 2.8 km further downstream to reduce predation on bypassed fish by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis. Based on studies conducted from 1999 to 2001, the new bypass system resulted in high fish survival, virtually no injuries to fish, fish passage times that were generally similar to water travel times, and mild stress responses from which fish recovered quickly. The mean estimated survival of subyearling Chinook salmon passing through the new bypass system was 0.946 in 2001, which was an usually low-flow year. Survival, physical condition, passage timing, and blood physiological indicators of stress were all useful metrics for assessing the performance of both bypass systems and are discussed. The engineering and hydraulic criteria used to design the new bypass system that resulted in improved fish passage conditions are described. C1 [Ferguson, John W.; Sandford, Benjamin P.; Gilbreath, Lyle G.; Ledgerwood, Richard D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Ferguson, John W.] Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, Dept Wildlife Fish & Environm Studies, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. [Reagan, Rachel E.; Adams, Noah S.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. [Meyer, Edward B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Reg Off, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RP Ferguson, JW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake,Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.w.ferguson@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 136 IS 6 BP 1487 EP 1510 DI 10.1577/T06-158.1 PG 24 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 251KH UT WOS:000252371400004 ER PT J AU Harris, PJ Wyanski, DM White, DB Mikell, PP Eyo, PB AF Harris, Patrick J. Wyanski, David M. White, D. Byron Mikell, Paulette P. Eyo, Pamela B. TI Age, growth, and reproduction of greater amberjack off the southeastern US Atlantic coast SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; UNITED-STATES; SPAWNING FREQUENCY; SERIOLA-DUMERILI; FECUNDITY; PRECISION; MORTALITY; BIOLOGY AB The greater amberjack Seriola dumerili is a pelagic, epibenthic species that is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Life history samples from a total of 2,729 greater amberjacks were collected between 2000 and 2004 by personnel of the Marine Resource Monitoring Assessment and Prediction program and National Marine Fisheries Service port agents from recreational fisherman and in commercial fish houses from Cape Lookout, North Carolina, to Key West, Florida. Ages were estimated using thin transverse otolith sections from 1,996 specimens; sex and reproductive state were assigned to 2,517 fish based on histological preparations of gonadal tissues. Ages of greater amberjacks sampled ranged from I to 13 years; these data were described with a von Bertalanffy growth equation fitted to all aged specimens: L-t = 1,241.5 x [1-e(-0.28(r+1.56))]. Sexual dimorphism was evident; females were larger at age than males. Size at 50% maturity was 644 mm fork length (FL) for males and 733 mm FL for females. Age at 50% maturity for females was 1.3 years. Estimates of potential annual fecundity ranged from 18,271,400 to 59,032,800 oocytes for 930-1,296-mm specimens and from 25,472,100 to 47,194,300 oocytes for ages 3-7. Peak spawning occurred primarily off south Florida and the Florida Keys during April and May. Even though the extremely fast growth, early maturation, very high fecundity, and wide distribution of greater amberjacks suggest that the population would be difficult to overexploit, a recent stock assessment of the Gulf of Mexico population shows that the species is vulnerable to overexploitation and should managed more conservatively than the life history characteristics imply. C1 [Harris, Patrick J.; Wyanski, David M.; White, D. Byron; Mikell, Paulette P.] Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. [Eyo, Pamela B.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Harris, PJ (reprint author), Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, POB 12559, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. EM harrisp@dnr.sc.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 136 IS 6 BP 1534 EP 1545 DI 10.1577/T06-113.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 251KH UT WOS:000252371400007 ER PT J AU Geiger, HJ Wang, I Malecha, P Hebert, K Smoker, WW Gharrett, AJ AF Geiger, Harold J. Wang, Ivan Malecha, Pat Hebert, Kyle Smoker, William W. Gharrett, Anthony J. TI What causes variability in pink salmon family size? SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; MARINE SURVIVAL; COHO SALMON; PACIFIC; ALASKA; LIFE; POPULATIONS; VARIANCE; NUMBERS; RATIO AB To study family-specific variation in the survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, we partitioned family size into four life history divisions: (1) maternal fecundity, (2) deposition of fertilized eggs and egg loss from the redd, (3) freshwater survival (and male potency), and (4) marine survival. We directly measured the variability in fecundity and then measured the family-specific variability of freshwater survival in several Alaskan hatchery populations. Next, we measured freshwater survival in spatially clustered groups of wild pink salmon (not identified to a specific dam or sire) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Drawing on estimates of the family-specific variation of marine survival in pink salmon from previous studies, we concluded that family-specific egg deposition processes and family-specific variability in the marine environment were the primary sources of the overall variability in pink salmon family size, at least in the populations studied. We hypothesize that the freshwater environment generally induces lower variability in family size than does the marine environment. If this is so, it appears that pink salmon populations are more finely adapted to the freshwater environment, presumably because this environment is more constant. Finally, we speculate that the marine environment is too unpredictable to permit the same level of adaptation of many traits closely linked to marine survival. C1 [Geiger, Harold J.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau, AK 99811 USA. [Geiger, Harold J.; Wang, Ivan; Malecha, Pat; Hebert, Kyle; Smoker, William W.; Gharrett, Anthony J.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Malecha, Pat] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Geiger, HJ (reprint author), St Hubert Res Grp, 7655 N Douglas Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM geiger@alaska.com NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 136 IS 6 BP 1688 EP 1698 DI 10.1577/T07-050.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 251KH UT WOS:000252371400020 ER PT J AU Tabor, RA Warner, EJ Fresh, KL Footen, BA Chan, JR AF Tabor, Roger A. Warner, Eric J. Fresh, Kurt L. Footen, Brian A. Chan, Jeffrey R. TI Ontogenetic diet shifts of prickly sculpin in the Lake Washington basin, Washington SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; INTRASPECIFIC INTERACTIONS; COTTUS-CAROLINAE; LONGFIN SMELT; SLIMY SCULPIN; LIFE-HISTORY; GROWTH; RIVER; FISH; PREY AB We studied the ontogenetic diet shifts of prickly sculpin Coitus asper (the largest North American freshwater cottid) in the Lake Washington basin from a variety of habitat types, including fluvial and lacustrine. In all habitats, prickly sculpin progressively shifted to larger prey, such as fish and crayfish (Decapoda), as they increased in size. In offshore areas of Lake Washington, amphipods were the dominant prey by weight consumed by prickly sculpin of 75-124 mm total length (TL). Although generally uncommon numerically in the diet, fish (primarily small cottids) made up a large percentage of the diet by weight for prickly sculpin larger than 125 mm TL. In the lower end of the Cedar River, juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (23-30 mm TL) were most commonly observed in the diets of 50-99-mm prickly sculpin, while larger prickly sculpin tended to consume larger fish, including adult longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys, lampreys Lampetra spp. (ammocoetes and adults), and small cottids. For each habitat type, diet overlap tended to decrease as size-classes became more dissimilar. Overall, the size of fish eaten was strongly related to prickly sculpin size, but the type of fish eaten influenced the relationship between prey size and predator size. The higher percentage contribution of fish to prickly sculpin diets seen here relative to other studies can be explained by the fact that (1) we collected many large prickly sculpin and sampled a wide variety of habitat types and (2) potential prey fish in the Lake Washington system are abundant and diverse. Our results, in combination with other research on the Lake Washington ecosystem, suggest that because of their size, abundance, wide range in habitat use, and breadth of diet, prickly sculpin are an especially important species in the food web of this system. Prickly sculpin are directly linked to the pelagic food web as both predators and prey, and they play a key role as benthic predators. C1 [Tabor, Roger A.; Chan, Jeffrey R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. [Warner, Eric J.; Footen, Brian A.] Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Auburn, WA 98002 USA. [Fresh, Kurt L.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Tabor, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, 510 Desmond Dr SE,Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. EM roger_tabor@fws.gov NR 61 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 136 IS 6 BP 1801 EP 1813 DI 10.1577/T06-031.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 251KH UT WOS:000252371400031 ER PT J AU Huang, WB Lo, NCH Chiu, TS Chen, CS AF Huang, Wen-Bin Lo, Nancy C. H. Chiu, Tai-Sheng Chen, Chih-Shin TI Geographical distribution and abundance of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira (Brevoort) (Scomberesocidae), fishing stocks in the northwestern Pacific in relation to sea temperatures SO ZOOLOGICAL STUDIES LA English DT Article DE geographical information system; sea surface temperature; Cololabis saira; fishing ground; Taiwan ID WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; GROWTH; OCEAN; MIGRATION; CLIMATE; LARVAE; LOCATIONS; FISHERIES; COLLAPSE; GROUNDS AB We compared geographical distributions of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira (Brevoort) (Scomberesocidae), fishing stocks in the Northwest Pacific (NWP) for 3 yearly groups of high, average, and low abundances, using the Taiwanese fishery catch per unit effort (CPUE) data from 1994 to 2002. Two migratory groups, inshore and offshore, were found in average- and low-abundance years, while an additional oceanic migratory group, which spread eastward to around 178 degrees E in Oct., was found in the year of high abundance. Most of the saury groups were distributed in areas where the sea surface temperature (SST) ranged between 10 and 20 degrees C with a high aggregation around 15 degrees C, implying that 15 degrees C is the preferred temperature for saury to aggregate intensively for the commencement of the spawning migration, and to move southward to spawning grounds where SSTs of around 20 degrees C are favorable to their offspring. The timing, abundance, and geographical distributions of fish aggregations of migratory saury were associated with SSTs. In the early stages of the fishing season, apparent warming caused by the intrusion of Kuroshio Current waters in the southern NWP was closely related to delayed aggregation and low abundances of the saury stock; in contrast, cooling of the waters affected by Oyashio waters was related to eastward aggregation and high abundances of saury. High saury abundances occurred in low-temperature areas. Specifically, in years of low CPUE values, sea water temperatures (SWTs) of the fishing grounds were higher than 15 degrees C, while in years of average and high CPUE values, the SWTs of the fishing grounds were < 15 degrees C. Therefore, fishing ground SWTs higher than 15 degrees C (around 16 degrees C SST) is an indicator of low stock abundances of saury in the NWP. C1 [Huang, Wen-Bin] Natl Hualien Univ Educ, Grad Inst Biol Resources & Technol, Iwaki, Fukushima 970, Japan. [Lo, Nancy C. H.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Chiu, Tai-Sheng] Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Zool, Taipei 106, Taiwan. [Chen, Chih-Shin] Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Fishery Biol, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Huang, WB (reprint author), Natl Hualien Univ Educ, Grad Inst Biol Resources & Technol, Iwaki, Fukushima 970, Japan. EM bruce@mail.nhlue.edu.tw NR 59 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACAD SINICA INST ZOOLOGY PI TAIPEI PA EDITORIAL OFFICE, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1021-5506 J9 ZOOL STUD JI Zool. Stud. PD NOV PY 2007 VL 46 IS 6 BP 705 EP 716 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 243CK UT WOS:000251772300006 ER PT J AU Bowman, RC Udovic, TJ Jensen, CM AF Bowman, Robert C., Jr. Udovic, Terrence J. Jensen, Craig M. TI Proceedings of the International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Systems, Fundamentals and Applications (MH2006) October 1-6, 2006, Lahaina, Maui Island, Hawaii, USA - Preface SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Bowman, RC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 79-24,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Robert.C.Bowman-Jr@jpl.nasa.gov OI Bowman, Robert/0000-0002-2114-1713 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD OCT 31 PY 2007 VL 446 SI SI BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.06.047 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 229RW UT WOS:000250822900001 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ AF Wu, Hui Zhou, Wei Udovic, Terrence J. Rush, John J. TI Structure and hydrogenation properties of the ternary alloys Ca2-xMgxSi (0 <= x <= 1) SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Systems, Fundamentals and Applications CY OCT 01-06, 2006 CL Lahaina, HI SP GM Res & Dev, Hawaii Hydrogen Carriers, LLC, Hy Energy, LLC, Jet Propuls Lab, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Suzuki Shokan Co, Ltd, Toyota Motor Sales DE hydrogen storage; calcium magnesium silicide; neutron diffraction; neutron vibrational spectroscopy; isotherm ID VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; CALCIUM HYDRIDE; DEUTERIDE; STORAGE; SYSTEM; SI AB Partially Mg-substituted Ca2Si alloys (Ca2-xMgxSi, 0 <= x <= 1) were synthesized via high-temperature evacuation of CaH2/MgH2/Si hallmilled mixtures. Neutron diffraction refinements showed that Ca2-xMgxSi (O 0 transition at 5 K (kT=0.48 meV). A doublet in neutron energy loss at approximately 28.5 meV is interpreted as J=1 -> 2 transitions. In addition to the transitions between rotational states, there are a series of peaks that arise from transitions between center-of-mass translational quantum states of the confined hydrogen molecule. A band at approximately 9 meV can be unequivocally interpreted as a transition between translational states, while broad features at 20, 25, 35, and 50-60 meV are also interpreted to as transitions between translational quantum states. A detailed comparison is made with a recent five-dimensional quantum treatment of hydrogen in the smaller dodecahedral cage in the SII ice-clathrate structure. Although there is broad agreement regarding the features such as the splitting of the J=1 degeneracy, the magnitude of the external potential is overestimated. The numerous transitions between translational states predicted by this model are in poor agreement with the experimental data. Comparisons are also made with three simple exactly solved models, namely, a particle in a box, a particle in a sphere, and a particle on the surface of a sphere. Again, there are too many predicted features by the first two models, but there is reasonable agreement with the particle on a sphere model. This is consistent with published quantum chemistry results for hydrogen in the dodecahedral 5(12) cage, where the center of the cage is found to be energetically unfavorable, resulting in a shell-like confinement for the hydrogen molecule wave function. These results demonstrate that translational quantum effects are very significant and a classical treatment of the hydrogen molecule dynamics is inappropriate under such conditions. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Tait, KT (reprint author), Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Nat Hist, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. EM ktait@rom.on.ca; trouw@lanl.gov RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 13 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 7 PY 2007 VL 127 IS 13 AR 134505 DI 10.1063/1.2775927 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 217VB UT WOS:000249974300032 PM 17919035 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM Wallace, JS Smith, DT Sridhar, I Zheng, ZW Johnson, KL AF McGuiggan, P. M. Wallace, J. S. Smith, D. T. Sridhar, I. Zheng, Z. W. Johnson, K. L. TI Contact mechanics of layered elastic materials: experiment and theory SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS; SPHERICAL INDENTER; MICA SURFACES; HALF-SPACE; ADHESION; DEFORMATION; SOLIDS; MODULUS; SPHERES AB This paper reports an experimental and theoretical investigation of the indentation of a layered elastic solid, with special reference to the surface force apparatus (SFA). The contacting surfaces of the SFA comprise a 3-layer material: a thin mica surface layer on a thicker epoxy layer supported by a thick silica substrate. An existing finite element analysis of the deformation of ideal mica/epoxy/silica surfaces used in the SFA is adapted to compare with the experimental measurements of the variation of contact size with load, both with and without adhesion at the interface. This is in marked difference to the Johnson, Kendall and Roberts (JKR) theory for homogeneous solids. Experiments and finite element calculations were also carried out on the elastic indentation of a thin (5.5 m) layer of mica on a very thick layer of epoxy (> 100 m). As input data for the calculations, the elastic moduli of the mica and epoxy were measured in separate indentation experiments. The stiffness of a layered solid can be expressed by an 'effective modulus' E*(e), which has been deduced from the experimental measurements and compared with the theoretical values with fair success. The work of adhesion is commonly measured in the SFA by observing the 'pull-off force' to separate the surfaces. The theory shows that, for a layered solid, the pull-force can vary significantly from the JKR value for a homogeneous solid. In particular, it was found that the mica surface energy, gamma sv, measured by SFA experiments using crossed cylinders of mean radius R, where the materials are layered and the mica/mica adhesion is high, can vary with the pull-off force Fp according to F-p/4 pi R 1200 K) using visible emission from a SiC filament positioned axially along the burner center-line. The suppression and temperature measurements were used to validate a two-dimensional flame simulation developed here, which included buoyancy effects and finite-rate kinetics. The simulations yielded insight into the differences between microgravity and normal gravity suppression results and also explained the inadequacy of the one-dimensional model results to explain the microgravity suppression results. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. C1 Pukyong Natl Univ, Div Safety Engn, Pusan 608739, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Oh, CB (reprint author), Pukyong Natl Univ, Div Safety Engn, Pusan 608739, South Korea. EM turboh@hanmail.net OI Oh, Chang Bo/0000-0001-9030-0303 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD OCT PY 2007 VL 151 IS 1-2 BP 225 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.05.011 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 213AY UT WOS:000249639500016 ER PT J AU Hall, AJ Wells, RS Sweeney, JC Townsend, FI Balmer, BC Hohn, AA Rhinehart, HL AF Hall, Ailsa J. Wells, Randall S. Sweeney, Jay C. Townsend, Forrest I. Balmer, Brian C. Hohn, Aleta A. Rhinehart, Howard L. TI Annual, seasonal and individual variation in hematology and clinical blood chemistry profiles in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE serum chemistry; reference ranges; mixed effects models ID SEAL PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR SEALS; REFERENCE VALUES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; THYROID-HORMONE; UNITED-STATES; HUMAN HEALTH; ATLANTIC; WILD; CALIFORNIA AB Hematology and clinical blood chemistry (HCBC) profiles in free-living bottlenose dolphins from Sarasota Bay, Florida have been monitored over a 14-year period. This long-term dataset includes samples from recaptured dolphins, enabling individual variation to be accounted for when investigating seasonal and annual variability. Four different laboratories carried out the assays and inter-laboratory comparisons found significant differences in 31 of 39 parameters measured. However, variability in comparable HCBCs by sex, age, condition, season and year could be investigated. Significant relationships with the independent variables were found for the majority of the HCBCs. Notable consistent seasonal differences included significantly elevated glucose and significantly lower creatinine concentrations in winter compared to summer. These differences may be due to energetic or thermoregulatory fluctuations in the animals by season and do not necessarily have any clinical significance. Erythrocyte counts were significantly lower in the winter, possibly also due to nutritional differences. Albumin and calcium levels in this population have increased significantly over the years of monitoring and consistently across seasons, being higher in the winter than the summer. Again, nutritional and thermal constraints seem to be the most likely environmental factors influencing these patterns. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. Mote Marine Lab, Ctr Marine Mammal & Sea Turtle Res, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Dolphin Quest Inc, San Diego, CA 92107 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hall, AJ (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. EM ajh7@st-andrews.ac.uk RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 75 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 148 IS 2 BP 266 EP 277 DI 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.04.017 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 207DI UT WOS:000249231400002 PM 17524692 ER PT J AU Menza, C Kendall, M Rogers, C Miller, J AF Menza, C. Kendall, M. Rogers, C. Miller, J. TI A deep reef in deep trouble SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; deep water; mortality; unmanned vehicles; Caribbean ID US VIRGIN-ISLANDS; CORAL-REEFS; WATER; PATTERNS; BAHAMAS; STRESS AB The well-documented degradation of shallower reefs which are often closer to land and more vulnerable to pollution, sewage and other human-related stressors has led to the suggestion that deeper, more remote offshore reefs could possibly serve as sources of coral and fish larvae to replenish the shallower reefs. Yet, the distribution, status, and ecological roles of deep (> 30 in) Caribbean reefs are not well known. In this report, an observation of a deep reef which has undergone a recent extensive loss of coral cover is presented. In stark contrast to the typical pattern of coral loss in shallow reefs, the deeper corals were most affected. This report is the first description of such a pattern of coral loss on a deep reef. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coatal Monitoring & Assessment, Biogeog Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US Geol Survey, Caribbean Field Stn, St John, VI 00830 USA. S Florida Caribbean Network Inventory & Monitorin, Natl Pk Serv, St John, VI 00830 USA. RP Menza, C (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coatal Monitoring & Assessment, Biogeog Program, 1305 E-W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM charles.menza@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD OCT 1 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 17 BP 2224 EP 2230 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.05.017 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 224CX UT WOS:000250424500004 ER PT J AU Toth-Brown, J Hohn, AA AF Toth-Brown, Jacalyn Hohn, A. A. TI Occurrence of the barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis, on coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in New Jersey SO CRUSTACEANA LA English DT Article C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA, SE Fishiries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Toth-Brown, J (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, 800 C-O 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM toth@marine.rutgers.edu RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0011-216X J9 CRUSTACEANA JI Crustaceana PD OCT PY 2007 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1271 EP 1279 DI 10.1163/156854007782321137 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 228TB UT WOS:000250754400009 ER PT J AU Halter, M Tona, A Bhadriraju, K Plant, AL Elliott, JT AF Halter, Michael Tona, Alex Bhadriraju, Kiran Plant, Anne L. Elliott, John T. TI Automated live cell Imaging of green fluorescent protein degradation in individual fibroblasts SO CYTOMETRY PART A LA English DT Article DE green fluorescent protein; protein degradation rate constant; proteolysis; live cell microscopy; quantitative microscopy; micropatterning; NIH 3T3 cells; destabilized GFP ID STOCHASTIC GENE-EXPRESSION; THIN-FILMS; SINGLE CELLS; REPORTER; COLLAGEN; QUANTIFICATION; CYCLOHEXIMIDE; MICROSCOPE; PROTEASOME; MORPHOLOGY AB To accurately interpret the data from fluorescent proteins as reporters of gene activation within living cells, it is important to understand the kinetics of the degradation of the reporter proteins. We examined the degradation kinetics over a large number (>1,000) of single, living cells from a clonal population of NIH3T3 fibroblasts that were stably transfected with a destabilized, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter driven by the tenascin-C promoter. Data collection and quantification of the fluorescence protein within a statistically significant number of individual cells over long times (14 h) by automated microscopy was facilitated by culturing cells on micropatterned arrays that confined their migration and allowed them to be segmented using phase contrast images. To measure GFP degradation rates unambiguously, protein synthesis was inhibited with cycloheximide. Results from automated live cell microscopy and image analysis indicated a wide range of cell-to-cell variability in the GFP fluorescence within individual cells. Degradation for this reporter was analyzed as a first order rate process with a degradation half-life of 2.8 h. We found that GFP degradation rates were independent of the initial intensity of GFP fluorescence within cells. This result indicates that higher GFP abundance in some cells is likely due to higher rates of gene expression, because it is not due to systematically lower rates of protein degradation. The approach described in this study will assist the quantification and understanding of gene activity within live cells using fluorescent protein reporters. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIST, Cell & Tissue Measurements Grp, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Halter, M (reprint author), NIST, Cell & Tissue Measurements Grp, Div Biochem Sci, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.halter@nist.gov RI Halter, Michael/F-9795-2011 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4922 J9 CYTOM PART A JI Cytom. Part A PD OCT PY 2007 VL 71A IS 10 BP 827 EP 834 DI 10.1002/cyto.a.20461 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 216MQ UT WOS:000249882500009 PM 17828790 ER PT J AU Lin, NJ Drzal, PL Lin-Gibson, S AF Lin, Nancy J. Drzal, Peter L. Lin-Gibson, Sheng TI Two-dimensional gradient platforms for rapid assessment of dental polymers: A chemical, mechanical and biological evaluation SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental restorative materials; combinatorial; degree of conversion; NIR; FTIR-RM; mechanical properties; nanoindentation; viability cytotoxicity ID RESIN COMPOSITES; FTIR-MICROSCOPY; CONVERSION; BLENDS AB Objectives. The increased usage of composite dental restorations underscores the need for continued improvements in material properties. Well-controlled sample fabrication and reproducible methods to quantify and compare material properties will accelerate material design and optimization. our objectives were to fabricate samples encompassing a range of processing parameters and develop techniques that systematically quantify multiple properties of these samples, thus reducing sample-to-sample variation while concurrently testing numerous processing conditions. Methods. Gradient samples were prepared to evaluate the effects of composition and irradiation time. Comonomer ratio of 2,2-bis[p-2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy]-phenyl]propane (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was varied discretely, and irradiation time was varied continuously across each composition. Degree of conversion was measured using infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties were evaluated using nanoindentation, and cell viability and density were quantified using fluorescence microscopy. Results. Higher BisGMA contents increased elastic moduli while higher TEGDMA contents increased conversions. Cell response depended only on irradiation time and not composition, with conversions of at least 52% and 60% required for unaffected viability and cell density, respectively. A single composition-irradiation combination to achieve all of the 'best' properties (highest conversion, highest elastic modulus, lack of cytotoxicity) was not identified, illustrating the necessity of testing all combinations for multiple relevant properties. Significance. Simultaneously screening composition and conversion increased the experimental throughput and allowed for the quantification of chemical, mechanical, and biological properties in a controlled, reproducible fashion. This 2D gradient approach is useful for optimizing compositions and processing parameters to achieve the desired combination of properties. (C) 2006 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), 100 Bureau Dr,MS 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM slgibson@nist.gov NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1211 EP 1220 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2006.11.020 PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 211IN UT WOS:000249517600004 PM 17194473 ER PT J AU Link, JS AF Link, Jason. S. TI Underappreciated species in ecology: "ugly fish" in the northwest Atlantic Ocean SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bentho-demersal; biomass trade-offs; ecological-redundancy; fish community; fisheries; food web dynamics; functional role; Georges Bank; ignored species; sequential depletion; species replacements; species shafts ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF ECOSYSTEM; LEAF-LITTER DECOMPOSITION; FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY; GEORGES-BANK; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; COMMUNITY STABILITY; GUILD STRUCTURE; UNITED-STATES; MANAGEMENT; FORESTS AB Species shifts and replacements are common in ecological studies. Observations thereof serve as the impetus for many ecological endeavors. Many of the species now known to dominate ecosystem functioning were largely ignored until studies of those underappreciated species elucidated their critical roles. Recognizing the potential importance of underappreciated species has implications for functional redundancies in ecosystems and should alter our approach to long-term monitoring. One example of an applied ecological system containing species shifts, underappreciated species, and potential changes in functional redundancies is the topic of fisheries. The demersal component of many fish communities usually consists of high-profile and commercially valuable species that are targets of fisheries, plus a diverse group of lesser known species that have minimal commercial value and focus. Yet ecologically these traditionally nontargeted species are often a major biomass sink in marine ecosystems and can also be critical in the functioning of bentho-demersal food webs. I examined the biomass trajectories of several species of skates, cottids, lophiids, anarhichadids, zooarcids, and similar species in the northeast U.S. Atlantic ecosystem to determine whether their relative abundance has changed across the past four decades. Distribution and stomach contents of these species were also evaluated over time to further elucidate the relative importance of these species. Landings of these underappreciated bentho-demersal fish were also examined in comparison to those species that historically have been commercially targeted. Of particular emphasis was the evaluation of evidence for sequential stock depletion and the ramifications for functional redundancy for this ecosystem. Results indicate that some of these fish species are now the dominant piscivores, benthivores, and scavengers in this ecosystem. These formerly under-studied species generally have either maintained a consistent population size or have increased in abundance (and expanded in distribution) over the past several decades. Nontraditionally targeted fish species are an often overlooked but important component of bentho-deiriersal fish communities. Implications for the energy flow and resilience specifically for future fisheries and generally for harvesting biological resources are significant, remaining critical issues for the world's ecosystems. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jason.link@noaa.gov NR 83 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 17 IS 7 BP 2037 EP 2060 DI 10.1890/06-1154.1 PG 24 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 220FL UT WOS:000250142500015 PM 17974340 ER PT J AU Hoekstra, JM Bartz, KK Ruckelshaus, MH Moslemi, JM Harms, TK AF Hoekstra, Jonathan M. Bartz, Krista K. Ruckelshaus, Mary H. Moslemi, Jenniffr M. Harms, Tamara K. TI Quantitative threat analysis for management of an imperiled species: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Chinook salmon; endangered species; habitat; harvest; hatchery; hydropower; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; path models; threat analysis ID COLUMBIA RIVER-BASIN; RECOVERY PLANS; PACIFIC SALMON; UNITED-STATES; PATH-ANALYSIS; HABITAT; RESTORATION; POPULATIONS; RISKS AB Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have declined dramatically across the Pacific Northwest because of multiple human impacts colloquially characterized as the four "H's": habitat degradation, harvest, hydroelectric and other dams, and hatchery production. We use this conceptual framework to quantify the relative importance of major threats to the current status of 201 Chinook populations. Current status is characterized by two demographic indices: population density and trend. We employ path analytic models and information theoretic methods for multi-model inference. Our results indicate that dams most strongly affect variation in population density, while harvest and hatchery production most strongly affect variation in population trend. Comparable results arise when the sample size of the analysis is reduced to 22 Chinook populations within a smaller region typical of the scale at which salmon recovery planning is conducted. Results from these threat analyses suggest that recovery strategies targeting specific demographic indices, and those considering natural and human-mediated interdependencies of major threats, are most likely to succeed. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Bartz, KK (reprint author), Nature Conservancy, Conservat Strategies Grp, 1917 1st Ave, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM jhoekstra@tnc.org; Krista.Bartz@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 29 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 17 IS 7 BP 2061 EP 2073 DI 10.1890/06-1637.1 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 220FL UT WOS:000250142500016 PM 17974341 ER PT J AU Key, P Chung, K Siewicki, T Fulton, M AF Key, Peter Chung, Katy Siewicki, Tom Fulton, Mike TI Toxicity of three pesticides individually and in mixture to larval grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE grass shrimp; Palaemonetes pugio; fipronil; atrazine; imidacloprid; mixture toxicity ID ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; LIFE STAGES; ATRAZINE; INSECTICIDES; LETHAL; FIPRONIL; EXPOSURE; CANALS; BAY AB This study examined the toxicity of three pesticides, singly and in mixture, to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) larvae. The pesticides included atrazine, an herbicide used on turf grass and field crops; fipronil, a persistent insecticide used against termites and fire ants; and imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide used in agricultural and home products. Fipronil was the most toxic to shrimp larvae with a 96-h LC50 of 0.68 mu g/L (95% CI 0.57-0.79 mu g/L). Shrimp larvae were less sensitive to imidacloprid with a 96-h LC50 of 308.8 mu g/L (95% Cl 273.6-348.6 mu g/L). Atrazine was non-toxic to shrimp larvae at concentrations up to 10,000 mu g/L. In mixtures, fipronil plus atrazine and imidacloprid plus atrazine had no change in toxicity compared to fipronil and imidacloprid tested singly. Similarly, a fipronil/ imidacloprid mixture did not show greater than additive toxicity. However, when atrazine was added to the fipronil/imidacloprid mix, areater than additive toxicity occurred. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Key, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM pete.key@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 68 IS 2 BP 272 EP 277 DI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.11.017 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 222TV UT WOS:000250321100007 PM 17204326 ER PT J AU Sulikowski, JA Driggers, WB Ingram, GW Kneebone, J Ferguson, DE Tsang, PCW AF Sulikowski, James A. Driggers, William B., III Ingram, G. Walter, Jr. Kneebone, Jeff Ferguson, Darren E. Tsang, Paul C. W. TI Profiling plasma steroid hormones: a non-lethal approach for the study of skate reproductive biology and its potential use in conservation management SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Biology of Skates held in Conjunction with the 22nd Annual Meeting of American-Elasmobranch-Society CY JUL 13-14, 2006 CL New Orleans, LA SP Amer Elasmobranch Soc DE skate; sexual maturity; reproduction; testosterone; estradiol; non-lethal technique ID DOGFISH SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; WESTERN GULF; SEXUAL-MATURITY; SPHYRNA-TIBURO; SERUM CONCENTRATIONS; LEUCORAJA-OCELLATA; BONNETHEAD SHARKS; ATLANTIC STINGRAY; GONAD DEVELOPMENT; RAJA-ERINACEA AB Information regarding sexual maturity and reproductive cycles in skates has largely been based on gross morphological changes within the reproductive tract. While this information has proved valuable in obtaining life history information, it also necessitates sacrificing the skates to obtain this data. In contrast, few studies have used circulating steroid hormones to establish when these batoids become reproductively capable or for the determination of reproductive cyclicity. This study summarizes our current knowledge of hormonal analyses in determining skate reproductive status and offers information that suggests analysis of circulating steroid hormone concentrations provide a means to determine size at sexual maturity and asses reproductive cycles without the need to sacrifice the skate. C1 Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. Mississippi Labs, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Anim & Nutr Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Sulikowski, JA (reprint author), Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. EM jsulikowski@une.edu NR 29 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2-3 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1007/s10641-007-9257-y PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 216ZL UT WOS:000249917600013 ER PT J AU Natanson, LJ Sulikowski, JA Kneebone, JR Tsang, PC AF Natanson, Lisa J. Sulikowski, James A. Kneebone, Jeff R. Tsang, Paul C. TI Age and growth estimates for the smooth skate, Malacoraja senta, in the Gulf of Maine SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Biology of Skates held in Conjunction with the 22nd Annual Meeting of American-Elasmobranch-Society CY JUL 13-14, 2006 CL New Orleans, LA SP Amer Elasmobranch Soc DE vertebra; skate; age ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; LIFE-HISTORY; ISURUS-OXYRINCHUS; SANDBAR SHARK; SHORTFIN MAKO; VALIDATED AGE; OF-MEXICO; EXTINCTION; PARAMETERS; MORTALITY AB Age and growth estimates for the smooth skate, Malacoraja senta, were derived from 306 vertebral centra from skates caught in the North Atlantic off the coast of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, USA. Males and females were aged to 15 and 14 years, respectively. Male and female growth diverged at both ends of the data range and the sexes required different growth functions to describe them. Males followed a traditional growth scenario and were best described by a von Bertalanffy curve with a set L (o) (11 cm TL) where L (inf) = 75.4 cm TL, K = 0.12. Females required the use of back-calculated values to account for a lack of small individuals, using these data they were best described by a von Bertalanffy curve where growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L (inf) = 69.6 cm TL, K = 0.12, and L (o) = 10. C1 NOAA, USDOC, NMFS, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Natanson, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, USDOC, NMFS, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM Lisa.Natanson@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2-3 BP 293 EP 308 DI 10.1007/s10641-007-9220-y PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 216ZL UT WOS:000249917600014 ER PT J AU Gburski, CM Gaichas, SK Kimura, DK AF Gburski, Christopher M. Gaichas, Sarah K. Kimura, Daniel K. TI Age and growth of big skate (Raja binoculata) and longnose skate (R-rhina) in the Gulf of Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Biology of Skates held in Conjunction with the 22nd Annual Meeting of American-Elasmobranch-Society CY JUL 13-14, 2006 CL New Orleans, LA SP Amer Elasmobranch Soc DE alaska skate fisheries; Age determination; Back-calculation; Rajidae ID WESTERN GULF; LEUCORAJA-OCELLATA; BACK-CALCULATION; WINTER SKATE; LIFE-HISTORY; IRISH SEA; MAINE; PARAMETERS; MANAGEMENT; MATURITY AB In 2003, big skates, Raja binoculata, and longnose skates, Raja rhina, were the target of a commercial fishery around Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) for the first time. The sudden development of a fishery for these species prompted the need for improved life history information to better inform fishery managers. Due to the selective nature of the skate fishery, mostly larger individuals were captured. Back-calculation from skate vertebral measurements was used to estimate size-at-age for younger skates. Because back-calculated age-length data within individuals were highly correlated, bootstrap resampling methods were used to test for differences between male and female growth curves. Results from bootstrapping indicated that differences between male and female growth were statistically significant for both species. This investigation indicates that growth of big skates in the GOA (max size 178 cm total length, max age 15 years) is similar to that in California, but different from that in British Columbia. For longnose skates, our GOA results agree with those reported in British Columbia, but were considerably older (max size 130 cm, max age 25 years) than those reported in California, which may not be surprising because longnose skates in the present study were generally larger. This life history information suggests that both big and longnose skates are at risk of unsustainable exploitation by targeted fisheries. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gburski, CM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM christopher.gburski@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2007 VL 80 IS 2-3 BP 337 EP 349 DI 10.1007/s10641-007-9231-8 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 216ZL UT WOS:000249917600017 ER PT J AU Day, RD Segars, AL Arendt, MD Lee, AM Peden-Adams, MM AF Day, Rusty D. Segars, Al L. Arendt, Michael D. Lee, A. Michelle Peden-Adams, Margie M. TI Relationship of blood mercury levels to health parameters in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE aspartate aminotransferase(AST); blood; creatine phosphokinase(CPK); hematocrit; immunotoxicity; lymphocytes; loggerhead sea turtles; mercury; methylmercury; toxicity ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; GREEN TURTLE; YAEYAMA ISLANDS; METHYLMERCURY; PLASMA; ACCUMULATION; CHLORIDE; LYSOZYME AB BACKGROUND: Mercury is a pervasive environmental pollutant whose toxic effects have not been studied in sea turtles in spite of their threatened status and evidence of immunosuppression in diseased populations. OBJECTIVES: In the present study we investigate mercury toxicity in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) by examining trends between blood mercury concentrations and various health parameters. METHODS: Blood was collected from free-ranging turtles, and correlations between blood mercury concentrations and plasma chemistries, complete blood counts, lysozyme, and lymphocyte proliferation were examined. Lymphocytes were also harvested from free-ranging turtles and exposed in vitro to methylmercury to assess proliferative responses. RESULTS: Blood mercury concentrations were positively correlated with hematocrit and creatine phosphokinase activity, and negatively correlated with lymphocyte cell counts and aspartate aminotransferase. Ex vivo negative correlations between blood mercury concentrations and B-cell proliferation were observed in 2001 and 2003 under optimal assay conditions. In vitro exposure of peripheral blood leukocytes to methylmercury resulted in suppression of proliferative responses for B cells (0.1 mu g/g and 0.35 mu g/g) and T cells (0.7 mu g/g). CONCLUSIONS: The positive correlation between blood mercury concentration and hematocrit reflects the higher affinity of mercury species for erythrocytes than plasma, and demonstrates the importance of measuring hematocrit when analyzing whole blood for mercury. In vitro immunosuppression occurred at methylmercury concentrations that correspond to approximately 5% of the individuals captured in the wild. This observation and the negative correlation found ex vivo between mercury and lymphocyte numbers and mercury and B-cell proliferative responses suggests that subtle negative impacts of mercury on sea turtle immune function are possible at concentrations observed in the wild. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC USA. S Calif Dept Nat Res, Div Marine Res, Charleston, SC USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC USA. Myst Aquarium & Inst Explorat, Mystic, CT USA. RP Day, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM russell.day@nist.gov NR 63 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 30 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 115 IS 10 BP 1421 EP 1428 DI 10.1289/ehp.9918 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 216UQ UT WOS:000249904900032 PM 17938730 ER PT J AU Whitall, D Bricker, S Ferreira, J Nobre, AM Simas, T Silva, M AF Whitall, David Bricker, Suzanne Ferreira, Joao Nobre, Ana M. Simas, Teresa Silva, Margarida TI Assessment of eutrophication in estuaries: Pressure-state-response and nitrogen source apportionment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; estuaries; nitrogen; modeling; United States; European Union; assessment ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; COASTAL WATERS; MANAGEMENT; ENRICHMENT; DEPOSITION; ATLANTIC; STRESS; BUDGET; RIVER; BAY AB A eutrophication assessment method was developed as part of the National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment (NEEA) Program. The program is designed to improve monitoring and assessment of eutrophication in the estuaries and coastal bays of the United States with the intent to guide management plans and develop analytical and research models and tools for managers. These tools will help guide and improve management success for estuaries and coastal resources. The assessment method, a Pressure-State-Response approach, uses a simple model to determine Pressure and statistical criteria for indicator variables (where applicable) to determine State. The Response determination is mostly heuristic, although research models are being developed to improve that component. The three components are determined individually and then combined into a single rating. Application to several systems in the European Union (E.U.), specifically in Portugal, shows that the method is transferable, and thus is useful for development of management measures in both the Unites States and E.U. This approach identifies and quantifies the key anthropogenic nutrient input sources to estuaries so that management measures can target inputs for maximum effect. Because nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient in estuarine systems, examples of source identification and quantification for nitrogen have been developed for 11 coastal watersheds on the U.S. east coast using the WATERSN model. In general, estuaries in the Northeastern United States receive most of their nitrogen from human sewage, followed by atmospheric deposition. This is in contrast to some watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic (Chesapeake Bay) and South Atlantic (Pamlico Sound), which receive most of their nitrogen from agricultural runoff. Source identification is important for implementing effective management measures that should be monitored for success using assessment methods, as described herein. For instance, these results suggest that Northeastern estuaries would likely benefit most from improved sewage treatment, where as the Mid and South Atlantic systems would benefit most from agricultural runoff reductions. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. DCEA FCT, Ctr Ecol Modelling, Inst Marine Res, IMAR, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. Inst Ambiente, P-2720 Amadora, Portugal. RP Whitall, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dave.whitall@noaa.gor OI Nobre, Ana/0000-0002-5371-2728; Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X NR 42 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 5 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 40 IS 4 BP 678 EP 690 DI 10.1007/s00267-005-0344-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 212UQ UT WOS:000249622700012 PM 17661131 ER PT J AU Xiao, J Zangwill, A Stiles, MD AF Xiao, J. Zangwill, A. Stiles, M. D. TI A numerical method to solve the Boltzmann equation for a spin valve SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; DRIVEN; TRANSMISSION; SCATTERING; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT; REVERSAL; TORQUES; SYSTEMS AB We present a numerical algorithm to solve the Boltzmann equation for the electron distribution function in magnetic multilayer heterostructures with non-collinear magnetizations. The solution is based on a scattering matrix formalism for layers that are translationally invariant in plane so that properties only vary perpendicular to the planes. Physical quantities like spin density, spin current, and spin-transfer torque are calculated directly from the distribution function. We illustrate our solution method with a systematic study of the spin- transfer torque in a spin valve as a function of its geometry. The results agree with a hybrid circuit theory developed by Slonczewski for geometries typical of those measured experimentally. C1 [Xiao, J.; Zangwill, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Stiles, M. D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiao, J (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM mark.stiles@nist.gov RI Xiao, Jiang/B-1832-2008; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Xiao, Jiang/0000-0002-3245-3579; Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6028 EI 1434-6036 J9 EUR PHYS J B JI Eur. Phys. J. B PD OCT PY 2007 VL 59 IS 4 BP 415 EP 427 DI 10.1140/epjb/e2007-00004-0 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 282HL UT WOS:000254558300002 ER PT J AU Able, KW Clarke, PJ Charnbers, RC Witting, DA AF Able, Kenneth W. Clarke, Peter J. Charnbers, R. Christopher Witting, David A. TI Transitions in the morphological features, habitat use, and diet of young-of-the-year goosefish (Lophius americanus) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SCOTIAN SHELF; PISCATORIUS; ANGLERFISH; FISHES; LOPHIIFORMES; ATLANTIC; LIFE; FOOD; AGE AB This study was designed to improve our understanding of transitions in the early life history and the distribution, habitat use, and diets for young-of-the -year (YOY) goosefish (Lophius americanus) and, as a result, their role in northeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystems. Pelagic juveniles (>12 to ca. 50 mm total length [TL]) were distributed over most portions of the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight, Georges Bank, and into the Gulf of Maine. Most individuals settled by 50-85 mm TL and reached approximately 60-120 mm TL by one year of age. Pelagic YOY fed on chaetognaths, hyperiid amphipods, calanoid copepods, and ostracods, and benthic YOY had a varied diet of fishes and benthic crustaceans. Goosefish are widely scattered on the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight during their early life history and once settled, are habitat generalists, and thus play a role in many continental shelf habitats. C1 [Able, Kenneth W.; Clarke, Peter J.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. [Charnbers, R. Christopher] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. [Witting, David A.] NOAA, MSRP, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. RP Able, KW (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, 800 C-O 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM able@marine.rutgers.edu NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 457 EP 469 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100002 ER PT J AU Stewart, IJ AF Stewart, Ian J. TI Defining plausible migration rates based on historical tagging data: a Bayesian mark-recapture model applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID STOCK ASSESSMENT; TAG RECOVERIES; FISH MOVEMENT; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; METAANALYSIS; FISHERIES; PACIFIC AB A generalized Bayesian population dynamics model was developed for analysis of historical mark-recapture studies. The Bayesian approach builds upon existing maximum likelihood methods and is useful when substantial uncertainties exist in the data or little information is available about auxiliary parameters such as tag loss and reporting rates. Movement rates are obtained through Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation, which are suitable for use as input in subsequent stock assessment analysis. The mark-recapture model was applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus) off the west coast of the United States and Canada and migration rates were estimated to be 2% per month to the north and 4% per month to the south. These posterior parameter distributions and the Bayesian framework for comparing hypotheses can guide fishery scientists in structuring the spatial and temporal complexity of future analyses of this kind. This approach could be easily generalized for application to other species and more data-rich fishery analyses. C1 [Stewart, Ian J.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Stewart, IJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E F-NWC4, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Ian.Stewart@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 470 EP 484 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100003 ER PT J AU Magel, C Wakefield, K Targett, N Brill, R AF Magel, Christopher Wakefield, Kirstin Targett, Nancy Brill, Richard TI Activity in the pallial nerve of knobbed (Busycon carica) and channeled (Busycotypus canaliculatum) whelks recorded during exposure of the osphradiurn to odorant solutions SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; HORSESHOE-CRAB; LOBSTER; FISH; POPULATIONS; RESPONSES; PREY AB Adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) are the preferred bait in the U.S. east coast whelk pot fishery, but their harvest is being restricted because of severe population declines in the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. To identify other baits, the activity in the pallial nerve of whelks was determined during exposure of the osphradium to odorant solutions prepared from horseshoe crab eggs, horseshoe crab hemolymph, and hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) tissue. All three elicited significant responses; bait based on them may provide an alternative to the use of adult horseshoe crabs, although extensive behavioral testing remains to be done. Channeled whelk did not respond to molecular weight fractions (>3 kDa and <3 kDa) prepared from horseshoe crab egg odorant solutions but did respond when the molecular weight fractions were recombined. Whelks appear to have broadly tuned chemoreceptors and manufactured baits may need to mimic the complex mixture of odorants derived from natural sources. C1 [Magel, Christopher] Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Wakefield, Kirstin; Targett, Nancy] Univ Delaware, Coll Marine & Earth Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA. [Brill, Richard] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Magel, C (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM rbrill@vims.edu NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 485 EP 492 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100004 ER PT J AU Barlow, J Forney, KA AF Barlow, Jay Forney, Karin A. TI Abundance and population density of cetaceans in the California Current ecosystem SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WHALES; PACIFIC; DOLPHIN; WATERS; OCEAN AB The abundance and population density of cetaceans along the U.S. west coast were estimated from ship surveys conducted in the summer and fall of 1991, 1993, 1996, 2001, and 2005 by using multiple-covariate, line-transect analyses. Overall, approximately 556,000 cetaceans of 21 species were estimated to be in the 1,141,800-km(2) study area. Delphinoids (Delphinidae and Phocoenidae), the most abundant group, numbered similar to 540,000 individuals. Abundance in other taxonomic groups included similar to 5800 baleen whales (Mysticeti), similar to 7000 beaked whales (Ziphiidae), and similar to 3200 sperm whales (Physeteridae). This study provides the longest time series of abundance estimates that includes all the cetacean species in any marine ecosystem. These estimates will be used to interpret the impacts of human-caused mortality (such as that documented in fishery bycatch and that caused by ship strikes and other means) and to evaluate the ecological role of cetaceans in the California Current ecosystem. C1 [Barlow, Jay] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. [Forney, Karin A.] NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Barlow, J (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Jay.Barlow@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 62 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 27 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 509 EP 526 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100006 ER PT J AU Miller, TW Brodeur, RD AF Miller, Todd W. Brodeur, Richard D. TI Diets of and trophic relationships among dominant marine nekton within the northern California Current ecosystem SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; PACIFIC-OCEAN; EL-NINO; OREGON; VARIABILITY; CHLOROPHYLL; COMMUNITY; SALMON AB In this study we analyzed the diets of 26 nekton species collected from two years (2000 and 2002) off Oregon and northern California to describe dominant nekton trophic groups of the northern California Current (NCC) pelagic ecosystem. We also examined interannual variation in the diets of three nekton species. Cluster analysis of predator diets resulted in nekton trophic groups based on the consumption of copepods, euphausiids, brachyuran larvae, larval-juvenile fishes, and adult nekton. However, many fish within trophic groups consumed prey from multiple trophic levels - euphausiids being the most widely consumed. Comparison of diets between years showed that most variation occurred with changes in the contribution of euphausiids and brachyuran larvae to nekton diets. The importance of euphausiids and other crustacean prey to nekton indicates that omnivory is an important characteristic of the NCC food web; however it may change during periods of lower or higher upwelling and ecosystem production. C1 [Miller, Todd W.] Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Brodeur, Richard D.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Miller, TW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM millertw@dpc.ehime-u.ac.ip NR 39 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 548 EP 559 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100009 ER PT J AU Lauth, RR Guthridge, J Nichol, D McEntire, SW Hillgruber, N AF Lauth, Robert R. Guthridge, Jared Nichol, Dan McEntire, Scott W. Hillgruber, Nicola TI Timing and duration of mating and brooding periods of Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) in the North Pacific Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; GOBIO L PISCES; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; PARENTAL CARE; ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MARINE FISH; CANNIBALISM; CHOICE; SEA AB The timing and duration of the reproductive cycle of Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) was validated by using observations from time-lapse video and data from archival tags, and the start, peak, and end of spawning and hatching were determined from an incubation model with aged egg samples and empirical incubation times ranging from 44 days at a water temperature of 9.85 degrees C to 100 days at 3.89 degrees C. From June to July, males ceased diel vertical movements, aggregated in nesting colonies, and established territories. Spawning began in late July, ended in mid-October, and peaked in early September. The male egg-brooding period that followed continued from late November to mid-January and duration was highly dependent on embryonic development as affected by ambient water temperature. Males exhibited brooding behavior for protracted periods at water depths from 23 to 117 in where average daily water temperatures ranged from 4.0 degrees to 6.2 degrees C. Knowledge about the timing of the reproductive cycle provides a framework for conserving Atka mackerel populations and investigating the physical and biological processes influencing recruitment. C1 [Lauth, Robert R.; Nichol, Dan; McEntire, Scott W.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Guthridge, Jared] Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. [Guthridge, Jared; Hillgruber, Nicola] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Studies, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Lauth, RR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Bob.Lauth@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 560 EP 570 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100010 ER PT J AU Lauth, RR Blood, DM AF Lauth, Robert R. Blood, Deborah M. TI Description of embryonic development of Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WATERS C1 [Lauth, Robert R.; Blood, Deborah M.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lauth, RR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Bob.Lauth@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 571 EP 576 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100011 ER PT J AU Kimura, DK AF Kimura, Daniel K. TI Using the empirical Bayes method to estimate and evaluate bycatch rates of seabirds from individual fishing vessels SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 [Kimura, Daniel K.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kimura, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dan.kimura@noaa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 577 EP 581 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100012 ER PT J AU DeVries, DA AF DeVries, Douglas A. TI No evidence of bias from fish behavior in the selectivity of size and sex of the protogynous red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Sparidae) by hook-and-line gear SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MYCTEROPERCA-MICROLEPIS; EASTERN GULF; LIFE-HISTORY; SERRANIDAE; AGE; PISCES; REPRODUCTION; GROUPERS C1 [DeVries, Douglas A.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP DeVries, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM doug.devries@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 105 IS 4 BP 582 EP 587 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 241PA UT WOS:000251667100013 ER PT J AU Scheuerell, MD Moore, JW Schindler, DE Harvey, CJ AF Scheuerell, Mark D. Moore, Jonathan W. Schindler, Daniel E. Harvey, Chris J. TI Varying effects of anadromous sockeye salmon on the trophic ecology of two species of resident salmonids in southwest Alaska SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet subsidy; marine-derived; stable isotope; nitrogen; bioenergetics ID ELEMENTS TRANSPORTED UPSTREAM; WHOLE-RIVER FERTILIZATION; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; STABLE-CARBON ISOTOPES; PACIFIC SALMON; FOOD WEBS; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; COHO SALMON; DELTA-C-13 EVIDENCE AB 1. Anadromous salmon transport marine-derived nutrients and carbon to freshwater and riparian ecosystems upon their return to natal spawning systems. The ecological implications of these subsidies on the trophic ecology of resident fish remain poorly understood despite broad recognition of their potential importance. 2. We studied the within-year changes in the ration size, composition and stable isotope signature of the diets of two resident salmonids (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus) before and after the arrival of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to their spawning grounds in the Bristol Bay region of southwest Alaska. 3. Ration size and energy intake increased by 480-620% for both species after salmon arrived. However, the cause of the increases differed between species such that rainbow trout switched to consuming salmon eggs, salmon flesh and blowflies that colonized salmon carcasses, whereas grayling primarily ate more benthic invertebrates that were presumably made available because of physical disturbances by spawning salmon. 4. We also observed an increase in the delta N-15 of rainbow trout diets post-salmon, but not for grayling. This presumably led to the observed increase in the delta N-15 of rainbow trout with increasing body mass, but not for grayling. 5. Using a bioenergetics model, we predicted that salmon-derived resources contributed a large majority of the energy necessary for growth in this resident fish community. Furthermore, the bioenergetics model also showed how seasonal changes in diet affected the stable isotope ratios of both species. These results expand upon a growing body of literature that highlights the different pathways whereby anadromous salmon influence coastal ecosystems, particularly resident fish. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Auat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Scheuerell, MD (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mark.scheuerell@noaa.gov RI Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 NR 79 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0046-5070 EI 1365-2427 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 52 IS 10 BP 1944 EP 1956 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01823.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 207UI UT WOS:000249276200007 ER PT J AU Kalman, L Johnson, MA Beck, J Berry-Kravis, E Buller, A Casey, B Feldman, GL Handsfield, J Jakupciak, JP Maragh, S Matteson, K Muralidharan, K Richie, KL Rohlfs, EM Schaefer, F Sellers, T Spector, E Richards, CS AF Kalman, Lisa Johnson, Monique A. Beck, Jeanne Berry-Kravis, Elizabeth Buller, Arlene Casey, Brett Feldman, Gerald L. Handsfield, James Jakupciak, John P. Maragh, Samantha Matteson, Karla Muralidharan, Kasinathan Richie, Kristy L. Rohlfs, Elizabeth M. Schaefer, Frederick Sellers, Tina Spector, Elaine Richards, C. Sue TI Development of genomic reference materials for Huntington disease genetic testing SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE quality control; Huntington disease; genetic testing; reference materials; CAG repeats ID QUALITY-CONTROL; DNA; RECOMMENDATIONS; REPEAT AB Purpose: Diagnostic and predictive testing for Huntington disease requires an accurate measurement of CAG repeats in the HD (IT15) gene. However, precise repeat sizing can be technically challenging, and is complicated by the lack of quality control and reference materials (RM). The aim of this study was to characterize genomic DNA from 14 Huntington cell lines available from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Human Genetic Cell Repository at the Coriell Cell Repositories for use as reference materials for CAG repeat sizing. Methods: Fourteen Huntington cell lines were selected for study. The alleles in these materials represent a large range of sizes that include important diagnostic cutoffs and allele combinations. The allele measurement study was conducted by ten volunteer laboratories using a variety of polymerase chain reaction-based in-house developed methods and by DNA sequence analysis. Results: The Huntington alleles in the 14 genomic DNA samples range in size from 15 to 100 CAG repeats. There was good agreement among the ten laboratories, and thus, the 95% confidence interval was small for each measurement. The allele size determined by DNA sequence analysis agreed with the laboratory developed tests. Conclusion: These DNA materials, which are available from Coriell Cell Repositories, will facilitate accurate and reliable Huntington genetic testing. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lab Practice Evaluat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Genom Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Coriell Cell Repositories, Coriell Inst Med Res, Camden, NJ USA. Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol Sci, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Quest Diagnost, Mol Genet, San Juan Capistrano, CA USA. Childrens & Womens Hlth Ctr British Columbia, Dept Pathol, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Detroit Med Ctr Univ Labs, Detroit, MI USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Tennessee, Med Ctr, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Genet, Knoxville, TN USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA USA. GenzymeCorp, Mol Diagnost Lab, Westborough, MA USA. Ctr Genet Testing St Francis, Tulsa, OK USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Div Med Genet, Dept Pediat, Aurora, CO USA. RP Kalman, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lab Practice Evaluat, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM LKalman@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1098-3600 J9 GENET MED JI Genet. Med. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 9 IS 10 BP 719 EP 723 DI 10.1097/GIM.0b013e318156e8c1 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 223IW UT WOS:000250364500008 PM 18073586 ER PT J AU Maranda, L Corwin, S Dover, S Morton, SL AF Maranda, Lucie Corwin, Susannah Dover, Stacie Morton, Steve L. TI Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae) in northeastern USA coastal waters - II: Toxin load in the epibiota and in shellfish SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Crassostrea virginica; diarrhetic shellfish poisoning; diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning; dinophysistoxin; DSP; exuviaella lima; Mytilus edulis; okadaic acid; Prorocentrum lima ID DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH; ABUNDANCE; TOXICITY; LAGOON; ACID; UK AB The seasonal variation in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)-type toxins was followed in the epibiotic community and in shellfish between 41 degrees and 44 degrees N in coastal waters of the northwest Atlantic during a 2-year period. Low levels of okadaic-acid equivalents were detected at all stations in the <90 mu m fraction of the collected epibiota as measured by the protein phosphatase inhibition assay, but only 3.5% of the samples had values greater than 100 ng (g dry weight of epibiota)(-1). No seasonal pattern could be detected due to differences in intensity, duration and timing of toxin content in the epibiota between the 2 years and between stations. Nevertheless, the concentration of DSP-type toxins in the epibiota correlated weakly but significantly with the abundance of Prorocentrum lima, when data from all stations were considered. A very limited toxin uptake by shellfish was measured at only one station in October and November 2001 and in June and July 2002 at times of maximum cell concentration of P. lima in the epibiota. Toxin levels in shellfish remained well below regulatory limits that would have required quarantine or bans on harvesting. Results from our 2-year survey suggest that, at this time, the threat of DSP events appears minimal. However, the presence of a known toxin producer and its demonstrated ingestion by shellfish would argue for further studies to better understand conditions leading to DSP outbreaks generated by an epiphytic dinoflagellate. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Hollings Marine Lab, Marine Biotoxin Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Maranda, L (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM lmaranda@gso.uri.edu NR 35 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD OCT PY 2007 VL 6 IS 5 BP 632 EP 641 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2006.12.006 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 213QG UT WOS:000249681600002 ER PT J AU Lisse, CM Dennerl, K Christian, DJ Wolk, SJ Bodewits, D Zurbuchen, TH Hansen, KC Hoekstra, R Combi, M Fry, CD Dryer, M Makinen, T Sun, W AF Lisse, C. M. Dennerl, K. Christian, D. J. Wolk, S. J. Bodewits, D. Zurbuchen, T. H. Hansen, K. C. Hoekstra, R. Combi, M. Fry, C. D. Dryer, M. Maekinen, T. Sun, W. TI Chandra observations of comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact campaign SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Comet Tempel-1; comets; coma; comets; plasma; solar wind; spectroscopy ID X-RAY-EMISSION; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION; SOLAR-WIND IONS; TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCK; COMET 9P/TEMPEL-1; GRIGG-SKJELLERUP; REAL-TIME; C/1999 S4; SPECTROMETER AB We present results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory's extensive campaign studying Comet 9P/Tempel 1 (T1) in support of NASA's Deep Impact (DI) mission. T1 was observed for similar to 295 ks between 30th June and 24th July 2005, and continuously for similar to 64 ks on July 4th during the impact event. X-ray emission qualitatively similar to that observed for the collisionally thin Comet 2P/Encke system [Lisse, C.M., Christian, D.J., Dennerl, K., Wolk, S.J., Bodewits, D., Hoekstra, R., Combi, MR, Makinen, T., Dryer, M., Fry, C.D., Weaver, H., 2005b. Astrophys. J. 635 (2005) 1329-1347] was found, with emission morphology centered on the nucleus and emission lines due to C, N, O, and Ne solar wind minor ions. The comet was relatively faint on July 4th, and the total increase in X-ray flux due to the Deep Impact event was small, similar to 20% of the immediate pre-impact value, consistent with estimates that the total coma neutral gas release due to the impact was 5 x 10(6) kg (similar to 10 It of normal emission). No obvious prompt X-ray flash due to the impact was seen. Extension of the emission in the direction of outflow of the ejecta was observed, suggesting the presence of continued outgassing of this material. Variable spectral features due to changing solar wind flux densities and charge states were clearly seen. Two peaks, much stronger than the man-made increase due to Deep Impact, were found in the observed X-rays oil June 30th and July 8th, 2005, and are coincident with increases in the solar wind flux arriving at the cornet. Modeling of the Chandra data using observed gas production rates and ACE solar wind ion fluxes with a CXE mechanism for the emission is consistent, overall, with the temporal and spectral behavior expected for a slow, hot wind typical of low latitude emission from the solar corona interacting with the comet's neutral coma, with intermittent impulsive events due to solar flares and coronal mass ejections. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Space, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Explorat Grp, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys & Astron, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Chandra X Ray Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Rijk Univ Gronigen, KVI Atom Phys, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Lisse, CM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Space, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Explorat Grp, 1110 Johns Hopkinds Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM carey.lisse@jhuapl.edu RI Hoekstra, Ronnie/E-9279-2012; Hansen, Kenneth/F-3693-2011; Combi, Michael/J-1697-2012; Lisse, Carey/B-7772-2016; OI Hansen, Kenneth/0000-0002-8502-1980; Combi, Michael/0000-0002-9805-0078; Lisse, Carey/0000-0002-9548-1526; Bodewits, Dennis/0000-0002-2668-7248; Christian, Damian/0000-0003-1746-3020 NR 59 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2007 VL 190 IS 2 BP 391 EP 405 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.004 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 216KW UT WOS:000249877900007 ER PT J AU Kleespies, TJ Smith-Dearring, R Woodward, J Shepherd, J Gliniak, C Chadwick, W Walters, J Han, D AF Kleespies, Thomas J. Smith-Dearring, Renee Woodward, Jonathan Shepherd, James Gliniak, Carl Chadwick, William Walters, James Han, Dong TI Evaluation of scan asymmetry in the NOAA-14 microwave sounding unit by a pitch maneuver SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE antenna measurements; antenna radiation patterns; meteorology; microwave measurements; remote sensing; satellite applications; terrestrial atmosphere AB A pitch over maneuver was performed on NOAA-14 to evaluate the Microwave Sounding Unit for asymmetry. This letter presents the results of this test and attempts to explain the asymmetry that the test revealed. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Satellite Operat, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. ASRC Aerosp Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, Columbia, MD 21046 USA. RP Kleespies, TJ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Thomas.J.Kleespies@noaa.gov RI Kleespies, Thomas/F-5598-2010 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 4 IS 4 BP 621 EP 623 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2007.903394 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 223RL UT WOS:000250389900025 ER PT J AU Calder, BR McLeod, A AF Calder, Brian R. McLeod, Andrew TI Ultraprecise absolute time synchronization for distributed acquisition systems SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE grandmaster algorithm; IEEE precision time protocol (PTP); time synchronization; uncertainty estimation AB In this paper, we describe an algorithm built on top of a precision time protocol (PTP) implementation that allows for synchronization, syntonization and absolute time referencing to coordinated universal time (UTC), including the estimation of timestamp uncertainty. We call this the software grandmaster (SWGM) algorithm, since it provides similar services to a PTP grandmaster clock. We show that SWGM allows timestamps to be coordinated between multiple participants in a distributed measurement system with typical performance of +/- 86 ns [root mean square (rms)] over commodity switched Ethernet connections using hardware PTP and hardware-derived timestamps. We further show that when software-derived timestamps are used the uncertainty in the timestamps is primarily driven by the latency of the system calls to read the PTP hardware, and may be on the order of 15 - 25 mu s (rms) depending on process priority, hardware bus speed, and host processor clock rate. We also show that SWGM is robust against dropped network packets up to approximately 60% loss of packets. C1 [Calder, Brian R.; McLeod, Andrew] Univ New Hampshire, UNH Joint Hydrog Ctr, NOAA, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Calder, BR (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, UNH Joint Hydrog Ctr, NOAA, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM brc@ccom.unh.edu NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 32 IS 4 BP 772 EP 785 DI 10.1109/JOE.2007.906398 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 262XT UT WOS:000253182700003 ER PT J AU Emery, WJ Wick, GA AF Emery, William J. Wick, Gary A. TI Foreword to the special issue on the 2006 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS): "Remote sensing - A natural-global partnership" SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Emery, WJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Emery, William/0000-0002-7598-9082 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2007 VL 45 IS 10 BP 3003 EP 3004 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.905970 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 215GF UT WOS:000249795600001 ER PT J AU Soisuvarn, S Jelenak, Z Jones, WL AF Soisuvarn, Seubson Jelenak, Zorana Jones, W. Linwood TI An ocean surface wind vector model function for a spaceborne microwave radiometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO DE active and passive microwave; microwave radiometry; ocean surface wind vector; scatterometry ID SATELLITE AB Surface wind vector measurements over the oceans are vital for scientists and forecasters to understand the Earth's global weather and climate. In the last two decades, operational measurements of global ocean wind speeds were obtained from passive microwave radiometers (Special Sensor Microwave/ Imagers); and over this period, full ocean surface wind vector data were obtained from several National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency scatterometry missions. However, since SeaSat-A in 1978, there have not been other combined active and passive wind measurements on the same satellite until the launch of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II in 2002. This mission provided a unique data set of coincident measurements between the SeaWinds scatterometer and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR). The AMSR instrument measured linearly polarized brightness temperatures (TB) over the ocean. Although these measurements contained wind direction information, the overlying atmospheric influence obscured this signal and made wind direction retrievals not feasible. However, for radiometer channels between 10 and 37 GHz, a certain linear combination of vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures causes the atmospheric dependence to cancel and surface parameters such as wind speed and direction and sea surface temperature to dominate the resulting signal. In this paper, an empirical relationship between AMSR T-B's (specifically A center dot T-BV - T-BH) and surface wind vectors (inferred from SeaWinds' retrievals) is established for three microwave frequencies: 10, 18, and 37 GHz. This newly developed wind vector model function for microwave radiometers can serve as a basis for wind vector retrievals either separately or in combination with active scatterometer measurements. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Soisuvarn, S (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM seubson.soisuvarn@noaa.gov; zorana.jelenak@noaa.gov; ljones@ucf.edu RI Jelenak, Zorana/F-5596-2010; Soisuvarn, Seubson/R-8130-2016 OI Jelenak, Zorana/0000-0003-0510-2973; Soisuvarn, Seubson/0000-0002-1373-8974 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2007 VL 45 IS 10 BP 3119 EP 3130 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.895418 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 215GF UT WOS:000249795600014 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Larson, DR AF Paulter, N. G., Jr. Larson, D. R. TI Impedance of transfer standards used in the calibration of high-speed samplers and pulse generators SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE air line (AL); calibration artifact; high-speed; impedance; pulse generator; sampler; transfer standard (TS) AB The impedance of the calibration artifact or transfer. standard (TS; pulse generator or sampler) is often ignored in high-speed pulse metrology. Using an air line as an integral part of the TS for providing a known impedance for calibration of other instruments is described. The utility of this method is compared to that of using a TS for which its impedance is determined by some other instrument. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Law Enforcement Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Law Enforcement Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 56 IS 5 BP 1930 EP 1934 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.903574 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 212TM UT WOS:000249619700055 ER PT J AU Rolain, Y Van Moer, W Jargon, JA DeGroot, DC AF Rolain, Yves Van Moer, Wendy Jargon, Jeffrey A. DeGroot, Donald C. TI On peculiarities of S-parameter measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE characteristic impedance; microwave measurements; propagation constant; S-parameters ID CONSTANT AB Extracting quantities, such as the propagation factor or the characteristic impedance of a transmission line based on measured S-parameters, can be more involved than expected. Experience teaches that even if the S-parameter measurements look smooth and are of good quality, the derived quantities can contain large spikes that tend to grow when connection imperfections are present. In this paper, the presence of the peaks is shown in practical measurements, a possible explanation for their presence is provided, and a sensitive indicator (the image parameters) for the imperfections is proposed. C1 Vrije Univ Brussels, Dept Fundamental Elect & Instrumentat Toegepaste, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. CCNi, Measurement Serv, Longmont, CO 80503 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Andrews Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Berrien Springs, MI 49014 USA. RP Rolain, Y (reprint author), Vrije Univ Brussels, Dept Fundamental Elect & Instrumentat Toegepaste, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. EM yves.rolain@vub.ac.be; don.degroot@ccn-i.com RI Rolain, Yves/A-1496-2008 OI Rolain, Yves/0000-0003-2738-7914 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 56 IS 5 BP 1967 EP 1972 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.895581 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 212TM UT WOS:000249619700060 ER PT J AU Phillips, PJ Bowyer, KW Flynn, PJ AF Phillips, P. Jonathon Bowyer, Kevin W. Flynn, Patrick J. TI Comments on the CASIA version 1.0 iris data set SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article DE iris recognition; biometrics AB We note that the images in the CASIA version 1.0 iris data set have been edited so that the pupil area is replaced by a circular region of uniform intensity. We recommend that this data set no longer be used in iris biometrics research unless there is a compelling reason that takes into account the nature of the images. In addition, based on our experience with the Iris Challenge Evaluation ( ICE) 2005 technology development project, we make recommendations for reporting results of iris recognition experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jonathon@nist.gov; kwb@cse.nd.edu; flynn@nd.edu RI Flynn, Patrick/J-3388-2013; OI Flynn, Patrick/0000-0002-5446-114X; Bowyer, Kevin/0000-0002-7562-4390 NR 6 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0162-8828 J9 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL JI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1869 EP 1870 DI 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1137 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 199LA UT WOS:000248696100016 PM 17699931 ER PT J AU O'Toole, AJ Abdi, H Jiang, F Phillips, PJ AF O'Toole, Alice J. Abdi, Herve Jiang, Fang Phillips, P. Jonathon TI Fusing face-verification algorithms and humans SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART B-CYBERNETICS LA English DT Article DE face and gesture recognition; human information processing; performance evaluation of algorithms and systems ID RECOGNITION AB It has been demonstrated recently that state-of-the-art face-recognition algorithms can surpass human accuracy at matching faces over changes in illumination. The ranking of algorithms and humans by accuracy, however, does not provide information about whether algorithms and humans perform the task comparably or whether algorithms and humans can be fused to improve performance. In this paper, We fused humans and algorithms using partial least square regression (PLSR). In the first experiment, we applied PLSR to face-pair similarity scores generated by seven algorithms participating in the Face Recognition ion Grand Challenge. The PLSR produced an optimal weighting A the similarity scores, which we tested for generality with a jack-knife procedure. Fusing the algorithms similarity scores using he optimal weights produced a twofold reduction of error rate over the most accurate algorithm. Next, human-subject-generated similarity scores were added to the PLSR analysis. Fusing humans and algorithms increased the performance to near-perfect classification accuracy. These results are discussed in terms of maximizing face-verification accuracy with hybrid systems consisting A multiple algorithms and humans. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Behav & Brain Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Toole, AJ (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Behav & Brain Sci, GR4-1, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. EM otoole@utdallas.edu; herve@utdallas.edu; Fxj018100@utdallas.edu; jonathon@nist.gov RI Abdi, Herve/G-6620-2011 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1083-4419 J9 IEEE T SYST MAN CY B JI IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B-Cybern. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1149 EP 1155 DI 10.1109/TSMCB.2007.907034 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA 212KF UT WOS:000249594500007 PM 17926698 ER PT J AU Kato, S Lineberger, WC Bierbaum, VM AF Kato, Shuji Lineberger, W. Carl Bierbaum, Veronica M. TI Collision-induced dissociation of fluoropyridinide anions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE collision-induced dissociation; fluoropyridinide anion; dehydropyridinide anion; high-energy density species; molecular orbital calculation ID GAS-PHASE; ORTHO-BENZYNE; DICARBOXYLIC ANHYDRIDE; PHOTOLYSIS PRODUCTS; RADICAL-ANION; AB-INITIO; ENERGY; 2,5-DIDEHYDROPYRIDINE; DERIVATIVES; ENERGETICS AB Collision-induced dissociation of ortho-fluoro, meta-fluoro, and 2,6-difluoropyridinide anions are studied using the selected ion flow tube technique. Structures and energetics of the reactants, transition states, and products are calculated at the MP4(SDQ)/6-31 + G(d) level of theory based on the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and/or MP2/6-31 +G(d) optimized geometries. The monofluoropyridinide anions (C5NH3F-) dissociate almost exclusively via loss of an HF molecule, i.e., C5NH2- + HF at low collision energies, in addition to loss of F- at higher energies. 2,6-Difluoropyridinide anions (C5NH2F2-) dissociate via successive loss of HF molecules to form C5NHF- then C5N- depending on the collision energy. The CID results strongly suggest formation of ring-intact pyridynide structures (C5NH2-, C5NHF-) with a bent triple bond embedded in the azine ring systems. Calculated reaction energy diagrams are totally consistent with the experimental observations. Didehydropyridynides C5NH2- and C5NHF- have substantial barriers to decomposition. Tetradehydropyridynide C5N- is a highly strained ring system and metastable with a predicted barrier of about 5 kcal mol(-1) (20 KJ mol(-1)) toward ring-opening to a linear NCCCCC- structure. The observed C5N- species is most likely the linear anion under experimental conditions; however, the ring-intact C5N- pyridynide is a highly energetic species releasing about 80 kcal mol(-1) (340 KJ mol(-1)) of energy upon the ring-opening. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kato, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Shuji.Kato@colorado.edu NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD OCT 1 PY 2007 VL 266 IS 1-3 BP 166 EP 179 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.07.016 PG 14 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 217JP UT WOS:000249944500019 ER PT J AU Wu, H Heilweil, EJ Hussain, AS Khan, MA AF Wu, Huiquan Heilweil, Edwin J. Hussain, Ajaz S. Khan, Mansoor A. TI Process analytical technology (PAT): Effects of instrumental and compositional variables on terahertz spectral data quality to characterize pharmaceutical materials and tablets SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS LA English DT Article DE process analytical technology (PAT); terahertz spectroscopy; measurement process; crystalline materials; amorphous state; characterization; masstransfer analysis ID NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; LIQUID WATER; CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES; PULSED SPECTROSCOPY; DYNAMICS; DESIGN; CRYSTALLINITY; POLYMORPHISM; PERSPECTIVE; UNIFORMITY AB The aim of this study was to use terahertz spectroscopy to characterize pharmaceutical materials and tablets, and to understand the effects of measuring conditions and compositional variability on the data quality. Tests were performed on five formulation components (theophylline, lactose, starch, Avicel, magnesium stearate) and a series of tablets composed of various concentrations of theophylline and excipients. Transmission spectra of polyethylene (PE) disks derived from each of the samples were analyzed. Three factors (component loading, component chemistry, and disk drying time) were screened as critical factors associated with the magnitude and location of THz absorbance peaks. Applying the standard sample spectra divided by PE reference spectra ratio method revealed that, to a large extent, PE was responsible for the disk drying time dependence. Direct spectral feature analysis along with mass-transfer analysis of the disk drying process revealed THz absorption peak maxima of lactose (255 cm(-1)) and water (54 and 210 cm(-1)) which is also supported by literature values for the peak maxima assignment for water. Particle scattering due to specimen and PE was found to be also partially responsible for the observed spectral intensities. The importance of THz spectroscopy was demonstrated for characterization of pharmaceutical materials and tablet. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Off Pharmaceut Sci, Div Prod Qual Res,HFD 940,Off Testing & Res, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Off Pharmaceut Sci, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), US FDA, CDER, OPS, OTR,DPQR,HFD 940,Div Prod Qual Res, Life Sci Bldg 64,Room 1080,FDA White Oak Campus, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. EM huiquan.wu@fda.hhs.gov FU PHS HHS [CDER RSR-04-16] NR 37 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-5173 J9 INT J PHARM JI Int. J. Pharm. PD OCT 1 PY 2007 VL 343 IS 1-2 BP 148 EP 158 DI 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.014 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 219BV UT WOS:000250060600018 PM 17590292 ER PT J AU Wilson, BM Johnson, DL VanTilburg, H Russell, MA Murphy, LE Carr, JD De Angelis, RJ Conlin, DL AF Wilson, Brent M. Johnson, Donald L. VanTilburg, Hans Russell, Matthew A. Murphy, Larry E. Carr, James D. De Angelis, Robert J. Conlin, David L. TI Corrosion studies on the USS Arizona with application to a Japanese midget submarine SO JOM LA English DT Article AB The assessment of corrosion on the USS Arizona included the pioneering development of a minimum-impact cost-effective technique to determine the corrosion rate of steel-hulled shipwrecks in seawater. The technique, with potential application worldwide, is illustrated in this paper with the application to a World War II Japanese midget submarine submerged in deep waters off the Oahu, Hawaii, coast. C1 Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NOAA Natl Marine Santuary, Washington, DC 20230 USA. Univ Florida, Grad Engn & Res Ctr, Shalimar, FL USA. RP Wilson, BM (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM johnsondonl@aol.com NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD OCT PY 2007 VL 59 IS 10 BP 14 EP 18 DI 10.1007/s11837-007-0124-2 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 217MI UT WOS:000249951600012 ER PT J AU Yang, P Feng, Q Hong, G Kattawar, GW Wiscombe, WJ Mishchenko, MI Dubovik, O Laszlo, I Sokolik, IN AF Yang, Ping Feng, Qian Hong, Gang Kattawar, George W. Wiscombe, Warren J. Mishchenko, Michael I. Dubovik, Oleg Laszlo, Istvan Sokolik, Irina N. TI Modeling of the scattering and radiative properties of nonspherical dust-like aerosols SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE single-scattering property; nonspherical dust particle; solar and infrared radiances; remote sensing ID HIGH-FREQUENCY SCATTERING; HEXAGONAL ICE CRYSTALS; T-MATRIX METHOD; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MINERAL PARTICLES; CLIMATE; SHAPE AB The optical and radiative properties of dust particles in solar and thermal infrared regions are investigated. Dust particles are assumed to be spheres and spheroids for a comparison aimed at understanding the nonsphericity effect of these particles on the radiation at the top of a dusty atmosphere. The classical Lorenz-Mie theory is employed to compute the optical properties of spherical dust particles. To compute the single-scattering properties of spheroidal dust particles, a combination of the T-matrix method and an approximate method is used in the present study. In the approximate method, applicable to large particles, the geometric optics method is applied to the computation of the scattering phase matrix. A combination of the solution from the geometric optics method and the contribution of the so-called edge effect is used to compute the extinction efficiency of a spheroidal particle whose absorption efficiency is computed by adding the so-called above- and below-edge effect (a term from the well-known complex angular momentum theory) to the geometric optics result. Numerical results show that the results from the T-matrix method and the present approximate approach converge at a size parameter of 50 for computing the integrated scattering properties (i.e., the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor). Additionally, the phase functions computed from the two methods are quite similar for size parameters larger than 40 although some considerable differences may still be noticed for other phase matfix elements. Furthermore, the effect of surface roughness on the single-scattering properties of spheroidal particles is discussed. The present radiative transfer simulations illustrate the nonsphericity effect of dust particles is significant at short wavelengths, however, not at the thermal infrared wavelengths. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Lille, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Yang, P (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pyang@ariel.met.tamu.edu RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Hong, Gang/A-2323-2012; Wiscombe, Warren/D-4665-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Wiscombe, Warren/0000-0001-6844-9849; NR 70 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 EI 1879-1964 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 38 IS 10 BP 995 EP 1014 DI 10.1016/j.jacrosci.2007.07.001 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 236WO UT WOS:000251334300001 ER PT J AU Bash, JO Bresnahan, P Miller, DR AF Bash, Jesse O. Bresnahan, Patricia Miller, David R. TI Dynamic surface interface exchanges of mercury: A review and compartmentalized modeling framework SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUX CHAMBER MEASUREMENT; GASEOUS DRY DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; EMISSION FLUXES; MASS-TRANSFER; SOILS; TRANSPORT; FOLIAR; ACCUMULATION; PARAMETERIZATION AB This paper presents a review of recent natural surface mercury exchange research in the context of a new modeling framework. The literature indicates that the mercury biogeochemical flux is more dynamic than the current models predict, with interacting multimedia storage and processes. Although several natural mercury emissions models have been created and incorporated into air quality models (AQMs), none are coupled with air quality models on a mass balance basis, and all lack the capacity to explain processes that involve the transport of mercury across atmosphere-surface media concentration gradients. Existing natural mercury emission models treat the surface as both an infinite source and infinite sink for emissions and deposition, respectively, and estimate emissions through the following three pathways: soil, vegetation, and surface waters. The use of these three transport pathways, but with compartmentalized surface storage in a surface-vegetation-atmosphere transport (SVAT) resistance model, is suggested. Surface water fluxes will be modeled using a two-film diffusion model coupled to a surface water photochemical model. This updated framework will allow both the parameterization of the transport of mercury across atmosphere surface media concentration gradients and the accumulation/ depletion of mercury in the surface media. However, several key parameters need further experimental verification before the proposed modeling framework can be implemented in an AQM. These include soil organic mercury interactions, bioavailability, cuticular transport of mercury, atmospheric surface compensation points for different vegetation species, and enhanced soil diffusion resulting from pressure perturbations. C1 Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA. RP Bash, JO (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Atmospher Res, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, MD-E243-04,109 T W Alexander Dr,Room D-211E, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM jesse.bash@noaa.gov RI Bash, Jesse/E-9688-2013; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; OI Bash, Jesse/0000-0001-8736-0102 NR 55 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 46 IS 10 BP 1606 EP 1618 DI 10.1175/JAM2553.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230IU UT WOS:000250871000006 ER PT J AU Schafer, R Avery, SK Gage, KS Kiladis, GN AF Schafer, Robert Avery, Susan K. Gage, Kenneth S. Kiladis, George N. TI Wind profiler observations over the central equatorial Pacific: Optimizing processing to improve quality and height coverage SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHRISTMAS-ISLAND; DOPPLER SPECTRA; EASTERN PACIFIC; REANALYSIS; RADAR; CIRCULATION; TROPICS; SYSTEM; ECMWF; ITCZ AB UHF (boundary layer) and VHF (troposphere - stratosphere) wind profilers have operated at Christmas Island (2 degrees N, 157 degrees W) in the central equatorial Pacific from 1986 to 2002. Observed profiles of winds are sparse over the tropical oceans, but these are critical for understanding convective organization and the interaction of convection and waves. While the zonal winds below about 10 km have previously shown good agreement with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction - National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP - NCAR) reanalysis (RI), significant differences were found above a height of 10 km that were attributed to the low detectability of the wind signal in the profiler observations. Meridional winds at all levels show less agreement, with differences attributed to errors of representativeness and the sparseness of observations in the region. This paper builds on previous work using the Christmas Island wind profilers and presents the results of reprocessing the 17-yr profiler record with techniques that enhance the detectability of the signal at upper heights. The results are compared with nearby rawinsonde soundings obtained during a special campaign at Christmas Island and the RI, NCEP - Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis (RII), and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The newly processed profiler zonal and meridional wind observations show good agreement with rawinsonde observations from 0.5 to 19 km above sea level, with difference statistics similar to other studies. There is also significant improvement in the agreement of RI and RII reanalysis and profiler upper-level zonal and meridional winds from previous studies. A comparison of RII and ERA-40 reanalysis shows that difference statistics between the reanalyses are similar in magnitude to differences between the profiler and the individual reanalyses. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ESRL, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Schafer, R (reprint author), CDM Opt, 4001 Discovery Dr,Suite 130, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM Robert.Schafer@cdm-optics.com NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 24 IS 10 BP 1710 EP 1725 DI 10.1175/JTECH2072.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 218HG UT WOS:000250006000002 ER PT J AU Schreiner, AJ Ackerman, SA Baum, BA Heidinger, AK AF Schreiner, Anthony J. Ackerman, Steven A. Baum, Bryan A. Heidinger, Andrew K. TI A multispectral technique for detecting low-level cloudiness near sunrise SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GOES SOUNDER DATA; CLEAR-SKY; CLOUDS; IMAGERY; RETRIEVAL; WINDOW; MODIS; FOG AB A technique using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) sounder radiance data has been developed to improve detection of low clouds and fog just after sunrise. The technique is based on a simple difference method using the shortwave (3.7 mu m) and longwave (11.0 mu m) window bands in the infrared range of the spectrum. The time period just after sunrise is noted for the difficulty in being able to correctly identify low clouds and fog over land. For the GOES sounder cloud product this difficulty is a result of the visible reflectance of the low clouds falling below the "cloud" threshold over land. By requiring the difference between the 3.7- and the 11.0-mu m bands to be greater than 5.0 K, successful discrimination of low clouds and fog is found 85% of the time for 21 cases from 14 September 2005 to 6 March 2006 over the GOES-12 sounder domain. For these 21 clear and cloudy cases the solar zenith angle ranged from 87 to 77; however, the range of solar zenith angles for cloudy cases was from 85 degrees to 77 degrees. The success rate further improved to 95% ( 20 out of 21 cases) by including a difference threshold of 5.0 K between the 3.7- and 4.0-mu m bands, requiring that the 11.0-mu m band be greater than 260 K, and limiting the test to fields of view where the surface elevation is below 999 m. These final three limitations were needed to more successfully deal with cases involving snow cover and dead vegetation. To ensure that only the time period immediately after sunrise is included the solar zenith angle threshold for application of these tests is between 89 and 70 degrees. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Madison, WI USA. RP Schreiner, AJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM tonys@ssec.wisc.edu RI Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 24 IS 10 BP 1800 EP 1810 DI 10.1175/JTECH2092.1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 218HG UT WOS:000250006000009 ER PT J AU Sun, Y Solomon, S Dai, A Portmann, RW AF Sun, Ying Solomon, Susan Dai, Aiguo Portmann, Robert W. TI How often will it rain? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; DAILY PRECIPITATION; EXTREME PRECIPITATION; SIMULATED CHANGES; SECULAR TRENDS; FUTURE CHANGES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; WATER-VAPOR; TEMPERATURE; MODEL AB Daily precipitation data from climate change simulations using the latest generation of coupled climate system models are analyzed for potential future changes in precipitation characteristics. For the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios ( SRES) B1 ( a low projection), A1B ( a medium projection), and A2 ( a high projection) during the twenty- first century, all the models consistently show a shift toward more intense and extreme precipitation for the globe as a whole and over various regions. For both SRES B1 and A2, most models show decreased daily precipitation frequency and all the models show increased daily precipitation intensity. The multimodel averaged percentage increase in the precipitation intensity ( 2.0% K-1) is larger than the magnitude of the precipitation frequency decrease ( - 0.7% K-1). However, the shift in precipitation frequency distribution toward extremes results in large increases in very heavy precipitation events ( > 50 mm day(-1)), so that for very heavy precipitation, the percentage increase in frequency is much larger than the increase in intensity ( 31.2% versus 2.4%). The climate model projected increases in daily precipitation intensity are, however, smaller than that based on simple thermodynamics ( similar to 7% K-1). Multimodel ensemble means show that precipitation amount increases during the twenty- first century over high latitudes, as well as over currently wet regions in low- and midlatitudes more than other regions. This increase mostly results from a combination of increased frequency and intensity. Over the dry regions in the subtropics, the precipitation amount generally declines because of decreases in both frequency and intensity. This indicates that wet regions may get wetter and dry regions may become drier mostly because of a simultaneous increase ( decrease) of precipitation frequency and intensity. C1 China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Sun, Y (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, 46 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM yingsun75@yahoo.com RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Dai, Aiguo/D-3487-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; NR 34 TC 166 Z9 172 U1 5 U2 43 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 20 IS 19 BP 4801 EP 4818 DI 10.1175/JCLI4263.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 219ST UT WOS:000250105800001 ER PT J AU Chiodi, AM Harrison, DE AF Chiodi, A. M. Harrison, D. E. TI Mechanisms of summertime subtropical southern Indian ocean sea surface temperature variability: On the importance of humidity anomalies and the meridional advection of water vapor SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL SST VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; RAINFALL; CIRCULATION; EASTERN; EVENTS; AFRICA; MODELS AB It is well known that some austral summertime subtropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature ( SST) variability correlates with rainfall over certain regions of Africa that depend on rainfall for their economic well- being. Recent studies have determined that this SST variability is at least partially driven by latent heat flux variability, but the mechanism has not been fully described. Here, the mechanism that drives this SST variability is reexamined using analyses of operational air - sea fluxes, ocean mixed layer modeling, and simple atmospheric boundary layer physics. The SST variability of interest is confirmed to be mainly driven by latent heat flux variability, which is shown, for the first time, to be mainly caused by near- surface humidity variability. This humidity variability is then shown to be fundamentally driven by the anomalous meridional advection of water vapor. The meridional wind anomalies of interest are subsequently found to occur when the subtropical atmospheric anticyclone is preferentially located toward one of the sides ( east/ west) of the basin. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Chiodi, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM chiodi@ocean.washington.edu RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013; Chiodi, Andrew/Q-7818-2016 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 20 IS 19 BP 4835 EP 4852 DI 10.1175/JCLI4271.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 219ST UT WOS:000250105800003 ER PT J AU Timmermann, A Okumura, Y An, SI Clement, A Dong, B Guilyardi, E Hu, A Jungclaus, JH Renold, M Stocker, TF Stouffer, RJ Sutton, R Xie, SP Yin, J AF Timmermann, A. Okumura, Y. An, S.-I. Clement, A. Dong, B. Guilyardi, E. Hu, A. Jungclaus, J. H. Renold, M. Stocker, T. F. Stouffer, R. J. Sutton, R. Xie, S.-P. Yin, J. TI The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SEASONAL CYCLE; MULTIDECADAL VARIABILITY; MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE AB The influences of a substantial weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( AMOC) on the tropical Pacific climate mean state, the annual cycle, and ENSO variability are studied using five different coupled general circulation models ( CGCMs). In the CGCMs, a substantial weakening of the AMOC is induced by adding freshwater flux forcing in the northern North Atlantic. In response, the well- known surface temperature dipole in the low- latitude Atlantic is established, which reorganizes the large- scale tropical atmospheric circulation by increasing the northeasterly trade winds. This leads to a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone ( ITCZ) in the tropical Atlantic and also the eastern tropical Pacific. Because of evaporative fluxes, mixing, and changes in Ekman divergence, a meridional temperature anomaly is generated in the northeastern tropical Pacific, which leads to the development of a meridionally symmetric thermal background state. In four out of five CGCMs this leads to a substantial weakening of the annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific and a subsequent intensification of ENSO variability due to nonlinear interactions. In one of the CGCM simulations, an ENSO intensification occurs as a result of a zonal mean thermocline shoaling. Analysis suggests that the atmospheric circulation changes forced by tropical Atlantic SSTs can easily influence the large- scale atmospheric circulation and hence tropical eastern Pacific climate. Furthermore, it is concluded that the existence of the present- day tropical Pacific cold tongue complex and the annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific are partly controlled by the strength of the AMOC. The results may have important implications for the interpretation of global multidecadal variability and paleo- proxy data. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, IPRC, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Miami, MPO, RSMAS, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. LOCEAN, IPSL, Paris, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Bern, Switzerland. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Timmermann, A (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, IPRC, SOEST, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM axel@hawaii.edu RI Guilyardi, Eric/D-4868-2011; Xie, Shang-Ping/C-1254-2009; Okumura, Yuko/A-9742-2012; Timmermann, Axel /F-4977-2011; Hu, Aixue/E-1063-2013; AN, SOON-IL/E-5721-2013; Stocker, Thomas/B-1273-2013; OI Guilyardi, Eric/0000-0002-2255-8625; Xie, Shang-Ping/0000-0002-3676-1325; Timmermann, Axel /0000-0003-0657-2969; Hu, Aixue/0000-0002-1337-287X; Sutton, Rowan/0000-0001-8345-8583; Dong, Buwen/0000-0003-0809-7911 NR 93 TC 146 Z9 150 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 20 IS 19 BP 4899 EP 4919 DI 10.1175/JCLI4283.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 219ST UT WOS:000250105800007 ER PT J AU Paranthaman, MP Selvamanickam, V Matsumoto, K Gianni, L Zhang, W Goyal, A Wong-Ng, W AF Paranthaman, M. Parans Selvamanickam, Venkat Matsumoto, Kaname Gianni, Luigia Zhang, Wei Goyal, Amit Wong-Ng, Winnie TI Special section: Superconducting wires and tapes - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY USA. Kyushu Inst Technol, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8048550, Japan. Edison Spa, Milan, Italy. Amer Supercond Corp, Westborough, MA USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paranthaman, MP (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1229 EP 1229 DI 10.1007/s11664-007-0197-2 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 220IA UT WOS:000250149200001 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Yang, Z Cook, LP Frank, J Loung, M Huang, Q AF Wong-Ng, W. Yang, Z. Cook, L. P. Frank, J. Loung, M. Huang, Q. TI Phase equilibria of BaO-R2O3-CuOz systems (R = y and lanthanides) under CO2-free conditions SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2006 CY OCT, 2006 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Amer Ceram Soc, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, ASME Int, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE superconductors; phase equilibria; BaO-R2O3-CuO (R = lanthanides and Y); second generation coated conductors; carbonate-free conditions ID CARBONATE-FREE CONDITIONS; BA-CU-O; PO(2)=100 PA; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; P(O2)=100 PA; YBCO FILMS; ER; HO; DY; COMPATIBILITIES AB For applications ranging from phase equilibria to the processing of second-generation high T-c superconductor-coated-conductors, phase diagrams constructed under carbonate-free conditions are needed. Subsolidus phase equilibria of BaO-R2O3-CuOz (R = Ho) have been investigated at po(2) = 100 Pa (810 degrees C), 21 kPa (875 degrees C) and 0.1 MPa (850 and 930 degrees C) by applying controlled atmosphere methods to minimize the presence of carbonate and CO2 and H2O contamination. Under carbonate-free conditions, most of these phase diagrams are different from those reported in the literature. In this paper, we also review and compare the phase diagrams of ten BaO-R2O3-CuOz systems (R = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Y, Ho, Er, Tin and Yb) that were previously determined in this laboratory under po(2) = 100 Pa. Among these diagrams, a distinct trend of phase formation and tie-line relationships is observed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yunnan Univ, Dept Chem, Kunming 650092, Peoples R China. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 56 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0361-5235 EI 1543-186X J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1279 EP 1287 DI 10.1007/s11664-007-0227-0 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 220IA UT WOS:000250149200010 ER PT J AU Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W Schenck, P Yang, Z Levin, I Frank, J AF Cook, L. P. Wong-Ng, W. Schenck, P. Yang, Z. Levin, I. Frank, J. TI Kinetic studies of the inter-facial reaction of the Ba2YCu3O6+X superconductor with a CeO2 buffer SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2006 CY OCT, 2006 CL Cincinnati, OH DE coated conductor; kinetics of interfacial reactions; Ba2YCu3O6-xCeO2 system; activation energy ID CURRENT-DENSITY; YBCO; DEPOSITION; PROGRESS; TAPES; FILMS AB Interfacial reactions between the Ba2YCu3O6+x, superconductor and the CeO2 buffer layers employed in coated conductors have been modeled experimentally by investigating the kinetics of the reaction between Ba2YCu3O6+x, films and CeO2 substrates. At 810 degrees C, the Ba2YCu3O6+x-CeO2 join within the BaO-Y2O3-CeO2-CuOx quaternary system is nonbinary, thereby establishing the phase diagram topology that governs the Ba2YCu3O6+x/CeO2 reaction. At a mole ratio of Ba2YCu3O6+x:CeO2 of 40:60, a phase boundary was found to separate two four-phase regions. On the Ba2YCu3O6+x-rich side of the join, the four-phase region consists of Ba2YCu3O6+x, Ba(Ce1-zYz)O3-x, BaY2CuO5, and CuOx; on the CeO2 rich side, the four phases were determined to be Ba(Ce1-z,Y-z) O3-x, BaY2CuO5, CuOx and CeO2. The Ba2YCu3O6+x/CeO2 reaction is limited by solid-state diffusion, and the reaction kinetics obey the parabolic rule, x = Kt(1/2), where x = thickness of the reaction layer, t = time, and K = a constant related to the rate constant; K was determined to be 1.6 x 10(-3) mu m/s(1/2) at 790 degrees C and 4.7 x 10(-3) mu m/S-1/2 at 830 degrees C. The activation energy for the reaction was determined to be E-act = 2.67 x 10(5) J/mol using the Arrhenius equation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yunnan Normal Univ, Kunming 650092, Peoples R China. No Illinois Univ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lawrence.cook@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1293 EP 1298 DI 10.1007/s11664-007-0224-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 220IA UT WOS:000250149200012 ER PT J AU Kretzschmar, HJ Cooper, JR Gallagher, JS Harvey, AH Knobloch, K Mares, R Miyagawa, K Okita, N Span, R Stocker, I Wagner, W Weber, I AF Kretzschmar, H.-J. Cooper, J. R. Gallagher, J. S. Harvey, A. H. Knobloch, K. Mares, R. Miyagawa, K. Okita, N. Span, R. Stoecker, I. Wagner, W. Weber, I. TI Supplementary backward equations p(h, s) for the critical and Supercritical regions (Region 3), and equations for the two-phase region and region boundaries of the IAPWS industrial formulation 1997 for the thermodynamic properties of water and steam SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB When steam power cycles are modeled, thermodynamic properties as functions of enthalpy and entropy are required in the critical and supercritical regions (region 3 of IAPWS-IF97). With IAPWS-IF97, these calculations require cumbersome two-dimensional iteration of temperature T and specific volume v from specific enthalpy h and specific entropy s. While these calculations are not frequently required, the computing time can be significant. Therefore, the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) adopted backward equations for p(h,s) in region 3. For calculating properties as a function of h and s in the part of the two-phase region that is important for steam-turbine calculations, a backward equation T-sat(h, s) is provided. In order to avoid time-consuming iteration in determining the region for given values of h and s, equations for the region boundaries were developed. The numerical consistency of the equations documented here is sufficient for most applications in heat-cycle, boiler and steam-turbine calculations. C1 Zittau Goerlitz Univ Appl Sci, Dept Tech Thermodynam, D-02754 Zittau, Germany. Univ London, Dept Engn, London, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys Chem Properties, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys Chem Properties, Boulder, CO USA. Univ W Bohemia, Dept Thermodynam, Plzen, Czech Republic. Toshiba Co Ltd, Thermal Plant Syst Project Dept, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Thermodynam, D-4630 Bochum, Germany. Siemens AG, Power Generat, Erlangen, Germany. RP Kretzschmar, HJ (reprint author), Zittau Goerlitz Univ Appl Sci, Dept Tech Thermodynam, PO Box 1455, D-02754 Zittau, Germany. EM hj.kretzschmar@hs-zigr.de NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD OCT PY 2007 VL 129 IS 4 BP 1125 EP 1137 DI 10.1115/1.2719267 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 223EP UT WOS:000250352700029 ER PT J AU Hamner, RM Freshwater, DW Whitfield, PE AF Hamner, R. M. Freshwater, D. W. Whitfield, P. E. TI Mitochondrial cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive lionfish species with strong founder effects in the western Atlantic SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological invasion; founder effect; invasive species; lionfish; Pterois miles; Pterois volitans ID PTEROIS-VOLITANS/MILES COMPLEX; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MILES SCORPAENIDAE; DNA SEQUENCES; UNITED-STATES; RED-SEA; MARINE; FISHES; COAST; PHYLOGENY AB Lionfish (Scorpaenidae, Pteroinae) are venomous predatory fish that are native to the Indo-Pacific region and have recently become established in the western Atlantic Ocean. Since the invasion was first documented in 2000, the number of lionfish in the Atlantic has increased substantially and spurred a series of investigations regarding their biology and potential impacts on the ecosystem. The present study uses haplotypes from the mitochondria-encoded cytochrome b (cyt b) locus to determine the number of lionfish species involved in the Atlantic invasion and the decrease in genetic diversity that accompanied the invasion. The cyt b data reveal that Pterois volitans along with a small number of Pterois miles are present in the Atlantic Ocean and that a strong founder effect has resulted in a large decrease in genetic diversity compared with native lionfish populations. (c) 2007 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Freshwater, DW (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. EM freshwaterw@uncw.edu NR 30 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 10 U2 68 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 71 SU B BP 214 EP 222 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01575.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 228SR UT WOS:000250753400005 ER PT J AU Farley, EV Murphy, JM Adkison, M Eisner, L AF Farley, E. V., Jr. Murphy, J. M. Adkison, M. Eisner, L. TI Juvenile sockeye salmon distribution, size, condition and diet during years with warm and cool spring sea temperatures along the eastern Bering Sea shelf SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bristol Bay; condition; diet; juvenile salmon ID EARLY MARINE GROWTH; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; ATLANTIC SALMON; SURVIVAL RATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; OCEAN GROWTH; COHO SALMON; ALASKA; SALAR; PINK AB Interannual variations in distribution, size, indices of feeding and condition of juvenile Bristol Bay sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka collected in August to September (2000-2003) during Bering-Aleutian Salmon International Surveys were examined to test possible mechanisms influencing their early marine growth and survival. Juvenile sockeye salmon were mainly distributed within the southern region of the eastern Bering Sea, south of 57 degrees 0' N during 2000 and 2001 and farther offshore, south of 58 degrees 0' N during 2002 and 2003. In general, juvenile sockeye salmon were significantly larger (P < 0.05) and had significantly higher indices of condition (P < 0.05) during 2002 and 2003 than during 2000 and 2001. The feeding index was generally higher for age 1.0 year sockeye salmon than age 2.0 year during all years. Among-year comparisons suggested that Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus were important components of the juvenile sockeye salmon diet during 2000 and 2001 (20 to 50% of the mean wet mass) and age 0 year walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma were important components during 2002 and 2003 (50 to 60% of the mean wet mass). Warmer sea temperatures during spring and summer of 2002 and 2003 probably increased productivity on the eastern Bering Sea shelf, enhancing juvenile sockeye salmon growth. Journal compilation (c) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Farley, EV (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ed.farley@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 71 IS 4 BP 1145 EP 1158 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01587.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 221ZL UT WOS:000250265800014 ER PT J AU De Haan, LL Kanamitsu, M AF De Haan, Laurel L. Kanamitsu, Masao TI A comparison of the Noah and OSU land surface models in the ECPC seasonal forecast model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SOIL-MOISTURE; CLIMATE MODELS; ETA-MODEL; REANALYSIS; BOUNDARY; PRECIPITATION; SCHEME; WATER AB The Noah land surface model (LSM) has recently been implemented into the Experimental Climate Prediction Center's (ECPC's) global Seasonal Forecast Model (SFM). Its performance is compared to the older ECPC SFM with the Oregon State University (OSU) LSM using two sets of 10-member 50-yr Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs. The climatological biases of several fields tend to increase with the Noah LSM. The differences in near-surface temperature bias are traced to changes in the energy budget. In addition to climatology, the variability and skill (anomaly correlation with observations) of the two ensembles are considered. Unlike the climatology, the near-surface temperature skill of the ECPC SFM generally improves with the Noah LSM. Other climatological fields, such as precipitation, show little change in skill. While the global results are mixed, there are however significant regional improvements over Africa both in terms of climatological bias and skill. In the central African Congo River basin, the Noah LSM removed a warm-dry bias and improved upon the near-surface temperature skill of the OSU LSM. In the African Sahel, the Noah LSM greatly enhanced the climatology, variability, and skill of the ECPC SFM as well as improving the location of the African easterly jet. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP De Haan, LL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, Mail Code 0224,9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM ldehaan@ucsd.edu NR 55 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 8 IS 5 BP 1031 EP 1048 DI 10.1175/JHM629.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229HG UT WOS:000250793300005 ER PT J AU Santanello, JA Friedl, MA Ek, MB AF Santanello, Joseph A., Jr. Friedl, Mark A. Ek, Michael B. TI Convective planetary boundary layer interactions with the land surface at diurnal time scales: Diagnostics and feedbacks SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; ENERGY-BALANCE; MIXED-LAYER; ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION; SKIN TEMPERATURES; FLUXES; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY; WATER AB The convective planetary boundary layer (PBL) integrates surface fluxes and conditions over regional and diurnal scales. As a result, the structure and evolution of the PBL contains information directly related to land surface states. To examine the nature and magnitude of land-atmosphere coupling and the interactions and feedbacks controlling PBL development, the authors used a large sample of radiosonde observations collected at the southern Atmospheric Research Measurement Program-Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed (ARM-CART) site in association with simulations of mixed-layer growth from a single-column PBL/land surface model. The model accurately predicts PBL evolution and realistically simulates thermodynamics associated with two key controls on PBL growth: atmospheric stability and soil moisture. The information content of these variables and their influence on PBL height and screen-level temperature can be characterized using statistical methods to describe PBL-land surface coupling over a wide range of conditions. Results also show that the first-order effects of land-atmosphere coupling are manifested in the control of soil moisture and stability on atmospheric demand for evapotranspiration and on the surface energy balance. Two principal land-atmosphere feedback regimes observed during soil moisture drydown periods are identified that complicate direct relationships between PBL and land surface properties, and, as a result, limit the accuracy of uncoupled land surface and traditional PBL growth models. In particular, treatments for entrainment and the role of the residual mixed layer are critical to quantifying diurnal land-atmosphere interactions. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NCEP, EMC, NOAA Sci Ctr, Suitland, MD USA. RP Santanello, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-3,Bldg 022,Room 008, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Joseph.A.Santanello@nasa.gov RI Santanello, Joseph/D-4438-2012 OI Santanello, Joseph/0000-0002-0807-6590 NR 56 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 8 IS 5 BP 1082 EP 1097 DI 10.1175/JHM614.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229HG UT WOS:000250793300008 ER PT J AU Xia, Y AF Xia, Y. TI Calibration of LaD model in the northeast United States using observed annual streamflow SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE MODEL; MACROSCALE WATER FLUXES; ENERGY BALANCES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION; MULTICRITERIA METHODS; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; OPTIMAL PARAMETER; CLIMATE AB Calibration of land surface models improves simulations of surface water and energy fluxes and provides important information for water resources management. However, most calibration studies focus on local lack of observed water and energy fluxes. Even though a well-established streamflow gauge network exists, its data are not well suited to the calibration of land surface models in cold regions because of large systematic precipitation biases. This study provides a newly developed method to adjust systematic precipitation biases arising from gauge undercatch (e.g., wind blowing, wetting loss, and evaporation loss). The new method estimates model parameter and precipitation errors simultaneously through the use of observed annual streamflow in the northeastern United States. The results show that this method improves streamflow simulations and gives a reasonable estimate for systematic precipitation bias. In addition, the impacts of model parameter errors on the calibration of the Land Dynamics (LaD) model and on the estimation of systematic precipitation biases are investigated in the northeastern United States. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Xia, Y (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM youlong.xia@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 8 IS 5 BP 1098 EP 1110 DI 10.1175/JHM618.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229HG UT WOS:000250793300009 ER PT J AU Anderson, CJ Arritt, RW Kain, JS AF Anderson, Christopher J. Arritt, Raymond W. Kain, John S. TI An alternative mass flux profile in the Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization and its effects in seasonal precipitation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; MESOSCALE NUMERICAL-MODELS; RELAXED ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; LOW-LEVEL JET; REGIONAL CLIMATE; WARM-SEASON; MOIST CONVECTION; PART I; SYSTEMS; SIMULATIONS AB The authors have altered the vertical profile of updraft mass flux detrainment in an implementation of the Kain-Fritsch2 (KF2) convective parameterization within the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). The effect of this modification was to alter the vertical profile of convective parameterization cloud mass (including cloud water and ice) supplied to the host model for explicit simulation by the grid-resolved dynamical equations and parameterized microphysical processes. These modifications and their sensitivity to horizontal resolution in a matrix of experimental simulations of the June-July 1993 flood in the central United States were tested. The KF2 modifications impacted the diurnal cycle of precipitation by reducing precipitation from the convective parameterization and increasing precipitation from more slowly evolving mesoscale processes. The modified KF2 reduced an afternoon bias of high precipitation rate in both low- and high-resolution simulations but affected mesoscale precipitation processes only in high-resolution simulations. The combination of high- resolution and modified KF2 resulted in more frequent and more realistically clustered propagating, nocturnal mesoscale precipitation events and agreed best with observations of the nocturnal precipitation rate. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Anderson, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, R GSD7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM candersn@iastate.edu NR 56 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 8 IS 5 BP 1128 EP 1140 DI 10.1175/JHM624.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229HG UT WOS:000250793300011 ER PT J AU Jankov, I Schultz, PJ Anderson, CJ Koch, SE AF Jankov, Isidora Schultz, Paul J. Anderson, Christopher J. Koch, Steven E. TI The impact of different physical parameterizations and their interactions on cold season QPF in the American River basin SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; FORECASTS; CYCLONES; CLOUDS; WINTER AB The most significant precipitation events in California occur during the winter and are often related to synoptic-scale storms from the Pacific Ocean. Because of the terrain characteristics and the fact that the urban and infrastructural expansion is concentrated in lower elevation areas of the California Central Valley, a high risk of flooding is usually associated with these events. In the present study, the area of interest was the American River basin (ARB). The main focus of the present study was to investigate methods for Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) improvement by estimating the impact that various microphysical schemes, planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, and initialization methods have on cold season precipitation, primarily orographically induced. For this purpose, 3-km grid spacing Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations of four Hydrometeorological Test bed (HMT) events were used. For each event, four different microphysical schemes and two different PBL schemes were used. All runs were initialized with both a diabatic Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) "hot" start and 40-km eta analyses. To quantify the impact of physical schemes, their interactions, and initial conditions upon simulated rain volume, the factor separation methodology was used. The results showed that simulated rain volume was particularly affected by changes in microphysical schemes for both initializations. When the initialization was changed from the LAPS to the eta analysis, the change in the PBL scheme and corresponding synergistic terms (which corresponded to the interactions between different microphysical and PBL schemes) resulted in a statistically significant impact on rain volume. In addition, by combining model runs based on the knowledge about their impact on simulated rain volume obtained through the factor separation methodology, the bias in simulated rain volume was reduced. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Jankov, I (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, GSD7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM isidora.jankov@noaa.gov RI jankov, isidora/D-2830-2015 NR 20 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 8 IS 5 BP 1141 EP 1151 DI 10.1175/JHM630.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229HG UT WOS:000250793300012 ER PT J AU Yashar, D Domanski, PA DeVoe, DL AF Yashar, David Domanski, Piotr A. DeVoe, Don L. TI A microfabricated flow controller for refrigerant expansion SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE microfabricated valve; refrigerant expansion; SU-8 ID SU-8 PHOTORESIST; FABRICATION; ULTRATHICK; REMOVAL AB A flow controller for refrigerant expansion is reported. Devices are fabricated using a micromolding technique that is developed for thick nickel electrodeposition. The device consists of a short-tube restrictor with an integrated normally open valve, which, when actuated, presents a controllable blockage into the flow passage to obstruct the flow. Fabricated devices are evaluated with compressed air, with up to 22% reduction in mass flow rate at maximum actuation of the restrictor. The devices are also evaluated in an R134a vapor compression system of 1.5-2 kW, with the ability to control mass flow that is found to be greatly influenced by the vapor compression cycle's operational parameters. After the inlet pressure, the level of subcooling proved to be the most important parameter. For a cycle operating between 29 degrees C and 4 degrees C, saturation temperatures in the condenser and evaporator, respectively, actuation of the device reduced the refrigerant mass flow rate by 3.5 % with 0.6 degrees C subcooling and up to 10.8% with 5 degrees C subcooling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, HVAC&R Equipment Performance Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Yashar, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, HVAC&R Equipment Performance Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dyashar@nist.gov RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011 OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1106 EP 1112 DI 10.1109/JMEMS.2007.900882 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 219EV UT WOS:000250068400013 ER PT J AU Lumpkin, R Speer, K AF Lumpkin, Rick Speer, Kevin TI Global ocean meridional overturning SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA FLUX CLIMATOLOGY; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; ANTARCTIC BOTTOM WATER; CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; HYDROGRAPHIC DATA; AGULHAS CURRENT; LEEUWIN CURRENT; HEAT-TRANSPORT; PACIFIC-OCEAN; INDIAN-OCEAN AB A decade-mean global ocean circulation is estimated using inverse techniques, incorporating air-sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, recent hydrographic sections, and direct current measurements. This information is used to determine mass, heat, freshwater, and other chemical transports, and to constrain boundary currents and dense overflows. The 18 boxes defined by these sections are divided into 45 isopycnal ( neutral density) layers. Diapycnal transfers within the boxes are allowed, representing advective fluxes and mixing processes. Air-sea fluxes at the surface produce transfers between outcropping layers. The model obtains a global overturning circulation consistent with the various observations, revealing two global-scale meridional circulation cells: an upper cell, with sinking in the Arctic and subarctic regions and upwelling in the Southern Ocean, and a lower cell, with sinking around the Antarctic continent and abyssal upwelling mainly below the crests of the major bathymetric ridges. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Lumpkin, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM rick.lumpkin@noaa.gov RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704 NR 72 TC 240 Z9 247 U1 10 U2 59 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 37 IS 10 BP 2550 EP 2562 DI 10.1175/JPO3130.1 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 228NS UT WOS:000250737200011 ER PT J AU Lufaso, MW Schulze, WA Misture, ST Vanderah, TA AF Lufaso, M. W. Schulze, W. A. Misture, S. T. Vanderah, T. A. TI Crystal structure, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Aurivillius-type Bi(3)Fe(0.5)Nb(1.5)O(9) SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aurivillus; polar; crystal structure; dielectric properties; magnetic properties ID CATION DISORDER; MAGNETOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SRBI2TA2O9; SYSTEM; OXIDE; CA; SR AB Bi(3)Fe(0.5)Nb(1.5)O(9) was synthesized using conventional solid state techniques and its crystal structure was refined by the Rietveld method using neutron powder diffraction data. The oxide adopts an Aurivillius-type structure with non-centrosymmetric space group symmetry A2(1)am (a = 5.47016(9) angstrom, b = 5.43492(9) angstrom, c = 25.4232(4) angstrom), analogous to other Aurivillius compounds that exhibit ferroelectricity. The Fe and Nb cations are disordered on the same crystallographic site. The [(Fe,Nb)O(6)] octahedra exhibit tilting and distortion to accommodate the bonding requirements of the Bi cations located in the perovskite double layers. Magnetic measurements indicate non-Curie-Weiss-type paramagnetic behavior from 300 to 6 K. Measurements of dielectric properties and electrical resistivity exhibited changes near 250-260 degrees C and are suggestive of a ferroelectric transition. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Florida, Dept Chem & Phys, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. Alfred Univ, New York State Coll Ceram, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lufaso, MW (reprint author), Univ N Florida, Dept Chem & Phys, 4567 St Johns Bluff Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. EM michael.lufaso@unf.edu NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 180 IS 10 BP 2655 EP 2660 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.06.024 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 238QJ UT WOS:000251462100003 ER PT J AU Simiu, E AF Simiu, Emil TI Discussion of "Peak wind load comparison: Theoretical estimates and ASCE 7" by Henry W. Tieleman, Mohamed A. K. Elsayed and Muhammad R. Hajj SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID DESIGN C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simiu, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM emil.simiu@nist.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2007 VL 133 IS 10 BP 1484 EP 1485 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9455(2006)132:7(1150) PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 212XR UT WOS:000249630800015 ER PT J AU Guerra, A Martinell, X Gonzalez, AF Vecchione, M Gracia, J Martinell, J AF Guerra, Angel Martinell, Xavier Gonzalez, Angel F. Vecchione, Michael Gracia, Joaquin Martinell, Jordi TI A new noise detected in the ocean SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article AB Many observers have noted that the sea is full of loud sounds, both ongoing and episodic. Among the many sources of natural ambient noise are wave action, physical processes such as undersea earthquakes, and biological activities of shrimps, fish, dolphins and whales. Despite interest by acoustics experts, sound production by cephalopods has been reported only twice, both involving squid. The 'faint poppings' produced were thought to result from fluttering of the thin external lips of the squid's funnel while water is being expelled through it. Otherwise, no information is available on cephalopod sounds. Here we present a noise produced by a stressed common octopus. The event was filmed and recorded in the wild. The hypothesis we offer to explain how this sound was produced is cavitation, which has been documented in several biological systems. In our case, the water expelled through the funnel may have created a jet with a velocity so high that the turbulent pressure dropped locally below the vapour pressure of the water. Seawater contains gas microbubbles, which will grow in size when they are entrained in the region of low pressure. Subsequently, the bubbles collapse violently when pressure rises again. The sound produced by the octopus is like a gunshot, and distinct lights observed at the same time contradict the existence of a simple pressure wave and point to the possible presence of gas-bubbles, which would change the light intensity by reflection and refraction of the sunlight. This behaviour seems to be a defensive strategy to escape from vibration-sensitive predators. C1 CSIC, Inst Invest Marinas, Vigo, Spain. Mediterraneo Serv Marinos SL, Ibiza, Spain. Museum Natl Hist Nat, NMFS Natl Syst Lab, Washington, DC USA. Marexi Corp, Vigo, Spain. Univ Barcelona, Fac Geol, E-08007 Barcelona, Spain. RP Guerra, A (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Invest Marinas, Vigo, Spain. EM angelguerra@iim.csic.es RI Martinell, Jordi/K-2981-2014 OI Martinell, Jordi/0000-0003-2638-8106 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 14 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1255 EP 1256 DI 10.1017/S0025315407058225 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 229WO UT WOS:000250837100030 ER PT J AU Cai, Y Stumpf, R Wynne, T Tomlinson, M Chung, DSH Boutonnier, X Ihmig, M Franco, R Bauernfeind, N AF Cai, Yang Stumpf, Richard Wynne, Timothy Tomlinson, Michelle Chung, Daniel Sai Ho Boutonnier, Xavier Ihmig, Matthias Franco, Rafael Bauernfeind, Nathaniel TI Visual transformation for interactive spatiotemporal data mining SO KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE vision; visualization; interaction; data mining ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; COMPLEXITY AB Analytical models intend to reveal inner structure, dynamics, or relationship of things. However, they are not necessarily intuitive to humans. Conventional scientific visualization methods are intuitive, but limited by depth, dimension, and resolution. The purpose of this study is to bridge the gap with transformation algorithms for mapping the data from an abstract space to an intuitive one, which include shape correlation, periodicity, multiphysics, and spatial Bayesian. We tested this approach with the oceanographic case study. We found that the interactive visualization increases robustness in object tracking and positive detection accuracy in object prediction. We also found that the interactive method enables the user to process the image data at less than 1 min per image versus 30 min per image manually. As a result, our test system can handle at least 10 times more data sets than traditional manual analyses. The results also suggest that minimal human interactions with appropriate computational transformations or cues may significantly increase the overall productivity. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ambient Intelligent Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Cai, Y (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ambient Intelligent Lab, 4720 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM ycai@cmu.edu; richard.stumpf@noaa.gov RI Franco, Rafael/C-3694-2015 OI Franco, Rafael/0000-0003-2549-4919 NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER LONDON LTD PI ARTINGTON PA ASHBOURNE HOUSE, THE GUILDWAY, OLD PORTSMOUTH ROAD, ARTINGTON GU3 1LP, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SN 0219-1377 J9 KNOWL INF SYST JI Knowl. Inf. Syst. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 13 IS 2 BP 119 EP 142 DI 10.1007/s10115-007-0075-5 PG 24 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 219DU UT WOS:000250065700002 ER PT J AU Bethea, DM Hale, L Carlson, JK Cortes, E Manire, CA Gelsleichter, J AF Bethea, Dana M. Hale, Loraine Carlson, John K. Cortes, Enric Manire, Charles A. Gelsleichter, James TI Geographic and ontogenetic variation in the diet and daily ration of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, from the eastern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARROTFISH SPARISOMA-RADIANS; PINFISH LAGODON-RHOMBOIDES; CARCHARHINUS-PLUMBEUS; BIOENERGETICS MODELS; FEEDING-HABITS; NEGAPRION-BREVIROSTRIS; CONSUMPTION RATES; STOMACH CONTENTS; LIFE-HISTORIES; SANDBAR SHARKS AB To examine variation in diet and daily ration of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus 1758), animals were collected from three areas in the eastern Gulf of Mexico: northwest Florida (similar to 29 degrees 40'N, 85 degrees 13'W), Tampa Bay near Anclote Key (similar to 28 degrees 10'N, 82 degrees 42.5'W), and Florida Bay (similar to 24 degrees 50'N, 80 degrees 48'W) from March through September, 1998-2000. In each area, diet was assessed by life stage (young-of-the year, juveniles, and adults) and quantified using five indices: percent by number (%N), percent by weight (%W), frequency of occurrence (%O), index of relative importance expressed on a percent basis (%IRI), and %IRI based on diet category (%IRIDC). Diet could not be assessed for young-of-the-year in Tampa Bay or Florida Bay owing to low sample size. Diet analysis showed an ontogenetic shift in northwest Florida. Young-of-the-year stomachs from northwest Florida (n = 68, 1 empty) contained a mix of seagrass and crustaceans while juvenile stomachs (n = 82, 0 empty) contained a mix of crabs and seagrass and adult stomachs (n = 39, 1 empty) contained almost exclusively crabs. Crabs made up the majority of both juvenile and adult diet in Tampa Bay (n = 79, 2 empty, and n = 88, 1 empty, respectively). Juvenile stomachs from Florida Bay (n = 72, 0 empty) contained seagrass and a mix of crustaceans while adult stomachs contained more shrimp and cephalopods (n = 82, 3 empty). Diets in northwest Florida and Tampa Bay were similar. The diet in Florida Bay was different from those in the other two areas, consisting of fewer crabs and more cephalopods and lobsters. Plant material was found in large quantities in all stomachs examined from all locations (> 15 %IRIDC in 6 of the 7 life stage-area combinations, > 30 %IRIDC in 4 of the 7 combinations, and 62 %IRIDC in young-of-the-year diet in northwest Florida). Using species- and area-specific inputs, a bioenergetic model was constructed to estimate daily ration. Models were constructed under two scenarios: assuming plant material was and was not part of the diet. Overall, daily ration was significantly different by sex, life stage, and region. The bioenergetic model predicted increasing daily ration with decreasing latitude and decreasing daily ration with ontogeny regardless of the inclusion or exclusion of plant material. These results provide evidence that bonnetheads continuously exposed to warmer temperatures have elevated metabolism and require additional energy consumption to maintain growth and reproduction. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Panama City Lab, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Bethea, DM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Panama City Lab, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM Dana.Bethea@noaa.gov RI Cortes, Enric/H-2700-2013 NR 69 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 31 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 152 IS 5 BP 1009 EP 1020 DI 10.1007/s00227-007-0728-7 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 211DG UT WOS:000249503900001 ER PT J AU Piniak, GA AF Piniak, Gregory A. TI Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment; PAM; Porites lobata; Montipora capitata ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; HEAVY-METALS; HERBICIDES; REJECTION; MOLOKAI; STRESS; DAMAGE; TERRESTRIAL AB This study used non-invasive pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the maximum fluorescence yield (F-v/F-m) of two Hawaiian scleractinian coral species exposed to short-term sedimentation stress. Beach sand or harbor mud was applied to coral fragments in a flow-through aquarium system for 0-45 h, and changes in F,,IF,,, were measured as a function of sediment type and length of exposure. Corals were monitored for up to 90 h to document recovery after sediment removal. Sediment deposition significantly decreased F-v/F-m in both species and was a function of sediment type and time. Corals that received sediment for 30 It or more had the greatest reduction in yield and exhibited little recovery over the course of the experiment. Harbor mud caused a greater reduction in Porites lobata yield than beach sand, whereas both sediment types had equally deleterious effects on Montipora capitata. Colony morphology and sediment type were important factors in determining yield reduction-P. lobata minimized damage from coarse sand grains by passive sediment rejection or accumulation in depressions in the skeleton, and fluorescence yield decreased most in corals exposed to sticky harbor mud or in colonies with flattened morphologies. Species-specific differences could not be tested due to differences in colony morphology and surface area. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USGS Pacific Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Piniak, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM greg.piniak@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 64 IS 4 BP 456 EP 468 DI 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.04.001 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 213OO UT WOS:000249677200006 PM 17568664 ER PT J AU Wade, PR Burkanov, VN Dahlheim, ME Friday, NA Fritz, LW Loughlin, TR Mizroch, SA Muto, MM Rice, DW Barrett-Lennard, LG Black, NA Burdin, AM Calambokidis, J Cerchio, S Ford, JKB Jacobsen, JK Matkin, CO Matkin, DR Mehta, AV Small, RJ Straley, JM McCluskey, SM VanBlaricom, GR Clapham, PJ AF Wade, Paul R. Burkanov, Vladimir N. Dahlheim, Marilyn E. Friday, Nancy A. Fritz, Lowell W. Loughlin, Thomas R. Mizroch, Sally A. Muto, Marcia M. Rice, Dale W. Barrett-Lennard, Lance G. Black, Nancy A. Burdin, Alexander M. Calambokidis, John Cerchio, Sal Ford, John K. B. Jacobsen, Jeff K. Matkin, Craig O. Matkin, Dena R. Mehta, Amee V. Small, Robert J. Straley, Janice M. McCluskey, Shannon M. VanBlaricom, Glenn R. Clapham, Phillip J. TI Killer whales and marine mammal trends in the North Pacific - A re-examination of evidence for sequential megafauna collapse and the prey-switching hypothesis SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE North Pacific; killer whale; Steller sea lion; sea otter; harbor seal; fur seal; ecosystem; predation; whaling; population dynamics ID STELLER SEA LIONS; COASTAL BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ORCINUS-ORCA; HARBOR SEALS; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; TUGIDAK ISLAND; PUP PRODUCTION AB Springer et al. (2003) contend that sequential declines occurred in North Pacific populations of harbor and fur seals, Steller sea lions, and sea otters. They hypothesize that these were due to increased predation by killer whales, when industrial whaling's removal of large whales as a supposed primary food source precipitated a prey switch. Using a regional approach, we reexamined whale catch data, killer whale predation observations, and the current biomass and trends of potential prey, and found little support for the prey-switching hypothesis. Large whale biomass in the Bering Sea did not decline as much as suggested by Springer et al., and much of the reduction occurred 50-100 yr ago, well before the declines of pinnipeds and sea otters began; thus, the need to switch prey starting in the 1970s is doubtful. With the sole exception that the sea otter decline followed the decline of pinnipeds, the reported declines were not in fact sequential. Given this, it is unlikely that a sequential megafaunal collapse from whales to sea otters occurred. The spatial and temporal patterns of pinniped and sea otter population trends are more complex than Springer et al. suggest, and are often inconsistent with their hypothesis. Populations remained stable or increased in many areas, despite extensive historical whaling and high killer whale abundance. Furthermore, observed killer whale predation has largely involved pinnipeds and small cetaceans; there is little evidence that large whales were ever a major prey item in high latitudes. Small cetaceans (ignored by Springer et al.) were likely abundant throughout the period. Overall, we suggest that the Springer et al. hypothesis represents a misleading and simplistic view of events and trophic relationships within this complex marine ecosystem. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Vancouver Aquarium Marine Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8, Canada. Monterey Bay Cetacean Project, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Alaska Sealife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA. Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. N Gulf Ocean Soc, Homer, AK 99603 USA. N Gulf Ocean Soc, Gustavus, AK 99826 USA. Boston Univ, Marine Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. Univ Alaska SE, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wade, PR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM paul.wade@noaa.gov RI Mizroch, Sally/M-6084-2016 OI Mizroch, Sally/0000-0002-1736-5909 NR 98 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 51 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 766 EP 802 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00093.x PG 37 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 219LQ UT WOS:000250087100003 ER PT J AU Mellinger, DK Nieukirk, SL Matsumoto, H Heimlich, SL Dziak, RP Haxel, J Fowler, M Meinig, C Miller, HV AF Mellinger, David K. Nieukirk, Sharon L. Matsumoto, Haru Heimlich, Sara L. Dziak, Robert P. Haxel, Joe Fowler, Matt Meinig, Christian Miller, Hendrick V. TI Seasonal occurrence of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) vocalizations at two sites on the Scotian Shelf SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE right whale; Eubalaena glacialis; North Atlantic; acoustic survey; moored hydrophone; automatic detection ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; LOW-FREQUENCY WHALE; SOUNDS; CALLS; OCEAN; BLUE; HABITAT; ALASKA; GULF; DIEL AB A year-long acoustic survey for critically endangered North Atlantic right whales was conducted at two sites on the central and western Scotian Shelf. Autonomous hydrophones recorded sound continuously from July 2004 to August 2005. Right whale contact calls (upcalls) were identified using automatic recognition software, and the resulting detections were checked manually. Substantial numbers of hours with upcalls were observed at both sites, with approximately four times as many hours with calls at the western site as the central one. Calls occurred mainly from August through October, with the earliest calls in late June and the latest at the end of December at both sites. In addition to this seasonal trend, there was a significant diel pattern in calling at the central site but not at the more westerly site. Results are analyzed in light of feeding ecology and broad-scale movements of right whales. C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Reource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mellinger, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Reource Studies, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM david.mellinger@oregonstate.edu NR 51 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 856 EP 867 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00144.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 219LQ UT WOS:000250087100006 ER PT J AU Dalebout, ML Baker, CS Steel, D Robertson, KM Chivers, SJ Perrin, WF Mead, JG Grace, RV Schofield, TD AF Dalebout, Merel L. Baker, C. Scott Steel, Debbie Robertson, Kelly M. Chivers, Susan J. Perrin, William F. Mead, James G. Grace, Roger V. Schofield, T. David, Jr. TI A divergent mtDNA lineage among Mesoplodon beaked whales: Molecular evidence for a new species in the tropical Pacific? SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SP N. CETACEA; ZIPHIIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCES; DOLPHINS C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1000, New Zealand. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NOAA, Pacific Isl Reg Off Protected Resources Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Dalebout, ML (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM m.dalebout@unsw.edu.au NR 38 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 954 EP 966 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00143.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 219LQ UT WOS:000250087100012 ER PT J AU Domning, DP Thomason, J Corbett, DG AF Domning, Daryl P. Thomason, James Corbett, Debra G. TI Steller's sea cow in the Aleutian Islands SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BERING-SEA C1 Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Lab Evolut Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Domning, DP (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Anat, Lab Evolut Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM ddomning@howard.edu NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 976 EP 983 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00153.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 219LQ UT WOS:000250087100014 ER PT J AU Rauzon, MJ Rice, D Bodkin, J Estes, JA AF Rauzon, Mark J. Rice, Dale Bodkin, James Estes, James A. TI Karl Walton Kenyon 1918-2007 - Memories SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA USA. US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Rauzon, MJ (reprint author), 4701 Edgewood Ave, Oakland, CA USA. EM mjrauz@aol.com NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 23 IS 4 BP 997 EP 1000 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00159.x PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 219LQ UT WOS:000250087100018 ER PT J AU Cui, X Zhou, Y Li, X AF Cui, X. Zhou, Y. Li, X. TI Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLVING MODEL; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; TOGA COARE; PHASE-III; PRECIPITATION; MESOSCALE; SYSTEMS; REGIME AB Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions are examined based on hourly zonal-mean data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation. The model is integrated for 21 days with the imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Time-mean cloud microphysical budgets are analyzed in raining stratiform regions, convective regions, and non-raining stratiform regions, respectively. In raining stratiform regions, ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP) have similar magnitudes. The collection process contributes slightly more to the growth of raindrops than the melting processes do, and surface rain rate is higher than the raindrop-related microphysical rate, indicating that the hydrometeor convergence from the convective regions plays a role in surface rainfall processes. In convective regions, IWP is much smaller than LWP, the collection process is dominant in producing raindrops, and surface rain rate is lower than the raindrop-related microphysical rate. In non-raining stratiform regions, IWP is much larger than LWP, and the melting processes are important in maintaining the raindrop budget. The statistical analysis of hourly data suggests that the slopes of linear regression equations between IWP and LWP in three regions are different. Rain producing processes in convective regions are associated with the water cloud processes regardless of convection intensity. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Stroms, Beijing, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Cui, X (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Stroms, Beijing, Peoples R China. RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 98 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1007/s00703-006-0228-1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 237KN UT WOS:000251372700001 ER PT J AU Fierro, AO Leslie, L Mansell, E Straka, J MacGorman, D Ziegler, C AF Fierro, A. O. Leslie, L. Mansell, E. Straka, J. MacGorman, D. Ziegler, C. TI A high-resolution simulation of microphysics and electrification in an idealized hurricane-like vortex SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEA INTERACTION THEORY; TROPICAL CYCLONES; PART II; LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; VERTICAL MOTIONS; CHARGE STRUCTURE; ICE SCATTERING; MODEL; STORM AB Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning bursts in the eyewall of mature tropical cyclones (TCs) are believed to be good indicators of imminent intensification of these systems. While numerous well-documented observational cases exist in the literature, no modeling studies of the electrification processes within TCs have previously been conducted. At present, little is known about the evolution of charge regions and lightning activity in mature TCs. Towards this goal, a numerical cloud model featuring a 12-class bulk microphysics scheme with electrification and lightning processes is utilized to investigate the evolution of the microphysics fields and subsequent electrical activity in an idealized hurricane-like vortex. Preliminary results show that the highest total lightning flash rates (CG plus intracloud) are primarily found within the eyewall where updraft speeds tend to be larger than elsewhere in the TC, though rarely exceeding 10ms(-1). Smaller total flash rates are also found within the strongest cells forming the outer bands, where updraft speeds sometimes reach 15ms(-1). As expected, these two regions of the storm are generally characterized by moderate total graupel mixing ratio (>= 0.5 g kg(-1)) and moderate cloud water content (>= 0.2 gm(-3)). When the model uses the Saunders and Peck non-inductive (NI) charging scheme and moderate inductive charging settings, the inner eyewall region exhibits a complex charge structure. However, the charge regions involved in lightning can be described as a normal tripole charge structure in the eyewall, while a normal dipole is observed in the outer eyewall stratiform region and in the strongest cells forming the outer rainbands. The charges forming the normaldipole in the outer eyewall are generated within the eyewall via NI charging in the mixed-phase region at mid-levels (near the -10 degrees C isotherm) and later, are ejected radially outward by the storm's intense circulation. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Studies, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Fierro, AO (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA. RI Fierro, Alexandre/C-4733-2014; OI Fierro, Alexandre/0000-0002-4859-1255; MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 69 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 98 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 33 DI 10.1007/s00703-006-0237-0 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 237KN UT WOS:000251372700002 ER PT J AU Savvichev, AS Rusanov, II Pimenov, NV Zakharova, EE Veslopolova, EF Lein, AY Crane, K Ivanov, MV AF Savvichev, A. S. Rusanov, I. I. Pimenov, N. V. Zakharova, E. E. Veslopolova, E. F. Lein, A. Yu. Crane, K. Ivanov, M. V. TI Microbial processes of the carbon and sulfur cycles in the Chukchi Sea SO MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microbial processes; methane cycle; sulfate reduction; stable carbon isotopes (delta C-13); Arctic seas; Chukchi Sea ID METHANE AB The research performed in August 2004 within the framework of the Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) resulted in the first data concerning the rates of the key microbial processes in the water column and bottom sediments of the Bering strait and the Chukchi Sea. The total bacterial counts in the water column varied from 30 x 10(3) cells ml(-1) in the northern and eastern parts to 245 x 10(3) cells ml(-1) in the southern part. The methane content in the water column of the Chukchi sea varied from 8 nmol CH(4)l(-1) in the eastern part of the sea to 31 nmol CH(4)l(-1) in the northern part of the Herald Canyon. Microbial activity occurred in the upper 0-3 cm of the bottom sediments; the methane formation rate varied from 0.25 to 16 nmol CH(4)dm(-3) day(-1). The rates of methane oxidation varied from 1.61 to 14.7 nmol CH(4)dm(-3) day(-1). The rates of sulfate reduction varied from 1.35 to 16.2 mu mol SO42- dm(-1) day(-1). The rate of methane formation in the sediments increased with depth, while sulfate reduction rates decreased (less than 1 mu mol SO42- dm(-3) day(-1)). These high concentrations of biogenic elements and high rates of microbial processes in the upper sediment layers suggest a specific type of trophic chain in the Chukchi Sea. The approximate calculated balance of methane emission from the water column into the atmosphere is from 5.4 to 57.3 mu mol CH(4)m(-2) day(-1). C1 Russian Acad Sci, Winogradsky Inst Microbiol, Moscow 117312, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Shirshov Inst Oceanol, Moscow 117851, Russia. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Savvichev, AS (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Winogradsky Inst Microbiol, Pr 60 Letiya Oktyabrya 7,K 2, Moscow 117312, Russia. EM savvichev@mail.ru NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0026-2617 J9 MICROBIOLOGY+ JI Microbiology PD OCT PY 2007 VL 76 IS 5 BP 603 EP 613 DI 10.1134/S0026261707050141 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 221PO UT WOS:000250240000014 ER PT J AU Bullard, JW AF Bullard, Jeffrey W. TI A three-dimensional microstructural model of reactions and transport in aqueous mineral systems SO MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID SOLIDIFICATION; KINETICS AB A stochastic three-dimensional microstructure model is introduced for simulating spatial and temporal variations in aqueous mineral systems. Dissolution, nucleation, precipitation and solute transport are governed by local probabilistic rules applied on a regular computational lattice. The model is shown to accurately simulate ion diffusion in a dilute electrolyte. The reaction algorithms faithfully reproduce kinetics expected from standard rate equations, and reversible reactions are shown to converge to the correct equilibrium state determined by detailed balance of forward and reverse reaction rates, or the law of mass action. Accounting for the exponential temperature dependence of the reaction rate constants is shown to provide accurate predictions of the influences of temperature on both the kinetics and equilibrium of reactions. A simulation of the hydration of a generic metal oxide in water demonstrates the important relationships between microstructure development and the mechanisms of nucleation, growth and solute diffusion. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullard, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeffrey.bullard@nist.gov NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0965-0393 EI 1361-651X J9 MODEL SIMUL MATER SC JI Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 15 IS 7 BP 711 EP 738 DI 10.1088/0965-0393/15/7/002 PG 28 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 220ER UT WOS:000250140200002 ER PT J AU De Kee, DW Gopalan, V Stoltzfus, A AF De Kee, Danny W. Gopalan, Vivek Stoltzfus, Arlin TI A sequence-based model accounts largely for the relationship of intron positions to protein structural features SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE intron evolution; secondary structure; sequence; preferences; splice site ID SECONDARY STRUCTURE; ANCIENT PROTEINS; SPLICEOSOMAL INTRONS; MODULE BOUNDARIES; GENOME EVOLUTION; ISOMERASE GENE; EXON THEORY; DOMAINS; DEHYDROGENASE; JUNCTIONS AB Claims of intron-structure correlations have played a major role in debates surrounding split gene origins. In the formative (as opposed to disruptive or "insertional") model of split gene origins, introns represent the scars of chimaeric gene assembly. When analyzed retrospectively, formative introns should tend to fall between modular units, if such units exist, or at least to exhibit a preference for sites favorable to chimaera formation. However, there is another possible source of preferences: under a disruptive model of split gene origins, fortuitous intron-structure correlations may arise because the gain of introns is biased with respect to flanking nucleotide sequences. To investigate the extent to which a sequence-biased intron gain model may account for the present-day distribution of introns, data on over 10,000 introns in eukaryotic protein-coding genes were integrated with structural data from a set of 1,851 nonredundant protein chains. The positions of introns with respect to secondary structures, solvent accessibility, and so-called "modules" were evaluated relative to the expectations of a null model, a disruptive model based on amino acid frequencies at splice junctions, and a fort-native model defined relative to these. The null model can be excluded for most structural features and is highly improbable when intron sites are grouped by reading frame phase. Phase-dependent correlations with secondary structure and side-chain surface accessibility are particularly strong. However, these phase-dependent correlations are explained largely by the sequence-based disruptive model. C1 Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoltzfus, A (reprint author), Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM stoltzfu@umbi.umd.edu RI Stoltzfus, Arlin/D-8551-2011 OI Stoltzfus, Arlin/0000-0002-0963-1357 FU NLM NIH HHS [R01-LM007218] NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 24 IS 10 BP 2158 EP 2168 DI 10.1093/molbev/msm151 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 224HB UT WOS:000250437000002 PM 17646255 ER PT J AU Mcfarquhar, GM Timlin, MS Rauber, RM Jewett, BF Grim, JA AF Mcfarquhar, Greg M. Timlin, Michael S. Rauber, Robert M. Jewett, Brian F. Grim, Joseph A. TI Vertical variability of cloud hydrometeors in the stratiform region of mesoscale convective systems and bow echoes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE SQUALL LINE; ICE CRYSTAL SIZE; PARTICLE-SIZE; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES; AIRCRAFT DATA; WAKE LOWS; PRECIPITATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; EVOLUTION; CIRRUS AB During the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment, the NOAA P-3 research aircraft executed 17 spiral descents to the rear of convective lines to document the vertical variability of hydrometeors above, within, and below the stratiform melting layer. Ten spirals were behind lines that exhibited bowing, at some stage in their evolution. Although quick descents on some spirals forced sampling of different particle zones, clear trends with respect to temperature were seen. For 16 spirals, the ambient relative humidity with respect to ice was in the range of 100% +/- 4% at temperatures between -10 degrees C and the melting layer, but exhibited steady decreases below the melting layer to an average relative humidity with respect to water of 77% +/- 15% at 9 degrees C. In contrast, one spiral conducted on 29 June 2003 directly behind a developing bow echo had a relative humidity with respect to ice averaging 85% at heights above the 0 degrees C level and relative humidity with respect to ice further decreased below the 0 degrees C level to a minimum relative humidity with respect to water of 48% at 9 degrees C. Vertical profiles of particle shapes, size distributions (SDs), total mass contents (TMC), number concentrations, and parameters of gamma distributions fit to SDs were computed using optical array probe data in conjunction with measurements of radar reflectivity from the P-3 X-band tail radar. For spirals with humidity at or near saturation above the melting layer, melting particles occurred through about 300 in of cloud depth between 0 degrees and 2 degrees or 3 degrees C. Above the melting layer, number concentrations, dominated by smaller crystals, decreased at 19% +/- 10% degrees C-1, faster than the 10% +/- 7% degrees C-1 decrease of TMC dominated by larger particles. Increases in the numbers of crystals with a maximum dimension < 2 mm (N-< 2) and in the slope parameter with temperature also occurred. To the extent that in-cloud heterogeneity did not complicate observed trends, these trends suggest aggregation dominated the evolution of SDs. Observations on 29 June differ from other days and are explained by the unique position and timing of the spiral in subsaturated air behind a developing bow. On 29 June the presence of an isothermal layer at 2.5 degrees C suggested that sublimative cooling delayed the onset of melting. Ice at 7 degrees C showed that melting particles were present through 500 m of cloud depth. A slight decrease in N-< 2, but no decrease in the slope parameter, with temperature suggested that sublimation modified the impact of aggregation. Sublimative cooling would only have been significant at the location of the 29 June spiral. For other spirals, evaporative cooling below the melting layer in subsaturafed regions was the most important diabatic processes in the stratiform regions at the time of the observations. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NOAA, Norman, OK USA. RP Mcfarquhar, GM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM mcfarq@atmos.uiuc.edu OI McFarquhar, Greg/0000-0003-0950-0135; Rauber, Robert/0000-0003-2880-6148 NR 62 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 135 IS 10 BP 3405 EP 3428 DI 10.1175/MWR3444.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 224GZ UT WOS:000250436800007 ER PT J AU Richardson, YP Droegemeier, KK AF Richardson, Yvette P. Droegemeier, Kelvin K. TI The influence of horizontal environmental variability on numerically simulated convective storms. Part I: Variations in vertical shear SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM ARPS; NONHYDROSTATIC ATMOSPHERIC SIMULATION; DEEP MOIST CONVECTION; SQUALL LINES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; WIND SHEAR; SUPERCELL; PROPAGATION; MODEL; ENERGETICS AB Severe convective storms are typically simulated using either an idealized, horizontally homogeneous environment (i.e., single sounding) or an inhomogeneous environment constructed using numerous types of observations. Representing opposite ends of the spectrum, the former allows for the study of storm dynamics without the complicating effects of either land surface or atmospheric variability, though arguably at the expense of physical realism, while the latter is especially useful for prediction and data sensitivity studies, though because of its physical completeness, determination of cause can be extremely difficult. In this study, the gap between these two extremes is bridged by specifying horizontal variations in environmental vertical shear in an idealized, controlled manner so that their influence on storm morphology can be readily diagnosed. Simulations are performed using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS), though with significant modification to accommodate the analytically specified environmental fields. Several steady-state environments are constructed herein that retain a good degree of physical realism while permitting clear interpretation of cause and effect. These experiments are compared to counterpart control simulations in homogeneous environments constructed using single wind profiles from selected locations within the inhomogeneous environment domain. Simulations in which steady-state vertical shear varies spatially are presented for different shear regimes (storm types). A gradient of weak shear across the storm system leads to preferred cell development on the flank with greater shear. In a stronger shear regime (i.e., in the borderline multicell/supercell regime), however, cell development is enhanced on the weaker shear flank while cell organization is enhanced on the strong shear side. When an entire storm system moves from weak to strong shear, changes in cell structure are influenced by local mesoscale forcing associated with the cold pool. In this particular experiment, cells near the leading edge of the cold pool, where gust front convergence occurs along a continuous line, evolve into a bow-echo structure as the shear increases. In contrast, simulated cells that remain relatively isolated on the flank of the cold pool tend to develop supercellular characteristics. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Richardson, YP (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM yrichardson@psu.edu RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074 NR 47 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 135 IS 10 BP 3429 EP 3455 DI 10.1175/MWR3463.1 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 224GZ UT WOS:000250436800008 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Harrison, MJ Rosati, A Wittenberg, A AF Zhang, S. Harrison, M. J. Rosati, A. Wittenberg, A. TI System design and evaluation of coupled ensemble data assimilation for global oceanic climate studies SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID BACKGROUND ERROR COVARIANCE; KALMAN FILTER TECHNIQUE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; PART I; MODEL; SIMULATION; IMPACT AB A fully coupled data assimilation (CDA) system, consisting of an ensemble filter applied to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's global fully coupled climate model (CM2), has been developed to facilitate the detection and prediction of seasonal-to-multidecadal climate variability and climate trends. The assimilation provides a self-consistent, temporally continuous estimate of the coupled model state and its uncertainty, in the form of discrete ensemble members, which can be used directly to initialize probabilistic climate forecasts. Here, the CDA is evaluated using a series of perfect model experiments, in which a particular twentieth-century simulation-with temporally varying greenhouse gas and natural aerosol radiative forcings-serves as a "truth" from which observations are drawn, according to the actual ocean observing network for the twentieth century. These observations are then assimilated into a coupled model ensemble that is subjected only to preindustrial forcings. By examining how well this analysis ensemble reproduces the "truth," the skill of the analysis system in recovering anthropogenically forced trends and natural climate variability is assessed, given the historical observing network. The assimilation successfully reconstructs the twentieth-century ocean heat content variability and trends in most locations. The experiments highlight the importance of maintaining key physical relationships among model fields, which are associated with water masses in the ocean and geostrophy in the atmosphere. For example, when only oceanic temperatures are assimilated, the ocean analysis is greatly improved by incorporating the temperature-salinity covariance provided by the analysis ensemble. Interestingly, wind observations are more helpful than atmospheric temperature observations for constructing the structure of the tropical atmosphere; the opposite holds for the extratropical atmosphere. The experiments indicate that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is difficult to constrain using the twentieth-century observational network, but there is hope that additional observations-including those from the newly deployed Argo profiles-may lessen this problem in the twenty-first century. The challenges for data assimilation of model systematic biases and evolving observing systems are discussed. C1 Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Zhang, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, PO Box 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM shaoqing.zhang@noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 35 TC 137 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 135 IS 10 BP 3541 EP 3564 DI 10.1175/MWR3466.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 224GZ UT WOS:000250436800015 ER PT J AU Gansen, EJ Rowe, MA Greene, MB Rosenberg, D Harvey, TE Su, MY Hadfield, RH Nam, SW Mirin, RP AF Gansen, E. J. Rowe, M. A. Greene, M. B. Rosenberg, D. Harvey, T. E. Su, M. Y. Hadfield, R. H. Nam, S. W. Mirin, R. P. TI Photon-number-discriminating detection using a quantum-dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor SO NATURE PHOTONICS LA English DT Article AB Detectors with the capability to directly measure the photon number of a pulse of light(1-3) enable linear optics quantum computing(4), affect the security of quantum communications(5), and can be used to characterize(6-8) and herald(9) non-classical states of light. Here, we demonstrate the photon-number-resolving capabilities of a quantum-dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor that uses quantum dots as optically addressable floating gates in a GaAs/Al0.2Ga0.8As delta-doped field-effect transistor. When the active area of the detector is illuminated, photo-generated carriers trapped by quantum dots screen the gate field, causing a persistent change in the channel current that is proportional to the number of confined carriers. Using weak laser pulses, we show that discrete numbers of trapped carriers produce well resolved changes in the channel current. We demonstrate that for a mean photon number of 1.1, decision regions can be defined such that the field-effect transistor determines the number of detected photons with a probability of accuracy greater than 83%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Heriot Watt Univ, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Gansen, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gansen@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 15 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 4 U2 19 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1749-4885 J9 NAT PHOTONICS JI Nat. Photonics PD OCT PY 2007 VL 1 IS 10 BP 585 EP 588 DI 10.1038/nphoton.2007.173 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 224GV UT WOS:000250436400017 ER PT J AU Gilsinn, DE AF Gilsinn, David E. TI Computable error bounds for approximate periodic solutions of autonomous delay differential equations SO NONLINEAR DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE adjoint equation; delay differential equations; error bounds; fredholm alternative; fundamental solution; monodromy operator; noncritical solution; periodic solutions; Van der Pol equation ID NONLINEAR DYNAMICS; OSCILLATIONS; EXISTENCE; MATRICES; CHATTER AB In this paper, we prove a result that says: Given an approximate solution and frequency to a periodic solution of an autonomous delay differential equation that satisfies a certain noncriticality condition, there is an exact periodic solution and frequency in a neighborhood of the approximate solution and frequency and, furthermore, numerical estimates of the size of the neighborhood are computed. Methods are outlined for estimating the parameters required to compute the errors. An application to a Van der Pol oscillator with delay in the nonlinear terms is given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilsinn, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dgilsinn@nist.gov NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-090X J9 NONLINEAR DYNAM JI Nonlinear Dyn. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 50 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 92 DI 10.1007/s11071-006-9144-7 PG 20 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 203YP UT WOS:000249010300007 ER PT J AU Tipping, JM Shearer, KD AF Tipping, Jack M. Shearer, Karl D. TI Postrelease survival of hatchery-reared coho salmon juveniles fed low-phosphorus and other diets SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; FISH; REQUIREMENTS; EFFLUENT; WASTES; GROWTH; WATER AB Three consecutive year-classes of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (initial weight, similar to 13 g) were adipose fin-clipped, coded-wire-tagged, and divided into two groups and fed either a low-phosphorus (0.82% P) or a standard diet (1.26% P) from October until release in April (final weight, similar to 28 g). Each treatment group consisted of two raceways of 20,000 fish. The mean lengths and condition factors of fish at release were generally similar, as were feed conversion rates. Whole-body P levels were similar at release in all groups (0.41-0.44%; wet basis). Percent retention of P was significantly greater for fish fed the low-P diet than for those fed the standard diet in 2 of 3 years, and P discharges were reduced by a mean of 55.3% with the low-P diet. Adult survival was similar for both groups of fish, ranging from 3.0% to 5.8%. Although no measurement was made of the availability of P, the total dietary P level (>0.77%) in the low-P diets was sufficient for juvenile coho salmon during the freshwater phase of rearing. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Tipping, JM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM tmusky@tds.net NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 69 IS 4 BP 340 EP 344 DI 10.1577/A07-001.1 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 232SV UT WOS:000251040600008 ER PT J AU Hinke, JT Salwicka, K Trivelpiece, SG Watters, GM Trivelpiece, WZ AF Hinke, JeVerson T. Salwicka, Kasia Trivelpiece, Susan G. Watters, George M. Trivelpiece, Wayne Z. TI Divergent responses of Pygoscelis penguins reveal a common environmental driver SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE climate change; ecosystem monitoring; life history; prey availability; recruitment; scotia sea; sea ice; survival; winter ID SOUTH-ORKNEY ISLANDS; KING-GEORGE-ISLAND; SEA-ICE EXTENT; GENTOO PENGUINS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CHINSTRAP PENGUINS; ADELIE PENGUINS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA AB The responses of predators to environmental variability in the Antarctic Peninsula region have exhibited divergent patterns owing to variation in the geographic settings of colonies and predator life-history strategies. Five breeding colonies of Pygoscelis penguins from King George Island and Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, were examined to (1) compare the responses of sympatric congeners to recent changes in their Antarctic ecosystem and (2) assess underlying causes for such responses. We used linear regression and correlation analyses to compare indices of abundance, recruitment, and summer breeding performance of the Adelie (P. adeliae), gentoo (P. papua), and chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica). Breeding colonies of Adelie and chinstrap penguins have declined by roughly 50% since the mid-1970s, and recruitment indices of Adelie penguins have declined by roughly 80%, but no such patterns are evident for gentoo penguins. Fledging success, however, has remained stable at all breeding colonies. The different trends in abundance and recruitment indices for each species, despite generally similar indices of summer performance, suggest that winter conditions contribute to the divergent responses among the penguins. In particular, strong correlations between indices of penguin and krill recruitment suggest that penguins in the South Shetland Islands may live under an increasingly krill-limited system that has disproportionate effects on the survival of juvenile birds. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Antarct Ecosyst res Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Dept Antarct Biol, PL-02141 Warsaw, Poland. NOAA, SWFSC, Protected Resources Div, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Hinke, JT (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Antarct Ecosyst res Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Jefferson.Hinke@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 31 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD OCT PY 2007 VL 153 IS 4 BP 845 EP 855 DI 10.1007/s00442-007-0781-4 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 209RZ UT WOS:000249407000006 PM 17566778 ER PT J AU McFerran, JJ Nenadovic, L Swann, WC Schlager, JB Newbury, NR AF McFerran, J. J. Nenadovic, L. Swann, W. C. Schlager, J. B. Newbury, N. R. TI A passively mode-locked fiber laser at 1.54 mu m with a fundamental repetition frequency reaching 2 GHz SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID SATURABLE ABSORBER MIRRORS; WAVE-FORM GENERATION; YB-GLASS LASER; TIMING JITTER; CARBON NANOTUBES; COMBS; STABILIZATION; SPECTROMETER; PERFORMANCE; AMPLIFIER AB We demonstrate a fundamentally mode-locked fiber laser with a repetition frequency in excess of 2 GHz at a central wavelength of 1.535 mu m. Co-doped ytterbium-erbium fiber provides the gain medium for the laser, affording high gain per unit length, while a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SAM) provides the pulse shaping mechanism in a standing wave cavity. Results are shown confirming cw mode-locking for 1 GHz and 2 GHz repetition frequency systems. The response of the frequency comb output to pump power variations is shown to follow a single pole response. The timing jitter of a 540 MHz repetition-rate laser has been suppressed to below 100 fs through phase-lead compensated feedback to the pump power. Alternatively, a single comb line of a 850 MHz repetition-rate laser has been phase-locked to a narrow linewidth cw laser with an in-loop phase jitter of 0.06 rad(2). The laser design is compatible with low-noise oscillator applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Optelectron Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP McFerran, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Optelectron Div, 325 Broadway, MS 815 03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mcferran@boulder.nist.gov RI McFerran, John/B-7445-2011 OI McFerran, John/0000-0002-8662-0467 NR 34 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 25 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD OCT 1 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 20 BP 13155 EP 13166 DI 10.1364/OE.15.013155 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 218HN UT WOS:000250006700061 PM 19550584 ER PT J AU Carter, AR King, GM Perkins, TT AF Carter, Ashley R. King, Gavin M. Perkins, Thomas T. TI Back-scattered detection provides atomic-scale localization precision, stability, and registration in 3D SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL TWEEZERS; TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; FORCE MICROSCOPE; SINGLE-MOLECULE; TRACKING; LIGHT; MOTION; TRAPS AB State-of-the-art microscopy techniques (e. g., atomic force microscopy, scanning-tunneling microscopy, and optical tweezers) are sensitive to atomic-scale (100 pm) displacements. Yet, sample drift limits the ultimate potential of many of these techniques. We demonstrate a general solution for sample control in 3D using back-scattered detection (BSD) in both air and water. BSD off a silicon disk fabricated on a cover slip enabled 19 pm lateral localization precision (Delta f = 0.1 -50 Hz) with low crosstalk between axes (<= 3%). We achieved atomic-scale stabilization (88, 79, and 98 pm, in x, y, and z, respectively; Delta f = 0.1 -50 Hz) and registration (approximate to 50 pm (rms), N = 14, Delta t = 90 s) of a sample in 3D that allows for stabilized scanning with uniform steps using low laser power (1 mW). Thus, BSD provides a precise method to locally measure and thereby actively control sample position for diverse applications, especially those with limited optical access such as scanning probe microscopy, and magnetic tweezers. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Perkins, TT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM tperkins@jila.colorado.edu NR 35 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD OCT 1 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 20 BP 13434 EP 13445 DI 10.1364/OE.15.013434 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 218HN UT WOS:000250006700089 PM 19550612 ER PT J AU Hartl, I Schibli, TR Marcinkevicius, A Yost, DC Hudson, DD Fermann, ME Ye, J AF Hartl, I. Schibli, T. R. Marcinkevicius, A. Yost, D. C. Hudson, D. D. Fermann, M. E. Ye, Jun TI Cavity-enhanced similariton Yb-fiber laser frequency comb: 3 X 10(14) W/Cm-2 peak intensity at 136 MHz SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND; IONIZATION AB We report on a passive cavity-enhanced Yb-fiber laser frequency comb generating 230 MW of peak power (3 kW of average power) at a 136 MHz pulse repetition rate. The intracativy peak intensity of 3 x 10(14) W/cm(2) for the 95 fs pulse is sufficient to ionize noble gases, such as Xe, Kr, or Ar. The laser system is based on a mode-locked Yb-fiber similariton oscillator in conjunction with a cladding-pumped chirped-pulse fiber amplifier. After recompression, 75 fs duration pulses at a 13.1 W average power are obtained. These pulses are then coherently added inside a passive ring cavity by controlling the fiber oscillator's pulse repetition rate and carrier-envelope offset frequency. This system is well suited for studying high-field phenomena at very high pulse repetition rates. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 IMRA Amer Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hartl, I (reprint author), IMRA Amer Inc, 1044 Woodridge Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM ihartl@imra.com; trs@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 19 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2007 VL 32 IS 19 BP 2870 EP 2872 DI 10.1364/OL.32.002870 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 225EM UT WOS:000250499900035 PM 17909601 ER PT J AU Danshita, I Williams, JE de Melo, CARS Clark, CW AF Danshita, I. Williams, J. E. de Melo, C. A. R. Sa Clark, C. W. TI Quantum phases of bosons in double-well optical lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR; LADDERS; STATE AB We study the superfluid and insulating phases of bosons in double-well optical lattices, and focus on the specific example of a two-legged ladder, which is currently accessible in experiments. We obtain the zero-temperature phase diagram using both mean-field and time-evolving block decimation techniques. We find that the mean-field approach describes the correct phase boundaries only when the intrachain hopping is sufficiently small in comparison to the on-site repulsion. We show the dependence of the phase diagram on the interchain hopping or tilt between double wells. We find that the Mott-insulator phase at unit filling exhibits a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of the tilt parameter, producing a reentrant phase transition between Mott insulator and superfluid phases. Finally, we determine the critical point separating the insulating and superfluid phases at commensurate fillings, where the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition occurs. C1 [Danshita, I.; de Melo, C. A. R. Sa; Clark, C. W.] Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Danshita, I.] Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. [Williams, J. E.] Wolfram Res Inc, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [de Melo, C. A. R. Sa] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Danshita, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 21 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2007 VL 76 IS 4 AR 043606 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.043606 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 226WR UT WOS:000250619700147 ER PT J AU Fan, J Eisaman, MD Migdall, A AF Fan, J. Eisaman, M. D. Migdall, A. TI Bright phase-stable broadband fiber-based source of polarization-entangled photon pairs SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID EFFICIENT GENERATION; CRYSTAL AB We describe an achromatic, phase-stable, broadband source of polarization-entangled photon pairs with high spectral brightness that uses four-wave mixing in a fiber Sagnac interferometer. We achieved a polarization-entangled two-photon coincidence rate of 7 kHz per 0.5 THz (0.9 nm) of bandwidth per 300 mu W of average pump power. At this rate, we observed two-photon fringe interference visibilities greater than 97%, over a 10 THz (approximate to 21 nm) spectral range. We measured violations of Bell's inequality by more than 22 standard deviations for each of the four Bell states in less than 3 minutes per state. The high spectral brightness (26 kHz nm(-1) mW(-1)), large tunable wavelength range, single spatial mode, and phase stability make this source a promising candidate for a wide range of quantum-information applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fan, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Eisaman, Matthew/E-8006-2011 OI Eisaman, Matthew/0000-0002-3814-6430 NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2007 VL 76 IS 4 AR 043836 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.043836 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 226WR UT WOS:000250619700205 ER PT J AU Kuznetsova, I Meier, T Cundiff, ST Thomas, P AF Kuznetsova, I. Meier, T. Cundiff, S. T. Thomas, P. TI Determination of homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening in semiconductor nanostructures by two-dimensional Fourier-transform optical spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID COHERENT EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTUM-WELLS; PHOTON-ECHO; SIGNATURES; DISORDER; BEATS AB The imaginary part of two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectra in the rephasing and nonrephasing modes is used to analyze the homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of excitonic resonances in semiconductor nanostructures. Microscopic calculations that include heavy- and light-hole excitons as well as coherent biexcitonic many-body correlations reveal distinct differences between the rephasing and nonrephasing spectra. A procedure is proposed that allows separation of disorder-induced broadening in complex systems that show several coupled resonances. C1 [Kuznetsova, I.; Meier, T.; Thomas, P.] Univ Marburg, Ctr Mat Sci, Dept Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. [Meier, T.] Univ Gesamthsch Paderborn, Fak Naturwissensch, Dept Phys, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany. [Cundiff, S. T.] Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kuznetsova, I (reprint author), Univ Marburg, Ctr Mat Sci, Dept Phys, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 37 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2007 VL 76 IS 15 AR 153301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.153301 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 226WY UT WOS:000250620400009 ER PT J AU Woicik, JC Yekutiel, M Nelson, EJ Jacobson, N Pfalzer, P Klemm, M Horn, S Kronik, L AF Woicik, J. C. Yekutiel, M. Nelson, E. J. Jacobson, N. Pfalzer, P. Klemm, M. Horn, S. Kronik, L. TI Chemical bonding and many-body effects in site-specific x-ray photoelectron spectra of corundum V(2)O(3) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITIONS; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; CR-DOPED V2O3; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; CORRELATION-ENERGY; VANADIUM-OXIDES; GROUND-STATE; PHOTOEMISSION; HYBRIDIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB Site-specific x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy together with density functional theory calculations based on the local density approximation have identified the chemical bonding, single-particle matrix element, and many-body effects in the x-ray photoelectron spectrum of corundum V(2)O(3). Significant covalent bonding in both the upper and lower lobes of the photoelectron spectrum is found, despite the localized nature of the V 3d electrons that are responsible for the Mott behavior. We show that the approximate treatment of correlation dominates the discrepancy between theory and experiment in the near-Fermi-edge region and that many-body effects of the photoemission process can be modeled by Doniach-Sunjic [J. Phys. C 3, 285 (1970)] asymmetric loss. Correlation effects govern the relative intensity and energy position of the higher level electron bands, and many-body effects dominate the "tail" region of both the upper and lower lobes of the photoemission spectrum. C1 [Yekutiel, M.; Jacobson, N.; Kronik, L.] Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. [Woicik, J. C.; Nelson, E. J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Pfalzer, P.; Klemm, M.; Horn, S.] Inst Phys, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany. RP Kronik, L (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. EM leeor.kronik@weizmann.ac.il NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2007 VL 76 IS 16 AR 165101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.165101 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 226XA UT WOS:000250620600023 ER PT J AU Strauch, FW AF Strauch, Frederick W. TI Any-order propagation of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; MANY-BODY THEORIES; QUANTUM-MECHANICS; WAVE MECHANICS; SYMPLECTIC INTEGRATION; ALGORITHMS; SOLITONS; SYSTEMS AB We derive an exact propagation scheme for nonlinear Schrodinger equations. This scheme is entirely analogous to the propagation of linear Schrodinger equations. We accomplish this by defining a special operator whose algebraic properties ensure the correct propagation. As applications, we provide a simple proof of a recent conjecture regarding higher-order integrators for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, extend it to multicomponent equations, and to a new class of integrators. C1 [Strauch, Frederick W.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strauch, FW (reprint author), Gettysburg Coll, Dept Phys, Gettysburg, PA 17325 USA. EM fstrauch@gettysburg.edu NR 49 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 EI 1550-2376 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD OCT PY 2007 VL 76 IS 4 AR 046701 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.76.046701 PN 2 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 226XP UT WOS:000250622100088 PM 17995133 ER PT J AU McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Gurski, KF Cotrell, DL AF McFadden, G. B. Coriell, S. R. Gurski, K. F. Cotrell, D. L. TI Onset of convection in two liquid layers with phase change SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID THERMOCAPILLARY INSTABILITIES; HEAT-TRANSFER; FIELD MODEL; INTERFACE; STABILITY; FLUID; MASS; SOLIDIFICATION AB We perform linear stability calculations for horizontal fluid bilayers that can undergo a phase transformation, taking into account both buoyancy effects and thermocapillary effects in the presence of a vertical temperature gradient. We find that the entropy difference between the phases plays a crucial role in determining the stability of the system. For small values of the entropy difference between the phases, the system can be linearly unstable to heating from either above or below. The instability is due to the Marangoni effect in combination with the effects of buoyancy (for heating from below). For larger values of the entropy difference, the system is unstable only to heating from below, and the driving force for the instability is thermodynamic in nature, dominating the Marangoni effect. This long-wavelength instability can be understood qualitatively in terms of a variation of the classical morphological stability analysis of a phase boundary. The interface is unstable if either of the adjacent bulk phases is thermodynamically unstable. To help elucidate the mechanisms driving the instability on heating from below, we have performed both long-wavelength and short-wavelength analyses of the two-phase system, and have performed numerical calculations using materials parameters for a water-steam system. The two-phase system also allows a conventional Rayleigh-Taylor instability if the heavier fluid overlies the lighter fluid; applying a temperature gradient allows a stabilization of the interface. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McFadden, GB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mcfadden@nist.gov RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Gurski, Katharine/0000-0002-4589-8307 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD OCT PY 2007 VL 19 IS 10 AR 104109 DI 10.1063/1.2800339 PG 13 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 226LC UT WOS:000250589600042 ER PT J AU Holmes, GA Peterson, RC Hunston, DL McDonough, WG AF Holmes, G. A. Peterson, R. C. Hunston, D. L. McDonough, W. G. TI E-Glass/DGEBA/m-PDA single fiber composites: Interface debonding during fiber fracture SO POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID SHEAR-STRESS DISTRIBUTION; REINFORCED COMPOSITES; MODEL COMPOSITES; EPOXY SYSTEMS; MATRIX; FRAGMENTATION; STRENGTH AB In this paper, we examine the regions of debonding between the fibers and the matrix surrounding fiber breaks formed during single fiber fragmentation tests. The fiber breaks are accompanied by areas of debonding between the matrix and the surface of the fiber. With increasing applied strain, the lengths of these debonded regions generally increase. At the end of the test, the matrix tensile strain adjacent to the debond regions is an order of magnitude higher than the applied strain (40% vs. 4%). Although the debond edges typically remain attached at the same locations on the fiber fragments, debond propagation along fiber fragments under increasing strain has been observed in some cases. The phenomenon is termed secondary debond growth, and two mechanisms that trigger secondary debond region growth have been proposed. As expected, tests with bare fibers and with fibers coated to alter interface adhesion indicate that the average size of debonded regions at the end of the test increases as the calculated interfacial shear strength decreases. However, a decrease in the "apparent" interfacial shear strength resulting from an increase in testing rate results in a decrease in the size of the average debond region. This result suggests an increase in the amount of energy stored in the matrix from the fiber fracture process. C1 Corning Inc, Manufacturing Technol & Engn, Corning, NY 14831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holmes, GA (reprint author), Corning Inc, Manufacturing Technol & Engn, Corning, NY 14831 USA. EM Gale.holmes@nist.gov NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0272-8397 J9 POLYM COMPOSITE JI Polym. Compos. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 28 IS 5 BP 561 EP 574 DI 10.1002/pc.20186 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 217WD UT WOS:000249977100001 ER PT J AU Kaske, NK Elliott, DS AF Kaske, Neal K. Elliott, Donald S. TI Measuring your library's value: How to do a cost-benefit analysis for your public library SO PORTAL-LIBRARIES AND THE ACADEMY LA English DT Book Review C1 NOAA, Cent Lib, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Kaske, NK (reprint author), NOAA, Cent Lib, Washington, DC 20230 USA. EM neal.kaske@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS PI BALTIMORE PA JOURNALS PUBLISHING DIVISION, 2715 NORTH CHARLES ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218-4363 USA SN 1531-2542 J9 PORTAL-LIBR ACAD JI Portal-Libr. Acad PD OCT PY 2007 VL 7 IS 4 BP 499 EP 500 DI 10.1353/pla.2007.0048 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 227FE UT WOS:000250641800013 ER PT J AU Qian, ZJ Jung, WK Lee, SH Byun, HG Kim, SK AF Qian, Zhong-Ji Jung, Won-Kyo Lee, Sang-Hoon Byun, Hee-Guk Kim, Se-Kwon TI Antihypertensive effect of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) muscle protein in spontaneously hypertensive rats SO PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) muscle; Alcalase; hydrolysates; ACE I inhibitory peptide; antihypertensive effect ID FRAME PROTEIN; HYDROLYSATE; SYSTEM AB To investigate biomedical and nutraceutical benefits of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) muscle protein, we examined an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE 1) inhibitory activity of various enzymatic hydrolystes of R. catesbeiana muscle protein in the present study. Among the enzymatic hydrolysates prepared using various commercial enzymes such as Alcalase, neutrase, pepsin, papain, (alpha-chymotrypsin, and trypsin, Alcalase-proteolytic hydrolysates showed the highest ACE I inhibitory activity. During consecutive purification using a Hiprep 16/10 DEAE FF anion exchange and an octadecylsilane (ODS) C 18 reversed phase liquid chromatographic techniques, a potent ACE I inhibitory peptide composed of 12 amino acids, Gly-Ala-Ala-Glu-Leu-Pro-Cys-Ser-Ala-Asp-Trp-Trp (M-w: 1.3 kDa) was isolated from R. catesbeiana muscle hydrolysates degraded by Alcalase. The purified peptide from R. catesbeiana muscle (RCMP-alca) has IC50 value of 0.95 mu M, and Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that RCMP-alca play act as a non-competitive inhibitor against ACE I. Antiltypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) also revealed that oral administration of RCMP-alca can decrease systolic blood pressure significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, MTT assay showed no cytotoxicity on human embryonic lung fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5). The result of this study suggests that the ACE inhibitory peptide derived from R. catesbeiana muscle (RCMP-alca) could be potential candidates to develop nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Pukyong Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Pusan 608737, South Korea. Louisiana State Univ, Dept NOAA Sea Grant Dev & Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Kangnung Natl Univ, Fac Marine Biosci & Technol, Kangnung 210702, South Korea. Pukyong Natl Univ, Marine Bioproc Res Ctr, Pusan 608737, South Korea. RP Kim, SK (reprint author), Pukyong Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Pusan 608737, South Korea. EM sknkim@pknu.ac.kr RI Kim, Se-Kwon/B-8848-2012; OI Jung, Won-Kyo/0000-0002-1615-750X; Kim, Se-Kwon/0000-0001-6507-9539 NR 18 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-5113 J9 PROCESS BIOCHEM JI Process Biochem. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1443 EP 1448 DI 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.05.013 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA 222VP UT WOS:000250326000011 ER PT J AU Cardinali, C Buizza, R Kelly, G Shapiro, M Thepaut, JN AF Cardinali, Carla Buizza, Roberto Kelly, Graeme Shapiro, Melvyn Thepaut, Jean-Noel TI The value of observations. III: Influence of weather regimes on targeting SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE targeted observations; data assimilation ID ASSIMILATION; MATRIX AB This paper assesses the value of targeted observations over the North Atlantic Ocean for different meteorological flow regimes. It shows that during tropical cyclone activity and particularly tropical cyclone transition to extratropical characteristics, removing observations in sensitive regions, indicated by singular vectors optimized on the 2-day forecast over Europe, degrades the skill of a given forecast more so than excluding observations in randomly selected regions. The maximum downstream degradation computed in terms of spatially and temporally averaged rootmean-square error of 500 hPa geopotential height is about 13%, a value which is 6 times larger than when removing observations in randomly selected areas. The forecast impact for these selected periods, resulting from degrading the observational coverage in sensitive areas, was similar to the impact found (elsewhere in other weather forecast systems) for the observational targeting campaigns carried out over recent years, and it was larger than the average impact obtained by considering a larger set of cases covering various seasons. Copyright (C) 2007 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. NOAA, Off Weather & Air Qual, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Cardinali, C (reprint author), European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. EM cardinali@ecmwf.int NR 12 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 133 IS 628 BP 1833 EP 1842 DI 10.1002/qj.148 PN A PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 238EF UT WOS:000251429400016 ER PT J AU Reitsma, MG AF Reitsma, M. G. TI Lateral force microscope calibration using a modified atomic force microscope cantilever SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID TORSIONAL SPRING CONSTANT; SCALE FRICTION; TIP AB A proof-of-concept study is presented for a prototype atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever and associated calibration procedure that provide a path for quantitative friction measurement using a lateral force microscope (LFM). The calibration procedure is based on the method proposed by Feiler et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 2746 (2000)] but allows for calibration and friction measurements to be carried out in situ and with greater precision. The modified AFM cantilever is equipped with lateral lever arms that facilitate the application of normal and lateral forces, comparable to those acting in a typical LFM friction experiment. The technique allows the user to select acceptable precision via a potentially unlimited number of calibration measurements across the full working range of the LFM photodetector. A microfabricated version of the cantilever would be compatible with typical commercial AFM instrumentation and allow for common AFM techniques such as topography imaging and other surface force measurements to be performed. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reitsma, MG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.reitsma@nist.gov NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 78 IS 10 AR 106102 DI 10.1063/1.2789653 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 226LE UT WOS:000250589800059 PM 17979458 ER PT J AU Sawant, PM Weare, BA Holland, PT Selwood, AI King, KL Mikulski, CM Doucette, GJ Mountfort, DO Kerr, DS AF Sawant, P. M. Weare, B. A. Holland, P. T. Selwood, A. I. King, K. L. Mikulski, C. M. Doucette, G. J. Mountfort, D. O. Kerr, D. S. TI Isodomoic acids A and C exhibit low KA receptor affinity and reduced in vitro potency relative to domoic acid in region CAI of rat hippocampus SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; isodomoic acid a; isodomoic acid c; KA receptor affinity; hippocampal slice; In vitro preconditioning ID SHELLFISH POISONING TOXIN; SEA LIONS; GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS; CHONDRIA-ARMATA; KAINIC ACID; RED ALGA; TOLERANCE; ISOMERS; MUSSELS; SLICES AB Several natural isomers of the seizurogenic neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) have been found to occur at up to mg/kg levels in shellfish. The aim of the current study was to assess the neurotoxic potency of isodomoic acids A and C (Iso-A and Iso-C), recently isolated from commercial shellfish. Hippocampal slices were obtained from young adult rats and maintained in a tissue recording chamber. Synaptically evoked population spikes were recorded in region CA1 before and after exposure to DA or its isomers. Both Iso-A and Iso-C produced transient neuronal hyperexcitability followed by a dose-dependent suppression of population spikes, but were, respectively, 4- and 20-fold less potent than DA (spike area: EC50 DA = 237 nM; Iso-A 939 nM; Iso-C = 4.6 mu M). In the hippocampus, DA preconditioning induces tolerance to subsequent DA toxicity. However, in the present study neither Iso-A nor Iso-C were effective as preconditioning agents. Competitive binding studies using homomeric GluR6 kainate (kainic acid, KA) receptors showed the affinity of Iso-A to be 40-fold lower than DA (K-i DA = 3.35 nM; Iso-A = 130 nM). Together with earlier work showing Iso-C affinity at GluR6 receptors to be 240-fold lower than DA, our results suggest that neuroexcitatory effects of Iso-A in CA1 may involve both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) and KA receptors, while Iso-C likely involves the activation of AMPA receptors alone. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Otago, Sch Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Dunedin, New Zealand. Cawthron Inst, Biotoxins Sect, Nelson, New Zealand. Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC USA. RP Kerr, DS (reprint author), Univ Otago, Sch Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM Steve.Kerr@stonebow.otago.ac.nz RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD OCT PY 2007 VL 50 IS 5 BP 627 EP 638 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.05.010 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 222PV UT WOS:000250310300004 PM 17640694 ER PT J AU Nosonovsky, M Bhushan, B AF Nosonovsky, Michael Bhushan, Bharat TI Hierarchical roughness optimization for biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces SO ULTRAMICROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Scanning Probe Microscopy, Sensors and Nanostructures CY JUN 03-06, 2006 CL Montpellier, FRANCE DE surface phenomena; liquid-solid interfaces; wetting ID WATER-REPELLENT; CONTACT ANGLES; HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES; FRICTION PROPERTIES; SOLID-SURFACES; LEAF SURFACES; LOTUS LEAVES; HYSTERESIS; DROPLETS; STATES AB Superhydrophobic surfaces should have high contact angles (CA) with water and low contact angle hysteresis (CAH). High CA may be achieved by increasing surface roughness, while in order to have low CAH, superhydrophobic surfaces should be able to form a stable composite interface with air pockets between solid and liquid. Capillary waves, nanodroplets condensation, hydrophilic spots due to chemical surface inhomogeneity, and liquid pressure can destroy the composite interface. These destabilizing factors have different characteristic length scales, so a hierarchical roughness is required to resist them. It is shown that convex rather than concave profile enhances stability, so nanoscale convex bumps should be superimposed over microasperities, in order to pin the liquid-air interface. In addition, the nanoroughness is required to support nanodroplets. The ability of the interface to support high pressure requires high asperity density and size, so it is in conflict with the requirement of low fractional solid-liquid contact area for low CAH and slip length. The new parameter, spacing factor for asperities, is proposed, and requirements for optimum design, which combines conflicting conditions, are formulated and discussed. Remarkably, biological superhydrophobic surfaces satisfy these requirements. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Nanotrobol Lab Informat Storage, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, MEMS NEMS, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bhushan, B (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Nanotrobol Lab Informat Storage, 201 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM Bhushan.2@osu.edu RI Nosonovsky, Michael/B-2228-2012; Bhushan, Bharat/A-9684-2013 OI Bhushan, Bharat/0000-0001-7161-6601 NR 52 TC 134 Z9 135 U1 2 U2 51 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3991 J9 ULTRAMICROSCOPY JI Ultramicroscopy PD OCT PY 2007 VL 107 IS 10-11 BP 969 EP 979 DI 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.04.011 PG 11 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 205VL UT WOS:000249142600017 PM 17570591 ER PT J AU Horgan, KL Schultz, DM Hales, JE Corfidi, SF Johns, RH AF Horgan, Katherine L. Schultz, David M. Hales, John E., Jr. Corfidi, Stephen F. Johns, Robert H. TI A five-year climatology of elevated severe convective storms in the united states east of the Rocky Mountains SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEVERE WEATHER OUTBREAKS; FRONTAL SURFACES; POSITIVE CAPE; SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY; HEAVY RAINFALL; THUNDERSTORMS; ENVIRONMENTS; EVOLUTION; INITIATION; SYSTEM AB A 5-yr climatology of elevated severe convective storms was constructed for 1983-87 east of the Rocky Mountains. Potential cases were selected by finding severe storm reports on the cold side of surface fronts. Of the 1826 days during the 5-yr period, 1689 (91%) had surface fronts east of the Rockies. Of the 1689 days with surface fronts, 129 (8%) were associated with elevated severe storm cases. Of the 1066 severe storm reports associated with the 129 elevated severe storm cases, 624 (59%) were hail reports, 396 (37%) were wind reports, and 46 (4%) were tornado reports. A maximum of elevated severe storm cases occurred in May with a secondary maximum in September. Elevated severe storm cases vary geographically throughout the year, with a maximum over the south-central United States in winter to a central and eastern U. S. maximum in spring and summer. A diurnal maximum of elevated severe storm cases occurred at 2100 UTC, which coincided with the diurnal maximum of hail reports. The wind reports had a broad maximum during the daytime. Because the forecasting of hail from elevated storms typically does not pose as significant a forecast challenge as severe wind for forecasters and tornadoes from elevated storms are relatively uncommon, this study focuses on the occurrence of severe wind from elevated storms. Elevated severe storm cases that produce only severe wind reports occurred roughly 5 times a year. To examine the environments associated with cases that produced severe winds only, five cases were examined in more detail. Common elements among the five cases included elevated convective available potential energy, weak surface easterlies, and shallow near-surface stable layers (less than 100 hPa thick). C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Weather Ctr Res Experiences Undergrad, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, Norman, OK USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, FRDD, Ste 4356,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 34 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1031 EP 1044 DI 10.1175/WAF1032.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 223YY UT WOS:000250413300007 ER PT J AU Cohen, AE Coniglio, MC Corfidi, SF Corfidi, SJ AF Cohen, Ariel E. Coniglio, Michael C. Corfidi, Stephen F. Corfidi, Sarah J. TI Discrimination of mesoscale convective system environments using sounding observations SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID LIVED SQUALL LINES; UNITED-STATES; BOW ECHOES; COMPLEXES; MICROBURST; EVOLUTION; CLIMATOLOGY; MAINTENANCE; GENESIS; MOTION AB The prediction of the strength of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a major concern to operational meteorologists and the public. To address this forecast problem, this study examines meteorological variables derived from sounding observations taken in the environment of quasi-linear MCSs. A set of 186 soundings that sampled the beginning and mature stages of the MCSs are categorized by their production of severe surface winds into weak, severe, and derecho-producing MCSs. Differences in the variables among these three MCS categories are identified and discussed. Mean low- to upper-level wind speeds and deep-layer vertical wind shear, especially the component perpendicular to the convective line, are excellent discriminators among all three categories. Low-level inflow relative to the system is found to be an excellent discriminator, largely because of the strong relationship of system severity to system speed. Examination of the mean wind and shear vectors relative to MCS motion suggests that cell propagation along the direction of cell advection is a trait that separates severe, long-lived MCSs from the slower-moving, nonsevere variety and that this is favored when both the deep-layer shear vector and the mean deep-layer wind are large and nearly parallel. Midlevel environmental lapse rates are found to be very good discriminators among all three MCS categories, while vertical differences in equivalent potential temperature and CAPE only discriminate well between weak and severe/derecho MCS environments. Knowledge of these variables and their distribution among the different categories of MCS intensity can be used to improve forecasts and convective watches for organized convective wind events. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL, FRDD, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM michael.coniglio@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1045 EP 1062 DI 10.1175/WAF1040.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 223YY UT WOS:000250413300008 ER PT J AU Stunder, BJB Heffter, JL Draxler, RR AF Stunder, Barbara J. B. Heffter, Jerome L. Draxler, Roland R. TI Airborne volcanic ash forecast area reliability SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID EMERGENCY RESPONSE; DISPERSION; SKILL; MODEL; SYSTEM; ETEX; PERFORMANCE; SPREAD AB In support of aircraft flight safety operations, daily comparisons between modeled, hypothetical, volcanic ash plumes calculated with meteorological forecasts and analyses were made over a 1.5-yr period. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model simulated the ash transport and dispersion. Ash forecasts and analyses from seven volcanoes were studied. The volcanoes were chosen because of recent eruptions or because their airborne ash could impinge on well-traveled commercial aircraft flight paths. For each forecast-analysis pair, a statistic representing the degree of overlap, the threat score (TS), was calculated. A forecast was classified as acceptable if the TS was greater than 0.25. Each forecast was also categorized by two parameters: the forecast area quadrant with respect to the volcano and a factor related to the complexity of the meteorology. The forecast complexity factor was based on the degree of spread using NCEP ensemble output or using a HYSPLIT offset configuration. In general, the larger the spread of the ensemble or offset forecasts, the greater the complexity. The forecasts were sorted by complexity factor, and then classified by the quartile of the complexity. The volcanic ash forecast area reliability (VAFAR) was calculated for each forecast area quadrant and for each quartile of the complexity factor. VAFAR is the ratio of the number of acceptable forecasts to the total number of forecasts. Most VAFAR values were above 70%. VAFAR values for two of the seven volcanoes (Popocatepetl in Mexico and Tungurahua in Ecuador) tended to be lower than the others. In general, VAFAR decreased with increasing complexity of the meteorology. It should be noted that the VAFAR values reflect the reliability of the meteorological forecasts when compared to the same calculation using analysis data; the dispersion model itself was not evaluated. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SSMC3 R ARL, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Stunder, BJB (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SSMC3 R ARL, 1315 E-W Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM barbara.stunder@noaa.gov RI Stunder, Barbara/C-3106-2016 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1132 EP 1139 DI 10.1175/WAF1042.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 223YY UT WOS:000250413300014 ER PT J AU Barnes, LR Gruntfest, EC Hayden, MH Schultz, DM Benight, C AF Barnes, Lindsey R. Gruntfest, Eve C. Hayden, Mary H. Schultz, David M. Benight, Charles TI False alarms and close calls: A conceptual model of warning accuracy SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON; TORNADOES; OKLAHOMA AB The false alarm rate ( FAR) measures the fraction of forecasted events that did not occur, and it remains one of the key metrics for verifying National Weather Service (NWS) weather warnings. The national FAR for tornado warnings in 2003 was 0.76, indicating that only one in four tornado warnings was verified. The NWS's goal for 2010 is to reduce this value to 0.70. Conventional wisdom is that false alarms reduce the public's willingness to respond to future events. This paper questions this conventional wisdom. In addition, this paper argues that the metrics used to evaluate false alarms do not accurately represent the numbers of actual false alarms or the forecasters' abilities because current metrics categorize events as either a hit or a miss and do not give forecasters credit for close calls. Aspects discussed in this paper include how the NWS FAR is measured, how humans respond to warnings, and what are alternative approaches to measure FAR. A conceptual model is presented as a framework for a new perspective on false alarms that includes close calls, providing a more balanced view of forecast verification. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Study Soc & Environm, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Psychol, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. Univ Colorado, CU Trauma Hlth, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. Univ Colorado, Hazards Ctr, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. RP Barnes, LR (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM lindseyrbarnes@yahoo.com RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 28 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2007 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1140 EP 1147 DI 10.1175/WAF1031.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 223YY UT WOS:000250413300015 ER PT J AU Jung, WK Jo, HY Qian, ZJ Jeong, YJ Park, SG Choi, IW Kim, SK AF Jung, Won-Kyo Jo, Hee-Yeon Qian, Zhong-Ji Jeong, Young-Ju Park, Sae-Gwang Choi, Il-Whan Kim, Se-Kwon TI A novel anticoagulant protein with high affinity to blood coagulation factor Va from Tegillarca granosa SO JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activated factor V (FVa); anticoagulant protein; marine bivalvia; purification; surface plasmon resonance (SPR); Tegillarca granosa; thrombin time (TT) ID COFACTOR; CASCADE AB A novel inhibitory protein against blood coagulation factor Va(FVa) was purified from muscle protein of granulated ark (Tegillarca granosa, order Arcoida, marine bivalvia) by consecutive FPLC method using anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. In the results of ESI-QTOF tandem mass analysis and database research, it was revealed that the purified T granosa anticoagulant protein (TGAP) has 7.7 kDa of molecular mass and its partial sequence, HTHLQRAPHPNALGYHGK, has a high identity (64%) with serine/threonine kinase derived from Rhodopirellula baltica (order Planctomycetales, marine bacteria). TGAP could potently prolong thrombin time (TT), corresponding to inhibition of thrombin (FIIa) formation. Specific factor inhibitory assay showed that TGAP inhibits FVa among the major components of prothrombinase complex. In vitro assay for direct-binding affinity using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrometer indicated that TGAP could be directly bound with FVa. In addition, the binding affinity of FVa to FII was decreased by addition of TGAP in dose-dependant manner (IC50 value = 77.9 nM). These results illustrated that TGAP might interact with a heavy chain of FVa (FVa(H)) bound to FII in prothrombin complex. The present study elucidated that non-cytotoxic T granosa anticoagulant protein (TGAP) bound to FVa can prolong blood coagulation time by inhibiting conversion of FII to FIIa in blood coagulation cascade. In addition, TGAP did not significantly (P < 0.05) show fibrinolytic activity and cytotoxicity on venous endothelial cell line (ECV 304). C1 Pukyong Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Pusan 608737, South Korea. Pukyong Natl Univ, Marine Bioprocess Res Ctr, Pusan 608737, South Korea. Inje Univ, Ctr Viral Dis Res, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Pusan 614735, South Korea. RP Kim, SK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept NOAA, Sea Grant Coll Program, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM sknkim@pknu.ac.kr RI Kim, Se-Kwon/B-8848-2012; OI Jung, Won-Kyo/0000-0002-1615-750X; Kim, Se-Kwon/0000-0001-6507-9539 NR 12 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER SINGAPORE PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA #04-01 CENCON I, 1 TANNERY RD, SINGAPORE 347719, SINGAPORE SN 1225-8687 J9 J BIOCHEM MOL BIOL JI J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD SEP 30 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 832 EP 838 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 215QH UT WOS:000249823600029 PM 17927919 ER PT J AU Chaytor, JD Keller, RA Duncan, RA Dziak, RP AF Chaytor, Jason D. Keller, Randall A. Duncan, Robert A. Dziak, Robert P. TI Seamount morphology in the Bowie and Cobb hot spot trails, Gulf of Alaska SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE bathymetry; slope stability; sea level; submarine volcanism ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; HANA RIDGE; HAWAII; ORIGIN; CHAIN; ISLAND; FLANK; HOTSPOT AB Full-coverage multibeam bathymetric mapping of twelve seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska reveals that they are characterized by flat-topped summits ( rarely with summit craters) and by terraced, or step-bench, flanks. These summit plateaus contain relict volcanic features ( e. g., flow levees, late-stage cones, and collapse craters) and as such must have been constructed by volcanic processes such as lava ponding above a central vent, rather than by erosion above sea level. The terraced flanks are composed of a sequence of stacked lava deltas and cones, probably tube-fed from a central lava pond, a morphology which is suggestive of long-lived, stable central lava sources and low to moderate eruption rates, indicative of significant time spent above a hot spot outlet. Most of these seamounts have summit plateaus surrounded, and cut into, by amphitheater headwall scarps, and flanks that are scarred by debris chutes, but lack visible debris accumulations at their base. We interpret the lack of blocky debris fields as evidence that the slope failures are mainly small-scale debris flows, rather than large-scale flank collapses. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that large flank-collapse blocks from early in the histories of these seamounts are now hidden beneath the thick glacio-fluvial fan deposits that cover the Gulf of Alaska seafloor. These slope failure features become smoother and longer and increase in size and abundance with increasing age of a seamount, suggesting that slope failure processes continue long after volcanic activity ceases. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Chaytor, JD (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, MS 24, Woods Hole, MA 02534 USA. EM jchaytor@whoi.edu RI Duncan, Robert/A-2168-2013; OI Chaytor, Jason/0000-0001-8135-8677 NR 64 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD SEP 29 PY 2007 VL 8 AR Q09016 DI 10.1029/2007GC001712 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 216AR UT WOS:000249850600003 ER PT J AU Peden, BM Bhat, R Kramer, M Holland, MJ AF Peden, Brandon M. Bhat, Rajiv Kramer, Meret Holland, Murray J. TI Quasi-angular momentum of Bose and Fermi gases in rotating optical lattices SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; GROUND-STATE; ATOMIC GAS; BOSONS; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR AB The notion of quasi- angular momentum is introduced to label the eigenstates of a Hamiltonian with a discrete rotational symmetry. This concept is recast in an operatorial form where the creation and annihilation operators of a Hubbard Hamiltonian carry units of quasi- angular momentum. Using this formalism, the ground states of ultracold gases of non- interacting fermions in rotating optical lattices are studied as a function of rotation, and transitions between states of different quasi- angular momentum are identified. In addition, previous results for strongly- interacting bosons are re- examined and compared to the results for non- interacting fermions. Quasi- angular momentum can be used to distinguish between these two cases. Finally, an experimentally accessible signature of quasi- angular momentum is identified in the momentum distributions of single-particle eigenstates. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Peden, BM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pedenb@colorado.edu NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD SEP 28 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 18 BP 3725 EP 3744 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/40/18/012 PG 20 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 216FT UT WOS:000249864600014 ER EF